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NBS

Publi - cations

NAT'L INST OF STAND & TECH

AlllOt 17fl7Dt,

NBSIR 78-1395

Performance Guidelines fo

Modular Integrated Utility

System

David J. Mitchell

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

November 1978 nniius

MODULAR INTEGRATED UTILITY SYSTEMS

improving community utility services by supplying

electricity, heating, cooling, and water/ processing

liquid and solid wastes/ conserving energy and

natural resources/ minimizing environmental impact

> Sponsored by

Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

' ice of Policy Development and Research

p.p Department of Housing and Urban Development

shington, D.C. 20410

100

U56

78-1395

;;.'>t!onal Burean of Standards APR 17 1379

NBSIR 78-1395 US

PERFORMANCE GUIDELINES FOR A

MODULAR INTEGRATED UTILITY

SYSTEM

David J. Mitchell

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

November 1978

Sponsored by

Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

Office of Policy Development and Research

The Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410

MM

/.,' O V I.,' •.>.. . .-(:. .': <

'

' it. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps. Secretaty

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

FORWARD

HUD-MIUS Program

The Deparment of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is conducting the

Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS) Program devoted to development

of the technical, economic, and institutional advantages of integrating

the systems for providing all or several of the utility services for a community. The utility services include electric power, heating and

cooling, potable water, liquid waste treatment, and solid waste management. The objective of the MIUS concept is to provide the desired utility

services consistent with reduced use of critical natural resources, protection of the environment, and minimized cost. The program goal is to

foster early implementation of the integrated utility system concept by

the organization, private or public, selected by a given community to

provide its utilities.

Under HUD direction, several agencies are participating in the HUD-MIUS

Program. These agencies are the Department of Energy (DoE), the Department of Defense, the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Bureau of Standards

(NBS).

Coordinated Technical Review

Drafts of technical documents are reviewed by the agencies participating

in the HUD-MIUS Program. Ckimments were assembled by the DoE-ORNL Team,

HUD-MIUS Project, into a Coordinated Technical Review. A draft of this

publication received such a review and all comments were resolved.

iii
Contributing NBS Staff

This publication was prepared as a task under the MIUS Implementation

Technology Project of the NBS/HUEHMIUS Team for the HUD-MIUS Program.

The leader of the MIUS Implementation Technology Project and this task

is Mr. David J, Mitchell. Mr. Patrick J, Reynolds was the original task

leader. The individual subsystem and system specialists who made significant contributions to the construction of the individual subsections of

this publication are hereby acknowledged:

Donna L. Brown

Adolf o A. Camacho ^ William L. Carroll

John F. Halldane

< : Mark E. Kuklewicz

' Patrick J. Reynolds

John R. Schaefgen

Walter Shipp

Richard J. Symuleski

The author wishes to recognize the invaluable review comments and contributions of the following technical specialists with respect to MIUS

health and safety issues: Mr, Richard L. P. Custer, Chief of Fire

Detection and Control Systems, Dr. Charles G, Culver, Disaster Research

Coordinator of Office of Housing and Building Technology, Dr. Simone L.

Yaniv, Technology Evaluation and Application Division, and William J.

Meese, Building Environmental Division.

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS*

Page

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS vii

UNITS OF MEASURE AND S.I. CONVERSION FACTORS vlii

ABSTRACT 1

1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1

2. MIUS PERFORMANCE GUIDELINES 6

A. Electrical Supply Subsystem (ESS) 6

A.l Product/Service , 6

A. 2 Reliability 8

A. 3 Subsystem Integration 9

A. 4 Distribution 11

A. 5 Energy Efficiency 13

A. 7 Environmental Impact 14

B. Thermal Subsystem (TS) 16

B.l Product/ Service 16

B.2 Reliability 17

B.3 Subsystem Integration 18

B.4 Distribution 21

B,5 Energy Efficiency 22

B. 7 Environmental Impact 24

C. Solid Waste Management Subsystem (SWMS) 26

C.l Product/Service 26

C.2 Reliability 31

C.3 Subsystem Integration 33

C.4 Distribution 35

C.5 Energy Efficiency 36

C.6 Controls 37

C. 7 Environmental Impact 37

D, Wastewater Management Subsystem (WMS) 39

D.l Product/Service 39

D.2 Reliability 46

D,3 Subsystem Integration 47

D.4 Distribution 49

D.7 Environmental Imact 52

The numbering is keyed to Table 1 Organization Matrix. For example,

there is no Section A. 6 - Controls because the Performance Guidelines

do not address controls on a subsystem level for the ESS but on a system

or MIUS level.

V
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

E. Potable Water Management Subsystem (PWMS) 55

E.l Product/ Service , 55

E.2 Reliability 56

E.3 Subsystem Integration 56

E.4 Distribution 58

E. 7 Environmental Impact 60

F. MIUS Entity 62

F.2 Reliability 62

F.5 Energy Efficiency 64

F.6 Controls 64

F.7 Environmental Impact 68

F.8 Community Impact 73

F.9 Occupational Impact 75

F.IO Natural Hazards 79

vi
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ANSI American National Standards Institute (1430 Broadway,

New York, NY 10018).

ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air

Conditioning Engineers (United Engineering Center,

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017).

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers (United Engineering

Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017).

ASTM American Society for Testing Materials (1916 Race St.,

Philadelphia, PA 19103).

AWWA American Water Work Association (6666 West Quincy Ave.,

Denver, CO 80235).

Btu British thermal units

BRAB Building Research Advisory Board (2101 Constitution Ave, N.W.,

Washington, DC 20418).

BRAB-FCC BRAB Federal Construction Council

"C Degree Celsius

CO carbon monoxide

CTI Cooling Tower Institute (9030 North Freway, No. 216, Houston,

TX 77037).

dBA Decibel-A Scale

e.g. for example

DoE-ORNL Department of Energy - Oak Ridge National Laboratory

ESS Electrical Supply Subsystem

ft cubic feet

°F degree Fahrenheit

HC hydrocarbons

HHV higher heating value

h hour

HUD Department of Housing and Urban Development

HVAC Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

Hz hertz

gr grains

kg kilogram

kWh kilowatt hour

lb pound

LHV lower heating value

mg/1 miligrams per liter

MIUS Modular Integrated Utility System

NBS National Bureau of Standards > NEC National Electric Code (published by NFPA).

NESC National Electrical Safety Code (published by Institute of

Electronics Engineers, Inc., United Engineering Center,

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017).

NFPA National Fire Protection Association (470 Atlantic Ave.,

Boston, MA 02210).

NOx oxides of nitrogen

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act

psig pounds per square inch gauge

PTC Performance Test Code

vui
PWMS Potable Water Management Subsystem

rdf refuse-derived fuel

rms root mean square

SAE Society of Automative Engineers (400 Commonwealth Drive,

Warrendale, PA 15096).

std standard

SWMS Solid Waste Management Subsystems

j joules

TS Thermal Subsystem

UL Underwriter's Laboratories (333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook,

XL 60062).

V volt

WMS Wastewater Management Subsystem

UNITS OF MEASURE AND S.I. CONVERSION FACTORS

In NBS Document LC 1056, revised August 1975, guidelines were established to reaffirm and strengthen the commitment of NBS to the greatest

practicable use of the International System of Units (S.I.) in all of its

publications and also in all of its dealings with the science and engineering communities and with the public. In this report the measurements

are those of the U.S. Customary units as they appear in the referenced

standards, in order that the readers may give full attention to the organization and compilation of the criteria.

The following conversion factors are appropriate for the units of

measure that appear in this report:

Length -

Mass -

1 inch (in.) = 0.0254 meter (m)

1 foot (ft.) = 0.3048 meter (m)

1 pound-mass (Ibm) = .4535924 kilogram

Temperature -

1 Degree Fahrenheit (°F) = (1.8)"^ kelvin (K) or ( ''K) Temperature Fahrenheit ("F) = (459.67 + temp. °F)/1.8 ("K)

Time -

1 hour (h) = 60 minutes (min) = 3600 seconds (s)

Velocity -

1 foot per second (fps) = 0,3048 meter per second (m/s)

Force -

1 pound-force (Ibf) = 4.448222 newtons (N)

viii
Pressure -

1 pound-force per square inch (psi) = 6894.757 pascals (Pa)

6.894747 kilopascals

(kPa)

Volume - 7

1 U.S. liquid gallon (gal) = 0.003785412 meter-^ (m"") = 3.785412 liters (1)

Flow Rate - o

1 U.S. gallon per minute (gpm) = 0.0000630902 meters::/second

= 63.0902 centimeters^/second

(cm^/s)

= 0.0630902 liters/second (1/s)

ix

PERFORMANCE GUIDELINES FOR A MODULAR INTEGRATED UTILITY SYSTEM

by David J. Mitchell

ABSTRACT

Performance Guidelines for a Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS)

is an aid to construct conceptual, preliminary and final designs for a specific MIUS to be built in a particular geographic location.

This document defines the suggested generic performance of a MIUS serving

a residential/commerical development. Performance requirements, criteria,

and evaluations identify engineering parameters and other constraints

associated with electrical supply, thermal energy, solid waste management,

potable water management, and wastewater management to be provided by a local, integrated source. There are also performance requirements, criteria, and evaluations for end-use considerations such as environmental

impact, health, safety, and subjective acceptability. It is recognized

that in view of the many possible combinations of MIUS designs, ownership,

methods for implementation and local regulations, a MIUS implementor may

want to omit and/or greatly simplify many of the performance requirements,

criteria, and evaluations contained herein.

Keywords: Conservation; integrated utilities; performance guidelines;

residential utilities; total energy, utilities.

1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

OBJECTIVE

This document is an aid to develop conceptual, preliminary, and final

designs for a Modular Integrated Utility System and to evaluate its

resultant construction and operation.

SCOPE

This document identifies the constraints associated with electrical

supply, thermal energy, solid waste management, potable water supply

and wastewater treatment for a residential or residential commercial

development provided by a local, onsite integrated entity. This document addreses the collection and distribution of these utility services

to the outer wall interface of each user building. The end-use distribution internal to a user building is not covered. The term "user

4 building" is defined as any building or site facility served by a MIUS

utility subsystem.

1
APPROACH

The functional characteristics of a generic Modular Integrated Utility

System are defined in terms of performance in contrast to a specific

equipment type, make and model. Engineering parameters key to monitoring

the performance of MIUS as a whole and each constituent utility are identified

.

A magnitude is assigned to each engineering parameter. A method to

measure the magnitude of each engineering parameter was selected from

existing recognized standards or devised.

PERSEPCTIVE

A Modular Integrated Utility System can provide an acceptable quality

of utility services upon demand. MIUS should maximize subsystem integration and should minimize the life-cycle cost of services rendered.

The recommended functional characteristics, engineering parameters and

measurement methods were developed in this light.

FORMAT

A requirement , criterion, evaluation , and commentary format is used.

Each requirement is a concise statement of what the subsystem should

do. Each criterion states measureable engineering parameters which

would indicate whether compliance with each requirement was achieved.

Each evaluation defines a standard, inspection method, review procedure,

and/or test method which may be used in evaluating whether or not the

subsystem or system as designed, installed and operated complies with

each criterion. The commentary presents any elaboration or discussion

of the requirement, criterion, or evaluation.

ORGANIZATIONAL MATRIX

Table 1 displays the topical organization of this document. The recommended performance of MIUS is defined on both a system and a subsystem

level. Performance which is common to all subsystems is found on the

system's level under "F. MIUS Entity". MIUS constraints are aggregated

into ten categories, "1. Product or Service" through "10. Natural

Hazards". The shaded areas in the organization matrix identify the

information available.

APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

It is recommended that the as-built MIUS comply with all applicable

performance criteria contained herein, including the latest editions

of codes, standards, and other documents cited. Beyond the specific

references, use should be made of applicable codes, standards, and

test methods promulgated by nationally-recognized groups such as ANSI,

ASME, NFPA, ASTM, ASHRAE, and SAE. This document should not be construed to supersede local. State, and Federal codes and standards.

2
CO Table 1:

o

a. o

CO

C/3

C/303U

00

Organizational Matrix

1. Product or Service mm

2. Reliability

3. Subsystem Integration

4. Distribution

5. Energy Efficiency

6. Controls

7. Environmental Impact

8. Community Impact

9. Occupational Impact

10. Natural Hazards

3
t

\'

'

AUTHOR'S NOTES

This document provides the basis for serious consideration, evaluation,

and design of a MIUS. This document draws upon information developed

by the HU1>-MIUS program in the early 1970' s. A MIUS implementor may

not desire all five utility services. It is recognized that in view

of the many possible combinations of MIUS designs, ownership, methods

of implementation, and local regulations, a MIUS implementor may want

to omit and/or greatly simplify many performance requirements, criteria

and evaluations to satisfy his local constraints.

The scope, approach, format, and organization were chosen to limit the

task to a practical, finite, and purposeful effort. It is believed that

any limitations that may result are not significant but are recognized

here so that the reader may have a clear understanding of the intent

of this document. This document is a guide and is not a specification

for contract. The scope of this document does not include consideration

of end-use distribution of utility services internal to a user building.

The use of MIUS implies certain technical restrictions on the kinds of

in-building distribution that can be used. The use of a specific inbuilding distribution places technical restrictions on MIUS. The

approach is to focus the document where information is most lacking - the concept of a local integrated utility and its distribution external

to a user building.

The approach further restricts the scope of this document. A generic

Modular Integrated Utility System is defined in performance terms utilizing parameters which can be measured. This document attempts to

avoid the use of statements such as "acceptable trade practice" and

"applicable public health standards" where recommended MIUS functional

characteristics can be monitored via parameter measurement. It is

believed such general unquantif iable statements add nothing to the

technical discussion and lead to diverse unstructured individual interpretation. The magnitudes of the engineering parameters chosen reflect

what has been found as a general rule to be the minimum acceptable level

of performance based on experience to date. The best possible level of

performance has to be based on specific cost-benefit studies tailored

to a particular MIUS application. The reader should consider the magnitudes of each parameter in light of local conditions. Not enough

experience exists to base the magnitude of some parameters. This may

become evident due to the different levels of treatment and specificity

of each recommended MIUS functional characteristic. Where the magnitude

of a parameter can be defined but has a local origin, the text states

that it " should be specified per site needs ".

The format chosen provides a concise presentation of recommended MIUS

functional characteristics and how one may verify whether an as-built

MIUS is in compliance. Many performance requirements and criteria are stated briefly. Each was carefully selected. A "Commentary" is used

to expand on the intent of a "Requirement" when it is purposeful. This

document attempts to avoid the use of general statements such as "There

4
should be a review of plans and specifications" to describe the proper

"Evaluation" of each "Criterion" where nationally recognized standards

and test methods exist. In most cases the "Evaluation" recommends

specific methods of instrumentation, data acquisition and test. Since

instrumentation and tests have limitations to their contribution to plant

performance and can significantly contribute to MIUS capital, operating

and maintenance costs, it is recommended that this aspect should be carefully considered and coordinated throughout a review of this document.

See Table 1. There are requirements, criteria, evaluations, and commentary for: "Product or Service"; "Reliability"; "Subsystem Integration";

"Distribution"; "Energy Efficiency"; "Controls": "Environmental Impact";

"Community Impact": "Occupational Impact and "Natural Hazards" for each

utility subsystem and MIUS as a whole. There are many functional characteristics which are common to each utility service which are not of

direct importance in a discussion of a Modular Integrated Utility System.

In general, these are grouped in "F. MIUS Entity". There are other functional characteristics that are. These are found in the individual

utility performance criteria which are labeled A, B, C, D and E. An

unevenness in presentation exists due to this grouping of the performance

criteria and its inherent redundancy.

This document represents the best efforts to date to address this subject

and should be revised when more information and experience is gained.

5
2. MIUS PERFORMANCE GUIDELINES

A, Electrical Supply Subsystem (ESS) - This

section contains recommended generic performance requirements, criteria, evaluations, and commentary for electrical

service provided by a Modular Integrated

Utility System (MIUS). If electrical generation Is not to be an Integral part of a MIUS application, this section should be

deleted or greatly revised per site needs.

If desired, the Electrical Supply Subsystem

can provide electrical energy and distribute

It to all user buildings. Included In this

subsystem are electrical supply stations,

electrical supply equipment and electrical

supply lines as defined below:

electric supply equipment (supply equipment ) . Equipment which produces, modlfies, regulates, controls, or safeguards

a supply of electric energy.

electric supply lines (supply lines) . Those conductors used to transmit electric

energy and their necessary supporting or containing structures. Signal lines of

more than 200 volts are always supply

lines within the meaning of the rules,

and those of less than 400 volts may be

considered as supply lines, if so run and

operated throughout,

electric supply station (supply station) . Any building, room, or separate space

within which electric supply equipment

is located and the interior of which is

accessible, as a rule, only to properly

qualified persons,

NOTE: This Includes generating stations

and substations and generator, storage

battery, and transformer rooms,

A.l Products/Services.

A. 1.1 Requirement General Product Description . The ESS should

have sufficient capacity to supply electrical service to the user buildings at the

designated voltage, frequency, wattage and

phase.

6
A. 1.1.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

A. 1.1. 2 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

A. 1.1.3 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

Frequency Control . The ESS should provide

electrical service at an average frequency

of 60.0 +0.4 Hz. Frequency control should

be maintained within a clock accuracy

(National Bureau of Standards standard

time, e.g., WWV) of + 120 seconds in a 30

day period.

Frequency should be compared against a calibrated frequency standard to determine the

accumulative monthly frequency deviation.

Precise frequency control of electrical

service is necessary for proper operation

of customer devices such as clocks.

Phases Available . The ESS should provide

both single-phase and three-phase service

throughout the served area unless otherwise

specified per site needs . Where three-phase

service is provided, reasonable care should

be exercised to insure that the load on each phase is balanced.

The voltage on each phase should be monitored.

Three-phase service may be required for

motors on elevators, compressors, pumps,

chillers, etc.

Delivered Voltage . The ESS should maintain

at the user building interface electrical

potentials of 120 V and 240 V (120 volts to

ground) rms unless otherwise specified per

site needs . The electrical potentials

should be maintained within an average + 2%

of the specified values.

The electrical potential at selected points

of delivery should be monitored using

instrumentation accurate to within + 0.1%

of the actual values.

The ESS design should minimize the number

of high voltage line spikes in order to

protect customer equipment.

For energy efficiency, the use of higher

voltages should be encouraged where applicable (e.g. 277 V for commercial lighting).

7
A. 1.1. 4 Criterion

Evaluation

A.

2

A. 2.1 Requirement

A. 2. 1.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

Design Peak Demand Wattage . The ESS should

provide electrical service at any user building demand. The design peak demand

wattage of each user building should be

specified .

The probability of the subsystem to satisfy

the peak electrical service demand should

be evaluated by review of design calculations, vendors equipment ratings, and test

results of similar equipment. Tests of the

completed subsystem should be conducted

under a range of test loads representing

the most probable adverse circumstances to

be encountered.

Reliability.

Reliability . The ESS should meet all the

electrical loads of the MIUS and users with

minimum interruption of service.

Interruption of Service . An interruption of

service is defined as any time the electrical

service does not comply with Requirement

A. 1.1. The aggregate number of hours per

year of interruptions of electrical service

to any user building should not exceed fortyeight hours. The number of interruptions

of electrical service per year should not

exceed five. No single interruption of

service to any user building should exceed

twelve hours duration.

The electrical potential, current, and frequency at the user building interface should

be monitored. See also Evaluations: Criteria A. 1.1.1 through A. 1.1. 3.

To produce the reliability required in Criterion A. 2. 1.1, the adequacy and reliability

of fuel supply, required maintenance, and

component reliability should be considered.

Essential services include fire protection,

domestic cold water supply, emergency

lighting, at least one elevator installed

in each tall building, sewage pumps below

drain level and essential MIUS equipment.

The reliability of the ESS is in part dependent on the ESS distribution means. In order

8
A, 2. 2 Requirement

A. 2. 2.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

A.

3

A, 3,1 Requirement

A, 3. 1.1 Criterion

Evaluation

A. 3. 1.2 Criterion

for the ESS distribution to be of the highest

reliability for nearly all circumstances,

certain designs should be given some consideration. For example, normal and emergency

feeders between the MIUS and major users may

be necessary; concentric rather than radial

distribution loops may be used.

Load shedding of a non-essential load, such

as central plant chilled water, may be an economical alternative.

Interim Supply . Interim electrical supply

should be provided as a "backup" during

major ESS shut-down.

ESS Back-Up Supply . The back-up supply

should be compatible with all elements of

the ESS in all respects so that service

to user building(s) is not interrupted.

The down-time of the ESS and the use of

a back-up electrical supply should not in

any way interrupt any essential operation

of the MIUS subsystems and user buildings.

See Evaluation: Criterion A. 2. 1.1.

A connection to a Conventional electrical

utility or to another MIUS ESS are examples

of "back-up" supply.

Subsystem Integration.

ESS Integration with Other Subsystems . Certain primary and secondary products from

the ESS should be available, as applicable

for utilization by other MIUS subsystems.

Electrical Energy for Other MIUS Subsystem s

.

The ESS should provide useable electrical

service to other MIUS subsystems per Section

A.l - Products/ Services .

The appropriate evaluations in Section A.l

of this specification should apply.

Thermal Energy . The ESS should provide

useable thermal energy to the THERMAL Subsystem if such utilization will result in

9
net benefits in terms of resource conservation, energy efficiency, and/or financial

benefit.

Evaluation See Evaluation Criterion: B,3.3.1.

Commentary The Thermal Subsystem can use ESS thermal

energy for heating, cooling, and domestic

^ hot water. The SWMS could use ESS thermal

energy to dry solid waste, to keep the subsystem equipment warm and to minimize

start-up fuel requirement. The WMS and

PWMS could use thermal energy to increase

process efficiency.

A. 3. 2 Requirement Other Subsystem Integration with ESS . The

ESS should assist the MIUS in resource conservation.

A. 3. 2.1 Criterion Utilization of Treated Wastewater Effluent . The ESS should utilize in its process the

treated wastewater effluent from the Waste-

^ ^ water Management Subsystem (per Section D.)

, if this utilization will result in net

benefits in terms of resource conservation

and/or financial performance.

Evaluation It should be determined whether there is a resultant net savings to the MIUS, derived

from the use of subsystem effluent, and

whether the additional cost of using this

effluent can be justified on a life-cycle

cost basis. Data of pertinent MIUS parameters should be taken during actual performance of the installed and operating MIUS.

, _ This data should be used to calculate subsystems and MIUS water use, and life-cycle

costs.

A. 3. 2. 2. Criterion Utilization of ESS Combustible Material by

SWMS . The ESS should deliver to the SWMS

(per Section C.) all combustible items in

a form and manner suitable for energy

recovery and if such utilization results in

net benefits in terms of resource conservation, energy efficiency, and/or financial

performance

.

Evaluation Equivalent to that to investigate the MIUS

potential for supplemental Thermal Energy . See Evaluation: Criteria A. 3. 1.2.

10
Commentary Examples of Combustible ESS material are boxes, crankcase oil, rages etc.

A, 3. 3. Requirement

A. 3.3,1 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

A. 3. 3. 2 Criterion

Evaluation

A, 3. 3. 3 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

A.

4

A. 4,1 Requirement

Other ESS By-Products . Solid, energy and/or

fluid products of the ESS not described in

Requirements A. 3.1 and A. 3. 2 should be disposed of in an appropriate manner.

Unuseable Solid Products . The ESS should

minimize solid products unuseable by other

MIUS subsystems , Such unuseable solid

products should be transmitted to an appropriate ESS - Solid Waste Management Subsystem

interface (per Section C,) for disposal.

See Evaluations: Criteria C,4.1.1 and

C. 4.1.2.

Examples of unuseable solid products are worn parts and barrels.

Unuseable Aqueous Products . The ESS should

minimize all aqueous products not useable by

the other MIUS subsystem processes. Such

unuseable aqueous products should be transmitted to an appropriate ESS - Wastewater

Management Subsystem interface (per Section

D. ) for disposal.

See Evaluations: Requirement D.4,1.

Unuseable Thermal Energy . The ESS should

minimize all thermal energy not useable by

other MIUS subsystem processes. Such

thermal energy should be transmitted to an appropriate ESS Thermal Subsystem interface

(per Section B.),

See Evaluations: Requirement B.4, ,

During the spring and fall, modulation of

the thermal energy recovered from the ESS

should be considered.

Distribution.

Electrical Power Distribution . Electrical

service should be effectively distributed

to all MIUS user buildings and to MIUS subsystems, as required.

11
A, 4, 1.1 Criterion Electrical Codes and Standards . The electrical system shall be installed, maintained

and operated in accordance with the following

standards:

1. Electrical Supply Stations - Part 1 of

National Electrical Safety Code (ANSI

C2. 1-1971)

2. Overhead Electric Supply Lines - Part 2 of National Electrical Safety Code (ANSI

,, C2. 2-1 9 7 6)

3. Underground Electric Supply Lines - Part 3 of National Electrical Safety

5 ;

. . ; ; ,

, - Code (ANSI C. 2. 3-1973)

4. Grounding Methods for Electric Supply

Facilities - Section 9 of National

Electrical Safety Code (Section 9 of

ANSI C2. 2-1976)

5 . Operation of Electric Supply Systems

(Rules for Employees) - Part 4 of

National Electrical Safety Code ANSI

, > C2. 4-1973 (Note: Where rules of the

Occupational and Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA) are more stringent, OSHA rules should be observed

, ; (such rules were noted in the text of

NESC Part 4)

.

, , Evaluation There should be review of plans and specifications and an inspection of installed

equipment.

Commentary All of the above standards are published

in "American National Standard National

, Electrical Safety Code, 1977 Edition

(ANSI C2), published by the Institute

of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.

A. 4, 1,2. Criterion Electrical Voltage Drop . The electrical

voltage drop between the electrical generation elements and the user building

interface at peak load should not exceed 3%,

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion A. 1.1. 3.

12
A.

5

A. 5.1 Requirement

A. 5. 1.1. Criterion

Eva luation

Energy Efficiency.

ESS Efficiency . The ESS should have performance characteristics that offer optimum

efficiency

.

Electrical Efficiency . The minimum acceptable electrical efficiency on an annual basis

of the ESS should be 28% for gas or diesel

generators and 17% for gas turbine-generators

unless otherwise specified per site needs .

There should be a review of plans and

specifications. The amount and quantity

of electricity generated, its use and the

fuel consumed should be monitored. The net

electrical generation efficiency is defined

as the sum of electrical energy metered (in

KWH) at the user building interface multiplied by 3413; divided by the sum of the

higher heating values (in Btu) of all fuels

used in the ESS.

(KWH) (3413)

J

all points of delivery

Electrical Efficiency =

I (fuel units) (HHV)

all

fuels

Commentary Electrical efficiency is a key factor in

achieving high overall MIUS energy efficiency.

Subsystems that use electrical energy wastefully will detract from the overall MIUS

energy-use efficiency.

A. 5. 1,2 Criterion Gross Efficiency . The minimum acceptable

gross efficiency on an annual basis for the

ESS including thermal energy available to

other MIUS subsystems should be 50% unless

13
otherwise specified per site needs.

Evaluation There should be a review of plans and specifications. The amount and quantity of electricity generated, its fuels requirement,

and use of ESS electricity and by-product

thermal energy should be monitored. The ESS

gross efficiency is defined as the sum of

the useable energy metered at the point of

delivery to the other MIUS subsystems,

divided by the sum of the higher heating

values (in Btu) of all fuels used in the ESS.

r-^^r^r, vffA^-t^r^^.r - ^ useable energy delivered Gross Erriciency = -24

Z (fuel units) (HHV)

all

fuels

Commentary Care should be taken to balance the MIUS

electrical and thermal energy loads. If

practical, the ESS should only generate

thermal energy if it can be efficiently

utilized. A balanced ESS should be treated

as a discretionary producer of thermal

energy (like a boiler) and should not be

utilized to produce thermal energy simultaneously with rejection of high-grade

thermal energy by the Thermal Subsystem.

A, 7 Environmental Impact.

A, 7,1 Requirement Heat Rejection , Provisions should be made

for rejection of surplus thermal energy with

minimum adverse impact on the environment.

A. 7. 1.1 Criterion Unuseable Thermal Energy , The ESS should

reject thermal energy only if its utilization and/or disposal by the Thermal Subsystem will not improve MIUS energy efficiency

and/or financial performance. The ESS should

minimize such reject thermal energy. The ESS

heat rejection capacity should be the combined

maximum surplus heat rates for all connected

concurrently-operated equipment.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion B,3.2,l,

Commentary TViis criterion addresses the situation when

the ESS must dispose its own unuseable

thermal energy.

14
A, 7, 2. Requirement

A.7.2.1 Criterion

Eva luation

Commentary

A. 7, 3. Requirement

A. 7. 3.1 Criterion

Eva luation

Commentary

Rejection of Aqueous By-products . Provisions should be made for disposal of aqueous

products with minimum adverse impact on the

environment

,

Unuseable Aqueous By-products . The ESS

should dispose of aqueous products only if

its utilization and/or disposal by the MIUS

WMS will not improve MIUS financial performance. The ESS should minimize such unuseable aqueous by-products. Where there is no sewer within a reasonable distance,

suitable provision should be made for

disposing ESS wastewater by a method of

treatment and disposal approved by Federal,

State and local laws and regulations.

See Evaluation: Criterion D. 1.2.1. There

should be a review of Federal, State and

local laws and regulations.

This Criterion addresses the situation when

the ESS must dispose of its own unuseable

aqueous by-products.

Solid Waste Disposal . Provisions should be

made for solid waste disposal with minimum

adverse impact on the environment.

Unuseable Solid By-products . The ESS should

dispose of solid by-products only if its

utilization and/or disposal by the MIUS SWMS

will not improve MIUS financial performance.

The ESS should dispose of all unuseable

solid by-products through an adequate and

safe means recognized by applicable Federal,

State, and local laws and regulations.

See Evaluation: Criterion C.4.1.3

This criterion addresses the situation when

the ESS must dispose of its own solid waste.

15
Thermal Subsystem (TS) - This section contains recommended generic performance

requirements, criteria, evaluations, and

commentary for thermal service provided by

a Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS).

If generation of chilled water and of steam

or hot water for space conditioning, for

domestic hot water and for other MIUS

processes are not to be an integral part of

a MIUS application, this section should be

deleted or greatly revised per site needs.

If desired, the Thermal Subsystem can provide

thermal energy and can distribute it to user buildings

.

Products/ Service

.

Requirement Product/Service , The TS should produce,

distribute and/or remove thermal energy to

satisfy the requirements of all user buildings for space cooling, space heating, and

domestic water heating as applicable.

Commentary This requirement only relates to the element

of the building requirements for which the

building design requires thermal fluid energy.

Each building designer may determine whether

building energy requirements represent a thermal energy (fluid medium) or an electrical energy demand on the MIUS.

Criterion Thermal Subsystem Service . The thermal

subsystem should meet the thermal loads

(heating, domestic hot water, and air con-

. '. ditioning) of user buildings. Adequate

climatic conditions should be specified.

Evaluation The probability of the subsystem to adequately service the site should be evalu-

> ated by review of design calculation,

vendors equipment ratings, and test

results of similar equipment. Equipment

should be checked over the range of projected environmental operating conditions.

Requirement Heating . The Thermal Subsystem should

provide thermal energy for domestic hot

water and space heating in the user buildings .
B. 1.2.1 Criterion

Evaluation

B,1.3 Requirement

B. 1.3.1 Criterion

Evaluation

B.2

B.2.1 Requirement

B.2. 1.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Domestic Hot Water and Space Heating . If

thermal energy is required by a user building, it should be provided by the Thermal

Subsystem, The projected maximum and minimum

seasonal thermal loads of each user building

to be served by the TS should be specified .

The as-built subsystem should be evaluated

by operational tests in which flow rates and

temperatures are monitored to determine individual building energy consumption and that

of the entire site served.

Cooling . The Thermal Subsystem should provide thermal energy for space cooling in

the user buildings.

Space Cooling . If thermal cooling energy is

required by a user building it should be

provided by the Thermal Subsystem. The projected maximum and minimum seasonal cooling

load requirements of each user building to

be served by the TS should be specified .

See Evaluation: Criterion B. 1.2.1.

Reliability.

Reliability . The TS should meet all demands

for thermal energy or its removal made by user buildings or other MIUS subsystems with

a minimum interruption of service.

Space Heating . An interruption of service

is defined as any time during which the

space heating requirement of a user building

is not met. No single interruption of service should exceed 12 hours duration. The

time during which service is interrupted

to a given user should total less than one week in any calendar year.

There should be: a review of plans, calculations and specifications; certification of

reliability characteristics of selected components; and measurement of thermal energy

medium flows, supply temperatures and return

temperatures, as applicable. Actual load

requriements of the MIUS and user buildings

should be determined by a computer demand

model verified by measured demands.

17
Commentary Equipment operating history may be used to

predict equipment and service availability.

The stock of spare operational components

should be considered in evaluating the

likely duration of unscheduled maintenance

periods

.

B.2.1.2. Criterion Space Cooling . An interruption of service

is defined as any time during which the

space cooling requirement of a user building

is not met. The total time during which

service is interrupted should total less

than one week per year. No single interruption of service should exceed 24 hours duration.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion B.2.1,1,

Commentary See Commentary: Criterion B.2.1.1, This

criterion also recognizes that in order to

satisfy Criterion A. 2. 1.1., it may be desirable to "drop" the electrical demand of TS

cooling equipment for short periods of time.

B.2,1.3 Criterion Domestic Hot Water Heating . An interruption

of service is defined as any time during

which the domestic hot water requirement of

a user building is not met. No single interruption of service should exceed 24 hours

duration. The total time during which service is interrupted should total less than one week per year.

Evaluation

Commentary

See Evaluation: Criterion B.2.1.1.

See Commentary: Criterion B.2.1.2.

B.3 Subsystem Integration.

B.3.1. Requirement Excess Thermal Energy . The Thermal Subsystem should accept and utilize excess thermal

energy from all other MIUS subsystems.

B,3,l,l Criterion

Eva luation

Utilization of Thermal Energy . The Thermal

Subsystem should utilize thermal energy from

other MIUS subsystems ( SWMS , ESS) if such

a utilization results in net benefits to

the MIUS in terms of energy efficiency

and/or financial performance.

See Evaluation: Criterion A. 3. 1.2.

18
Commentary In some cases thermal storage can economically improve the utilization of recoverable

"waste" energy when certain conditions such

as energy need and the high cost of fossil

fuel also coexist. In an ERDA ORNL Publication, ORNL-HUD-MIUS 26, it is shown that up

to 22% of available heat from enginegenerators of a hypothetical MIUS model without thermal storage could be wasted during

a typical year because of noncoincidence of

heat availability and heat requirement. Heat

availability closely matches the electrical

load profile. Heat requirements are predominately determined by weather conditions.

B.3.2 Requirement Heat Rejection . Provisions should be made

for rejection of surplus thermal energy from

the TS.

B.3.2. 1 Criterion Thermal Energy Rejection . The TS should

reject thermal energy only if its utilization within the MIUS will not improve MIUS

energy efficiency and/or financial performance and only if the TS is the most efficient means of disposal. The TS should

minimize unuseable TS thermal energy. TS

heat rejection capacity should be the combined maximum surplus heat rates for all

connected concurrently-operated subsystems.

Evaluation There should be a review of calculations,

plans, and specifications. Start-up tests

of the MIUS and subsystem elements should

determine ability to reject maximum surplus

heat. Tests in accordance with CTI Bulletin

ATP-105 should be used to evaluate wet

cooling tower equipment. Life-cycle costs

should be analyzed to Investigate utilization

a .1 tern ^ t ; i V (--. s ,

B.3,3 Requirement Beneiicial use of TS Energy . Certain primary and secondary products should be

available from the TS for utilization by

other MIUS subsystems.

B.3.3.1 Criterion Thermal Energy for the MIUS Subsystems . The

TS should provide useable thermal energy to

all the other MIUS subsystems requiring it

in the quantity and the quality necessary

for the safe, reliable performance of the

other subsystems.

19
Evaluation

B.3.3.2 Criterion

Evaluation

B.3.3.3 Criterion

Evaluation

B.3.3.4 Criterion

Evaluation

B.3.3.5 Criterion

Evaluation

The appropriate evaluations in the energy

efficiency (Section B.5) of this specification should apply to this criterion. In

addition a study of a TS integrated with

the appropriate other subsystem( s ) should

be made where there is a thermal energy flow

from the TS to the other subsystem(s ) . This

study should determine whether there is a resultant net energy savings from this energy

flow and whether additional cost from implementing this energy flow can be realized in

fuel and dollar savings. Data should be

acquired during the actual performance of

the installed and operating MIUS.

Utilization of TS Combustible Material by

SWMS . The TS should deliver to the SWMS

(per Section C.) all combustible items

in a form and manner suitable for energy

recove ry

.

See Evaluation: Criterion A. 3. 2. 2.

Unuseable Solid By-products . The TS should

minimize solid by-products not useable by

other MIUS subsystem processes. Such unuseable solid by-products should be transferred

to the SWMS (per Section C.) for disposal.

See Evaluations: Criteria C.4.1,1 and

C.4.1.2.

Unuseable Aqueous By-products . The TS

should minimize aqueous by-products not useable by other MIUS subsystem processes. Such

unuseable aqueous by-products should be

transmitted to the WMS (per Section D.) for

disposal

.

See Evaluations: Requirement D.4.1.

Utilization of Treated Wastewater Effluent . The TS should utilize in its process the

treated wastewater effluent from the WMS

(per Section D. ) if this utilization will

result in net benefits in terms of resource conservation, energy efficiency and/or financial performance. Criterion D. 3.2.1 should

apply to process water quality.

See Evaluation: Criterion A. 3. 2.1,

20
B.3.4 Requirement

B.3.4.1 Criterion

Evaluation

B.4

B.4,1, Requirement

B.4, 1.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

B.4. 1.2 Criterion

Evaluation

Electrical Energy . All electrical energy

required by the TS should be of a type available from and provided by the Electrical

Supply Subsystem (per Section A).

TS Load . The electrical energy requirements

of the TS should be included in the electrical load profile used to size the Electrical

Supply Subsystem (per Criterion A, 3. 1.1),

Section A.l should apply to voltage, frequency, wattage and phase available.

See Evaluation: Criterion A. 3. 1.1.

Distribution,

Heating and Cooling . The Thermal Subsystem

should efficiently deliver required thermal

energy to user building(s) for their cooling

and heating demands.

Energy Transfer - Parameters . For all loads,

the energy-related parameters of the thermal

energy medium should be maintained within

the design limits. These energy related

parameters should be specified per site

needs .

There should be a review of plans, calculations, and specifications. Thermal energy

medium supply temperature, return temperature and flow should be monitored as appropriate.

Energy-transfer-related parameters refer

to characteristics of the medium utilized

to distribute heating and cooling to user

buildings. Examples of such parameters are:

media (steam, low pressure hot water),

velocity, volumetric flow rate, and form

(two-pipe, four-pipe).

Simultaneous Provision of Service . Space

cooling, domestic hot water, and /or space

heating should be provided simultaneously

to meet the seasonal requirements of user buildings unless otherwise specified per

site needs .

See Evaluation: Criterion B.4, 1.1,

21
Commentary It is desirable to have simultaneous heating,

cooling, and domestic hot water services

available to user buildings. However, many

central HVAC systems provide only one form

of space conditioning and domestic hot water

to building occupants. The implications of

availability of both heating and cooling

and the required use of the relatively more expensive three-pipe/four-pipe distribution

can best be decided by the MIUS implementor.

B.5 Energy Efficiency.

B,5.1 Requirement Thermal Efficiency . The TS should make

available to the user buildings thermal

energy to meet the space cooling, space

, ., heating, dehumidif ication, and domestic

hot water heating requirements by the most

efficient means.

B.5, 1.1 Criterion Thermal Losses . Heating and cooling energy

should be distributed to user building(s),

such that thermal losses from all the lines

in the distribution system should be limited

to not more than 5% of the energy available

to the user building(s).

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion B.4.1.1.

Commentary The selection and installation of fluidcontaining conduits should consider applicable procedures and criteria described in

the District Heating Handbook, International

District Heating Association, 1969; in the

BRAB-FCC Reports; Underground Heat Distribution Systems (30R-64), Evaluation of Components for Underground Heat Distribution

Systems (No. 39-65), or any BRAB report which

might supersede them; and the ASHRAE Handbook,

with respect to expansion and contraction of

pipes, to damage from water and corrosion,

for insulation requirements, and to mechanical protection of the conduits from surface

loads or shifting earth.

B.5. 1,2 Criterion Thermal Efficiency . The efficiency of the

Thermal Subsystem on an annual basis, should

be specified per site needs.

Evaluation TS thermal efficiency of the design and

as-built system should be determined. TS

22
efficiency is defined as the sum of the

useful thermal energy delivered (heating,

cooling, domestic hot water) divided by

the fuel input,

TS Efficiency = Useful Energy from TS

Thermal Potential of Input Fuel

1. Useful Energy from MIUS:

Useful Energy from MIUS = h + c

a.) Heat: "h" is the energy decrement

(Btu/Year) of the thermal fluid (hot

water) determined at the MIUS plant

boundary multiplied by a correction for

distribution losses (1-Dj^)

time

7.48

(1-Dl) (c) (at)

distribution

loops

where GPM = thermal fluid low rate

(gal/mdn)

p = thermal fluid density

(Ib/ft^)

Dj^ = distribution loss factor

(correction (%) factor to

point of delivery)

C = thermal fluid heat capacity

(Btu/lb/°F)

AT = difference between the

thermal fluid supply and

return temperatures (°F)

7.48 = gallon/cubic foot

b.) Cooling: "c" is the annual cooling

energy (Btu/year) removed from distribution fluid system (chilled water) determined at the plant boundary in Btu/year.

23

(GPM) —f- (1-Dl) (C) (AT) (COP)

/ . HO

distribution

loops
where GPM

P

C

AT

7.48

COP

2. Thermal Potential of Input Fuel

Thermal Input Potential = e+f+uh (Btu)

a.) Electricity: "e" is the annual sum of

electricity metered at the point of use

by TS and user buildings (for heating,

cooling and domestic hot water via thermal distribution) multiplied by 3413.

e = (kWh to TS)+(kWh to user building))

X 3413 Btu/kWh

b. ) Fuel Input: "f" is the fuel input used

in user buildings or supplementary

boilers times HHV. The energy equivalent would be

f = (Annual units of fuel supplied) x (Higher Heat Value)

c. ) Useable Heat: "uh" is the useable heat

available from the SWMS and the ESS

Commentary Hot water is utilized as an example in the

evaluation to demonstrate how compliance

I., with the criterion is investigated. This

should not be understood to suggest that

only hot water is a suitable thermal distribution medium,

B.7 Environmental Impact.

B,7.1 Requirement Rejection of Aqueous By-Products . Provisions should be made for the disposal of

aqueous by-products.

= thermal fluid flow rate

(gal/min)

= thermal fluid density

(Ib/ft-^)

= distribution loss factor

(correction (%) factor to

point of removal)

= thermal fluid heat capacity

(Btu/lb/°F)

= difference between the

thermal fluid (°F) return

and supply temperatures

= gallon/cubic foot

= Coefficient of Performance

24
B.7.1,1 Criterion Unuseable Aqueous By-Products . The TS

should dispose of aqueous by-products only

if utilization and/or disposal by the MIUS

WMS will not improve MIUS financial performance. The TS should minimize such unuseable

aqueous by-products. Where there is no sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable

provisions should be made for disposing TS

wastewater by a method of treatment and

disposal approved by Federal, State and

local laws and regulations.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion D. 1.2,1. There

should be a review of Federal, State, and

local laws and regulations.

Commentary This criterion addresses the situation when

the TS must dispose of its own unuseable

aqueous by-products,

B,7,2 Requirement Solid Waste Disposal , Provisions should be

made for the disposal of solid waste.

B,7.2.1 Criterion Unuseable Solid By-products , The TS should

dispose of solid by-products only if its

utilization and/or disposal by the MIUS

SWMS will not improve MIUS financial performance. The TS should minimize such

unuseable solid by-products. The TS should

dispose of all unuseable solid by-products

through an adequate and safe means recognized

by applicable Federal, State, and local laws

and regulations.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion C,4,1.3,

Commentary This criterion' addresses the situation when

the TS must dispose of it own unuseable

solid by-products.

25
c. Solid Waste Management Subsystem (SWMS) - This section contains recommended generic

performance requirements, criteria, evaluations and commentary for solid waste management provided by a Modular Integrated Utility

System. If solid waste processing (e.g.,

incineration with heat recovery) is not to

be an integral part of a MIUS application,

this section should be deleted or greatly

revised per site needs.

If desired, the Solid Waste Management Subsystem can provide the systematic control of

collection, storage, transport, separation,

processing, recycling, recovery and disposal

of refuse.

Conmentary Green spaces, parking lots, and streets are considered "other facilities" in the definition of "user building".

C.l

C.1.1 Requirement

Product/Service

,

Processing . The SWMS should process refuse

discarded at user buildings.

C.l* 1.1 Criterion Material to be Processed . The refuse to be

processed by the SWMS should be specified

per site needs .

Evaluation There should be an investigation of the

solid waste stream at specified input points

utilizing concensus standards for: definitions and terms relating to solid waste

management; a practical, statistically sound

method of field sampling; sample handling

' and transportation; laboratory analysis procedures; and reporting formats.

The user of Section C should specify:

(For each individual site building served)

its location (e.g., Bannister Apartments - Building //I), general construction (e.g.,

low-rise, mid-rise) and the identification

of the individual occupancies served (e.g.

,

bowling alley, 1 bedroom apartment); and

(For each occupancy served) the occupancy

load (e.g., square feet of floor space,

sleeping rooms, classrooms), the occupancy

26
refuse classification (e.g., Type "0",

Type 1), the occupancy schedule (e.g.,

9:00 am to 5:00 pm, 5 days per week,

year-round residence), the refuse fractions to be processed (e.g., combustibles,

all but food waste, bulky waste), the

refuse fractions to be source separated,

and the refuse fractions to be directly

disposed of.

Commentary "PROCESSING" is any method, system, or treatment designed to change the physical form or chemical content of refuse. "SOLID WASTES"

refers to the useless, unwanted, or discarded

materials resulting from society's normal

activities. The physical state of wastes

may change in conveyance or treatment. It

does include semi -solids such as pastes,

slurries and sludges which cannot be treated

in conventional wastewater treatment plants.

For some purposes the point of origin is an important factor. Refer to Table III.C.l.

Normally not all refuse will or can be

processed by the SWMS. For example, bulky

wastes processing at a MIUS site is normally

prohibitively expensive.

There is no concensus method to investigate

the solid waste stream and the technical

performance of solid waste management systems

at this writing. However, there are standing

committees such as ASTM E38, ANSI Z228, and

ASME PTC 33 that are presently working to

construct such standards.

C. 1.1.2 Criterion Refuse Weight Reduction . The SWMS should

process refuse defined by C. 1.1.1, to reduce

it to at least 50% percent of its original

dry weight on an annual average basis.

Evaluation There should be a review of MIUS SWMS plans

and specifications. Serious consideration

should be given to: certification of

component performance; inspection for compliance; field and/or laboratory tests; and

analysis of the refuse waste system.

Commentary Refuse collected but not processed in accor

dance with C. 1.1.1 is not counted against

27
Table III.C.l Classification of Refuse Materials*

Refuse

(Solid Waste) Composition Source

Garbage

Wastes from the preparation, cooking

and serving of food.

Market refuse, waste from the handling,

storage, and sale of produce and meat.

Rubbish

Paper, cardboard, cartons.

Wood, boxes, excelsior.

Combustible Plastics,

(primarily Rags, cloth, bedding,

organic) Leather, rubber.

Leaves, yard trimmings.

Metals, tin cans, metal

foils.

Noncombustible Stones, bricks, ceramics,

(primarily Crockery, dirt.

Inorganic) Glass, bottles.

Other minerals.

Households

,

institutions,

and commercial

concerns such

as hotels,

stores,

restaurants,

markets, etc.

Ashes Residue from fires used for cooking and

for heating buildings, cinders.

Bulky Wastes

Large auto parts, tires.

Stoves, ref Igerators, other large appliances.

Furniture, large crates.

Trees, branches, palm fronds, stumps, flotage.

Street Refuse

Street sweepings, dirt.

Leaves.

Catch-basin dirt.

Contents of litter receptacles.

Streets,

sidewalks,

alleys.

Dead Animals Small animals: cats, dogs, poultry, etc.

Large animals: horses, cows, etc.

vacant lots,

etc.

Abandoned

vehicles

Automobiles, trucks.

Construction &

Demolition

Wastes

Lumber, roofing, and sheathing scraps.

Rubble, broken concrete, plaster, etc.

Conduit, pipe, wire, insulation, etc.

Industrial

refuse

Solid wastes resulting from industrial

processes and manufacturing operations,

such as food processing wastes, boiler

house cinders, wood, plastic, and metal

scraps and shavings, etc.

Factories

,

power

28
of the as-built SWMS. Some fugitive dust

Is likely to be emitted from processing

equipment. This can be controlled by proper

equipment design and/or ventilation systems

with some form of dust collection. Liquids

can also flow from processing equipment.

These also can be controlled by catch basins

and transported to the Wastewater Management

Subsystem, UMS.

There are no data which documents litter generation in its various forms and correlates

such generation to health and safety. To

quantify this performance characteristic of

refuse processing, the concept of measuring

litter with respect to its percent weight of

as-received refuse "charge" was developed.

C. 1.1.5 Criterion SWMS Refuse Storage . MIUS should store

refuse at user buildings and the MIUS itself

without unsanitary and unsightly conditions.

Adequate protection should be provided against

unsanitary conditions, against the propagation and life support of vermin and rodents,

and against objectionable odors due to the

presence of stored refuse.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion C. 1.1.2.

Commentary There are no adequate available data with

respect to objectionable odors, at which

level propagation and life support of vermin

or what magnitude and engineering units which

constitute an unsanitary conditon in an onsite RDF processing facility. Although

these should be quantifiable engineering

units, this was not possible at this writing.

If refuse is stored for more than 2A hours,

provisions such as venting, closed con-

. talners, deodorizers and disinfectants

should be considered.

C.2 Reliability.

C.2.1 Requirement Mechanical (Operational) Availability . The

SWMS should provide user bullding(s) with

dependable refuse disposal service.

C.2. 1.1 Criterion On-time Service . SWMS equipment should yield

a minimum of 85 percent service availability

31
over a one (1) year period, reserving 15

percent downtime allocated for maintenance

and repairs. The duration of a single downtime required for major maintenance and

repairs shall not exceed 10 calendar days.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion C. 1.1.2.

Commentary "ON-TIME SERVICE" or "MECHANICAL AVAILABILITY'

means uninterrupted service based either on continuous or cyclic operation depending on

the system design. "DOWNTIME" means a shutdown requiring an alternate means of solid

waste disposal. Idle time, which can be

used for minor or preventive maintenance and

replacement of parts and components subject

to normal wear and tear, should not be considered as downtime.

In most instances, the capability to utilize

offslte hauling/disposal is more costeffective than redundant capability. The

decision whether to have redundancy or to

utilize offsite service will depend upon

the costs of offsite hauling/disposal, of

SWMS labor, and of SWMS auxiliary fuel and

the flexibility and economics of waste heat

> recovery.

C.2.2, Requirement Interim Solid Waste Service . Interim solid

waste disposal service should be provided

as "back-up" service during major SWMS shutdown.

C.2.2,1 Criterion SWMS Back-up Service . The back-up service

should be compatible with all elements of

' ^ '

' the SWMS in all respects such that solid

waste disposal service to the user buildy ^ ' _ Ing(s) is not interrupted. The down-time

- - wt' -? ' t of the SWMS and the use of a backup service

should not in any way interrupt the essential operation of other MIUS subsystems.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion C. 1.1.2.

Commentary Alternate methods of equivalent service, such

as storage or a demand service contract with

outside refuse haulers should be available

as an Integral part of site design and operation to provide the user building(s) with

solid waste collection service in the event

32
of outages and failures of all or part of the

SWMS, Where alternate means of disposal,

such as landfill, are not available, it might

be necessary to include a spare process

line to insure uninterrupted service.

C,3 Subsystem Integration.

C.3.1 Requirement Integration . The SWMS should operate as an integral part of MIUS.

C.3.1.1 Criterion Integration of SWMS with other MIUS Subsystems . Before disposal, the SWMS should

process refuse which results in a costbenefit (e.g., reduced consumption of fuel,

improved thermal efficiency) to the MIUS,

Subsection C.l should apply for processing,

handling and storage of other MIUS subsystems refuse. Subsection C.2 should apply

to equipment selection.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion C.l. 1.2

C.3.1. 2 Criterion Energy Impact . Where the SWMS handles

refuse through a thermal process, there

should be provisions for energy recovery.

The Energy Impact of such a thermal /energy

recovery process should be positive. Energy

Impact (EI) is defined as:

EI = H - (E+T+F)

where

H = Energy actually used by other MIUS

Subsystems (e.g., heat or cooling

at user buildings). In the event

of heat rejection by the Thermal

Subsystem, this surplus recovered

SWMS energy shall not be credited

to "H".

E = Energy utilized to generate electrical energy consumed by SWMS (higher

heating value)

.

T = Thermal Input to SWMS. Consists of

the incremental fuel consumption

above that required by other MIUS

subsystems.

33
F = Fuel Input to SWMS (higher heating

va lue

)

Evaluation

Commentary

C.3.1.3 Criterion

Evaluation

C.3.1.4 Criterion

See Evaluation: Criterion C.1.1.2,

"Thermal Process" refers to processes such

as incineration and pyrolysis.

Unuseable Aqueous Products , The SWMS should

minimize all aqueous products not useable by

another MIUS process. Such unuseable aqueous

products should be transmitted to the WMS

(per Section D, ),

See Evaluations: Requirement D.4,1,

Unuseable Thermal Energy , The SWMS should

minimize all thermal energy not useable by

another MIUS process. Such unuseable

thermal energy should be transmitted to

the TS (per Section B,),

/u. Evaluation

C.3.1.5 Criterion

Evaluation

C.3,1.6 Criterion

Evaluation

C.3.1.7 Criterion

See Evaluations: Requirement B.4,

Utilization of Treated Wastewater Effluent . The SWMS should utilize in its process the

treated wastewater effluent from WMS (per

Section D,) if this utilization will result

in net benefits in terms of energy efficiency and/or financial performance. Criterion D,3,2,l should apply to process water

quality.

See Evaluation: Criterion A, 3, 2,1,

Useable Thermal Energy . The SWMS should

utilize in its process useable thermal

energy from TS (per Section D, ) if this

utilization will result in net benefits

in terms of energy efficiency and/or financial performance. Criterion B,4,l,l should

apply to energy transfer-related parameters.

See Evaluation: Criterion B,3,3,l,

SWMS Load , The electrical energy requirements of the SWMS should be included in the

electrical load profile used to size the

Electrical Supply Subsystem (per Criterion

34
A. 3. 1.1). Section A.l should apply to voltage, frequency, wattage and phase available.

Evaluation

C.A

C.4.1 Requirement

C.4.1.1 Criterion

Evaluation

C.A.1,2 Criterion

Eva luation

Commentary

C.4.1. 3 Criterion

See Evaluation: Criterion A. 3. 1.1.

Distribution.

Collection, Transportation, and Disposal . The SWMS should collect refuse generated

by user building(s), should transport user building refuse to the MIUS SWMS processing

facility, and should remove MIUS SWMS residue and unprocessed user building refuse to

disposal.

Transportation of Refuse to be Processed . The SWMS should collect and transport refuse

defined by C. 1.1.1 and C.3.1.1 which is to

be further processed to the SWMS equipment

building. Criterion C. 1.1.4 should apply

to solid waste handling. Subsection C.2

should apply in equipment selection.

See Evaluation: Criterion C.1.1.2.

Collection and Transportation of Refuse to

Disposal . The SWMS should collect and transport refuse from user buildings which is not

to be further processed by the SWMS equipment

building and processed refuse (residue) both

defined by C. 1.1.1 and C.3.1.1 to disposal.

Criterion C. 1.1.4 should apply to solid waste

handling. Subsection C.2. should apply in

equipment selection.

See Evaluation: Criterion C.1.1.2.

The scope of Criterion C.4.1.2 includes the

removal from each user building (including

MIUS SWMS) secondary materials to market or refuse which will not be processed by SWMS

to disposal. If an offsite cartman or collection truck is utilized the perimeter

of the SWMS for evaluation purposes will be

at the offsite interface.

Disposal . The SWMS should dispose of all

processed residue and unprocessed refuse

defined by C.4.1.2 through an adequate and

safe means recognized by applicable Federal,

State and local laws and regulations.

35
Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion C.1.1.2, There

should be a review of Federal, State and

local laws and regulations.

Commentary "DISPOSAL" will generally include the dumping

of unuseable residues and solid waste to a final disposal area (landfill) by an outside

- contractor or by selling of recovered

"secondary" materials such as paper, glass,

ferrous and non-ferrous at market.

C.5

C.5.1 Requirement

0,5.1.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Energy Efficiency.

Resource Conservation and Recovery . The

SWMS concept and design should conserve

energy and resources and shall be energy

and resource recovery intensive.

Resource Recovery . The SV/MS should recover

secondary materials (e.g. glass, ferrous,

paper) for resale to market when in accordance with the provisions of the other SWMS

subsections and when such a utilization

results in net benefits in terms of resource

conservation, energy efficiency and/or financial performance.

See Evaluation: Criterion C.1.1.2. There

should be a review of local secondary materials market.

Commentary

C.5. 1.2 Criterion

To optimize the ratio of recovered energy

utilized to auxiliary fuel consumption, it

may be cost effective to source separate

either to improve the combustion/reliability

characteristics of the refuse/RDF or to remove newsprint for sale during periods of

low demand for recovered RDF energy.

Energy Efficiency . The SWMS should recover

50 percent of the total energy input (refuse,

auxiliary fuel) in such a way that 80 percent

of this recovered energy is utilized by the

Thermal Subsystem in support of user buildings. Subsection C.2 should apply to equipment selection. Subsection C.3 should apply

to integration with other MIUS subsystems.

Eval^atlon See Evaluation: Criterion C.1.1.2.

36
Commentary

C.6

C.6.1 Requirement

C.6. 1.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

C.7

C.7.1 Requirement

C,7.1,l Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

The "total energy input" should include the

as-received higher heating value of refuse,

supplemental fuel (where required) and other

energy forms (electricity) required for

thermal processing and energy recovery. The

choice to recover energy and at what energy

utilization efficiency are dependent upon

the reliability of refuse handling, disposal

costs and the magnitude of fossil fuel/RDF

energy substitution savings.

Controls.

Automation . The SWMS should be automated to

minimize manpower.

Automation . The SWMS should minimize subsystem dependence on manpower. Subsection

C.2 should govern the level of automation

practical.

See Evaluation: Criterion C.1.1,2.

The feasibility of MIUS-SWMS concept is contingent on a pre-engineered system for the

particular application which optimizes fuel

use/energy recovery/recovered energy utilization at minimum labor expense in lieu of

separate auxiliary boiler operation while

providing refuse collection/weight reduction.

Environmental Impact.

Heat Rejection . Provisions should be made

for rejection of surplus thermal energy.

Unuseable Thermal Energy . The SWMS should

reject thermal energy only If its utilization

and/or disposal by the Thermal Subsystem

will not improve MIUS financial performance.

The SWMS should minimize such unuseable

thermal energy. The heat rejection capability should be the combined maximum design

surplus heat rates for all concurrently SWMS

operated equipment.

See Evaluation: Criterion B.3.2.1.

This criterion addresses the situation when

the SWMS must dispose of its own unuseable

thermal energy.

37
C.7.2 Requirement Rejection of Aqueous By-products . Provisions

should be made for the disposal of aqueous

products.

C.7,2.1 Criterion Unuseable Aqueous By-products . The SWMS

should dispose of aqueous products if its

utilization and/or disposal by the MIUS

WMS will not improve MIUS financial performance. The SWMS should minimize such unuseable aqueous products. Where there is no sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable

provision should be made for disposing of

SWMS wastewater by a method of treatment

and disposal approved by Federal, State,

and local Water laws and regulations.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion D, 1,2.1. There

should be a review of Federal, State, and

local laws and regulations.

Commentary This addresses the situation when SWMS

must dispose of its own unuseable aqueous

by-products.

38
D.l

D.1.1 Requirement

D.l. 1.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Wastewater Management Subsystem (WMS) - This section contains recommended generic

performance requirements, criteria, evaluations and commentary for wastewater management provided by a Modular Integrated Utility

System (MIUS), If wastewater treatment is

not to be an integral part of a MIUS application, this section should be deleted or greatly revised per site needs.

If desired, the Wastewater Management Subsystem can convey wastewater from user buildings, treat these wastewaters to a level adequate for final disposal or reuse

and discharge the treated wastewater in an ecologically sound manner.

Some potential MIUS users could have serious

environmental problems resulting from storm

water runoff. The possibility of treating

storm water in MIUS could be a significant

advantage in specific communities. Diie to

its site-specific nature, the scope of this

generic MIUS performance specification does

not include storm water collection, treatment,

and disposal.

Product/ Service

.

Treatment Capacity . The MIUS WMS should

accept for treatment the daily flow of wastewater conveyed from each user building.

Daily Maximum Flow . The WMS should be

capable of adequately treating no less than

the maximum total daily wastewater flow.

The daily maximum total wastewater flow from

user building should be specified per site

needs .

A staged evaluation procedure should be considered to: review of design analysis, plans

and specification; inspect the completed

installation; and, in accordance with the

procedures for measuring flow rate listed

in ASTM Standard Designations D 1941-67,

D 2034-68, and D 2458-69, test the performance of installed subsystem.

39
Conunentary The ASTM test methods cited above outline

procedures for flow measurement using the

Parshall flume, weirs, and the Venturi meter

tube

.

For this document, flow equalization is an integral part in the design of a wastewater

treatment plant if used. The decision to use flow equalization or not is the perrogative of the design engineer. The MIUS

WMS plant with or without flow equalization

must adequately process the daily maximum

wastewater flow.

D. 1.1.2 Criterion Peak Flow . The WMS should have adequate

hydraulic capacity to accomodate the instantaneous peak flow rate consistent with

D. 1.1.1, D.3.1.1 and D.1.2. The peak flow

generated by the MIUS users and MIUS subsystems should be specified per site needs

and is defined as the mean rate during the

maximum 15 minutes for any 12 month period.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion D. 1.1.1.

D.1.2 Requirement Effluent Quality . The effluent from the WMS

should be of acceptable quality.

D,U2.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Acceptable Effluent Quality . An acceptable

quality effluent should meet the Water

Quality Standards and objectives for the

receiving waters as established by the

responsible Federal, State and local agencies

and, at a minimum, should not contain the

biological, chemical, and physical parameters

listed in concentrations greater than the

values or exceeding the ranges specified in

Table D. 1.2,1a unless otherwise specified

per site needs .

There should be a review of the design, plans,

and specifications and analyses of samples of

treated wastewater. Recommended frequency

of sampling, analysis, and analytical methods

for parameters listed in Table D. 1.2,1. a are referenced in Table D,l,2.1,b, Analyses

should be conducted on a twenty-four hour

composite sample consisting of six grab

samples of volume proportional to flow,

collected every four hours unless otherwise

specified in Table D.1.2,l,b. Samples should

40
TABLE D. 1.2.1. a - EFFLUENT QUALITY REQUIREMENTS*

Arithmetic Mean of

Samples Analyzed

Over a Thirty Day

Arithmetic Mean of

Samples Analyzed

Over a Seven Day

Parameters Time Period Time Period

Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD) 30. 45.

Suspended Solids (TSS) 30. 45.

pH 6.0 - 9.0 6.0 - 9.0

Conforms, Total 200 MPN/100 ml 400 MPN/100 ml

Turbidity 10 FTU 15 FTU

Concentrations in mg/l, unless otherwise noted.

FTU are Formazin Turbidity Units.

* The effluent for any given MIUS must meet these minimum standards

which reflect best practicable technology as defined in 40 CFR 133FR,

August 17, 1973. According to the Office of General Counsel at EPA,

these standards will be enforced for the next five to ten years.

After that time, effluent quality commensurate with best available

technology will be required.

41
TABLE D. 1.2. Kb MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

Appropriate Test Methods

Parameter

EPA

Storet

Standard

Methods

Part //

ASTM

Standard

Designation

Analysis

Frequency

Sample

Type

Biochemical 00310

Oxygen Demand (1)

Dissolved

Oxygen (2) 00299

Suspended Solids 00530

pH (3) 00400

Conforms » Total —

Turbidity (4) 00070

219

218G

224C

221

407,408

D 1888-67

(1974)

D 1293-65

(1970)

Dally

163,223 D 1889-71

Continuous

Dally

Continuous

Dally

Continuous

24 hour

composite

N/A

24 hour

composite

N/A

One grab

sample

N/A

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

If disinfection of the effluent utilizes chlorine or a chlorine containing compound then the sampling should be

conducted prior to the disinfection step.

Tests for dissolved oxygen should be conducted by the

application of a dissolved oxygen probe.

Tests for pH should be conducted by automatic pH Instrumentation which should be calibrated periodically against

standard buffers of known pH per ASTM standards.

Test for turbidity should be conducted by automatic

turbldlmetrlc instrumentation calibrated periodically

against a standard Formazln solution of known turbidity.

42
be collected from outlet end of the effluent

discharge pipe, unless otherwise specified

in Table D.1.2.1.b.

The analytical and sampling methods referred

to in Evaluation: Criterion D. 1.2.1, conform

to the latest edition of the reference methods

listed below (these are interim references

to be replaced by guidelines, when available,

promulgated pursuant to Section 304(g) of the

Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments

of 1972, P.L. 92-500, October 18, 1972):

"Standard Methods for the Examination of

Water and Wastewater," 14th Edition, August

1976, American Public, Health Association,

Washington, D.C. 20036.

A.S.T.M. Standards, Part 31, 1976, American

Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA 19103.

"Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water of

Wastes," October 1975, U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, National Environmental

Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.

D.1.3 Requirement Fire Protection Water . To the extent practical the WMS should provide water for the

MIUS fire protection systems including

sprinklers, yard mains, and hose stations,

unless otherwise specified per site needs

or constrained by regulation.

Commentary When WMS effluent is not adequate, com- munity fire protection water should be

supplied by the PWMS.

D. 1.3.1 Criterion Water Capacity . Fire protection water capacity requirements should be defined by the

fire protection system demands as specified

in the appropriate National Fire Protection

Standards relating to sprinklers, standpipes

and water spray systems.

Capacity for community fire protection water

distribution should be a defined by the

Insurance Services Office - 160 Water St.

,

New York, NY 10038 (References: " Guide

Commentary

43
for Determination of Required Fire Flow,'

and "Grading Schedule for Municipal Fire

Protection, Water Supply").

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion D. 1,1.1,

Commentary To satisfy fire protection water capacity

requirements, it may be necessary to provide

effluent storage facilities. If so, provisions should be made, if applicable, to

prevent stored fire protection water from

freezing. If the available quantity of

effluent is insufficient to meet the

requirements for fire protection, then it

is expected that additional water (not

necessarily treated to potable water quality standards) for fire protection purposes

would be provided to the effluent storage

facilities by the Potable Water Management

Subsystem,

D,1,A Requirement

D. 1.4,1 Criterion

Irrigation Water . The WMS should make effluent available for irrigation purposes unless

otherwise specified per site needs .

Water Quality . The water provided by the

WMS for irrigation should meet the effluent

quality specified in Table D. 1.3.1 if used

by residents for such purposes as lawn

watering and should meet the effluent quality specified in Criterion D. 1.2.1 if its use is restricted to trained MIUS personnel.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion D. 1.2.1.

Commentary Irrigation water is defined as the water

that is used for lawn, garden, and crop

watering purposes.

D, 1,4,2 Criterion

Evaluation

Irrigation System Capacity , The quantity,

the f lowrate, and pressure of effluent to

be supplied by the WMS as irrigation water

should be specified as per site needs .

See Evaluation: Criterion D. 1.1.1.

Commentary See Commentary: Criterion D. 1.1.1.

To satisfy irrigation water requirements, it

may be necessary to provide treatment plant;

effluent storage facilities. If so, these

44
TABLE D. 1.3.1 - EFFLUENT QUALITY REQUIREMENTS

Parameter

Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD 5)

Suspended Solids,

Total (TSS)

PH

Coliforms, Total

Turbidity

Arithmetic Mean of

Samples Analyzed

over a One Year

Time Period

5.

5.

6.0 - 9.0

2. MPN/100 ml

10.0 FTU

Arithmetic Mean of

Samples Analyzed

over a Seven Day

Time Period

15.

15.

6.0 - 9.0

10. MPN/ 100 ml

15.0 FTU

Concentrations in mg/1, unless otherwise noted.

FTU are Formazin Turbidity Units.

45
Storage facilities may be combined with

storage facilities that may be required for

fire protection purposes. However, in the

event that combined effluent storage facilities are utilized, provisions shall be made

to assure that an adequate quantity of stored

effluent water is available at all times for

fire protection purposes.

D.2 Reliability.

D,2.1 Requirement Continuity of Service . The WMS should

provide continuous service and treatment.

D.2. 1.1 Criterion Component Reliability . No interruptions of

service should be detectable by users of the

subsystem. A wastewater effluent of acceptable quality shall be produced at all times.

WMS reliability should as a minimum comply

with the provisions of U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, Technical Bulletin EPA430-99-74-001, "Design Criteria for Mechanical, Electric, and Fluid Systems and Component Reliability," for Class 1 wastewater

treatment works.

Evaluation A staged evaluation program should be considered to: review design analysis, plans

and specifications; analyze the power source reliability if MIUS is not to supply electrical power; inspect components and installation; field test installed components; and

monitor WMS performance per parameters cited

in Section D.

Commentary If the available electrical power supply to

the WMS has reliability lower than required

by this criterion, a standby power supply

sufficient to operate all vital components,

during peak wastewater flow conditions

together with critical lighting and ventilation should be provided. Backup components

for the main wastewater treatment system

should be required. Unit operations in the

main wastewater treatment system should be

designed such that with the largest flow

capacity unit out of the service, the

hydraulic capacity of the remaining units

should be sufficient to handle the peak

wastewater flow. There should be system

flexibility to enable the wastewater flow

46
D.3

D.3,1 Requirement

D.3. 1.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Conunentary

D.3. 2 Requirement

D.3. 2.1 Criterion

to any unit out of service to be distributed

to the remaining units in service. Each

component should have provisions to enable

it to be isolated from the flow stream to

permit maintenance and repair of the component without interruption of the system's

operation.

Subsystem Integration.

MIUS Generated Wastewater . The WMS should

accept treatment wastewaters for generated

and discarded by the Electrical Supply,

Thermal, Solid Waste Management and Potable

Water Management Subsystems (per Sections A,

B, C and E, respectively).

Daily Maximum Flow . The WMS should be

capable of adequately treating no less than

the maximum total daily wastewater flow from

MIUS subsystems which should be specified

per site needs .

See Evaluation: Criterion D, 1.1.1.

This criterion does not require that a separate wastewater treatment plant be

provided for MIUS wastewater. If only one WMS is provided for both domestic and MIUS

wastewaters, then this requirement provides

that the plant be capable of processing

all wastewaters received to the levels

specified in Criterion: D. 1.2.1.

Process Water . The WMS should supply, to

the extent available, treatment plant effluent, for process water purposes to the Electrical Supply, Thermal, and Solid Waste

Management Subsystems (per Sections, A, B and C, respectively) if such a utilization

results in net benefits in terms of water

conservation, energy efficiency and/or

financial performance.

Process Water Quality . The quality of the

treatment plant effluent to be supplied for

process water purposes should be as specified in Table D. 1.3.1. In addition to

Table D. 1.3.1 the arithmetic mean of sample

analyzed for total phosphate over a seven

47
day period should not exceed 4,0 miligrams

per liter.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion D. 1,2,1,

Commentary If the quality of the effluent as specified

in D, 1,3,1 is insufficient to meet the

requirements of any of the subsystems utilizing WMS effluent for process applications

then it is expected that the WMS will provide

additional treatment and conditioning.

D.3.2,2 Criterion Capacity , The WMS should provide, to the

extent available, the process water requirements of the other subsystems. The treatment capacity should be the combined maximum

design process water requirements for all

concurrently operated subsystems.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion D, 1,1,1.

Commentary If the quantity of effluent available from

the WMS is insufficient to meet the process

, : , water requirements of any of the subsystems,

it is expected that the deficient quantity

of process water will be provided by the

Potable Water Management System.

D.3.3 Requirement Solid Waste , Provisions should be made for

the disposal of solid waste.

Disposal , All solid wastes accumulated and

generated in the WMS should be conveyed to

the Solid Waste Management subsystem (per

Section C) in a suitable form for processing

and/or disposal.

D.3.3,1 Criterion

Eva luation See Evaluations;

C.4.1,2.

Criteria C,4,l,l and

D,3,4 Requirement

D.3.4.1 Criterion

Thermal Energy . All thermal energy required

by the WMS should be of a type available

from and provided by the Thermal Subsystem

(per Section B.) if such a utilization

results in net benefits to MIUS in terms

of energy efficiency and/or financial

performance.

WMS Load . The thermal energy requirements

of the WMS should be included in the thermal

48
Evaluation

D,3.5 Requirement

D.3.5.1 Criterion

Evaluation

D,3.6 Requirement

D.3.6.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

D.4

D.4.1 Requirement

load profiles used to size the Thermal Subsystem (per Criterion B.3.3,1). Criterion

B,4.1.1 should apply to energy transferrelated parameters.

See Evaluation: Criterion B,3.3.1.

Electrical Energy . All electrical energy

required by the WMS should be of a type

available from and provided by the Electrical Supply Subsystem.

WMS Load . The electrical energy requirements of the WMS should be included in the

electrical load profile used to size the

Electrical Supply Subsystem (per Criterion

A. 3. 1.1). Section A.l should apply to voltage, frequency, wattage and phase available.

See Evaluation: Criterion A. 3. 1.1.

Non-Potable Water . Additional non-potable

water required by the WMS should be provided

by the Potable Water Management Subsystem.

Non-Potable Water Needs . The non-potable

water requirements of the WMS should be

included in the capacity requirements used

to size the Potable Water Management Subsystem per Criterion E.3.2.2.

See Evaluation E.3.2.2.

Non-potable water requirements of the WMS

are limited to water required as a supplemental supply to the fire protection,

irrigation, and process water systems. The

supplemental water for these purposes would

be provided to the effluent storage facilities of WMS and does not necessarily have

to be treated to potable water quality

standards.

Distribution.

Wastewater Collection and Conveyance . The

WMS should collect and convey all wastewaters

from the MIUS user interfaces and all wastewater generated within the other MIUS subsystems to the process elements of the WMS.

49
D.4,1.1 Criterion

Evaluation

D,4.1.2 Criterion

Evaluation

D.4.1.3 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

0.4.2 Requirement

D.4,2,1 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

Total Site Wastewater Flows . The total

average daily flow (on an annual basis),

and the minimum and peak flows from the

MIUS site, each user building, and each

MIUS subsystem should be specified .

See Evaluation: Criterion D. 1.1,1.

User Building Wastewater Flows . The wastewater collection and conveyance facilities

should be sized to adequately handle the

peak and minimum flows from each user building and MIUS subsystem.

See Evaluation: Criterion D. 1.1.1.

Minimum Velocity . The minimum acceptable

velocity of the wastewater being conveyed

should be 2.0 feet per second.

See Evaluation: Criterion D. 1.1.1.

The purpose of this criterion is to insure

the minimization of the deposition of sus- pended solids in the WMS collection and

conveyance system.

Infiltration . The infiltration of groundwater into wastewater during its conveyance

should be minimized.

Allowable Infiltration . The maximum allowable infiltration of groundwater into wastewater during its conveyance should be 200

gallons per day, per mile, per inch diameter.

See Evaluation: Criterion D. 1.1.1. The

completed installation should be tested by one of the following methods:

Infiltration Test;

Exfiltration Test; or Low Pressure Air Test,

The Infiltration test method is used on sewer

lines where the groundwater level is sufficiently above the crown of the sewer and

completely surrounds the pipeline during the

period of testing. The exfiltration test

method is used on sewer lines in dry areas where the groundwater head over the pipe

50
D.7.1.2 Criterion

Eva luation

D.7,1.3 Criterion

Evaluation

D.7.2 Requirement

D.7.2.1 Criterion

Evaluation

waters should be prepared. The National

Environment Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 and

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

regulations entitled "Construction Grants

for Waste Treatment Works" - February 11,

1974 should be reviewed. Plans and specifications, receiving water hydrologic characteristics and soil information should be

reviewed. The outfall and receiving body of

water should be inspected prior to and after

the start-up of the wastewater treatment

plant.

Land Disposal . Effluent discharged on land

should not erode, inundate or flood land in

the vicinity of the disposal site.

An assessment of the environmental impact of

any effluent discharge on land should be

prepared. There should be a review of plans,

specifications, surface and subsurface soil

characteristics, topography of disposal site

and adjacent lands and hydrological information. The disposal site and adjacent lands

should be inspected prior to and after the

start-up of the wastewater treatment plant,

WMS Thermal Discharge . Thermal discharges

from the Wastewater Management Subsystem

should not raise the average seasonal temperature of receiving waters within 152.4 meters

of the discharge more than 2.8°C (5°F).

See Evaluation: Criterion F.7.1.1.

Airborne Emissions . The operation of the

WMS should not cause an unacceptable degradation of the air quality as a result of

emissions to the atmosphere.

Local, State and Federal Standards . The

emissions to the atmosphere from the WMS

should meet local. State and Federal

standards.

There should be a review of plans, specifications, design and a field test of stack

or vent emissions from the operating installation. Test procedures shall be as specified by the applicable regulatory agencies.

53
D.7.2,2 Criterion

Evaluation

D.7.3 Requirement

D.7.3,1 Criterion

Evaluation

D,7,3.2 Criterion

Evaluation

Odor . The limits as to the average threshold

odor number of gases vented from WMS should

be specified per site needs .

There should be a review of plans and specifications and a field test of exhaust gases

from operating installation. Sample and test

procedures should be in accordance with ASTM

Standard Designations D1605-60 (1973) and

D1391-57 (1967), respectively.

Solid Waste Disposal . Provisions should be

made for the disposal of solid waste.

Unuseable Solid Products . The WMS should

dispose of solid products only if its utilization and /or disposal by the MIUS SWMS

will not improve MIUS financial performance.

The WMS should dispose of all unuseable

solid products through and adequate and

safe means recognized by applicable Federal

,

State and local laws and regulations.

See Evaluation: Criterion C.4.1.3.

Solids Concentration . In the event there is no MIUS-SWMS, all solid waste accumulated

and generated in the WMS should be concentrated before disposal. The concentration

percent solids by weight should be specified

per site needs .

There should be a review of the design,

plans, and specifications and tests of the

performance of the operating subsystem.

Analytical analysis should be according to

Part 224G of, "Standard Methods for the

Examination of Water and Wastewater,"

American Public Health Association,

Washington, D.C. 20036.

54
E.

E.l

E.1.1 Requirement

Potable Water Management Subsystem (PWMS ) - This section contains recommended generic

performance requirements, criteria, evaluations and commentary for potable water

management provided by a Modular Integrated

Utility System (MIUS). If potable water

treatment is not to be an integral part of

a MIUS application, this section should be

deleted or greatly revised per site needs.

If desired, the Potable Water Management

Subsystem can convey raw water from a natural source, treat the raw water to

potable quality and distribute it to user buildings

.

Pro due t / Service

.

Treatment Capacity . The PWMS treatment

process elements should be capable of treating water for user buildings as required.

E.l. 1.1 Criterion Treatment Rate and Storage . The PWMS should

be capable of supplying treated water at a rate sufficient to meet all demands. These

demands (MIUS, user building, total site)

should be specified per site needs . The

PWMS should be capable of treating, on a daily basis, no less than the maximum one day

demand. Sufficient storage of treated water

should be provided to meet all peak demands.

The minimum storage capacity shall be equal

to average daily consumption.

Evaluation There should be a review of design, plans,

and specifications and tests using procedures

- for measuring flow rate of the installed

subsystem such as Standard Designations

D 1941-47, D 2034-68, and D 2458-69.

Commentary The ASTM test methods cited above outline

procedures for flow measurement using the

Parshall flume, weirs, and the Venturi meter

tube,

E,1.2 Requirement Potable Water Quality . The potable water

distributed to MIUS users and MIUS subsystems should be of acceptable quality.

E. 1.2.1 Criterion Acceptable Water Quality . An acceptable

quality potable water should meet at a

55
minimum the Drinking Water Standards as established by the responsible Federal,

State or local agencies.

Evaluation There should be a review of the design,

plans, and specifications and analyses of

samples of treated water as per requirements

of governing Drinking Water Standards.

Samples should be withdrawn from the finished water outlet of the potable water

treatment process.

Reliability.

Requirement Continuity of Service . The PWMS should

provide continuous service and treatment.

Criterion Component Reliability . No interruptions of

service should be detectable by subsystem

users. A potable water of acceptable

quality shall be produced at all times.

Evaluation A staged evaluation program should be considered to: review the design, plans, and

specifications; analyze power source reliability; inspect components and installation

field test installed components; and monitor

subsystem performance.

Commentary A standby power supply sufficient to operate

all vital components may be required during

an electrical power outage. Backup components for the main potable water treatment

system should be required. Unit operations

in the potable water treatment systems

should be designed such that with the

largest flow capacity unit out of service,

the hydraulic capacity of the subsystem

should be sufficient to handle the peak

potable water flow. There should be subsystem flexibility to enable a malfunctioning

component to be isolated from the flow

stream and to permit maintenance and repair

of the component without interruption of

subsystem service.

Subsystem Integration.

Requirement Potable Water . The PWMS should be capable

of providing potable water for consumptive

uses to the electrical services, thermal

56
energy, wastewater management and solid

waste management subsystems.

E.3.1.1 Criterion

Eva luation

Commentary

E.3.2 Requirement

E.3.2.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

E.3.2. 2 Criterion

Eva luation

Commentary

E.3.3 Requirement

E.3.3.1 Criterion

Potable Water Capacity . The PWMS should be

capable of meeting all demands for potable

water by MIUS subsystems in compliance with

Criterion E. 1.1.1.

See Evaluation: Criterion E. 1.1,1.

Potable water requirements for MIUS subsystems should be limited to water required

for drinking shower, lavatory and cooking

purposes (consumptive uses). See Commentary

on E.3.2.1.

Non-Potable Water . The PWMS should be

capable of providing the WMS all non-potable

water required to meet its demands which

cannot be met by the WMS effluent.

Non-Potable Water Quality . The quality of

the non-potable water supplied to the WMS

for distribution to MIUS subsystems should

meet the requirements of Criterion D. 1,4.1

and Criterion D, 3.2.1.

See Evaluations: Criterion D. 1.4.1 and

Criterion D. 3.2.1.

If raw water does not meet the requirements

of D. 1.4.1, dilution with potable water or treatment of raw water to the degree required

should be provided.

Non-Potable Water Capacity . Non-potable

water should be supplied to the WMS by the

PWMS in the quantities and at the rate

required to meet all demands which cannot

be met by the WMS effluent.

See Evaluation E. 1.1.1.

Non-potable water should be supplied to the

WMS effluent storage tank as required.

Solid Waste . Provisions should be made for

the disposal of solid waste.

Disposal . All solid waste accumulated and

generated in the PWMS should be conveyed to

57
the solid waste management subsystem (per

Section C.) in a suitable form and in an acceptable manner for processing and/or

disposal

.

Evaluation See Evaluations:

C.4.1.2.

Criteria C.4.1.1 and

E.3.4 Requirement Thermal Energy . All thermal energy required

by the PWMS should be of a type available

.; from and provided by the thermal subsystem

(per Section B.) if such a utilization

'•

. results in net benefits to MIUS in terms

' : of energy efficiency and/or financial performance.

E. 3.4.1 Criterion Thermal Energy Requirements . The thermal

energy requirements of the PWMS should be

included in the thermal load profiles used

to size the thermal subsystem (per Criterion B.3.3.1). Criterion B.4,1.1 should

apply to energy transfer-related parameters.

Eva luation See Evaluation: Criterion B.3.3.1.

E.3.5 Requirement Electrical Energy . All electrical energy

required by the PWMS should be of a type

available from and provided by the Electrical Supply Subsystem.

E. 3.5.1 Criterion Electrical Energy Requirements . The electrical energy requirements of the PWMS

should be included in the electrical load

profile used to size the Electrical Supply

Subsystem (per Criterion A,3.1.1), Section

A. 1 should apply to voltage, frequency,

wattage, and phase available.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion A. 3, 3.1,

E.4 Distribution.

E.4.1 Requirement Conveyance of Potable Water . The PWMS

should be capable of conveying potable water

to the interfaces of user buildings in the

,. quantities and at the rates require in an acceptable manner.

58
E.4,1,1. Criterion

Evaluation

:

E,A.1.2 Criterion

Evaluation

E.4.1.3 Criterion

Minimum Residual Pressure . The minimum

residual pressure at all points in the conveyance system during all flow conditions

should be 20 psig unless otherwise specified

per site needs .

Criterion E.3.3,1.

Maximum Leakage . Leakage in the conveyance

system should not exceed 20 gallons per day,

per mile of pipe, per inch of nominal diameter,

There should be a leakage test in accordance

with AWWA specification 0600.

Standards for Equipment . All equipment

selected for the conveyance and distribution

of potable and non-potable water in the PWMS

should meet the minimum standards defined

in the applicable specifications of the

American Water Works Association.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion E.2.1.1.

E,4,1.4 Criterion Standards for Distribution Systems . The

PWMS distribution system should conform to

the requirements of the "Recommended Standards for Water Works" - Great Lakes - Upper

Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary

Engineers and to "Designing Community Water

Systems, June 1974," New York State Department of Health.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion E. 1.2.1.

Commentary Great Lakes Comission, 5104 1st Bldg. , 3200 North Campus Blvd., Ann Arbor, Mich.

48105

E.4.2 Requirement

E.4.2. 1 Criterion

Conveyance of Non-Potable Water . The PWMS

should be capable of transporting non-potable

water to the Wastewater Management Subsystem.

The quantities and the rates required by the

WMS should be specified per site needs .

Non-Potable Water to the WMS . The PWMS

should be capable of transporting non-potable

water to the effluent storage tank of the WMS

in the quantities and at the rate required.

Eva luation See Evaluation: Criterion E. 1.1.1.

59
E.4.2.2 Criterion

Evaluation

E.4.2.3 Criterion

Evaluation

E.4.2.4 Criterion

Evaluation

E.7

E,7.1 Requirement

E,7.1.1 Criterion

Evaluation

E.7. 1.2 Criterion

Prohibited Uses of Non-Potable Water . Only

potable water should be accessible to plumbing fixtures supplying water for drinking,

bathing or culinary use.

National Plumbing Codes.

Identification of Potable and Non-Potable

Water . In all buildings with dual water

distribution systems, one potable water and

the other non-potable water, each system

should be identified either by color marking

or metal tags as required in ANSI A13, or other appropriate methods as may be approved

by the local health authority.

ANSI A13. 1-1975, "Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems."

Cross Connection Control . Cross connections

should be prohibited except when and where,

as approved by the local health authority,

suitable protective devices such as the

reduced pressure zone back flow preventer or equal are installed, tested and maintained

to insure proper operation on a continuing

basis

.

AWW C 506-78, "Backflow Prevention Devices - Reduced Principle and Double Check Valve

Types .

Environmental Impact.

Airborne Emissions . Operation of the PWMS

should not cause an unacceptable degradation

of the external atmospheric environment.

Local, State and Federal Standards. The

emissions to the atmosphere from the PWMS

should meet local, State and Federal Standards .

See Evaluation: Criterion D.7.2.1.

Odor . The limits as to the average daily

threshold odor number of gases vented from

the PWMS should be specified per site needs.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion D.7.2.2.

60
E.7.2 Requirement

E.7.2.1 Criterion

Evaluation

E.7.2. 2 Criterion

Evaluation

Solid Waste Disposal . Provisions should be

made for the disposal of solid waste.

Solid Waste Concentration . In the event

there is no MIUS-SWMS, all solid waste

acumulated and generated in the PWMS should

be concentrated to a percent solids by weight

before disposal which should be specified per

site needs .

See Evaluation: Criterion D. 7.3.2,

Unuseable Solid Products . The PWMS should

dispose of solid products if its utilization and/or disposal by the MIUS SWMS will

not improve MIUS financial performance. The

PWMS should minimize such unuseable solid

products. The PWMS should dispose of all

unuseable solid products through an adequate

and safe means recognized by applicable

Federal, State and local laws and regulations.

See Evaluation: Criterion C.4.1.3.

61
F. MIUS Entity* . This section contains recommended generic performance requirements,

criteria, evaluations, and commentary for

a Modular Integrated Utility System which

has five subsystems as defined by prior

Sections A, B, C, D, and E, If one or more

of these prior sections required modification

or were deleted, this section should be

checked and revised per site needs.

F.2 Reliability.

F.2.1 Requirement Sustained High-Quality Service . The MIUS

should provide to customers service which

at a minimum is equivalent to that provided

by separate conventional utilities.

F.2. 1.1 Criterion MIUS Subsystem Construction . Each MIUS

subsystem should be constructed of equipment

which are Articles of Commerce.

Evaluation Equipment should be considered an Article of

Commerce if it complies with all of the following criteria. An Article of Commerce is

a manufactured system, subsystem, component

or element which:

1. Is commercially available;

2. Is listed with performance characteristics and ratings in commercial

catalogues

;

3. Has been in commercial use for at least

1 year; and

4. Can be covered by performance bond.

F.2. 2 Requirement Life Expectancy . A reasonable, planned

life expectancy should be incorporated in

the MIUS concept.

F.2. 2.1 Criterion Subsystem Components Life Expectancy . The

MIUS should demonstrate a reasonable subsystem life expectancy. Subsystem elements

should each have a life expectancy relative

to its cost, to its mission, to its ease of

*Keyed to MIUS Performance Specification Organization Matrix - Table 1.

62
Evaluation

Commentary

F.2.3 Requirement

F,2.3,l Criterion

Evaluation

F.2.3. 2 Criterion

Evaluation

F.2.3. 3 Criterion

Evaluation

F.2.3. 4 Criterion

replacement and should be compatible with

the life expectancies of the other MIUS

subsystems

,

A staged evaluation program should be considered to: review MIUS plans and specifications; certify component performance; field

and/or laboratory test and inspect as-built

elements.

Premature failures and excessive maintenance

due to corrosion, erosion, etc., shall be

minimized by proper design and selection of

materials taking into consideration the costbenefit of each potential improvement.

Building systems which MIUS serves normally

have a minimum useful life of 20 years.

Maintainability . Selection of the components, check points, and arrangements of

components should facilitate ease of maintenance and repair.

Test Points . Test points should be provided

for checking essential parameters. All test

points should be readily accessible without

extensive disassembly and should be identified.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

Arrangement of Components . The arrangement

of components should be such that replacement

or adjustment of any component is possible

without removal of, or damage to, adjacent

components.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1,

Standby Control System Power , Upon the

event of MIUS power failure, the control

system should automatically switch to a standby power source for the length of time

necessary to affect an orderly shutdown and

start-up.

See Evaluation: Criterion F,2,2,l,

Level of Spare Parts . Sufficient number of

long lead delivery parts or other critical

63
Evaluation

F.5 ''i ,^ .

F.5.1 Requirement

F.5. 1.1 Criterion

Eva luation

Commentary

F.6

F.6.1 Requirement

F.6. 1.1 Criterion

Eva luation

Commentary

element spare parts should be identified in

relationship to the determined reliability

and time to repair of such parts.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

Energy Efficiency.

Resource Conservation and Recovery . The

MIUS concept, design, and operation should

conserve energy and other natural resources.

Resource Utilization . The MIUS should

utilize a practically achievable minimum of

energy and natural resources in providing

user building(s) with efficient and dependable service.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2,1.

MIUS should pursue conservation on the frontend, optimize process efficiencies, recover

as much as practical, and process by-products

for recycle/reuse. To this end, the selection of equipment should reflect consideration of the equipment's projected impact on overall MIUS energy and financial performance.

Controls.

Monitoring and Control . The control system

should monitor and control the process parameters for reliable and safe operation and

for optimization of MIUS performance. Its

accuracy should be in accordance with the

requirements of the parameter being controlled.

Monitoring and Control of Processes Param - eters . Automated means for monitoring and

controlling the temperatures, pressures,

flows, and other critical parameters that

influence the designated output conditions,

proper operation condition, status, or state

of the subsystem should be provided.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

To assure safe reliable operation, all the

parameters that effect the subsystem processes should be controlled and/or monitored.

64
F,6.1.2 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

F.6.1.3 Criterion

Evaluation

Conunentary

F,6.1.4 Criterion

Eva luation

Commentary

F.6,1.5 Criterion

Eva luation

Control Modes . The control system should

provide for both automatic and manual operation of the subsystem equipment.

Compliance should be checked with NESC

Part I, Section 17.

When the subsystem is under central supervisory control, there may be times when

it will be necessary to by-pass certain

scheduled central control functions.

Accuracy of the Supervisory Control System . The accuracy of the supervisory control

system should be compatible within the tolerances of the parameter being controlled.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

To obtain the desired parameter value,

accurate supervisory control actuation is

necessary to maintain the parameters under

control within tolerance.

Sensor Signal Tranmission. The signal to

noise ratio of sensor input to the supervisory control system should be adequate

to allow reliable parameter monitoring

and/or control.

Subsystem startup and acceptance tests

should demonstrate that each control is

receiving the specified sensor output.

Accurate control of the critical parameters

requires that the accuracy of the sensor

signal transmission be more than that precision tolerance of the parameter being

controlled.

Sensor Tolerance . The output of the sensors

should be compatible with the supevisory

control/monitoring system and their accuracy

should be compatible within the tolerance

of the measurement of the parameter being

controlled or monitored.

The manufacture's design calculations should

be reviewed for each special application

sensor for comparison with the intended

measurement tolerance.

65
Commentary See Commentary: Criterion F,6.1.4.

F.6.1.6 Criterion Sensor Deterioration . The materials and

construction of all control and monitoring

sensors should be such that system introduced deterioration such as corrosion should

be prevented within the state-of-the-art for

the intended life of the MIUS. The sensors should be selected for ease of calibration

to compensate for time deterioration effects,

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

F,6.1.7 Criterion Tune -up . The control equipment should be

designed to insure a reserve in the adjustment range for normal adjustment during

maintenance. This adjustment range should

be sufficient to compensate for composite

variations which may develop in the asso- ciated circuitry because of changes in

component values during the specified life

' . of the equipment. The adjustment should

also be capable of compensating for variations resulting from replacement of components within tolerances.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

F.6.1.8 Criterion Overrides . Manually activated disconnecting

devices should be provided. Such devices

should be installed in a sufficient number

of locations that are readily accessible to

' operating personnel in an emergency.

Evaluation Should be in compliance with NESC, Part I,

173A - "Provisions for Disconnecting."

Commentary Manual operation is necessary for testing

and maintenance of individual components.

F.6.1.9 Criterion Shutdown . The system should provide for

both automatic and manual shutdown of all

upstream equipments and for guards against

spillage that could cause injury.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

F. 6. 1.10 Criterion Coordination with Interfacing Subsystems . The MIUS supervisory control system should

coordinate interfacing functions as required

66
for reliable operation of each of

subsystems and their interfaces.

the

Evaluation

F. 6. 1.11 Criterion

Eva luation

F.6,2 Requirement

F.6.2.1 Criterion

Evaluation

F.6,2. 2 Criterion

Eva luation

Commentary

F.6.2.3 Criterion

Eva luation

F,6.2.A Criterion

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2,2.1.

Energy Limiting Devices . The control

system should be protected by energy

limiting devices.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

Data Monitoring and Acquisition . A data

acquisition system should be used to collect,

record, and store data as needed for subsystems monitoring purposes.

Display of Parameters , The displayed data

should be self-updating in order to provide

instantaneous status to the operator. The

number of parameters displayed at any one

time should be sufficient to provide operator

with the status of the subsystem under

observation.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

Records . The control system should have the

capability of recording the data required

for maintenance of system performance. The

storage of these data should be arranged for ease of retrieval.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2,2,1,

Records may be required for billing, maintenance, repair, system adjustment and other

purposes as determined by the operator.

Required Number of Alarms . All critical

process parameters that are being monitored

and/or controlled should have an alarm function to identify deviations from their norms.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

Alarm Modes . The control system should

provide a visual and an audio alarm for each

shutdown or contingency condition. Alarms

should be detectable above background noise

and lighting.

67
Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F.2,2.1.

F.6.3 Requirement Control Room Functions . The monitoring and

control of the process parameters should occur from a central location in the MIUS

building

.

F.6.3.1 Criterion

F.6.4

Eva luation

Commentary

Requirement

F.6.4.1 Criterion

Evaluation

F.7

F.7.1 Requirement

Centralized Monitoring and Control . All

signals should be routed to the control

room for indicating, recording and/or

controlling from one location. Noncontrolled measurements should be available for monitoring in this room.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1,

A centralized monitoring/control capability

is necessary for efficient operation of the

subsystem

.

Compatibility with Environment . The control

components should be selected for compatibility with the subsystem environment.

Operation under Environmental Conditions . The local control equipment should be

capable of continuous operation under any

combination of environmental conditions

which may be found in the MIUS plant.

There should be a review of the manufacturer's

specifications to determine control component

locations, environment, and component compatibility .

Environmental Impact.

Thermal Exchange with the Environment . The

thermal exchange of a MIUS with the environment should not impede nor impair the activities of the area.

F.7. 1.1 Criterion Environmental Air and Water . Change in air

quality and air movement in the community

should not produce hazardous climatic con- ditions or impede community and MIUS

activities.

All waterborne thermal discharges from the

MIUS should not raise the average seasonal

temperature of receiving waters within

68
152.4 meters of the discharge more than

2.8°C (5°F).

Evaluation The temperature of MIUS effluent discharges

and receiving waters should be monitored.

Commentary Organisms that adapt to the higher temperature created by a MIUS could experience

thermal shock if the facility closed down

for maintenance, changes in operation, or emergency outages. For this reason, the

rise in pond or stream water temperature is

often limited to 2.8°C (5°F), although for

large coal/steam/electrical power systems,

11°C (20°F) can be adopted if the heat sink

has sufficient diffusion. Aquatic plant life can thrive with increases in water temperature, particularly if the supply streams

contain phosphates such as washing detergents

and agricultural fertilizers. This growth can

foul stream and ponds with vegetation and may

require weeding or draining procedures to

eliminate it.

Local thermal inversions can occur on still,

cold nights from the hot gases released from

MIUS smoke stacks. This inversion traps con- taminants in a blanket of ground air. When

the dew point is reached, condensation could

occur about particulates and cold surfaces

which might form a mist hazard to traffic

and ice on surfaces.

F.7,2 Requirement Sewage and Stormwater . Sewage should not

contaminate groundwater or surface water,

flood, or erode the area. Rainwater should

not flood or erode the area, unless precipitation exceeds that of a "100-year" storm.

F.7,2,1 Criterion Topography and Surfaces . The topography and

surfaces about the MIUS should incorporate

the following:

a) Channel runoff from paved areas adjacent

to the MIUS;

b) Provide sedimentation ponds for runoff;

c) Provide retention areas for flood control

and controlled run-off; and

d) Provide for oil and grease interceptors

for vehicle and equipment areas.

69
Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F,2.2.1

Commentary Whether or not items (b) and (c) are provided

separately or in conjunction with those for

the development served is a local option and

is not excluded by this Criterion.

F,7,3 Requirement Air Contaminants . The discharge of contaminants to the atmosphere from a MIUS plant

should be maintained within legislated limits.

F.7.3.1 Criterion Standards and Regulations . All air contam-

- ' inants from the MIUS should comply with the

Federal Air Quality Standards, Environmental

' Protection Agency (EPA) Regulations or relevant State and local Laws, whichever is the

more limiting.

Internal Combustion Engines

Internal combustion engine emissions should

be equal to or less than those indicated in

the table below.

Stationary Engine and Gas Turbine Emission

Limits

Engine Type (Ib/lO^Btu)*

NOx CO HC

Diesel 3.3 1.2 .040

Dual Fuel 3.0 0.74 1.1

Natural Gas 3.9 0.43 0.62

Gas Turbine 0.34

* Energy content of gaseous fuels will be

based on LHV. Energy content of oil

fuels will be based on HHV.

Subpart D - Fossil Fuel Fired Steam Generators

a. ) Particulates ;

There should not be more than 0.10 lb/ 10^

Btu, or 43 kg/TJ of particulate mass per

unit heat input, except as relaxed by EPA

regulations for large generators, if

permitted by other applicable standards

and regulations.

70
Visible particulates should not be darker

in shade than that designated as Nr 1 on

the Ringelman Scale or 20% equivalent

opacity, except 2 min, intervals in any

one hour when particulate emission may be as great as Nr. 2 on the Ringelman Scale

or 40% equivalent opacity.

Sulfur Dioxide, SOn

There should not be more sulfur dioxide

emission, mass per unit heat input, maximum 2 hr. mean, from the following fossil

fuel phases.

Phase

Liquid

Solid

Liquid

& solid

Where Y

Mass/heat

2 hr. mean

input

,

maximum

(kg/TJ)

(345)

(518)

Y (345) + Z(518)

liquid

solid

(Ib/lO^Btu)

(0.80)

(1.20)

Y (0.80) 4- Z(1.2)

Y + Z Y + Z

= % total heat derived from

fossil fuel

= % total heat derived from

fossil fuel

Nitrogen Dioxide, NO2

There should not be more nitrogen emission, mass per unit heat input, maximum

2 hr. mean, from the following fossil fuel

phases.

Phase Mass/heat input, maximum

2 hr . mean

(Ib/lO^Btu)

Gaseous (0.20)

Liquid (0.30)

Solid (0.70)

(not lignite)

Gaseous

,

Liquid, X(0.20)4-Y(0.30)+Z(0.70)

Solid X + Y + Z

71
Phase Mass/heat input, maximum

2 hr, mean

(kg/TJ)

Gaseous (86)

Liquid (130)

Solid (302)

(not lignite)

Gaseous

,

Liquid, X( 86)+Y(130)+Z( 302)

Solid X + Y + Z

Where X = % total heat derived from

gaseous fossil fuel

Y = % total heat derived from

liquid fossil fuel

Z = % total heat derived from

solid fossil fuel

Subpart E - Incinerators

Particulates should be less than 0.08 gr/std.

ft (maximum 2 hr. mean) corrected to 12%

carbon dioxide, or when sludge from wastewater treatment is incinerated, particulate

matter should not discharge at a rate in excess of 0.65 g/kg. during a 1.30 lb/ton

dry sludge input.

Evaluation Test methods should be in accordance with

the relevant EPA regulations on standards • '

' for Performance for new stationary sources

-. (40 CFR 60, 36 FR 2A876, Dec. 23, 1971):

Subpart D - Fossil Fuel Fired Steam Generators

Emission and Fuel Monitoring 60.45

Directs test methods and procedures for —

Particulates to Methods 1, 2, _5, ^

Sulfur dioxide to Methods 1, 2, 3 , 6^ Nitrogen dioxide to Methods 1, 2, 3 , _7 Moisture to Method 5

Method 1 Sample and velocity traverse for

stationary sources

' Method 2 Determination of stack gas velocity

and volumetric flow rate (Type 5 pitot tube)

72
Method 3 Gas Analysis for carbon dioxide, excess air, and dry molecular

weight.

Method 5 Determination of particulate

emissions.

Method 6 Determination of sulfur dioxide

emissions.

Method 7 Determination of nitrogen oxide

emissions.

Method 9 Visual determination of the opacity

of emissions.

Method 10 Determination of carbon monoxide

emissions,

F»7a4 Requirement Electromagnetic Interference , Electromagnetic radiation and induction from the

electrical equipment of the MIUS should not

impede electronic systems performance in the

community,

Ft7,A,l Criterion Electromagnetic Radiation and Induction. All electromagentic radiation and induction

from the MIUS should be below levels that

will interfere with the proper performance

of adjacent electronic equipment.

Evaluation The proposed MIUS plans and specifications

should be reviewed to insure that an effective electrical grounding system is installed.

The services of a Professional Radio Engineer

should be engaged.

F»8 Community Impact.

F,8,l Requirement Sound in Community . should not adversely

safety of the public

munity activities.

Sound from the MIUS

effect the health and

in the adjacent comF«8,^,l, Criterion Acoustics . To avoid impeding normal voice

communications of nearby people 10 ft. from

buildings, the A weighted sound level should

always be less than 60 dB measured 5 ft.

above ground level and at a distance of 10

ft. from a MIUS exterior wall when the community sounds are also below 60 dB.

When outside community sounds exceed an A-weighted sound level of 60 dB at all times,

the MIUS should not be heard, and therefore

it shall generate sound pressure levels less

73
than those for the adjacent activity at a distance 10 ft. from a MIUS exterior wall.

Evaluation

Commentary

F.8.2 Requirement

F.8.2.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

F.8.3 Requirement

F.8.3.1 Criterion

Occassional peak sounds of dumpings, backing

trucks, garbage cans, etc. lasting less than

2 rain, in 1 hr. intervals should not peak the

A-weighted sound level of 78 dB

.

The mean and peak sound pressure levels

(A-weighted) should be monitored by outside

measurements. Worst conditions for activities should be reviewed.

Background noise level should be at least

10 dB below MIUS generated noise before its

measurement

.

Visual Compatibility in Community . Visual

appearance of a MIUS should be compatible

with those of the adjacent activities and

buildings.

Visual Compatibility of the MIUS . Materials

should be durable for consistent aging and

resistant to vandalism. MIUS activities

incongruous with those of the community

should be screened from view. MIUS landscaping should be consistent with community

landscaping. Distribution elements of the

MIUS should not impair the activities of the

community

.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

Incongruous MIUS conditions and activities

may include Storage stacks of coal, garbage,

or scrap metal, extensively paved areas,

transformers, switch gear, walls, and fencing

if not compatible with adjacent structures.

Wire fences could be compatible with recreational (tennis, basketball) fencing.

Smells in Community . Smells from the MIUS

facility should not adversely affect the

adjacent community activities.

Odor Emissions . To avoid the perception of

incongruous odors in the adjacent community,

smell emissions should be controlled so that

the component chemicals fall below threshold

concentrations

.

74
Evaluation There should be a professional review of MIUS

activities, particularly storage of decaying

organic materials, sludge, petroleum transfer

storage, exhaust emissions. Odor control

mechanisms such as filters, ducting, ventilation, off-gas collection should be reviewed.

Olfactory field test by an experienced professional should detect odors and trace their

odor sources.

F,8.4 Requirement Transportation in Community , MIUS generated

transportation and access should be compatible with local traffic in order that the

community and MIUS activities are unimpeded.

F.8.4.1 Criterion MIUS Related Transportation . Access to and

from the MIUS systems or subsystems, for the

transfer of energy sources, solid waste, and

materials should not impede the community

or MIUS services.

MIUS related vehicles should be compatible

with the community access, road systems, and

solid waste collection. Wheel load on road

pavements should be less than or equal to

those permitted for the locality. Turning

circles, and vehicle dimensions should not

be hazardous to traffic, pedestrians, and

property.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

Commentary Vehicle operations should avoid evening

periods when the community is quiet, and peak

commuter times when local traffic densities

are high.

F.9 Occupational Impact.

F,9.1 Requirement Manpower . Qualified personnel should attend

to the operational control of the MIUS to

ensure an efficient maintenance of service.

F»9.1.1 Criterion Schedules, Parameters, and Procedures . Operating schedules, ranges for operating

parameters, and emergency sequencing procedures should be displayed adjacent to the

relevant controls and in a MIUS operation

manual available at the operator's office.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

75
F.9.2 Requirement

F.9.2. 1 Criterion

Emergency Access and Egress. The MIUS

design should avoid impeding or impairing

both a rapid emergency egress and an emergency access.

Emergency Access and Egress . Planning and

maintenance of spaces should afford an unhindered passage for access. Emergency

operation schedules should be summarized

adjacent to the relevant controls and

detailed in an operation manual. Personnel

should be trained in executing emergency

procedures. Egress routes should be protected from smoke and fire by self-closing

doors of at least 1/2 hr, fire endurance and

walls of at least 1 hr, fire endurance.

F,9,2,2

Evaluation

Criterion

F.9.2.

3

Evaluation

Criterion

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2,2,1,

Smoke Control , A smoke control system should

be provided to maintain exit corridors and

stairways at a positive pressure of at least

0,1 inch water column gauge with respect to

the compartment on fire. The smoke control

system should be automatically activated by

any fire alarm device provided in Requirement

F,9,3. Manual actuation of the smoke control

system from central location should also be

provided. All ducts penetrating rated fire

partitions should be provided with dampers

that will close automatically upon actuation

of the fire alarm system. The smoke control

system should conform to the design specifications of NEPA 90A and ASHRAE guidelines.

See Evaluation: Criterion F,2,2,l,

Manual Alarm Stations, Manual alarm stations

should be provided at exits from all fire

compartments — on the inside of exits

through exterior walls and immediately outside exits passing through interior walls.

In addition to manual stations, the alarm

should be coupled to any smoke or heat

sensors and suppression system alarm devices.

Additional emergency notification should be

provided for control system malfunction,

sewage overflow and security devices. The

alarm should sound throughout the MIUS premises and in a central control area. The

alarm system should discriminate between

76
fire and other emergency situations at the

control center.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

F,9,3 Requirement Automatic Suppression Systems . Automatic

suppression systems should be provided in

all appropriate spaces in the MIUS.

F.9.3.1 Criterion Design and Installation . Automatic suppression systems should conform to the appropriate

NFPA standards.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

F,9,4 Requirement Occupational Environment . All spaces and

equipment, used and maintained by authorized

personnel should comply with legislation

affecting the occupational environments of

workers

.

F.9.A.1 Criterion Work Environment . All work environments

should comply with the (William Steiger)

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.

Relevant portions for a MIUS include the

following

:

Subpart D

Subpart E

Subpart G

Subpart H

Subpart J

Subpart L

Subpart M

Subpart N

Subpart 0

Subpart S

Walking-Working Surfaces

Means of Egress

Occupational Health and

Environmental Control

Hazardous Materials

General Environmental Controls

Fire Protection

Compressed Gas and Compressed

Air Equipment

Material Handling and Storage

Machinery and Machine Guarding

Electrical

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

Commentary The OSHA is a combination of performance and

design specifications which may be covered

by other sections. Where OSHA Criteria are lacking the current NFPA National Fire Codes

should be applied.

F,9.5 Requirement Community Security . MIUS property buildings

and equipment should impede unauthorized

entry and vandalism in order to maintain

77
continuous operations and protect the community from subsequent hazards.

F.9.5.1 Criterion MIUS Security . All MIUS properties, buildings, and equipment should be secured from

entry by unauthorized persons or stray

animals. All MIUS property, buildings and

equipment shall be constructed and controlled ^ to withstand the vandalism that is common

' V iri the community. Communication of MIUS

security breaches to operating personnel

shall be facilitiated through appropriate

surveillance.

Evaluation

Commentary

See Evaluation: Criterion F,2.2.1.

In Principle all likely points of entry and

storage areas should be capable of surveillance from the operating engineers' office.

Good lighting and unobstructed view provide

suitable deterrents. There should be no

windows or doors directly accessible to the

community. Children and scavenging animals

should be discouraged from the storage

stacks, receiving hoppers and vehicle paths,

A rapid disposal of waste can minimize the

problem of vermin and scavenging animals.

Entry alarms on doors and windows should be

provided. Vandalism common to the community

may be ascertained from police reports and

interviews, school maintenance records, and

the electrical power company.

F.9.6 Requirement Human Factors . MIUS design of the control

system should take into account the require7 ments of the human operator.

F.9.6. 1 Criterion

" j Evaluation

F.9.6. 2 Criterion

Electrical Safety . The control system and

equipment should be designed so that external

metal parts are at ground potential.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

Thermal Hazard . A subsystem control equipment which its normal operation exposes

personnel to surface temperatures in excess

of 65.6°C (150°F) should be appropriately

guarded and marked.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

78
F,9,6,3 Criterion Interlocks . The automatic operation of

devices or controls which would present hazards to operators in the area should be

< prevented from operating through a locking

control. The position of such a locking

control should have a visual warning device.

Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F,2,2.1.

Commentary The design of control system should be such

as to preclude the possibility of operating

personnel coming in contact with hazardous

fluids, voltages, electric currents, hot

surfaces, rotating machinery, or other

similar hazards,

I F.IO Natural Hazards,

F.10,1 Requirement Fire Hazard . The MIUS entity should not

constitute a fire hazard,

F.IO. 1.1 Criterion Fire Safety Codes and Regulations . Combustible materials for energy conversion should

be received, stored, distributed, and used

according to local legislation, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (Subpart H,

Hazardous Materials, and Codes affecting the

individual equipment elements).

Potential origins for the ignition of flammable materials should be identified from

causes both inside and outside the MIUS

entity. Potential distribution for the

spread should be identified for causes both

inside and outside the MIUS entity.

System control of potential fire origins and

distribution should be incorporated in the

operation, equipment, buildings, and storage

related to the MIUS. Controls should avoid

the impeding or impairment of the community

activities. The effectiveness of controls

should meet local legislation, National Fire

Protection Association codes, building codes,

and codes affecting the individual equipment

elements.

MIUS facilities provide a continuous service

to the community and, therefore, should be

fire compartmentized according to hazards,

79
and provided with automatic fire extinguishers control systems for facilitate a resumption of service and minimize an economic loss. The criteria for occupancy,

fire zoning, types of construction, and fire

resistance should meet the local building

code requirements for fire safety construction.

Evaluation The design should be reviewed for legislative

and code compliance. The potential origins

- . , for ignition and distribution of fire should

I be reviewed. The facility should be inspected

for compliance with F. 10. 1,1. Regular hazard

control system tests should be undertaken

including detection sensors, alairms , emergency action, and egress drill,

F,10,2 Requirement Flood Hazards . The equipment of a MIUS

should be protected against flooding which

would impair service to the community.

F. 10.2.1 Criterion Flood Control to Maintain MIUS Service and

Equipment . To avoid an impairment to service,

corrosion of equipment, thermal cracking,

silting, and insulation failure, the water

level should not immerse water sensitive MIUS

equipment. In predicting a natural flood

level the 100 year flood plans for the site

should be adopted. See U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers for Regulatory Flood Datum.

Evaluation The probable highest flood level should be

..r. established to determine whether continent

flooding and control of flooding will affect

the continuity of service.

Commentary A MIUS is likely to be at the lower point of

the drainage area by virtue of the sewage

flow. Flooding could occur from rising

rivers, detained runoff water, hydrant overflow, sprinklers, and as a result of new

) '. construction.

F.10.3 Requirement Seismic Hazard. The MIUS equipment and

buildings should be designed to accommodate

anticipated earthquake motions at the site

. • and earthquake induced effects such as ground

, . rupture, land slides, or liquifaction in

' :! . 7i order to maintain operations following an earthquake.

80
F. 10.3.1 Criterion Seismic Hazard . To avoid structural collapse, and alignment problems associated

with the translational displacements of

faulting, no part of a MIUS entity should

be constructed over an active geological

fault. MIUS should accommodate seismic

motions that are probable in the locality.

Evaluation

F.10.4 Requirement

The earthquake history of the general region

of the site should be documented. A review

should be given of available historical

records, of reports of ground shaking, damage

and of other intensity information near the

site. The maximum intensities (Modified

Mercalli) of ground shaking on firm ground

near the site should be estimated and the

earthquakes which could give severe ground

shaking should be defined.

Lightning Hazard . All MIUS equipment and

buildings should be protected against

lightning discharge in order to maintain

operation.

F. 10. 4.1 Criterion Lightning Hazard . Suitable precautions

should be taken to protect MIUS equipment

against lightning or excessive over-voltages.

Lightning arresters shall be located as close

as practical to the equipment they protect.

Evaluation Should be in compliance with NESC, Part I,

Section 19.

F.10.5 Requirement Wind Hazard . The MIUS equipment and buildings should accommodate local wind activity

in order to maintain continuous operations.

F. 10. 5.1 Criterion

Evaluation

Commentary

Wind . To avoid excessive structural stress,

deflections and displacements, the MIUS

should accommodate wind pressure that is

probable in the area. Criteria for wind

loading and deflections should be in accordance with the local building code.

See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1,

Control of wind blown materials is also

essential

.

81
F.10,6 Requirement Precipitation Hazard , The effects of precipitation in the form of rain, hail or snow

should not impede the MIUS service to the

community nor impair the MIUS facility,

F. 10.6.1 Criterion Precipitation . Rain should not interrupt

the MIUS services nor impair the MIUS buildings and equipment. Runoff should be

collected and conveyed from the MIUS.

Hail should not interrupt the MIUS services

nor impair the MIUS buildings and equipment.

All MIUS construction should withstand the

impact and accumulations of hail that area

common to the locality.

' Snow should not interrupt the MIUS services

nor impair the MIUS buildings and equipment.

All MIUS construction should withstand the

structural load imposed by snow accumulated

to depths common to the locality. Wind blown snow drifting or other accumulations should

not impede the MIUS. Snow loading should be

determined according to the local building

code.

^ Evaluation See Evaluation: Criterion F.2.2.1.

82
NBS-n4A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS 77-1395

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Performance Guidelines for a Modular Integrated Utility System

5. Publication Date November 1978

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

David J. Mitchell

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 742

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City. State, ZIP)

Division of Energy, Building Technology and

Standards, Office of Policy Development and

Research

The Department of Housing & Urban Development

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

NBbiR

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. Washington, D.C. 20410

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less (actual summary ol most si^ilicant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) Performance Guidelines for a Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS) is an aid to

construct conceptual, preliminary and final designs for a specific MIUS to be built

in a particular geographic location.

This document defines generic performance of a MIUS serving a residential/commercial

development. These performance requirements, criteria, and evaluations identify

engineering parameters and other constraints associated with electrical service,

thermal energy, solid waste management, potable water management, and wastewater

management provided by a single, local, integrated source. There are also performance

requirements, criteria, and evaluations for end-use considerations such as environmental impact, health, safety, and subjective acceptability. It is recognized

that in view of the many possible combinations of MIUS designs, ownership, methods for

implementation, local regulations, a MIUS implementor may wish to omit and/or

greatly simplify many of the remaining performance requirements, cirteria and

evaluations contained herein.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only tfje first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicol<ms

)

Conservation, integrated utilities, performance guildelines, residential

utilities, total energy, utilities.

18. AVAILABILITY Q Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES

1

' For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

UNCL ASSIFIED

1

' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing

Washington. D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. CH

Office 20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

22. Price

1 1 Order From National Technical Information Service

Springfield, Virginia 22151

(NTIS)

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USCOMM-DC 29042-P74
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