### DOT/FAA/AR-09/18 Air Traffic Organization NextGen & Operations Planning Office of Research and Technology Development Washington, DC 20591 

# Determination of Evacuation and Firefighting Times Based on an Analysis of Aircraft Accident Fire Survivability Data

May 2009 Final Report

This document is available to the U.S. public through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161.

U.S. Department of Transportation United Kingdom Federal Aviation Administration Civil Aviation Authority

### NOTICE This research was jointly sponsored by FAA and the Civil Aviation Authority of the Unit ed Kingdom by means of the Memorandum of Cooperation regarding Civil Aviation Re search and Development between the Civil Aviation Authority of the United Kingdom and the FAA. This activity has been carried out in c ooperation with Transport Canada and the Civil Aviation Author ity of the United Kingdom under the auspices of the International Cabin Safety Resear ch Technical Group whose goal is to enhance the effectiveness and timeliness of cabin safety research. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the in terest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The United States Govern ment does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufactu rer's names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. This document does not constitute FAA certif ication policy. Consult your local FAA aircraft certification office as to its use.

This report is available at the Feder al Aviation Administration William J. Hughes Technical Center’s Full- Text Technical Reports page: actlibrary.tc.faa.gov in Adobe Acrobat portable document format (PDF).Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-09/18 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.

4. Title and Subtitle DETERMINATION OF EVACUATION AND FIREFIGHTING TIMES BASED ON AN ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT FIRE SURVIVABILITY DATA 5. Report Date May 2009 6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s) R.G.W. Cherry & Associates Limited 8. Performing Organization Report No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address R.G.W. Cherry & Associates Limited The Priory, High Street 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)

Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 9AL United Kingdom 11. Cont ract or Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Air Traffic Organization NextGen & Operations Planning Office of Research and Technology Development 13. Type of Report and Period Covered

Washington, DC 20591 14. Sponsoring Agency Code ANM-115 15. Supplementary Notes The Federal Aviation Administration Airport Safety R&D Division Technical Monitor was Richard Hill.
16. Abstract As part of a project commissioned by the Federal Aviation Admini stration data have been gathered on the relative proportion of accidents that involve Ground Pool Fires and statistical data on the following:

• Time to initiate an evacuation • Time to complete an evacuation • Time to arrival of fire-fighters • Time for fire-fighters to establish c ontrol in a Ground Pool Fire accident The data was extracted from accident repor ts and other information pub lished by Investigating a nd Airworthiness Authorities using the Cabin Safety Research Technical Group Aircraft Accident Database as the search facility.

17. Key Words Ground pool fires, Evacuation, Fire fighting 18. Distribution Statement This document is available to the U.S. public through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of this report) Unclassified 20. Security Classif. (of this page) Unclassified 21. No. of Pages 29 22. Price
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

### TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. ACCIDENT SELECTION CRITERIA 1 3. ACCIDENTS INVOLVING A GROUND POOL FIRE 2 4. TIME TO INITIATE EVACUATION 5 4.1 Data Definition 5 4.2 Data Used for Distribution 5 4.3 Distribution of Evacuation Initiation Times 6 5. TIME TO COMPLETE AN EVACUATION 6 5.1 Data Definition 6 5.2 Data Used for Distribution 6 5.3 Distribution of Evacuation Completion Times 8 6. TIME TO ARRIVAL OF FIRE-FIGHTERS 9 6.1 Definition 9 6.2 Data Used for Distribution 9 6.3 Distribution of Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters 12 7. TIME FOR FIRE-FIGHTERS TO ESTABLISH CONTROL 13 7.1 Definition 13 7.2 Data Used for Distribution 13 7.3 Distribution of Time for Fire-Fighters to Establish Control 14 8. REFERENCES 15 APPENDIX A—ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN FATALITIES OR THE AIRCRAFT BEING DESTROYED FOR WHICH THERE ARE FULL SCREEN 3 DATA

iii

### LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Categorization of Selected Accidents 2 2 Pictorial Representation of the Proporti on of Fire Related Accidents Involving a Ground Pool Fire 3 3 Distribution of Time to Initiate an Evacuation 6 4 Distribution of Time to Complete an Evacuation 8 5 Distribution of Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters 13 6 Distribution of Time for Fire-Fighters to Establish Control 15

iv

### LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Relative Number of Accidents Involving a Ground Pool Fire 3 2 List of Accidents Involving a Ground Pool Fire—Confirmed 4 3 List of Accidents Involving a Ground Pool Fire—Probable 5 4 List of Accidents—Time to Initiate an Evacuation 5 5 List of Accidents—Time to Complete an Evacuation 7 6 List of Accidents—Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters 9 7 List of Accidents—Time for Fire-Fighters to Establish Control 14

v/vi

### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study gathered data on the relative proportion of large transport aircraft accidents that involved Ground Pool Fires and analyzed statistical data on the following:

• Time to initiate an evacuation • Time to complete an evacuation • Time to arrival of fire-fighters • Time for fire-fighters to establish control in a Ground Pool Fire accident The data was extracted from accident reports and other information published by Investigating and Airworthiness Authorities using the Cabin Safety Research Technical Group Aircraft Accident Database as the search facility. For the four areas of interest listed above, the “C urve of Best Fit” was derived, assuming that the data may be represented by a Weibull Distribu tion. Results of the analysis suggest the following: 1. For Evacuation Initiation Times, 50% of evacuations are initiated within 20 seconds and 90% within 40 seconds. 2. For Evacuation Completion Times, 50% of evacuations are completed within 130 seconds and 90% within 325 seconds. 3. For Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters, on 50% of occasions, the fire-fighters arrive within 4 minutes (240 seconds) and 90% of occasions within 12 minutes (720 seconds). 4. For Fire-Fighters to Establish Control, on 50% of occasions, the fire-fighters establish control within 10 minutes (600 seconds) and 90% of occasions within 42 minutes (2520 seconds).

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### 1. INTRODUCTION

. As part of a project commissioned by the Fede ral Aviation Administration data have been gathered on the relative proportion of accidents th at involve Ground Pool Fires and statistical data on the following:

• Time to initiate an evacuation • Time to complete an evacuation • Time to arrival of fire-fighters • Time for fire-fighters to establish control in a Ground Pool Fire accident The data was extracted from accident reports and other information published by Investigating and Airworthiness Authorities using the Cabi n Safety Research Technical Group (CSRTG) Aircraft Accident Database (Reference 1) as the search facility. The data selection criteria are described in section 2. 2. ACCIDENT SELECTION CRITERIA

. The CSRTG Aircraft Accident Database, at I ssue 24, was used for accident selection. Only accidents with Full Screen 3 information 1 

### were selected based on the following criteria: Aircraft Operation:

• Passenger Carrying Accident Characteristics:

• Accident results in fatalities or the aircraft being destroyed

• Accidents involving Illegal Acts (Sabotage, Suicide, or Terrorism) and ground operations were excluded. Aircraft type:

• Western World Built • Turbo Jet • Maximum Gross Weight greater than 60,000 pounds The aircraft selection criteria are comparable w ith those used in the Boeing Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Airplane Accidents (Reference 2).

1 “Screen 3” information is textual data contained in the CSRTG Accident Database that is extracted from Accident Reports produced by the Investigati ng Authority. Further analysis of se lected accidents was supported by the library of Accident Reports and Data held by RGW Cherry & Associates Limited. 

### 1

### The Accident Database yielded 147 accidents mee ting the accident selection criteria. These accidents are listed in appendix A. 3. ACCIDENTS INVOLVING A GROUND POOL FIRE

. The 147 accidents selected using the criteria defi ned in section 2 may be subdivided into the categories shown in figure 1. On e hundred and one of these accidents are considered to be survivable using the following definition of a Surv ivable Accident: "An aircraft accident where there were one or more survivors or there was potential for survival." 2

ACCIDENTS MEETING THE ACCIDENT SELECTION CRITERIA 147

"NON-SURVIVABLE" ACCIDENTS "SURVIVABLE" ACCIDENTS
46 101

ACCIDENTS WITH NO FIRE INVOLVEMENT ACCIDENTS WITH FIRE INVOLVEMENT
31 70 1712/Final Report/Accident Categorization Flowchart 

### Figure 1. Categorization of Selected Accidents Of the one hundred and one “Survivable Acci dents” seventy had a fire involvement. Of these seventy fire-related accidents, thirty six were confirmed as Ground Pool Fire accidents.

2 The International Civil Aviation Organisation definition of a Survivable Accident has not been used in order to

eliminate any subjective judgment in the categorization.



### 2

### A further seven were thought likely, although not confirmed, to involve a Ground Pool Fire, as shown in table 1. Figure 2 shows the relative proportion of fire related accidents involving a Ground Pool Fire. Table 1. Relative Number of Accidents Involving a Ground Pool Fire 

## Relative Number of Accidents involving a Ground Pool Fire Pool Fire Number of Accidents Yes 36 Yes? 7 ? 3 No? 5 No 19 

## Total 70 1712/Supporting Data/DATA 

### Proportion of Fire RelatedAccidents involving a Ground Pool Fire

Yes? 10% ? 4% No? 7% No 27% Yes 52%

1712/Supporting Data/DATA 

### Figure 2. Pictorial Representation of the Proportion of Fire Related Accidents Involving a Ground Pool Fire The 36 accidents confirmed as involving a Ground P ool Fire are listed in table 2, and the 7 accidents that were thought likely to involve a Ground Pool Fire are listed in table 3.

3

### Table 2. List of Accidents I nvolving a Ground Pool Fire—Confirmed

DATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION 05-Mar-67 DC8-33 PP-PEA NR. MONROVIA, LIBERIA, AFRICA 06-Nov-67 B707-131 N742TW CINCINNATI, U.S.A. 08-Apr-68 B707-465 G-ARWE LONDON (HEATHROW), U.K. 27-Nov-70 DC8-63F N4909C ANCHORAGE, ALASKA, U.S.A. 18-Apr-72 VC10 5X-UVA ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA 18-May-72 DC9-31 N8961E FORT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA, U.S.A. 08-Dec-72 B737-222 N9031U NR. MIDWAY AIRPORT, CHICAGO, U.S.A. 20-Dec-72 DC9-31 N954N CHICAGO, U.S.A. 22-Jan-73 B707-3D3C JY-ADO KANO AIRPORT, NIGERIA 26-Jan-74 F28-1000 TC-JAO COMAOVASI, TURKEY 30-Jan-74 B707-321B N454PA PAGO PAGO, AMERICAN SAMOA 15-Mar-74 CARAVELLE OY-STK TEHERAN, IRAN 11-Sep-74 DC9-31 N8984E CHARLOTTE, N.CAROLINA, U.S.A. 20-Nov-74 B747-130 D-ABYB NAIROBI, KENYA 24-Jun-75 B727-225 N8845E KENNEDY AIRPORT, NEW YORK, U.S.A. 05-Apr-76 B727-81 N124AS KETCHIKAN, ALASKA, U.S.A. 27-Apr-76 B727-95 N1963 ST. THOMAS, VIRGIN ISLAND 27-Mar-77 B747 N736PA TENERIFE AIRPORT, CANARY ISLANDS 11-Feb-78 B737-275 C-FPWC CRANBROOK B.C., CANADA 01-Mar-78 DC10-10 N68045 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 17-Dec-78 B737-200 VT-EAL HYDERABAD, INDIA 07-Oct-79 DC8-62 HB-IDE ATHENS, GREECE 21-Nov-80 B727-92C N18479 YAP ISLAND, MICRONESIA 17-Feb-81 B737-293 N468AC SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 13-Sep-82 DC10 EC-DEG MALAGA, SPAIN 07-Dec-83 B727-200 EC-CFJ MADRID, SPAIN 22-Aug-85 B737-236 Sr1 G-BGJL MANCHESTER AP., U.K. 26-Jun-88 A320-100 F-GKFC HABSHEIM, FRANCE 31-Aug-88 B727-232 N473DA DALLAS FORT WORTH, U.S.A. 14-Feb-90 A320-231 VT-EPN BANGALORE, INDIA 30-Jul-92 L1011-385-1 N11002 NEW YORK JFK, U.S.A. 21-Dec-92 DC10-30CF PH-MBN FARO, PORTUGAL 14-Sep-93 A320-211 D-AIPN WARSAW, POLAND 26-Apr-94 A300B4-622R B-1816 NAGOYA, JAPAN 01-Jun-99 MD82 N215AA LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, U.S.A. 31-Oct-00 B747-412B 9V-SPK CHIANG KAI-SHEK AP, TAIWAN



### 4

### Table 3. List of Accidents Involving a Ground Pool Fire—Probable

DATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION 20-Nov-67 CV880 N821TW CONSTANCE, KENTUCKY, U.S.A. 10-Mar-89 F28-1000 C-FONF DRYDEN, ONTARIO, CANADA 02-Jul-94 DC9-31 N954VJ CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA 10-Aug-94 A300B4 HL-7296 CHEJU ISLAND AIRPORT, KOREA 13-Jun-96 DC10-30 PK-GIE FUKUOKA AIRPORT, JAPAN 06-Aug-97 B747-3B5B HL-7468 NIMITZ HILL, NR AGANA, GUAM 17-Jul-00 B737-200 VT-EGD NEAR PATNA AP, INDIA 

### 4. TIME TO INITIATE EVACUATION

. 4.1 DA TA DEFINITION

. The ‘Time to Initiate an Evacuation’ was measured from the time the aircraft came to rest to the time that the evacuation started. 4.2 DA TA USED FOR DISTRIBUTION

. Table 4 gives the results of the data extraction fo r 'Time to Initiate an Evacuation'. Accidents in appendix A were analyzed for those featuring an intense fire threat 3



### . Of those accidents selected as featuring an intense fire threat, only 7 provi ded sufficient information to obtain the time to initiate an evacuation, as shown in table 4. Table 4. List of Accidents—Time to Initiate an Evacuation

DATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION TIME (SECONDS) 31-Aug-88 B727-232 N473DA DALLAS FORT WORTH, U.S.A. 15 22-Aug-85 B737-236 G-BGJL MANCHESTER AP., U.K. 25 18-Dec-83 A300B4 OY-KAA KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA 40 02-Jun-83 DC9-32 C-FTLU CINCINNATI AIRPORT U.S.A. 30 13-Sep-82 DC10 EC-DEG MALAGA, SPAIN 15 17-Feb-81 B737-293 N468AC SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A 8 27-Mar-77 B747 N736PA TENERIFE, CANARY ISLANDS 20

3 Accidents involving intense ground fires, other than Ground Pool Fires, were included in the data set since the

urgency of commencing the evacuation is likely to be similar in both cases. 

### 5

### 4.3 DI STRIBUTION OF EVACUATION INITIATION TIMES

. The data for evacuation initiation times are presented as a cumulative probability distribution, as shown in figure 3. The “Curve of Best Fit” is derived assuming that the data may be represented by a Weibull Distribution. The data suggests th at 50% of evacuations are initiated within 20 seconds and 90% within 40 seconds. Since there are only seven data points, confidence in the distribution must be somewhat limited. However the Weibull curve depicted in figure 3 fits the data points well.

Time to Initiate an Evacuation

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

### Time -Seconds P/ 1712 / Support ing D at a/ D ATAPf Weibull Curve of Best Fit

Actual Data



### Figure 3. Distribution of Time to Initiate an Evacuation 5. TI ME TO COMPLETE AN EVACUATION

. 5.1 DA TA DEFINITION

. Evacuation Completion Times have been derived from the commencement of the evacuation to the time the last occupant exited the aircraft. The times relate to mobile occupants that were able to self-evacuate. 5.2 DA TA USED FOR DISTRIBUTION

. Table 5 gives the results of the data extrac tion for Evacuation Completion Times. Only accidents in table 1 and table 2 were analyzed (i.e. those involving, or considered likely to

6

### involve a Ground Pool Fire). Of the 43 accident s reviewed, 24 provided sufficient information for the determination of Evacuation Completion Times as shown in table 5. The time associated with the accident that occurred to the Boeing 727 in November 1980 was measured by a flight attendant using a stopwatch. Table 5. List of Accidents—Time to Complete an Evacuation

DATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION TIME (SECONDS) NUMBER OF EVACUEES 13-Jun-96 DC10-30 PK-GIE FUKUOKA AIRPORT, JAPAN 120 272 21-Dec-92 DC10-30CF PH-MBN FARO, PORTUGAL 240 284 30-Jul-92 L1011-385 N11002 NEW YORK JFK, U.S.A. 120 292 31-Aug-88 B727-232 N473DA DALLAS FORT WORTH, U.S.A. 260 94 22-Aug-85 B737-236 G-BGJL MANCHESTER AP., U.K. 210 82 13-Sep-82 DC10 EC-DEG MALAGA, SPAIN 360 344 17-Feb-81 B737-293 N468AC SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA , U.S.A. 90 110 21-Nov-80 B727-92C N18479 YAP ISLAND, MICRONESIA 54.48 73 07-Oct-79 DC8-62 HB-IDE ATHENS, GREECE 240 140 01-Mar-78 DC10-10 N68045 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA , U.S.A. 300 198 27-Mar-77 B747 N736PA TENERIFE AIRPORT, CANARY ISLANDS 60 61 27-Apr-76 B727-95 N1963 ST. THOMAS, VIRGIN ISLAND 90 41 20-Nov-74 B747-130 D-ABYB NAIROBI, KENYA 300 97 11-Sep-74 DC9-31 N8984E CHARLOTTE, N.CAROLINA , U.S.A. 60 10 15-Mar-74 CARAVELLE OY-STK TEHERAN, IRAN 120 81 26-Jan-74 F28-1000 TC-JAO COMAOVASI, TURKEY 240 7 22-Jan-73 B707-3D3C JY-ADO KANO AIRPORT, NIGERIA 60 26



### 7

### Table 5. List of Accidents—Time to Complete an Evacuation (Continued)

DATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION TIME (SECONDS) NUMBER OF EVACUEES 20-Dec-72 DC9-31 N954N CHICAGO, U.S.A. 120 35 18-May-72 DC9-31 N8961E FORT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA , U.S.A. 30 10 18-Apr-72 VC10 5X-UVA ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA 180 64 27-Nov-70 DC8-63F N4909C ANCHORAGE, ALASKA, U.S.A. 165 182 08-Apr-68 B707-465 G-ARWE LONDON U.K. 180 122 20-Nov-67 CV880 N821TW CONSTANCE, KENTUCKY , U.S.A. 60 12 05-Mar-67 DC8-33 PP-PEA NR. MONROVIA, LIBERIA , AFRICA 60 39



### 5.3 DI STRIBUTION OF EVACUATION COMPLETION TIMES

. The data for Evacuation Completion Times are pr esented as a cumulative probability distribution as shown in figure 4. The “Curve of Best F it” is derived assuming that the data may be represented by a Weibull Distribution. The data suggests that 50% of evacuations are completed within 130 seconds and 90% within 325 seconds. Time to Complete an Evacuation

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 Time -Seconds P/ 1712 / Support ing D at a/ D A TAPf Weibull Curve of Best Fit

Actual Data



### Figure 4. Distribution of Time to Complete an Evacuation

8

### 6. TI ME TO ARRIVAL OF FIRE-FIGHTERS

. 6.1 DE FINITION

. The ‘Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters’ has been measured from the time the aircraft stopped to the time that the fire-fighters were in a position to start fire-fighting activities. There are occasions when fire-fighters are given pr ior notification of an impending accident. In these cases the fire-fighting apparatus is often at the accident site prior to its occurrence, and hence the “Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters” is taken as zero. 6.2 DA TA USED FOR DISTRIBUTION

. Table 6 gives the results of the data extraction for “Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters”. All 147 accidents in appendix A were used including those where there was no fire for two reasons: 1. Fire-fighters’ response is not considered lik ely to be dependent on whether there was a fire. 2. The greater sample size results in a more representative distribution. Of the 147 accidents reviewed, 54 accidents provided sufficient information for the determination of 'Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters’, as shown in table 6. Table 6. List of Accidents—Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters

DATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION TIME (SECONDS) 31-Oct-00 B747-412B 9V-SPK CHIANG KAI-SHEK AP, TAIWAN 189 25-Jul-00 CONCORDE F-BTSC GONESSE, FRANCE 480 14-Sep-99 B757-204 G-BYAG GIRONA AIRPORT, SPAIN 1200 01-Jun-99 MD82 N215AA NATIONAL AIRPORT, LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, U.S.A. 1032

08-Jun-95 DC9-32 N908VJ WILLIAM B. HARTSFIELD INTL. AIRPORT, ATLANTA 180 26-Apr-94 A300B4-622R B-1816 NAGOYA/KOMAKI AIRPORT, NAGOYA, JAPAN 195 14-Sep-93 A320-211 D-AIPN WARSAW, POLAND 180



### 9

### Table 6. List of Accidents—Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters (Continued)

DATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION TIME (SECONDS) 21-Dec-92 DC10-30CF PH-MBN FARO, PORTUGAL 30 30-Jul-92 L1011-385-1 N11002 NEW YORK JFK, U.S.A. 120 22-Mar-92 F28-4000 a N485US LA GUARDIA, NEW YORK, U.S.A. 240 01-Feb-91 B737-300 N388US LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 60 03-Dec-90 DC9-14 N3313L ROMULUS, DETROIT, U.S.A. 360 14-Feb-90 A320-231 VT-EPN BANGALORE, INDIA 330 19-Jul-89 DC10-10 N1819U SIOUX CITY, U.S.A. 30 08-Jan-89 B737-400 G-OBME KEGWORTH, EAST MIDLANDS AIRPORT, U.K. 497 31-Aug-88 B727-232 N473DA DALLAS FORT WORTH, U.S.A. 260 31-Aug-88 TRIDENT 2E B-2218 HONG KONG 60 16-Aug-87 MD82 N312RC DETROIT, U.S.A. 180 31-Aug-86 DC9-32 XA-JED CERRITOS, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 300 12-Dec-85 DC8-63 N950JW GANDER, NEWFOUNDLAND, CANADA 600 06-Sep-85 DC9-14 N100ME MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, U.S.A. 120 22-Aug-85 B737-236 Sr1 G-BGJL MANCHESTER AP., U.K. 25 02-Aug-85 L1011-385-1 N726DA DALLAS FORT WORTH, U.S.A. 60 18-Dec-83 A300B4-120 OY-KAA KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA 600 02-Jun-83 DC9-32 C-FTLU CINCINNATI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, U.S.A. 0 13-Sep-82 DC10 EC-DEG MALAGA, SPAIN 270



### 10

### Table 6. List of Accidents—Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters (Continued)

DATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION TIME (SECONDS) 23-Jan-82 DC10-30CF N113WA LOGAN INT. AIRPORT BOSTON, U.S.A. 240 13-Jan-82 B737-222 N62AF POTOMAC RIVER, WASHINGTON D.C., U.S.A. 600

17-Feb-81 B737-293 N468AC JOHN WAYNE AIRPORT, SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 5

22-Dec-80 L1011 HZ-AHJ NR. STATE OF QATAR 0 07-Oct-79 DC8-62 HB-IDE ATHENS, GREECE 150 17-Dec-78 B737-200 VT-EAL HYDERABAD, INDIA 480 01-Mar-78 DC10-10 N68045 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 90 11-Feb-78 B737-275 C-FPWC CRANBROOK B.C., CANADA 300 27-Mar-77 B747-206B PH-BUF TENERIFE AIRPORT, CANARY ISLANDS 300 27-Mar-77 B747 N736PA TENERIFE AIRPORT, CANARY ISLANDS 600 10-Sep-76 DC9-32 YU-AJR VROBEC, YUGOSLAVIA 480 27-Apr-76 B727-95 N1963 ST. THOMAS, VIRGIN ISLAND 120 24-Jun-75 B727-225 N8845E KENNEDY AIRPORT, NEW YORK, U.S.A. 180 20-Nov-74 B747-130 D-ABYB NAIROBI, KENYA 660 11-Sep-74 DC9-31 N8984E DOUGLAS AIRPORT, CHARLOTTE, N.CAROLINA, U.S.A. 360

30-Jan-74 B707-321B N454PA PAGO PAGO, AMERICAN SAMOA 960 16-Jan-74 B707-131B N757TW LOS ANGELES INTL AIRPORT, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 360



### 11

### Table 6. List of Accidents—Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters (Continued)

DATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION TIME (SECONDS) 31-Jul-73 DC9-31 N975NE LOGAN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 600

20-Dec-72 DC9-31 N954N CHICAGO, U.S.A. 180 08-Dec-72 B737-222 N9031U NR. MIDWAY AIRPORT, CHICAGO, U.S.A. 240 18-May-72 DC9-31 N8961E FORT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA, U.S.A. 40 18-Apr-72 VC10 5X-UVA ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA 120 02-Jan-71 COMET 4C SU-ALC TRIPOLI AP., LIBYA 540 28-Dec-70 B727-200 N8790R ST.THOMAS, VIRGIN ISLANDS 75 27-Nov-70 DC8-63F N4909C ANCHORAGE, ALASKA, U.S.A. 165 08-Apr-68 B707-465 G-ARWE LONDON (HEATHROW), U.K. 60 04-Nov-67 CARAVELLE 10BIR EC-BDD BLACK DOWN HILL, SUSSEX, U.K. 1140 05-Mar-67 DC8-33 PP-PEA NR. MONROVIA, LIBERIA, AFRICA 460



### 6.3 DI STRIBUTION OF TIME TO ARRIVAL OF FIRE-FIGHTERS

. The data for Time to Arrival of Fire-Fight ers are presented as a cumulative probability distribution as shown in figure 5. The “Curve of Best Fit” is derived assuming that the data may be represented by a Weibull Distribution. The da ta suggests that, on 50% of occasions, the firefighters arrive within four minutes (240 seconds ) and 90% of occasions within twelve minutes (720 seconds).

12Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1

0 600 1200 1800 

### Time-SecondsPf Weibull Curve of Best Fit

Actual Data



### Figure 5. Distribution of Time to Arrival of Fire-Fighters 7. TI ME FOR FIRE-FIGHTERS TO ESTABLISH CONTROL

. 7.1 DE FINITION

. The ‘Time for Fire-Fighters to Establish Control’ of a Ground Pool Fire is measured from the time of arrival of fire-fighters to the time th at they established control of the fire. 7.2 DA TA USED FOR DISTRIBUTION

. Table 7 gives the results of the data extraction fo r 'Time for Fire-Fighters to Establish Control'. Only accidents in table 1 and table 2 were analy zed (i.e. those involving, or considered likely to involve a Ground Pool Fire). Of the 43 accidents reviewed, 12 accidents provided sufficient information for the determination of the ‘Time for Fire-Fighters to Establish Control’ as shown in table 7.

13

### 14 Table 7. List of Accidents—Time for Fire-Fighters to Establish Control

DATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION TIME (SECONDS) 31-Oct-00 B747-412B 9V-SPK CHIANG KAI-SHEK AP, TAIWAN 720 01-Jun-99 MD82 N215AA NATIONAL AIRPORT, LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, U.S.A. 60

30-Jul-92 L1011-385-1 N11002 NEW YORK JFK, U.S.A. 330 31-Aug-88 B727-232 N473DA DALLAS FORT WORTH, U.S.A. 60 22-Aug-85 B737-236 Sr1 G-BGJL MANCHESTER AP., U.K. 755 07-Oct-79 DC8-62 HB-IDE ATHENS, GREECE 1890 17-Dec-78 B737-200 VT-EAL HYDERABAD, INDIA 4200 24-Jun-75 B727-225 N8845E KENNEDY AIRPORT, NEW YORK, U.S.A. 120
20-Nov-74 B747-130 D-ABYB NAIROBI, KENYA 600 30-Jan-74 B707-321B N454PA PAGO PAGO, AMERICAN SAMOA 480
20-Dec-72 DC9-31 N954N CHICAGO, U.S.A. 960 08-Dec-72 B737-222 N9031U NR. MIDWAY AIRPORT, CHICAGO, U.S.A. 1500



### 7.3 DI STRIBUTION OF TIME FOR FIRE-FIGHTERS TO ESTABLISH CONTROL

. The data for Time for Fire-Fighters to Establish Control are presented as a cumulative probability distribution as shown in figure 6. The “Curve of Best Fit” is derived assuming that the data may be represented by a Weibull Dist ribution. The data suggests that, on 50% of occasions, the fire-fighters establish control within ten minutes (600 seconds) and 90% of occasions within forty-two minutes (2520 seconds).Time for Fire Fighters to Establish Control

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1

0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 

### Time -SecondsPf Weibull Curve of Best Fit

Actual Data

P / 1712/ Suppo rting D ata/ D A T A 

### Figure 6. Distribution of Time for Fire-Fighters to Establish Control 8. RE FERENCES

. 1. Cabin Safety Research Technical Gr oup Accident Database Version 24 2. Boeing Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Airplane Accidents www.boeing.com/news/techissues May 2004

15/16

### APPENDIX A—ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN FA TALITIES OR THE AIRCRAFT BEING DESTROYED FOR WHICH THERE ARE FULL SCREEN 3 ∗ 

### DATA

DATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION 05-MAR-1967 DC8-33 PP-PEA NR. MONROVIA, LIBERIA, AFRICA 09-MAR-1967 DC9-15 N1063T NR. URBANA, OHIO, U.S.A. 23-JUN-1967 BAC1-11-204AF N1116J NR. BLOSSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA, U.S.A. 19-JUL-1967 B727-22 N68650 HENDERSONVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA, U.S.A. 04-NOV-1967 CARAVELLE 10BIR EC-BDD BLACK DOWN HILL, SUSSEX, U.K. 06-NOV-1967 B707-131 N742TW CINCINNATI, U.S.A. 20-NOV-1967 CV880 N821TW CONSTANCE, KENTUCKY, U.S.A. 06-MAR-1968 B707-328C F-BLCJ POINTE A PITRE, GUADELOUPE 08-APR-1968 B707-465 G-ARWE LONDON (HEATHROW), U.K. 27-DEC-1968 DC9-15 N974Z SIOUX CITY AIRPORT, IOWA, U.S.A. 13-JAN-1969 DC8-62 LN-MOO SANTA MONICA BAY, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 18-JAN-1969 B727-22C N7434U SANTA MONICA BAY, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA , U.S.A. 09-SEP-1969 DC9-30 N988VJ NR. FAIRLAND, INDIANA, U.S.A. 20-NOV-1969 VC10-1101 5N-ABD LAGOS, NIGERIA 02-MAY-1970 DC9-33F N935F ST.CROIX, VIRGIN ISLANDS 03-JUL-1970 COMET 4 G-APDN SIERRA DEL MONTENSY, GERONA, SPAIN 05-JUL-1970 DC8-63 C-FTIW TORONTO, CANADA 15-SEP-1970 DC8-62 I-DIWZ J.F.K. AIRPORT, NEW YORK, U.S.A. 14-NOV-1970 DC9-31 N97S TRI-STATE AP., HUNTINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA , U.S.A. 27-NOV-1970 DC8-63F N4909C ANCHORAGE, ALASKA, U.S.A.

∗ “Screen 3” information is textual data contained in the CSRTG Accident Database that is extracted from Accident Reports produced by the Investigati ng Authority. Further analysis of se lected accidents was supported by the library of Accident Reports and Data held by RGW Cherry & Associates Limited.



### A-1AIRCRAFT DATE TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION 28-DEC-1970 B727-200 N8790R ST.THOMAS, VIRGIN ISLANDS 02-JAN-1971 COMET 4C SU-ALC TRIPOLI AP., LIBYA 06-JUN-1971 DC9-31 N9345 NEAR DUARTE, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 04-SEP-1971 B727-193 N2969G NEAR JUNEAU, ALASKA, U.S.A. 06-SEP-1971 BAC1-11- 500/515 D-ALAR NR. HASLOH, GERMANY 18-APR-1972 VC10 5X-UVA ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA 18-MAY-1972 DC9-31 N8961E FORT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA, U.S.A. 18-JUN-1972 TRIDENT 1C G-ARPI STAINES, HEATHROW, U.K. 19-JUL-1972 BAC1-11 G-AWYS CORFU, GREECE 08-DEC-1972 B737-222 N9031U NR. MIDWAY AIRPORT, CHICAGO, U.S.A. 20-DEC-1972 DC9-31 N954N CHICAGO, U.S.A. 29-DEC-1972 L1011 N310EA NR. MIAMI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, FLORIDA , U.S.A. 22-JAN-1973 B707-3D3C JY-ADO KANO AIRPORT, NIGERIA 11-JUL-1973 B707-321C PP-VJZ ORLY, NR. PARIS, FRANCE 31-JUL-1973 DC9-31 N975NE LOGAN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, BOSTON , MASSACHUSETTS 28-AUG-1973 B707-331B N8705T NR. LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 03-NOV-1973 DC10-10 N60NA NR. SOCORRO & ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO 27-NOV-1973 DC9-32 N3323L CHATTANOOGA MUNICIPAL AIRPORT, TENNESSEE , U.S.A. 27-NOV-1973 DC9-31 N8967E AKRON-CANTON AIRPORT, OHIO, U.S.A. 01-JAN-1974 F28-1000 I-TIDE NR. TURIN, ITALY 16-JAN-1974 B707-131B N757TW LOS ANGELES INTL AIRPORT, CALIFORNIA , U.S.A. 26-JAN-1974 F28-1000 TC-JAO COMAOVASI, TURKEY 30-JAN-1974 B707-321B N454PA PAGO PAGO, AMERICAN SAMOA 03-MAR-1974 DC10-10 TC-JAV ERMENONVILLE FOREST, NR. PARIS, FRANCE



### A-2AIRCRAFT DATE TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION 15-MAR-1974 CARAVELLE 10B3 OY-STK TEHERAN, IRAN 22-APR-1974 B707-321C N446PA DENPASAR, BALI, INDONESIA 11-SEP-1974 DC9-31 N8984E DOUGLAS AIRPORT, CHARLOTTE, N.CAROLINA , U.S.A. 20-NOV-1974 B747-130 D-ABYB NAIROBI, KENYA 01-DEC-1974 B727-231 N54328 BERRYVILLE, VIRGINIA, U.S.A. 04-DEC-1974 DC8-55F PH-MBH ANJIMALAI MOUNTAIN, SRI LANKA 24-JUN-1975 B727-225 N8845E KENNEDY AIRPORT, NEW YORK, U.S.A. 05-APR-1976 B727-81 N124AS KETCHIKAN, ALASKA, U.S.A. 27-APR-1976 B727-95 N1963 ST. THOMAS, VIRGIN ISLAND 23-JUN-1976 DC9-31 N994VJ PHILADELPHIA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 10-SEP-1976 TRIDENT 3B G-AWZT VROBEC, YUGOSLAVIA 10-SEP-1976 DC9-32 YU-AJR VROBEC, YUGOSLAVIA 27-MAR-1977 B747 N736PA TENERIFE AIRPORT, CANARY ISLANDS 27-MAR-1977 B747-206B PH-BUF TENERIFE AIRPORT, CANARY ISLANDS 04-APR-1977 DC9-31 N1335U NEW HOPE GEORGIA, U.S.A. 18-DEC-1977 CARAVELLE 10B1R HB-ICK NR. FUNCHAL, MADEIRA, PORTUGAL 11-FEB-1978 B737-275 C-FPWC CRANBROOK B.C., CANADA 01-MAR-1978 DC10-10 N68045 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 08-MAY-1978 B727-235 N4744NA NR. PENSACOLA, FLORIDA, U.S.A. 26-JUN-1978 DC9-32 C-FTLV TORONTO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, CANADA 25-SEP-1978 B727-214 N533PS SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 17-DEC-1978 B737-200 VT-EAL HYDERABAD, INDIA 28-DEC-1978 DC8-61 N8082U PORTLAND, OREGON, U.S.A. 25-MAY-1979 DC10-10 N110AA CHICAGO-O'HARE AP., ILLINOIS, U.S.A.



### A-3AIRCRAFT DATE TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION 07-OCT-1979 DC8-62 HB-IDE ATHENS, GREECE 31-OCT-1979 DC10-10 N903WA MEXICO CITY, MEXICO 28-NOV-1979 DC10-30 ZK-NZP MT. EREBUS, ANTARCTICA 25-APR-1980 B727-64 G-BDAN NR. TENERIFE NORTE AP., CANARY ISLANDS 19-AUG-1980 L1011 HZ-AHK NR. RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA 19-NOV-1980 B747-100 HL-7445 SEOUL, KOREA 21-NOV-1980 B727-92C N18479 YAP ISLAND, WESTERN CAROLINE ISLANDS , MICRONESIA 22-DEC-1980 L1011 HZ-AHJ NR. STATE OF QATAR 17-FEB-1981 B737-293 N468AC JOHN WAYNE AIRPORT, SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA , U.S.A. 20-SEP-1981 DC10-30CF N112WA OVER NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 13-JAN-1982 B737-222 N62AF POTOMAC RIVER, WASHINGTON D.C., U.S.A. 23-JAN-1982 DC10-30CF N113WA LOGAN INT. AIRPORT BOSTON, U.S.A. 09-FEB-1982 DC8-61 JA-8061 HANEDA AIRPORT, TOKYO, JAPAN 09-JUL-1982 B727-235 N4737 KENNER, LOUISIANA, U.S.A. 13-SEP-1982 DC10 EC-DEG MALAGA, SPAIN 02-JUN-1983 DC9-32 C-FTLU CINCINNATI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, U.S.A. 07-DEC-1983 B727-200 EC-CFJ MADRID, SPAIN 07-DEC-1983 DC9-32 EC-CGS MADRID, SPAIN 18-DEC-1983 A300B4-120 OY-KAA KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA 02-AUG-1985 L1011-385-1 N726DA DALLAS FORT WORTH, U.S.A. 12-AUG-1985 B747-SR-100 JA-8119 MOUNT OSUTAKA, GUMMA, JAPAN 22-AUG-1985 B737-236 Sr1 G-BGJL MANCHESTER AP., U.K. 06-SEP-1985 DC9-14 N100ME MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, U.S.A. 12-DEC-1985 DC8-63 N950JW GANDER, NEWFOUNDLAND, CANADA



### A-4AIRCRAFT DATE TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION 31-AUG-1986 DC9-32 XA-JED CERRITOS, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 25-OCT-1986 B737-222 N752N CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA, U.S.A. 16-AUG-1987 MD82 N312RC DETROIT, U.S.A. 31-AUG-1987 B737-200 HS-TBC NR. PHUKET AP., THAILAND 15-NOV-1987 DC9-14 N626TX DENVER COLORADO U.S.A. 28-APR-1988 B737-200 N73711 NR. MAUI, HAWAII 26-JUN-1988 A320-100 F-GKFC HABSHEIM, FRANCE 31-AUG-1988 TRIDENT 2E B-2218 HONG KONG 31-AUG-1988 B727-232 N473DA DALLAS FORT WORTH, U.S.A. 08-JAN-1989 B737-400 G-OBME KEGWORTH, EAST MIDLANDS AIRPORT, U.K. 24-FEB-1989 B747-122 N4713U EN-ROUTE OVER PACIFIC OCEAN 10-MAR-1989 F28-1000 C-FONF DRYDEN, ONTARIO, CANADA 19-JUL-1989 DC10-10 N1819U SIOUX CITY, U.S.A. 20-SEP-1989 B737-400 N416US NEW YORK LA GUARDIA, U.S.A. 25-JAN-1990 B707-321B HK-2016 COVE NECK, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, U.S.A. 14-FEB-1990 A320-231 VT-EPN BANGALORE, INDIA 02-JUN-1990 B737-2X6C N670MA ALASKALEET, ALASKA, U.S.A. 03-DEC-1990 DC9-14 N3313L ROMULUS, DETROIT, U.S.A. 01-FEB-1991 B737-300 N388US LOS ANG ELES, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 03-MAR-1991 B737-291 N999UA COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO, U.S.A. 26-MAY-1991 B767-3Z9ER OE-LAV PHU TOEY VILLAGE , THAILAND 11-JUL-1991 DC8-61 C-GMXQ KING ABDULAZIZ INT. AP., JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA 20-JAN-1992 A320-100 F-GGED NR STRASBOURG, FRANCE 22-MAR-1992 F28-4000 a N485US LA GUARDIA, NEW YORK, U.S.A.



### A-5

### A-6 DATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION 30-JUL-1992 L1011-385-1 N11002 NEW YORK JFK, U.S.A. 21-DEC-1992 DC10-30CF PH-MBN FARO, PORTUGAL 06-APR-1993 MD11 B-2171 NR. SHEMYA, ALASKA, U.S.A. 14-APR-1993 DC10-30 N139AA DALLAS/FORT WORTH AIRPORT, DALLAS , TEXAS , U.S.A. 14-SEP-1993 A320-211 D-AIPN WARSAW, POLAND 24-NOV-1993 MD87 SE-DIB COPENHAGEN AIRPORT KASTRUP, DENMAR K 26-APR-1994 A300B4-622R B-1816 NAGOYA/KOMAKI AIRPORT, NAGOYA, JAPAN 02-JUL-1994 DC9-31 N954VJ CHARLOTTE AIRPORT, CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA 10-AUG-1994 A300B4-622R HL-7296 CHEJU ISLAND AIRPORT, KOREA 08-SEP-1994 B737-300 N513AU NR. ALIQUIPPA, PENNSYLVANIA, U.S.A. 08-JUN-1995 DC9-32 N908VJ WILLIAM B. HARTSFIELD INTL. AIRPORT, ATLANTA 20-DEC-1995 B757-223 N651AA BUGA, NR. CALI, COLOMBIA 06-FEB-1996 B757-225 TC-GEN PUERTO PLATA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 11-MAY-1996 DC9-32 N904VJ EVERGLADES, FLORIDA, U.S.A. 13-JUN-1996 DC10-30 PK-GIE FUKUOKA AIRPORT, JAPAN 06-JUL-1996 MD88 N927DA PENSACOLA REGIONAL AIRPORT, FLORIDA , U.S.A. 17-JUL-1996 B747-131 N93119 OFF LONG ISLAND, U.S.A. 06-AUG-1997 B747-3B5B HL-7468 NIMITZ HILL, NR AGANA, GUAM 16-DEC-1997 CL600-2B19 C-FSKI FREDERICTON AP., NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA 19-DEC-1997 B737-300 9V-TRF PALEMBANG, INDONESIA 09-FEB-1998 B727-223 N845AA O'HARE INTL AIRPORT, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS , U.S.A. 02-SEP-1998 MD11 HB-IFW IN SEA, NR. PEGGY'S COVE, NOVA SCOTIA , CANADA 01-JUN-1999 MD82 N215AA NATIONAL AIRPORT, LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS , U.S.A. 14-SEP-1999 B757-204 G-BYAG GIRONA AIRPORT, SPAINDATE AIRCRAFT TYPE REGISTRATION LOCATION 31-OCT-1999 B767-366ER SU-GAP NANTUCKET ISLAND, MA, U.S.A. 31-JAN-2000 MD83 N963AS ANACAPA ISLAND, CA, U.S.A. 05-MAR-2000 B737-300 N668SW BURBANK, CA, U.S.A. 17-JUL-2000 B737-200 VT-EGD NEAR PATNA AP, INDIA 25-JUL-2000 CONCORDE F-BTSC GONESSE, FRANCE 23-AUG-2000 A320 A40-EK NEAR BAHRAIN AP, BAHRAIN 31-OCT-2000 B747-412B 9V-SPK CHIANG KAI-SHEK AP, TAIWAN



### A-7/A-8