Art and Craft 

Safety Guide 

 

U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission 

4330 East West Highway 

Bethesda, MD 20814 

Pub. No. 5015

In partnership with 

The Art & Creative Materials Institute (ACMI) 

Arts, Crafts & Theater Safety, Inc. (ACTS) 

The National Art Education Association (NAEA) 

 
2 

Table of Contents 

How to Use This Guide........................................................................................................................................... 3 

Regulation of Art Materials .................................................................................................................................... 3 

Sources of Health and Hazard Information ............................................................................................................ 3 

Section I Children’s Arts and Crafts..........................................................................................5

Guidelines for Selecting Art and Craft Materials for Children........................................................................ 5 

Safety Rules to Be Followed When Children Are Using Art Materials .......................................................... 5 

Section II General Hazards Associated with Art and Craft Materials...................................6

Types of Hazards.............................................................................................................................................. 6 

General Precautions: Storage, Housekeeping, Protective Gear, and Safety Rules .......................................... 6 

General Safety and Hygiene Rules ................................................................................................................................................6

Fire Safety......................................................................................................................................................................................7

Storage and Precautions for Chemical Hazards .............................................................................................................................7

Disposal Precautions for Chemical Hazards ..................................................................................................................................8

Protective Equipment.....................................................................................................................................................................8

General First Aid............................................................................................................................................ 10 

Summary of Ways to Minimize Risks ........................................................................................................... 10 

References ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 

Section III Hazards Associated with Specific Art and Craft Materials...............................11

Ceramics and Clay ......................................................................................................................................... 11 

Computers ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 

Drawing.......................................................................................................................................................... 12 

Gems (Lapidary) and Stones.......................................................................................................................... 13 

Glass............................................................................................................................................................... 13 

Glues/Adhesives............................................................................................................................................. 14 

Leather and Other Animal Products............................................................................................................... 14 

Metals............................................................................................................................................................. 15 

Painting........................................................................................................................................................... 17 

Paper and Canvases........................................................................................................................................ 19 

Photographic Materials .................................................................................................................................. 19 

Plastic ............................................................................................................................................................. 20 

Printmaking .................................................................................................................................................... 22 

Sculpture......................................................................................................................................................... 25 

Solvents .......................................................................................................................................................... 25 

Textiles........................................................................................................................................................... 26 

Waxes............................................................................................................................................................. 27 

Woodworking................................................................................................................................................. 27 

References ...................................................................................................................................................... 28 

Glossary.......................................................................................................................................................... 29 

Index............................................................................................................................................................... 30 
3 

How to Use This Guide 

This guide contains three sections. Section I is a general guide 

for the use of art and craft supplies with children. Section II is 

an overview of the potential hazards associated with art and 

craft materials and provides applicable safety and first-aid 

information. Section III has more detailed information about 

specific art and craft disciplines and associated materials. A 

glossary at the end of this guide provides definitions of terms. 

Anyone using art or craft materials will find this information 

beneficial; however, note that local, state, and federal 

agencies, such as the Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA) may require procedures that are more stringent 

for paid employees than for hobbyists. Whenever possible, 

this guide directs professionals to other sources of information 

about requirements that may supersede the recommendations 

presented here. 

Regulation of Art Materials 

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is an 

independent regulatory agency charged with protecting the 

public from unreasonable risks of injury or death associated 

with consumer products. The CPSC requires labeling of art 

materials that have the potential to cause adverse chronic 

health effects under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act 

(FHSA). Specifically, an amendment to the FHSA, the 

Labeling of Hazardous Art Materials Act (Public Law 100-

695) or “LHAMA” made mandatory many of the requirements 

of the labeling of art materials as set forth in the ASTM 

International (ASTM) standard designated D-4236-88 [U.S.C. 

1277]. ASTM D-4236 outlines procedures for developing 

precautionary labels for art materials that have the potential to 

produce chronic adverse health effects [16 CFR § 

1500.14(b)(8)(i)]. 

Under the FHSA, an art material is defined as “any substance 

marketed or represented by the producer or repackager as 

suitable for use in any phase of the creation of any work of 

visual or graphic art of any medium” [U.S.C. 1277(b)(1)]. 

Children’s products that meet this definition include, but are 

not limited to, crayons, chalk, paint sets, colored pencils, and 

modeling clay. It is recommended that parents/guardians 

purchase only those products labeled with the statement 

“Conforms to ASTM D-4236” (CPSC Document #5016) and 

that do not have any cautionary warnings on the label. 

Moreover, under the FHSA, most children’s products that 

contain a hazardous substance are banned, whether the hazard 

is based on chronic toxicity, acute toxicity, flammability, or 

other hazard identified in the statute. However, the 

Commission may exempt art materials satisfying all three of 

the following criteria: (1) the inclusion of the hazardous 

substance is required for their functional purpose, (2) the 

products are labeled with adequate directions and warnings for 

safe use, and (3) they are intended for use by children who are 

sufficiently mature, and may reasonably be expected, to read 

and heed such directions and warnings (15 USC 

1261(q)(1)(A)). 

For more information on the requirements for art materials, 

contact the CPSC Office of Compliance, Washington, DC 

20207, telephone: 301-504-7913. 

Sources of Health and Hazard Information 

Under the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard 

(HCS), chemical manufacturers are required to develop a 

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each hazardous 

chemical they produce and import [29 CFR 1910.1200 (g)]. 

The MSDS contains a variety of information including the 

hazards associated with the chemical(s) and precautionary 

information for safe handling and use. However, the chronic 

hazards described in the MSDS may not be applicable to the 

casual user, such as someone engaging in an art activity one 

time. Be aware that a MSDS can become outdated as new 

information becomes available, particularly concerning longterm or chronic exposures. Manufacturers must provide the 

date of preparation or the date of the last change made to the 

MSDS, so be sure that you have the most current document 

available. 

 According to OSHA requirements, employers of people 

working with chemicals must provide an MSDS for the 

materials used, training in federal and local regulations 

governing the use and disposal of materials and waste, the 

proper protective equipment, and other precautions. More 

information about OSHA regulations and mechanisms for 

employees to report unsafe practices can be found at 

www.osha.gov. 

Disposal practices are required to follow the Environmental 

Protection Agency’s (EPA) Resource Conservation and 

Recovery Act (RCRA), which tightly governs all garbage and 

industrial waste. More information is available online 

(www.epa.gov/rcraonline/) 

Many sources for health and hazard information are available 

on the web including the National Library of Medicine 

website (www.nlm.nih.gov) which has links to sites such as 

Toxnet and Toxtown, the Integrated Risk Information System 

(IRIS, www.epa.gov/iris/), the National Toxicology Program 

(NTP, www.niehs.nih.gov), and the International Agency for 

Research on Cancer (IARC, www.iarc.fr). 

For example, as part of the World Health Organization, IARC 

performs epidemiologic and laboratory research on how 

humans develop cancer. IARC prepares individual 

monographs for many agents that include information on 

exposure, chemistry, production, and use. Based on available 

data, IARC categorizes the carcinogenic risks to humans. 

The list of these categories is found in the glossary. 

Another information source is the Art and Creative Materials 

Institute (ACMI) (www.acminet.org), an international, nonprofit association of over 200 art and craft material 

manufacturers. ACMI sponsors a certification program that 

identifies products that they determine to be non-toxic and 

those that require health warning labels. 
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Mention of the name of any company or product does not 

constitute endorsement by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety 

Commission (CPSC). In addition, citations to Web sites do not 

constitute CPSC endorsements of the sponsoring organizations 

or their programs or products. Furthermore, CPSC is not 

responsible for the content of these Web sites. 
5 

Section I 

Children’s Arts and Crafts 

This section gives an overview of the hazards associated with 

the use of art and craft materials by children and provides 

guidelines for the selection of materials as well as safety rules 

that should be followed. 

Non-toxic art and craft supplies intended for children are 

readily available. Read the labels and only purchase art and 

craft materials intended for children. 

For certain chemicals and exposure situations, children may be 

especially susceptible to the risk of injury. For example, since 

children are smaller than adults, children’s exposures to the 

same amount of a chemical may result in more severe effects. 

Further, children’s developing bodies, including their brains, 

nervous systems, and lungs may make them more susceptible 

than adults. Differences in metabolism may also affect 

children’s responses to some chemicals. 

Children‘s behaviors and cognitive abilities may also 

influence their risk. For example, children under the age of 12 

are less able to remember and follow complex steps for safety 

procedures, and are more impulsive, making them more likely 

to ignore safety precautions. Children have a much higher 

chance of toxic exposure than adults because they are unaware 

of the dangers, not as concerned with cleanliness and safety 

precautions as adults, and are often more curious and attracted 

to novel smells, sights, or sounds. Also note that children do 

not have to be using the art and craft materials themselves to 

be affected by them: careless child or adult artists can 

accidentally expose other children to hazards. 

Good health and safety habits can be formed at any point in 

life, including childhood. Adults should model safety 

procedures, the use of appropriate safety gear, and careful 

reading of labels and cautionary statements. Children need 

regular and consistent reminders of safety rules, and there is 

no substitute for direct supervision. 

Guidelines for Selecting Art and Craft Materials 

for Children 

Up to 12 years of age (Pre-kindergarten through Grade 6): 

• Note that even products labeled ‘non-toxic’ when used in 

an unintended manner can have harmful effects. 

• Products with cautionary/warning labels should not be 

used with children pre-kindergarten through grade 6 (see 

Section II for information about specific materials). 

• Avoid solvents and solvent-based supplies, which include 

turpentine, paint thinner, shellac, toluene, and some glues, 

inks, and a few solvent-containing permanent markers. 

• Avoid materials in self-pressurized containers. 

• Avoid acids, alkalis, bleaches, or corrosives. 

• Avoid products or processes that produce airborne dusts 

which can be inhaled. 

• Avoid old supplies, unlabeled supplies, and be wary of 

donated supplies with cautionary/warning labels and that 

do not contain the statement “Conforms to ASTM D4236.” 

• Avoid materials with lead, cadmium and other heavy 

metals. 

• Avoid high-temperature hot glue guns; use lowtemperature models. 

• Look for products that are clearly labeled with 

information about intended uses. 

• Give special attention to students with higher exposure 

risks, such as: 

o Physical or mental challenges, which affect safe use 

of the supplies. 

o Visual or hearing difficulties that may hinder the 

recognition of spills or skin exposures and may 

require the student to get close to supplies during use 

which can increase their inhalation of fumes or dusts. 

o Asthma or allergies, which may elevate the students’ 

sensitivities to fumes, dusts, or products that come 

into contact with the skin.

Safety Rules to Be Followed When Children Are 

Using Art Materials 

• Store surplus materials away from children. 

• Keep food and drinks out of the art area. 

• Give only small amounts to minimize spills and mishaps. 

• Supervise children closely to prevent unintended uses of 

art materials. 

• Adults should mix powdered and extremely dusty 

materials. 

• Wash hands after using materials. Do not use solvents to 

clean skin. 

• Watch for unusual reactions to chemicals. 

• Cover cuts and sores with bandages before using 

materials. 

• Contact the National Poison Control Center Hotline, 1-

800-222-1222, or the nearest certified Poison Control 

Center, if necessary (see General First Aid). 
6 

Section II 

General Hazards Associated with Art and 

Craft Materials 

This section is a brief guide on the potential hazards of art and 

craft materials and general precautions to take when using 

them. Artists, teachers, and hobbyists may find this 

information useful. More detailed information is available in 

Section III and in the references at the end of this guide. 

Please consult the glossary for any terms that may be 

unfamiliar. Specific technical information on chemicals or 

other substances can be found on various websites (see Health 

and Hazard Information). 

It is important to recognize that while some art and craft 

materials may cause adverse health effects, the concentrations 

and exposure times required to produce them may be 

uncertain, particularly concerning chronic (long-term) 

exposures. For example, an acute (short-term) exposure to a 

strong acid may cause severe burns within minutes. It may 

take years of exposure to a certain concentration, however, for 

a known human carcinogen to cause cancer, and the exposure 

time and concentration required may vary between 

individuals. Being cautious and limiting exposure to 

potentially harmful art and craft materials will likely 

minimize, if not prevent, the possibility of developing adverse 

health effects in the long term. 

Types of Hazards 

Mechanical Hazards: Strains, Breaks, Cuts, Crush Injuries, 

and Burns 

 

• Mechanical hazards are those involving damage to body 

tissue from objects, heat or electrical sources. Virtually 

any object can damage the human body. The most 

common injuries include cuts, scrapes, crush injuries, and 

burns. 

• Such injuries can be caused by distractions, using a tool 

for an inappropriate function, improper handling, 

modification of a tool, using a tool that is worn out or 

functioning improperly, or using a tool that is not 

appropriate for the age of the user. Dull, worn, partially 

broken, or repaired tools can behave in unexpected ways 

and often require more effort to get the job done, placing 

a user at risk. 

Chemical Hazards: Inhalation, Skin Absorption, and Ingestion

• Chemical exposures can occur through breathing fumes 

and vapors, absorption through the skin, or by 

swallowing. For instance, painters may ‘point’ their 

brushes by placing them in their mouth; children may 

taste art supplies or chew on drawing implements; and 

artists and family members may be exposed to vapors 

from a home studio that has inadequate ventilation, 

including those studios that may be located away from 

living areas, such as in a basement. Such conditions may 

seem like small exposures, but over time, many small 

exposures to some chemicals may combine to damage 

one’s health. Use “non-toxic” products (i.e., those that 

are not considered to be harmful under normal use 

conditions) when possible. Introduce good safety 

practices even with the use of non-toxic products. This 

will help reduce exposures when hazardous materials are 

used. 

• When gauging exposure, consider the 1) toxicity of the 

substance; 2) length of exposure; 3) total body burden on 

the user; 4) susceptibility of the user; and 5) combined 

effects of interacting substances. Chronic or repeated 

exposures to chemicals or short exposures to high doses 

of chemicals allow the body less time to detoxify and 

excrete the substances that have been absorbed. The total 

body burden refers to the amount of a substance that the 

body has already absorbed from other sources or over 

time from previous exposures. Using many different 

hazardous materials or using them for a long time will 

require careful monitoring. Consult your physician for 

proper care. Susceptibility to toxic materials varies with 

the physical characteristics of the person exposed, such as 

size, age, health, and medical history. Known medical 

conditions, such as asthma, may make someone more 

susceptible to the effects of certain chemicals. Combining 

chemicals can also have synergistic health effects (i.e., 

one chemical may amplify the negative effects of 

another). 

General Precautions: Storage, Housekeeping, 

Protective Gear, and Safety Rules 

Set up studios so that users can easily comply with the safety 

rules. Enforce compliance with rules. 

General Safety and Hygiene Rules 

Work intelligently. 

• Substitute safer materials when possible. 

o Choose water-based products over solvent-based 

products. 

o Choose products that do not create dusts and mists. 

• Never hold brushes or tools in your mouth, tip brushes 

with your lips, etc. 

• Never eat, drink, or smoke in studios. 

• Store tools properly; keep them in good condition. 

• Read the labels on your materials. You cannot tell the 

toxicity of materials by the absence or presence of a 

particular smell. 

• Never use materials in unintended ways (for example, 

don’t use standard paint for skin-painting). 

Keep studio space neat and orderly. 

• Keep floors clean and free of slippery spots. 

• Keep extension cords, hoses and other tripping hazards 

off the floor when unused; keep traffic ways clear. 

• Minimize the area in which hazardous substances are 

used. 

• Keep art studios separate from living areas and clean 

yourself before entering living areas. 
7 

Ensure appropriate ventilation. 

• The mouth, nose, and skin can absorb hazardous 

materials. Ensure ventilation provides fresh air activity 

(see The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality 

http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/450.html ) to decrease 

exposures to dusts, fumes, gases, mists, and vapors. 

Adequate ventilation means that clean air is flowing 

toward the artist and contaminated air is flowing away. 

Blowing air around with a fan without a source of clean 

air is not adequate ventilation, and can actually increase 

exposures to harmful substances. 

• Prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors or spray 

mists to limit fire hazards with proper ventilation. 

Have proper protective gear and cleaning supplies available. 

• Wear special work clothes and keep separate from other 

clothing, even during clothes washing. 

• Keep cleaning supplies accessible. 

• Clean up spills immediately, even small spills, and 

dispose of waste chemical and cleanup materials properly. 

• Contain flammable spills with activated charcoal, 

diatomaceous earth, or deodorant-free cat litter. 

Workplace employees must follow the EPA’s Resource 

Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and any other 

applicable local regulations for spill control, containment, 

and disposal. 

• In the event of an accidental exposure call the National 

Poison Control Center Hotline, 1-800-222-1222, or the 

number for the nearest certified Poison Control Center. 

Wash hands and other exposed body parts after working, and 

before eating or using the bathroom. 

• Avoid using toluene, turpentine, kerosene, or other 

solvents to clean your skin. 

• Use soap and water or baby oil or a skin cleanser. 

• Wash under fingernails. Keep nails trim and do not bite 

nails. 

Maintain your health and fitness. 

• Recognize your physical, emotional, and mental limits. 

o Alertness decreases with hunger and fatigue. 

o Anger, sadness, hurrying and frustration increase 

chances of accidents and mistakes. 

• Have regular health check-ups. 

• Make sure your health care provider is familiar with the 

art and craft materials you use, your level of exposure, 

and your studio environment. 

Fire Safety 

Have fire protection devices, extinguishers, and alarms. 

• Ensure alarms and extinguishers are in working order and 

approved for the materials and chemicals used and stored. 

• Ensure users know fire evacuation plans for your 

facilities. 

• Post fire safety information in clearly visible places. 

Work with small amounts of materials. 

• Purchase and store the smallest amounts of flammable or 

combustible materials needed. 

• Never store large amounts of flammable or combustible 

materials. 

• Dispense small amounts of flammable or combustible 

materials. 

Keep heat sources and ignition sources away from flammable 

materials. 

• Never smoke in a studio that has flammable or 

combustible materials. 

• To avoid spark hazard, ensure that all electrical 

equipment is in good repair. 

• Fans in local exhaust systems require non-sparking or 

nonferrous blades and the motor should be explosion 

proof or outside the vapor pathway. 

• Avoid using space heaters. 

Store flammable materials safely. 

• Store flammable or combustible solvents in fire safety 

cans in an OSHA-approved fireproof cabinet. Keep 

cabinet closed and vented if required by local codes. 

• Linseed oil or solvent-soaked rags can spontaneously 

combust, so rags should be stored in a covered container 

that does not allow air in or vapors out, such as an OSHAapproved container. 

• Store flammable or combustible materials away from 

escape routes. 

• Clean spills immediately and properly. 

• Keep a dry chemical or carbon dioxide fire extinguisher 

within easy reach. 

Storage and Precautions for Chemical Hazards 

Buy, use and store chemicals wisely. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Familiarize yourself with the ingredients and hazards 

associated with the materials you use. 

• Purchase volatile and other hazardous materials in small 

quantities. 

• Ensure proper training of materials’ caretakers. 

• Keep children out of studios where toxic chemicals are 

used. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity. 

• Avoid mixing chemicals in the storage area. 

• Learn local regulations and limits on storage of hazardous 

materials. 

• Keep chemicals out of direct sunlight. 

• Store toxic materials in a locked cabinet. 

• Store reactive chemicals separately. 

• Store hazardous chemicals in secure places away from 

children, but easy-to-reach to minimize falls and drops 

(e.g., keep large containers below shoulder height). 

• Store flammable or combustible solvents in fire safety 

cans in an OSHA-approved fireproof cabinet. Keep 

cabinet closed and vented if required by local codes. 

• Never store any material that you are not prepared to 

control if it spills. 
8 

• Avoid using food containers for storage. 

• Keep containers tightly closed to prevent dust or vapor 

from escaping. 

• Use smaller dispensers for small amounts of solvent and 

label them properly. 

• Continually clean storage and disposal facilities. 

• Never remove or deface a manufacturer’s label. If it is 

necessary to transfer the product to another container 

(e.g., due to damage, lost closure, etc.), retain all the label 

information. 

• Track the date of purchase and date of opening containers. 

• Keep track of expiration dates and properly dispose of 

expired materials. 

• Keep a current inventory of materials and properly 

dispose of those with a limited shelf life. Ideally, use fresh 

materials. 

Have appropriate protective equipment and cleaning supplies 

available. 

• Have cleaning materials for spills near the chemicals. 

• If protective equipment is needed, store near the 

materials. 

• Have fire protection, extinguishers, and alarms that are in 

working order and approved for the chemicals stored. 

• Ensure users know fire evacuation plans for your studio. 

Post information in clearly visible places if you have 

visitors to your studio. OSHA requires workplace 

employees to be trained in these procedures. 

• If corrosives are stored, have an accessible and functional 

eyewash or shower. 

Disposal Precautions for Chemical Hazards 

• Know what local regulations require for hazardous waste 

disposal. Employers must know state and federal 

regulations and maintain arrangements with hazardous 

waste disposal companies. 

• Disposal practices in the employment setting are required 

to follow the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) which 

tightly governs all garbage and industrial waste. More 

information is available online 

(www.epa.gov/rcraonline/). 

• Recycle when possible, but only donate materials that 

conform to ASTM D-4236, and do not donate materials 

with cautionary/warning statements on the label to 

elementary schools. 

• Do not pour solvents or other hazardous materials and 

wastes down the drain unless allowed by the sanitary 

sewer authorities. 

• Consider recycling used solvents. If disposing, place in 

sealable, metal containers clearly labeled for disposal. 

• Ensure spray cans are completely empty and dispose of in 

garbage or recycling. 

• Allow glues and cements to dry before disposal in 

garbage. 

• Many localities have special programs for residential 

disposal of hazardous waste. 

Protective Equipment 

More explicit details about selecting appropriate protective 

equipment are provided by the Occupational Safety and 

Health Administration (OSHA) publication #3151 and the 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s 

(NIOSH) National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory 

(NPPTL) publications (see References at the end of this 

section). Employers are required to have OSHA written 

programs and training for protective equipment. 

Respirators: 

IMPORTANT NOTE: Proper use of a respirator requires 

training. Hobbyists should seek an occupational clinic for 

advice and training. Contact your county, local, or state health 

department for more information. OSHA regulations require 

workplace employees using respirators to have medical 

certification, professional fit tests, and training for selecting 

the appropriate filters and maintenance procedures. 

• Seek professional help with fitting; ensure mask fits by 

performing a user seal check (a test of positive and/or 

negative pressure) to make certain that an adequate seal is 

achieved (29 CFR 1910.134 App B-1). 

• Ensure that the respirator you are using complies with 

recommendations made by the National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 

• Ensure that the type of filter used will remove the 

chemical or dust you are working with. Some chemicals 

require specific cartridges (organic vapor, acidic gas, and 

high efficiency particulate air (HEPA). There are some 

chemicals for which there are no approved cartridges. 

• Replace filters and cartridges regularly. Never rely on 

expired cartridges. 

• Put respirator on before entering the work area and 

remove only after leaving the work area. 

• Paper dust masks are not effective for chemical vapors 

and gases. 

Eye Protection:

• IMPORTANT NOTE: OSHA regulations require 

employers to provide appropriate eye protection in 

accordance with ANSI Z87.1 standards. 

• Many options for impact protection are available. Consult 

a reputable vendor for making an informed decision. 

Look for the “Z87” marking indicating compliance with 

ANSI Z87.1’s “Basic” impact protection standard and 

“Z87+” to indicate the “High” impact protection standard. 

• Most prescription glasses are not an adequate substitute 

for real safety glasses. Goggles are available for covering 

over prescription glasses. 

• Glasses for protecting against chemical splashes are often 

different from impact protection glasses. Ensure that the 

right glasses are used for different needs. 

• Face shields are sometimes an alternative to glasses, but 

may require safety glasses worn beneath them if splashing 

can occur. 

• Prevent fogging of glasses and goggles to keep vision 

clear. 
9 

• For ultraviolet radiation (UV) and infrared (IR) 

protection, select an appropriate degree of filtering. 

Gloves: 

• Chemical protection is extremely complicated. Do not 

judge a glove’s effectiveness by how waterproof it 

appears: solvents and other chemicals can pass through 

glove materials that water would not penetrate. This is 

called “permeation.” Consult the glove manufacturer’s 

“permeation charts” to identify the gloves that will 

withstand the materials you use. 

• After selecting appropriate gloves for the chemicals in 

use, monitor the glove’s effectiveness while in use and 

replace worn, ripped, or permeated gloves. 

• Use metal-mesh or Kevlar gloves when using sharp tools 

or knives. 

• Use insulated gloves to protect hands from thermal burns. 

• Use fabric or leather gloves when exerting high pressures 

or performing repetitive actions to protect from blisters. 

Hearing Protection:

• Avoid loud noises for long times or frequently repeated 

loud sounds. 

• Power machines (e.g., compressors, pug mills) may 

produce sound levels that can be damaging to the ears. 

• Pliable earplugs can be used for noise levels up to 120 dB. 

• Do not share earplugs. 

• Earmuffs provide more protection than ear plugs, up to 

135 dB. Combine with earplugs for maximum protection. 

Clothing and accessories: 

• Proper work clothes can greatly reduce exposures. 

• Hair restraining caps or bands are recommended when 

using machines or chemicals. 

• Remove jewelry (e.g., rings, necklaces) that can get 

caught in machines. 

• Avoid loose clothing that can get caught in machines or 

catch fire. 

• Hard hats are recommended for protection from falling 

objects. 

• Safety shoes or boots protect against liquids, heat, falling 

objects, sparks, electric shock and sharp objects. 

Warning Signs:

The following warning slogans are designed to help reduce 

chemical exposures or mechanical injuries by attracting 

attention to the basics of art and craft safety. They may be 

reproduced, where appropriate, for use in any studio or 

classroom. 

General Health and Safety: 

• “If you can’t do it safely, then you can’t do it.” 

• “Hurrying hurts.” 

• “Absolutely no food in this area.” 

• “Step 1-Be careful. Step 2-Be careful. Step 3-Be careful.” 

• “Creative urges should not overcome your careful urges.” 

• “Limit exposure to this material.” 

• “No art is worth sacrificing your health.” 

• “If you are tired, hungry, angry or sad, you are at a higher 

risk for injury and mishap. Take a break!” 

• “Power tools don’t care how many fingers you have.” 

• “Rushing to finish your project can lead to rushing to the 

hospital.” 

• “Being careful takes longer, but a trip to the hospital takes 

even longer.” 

• “If you have to force it, it’s the wrong tool.” 

Use, storage, and disposal: 

• “Always know your materials.” 

• “Ensure adequate ventilation.” 

• “Keep out of reach of children.” 

• “Report shortages of this product to (insert name of studio 

manager).” 

• “Don’t let your materials destroy after you create. 

Dispose of this material properly.” 

Protective Equipment: 

• “Hazardous Chemical: Wear protective clothing.” 

• “Are you wearing your safety glasses?” 

• “You haven’t felt pain until you’ve had an eye injury.” 

• “Safety gear now or bandages later – You choose.” 

• “In case of emergency, call ______________” 

It is also advisable to post the National Poison Hotline 

number, 1-800-222-1222, or the contact information for the 

nearest certified Poison Control Center. 
10 

General First Aid 

Workplace employees must follow the first-aid procedures set 

out by their employer. Hobbyists are advised to seek medical 

advice for serious incidents.

Eye Exposure: 

1. Hold eye(s) open with fingers and immediately RINSE 

with water for at least 5 minutes. If wearing contact 

lenses, remove them after 5 minutes of washing and 

continue to rinse eye(s) at least 5 minutes. Note: Rinse 

time depends on the degree of irritancy associated with a 

particular product. 

2. For more information and advice, call the National Poison 

Control Center Hotline, 1-800-222-1222, the nearest 

certified Poison Control Center, or a doctor. 

Skin Exposure: 

1. RINSE skin with water. 

2. Call the National Poison Control Center Hotline, 1-800-

222-1222, the nearest certified Poison Control Center, or 

a doctor for more advice. 

Inhalation: 

1. Move person into fresh air. 

2. Call the National Poison Control Center Hotline, 1-800-

222-1222, the nearest certified Poison Control Center, or 

a doctor for more advice. 

If Swallowed: 

1. IMMEDIATELY call the National Poison Control Center 

Hotline, 1-800-222-1222, the nearest certified Poison 

Control Center, or a doctor. 

Summary of Ways to Minimize Risks 

Know your materials. Read warnings and labels. Take extra 

care when using unfamiliar products. 

Limit exposures. Substitute more hazardous materials with less 

dangerous ones. Avoid exposures to toxic materials. 

Stay clean. Use protective gear and practice good hygiene and 

waste disposal. 

Clear the air. Control dusts, filter air, add clean air, and 

remove fumes with proper exhausts. 

Store materials properly. Keep out of reach of children. Keep 

labels on all products. 

References 

ACMI. 

www.acminet.org

Health & Welfare Canada (1990). The Safer Arts: The Health 

Hazards of Arts and Crafts Materials. Ottawa, ON: 

Department of Health and Welfare. 

McCann, M. (1992). Artist Beware. New York: Lyons & 

Burford Publishers. 

National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (2004). 

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/default.html

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2003). 

Personal Protective Equipment, publication 3151-12R. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor. 

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.pdf

Rossol, M. (2001). The Artist's Complete Health and Safety 

Guide. New York: Allworth Press. 

Thompson, F. M. & Thompson, P. G. (1990). Arts and crafts. 

In Health and Safety Beyond the Workplace. (L. T. Cralley, L. 

J. Cralley, & W. C. Cooper (Eds). New York: John Wiley & 

Sons, Inc. p. 9-32. 
11 

Section III 

Hazards Associated with Specific Art and 

Craft Materials 

Section I of this guide provided guidelines for use of art and 

craft materials by children. Section II provided an overview 

of the general types of hazards associated with art and craft 

materials, the precautions one can take in using, storing and 

disposing of materials, as well as first-aid information. Please 

familiarize yourself with that information in addition to the 

specific information found in this section. 

This section is a reference guide to the potential hazards of 

specific art and craft materials and specific precautions to take 

when using them. More detailed information is available in 

the references at the end of this document. Please consult the 

glossary for any terms that may be unfamiliar. Specific 

technical information on chemicals/substances can be found 

on websites such as those of the National Library of Medicine 

(www.nlm.nih.gov), the International Agency for Research on 

Cancer (IARC, www.iarc.fr), and the Integrated Risk 

Information System (IRIS, www.epa.gov/iris/). 

It is important to recognize that while some art and craft 

materials may cause adverse health effects, the concentrations 

and exposure times required to produce them may be 

uncertain, particularly concerning chronic (long-term) 

exposures. For example, an acute (short-term) exposure to a 

strong acid may cause severe burns within minutes. It may 

take years of exposure to a certain concentration, however, for 

a known human carcinogen to cause cancer, and the exposure 

time and concentration required may vary between 

individuals. Being cautious and limiting exposure to 

potentially harmful art and craft materials will likely 

minimize, if not prevent, the possibility of developing adverse 

health effects in the long term. 

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The following information was 

compiled from multiple sources [M. McCann, Ph.D., Monona 

Rossol, M.S., M.F.A., and the Arts, Crafts & Theater Safety, 

Inc. (www.artscraftstheatersafety.org), Dr. Woodhall 

Stopford, and the Art & Creative Materials Institute 

(www.acminet.org)]. However, new hazards and information 

about materials continually emerge, so artists are encouraged 

to stay aware of the most current information about the 

materials they use. 

Ceramics and Clay 

Clay/modeling clay: 

• Components may include hydrated aluminum silicates 

(with crystalline silica), talc, vermiculite, asbestos (a 

contaminant in some talc & vermiculite), kaolin, alumina, 

diatomaceous earth (silicon dioxide), and sand. 

• Potential health effects from chronic long-term exposure 

to clay dust or powdered mix include skin irritation, lung 

diseases/infections (e.g., asbestosis, silicosis), and cancer 

(e.g., from asbestos). 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Avoid inhaling dust. Ensure appropriate ventilation or 

use a National Institute for Occupational Safety and 

Health (NIOSH)-approved toxic dust respirator. 

• When possible, use premixed clays to minimize exposure 

to large amounts of clay dust. 

• To reduce dust inhalation, do not pulverize dry clay or 

sand “green ware”. Finish “green ware” (unbaked 

molded & shaped pottery) while damp/wet. 

• When cleaning do not sweep dust. Use a wet mop, rags, 

and/or a vacuum with a HEPA filter system. 

• Use machine guards when mixing clay. 

• Check extruder mounting to make sure it is tightly 

fastened to the work surface. 

• Do not wear ties or other loose clothing when working 

with slab rollers. 

• Wear gloves and/or use moisturizer to prevent dry skin. 

• Rest wrists frequently to avoid repetitive stress injury 

(e.g., carpel tunnel syndrome). 

Glazes (mixtures of silica, fluxes, and colorants for finishing 

or coloring clay): 

• Components may include arsenic, uranium, lead, 

chromium VI, lithium, beryllium, cobalt, antimony, 

cadmium, nickel, barium, vanadium, soda ash, potassium 

carbonate, feldspars, and fluorspar. Some glazes may 

contain solvents (see Solvents). 

• May be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. 

• Potential health effects from exposure include lung 

disease, skin irritation, sensitization, heavy metal 

poisoning, and cancer (e.g., those associated with arsenic, 

beryllium, cadmium, chromium VI, nickel, and uranium 

exposure). 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Label lead- and cadmium-containing pieces with phrases 

such as “Contains Lead, Not for Food Use” or “Contains 

Lead, For Decoration Only.” Consider designing or 

puncturing holes in utilitarian objects to discourage use 

with food/beverages. If there is even a slight chance that 

your pottery could be used for food, you should have it 

tested to meet FDA or state standards if you sell it, but 

also if you just give pieces to family and friends. The 

liability remains even if you do not sell pottery. 

• A glaze labeled “food safe” does not mean that it is leadfree, rather it means that if fired and applied properly it 

will not leach lead or cadmium at concentrations above 

those allowed by the Food and Drug Administration 

(FDA) into food or beverages. 

• Do not mix different glazes together because this disrupts 

the balance of ingredients and could make a “food safe” 

glaze into an unsafe product. 

• Consider testing all finished ware to ensure that it does 

not leach potentially toxic metals or lead. 
12 

• Consider using lead-free glazes or those with sodium, 

potassium, calcium, or magnesium fluxes. 

• Use a National Institute for Occupational Safety and 

Health (NIOSH)-approved respirator when working with 

powdered glazes. 

• Be aware of the flammability and hazard potential of 

solvents (see Solvents). 

• Wear protective clothing and gloves. 

• Use a wet mop, rags or HEPA vacuum to clean up spilled 

powders. Do not sweep. 

• When spraying glazes use a spray booth equipped with a 

fan that exhausts to the outside. 

Tools: 

• Users should understand how to operate all tools and take 

all safety precautions. 

• Pug mills can cause crushing and amputation injuries. 

Always keep safety guards in place. 

• Throwing wheels can cause skin or ergonomic injuries. 

• Kick wheels can cause shin injuries. 

• Kilns: Contact local or state authorities for information on 

proper installation and safe operation of all kilns. 

Importantly, indoor use of ceramic kilns (electric or fuelfired) requires mechanical ventilation to the outdoors. 

Adverse health effects from firing clays and glazes are 

possible via inhalation (common kiln emissions include 

chlorine, fluorine, carbon monoxide, metallic vapors, and 

ozone), dermal contact (burns), and eye exposure (heating 

ceramic materials to glowing emits infrared radiation). 

To avoid injuries, ensure appropriate ventilation, use 

appropriate protective clothing and gloves, and wear 

infrared goggles or a welding shield. 

• To avoid electrocution while working with electrical 

equipment, use ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)–

protected electrical outlets. 

Salt glazing (the sodium from a salt added to the hot kiln 

combines with the hydrogen on the clay to convert it to a 

sodium aluminum silicate which appears as a glass- or glazelike material.): 

• Check local building codes to ensure that salt kilns are 

allowed. 

• Hydrogen chloride gas, which can be toxic if inhaled, will 

form during this process if the salt used is sodium 

chloride. Also, hydrogen chloride gas may combine with 

water vapor to form hydrochloric acid, which is corrosive 

to the skin and may corrode fittings. Check for metal 

corrosion regularly. 

• Sodium carbonate (which forms carbon dioxide rather 

than hydrogen chloride) is a safer alternative to sodium 

chloride. 

• If working with sodium chloride, use only outside with a 

canopy hood and a high stack. 

Raku firing (involves the addition of sawdust or other 

materials to heated ceramic ware): 

• The major hazard with raku is burns from handling the 

pottery with tongs: work carefully. 

• Smoke and carbon monoxide formed during this process 

may be inhalation hazards. 

• To avoid carbon monoxide and smoke exposure, only 

perform raku firing outdoors away from open windows 

and air intakes. 

• Avoid using sawdust from wood treated with 

preservatives or pesticides (e.g., chromated copper 

arsenate-treated wood). 

Computers 

Input devices (keyboard, joystick, mouse) often require 

repetitive motions. 

• Position devices in comfortable locations. 

• Vary motions as much as possible to decrease strain 

injuries. 

• Keep wrists straight and muscles relaxed. 

• Take short breaks often (every 10 minutes). 

Monitors can cause neck, back, and eyestrain. 

• Position monitors as far away as possible and at an 

elevation that does not require bending the neck. 

• Ensure proper task lighting. 

• Avoid staring at computer monitors without blinking, 

which can lead to dry eyes. Occasionally look away from 

the monitor and focus on something far away. 

Workstation ergonomics: 

• Ensure that feet can touch the floor or footrests when 

seated. 

• Arms should be placed in a relaxed position. 

• Wrists should be as straight as possible. 

Repetitive strain injury: 

• If pain, stiffness, or aches occur during some activity, stop 

immediately and seek alternative positions or motions. 

• Vary motions and change positions and activities. 

• Take short breaks often (every 10 minutes). 

• Use alternate hands for the same activity. 

Drawing 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

Chalk:

• Components include calcium salts (e.g., calcium 

carbonate, calcium sulfate). 

• Dusts can be irritating if inhaled. Use non-dusty chalk. 

Charcoal: 

• Dust may be irritating if inhaled. 

• Remove excess dust by tapping, not blowing. 

• Use a wet mop when cleaning. 
13 

Inks: 

• Solvent-based inks may be toxic if ingested or inhaled 

(see Solvents). 

• Use water-based, water-soluble inks. 

Markers: 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation or use water-based 

markers. 

Pastels: 

• Some pigments such as chrome yellow (lead chromate) 

may be toxic (e.g., chronic inhalation may cause lung 

cancer and skin contact may cause irritation). Avoid 

pigments with lead chromate. 

• Dust may be irritating if inhaled, particularly to 

asthmatics. Use less dusty supplies. Do not blow excess 

dust, tap the drawing instead. 

• Reduce exposure with appropriate ventilation and use a 

dust mask, when indicated. 

• Clean with a wet cloth or mop. 

• Oil pastels are a safe alternative because they create less 

dust. 

Pencils: 

• Potentially hazardous components include graphite and 

some pigments in colored pencils. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

Pens: 

• Inks can be inhalation irritants. 

• Solvent-based inks (see Solvents) may be highly toxic if 

inhaled or absorbed through the skin. 

• Use water-based pens. 

Spray fixatives: 

• Contain solvents (see Solvents), which may be hazardous 

following an exposure, particularly when inhaled. 

• Avoid breathing vapors. Follow all directions on the 

product label, such as using a National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved 

respirator or an exhaust fan. 

Gems (Lapidary) and Stones 

Hard stone (granite, marble): 

Soft stone (soapstone, sandstone, limestone, greenstone, 

serpentine): 

Lapidary (quartz gemstones (e.g., amethyst and onyx), opal, 

garnet, etc.): 

Stone casts (Portland cement, crushed stone, and sand): 

• Some stones contain silica (e.g., quartz, granite, 

sandstone, soapstone) and asbestos (e.g., New York 

soapstone, serpentine, greenstone), which may be toxic if 

inhaled. Potential health effects include lung diseases 

(e.g., asbestosis, silicosis) and cancer (caused by asbestos 

and crystalline silica). 

• Components in cement include calcium oxide, lime, 

silica, aluminum, iron compounds, and small amounts of 

magnesia, sodium, chromium, sulfur, and potassium 

compounds. Potential health effects include skin/eye 

burns, respiratory effects if inhaled, and gastrointestinal 

burns if ingested. 

• Avoid stone with asbestos. 

• Chips may be hazardous to the eyes. Wear eye protection 

and carve away from the body. 

• To avoid inhalation of dust, use a National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved 

respirator. 

• Keep dust levels down by wet mopping or vacuuming 

regularly. Avoid sweeping dust. 

• Lifting heavy stones can be hazardous. Lift carefully to 

avoid injuries. 

• Wear protective shoes and appropriate clothing (no ties or 

loose clothing), and tie up long hair to avoid getting 

entangled in machinery. 

• Power tools (e.g., grinding/polishing wheels, sanding 

machines) generate noise and vibration, which may lead 

to hearing loss, particularly after long-term exposure. Use 

hearing protection. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation when using power tools. 

Direct air away from body. 

• Ensure that power tools are properly grounded. 

• To avoid electrocution while working with electrical 

equipment, use ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)–

protected electrical outlets. 

• Keep motors away from water. 

Glass 

Making glass: 

• Components include lead/potash, borosilicates, soda/lime, 

colorants (e.g., cadmium, chrome, cobalt, iron). Some of 

these substances may be hazardous via inhalation, 

ingestion, and skin contact. 

• Use glass cullet or scrap glass if possible to avoid 

exposure to the powdered chemical components. 

• Use a fume hood, respirator, and gloves. 

• Clean up with a wet mop. 

Firing, melting, annealing, slumping and fusing glass: 

• Emissions from the firing process (e.g., carbon monoxide, 

nitrogen oxides, fluorine, sulfur oxides, chlorine, and 

metal fumes) may be toxic if inhaled. 

• Beware of thermal hazards (e.g., burns, heat exhaustion). 

• Fibers (ceramic or asbestos) used as insulation in ceramic 

ovens may be carcinogenic. Ensure appropriate 

ventilation for this activity. 

• Avoid asbestos insulation. 

• Use reflective heat shields and infrared goggles to protect 

the eyes from infrared radiation. 

Working glass (glassblowing), lampworking: 

• Potential hazards include burns, cuts, infrared radiation 

and exposure to fumes from colorants. 

• Wear protective shoes, gloves, infrared goggles. 
14 

• Use a canopy hood. 

• Glassworkers should cool off frequently. 

Decorating glass: 

• Methods for decorating glass include etching, staining, 

and painting. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Silver nitrate (a corrosive) and gamboge (a yellow 

pigment which may be toxic by ingestion) are used for 

staining. 

• Hydrofluoric acid and ammonium bifluoride (both are 

corrosives) are used for etching and may be highly toxic 

by ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. 

• Avoid hydrofluoric acid, but if used, use with a hood, 

gloves, a National Institute for Occupational Safety and 

Health (NIOSH)-approved respirator, and a face shield. 

• Metal colorants used to paint glass include those 

containing cobalt, lead, manganese, chromium VI, nickel, 

iron, zinc and copper. These may be toxic by inhalation, 

ingestion, and skin contact. Potential health effects 

include lung disease, skin irritation, ulceration, 

sensitization, cancer (e.g., from exposure to nickel and 

chromium VI) and metal fume fever. 

• Avoid lead. 

• If an exposure occurs, immediately contact a poison 

control center for help (dial 1-800-222-1222 for the 

National Poison Control Center Hotline). 

• Use a spray booth, canopy hood, respirator, gloves, 

goggles, and an apron. 

• When diluting acids, add acid to water slowly. 

Cutting/sandblasting glass: 

• Glass particles and abrasives may be an inhalation hazard. 

• Wear goggles or a face shield and a National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved 

respirator to avoid exposure. 

• To avoid electrocution while working with electrical 

equipment, use ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)–

protected electrical outlets. 

• Clean water reservoirs. 

Antiquing: 

• Antiquing agents include antimony sulfide, copper 

sulfate, and selenium dioxide. 

• Selenium dioxide may be highly toxic by inhalation and 

ingestion. In acid it may form hydrogen selenide, a 

highly toxic gas. 

• Antimony sulfide may be highly toxic by skin contact, 

inhalation, and ingestion. 

• Wear appropriate gloves, provide local ventilation or use 

a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH)-approved respirator. 

Stained glass: 

• Potential hazards associated with stained glass work 

include exposure to lead, fluxes (e.g., zinc chloride, 

rosin1

, and oleic acid), antimony, and arsenic. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Lead dust may be highly toxic if ingested or inhaled. 

• Zinc chloride flux may be highly toxic if fumes from the 

heated flux are inhaled. 

• Inhaled fumes from heated rosin flux may cause asthma. 

• Use copper foil, zinc came, or something other than lead. 

Avoid red lead. 

• Use lead-free and antimony-free solders. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity, and use a 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH)-approved respirator. 

• Clean up with a wet mop. 

Glues/Adhesives 

• Included in this category are cyanoacrylates, rubber 

cement, silicones, and epoxies. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Cyanoacrylate found in instant glue may cause adhesion 

of mucous membranes (e.g., eyelids, skin, etc.). 

• Solvent-based glues such as rubber cement and some

epoxies may: 1) be toxic by ingestion and inhalation; 2) 

be flammable; 3) cause skin and eye irritation, and 4) 

cause allergies. (see Solvents). 

• Use paste, mucilages, or homemade flour glues, but avoid 

wheat pastes with people who are allergic to wheat. 

• Wear appropriate protection (e.g., gloves, goggles, etc.). 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity, 

particularly when using solvent-based products. 

• Avoid smoking, open flames, and other ignition sources 

when using glues with flammable components (e.g., 

solvents). 

Leather and Other Animal Products 

Leather: 

• Dust from sanding leather contains tanning agents, dyes, 

and glues that may be harmful. 

• Avoid dust inhalation. Ensure appropriate ventilation and 

use a National Institute for Occupational Safety and 

Health (NIOSH)-approved respirator. 

• Clean dust with a wet mop. 

Cementing, dyeing, finishing: 

• Leather dyes and glues may contain solvents (e.g., 

mineral spirits, turpentine, and toluene) which may be 

flammable or toxic after an exposure (see Solvents). 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Use water-based dyes or those dissolved in ethyl alcohol. 

 

1

 A rosin is a solid form of resin 
15 

• Some leather cleaners may contain oxalic acid which is 

corrosive and may be highly toxic by ingestion, 

inhalation, and skin contact. Avoid cleaners with oxalic 

acid. 

• Wear appropriate protection. Use gloves, goggles, etc. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity and/or use 

a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH)-approved respirator. 

• Store solvent-soaked rags in a safety container. 

Feathers: 

• Dust from duck/goose feathers may cause “featherpickers disease.” The symptoms, which may diminish if 

the user becomes tolerant, include coughing, fever, 

nausea, and headaches. 

• Naphthalene and paradichlorobenzene may be applied to 

feathers as moth repellents. These agents are possibly 

carcinogenic to humans (IARC, Group 2B). Air these 

feathers outdoors before use. 

• Naphthalene and paradichlorobenzene may be toxic 

following ingestion, inhalation, or skin exposures. 

• Vacuum feathers on a screen from below before use. 

• Use a dust mask and wear gloves. 

Shells: 

• Dust generated from sanding shells may be harmful 

following inhalation (e.g., inhalation of mother-of-pearl 

dust may cause fever and respiratory problems such as 

infections). 

• Clean well or purchase pre-cleaned shells. 

• Use a wet grinder and/or a National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved 

respirator. 

Bones: 

• Degrease bones immediately. Bones not cleaned properly 

may cause infections or spread anthrax. 

• Degreasing solvents (e.g., carbon tetrachloride) that are 

used to dissolve fats/oils may be hazardous (see 

Solvents). 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Avoid chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents. Use mineral 

spirits. 

• Dust formed from sanding may cause respiratory 

problems when inhaled. 

• Use gloves and ensure appropriate ventilation for this 

activity or work outdoors. Use a wet technique and/or a 

dust mask. 

Metals 

Anodizing (involves the electrolytic treatment of metals (e.g., 

aluminum and magnesium) with coatings (e.g., titanium) to 

form a heavy, stable metal oxide coating): 

• The primary electrolytes used are sulfuric, oxalic, and 

chromic acids, which are corrosive and may be toxic by 

inhalation, ingestion, and skin/eye contact. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Metal cleaners contain caustics (sodium hydroxide) which 

may be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin/eye 

contact. 

• Some metals are flammable. Be aware of potential fire 

hazards. 

• To avoid electrocution while working with electrical 

equipment, use ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)–

protected electrical outlets. 

• Wear appropriate protective gloves, goggles, and apron. 

Electroplating (the deposition of a metal onto an object via an 

electrolytic method): 

• Ingredients in electrolytic solutions include copper 

sulfate, sulfuric acid, and cyanide. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Cyanide salts can be toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or skin 

absorption. 

• Avoid cyanide plating solutions. If used, ensure 

appropriate ventilation for this activity, be familiar with 

the hazards, and alert your local emergency room to have 

a cyanide kit available. 

• Sulfuric acid (> 10%) is corrosive on contact with the 

skin/eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory and 

gastrointestinal tracts. 

• Wear protective clothing, chemical splash goggles, and 

gloves. 

Forging or smithing (shaping metals by hammering): 

• Furnaces used for forging with heat may release metal 

fumes and toxic gases (e.g., carbon monoxide) and 

infrared radiation. 

• Be aware of fire and thermal hazards. Practice fire 

prevention (e.g., store combustibles away from heat, 

install sprinklers, obtain a fire extinguisher, etc.). 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity. 

• Install carbon monoxide alarms. 

• Wear protective clothing, gloves, earplugs, and infrared 

goggles or a face shield. 

Foundry (the art of casting metals into molds): 

• Mold types include channel, cuttlebone, sand, and lost 

wax. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Potential hazards associated with mold making include 

exposure to the following materials or contaminants: 

silica, formaldehyde, isocyanates, asbestos, and resins. 

• Avoid casting in lead. 

• Potentially toxic gases, including hydrogen cyanide and 

carbon monoxide, may form depending on the mold used. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity and/or use 

a respirator. 

• Wear protective clothing, gloves, and goggles. 
16 

• Clean dust and mold materials with a wet mop or sponge. 

Gilding (involves overlaying a thin layer of gold or silver on a 

surface using size (glue) or amalgamation with mercury): 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Avoid using mercury, if possible. Heating the amalgam 

of mercury with gold and/or silver will release mercury 

vapor which may be toxic if inhaled. 

• Potential health effects from inhalation exposure to 

mercury include swollen gums, vomiting, diarrhea, 

kidney failure, bronchitis, pneumonitis, and nervous 

system problems. 

• Avoid prolonged or repeated skin contact with mercury 

because it may cause allergic contact dermatitis. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation when working with 

mercury. 

• Carefully store mercury in closed containers and 

thoroughly clean up all spills with special kits. Only 

vacuum with equipment designed to pick up mercury. 

Grinding and polishing: 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Avoid using metals that may be highly toxic such as lead 

and cadmium. 

• Wear appropriate clothing and eye protection. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity to avoid 

exposure to metal dust and fumes. 

• Clean by wet mopping or with a HEPA vacuum. Do not 

sweep dust. 

Melting/pouring metal: 

• Furnace and metal fumes may be toxic if inhaled. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Be aware of fire and thermal hazards. Practice fire 

prevention (e.g., store combustibles away from heat, 

install sprinklers, obtain a fire extinguisher, etc.). 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity. 

• Install carbon monoxide alarms. 

• Furnaces can cause heat stress and emit infrared radiation. 

• Wear protective clothing, gloves, and eye protection. 

Niello (involves decorating or inlaying an incised design on 

metal with black metallic alloys of sulfur with lead, copper or 

silver):

• Inhalation of lead sulfide dust from grinding or lead 

fumes from heating is toxic. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity and/or use 

a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH)-approved respirator. 

• Wear protective clothing and eye protection. 

Patina (a green or brown coloring of metal produced by 

natural or chemically induced oxidation): 

• Numerous patina chemicals are available including 

ammonium sulfide, ammonium hydroxide, acetic acid, 

hydrochloric acid, barium sulfide, chromium VI 

compounds, copper compounds, ferric chloride, 

hydrogen peroxide, lead acetate, liver of sulfur (potassium 

sulfide), nitric acid, oxalic acid, potassium ferricyanide, 

sodium hydroxide, and zinc chloride. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Many patina chemicals may be toxic by ingestion, 

inhalation, and/or skin/eye contact. 

• Wear protective clothing and eye protection. 

Pickling (a method of cleaning metal using chemicals (e.g., 

dilute inorganic acid solutions)) : 

• Components may include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, 

hydrofluoric acid, and sodium bisulfate. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Concentrated acid solutions are corrosive and some, such 

as hydrofluoric acid, may cause toxicity throughout the 

body (e.g., hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, 

hyperkalemia, and cardiac dysrhythmias). 

• Avoid cyanide-containing metal cleaning solutions. 

• If possible, use steel wool to clean metal instead of 

chemicals. 

• Wear protective clothing, gloves, eye protection, and 

apron and have an eyewash fountain and emergency 

shower available when using concentrated acids. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity and/or use 

a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH)-approved respirator. 

Soldering: 

• Metals (e.g., cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, and zinc), 

fluxes (e.g., zinc chloride, rosin, and fluoride), and 

cleaners/degreasers (e.g., solvents and acids) used in the 

soldering process may be toxic. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Use lead-free and cadmium-free solder. 

• Various fluxes are available including those with acid, 

borax, fluoride, and rosin. Do not mix fluxes because 

potentially toxic vapors may form. Avoid fluxes with 

fluoride. 

• Silver salts may discolor the skin, eyes, and mucous 

membranes. Some silver salts are irritants and others may 

be corrosive (e.g., silver nitrate). 

• Wear eye protection and gloves. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity. 

Welding (e.g., oxyacetylene and arc welding): 

• Follow safety standards established by federal and state 

governments, and other organizations (e.g., the American 
17 

Welding Society, National Fire Protection Association, 

and the American National Standards Institute). 

• Gases and fumes from gas cylinders, vaporized metals, 

and fluxes may be toxic if inhaled. Follow appropriate 

respiratory hygiene. 

• Byproducts from welding stainless steel have been known 

to be carcinogenic. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Formal training in a certified program is advisable. 

• Use care when handling gas cylinders (e.g., oxygen, 

acetylene, propane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.). 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for protection from 

potentially dangerous gases, metal fumes, and heat. 

• Infrared and ultraviolet radiation generated during 

welding may be an eye hazard. Wear appropriate eye 

protection (goggles or face shield). 

• Practice fire prevention (e.g., store combustibles away 

from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a fire extinguisher, 

etc.). 

• Noise can damage hearing. Wear fire-resistant earplugs. 

• Wear protective clothing and eye protection. 

Painting 

General Information/Precautions 

• The potential hazards from paints are primarily associated 

with some of the vehicles/solvents (e.g., aliphatic and 

aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, and alcohols; see 

Solvents) and pigments (e.g., lead carbonate, chrome 

yellow, cobalt arsenate). 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Use premixed paints to avoid inhalation of dry 

pigments/dyes/powders. 

• Use water-based products or observe the precautions on 

hazard-labeled products to reduce the potential hazards 

from solvents. 

• Be aware that small amounts of formaldehyde, bleach and 

phenol used as preservatives in some paints may cause 

allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. If sensitive to 

these chemicals, contact the manufacturer of the paints 

you intend to use. 

• The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prohibited 

the use of mercury compounds in interior-use wall paints 

after July 1990 but there is no prohibition against mercury 

in artists’ paints. 

• Wear protective clothing and gloves to prevent skin 

contact and tracking of materials to non-work areas. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation, especially when spraying 

or airbrushing paint. It may be advisable to use a spray 

booth and/or use an appropriate respirator (e.g., a 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH)-approved respirator with an organic vapor 

cartridge). 

• Close containers of paint, pigments/dyes, and solvents 

when not in use. 

• Remove paint from hands with vegetable or baby oil then 

wash with soap and water. 

• Avoid turpentine and mineral spirits. 

• Be aware of the flammability potential of solvents. 

Spray painting/airbrushing: 

• This category includes the use of spray guns, airbrushes, 

and aerosol spray cans for paint application. 

• The paints used may be water-based or solvent-based and 

contain pigments. 

• Use water-based paints to reduce exposure to solvents. 

• Aerosol spray paints sometimes contain propellants or 

pigments that may be toxic when inhaled (e.g., isobutanes 

and propane). Read the label. 

• Fine particulates from spraying may remain airborne up to 

2 hours and may cause headaches, nausea, fatigue, and 

breathing problems if inhaled. 

• Propellants in aerosol spray products may be flammable. 

Practice fire prevention (e.g., store combustibles away 

from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a fire extinguisher, 

etc.). 

• If possible, use outdoors or with a spray booth or a fume 

hood and a National Institute for Occupational Safety and 

Health (NIOSH)-approved respirator with an organic 

vapor cartridge. 

• Heated or punctured cans may explode. 

• Use clear acrylic polymer emulsion to fix drawings. 

Paints 

Acrylics (water-based): 

• Some contain small amounts of ammonia (as a stabilizer) 

and formaldehyde (as a preservative), which may cause 

respiratory irritation and may also cause allergies in 

sensitized individuals. If sensitive to these chemicals, 

contact the manufacturer of the paints you intend to use. 

• Ensure proper ventilation for this activity.

Acrylics (solvent-based): 

• Contain solvents and are thinned/cleaned with solvents 

including turpentine, xylene, toluene, and methyl ethyl 

ketone (see Solvents). 

• May be toxic primarily from inhalation of the solvent 

vapors. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity.

Alkyds: 

• Contain solvents and are thinned/cleaned with solvents 

including turpentine, xylene, toluene, and methyl ethyl 

ketone (see Solvents). 

• May be toxic primarily from inhalation of the solvent 

vapors. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity.

Caseins: 

• Consist of dried milk, pigments, and preservatives. 

• Can be hazardous to people with asthma. 
18 

• May be dissolved in ammonium hydroxide which may 

cause irritation after skin/eye contact, ingestion, and 

inhalation. 

Encaustics: 

• Consist of a suspension of pigments and other materials in 

wax. 

• Can be a burn hazard. 

• Wax decomposition materials (e.g., acrolein, 

formaldehyde, pigment fumes) formed from heating or 

torching the wax may cause respiratory irritation. 

• Minimize vapor formation by only heating the wax to the 

minimum temperature required for melting. 

• Avoid open flames when melting wax. Use a double 

boiler. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity.

Epoxy paints: 

• Consist of a pigment-containing epoxy resin, which may 

contain solvents such as diglycidyl ethers, and a hardener. 

• Hardeners may cause respiratory irritation and 

skin/respiratory allergies. 

• Diglycidyl ether may be highly toxic by inhalation, 

ingestion, and skin/eye contact. It may cause a number of 

health effects including dermal burns, severe eye, skin, 

and respiratory tract irritation, and skin sensitization. It is 

also a possible reproductive toxin in laboratory animals. 

• Wear gloves and goggles. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity, and use a 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH)-approved respirator with an organic vapor 

cartridge to avoid inhalation. Replace cartridge regularly. 

Latex paints: 

• Consist of water emulsions of plastic resins, pigments, 

and about 5 to 15% solvents including glycol ethers (see 

Solvents). 

• Glycol ethers may be toxic if ingested, inhaled, or 

absorbed by skin contact. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity. 

Water-based paints: 

• Use formaldehyde-free products, when possible. 

• Some water-based paints may contain formaldehyde as a 

preservative which may cause allergic reactions in 

sensitive individuals. If sensitive to this chemical, contact 

the manufacturer of the paints you intend to use. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity. 

Oils: 

• Contain pigments, fillers, and sometimes solvents 

including paint thinner, turpentine, and mineral spirits 

(see Solvents). When possible, choose oil paints with few 

or no cautionary/warning labels. 

• Some pigments and solvents may be toxic if ingested, 

inhaled, or absorbed by the skin. 

• Use turpentine and mineral spirits only as directed on the 

product warning label or use non-toxic alternatives and 

only use clean-up products that say they conform to 

ASTM D4236 to ensure that you are using a clean-up 

product that has been properly evaluated under LHAMA. 

• Remove paint from hands with vegetable/baby oil or nontoxic artist’s soaps and detergent cleaners rather than with 

solvents. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity. 

• Use a National Institute for Occupational Safety and 

Health (NIOSH)-approved respirator with an organic 

vapor cartridge and gloves when specified on the product 

label. 

Tempera paints: 

• Contain emulsions of oils, or wax, and some have egg or 

gum casein, and small quantities of preservatives. 

• Some preservatives may cause allergic reactions in 

sensitive individuals. 

Fresco paints: 

• Fresco is a method of applying powdered pigments mixed 

in limewater (a saturated aqueous solution of calcium 

hydroxide) to a wall of damp fresh plaster. 

• Powdered lime and limewater are corrosive and may be 

toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or skin/eye contact. 

• Wear gloves and goggles to protect the eyes and skin. 

Varnishes, lacquers: 

• Some contain solvents (e.g., turpentine, methanol, ethyl 

alcohol, toluene, and mineral spirits) which may be toxic 

by ingestion, inhalation, and/or by skin contact/absorption 

(see Solvents). 

• Be aware of the flammability potential of various 

solvents. Practice fire prevention (e.g., store combustibles 

away from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a fire 

extinguisher, etc.). 

• Use gloves, ensure appropriate ventilation, and use a 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH)-approved respirator with an organic vapor 

cartridge when specified on the product label or use nontoxic alternatives. 

• Dispose of solvents properly. 

• Remove lacquers from hands with vegetable/baby oil or 

non-toxic artist soaps and detergent cleaners rather than 

with solvents. 

• Wash hands with soap and water if solvents get on hands. 

Watercolors and gouache (opaque watercolor):

• Watercolors in dry cake form contain pigments, 

preservatives, and binders (e.g., gum arabic and gum 

tragacanth). Water, glycerin, and glucose are also 

included in liquid watercolor formulations. 

• Gouache contains pigments, gums, preservatives, 

glycerin, and opacifiers (e.g., chalk and talc). 

• Some pigments may be toxic by inhalation. Avoid 

inhaling powders. 

• Gum arabic and gum tragacanth may cause skin irritation 

and allergies. 

• Some paints may contain small amounts of formaldehyde 

or paraformaldehyde as preservatives. If sensitive to these 
19 

chemicals, contact the manufacturer of the paints you 

intend to use to determine if they contain preservatives. 

Paint stripping: 

• Ingredients in paint stripping formulations include 

solvents (e.g., acetone, methanol, and toluene; see 

Solvents), methylene chloride, N-methylpyrrolidone, or 

dibasic esters. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Methylene chloride may be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, 

or skin exposure. It is a possible carcinogen in humans 

(IARC, Group 2B), an eye, skin, nose, and lung irritant, it 

may be corrosive, produce adverse cardiovascular effects, 

cause liver and kidney damage after prolonged exposure, 

and is metabolized to carbon monoxide. 

• Those with heart, lung, and blood problems should avoid 

methylene chloride. 

• N-methylpyrrolidone may cause skin blistering/burning. 

• Solvent-based paint strippers are flammable. Avoid open 

flames and practice fire prevention (e.g., store 

combustibles away from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a 

fire extinguisher, etc.). 

• Use products with methylene chloride and/or solvents 

outdoors. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity and use a 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH)-approved respirator. 

• Wear appropriate gloves and goggles. 

• Have an eyewash and shower available. 

Paper and Canvases 

Papermaking: 

• Substances typically used in papermaking include alum 

(potassium aluminum sulfate), lye, ammonia, chlorine 

bleach, hydrogen peroxide, pigments, natural 

colorants/dyes, washing soda (sodium carbonate), acetic 

acid, and potassium ferricyanide. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Household solutions of chlorine bleach (5%), ammonia (< 

3%), hydrogen peroxide (3%), and acetic acid (vinegar ~ 

4 to 6%) may cause skin/eye, respiratory, and mucous 

membrane irritation. Concentrated solutions of these 

chemicals are corrosive. 

• Washing soda and lye are corrosive. 

• Some pigments may be hazardous. Use pre-mixed 

pigments. 

• Identify and avoid toxic woods and plants. 

• Wear gloves, apron, goggles or a face shield, and have an 

eyewash and/or shower available. 

• To avoid electrocution while working with electrical 

equipment, use ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)–

protected electrical outlets. 

• Noise and debris from beaters, macerators, and blenders 

may cause injury. Use proper machine guards and 

earplugs. 

Marbling (involves floating paints on a layer of carrageenan 

gel on water): 

• Typically, paint adhesion is improved by sponging the 

paper with alum (potassium aluminum sulfate). 

• Some pigments and dyes may be toxic. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Alum may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. 

• Mix powdered pigments in a glove box (a sealed 

transparent container with built-in gloves used to 

manipulate materials) or, when possible, use premixed 

paints. 

Photographic Materials 

Mixing developing powders: 

• Developing powders are usually highly alkaline and may 

cause chemical burns. Powders may be toxic by 

ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Avoid photochemicals with the greatest toxicity potential 

(e.g., chromic acid, cyanide, and lead). 

• Use a glove box (a sealed transparent container with builtin gloves used to manipulate materials) to mix powdered 

developers or use solutions when possible. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity and/or use 

a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH)-approved respirator. 

• Wear eye protection, gloves, and an apron. 

• Store acids on low shelves to decrease chances of 

face/eye exposure in case of container breakage. 

• Have an eyewash and shower available. To avoid 

spreading the chemicals to other body parts, perform eye 

irrigation at low water pressure. 

• Avoid storing photochemicals in glass containers which 

may explode under pressure. 

Film developers: 

• Chemicals used in developing film include hydroquinone 

(a mutagen), N-methyl p-aminophenol, sodium sulfite, 

sodium carbonate (concentrations greater than 15% may 

be caustic), and potassium bromide. 

• Some of these chemicals may be toxic if ingested, 

inhaled, or absorbed by skin contact. 

• Many developers cause skin/eye irritation and allergic 

reactions (contact dermatitis). 

• Use tongs instead of bare hands to handle prints. 

• Keep an eyewash available. 

Stop baths: 

• Stop baths usually contain acetic acid and may contain 

potassium chrome alum as a hardener. 
20 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Potassium chrome alum may be toxic by inhalation or 

skin contact. 

• Concentrated acetic acid may be highly toxic if ingested, 

inhaled, or absorbed by the skin. 

• Avoid glacial acetic acid. If necessary, use solutions with 

50% or less acetic acid. 

• Store acids on low shelves to decrease chances of 

face/eye exposure in case of container breakage. 

• Keep baths covered when not in use to prevent 

evaporation/release of potentially toxic vapors. 

Fixers: 

• Components may include hypo or sodium thiosulfate 

(fixing agent), acetic acid (neutralizer), sodium sulfite or 

sodium bisulfite (preservatives), potassium aluminum 

sulfate (hardener), and boric acid (buffer). 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Concentrated solutions of acetic acid may be highly toxic 

if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by the skin. 

• Decomposition of sulfites may lead to formation of sulfur 

dioxide gas which may cause respiratory problems, 

especially in asthmatics. 

• Boric acid may be toxic if ingested, but it is poorly 

absorbed through the skin. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation that removes contaminated 

air with exhaust above and behind trays and provides lots 

of fresh air. 

• Wear appropriate gloves and goggles. 

• Keep baths covered when not in use to prevent 

evaporation/release of potentially toxic vapors. 

Intensifiers and reducers: 

• Components of intensifiers include hydrochloric acid, 

potassium dichromate, potassium chlorochromate, and 

mercuric chloride. 

• Components of reducers include potassium ferricyanide 

(in Farmer’s reducer), ammonium or potassium 

persulfate, potassium permanganate, and sulfuric acid. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Potassium dichromate and other hexavalent chromium 

compounds are human carcinogens (IARC, Group 1). 

• Potassium chlorochromate and potassium ferricyanide 

may release toxic gases (chlorine and hydrogen cyanide, 

respectively) when heated, combined with acid, or when 

exposed to strong UV light. 

• Mercury compounds may be toxic if ingested, inhaled, or 

absorbed via skin contact. 

• Avoid intensifiers with mercury, cyanide, or uranium. 

• Hydrochloric acid, potassium dichromate, potassium 

chlorochromate, and sulfuric acid are corrosive. 

• Potassium permanganate and ammonium persulfate are 

powerful oxidizers which may cause fires or explosions 

when in contact with organic or other oxidizable 

materials. 

• Wear appropriate gloves and goggles. 

• Ensure darkroom ventilation that provides lots of fresh air 

and exhausts contaminated air at the rate of at least 10 

room volume changes per hour. 

Toners: 

• The toning process involves replacing silver in a print 

with another metal (e.g., gold, brown silver sulfide, 

selenium, uranium lead, cobalt, platinum, or iron). 

Toners may also contain thiourea. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Sulfides may release toxic hydrogen sulfide gas during 

toning or when combined with acid. 

• Selenium may release sulfur dioxide gas and in 

combination with acid may form hydrogen selenide gas. 

• Gold and platinum salts are skin sensitizers. 

• Use appropriate gloves, goggles, a respirator, or a glove 

box, and ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity. 

• Ensure sulfide and selenium toners are not contaminated 

with acids. 

• Rinse prints well between bleaching and developing. 

• Always dilute acid by adding acid to water. 

• Do not add acid to bleach and do not heat acid. 

• Wear appropriate gloves, goggles, and an acid-proof 

apron. 

• To avoid electrocution while working with electrical 

equipment and various solutions, use ground fault circuit 

interrupter (GFCI)–protected electrical outlets. 

Plastic 

Potentially hazardous components used to make plastic 

include monomers (e.g., methyl methacrylate), initiators (e.g., 

organic peroxides: methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, benzoyl 

peroxide, etc.), and other additives (e.g., plasticizers, solvents, 

etc.). 

Acrylic resins: 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Methyl methacrylate is a moderate irritant and sensitizer. 

It may be toxic if inhaled or following skin contact. 

• Benzoyl peroxide (an initiator or hardener) is an allergen 

and it may also irritate the skin, eyes, and mucous 

membranes. It is also flammable. 

• Avoid inhaling acrylic polymers. Use appropriate gloves 

and a dust mask/respirator and ensure appropriate 

ventilation for this activity. 

Amino and phenolic resins (e.g., urea formaldehyde and 

phenol formaldehyde): 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 
21 

• Formaldehyde may be toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or 

skin contact. It is a probable human carcinogen (IARC, 

Group 2A). Avoid exposure to formaldehyde. 

• Phenol may be toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or skin 

contact. 

• Carbon monoxide, cyanide (from amino resins), and 

formaldehyde gas can be released from machining (e.g., 

sanding, sawing, drilling) or heating the cured resins. 

• Use appropriate gloves, and ensure appropriate ventilation 

for this activity. 

Epoxy resins: 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Amine-containing epoxy hardeners may be toxic if 

inhaled or absorbed via skin contact. 

• Solvents (e.g., glycidyl ethers) in epoxies may be toxic 

(see Solvents). 

• Epoxy resins may irritate the skin and lungs, and may also 

cause allergies. 

• If fiberglass is used with epoxies for reinforcement, avoid 

fiberglass dust which may cause respiratory and skin 

irritation. 

• Use appropriate gloves, goggles, and ensure appropriate 

ventilation. 

Polyester resins: 

• Contents include a cross-linking agent (e.g., styrene), an 

initiator (e.g., organic peroxides: methyl ethyl ketone 

peroxide or MEK-P) and fiberglass. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Styrene may be toxic via inhalation or skin contact. It is 

possibly carcinogenic in humans based on evidence in 

animals (IARC, Group 2B). 

• Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEK-P) may be toxic by 

inhalation, ingestion, or skin/eye contact. It may be 

absorbed by the skin and may cause serious eye damage 

or blindness. Concentrated solutions may be corrosive. 

• Handle MEK-P carefully. Do not mix with certain 

solvents (e.g., acetone or accelerator) because it may form 

an explosive mixture. Practice fire prevention (e.g., store 

combustibles away from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a 

fire extinguisher, etc.). 

• Fiberglass dust may cause respiratory and skin irritation. 

• Use appropriate gloves, goggles, respirator, protective 

clothing, and ensure appropriate ventilation for this 

activity. 

Polyurethane resins: 

• Other components may include isocyanates, metal salts, 

and amine initiators. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Isocyanates are respiratory/skin/eye irritants and 

sensitizers. Avoid products with isocyanates. 

• Do not heat urethane plastics. Heating may release toxic 

gases (e.g., carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide). 

• Polyurethane resins are not recommended for those with 

allergies, respiratory and/or cardiac problems. 

• Use appropriate protective clothing, gloves, and goggles. 

• Use appropriate exhaust, a spray booth, and an airsupplied respirator. 

Silicones & natural rubber: 

• Substances in silicone resin systems include acetic acid, 

methanol, acetone, methylene chloride, peroxides, and 

ethyl silicate (see Solvents). 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Methanol and acetic acid vapors released during the 

curing process may be toxic if inhaled. 

• Methylene chloride may be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, 

or skin exposure. It is a possible carcinogen in humans, 

an eye, skin, nose, and lung irritant, it may be corrosive, 

produce adverse cardiovascular effects, cause liver and 

kidney damage after prolonged exposure, and is 

metabolized to carbon monoxide. 

• Avoid methylene chloride if you have heart, lung, and/or 

blood problems. 

• Silicone resin systems may cause skin damage. 

• Natural rubber latex contains isoprene, natural proteins 

(which may cause serious allergies) and may contain 

solvents such as n-hexane (see Solvents) or other 

additives. n-Hexane may be toxic by inhalation causing 

neurologic effects such as headache, dizziness, numbness, 

and central nervous system depression. n-Hexane may 

also be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous 

membranes. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity. 

• Wear appropriate gloves and goggles. 

Organic peroxides: 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEK-P) may be toxic by 

inhalation, ingestion, or skin/eye contact. It may be 

absorbed by the skin and may cause serious eye damage 

or blindness. Concentrated solutions may be corrosive. 

• Handle MEK-P carefully. Do not mix with certain 

solvents (e.g., acetone or accelerator) because it may form 

an explosive mixture. Practice fire prevention (e.g., store 

combustibles away from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a 

fire extinguisher, etc.). 

• Benzoyl peroxide is an allergen. It may also irritate the 

skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. It is also flammable. 

• Cumene hydroperoxide may irritate the skin, eyes, and 

mucous membranes and it is a known skin sensitizer. 

• Organic peroxides are reactive and unstable and should 

not be heated, exposed to direct heat or sunlight, mixed 

with other materials (e.g., solvents or accelerators), stored 

in clear glass, or kept in large quantities. 
22 

• Wear appropriate gloves, goggles, and protective 

clothing. 

• Ensure appropriate exhaust, and use a respirator. 

• Soak tools and containers that have been in contact with 

organic peroxides in water before disposal. Ensure proper 

disposal at a hazardous waste facility. 

Finished plastic (sheets, films, beads, or blocks): 

• Heating or cutting plastics may release potentially toxic 

decomposition products (e.g., polyvinyl chloride may 

produce hydrochloric acid vapors and nylon may produce 

hydrogen cyanide gas). 

• Solvents may be toxic (see Solvents). 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Dust generated from cutting plastics may contain a 

number of additives including plasticizers (e.g., 

phthalates), stabilizers, adhesives (with solvents), and 

colorants. 

• Polymer dusts may irritate the lungs. 

• Use appropriate gloves, goggles, dust mask or respirator. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity. 

• Clean up with a vacuum or wet mop. 

• Practice fire prevention (e.g., store combustibles away 

from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a fire extinguisher, 

etc.). 

Styrofoam: 

• Gases released from heating or burning styrofoam may be 

toxic. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

Printmaking 

Techniques include lithography, intaglio, silkscreen, and 

relief. 

Inks

Pigments/dyes: 

• Some ink pigments (e.g., chrome- or cobalt-containing) 

and dyes may be toxic. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Avoid lead-containing pigments. 

• Use premixed and water-based inks when possible. 

• Use a glove box (a sealed transparent container with builtin gloves used to manipulate materials), or a toxic dust 

respirator, and ensure appropriate ventilation when 

working with powdered pigments. 

• Do not sweep powders. Use a wet mop to clean spills. 

• Wear appropriate gloves or use barrier cream to protect 

hands. 

Vehicles/modifiers: 

• Common vehicles include mixtures of oils, solvents and 

oils, and polymer emulsions. Additives include 

stabilizers, preservatives, plasticizers, and fillers. 

• Modifiers such as oils, solvents, driers, antiskinning 

agents, tack reducers and stiffeners (e.g., petroleum jelly 

and vegetable shortening), may be added to vehicles to 

alter their performance (e.g., drying time). 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Avoid driers with lead or manganese. 

• Solvents may be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin 

absorption. 

• Some vehicles may be flammable, so avoid open flame 

and place oil-soaked rags in special disposal cans or pails 

of water. 

• Practice fire prevention (e.g., store combustibles away 

from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a fire extinguisher, 

etc.). 

• Use appropriate gloves, goggles, dust mask or respirator. 

Lithography (involves drawing on metal plates or stone with 

grease-based crayons/ink then washing the plate/stone with a 

solution so that only the image area is receptive to ink and 

will be printed when pressed to paper): 

Drawing materials: 

• Solvents (e.g., turpentine) in lithographic tusches may be 

toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption (see 

Solvents). 

• Lithographic crayons/pencils may contain pigments (e.g., 

lead chromate, lampblack, zinc chromate) which may be 

toxic and/or have carcinogenic potential. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Avoid lead-containing pigments. 

• Avoid skin contact with solvents and lampblack. Wear 

appropriate protective clothing and gloves. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation, and use a National 

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-

approved respirator when airbrushing. 

Stone or metal plate processing: 

• Substances used in stone or plate processing include 

acids, rosin dust, talc, dichromate salts, solvents, and 

solvent-based vinyl lacquers. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Avoid asbestos-contaminated talcs. 

• Some etching solutions contain acids (e.g., hydrochloric 

acid, nitric acid, and hydrofluoric acid). 

• Dutch mordant, an etching product containing potassium 

chlorate, hydrochloric acid and water, is corrosive. Toxic 

chlorine gas is released during preparation. 

• Nitric acid may ignite/combust when mixed with other 

materials including some acids, solvents, or sawdust. 
23 

Also, etching with nitric acid may release nitrogen 

dioxide which may be toxic by inhalation. 

• Concentrated acid solutions are corrosive and some may 

cause burns and systemic toxicity (e.g., hydrofluoric 

acid). 

• Dichromate salts are corrosive and may be toxic by 

ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Hexavalent 

chromium compounds are known human carcinogens 

(IARC, Group 1). 

• Avoid etches with concentrated acids (e.g., hydrofluoric 

acid or nitric acid) and counter-etches and fountain 

solutions with dichromate salts. Use prepared etches 

when possible. 

• Rosin dust may cause allergic reactions (e.g., asthma and 

dermatitis) in sensitive individuals. 

• Store acids separately from other materials. 

• Dilute acid by adding acid to water. 

• Wear appropriate protection (e.g., gloves, goggles, and 

apron) and have an eyewash fountain and emergency 

shower available when using concentrated acids. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for the particular product 

(e.g., solvent, acid, etc.). You may need an exhaust hood, 

a window exhaust fan, and/or a National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved 

respirator. 

• Practice fire prevention (e.g., store combustibles away 

from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a fire extinguisher, 

etc.). 

Stone cleaning: 

• Phenol, caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), and mixtures of 

gum arabic and phosphoric acid are used to clean stones. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Phenol and caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) are corrosive 

and may be toxic by ingestion, skin contact/absorption, 

and inhalation. 

• Remove phenol quickly after skin contact with undiluted 

polyethylene glycol 300 to 400 (PEG 300 or PEG 400) or 

isopropyl alcohol. Use soapy water for washing, not 

water alone. 

• If possible, avoid products with phenol and caustic soda. 

• Use appropriate gloves, goggles, respirator, and apron. 

Photolithography (the transfer of a graphic image to an 

emulsion-coated stone or metal plate): 

• Components of the emulsions used include powdered 

albumin, ammonia, water, ammonium dichromate, diazo 

compounds, and plate conditioners with strong alkali. 

Solvents may be a component of the developing solutions. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Solvents may be toxic and/or flammable (see Solvents). 

• Strong alkali (e.g., concentrated ammonia) is corrosive 

and may be toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin/eye 

contact. Ammonia may be irritating at low concentrations 

(< 3%). 

• Ammonium dichromate is corrosive and may be toxic by 

ingestion, inhalation, and skin/eye contact. 

• Hexavalent chromium compounds are known human 

carcinogens (IARC, Group 1). 

• Ammonium dichromate is flammable and a strong 

oxidizer. 

• Carbon arc lights used in photolithography generate 

potentially toxic fumes (e.g., nitrogen dioxide, carbon 

monoxide, metal, and ozone) and ultraviolet (UV) 

radiation. Avoid using these lights or ensure appropriate 

ventilation for this activity. 

• Use gloves, welding goggles (for protection against UV 

radiation), an exhaust hood, plastic apron, and a National 

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-

approved respirator (for mixing powders and/or spraying 

photoemulsions). 

• Practice fire prevention (e.g., store combustibles away 

from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a fire extinguisher, 

etc.). 

Intaglio (the etching/engraving of an image onto a metal plate 

followed by the addition of ink into the depressions and then 

the transfer of the image to paper): 

 

• Intaglio involves the use of etches (e.g., acids, Dutch 

mordant, ferric chloride) and resists (to protect unetched 

plate areas) such as stopout varnishes containing solvents, 

and grounds with asphaltum dust, and rosin dust, or spray 

paints for aquatinting. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Rosin dusts and asphaltum dusts may cause respiratory 

effects (e.g., irritation) if inhaled. Rosin may cause 

allergic reactions (e.g., asthma and dermatitis) in sensitive 

individuals. 

• When confined in an aquatint box (a sealed box in which 

one creates a cloud of resin dust) resin or asphaltum dust 

may explode from sparks or static electricity. Use an 

explosion-proof box when using these dusts. 

• Solvents may be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or 

skin/eye contact and some solvents are flammable (see 

Solvents). 

• Ferric chloride may cause respiratory, skin, and eye 

irritation. 

• Dutch mordant, an etching product containing potassium 

chlorate, hydrochloric acid and water, is corrosive. Toxic 

chlorine gas is released during preparation. Avoid using 

Dutch mordant or use with extreme caution. 

• Acids used for etching are corrosive and may cause 

systemic toxicity (e.g., hydrofluoric acid). 

• Nitric acid may ignite/combust when mixed with other 

materials including some solvents and acids. Also, 

etching with nitric acid may release nitrogen dioxide 

which may be toxic by inhalation. 

• Use extreme caution when using concentrated acids. 

Wear appropriate protection (e.g., gloves, goggles, and 

apron) and have an eyewash fountain and emergency 

shower available. 
24 

• Store acids separately from other materials. 

• Dilute acid by adding acid to water. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation when acid etching and 

applying stopouts or grounds. 

• Practice fire prevention (e.g., store combustibles away 

from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a fire extinguisher, 

etc.). 

Photoetching (involves using photoresist dye, developers, and 

ultraviolet lamps): 

• Photoresist dyes and developers typically contain solvents 

including various glycol ether acetates, xylene, and 

benzaldehyde. These may be toxic when ingested, 

inhaled, or absorbed via skin contact. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Some methylene and ethylene ether acetates may cause 

adverse reproductive effects (e.g., birth defects, low 

sperm counts). 

• Carbon arc lights generate potentially toxic fumes (e.g., 

nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, metal, and ozone) and 

ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Avoid using these lights or 

ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity and wear 

welder’s goggles. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity and wear 

appropriate gloves (e.g., butyl rubber) and a National 

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-

approved respirator. 

Drypoint, engraving, and mezzotint (involves using sharp tools 

to make lines in metal plates): 

• Metal dust generated may be irritating when inhaled. Use 

a respirator or appropriate mask for protection. 

• Repetitive movements from long-term tool use may cause 

carpel tunnel syndrome. 

• Rest frequently, avoid gripping the tools tightly, and set 

an appropriate work table height to avoid repetitive strain 

injuries. 

• Avoid laceration injuries by using a clamp plate to 

prevent slipping, cutting away from the body, keeping 

tools sharp, and storing tools with guards. 

Relief printing (involves cutting away areas of materials, such 

as wood, linoleum, or acrylic, while the remaining surface is 

inked and printed): 

• Inks used in relief printing contain pigments (see 

Printmaking), solvents (see Solvents), and other materials 

that may be toxic. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Use water and non-toxic inks, water-soluble glues, liquid 

wax, rubber, or paper resists. 

• Use low temperatures to heat linoleum. Avoid open 

flame. 

• Use the appropriate gloves, goggles, protective apron, and 

ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity. 

• Prevent carpel tunnel syndrome by resting frequently and 

avoiding tight gripping of the cutting tools. 

• Avoid laceration injuries by cutting away from the body, 

using bench hooks while carving, and storing tools with 

guards in place. 

 

Screen printing (involves stenciling or blocking with a resist 

on a framed screen and then applying ink through the screen 

to paper):

• Inks used in screen printing contain pigments (see 

Printmaking), solvents (see Solvents), and other materials 

that may be toxic and or hazardous (e.g., flammable). 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Stencil films may be attached or removed from screens 

with water-based or solvent-based products (see 

Solvents). 

• Products made to resist inks known as “resists” may be 

solvent-based (e.g., containing lacquers, shellacs, 

polyurethane varnishes, see Solvents) or water-based. 

• When possible use water-based products (i.e., inks, 

emulsions, resists, etc.). 

• Screen cleaners contain solvents (see Solvents). Use care 

when cleaning or use disposable screens. Do not put 

solvent-soaked rags in open waste cans; place in covered 

metal cans to prevent combustion. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity and/or use 

a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH)-approved respirator particularly when using 

solvent-based products. 

• Diazo photoemulsions may cause eye irritation, but are 

safer than emulsions with ammonium dichromate, a 

human carcinogen (IARC, Group 1), which is also 

flammable and may be toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and 

skin/eye contact. 

• Carbon arc lights generate potentially toxic fumes (e.g., 

nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, metal, and ozone) and 

ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Avoid using these lights or 

ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity and wear 

welder’s goggles. 

• Wear appropriate gloves and goggles. 

• Store solvents in proper containers. 

• Practice fire prevention (e.g., store combustibles away 

from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a fire extinguisher, 

etc.). 

Collagraphs (prints made by gluing a collage of materials to a 

rigid support): 

• Glues, fixatives, and other materials are used to make 

collagraphs. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Glues may contain solvents that may be toxic if inhaled 

and flammable. Avoid glues with solvents (see Solvents); 

use water-based glues. 
25 

• Spray fixatives used to seal collagraph plates may also 

contain solvents which may be hazardous when inhaled. 

If possible, brush on fixatives. 

• Dust generated from sanding collagraph plates may 

irritate the lungs if inhaled. Use a National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved 

respirator when sanding. 

• Wear appropriate gloves and ensure appropriate 

ventilation for this activity. 

• When spraying fixatives, use a spray booth that exhausts 

to the outside or spray outdoors. 

Plastic prints: 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Avoid inhalation of plastic resin vapors and 

decomposition fumes when working with plastic. 

• Avoid solvent-based inks and other products. Use waterbased products. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity or use a 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH)-approved respirator with organic vapor 

cartridges. 

Presses: 

• Keep hands and loose clothing out of the way to prevent 

injury. 

Sculpture 

• Plaster or plaster of paris contains calcium sulfate which 

occurs naturally as gypsum. Other substances may be 

added: 1) to hasten (e.g., salt or potassium alum) or delay 

(e.g., borax, diluted acetic acid, or burnt lime) setting of 

the plaster; and 2) to provide texture (e.g., silica sand, 

vermiculite, coarse stone). 

• Polymer clays consist of fine particles of polyvinyl 

chloride suspended in plasticizers. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Plaster (calcium sulfate) dust may be irritating to the skin, 

eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. 

• Casting body parts may cause thermal burns from the heat 

released during setting. Alternatively, use white 

petrolatum (e.g., petroleum jelly) to protect the skin then 

apply plaster-impregnated bandages. 

• Potassium alum may cause skin irritation or allergic 

reactions. 

• Concentrated solutions of acetic acid (100%) are 

corrosive and may be highly toxic if ingested, inhaled, or 

absorbed by the skin. 

• Borax and lime may be toxic if ingested, inhaled, or 

absorbed by the skin. 

• Silica sand and vermiculite dust may be toxic if inhaled. 

• When working with plaster, use an appropriate dust mask, 

vacuum, and wet mop. Avoid sweeping. Protect hands 

with gloves. 

• When modeling or carving stone or plaster, carve away 

from the body and wear goggles to protect the eyes from 

flying chips of the sculpture material. 

• Benzine (petroleum ether), a component of mold releases, 

is flammable and may be toxic if ingested, inhaled, or 

absorbed by the skin. 

• Methods for finishing plaster include painting (with paint, 

powdered pigments, or the addition of dyes to the plaster), 

preparing patinas with shellac/acrylic sprays or mixtures 

containing water, glue, lacquer, alcohol, or bronzing 

liquids. 

• Lacquers contain solvents that may be flammable and 

toxic if inhaled (see Solvents). 

• To avoid inhalation of powdered pigments/dyes and 

solvents when spraying, use an appropriate dust mask, 

gloves, goggles, spray booth, and a respirator. Ensure 

appropriate ventilation and keep solvents away from 

flame. Alternatively, brush or dip plaster instead of 

spraying. 

• Practice fire prevention (e.g., store combustibles away 

from heat, install sprinklers, obtain a fire extinguisher, 

etc.). 

Solvents 

Solvents may be a component of art materials (e.g., inks, 

varnishes, paints, glues, etc.) and may also be used for 

cleaning paint brushes, tools, and other equipment in the 

studio or workplace. Chemical classes of solvents include: 

alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons (e.g., aromatic, chlorinated, 

and aliphatic), and glycol ethers. Depending on the solvent, 

toxicity may result from inhalation, ingestion, aspiration, 

and/or dermal contact/absorption. Also, the toxic effects may 

vary depending on whether the exposure is acute (short term) 

or chronic (long term). 

 

While there are some general toxic effects associated with 

many solvents (i.e., central nervous system (CNS) effects such 

as depression, dizziness, and confusion), other effects may be 

more specific to a particular solvent (e.g., benzene is a known 

human carcinogen). Additionally, some solvents are 

flammable and may present a fire hazard. Practice fire 

prevention (e.g., store combustibles away from heat, install 

sprinklers, obtain a fire extinguisher, etc.). 

The following is a list of some solvents found in art and craft 

supplies. This list is not exhaustive. 

Acetone is highly flammable. Potential health effects include 

respiratory irritation, central nervous system depression, 

respiratory depression, hyperglycemia, and ketonemia. Two 

to three milliliters (~ 1⁄2 teaspoon) per kilogram may be 

considered a toxic oral dose in children (Poisindex, 2004). 

Alcohol (ethanol) is highly flammable. Potential health effects 

include: upper respiratory tract irritation, CNS depression, 

hypoglycemia, and acidosis. Three grams/kilogram is a lethal 

oral dose in children (Poisindex, 2004). 
26 

Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is a known human 

carcinogen (IARC, Group 1). It is highly flammable and 

potential health effects include CNS effects (e.g., confusion, 

fatigue, dizziness), aplastic anemia, and liver toxicity. Ten 

milliliters (two teaspoons) is the estimated lethal oral dose 

(Poisindex, 2004). 

Carbon Tetrachloride is a chlorinated hydrocarbon that may 

be highly toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure. 

Systemic toxicity may occur after a dermal exposure 

(Poisindex, 2004). Potential health effects include liver and 

kidney damage, gastrointestinal effects (e.g., burning pain, 

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.), CNS effects (e.g., dizziness, 

confusion, seizures, coma, etc.), cardiovascular effects, and 

pulmonary edema. Also, it is possibly carcinogenic to humans 

(IARC, Group 2B). Ingestion of 3 to 5 milliliters (~ 3/5 to 1 

teaspoonful) has resulted in death (Poisindex, 2004). Avoid 

using products with carbon tetrachloride. 

Citrus oil (limonene) is highly flammable. Potential health 

effects include skin irritation, skin sensitization, dizziness, 

hematuria and albuminuria after large oral doses, and 

pneumonitis if aspirated. 

Gasoline is highly flammable and toxic and may also contain 

additives that are toxic (e.g., benzene). It is also an aspiration 

hazard, which may lead to chemical pneumonitis and 

pulmonary edema. Inhalation of vapors may cause a number 

of effects including dizziness, headaches, and nausea. 

Glycol ethers have been shown to produce teratogenic and 

reproductive effects in animals. Potential health effects 

include hematologic effects (e.g., anemia), kidney toxicity, 

and CNS depressant effects. 

Hexane is highly flammable. Potential health effects include: 

CNS depression, neurological damage, chemical pneumonitis 

or pulmonary edema if aspirated, and skin/eye/mucous 

membrane irritation. 

Kerosene is highly flammable and an aspiration hazard, which 

may lead to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. 

Methanol is highly flammable and may cause effects such as 

delayed metabolic acidosis, blindness, and death. Ingestion of 

0.25 milliliters/kilogram of 100% methanol may produce 

serious toxicity and 0.5 milliliters/kilogram may be lethal 

(Poisindex, 2004). 

Mineral spirits are highly flammable and an aspiration hazard 

which may lead to chemical pneumonitis and/or pulmonary 

edema. 

Toluene is highly flammable. Potential health effects include 

reproductive toxicity, neurologic, liver, and kidney damage, 

and drying/defatting of the skin. Acute inhalation may cause 

ataxia, giddiness, hypoxia, cardiac dysrhythmia, and transient 

euphoria followed by CNS depression. 

Turpentine is highly flammable and an aspiration hazard 

which may lead to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary 

edema. Other potential health effects include CNS depression, 

dizziness, headaches, diarrhea, vomiting, and seizures. 

Xylene is highly flammable. Potential health effects include 

respiratory/skin/eye/mucous membrane irritation, renal 

impairment, defatting dermatitis, and CNS depression. 

Textiles 

Fibers

Animal fibers (includes angora, camel hair, horsehair, wool, 

others): 

• A risk of anthrax exists from wool or hair from diseased 

animals. Use prewashed and disinfected fibers. 

• Fibers contaminated with molds, spores, etc. may cause 

allergic reactions or possibly disease. 

Vegetable fibers (cotton, flax, hemp, jute, sisal, others): 

• Chronic exposure may lead to lung disease, chronic 

bronchitis, and emphysema which may be caused by 

fungus, mildew, dyes, fiber treatments, etc. 

• Flax is toxic if inhaled. 

Synthetic fibers (acetate, acrylics, nylon, polyester, rayon, 

triacetate, others): 

• Inhalation of dusts may cause respiratory effects. 

• Avoid formaldehyde-treated fibers. 

Precautions when working with fibers: 

• Store in a clean, dry location. 

• Avoid dust. Ensure appropriate ventilation, and use a 

dust mask, a vacuum, and a wet mop. 

• Buy washed and disinfected fibers when possible. 

• Eye strain and joint pain are commonly experienced with 

sewing and needlework crafts. Take regular breaks and 

avoid prolonged repetition by varying techniques and 

motions. 

• Consider periodic pulmonary function testing to monitor 

possible adverse effects on lungs. 

Dyeing: 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Classes of dyes include acid, azoic, basic, direct, disperse, 

fiber reactive, mordant, and vat. 

• Acids (e.g., glacial acetic and sulfuric) and bases (e.g., 

lye) used in some classes of dyeing are corrosive and may 

cause burns. 

• Some dyes may be allergens or carcinogenic [e.g., 

benzidine, a component of direct or azo dyes, is 

carcinogenic to humans (IARC, Group 1)]. 

• Use caution when handling dyes. When possible, use 

premixed dyes. Otherwise, mix powders in a glove box (a 

sealed transparent container with built-in gloves used to 

manipulate materials), hood, or use a respirator. 
27 

• Follow the necessary precautions when using pigments 

containing lead.

• Some vat dyes must be oxidized with dichromate salts to 

produce color. Dichromate salts are corrosive and may be 

toxic after an exposure. Hexavalent chromium 

compounds are human carcinogens (IARC, Group 1). If 

possible, oxidize with heat and air instead. 

• Batik dyeing involves using heated wax and possibly 

solvents (see Solvents) for wax removal. Be aware of 

potential fire hazards and the emission of irritating vapors 

from heating the wax. Ensure appropriate ventilation for 

this activity. 

• Discharge dyeing involves removing colors from fabric 

with bleach or other chemicals. Household bleach (5%) 

may be irritating to the eyes, skin, mucous membranes, 

and respiratory tract. Do not heat bleach solutions or add 

ammonia or acid to bleach. 

• Use a canopy hood over a dye bath. 

• Wear appropriate gloves, goggles, respirator, and 

protective clothing when dyeing. 

• To avoid skin/eye exposures, be careful not to splash 

when tie dying. 

• Avoid sweeping. Use a HEPA vacuum or a wet mop to 

clean. 

Waxes 

• Various waxes are used for sculpting, casting, making 

candles, etc. including beeswax, carnauba, tallow, 

synthetic chlorinated, and paraffin. Wax additives 

include rosin, dyes, and solvents. Also, solvents used to 

dissolve wax include alcohol, acetone, and turpentine. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 

• Avoid using synthetic chlorinated waxes. 

• Be aware of the potential hazards associated with solvents 

(see Solvents). Choose the safest solvent and use the least 

amount necessary for the job. Avoid carbon tetrachloride. 

• Wax becomes a potential hazard when it is overheated 

and releases vapors (e.g., acrolein, wax fumes, and 

formaldehyde) which may cause lung irritation and other 

respiratory problems. Also, overheated wax may explode 

near an open flame or from a spark. Avoid overheating 

wax. Do not use an open flame to melt wax. 

• Use appropriate protection and ensure appropriate 

ventilation when working with wax and solvents. 

Woodworking 

Includes framing, sculpting, furniture-making, etc., using 

various types of hard and soft woods, exotic woods, plywood, 

composition board, etc. 

Hardwoods and Softwoods: 

• Wood dust contains a variety of substances including 

cellulose, lignin, fatty acids, sterols, alcohols, terpenes, 

tannins, and alkaloids. 

• Become familiar with the potential toxic effects 

associated with a particular wood type. 

• Inhalation of wood dust may irritate the lungs and cause 

other respiratory effects. 

• Occupational exposures (e.g., furniture and cabinetmaking) to some hardwood dusts have been associated 

with cancer of the nasal cavities and sinuses (IARC, 

Group 1). 

• Numerous hardwood dusts (particularly from exotic 

woods) are sensitizers which may cause allergic reactions 

such as dermatitis, hay fever, conjunctivitis, and asthma. 

When possible use common woods rather than exotic 

woods. 

• Constituents of some hardwoods may cause a number of 

effects including headaches, nausea, cardiac symptoms, 

etc. 

• Avoid inhaling wood dust by using a National Institute 

for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved 

toxic dust respirator or ensure appropriate ventilation. 

• Use gloves or barrier cream to protect hands. 

Plywood and composition boards (contain glues/adhesives 

with urea-formaldehyde or phenol-formaldehyde): 

• Formaldehyde may be toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or 

skin/eye contact. Potential health effects include 

respiratory, eye, and skin irritation/burning depending on 

the concentration, allergic reactions (e.g., dermatitis), 

nausea, vomiting, seizures, and CNS depression. Also, 

formaldehyde is probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC, 

Group 2A). 

• Decomposition from working with (e.g., sanding, 

machining, etc.) plywood/composition boards may release 

vapors such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, 

formaldehyde, and phenol. 

• If possible, use wood products with a low formaldehyde 

content. 

• Store wood in a well-ventilated area. 

• Exhaust dust to the outdoors. 

Wood preservatives: 

• Preservatives and pesticides are sometimes applied to 

wood under pressure to protect it from dry rot, termites, 

etc. Such chemicals are potentially toxic. 

• Be aware of the chemicals in the wood you use. Read the 

product label. When possible, choose the safest materials 

available (e.g., those with few or no cautionary/warning 

labels). 

• Look for the most current information on any potentially 

hazardous components. 

• To avoid inhalation or skin/eye exposures, do not 

machine (e.g., sand, saw, drill, etc.) or burn preserved 

wood that contains potentially toxic chemicals. 

Gluing wood: 

• Glues used for wood include epoxies, contact adhesives, 

cyanoacrylates, and formaldehyde-resin. 

• Read the product label. When possible, choose the safest 

materials available (e.g., those with few or no 

cautionary/warning labels). 
28 

• Some contact adhesives and other glues (some epoxies) 

contain solvents (e.g., n-hexane) that may be toxic if 

inhaled and are also flammable (see Solvents). Avoid 

glues with solvents; use water-based glues. 

• Cyanoacrylate found in instant glue may cause adhesion 

of skin and/or mucous membranes (e.g., eyelids, etc.). 

• Formaldehyde may be toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or 

skin/eye contact. Potential health effects include 

respiratory, eye, and skin irritation/burning depending on 

the concentration, allergic reactions (e.g., dermatitis), 

nausea, vomiting, seizures, and CNS depression. Also, 

formaldehyde is probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC, 

Group 2A). 

• Avoid formaldehyde-resin glues. 

• Wear appropriate protection. Use gloves, barrier cream, 

goggles, and a National Institute for Occupational Safety 

and Health (NIOSH)-approved toxic dust mask. 

• Ensure appropriate ventilation for this activity. 

• Avoid smoking, open flames, or other ignition sources 

when using glues containing flammable solvents. 

References 

ACMI (1998). Guidelines for the

Safe Use of Ceramic Art Materials. Hanson, MA. 

ACMI (2006). What You Need to Know About the Safety of 

Art and Craft Materials. Hanson, MA. 

http://www.acminet.org/Safety.htm

Ellenhorn’s Medical Toxicology (1997), Diagnosis and 

Treatment of Human Poisoning. Second Edition. Williams 

and Wilkins. 

Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) (2004). 

(www.toxnet.nlm.nih.gov). 

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 

monographs (2004). (www.iarc.fr). 

McCann, M. (1992). Artist Beware. New York: Lyons & 

Burford Publishers. 

National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (2004). 

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/default.html

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2003). 

Personal Protective Equipment, publication 3151-12R. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor. 

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.pdf

Poisindex (2004), Micromedex, Inc. 

Rossol, M. (2001). The Artist's Complete Health and Safety 

Guide. New York: Allworth Press. 

Thompson, F. M. & Thompson, P. G. (1990). Arts and crafts. 

In Health and Safety Beyond the Workplace. (L. T. Cralley, L. 

J. Cralley, & W. C. Cooper (Eds). New York: John Wiley & 

Sons, Inc. p. 9-32. 
29 

Glossary 

Acute exposure – a short term exposure (usually less than 24 

hours) to a substance or chemical. 

Albuminuria – the presence of albumin (a protein that can be 

dissolved in water) in the urine. 

Anemia – a condition characterized by a reduction in red 

blood cells and hemoglobin. 

Aplastic anemia – anemia caused by a lack of cell production 

in the bone marrow. 

Asbestosis – formation of fibrous tissue in the lungs as a result 

of prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust. 

Ataxia – loss of muscle coordination. 

Benign pneumoconiosis – any lung disease caused by dust 

inhalation, particularly mineral dusts. 

Bronchitis – inflammation of the mucous membrane of the 

airways. 

Carcinogen/Carcinogenic – any agent or substance which 

causes cancer. 

Cardiac dysrhythmia – disordered heart rhythm. 

Chemical pneumonitis – lung inflammation produced by 

aspiration of certain chemicals (e.g., petroleum 

distillates, lacquer thinner, etc.). 

Chronic exposure – a long term exposure (usually greater 

than 3 months) to a substance or chemical. 

Contact dermatitis – a condition caused by direct injury to 

the skin via the irritant effect of a substance or by 

sensitization (see definition of sensitizer below) to a 

substance that contacts the skin. 

Corrosive – a substance capable of destroying tissue on 

contact. 

Defatting dermatitis – an inflammatory skin condition caused 

by the removal of natural skin oils. 

Emphysema – a condition of the lung characterized by 

distension, progressive loss of elasticity, and eventual 

rupture of the alveoli (the smallest components of the 

lungs where air is exchanged with the blood) and 

accompanied by labored breathing, a husky cough, and 

frequently by impairment of heart action. 

Feather picker’s disease – a condition characterized by fever, 

chills, nausea, coughing, and headaches. 

Fibrosis – formation of fibrous tissue as a reaction to a 

substance. 

Hematologic – related to the blood or blood-forming tissues.

Hematuria – blood in the urine. 

Hyperglycemia – elevated blood sugar. 

Hypoglycemia – decreased blood sugar. 

Hypoxia – a deficiency of oxygen reaching body tissues. 

IARC categories on carcinogenic risks to humans – 

Group 1: The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. 

Group 2A: The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic 

to humans. 

Group 2B: The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic 

to humans. 

Group 3: The agent (mixture) is not classifiable as to 

carcinogenicity in humans. 

Group 4: The agent (mixture) is probably not 

carcinogenic to humans. 

Ketonemia – a condition characterized by an abnormal 

elevation of ketone bodies (a product of the bodies 

metabolism) in the circulating blood. 

Metabolic acidosis – acidosis (reduced alkalinity of the 

blood) caused by excess acid from abnormal metabolism, 

excessive acid intake, renal retention, or from excessive 

loss of bicarbonate (as in diarrhea). 

Metal fume fever – an acute allergic condition caused 

primarily by the inhalation of zinc oxide or magnesium 

oxide fumes. 

Mutagen – an agent that promotes a genetic mutation. 

Pneumonitis – inflammation of the lungs. 

Pulmonary edema – an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the 

lungs. 

Resin – a man-made polymer made from the chemical 

reaction of two or more substances, usually with heat or 

a catalyst, or an organic substance formed in plant 

secretions. 

Rosin – a solid form of resin. 

Sensitizer – a substance that upon subsequent exposure will 

cause an allergic response in a susceptible individual. 

Silicosis – a condition caused by prolonged inhalation of silica 

dusts, which is characterized by massive fibrosis of the 

lungs leading to shortness of breath. 

Systemic – affecting the entire body. 

Synergistic – an interaction of substances such that the total 

effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects. 

Teratogenic – causing birth defects.

Toxicity – of, relating to, or caused by a poison or toxin. 

Volatile – evaporates readily at room temperature. 

References 

Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 

www.merriam-webster.com, 2004. 

Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary.
30 

Index 

A

Acrylic resins .........................................................................20 

Acrylics..................................................................................17 

Airbrushing ............................................................................17 

Alkyds....................................................................................17 

Amino & phenolic resins .......................................................20 

Antiquing ...............................................................................14 

B

Bones .....................................................................................15 

C

Caseins...................................................................................17 

Cementing..............................................................................14 

Chalk......................................................................................12 

Charcoal.................................................................................12 

Clay........................................................................................11 

Collagraphs ............................................................................24 

D

Disposal ...............................................................................3, 8 

Drawing .................................................................................12 

Drawing materials..................................................................22 

Drypoint.................................................................................24 

Dyes .......................................................................................22 

E

Encaustics ..............................................................................18 

Engraving.........................................................................23, 24 

Epoxy paints ..........................................................................18 

Epoxy resins...........................................................................21 

F

Feathers..................................................................................15 

Fibers .....................................................................................26 

Animal fibers......................................................................26 

Dyeing................................................................................26 

Synthetic fibers...................................................................26 

Vegetable fibers .................................................................26 

Film developer .......................................................................19 

Finished plastic ......................................................................22 

Fire safety ................................................................................7 

First aid ..................................................................................10 

Eye exposure......................................................................10 

Inhalation...........................................................................10 

Skin exposure .....................................................................10 

Swallowed ..........................................................................10 

Fixer.......................................................................................20 

Fresco.....................................................................................18 

G

Glass 

Decorating glass................................................................14 

Stained glass ......................................................................14 

Glass ................................................................................13, 14 

Glazes ....................................................................................11 

Glossary .................................................................................29 

Gluing wood ..........................................................................27 

Gouache.................................................................................18 

H

Hardwoods.............................................................................27 

I

Inks ..................................................................................13, 22 

Intaglio...................................................................................23 

Intensifiers .............................................................................20 

J

Joystick..................................................................................12 

K

Keyboard ...............................................................................12 

Kick wheels ...........................................................................12 

Kilns ......................................................................................12 

L

Lacquers ..........................................................................18, 25 

Latex paints ...........................................................................18 

Leather...................................................................................14 

Lithography ...........................................................................22 

M

Marbling ................................................................................19 

Markers..................................................................................13 

Metal plate processing...........................................................22 

Metals 

Anodizing...........................................................................15 

Forging..............................................................................15 

Foundry .............................................................................15 

Gilding...............................................................................16 

Grinding and polishing......................................................16 

Melting/pouring.................................................................16 

Niello .................................................................................16 

Patina ................................................................................16 

Pickling..............................................................................16 

Soldering............................................................................16 

Welding..............................................................................16 

Mezzotint...............................................................................24 

Monitors ................................................................................12 

Mouse ....................................................................................12 

N

Natural rubber........................................................................21 

O

Oils ........................................................................................18 

Organic peroxides..................................................................21 

P

Paint stripping........................................................................19 

Painting............................................................................17–19 

Papermaking..........................................................................19 

Pastels....................................................................................13 

Pencils ...................................................................................13 

Pens .......................................................................................13 

Photoetching..........................................................................24 
31 

Photolithography....................................................................23 

Pigments ................................................................................22 

Plastic.....................................................................................20 

Plastic prints...........................................................................25 

Polyester resins ......................................................................21 

Polyurethane resins ................................................................21 

Presses....................................................................................25 

Protective equipment 

Clothing and accessories .....................................................9 

Eye protection......................................................................8 

Gloves ..................................................................................9 

Hearing protection...............................................................9 

Respirators...........................................................................8 

Pug mills ................................................................................12 

R

Raku firing .............................................................................12 

Reducers ..........................................................................20, 22 

References..............................................................................28 

Relief printing........................................................................24 

Repetitive strain injury...........................................................12 

S

Sculpture................................................................................25 

Shells......................................................................................15 

Silicones.................................................................................21 

Softwoods ..............................................................................27 

Solvents 

Acetone ..............................................................................25 

Benzene ..............................................................................26 

Carbon tetrachloride .........................................................26 

Citrus oil ............................................................................26 

Ethanol...............................................................................25 

Gasoline.............................................................................26 

Glycol ethers......................................................................26 

Hexane...............................................................................26 

Kerosene............................................................................26 

Methanol............................................................................26 

Mineral spirits ...................................................................26 

Toluene ..............................................................................26 

Turpentine..........................................................................26 

Xylene ................................................................................26 

Spray fixatives.......................................................................13 

Spray painting........................................................................17 

Stone cleaning .......................................................................23 

Stop bath................................................................................19 

Styrofoam ..............................................................................22 

T

Textiles ..................................................................................26 

Throwing wheels ...................................................................12 

Toners....................................................................................20 

V

Varnishes ...............................................................................18 

Vehicles/modifiers.................................................................22 

W

Warning slogans ......................................................................9 

Water-based paints ................................................................18 

Watercolors............................................................................18 

Waxes ....................................................................................27 

Wood preservatives ...............................................................27 

Woodworking........................................................................27 

Workstation ergonomics........................................................12