Technical Report 505 L(

HUMAN PERFORMANCE IN CONTINUOUS

OPERATIONS: DESCRIPTION OF A SIMULATION

MODEL AND USER'S MANUAL FOR

EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE DEGRADATION

0 Arthur I. Siegel, J. Jay Wolf and Anna Marie Schorn

Applied Psychological Services, Inc.

Halim Ozkaptan

Army Research Institute

MANPOWER AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS TECHNICAL AREA

DTIC

JUL 24198I1

A

U.S. Army

Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences,

January 1981

Approved for public release; distribution unliited.

8) 7 24 041

x_: Ada=
U. S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

A Field Operating Agency under the Jurisdiction of the

Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

FRANKLIN A. HART

JOSEPH ZEIDNER Colonel, US Army

Technical Director Cornmander

Research accomplished under contract

f or the Department of the Army

Applied Psychological Services, Inc.

NOTICES

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concerning distribution, of reports to U S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences,

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FINAL DISPOSITION This report may be destroyed when it is no longer11 needed. Pleas do not return it to

the U. S. Army Resarch Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.

NOTE The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Despartmtent of the Army position.

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Technical Rert 505 -ASZ

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NUAL FOR EVALUATION OF ?MRMANCE DEGRADATION,6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

AUTOR(*) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e)

Arthur I. Siegel Balim Ozkaptan ' , DAEC19-77-C-0054

J. Jay Wolf Anna Marie Schorn . -,.-R .IWrO,'ZATIOH NAME AND ADDRESS to. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASK

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IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (Coneu mm rveroo side it noecoo7 mmd Identify by block mmabor)

Modeling Performance Decrement Operations Analysis

Computer Simulation Performance Reliability Combat Simulation

Continuous Operations Human Factors Personnel Effectiveness

Sustained Operations Performance Analysis Vulnerability/

Survivability 2 A TRACT-- "- -- ' m ,eywt in - " -ms W fd- .. by' block nminbm::

User instructions and reference materials are presented for a computer

simulation model which analyzes the PERFormance Effectiveness of Combat Troops

(PERFECT). The model allows analysis of anticipated performance effectiveness

when variables such as continuous time in battle, light level, enemy/friendly

numerical ratio, enemy/friendly terrain advantage, amount of platooning, and

amount of sleep permitted are varied alone or in combination.

JAN TUnclassified

i SECURITY CLASIFICATIONI OF THIS PAGE DEtei**d at~m 
sICURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(W n Dot Entir.d)

20. (continued)

The model is designed for interactive operation at a terminal by a

user with no or minimum sophistication in computer science or computer use.

The primary output of the model is tables of personnel effectiveness

degradation by day, type of combat unit, and each of five "combat factors."

Along with interpretive guidance, step-by-step procedures are presented

for the preparation of model data and for running the model.

hii

ii Unclassified

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGErIflnen Data FnIered)
Technical Report 505

HUMAN PERFORMANCE IN CONTINUOUS

OPERATIONS: DESCRIPTION OF A SIMULATION

MODEL AND USER'S MANUAL FOR

EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE DEGRADATION

Arthur I. Siegel, J. Jay Wolf and Anna Marie Schorn

Applied Psychological Services, Inc.

Halim Ozkaptan

Army Research Institute

Submitted by:

James D. Baker, Chief

MANPOWER AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS TECHNICAL AREA

Approved by:

Edgar M. Johnson, Director

ORGANIZATIONS AND SYSTEMS

RESEARCH LABORATORY

U.S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

5001 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22333

VI Office, Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

Department of the Army

January 1981

Army Project Number Man-Machine Interface in Integrated

20163743A774 Battlefield Control Systems

4 Aoro d for Pubtic relldee: distribution unlimitd.

iii

................................................
ARI Research Reports and Technical Reports are intended for sponsors of

R&D tasks and for other research and military agencies. Any findings ready

for implementation at the time of publication are presented in the last part

of the Brief. Upon completion of a major phase of the task, formal recommendations for official action normally are conveyed to appropriate military

agencies by briefing or Disposition Form.

iv
FOREWORD

Night and continuous operations place new and unique demands on

operating personnel. Effective doctrine and tactics cannot be formulated unless human capabilities and limitations in this environment

are understood and accommodated through equipment aids, new operating

procedures, and special training, as well as revised manning and rotation cycles.

This document represents the most recent product of ARI research

on Human Performance in Continuous Operations. Earlier work has been

published in the three volumes of Research Product 80-4- Volume I

presents Guidelines to the military user on expected human performance

capabilities during continuous combat. Volume II provides a Management

Guide on how to minimize expected performance decrements during continuous operations. Volume III, Technical Supplement, depicts the technical aspects of the development and background data for the information

contained in Volumes I and II, and describes the methods employed for

predicting performance degradation. Together these volumes update and

replace ARI Research Product 79-8, "Human Performance in Continuous

Operations Guidelines," and Technical Report 386, which provided background data. The three volumes provide a body of general and highly

specific information about the soldier's tasks on which degraded performance can be anticipated during continuous operations. This research

report provides a description and user's manual for a computer simulation model which evaluates performance degradation during continuous

operations. The computer model provides combat effectiveness data by

processing the information embodied in the earlier volumes. The information provided in the earlier volumes and in this report will be useful to tactical planners and training specialists.

The research was conducted under Contract DAHC 19-77-C-0054, as

part of Army Project 2QI63743A774, Man-Machine Interface in Integrated

Battlefield Control System, FY 1978 Work Program. The research was

supported by CACDA/CATRADA at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, which was the

TRADOC sponsor. Special thanks are due to Colonel Robert N. Morrison,

Major Michael G. Jones, and Major Robert 0. Livingston for their recommendations and cooperation.

-T-lS GRA&I

JEPH ZEIDNER TAB

Technical Director Io..uc-.eUa

V t ,, .

*4 V
HUMAN PERFORMANCE IN CONTINUOUS OPERATIONS: DESCRIPTION OF A SIMULATION

MODEL AND USERtS MANUAL FOR EVALUATION Or PERFORMANCE DEGRADATION

BRIEF

Requirement:

This simulation model was developed to aid in the understanding of human performance during night and continuous operations. The model was designed as a

means of assessing the cumulative effect of many stress-producing variables on

human performance during continuous combat. In addition, the model allows insight

on the potential interaction between variables which affect combat performance.

Description:

This technical report is a description and user's manual for the computer

simulation model PERFECT. PERFECT is a computer simulation model designed to

analyze the PERFormance Effectiveness of Combat Troops. The model simulates

degradation of combat effectiveness and stress buildup of ground combat troops

during continuous operations. This model permits analysis of anticipated performance effectiveness when variables such as continuous time in battle, light

level, enemy/friendly numerical ratio, enemy/friendly material ratio, enemy/

friendly terrain advantage, amount of platooning and amount of sleep, are varied

alone or in combination.

The model uses effectiveness values derived from ARI Research Product 80-4

(Vol 1), which presents guidelines on expected human performance capabilities

during continuous operations, to yield estimates of performance indices and

stress values. These estimates are given by type of unit, by composition of

unit, by initial proficiency level of unit, by performance factor, by total

operation of all units and by enemy/friendly strength ratios.

The model is designed for interactive operation at a terminal by a user with

no or minimum sophistication in computer science.

Utilization:

As presently configured the model has utility for tactical planners and

training specialists. The model can aid in the realization of training needs,

doctrine needs, equipment needs, and tactical requirements. The model may also

be used in conjunction with other war-gaming models. The model can be used as

an "exercise" in planned training programs, as a means of demonstrating the

importance of human performance parameters to mission success.

.4 FR~M IMMZ PAUI R.ANK-NdOT FUED

vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I- -INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW .......... 1

Model Overview ........ ................ 1

CHAPTER I--STEP-BY-STEP PLANNING INSTRUCTIONS ... 5

Step A. Manning Table Development ............ 5

Step B. Effectiveness Value Changes ..... ........... 7

Step C. Mission Data Planning ....... ............... 9

Step D. Parameter Selection ....... ................ 9

Step E. Factor Identification .................. . 19

CHAPTER rI--STEP BY STEP MODEL. USER'S INSTRUCTIONS. 21

Step F. Terminal Log-on ....................... 21

Step G. Other Terminal Operations .................. 22

Step H. Simulation Run Setup and Preprocessor...... 23

Step J. Simulation Run Inputs .... ............... ... 25

Step K. Simulation Run Execution ................. 29

CHAPTER IV- -INTERPRETING MODEL OUTPUT ........... . 33

Interpretation of Effectiveness (E) Values .... .......... 33

Parameter Variation .......................... .... 34

Obtaining a Baseline ..... ..................... .... 34

Obtaining a Best and Worst Case .................. ... 37

Best Versus Worst Case Comparisons ............. .... 42

REFERENCES ............ ............................ 46

APPENDIX A--Graphic Instructions for Running PERFECT

Simulation Model ....... ...................... ... 47

APPENDIX B--Simulation Program Description ............ .... 57

APPENDIX C--(a) List of Program Subroutines ............ . 75-

(b) General Flow Chart of Simulation Subroutine . 78

APPENDIX D- -Projected Effectiveness E (D, PA, DP, CT) for

Critical Combat Tasks ......................... ... 83

ix

4 PA
TABLE OF CONTENTS (con't)

Page

APPENDIX E- -Factor Table Input .. .. ...... ...... ... 105

APPENDIX F- -List of PERFECT Model Variables. .. ..... ... 10

APPENDIX G- -Model, Implementation on t1he U 1100 System . . . . 113
LIST OP TABLES

Tab le P age

1. 1 Summary of P eatUres Of Simulation Model ....... 2

1. 2 Principal Model Limnits .. ...... ............ 2

2. 1 Manning Fable Input. .. ......... .......... 6

2. 2 Combat Vnits to be Simulated. .. ......... .... 10

2. 3 Platooni Action (Code Assignments .. ....... .... 11

2. 4 Mission IDat . ....... ................. 12

2.5 Parameters .. ......... ............... 14

*2. G Parameter Value. ...... ................ 15

2. 7 Light Level Infor mation. .. ......... ......... 1

2. 8 ig ht Level C7ategories. ... ................ 17T

2. 9 Terrain Ad\'a~~.age P~aramneteri Selection C uide.. .. ........ 1

2 . 1 0 Factors and 1 actor Task Assignment Values ... .... 19

3. 1 Final Output. ........................ 32

4. 1 Sample Specification of Baseline InpuLt .. ......... :35

4. 2 Outcomre of Arbit marv (Base line ) Test is is e . . . . 36f

4. :3 l1\Fothetical Mission: Rest Conditions .. ... ....... 33

4. 4 II vpothetical Mission: Outcomie I nde r Best

Conditions. .... .............. ...... 39

4. 5 HI pothe tical Mis sion: 'Norst Conditions .. ......... 40

4. 6 H1ypothetical Mission: Outcome Vnde r 'Worst

Conditions.. .......... ............. 4 1

4. 7 Best! W'orst End-of-Day Effectiveness .. ......... 42

4. 8 Comparisons of Stress for ''Best" and "Worst''

Cases. ......... .............. ... 44

B3. 1 Mlajor Subscripts. ........ ............. 60

B. 2 D~ata Am'mav.%-. .. ........ ................ (I

*B. 3 Numbe~r of' (rit ical Tasks Associated with EachI I'ac tor 67

1.4 Light Factor .. .. ..... .............. ... 66

xi

-LA ; _
~ISTr or: Fliii Ls

F'igure

1. 1 G;lobal modc-l of flU' cht ... .... ... . 4

2. 1 Examiple of "IEff-ct ivciness" curve (linear approximations

aliC USed inl tllhj nold Ci). ..... ............. ... 8

4. 1 Graph of T ablke 4. To. .. ............ .......... 43

4. 2 Example of plo of elict Ivfe change as a function of'

parameter variations. .. ........... ......... 45

B. 1 Calculation of vuln-e 1ablitv..... .. .. .. ............ .. ..... 65

B. 2 Trimre inrem ient due to st less. .. ..... .. ...... .. .. ..... 69

B. 3 IIoLW is needd to 1 00"', Vek-OVCl'. , H- E'OVLI..... .. .. .. . ....

B. 4 lPerforinarice le( ovcl iv funition, for in =x 0 ~.. ........ 72

iii

a IM
CHAPTEH I

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

This manual provides "How to do it" instructions for using a computer model which simulates the effectiveness degradation and stress buildup of

ground combat troops during continuous operations. The model is named

"PERFECT" for PERFormance Effectiveness of Combat Troops. Its objective is to process the detailed effectiveness data presented in the Guidelines--

Human Performance in Continuous Operations, Volumes I and 111 (Siegel, et

al., 1980) and to produce summarized effectiveness predictive curves for

specified numbers and types of Army combat units during continuous operations. The approach permits an analyst to make computer runs under input

parametric conditions which he selects, and to observe the effect of these

conditions on the general effectiveness levels of the combat units involved.

The model permits continuous operations tobe simulated over periods of up

to five days. it is hightly flexible and is designed to run from a small scale

computer system terminal. For most appiications, minimum input requirements are involved. Use of the model requires little, if any, knowledge of

computer systems. Moreover, the model is designed to run quickly, i. e.,

to provide output on line with no noticeable time spent in waiting for calculations to be completed. This facilitates the performance of interactive 'experiments' in which a set of "what if" questions may be answered.

Model Overview

A list of some of the major features of the PIF",RFECT model is shown

in fable 1. 1. The simulation model is based on a series of manipulations of

a four dimensional matrix of' values of combat troops' effectiveness, as a function of the composition of the combat force, the mission (platoon action) sequence designated, and a series of palaneter input values, ingeneral, effectiveness levels will degrade as a function of time, but improve (increase) with

sleep/rest (if sleep/rest is specified by the parameter inputs). Effectiveness

also degrades with increasing stress level of the troops. This stress level,

in turn, is a function of the value of several parameters including light level

conditions, terrain advantage, squad proficiency levels, enemy /friendly personnel strength ratio, and enemy/friendl.\ material strength ratio. Effc'i.veness also improves (i. e. , is restored) when platooning is specified to replace

designated combat units.

In order to gain a perspective of' the scope or "size"of the model, it

is helpful to observe the values selected for the maximum value of key variables. These are shown in Table 1. 2. The model handles operations up to

A$
Table 1. 1

Summary of Features of Simulation Model

* Utilizes effectiveness values presented in the Guidelines--Human Performance in Continuous Operations,

Volume III

" Incorporates stress buildup resulting from battle

conditions and stress relief

* Flexible, understandable set of input parameters

* Programmed for computer interactive terminal operations

0 Accomodates continuous operations of combat troops for

up to five days duration

* Considers platooning (replacement) at the squad level

* Incorporates defensive and allows expansion to offensive

operations

" Allows a variety of selectable output options

" Provides an effectiveness profile by combat unit type

and by performance factor

Table 1. 2

1)rincipal Model Limits

Variable Maximum Current Value

Days 5

Duty Positions L6

Type of Combat Units 9

Number of Units of Each Type 5

Factors 5

Types of Platoon Action

2
five days in duration. It considers a maximum of 16 duty positions and nine

combat unit types (mechanized infantry, armor, etc.). The PERFECT model simulates three platoon actions for which data are currently available (see

Guidelines) on the basis of five summary factors. The model is designed so

that these limits can be expanded later, if desired, to simulate different scenarios and additional duty positions, combat unit types, factors, and platoon

actions.

The model allows an analyst, using a computer terminal, to enter

parameters, make input data changes, implement a simulation run, and receive an immediate report of results since computer response to each interaction takes only a few seconds. This capability makes practical a series of runs in which the selection of a subsequent run can be dependent on

the results of prior runs.

Figure 1. 1 presents a general flow diagram of the major steps which

can be performed (or bypassed) when employing the model. Step-by-step

terminal user's instructions follow in Chapter II and are supported by a full

flow chart which is presented in Appendix A.

More specific detail about the functions, logic, processing, and calculations which the program performs are given in Appendix B. A flow

chart of the program is presented in Appendix C. Appendices D and E present technical data relative to the model's content and Appendix 1," presents

a list of the primary variables used in the model.

3

4qm
LOG ON

- ACCESS SIMULATION PROGRAM

OF INPUTS/RESULTS OFF LINE

MAKE PREPROCESSOR CHANGES

RUN PREPROCESSOR

MAKE MANNING DATA CHANGES

MAKE MISSION DATA CHANGES

- MAKE PARAMETER CHANGES

-- IST SIMULATION DETAIL

FLIST MAXIMUM STRESS VALUES

LIST RESULTING EFFECTIVENESS VALUES

Figure 1.1. Global Model Flow

4
CHAPTER II

STEP-BY-STEP PLANNING INSTRUCTIONS

Because a battle scenario (mission), default values, and associated

raw effectiveness values, and the like are already embedded in the PERFECT

model, many of the steps described in Chapter II are customarily skipped

during model use. This chapter lists and describes in a sequential manner

all of the possible steps involved in planning to use the PERFECT model.

The major elements included here are those involving familiarization, planning, and preparing data for the simulation:

0 Selecting the strength (number of men) in each

operational unit to be simulated

0 Making any desired changes in the basic effectiveness table upon which calculations are based

0 Developing a mission and preparing data

* Planning and selecting parameter values to be

applied during the simulation.

The tasks involved in implementing the computer simulation are

itemized in Chapter III.

All required mission, parameter and other data are already prestored and available. One or more computer runs may be made without developing a new mission or performing planning tasks. If the user does not wish to

develop a new mission, but to utilize all data previously prepared, or if

the user already has familiarity with the model, the user may continue directly with the procedures given in Chapter 1II.

Step A. Manning Table Development

(1. Study the Manning Table Input form (Table 2.1).

2. Determine the number of men to be assigned

in the simulation to each of the 16 duty positions. (It is also permissible to determine

these values for a subset of the 16, i.e., only

those combat types planned to be simulated).

3. If simulation runs are to be made using the

number of men indicated in the Default Value

column of Table 2. 1, skip the rest of step A

and go to step B below. Inthis case, itwillnot

be necessary to perform any further manning

5 4.

m I-
Table 2. 1

Manning Table Input

Combat

Unit No. of

Type Duty Position No. of Men Critical

Identifier Number Default Number Tasks

(T) Unit Type DP Name Value EN (DP)_ CT(DP)

I Mechanized In- 1 Gunner/Carrier 1 17

fantry Squad Team Leader

2 Maneuver Team 4 15

Member

3 Squad Leader 1 17

2 Mechanized In- 4 Platoon Leader 1 27

fantry Platoon

Leadership

3 Tank Crew or 5 Tank Commander 1 15

Armor Crew 6 Tank Gunner 1 5

7 Tank Loader 1 12

4 Tank Platoon 8 Tank Platoon 1 26

Lealdership Leader

5 Tank Crew 6 Tank Gunner 1 5

Alternate 7 Tank Loader 1 12

6 Fire Support 9 Forward Observer 1 27

Team (FIST) 10 Radio/Telephone 1 1

Operator

7 Fite Support 11 FIST Chief 1 29

Team Leader- 12 FIST NCO 1 2

ship

8 Artillery Section 13 Howitzer Section 1 11

Chief

14 155mm Gunner 1 17

15 155mm Crew Member 3 14

9 Artillery Battery 16 Artillery Battery 1 6

Leadership Executive Officer

6
table development as these values are prestored

in the model. Also, in this case, it is not necessary to run.t*e preprocessor program.

4. Otherwise, enter the number of men of eachtype

into the blank column of Table 2. 1. During the

computer run,- it will be necessary to enter these

manning values and call for the preprocessor to

be run.

Step B. Effectiveness Value Changes

A table of values is prestored within the model for end of day effectiveness for each combination of:

Range

Day D 1 through 5

Platoon Action PA 1 through 3 (see Table 2.3)

Duty Positions DP 1 through 16 (see Table 2. 1)

Critical Tasks CT 1 through 29

Effectiveness values for all conditions are shown in Appendix D. The effectiveness matrix is a detailed list of projected effectiveness values for critical combat tasks as given in the Guidelines--Human Performance in Continuous Operations. The matrix consists of detailed effectiveness values by

unit type and duty position for each critical task over a five day continuous

operation.

The assumption is that all effectiveness values are equal to one (no

degradation) at the start of the scenario. This is illustrated in Figure 2. 1

for the mechanized infantry unit, maneuver team member, critical task 1,

and platoon action 1. Data for a sixth mission day are calculated in the

model's preprocessor by linear extrapolation. This extrapolation is required due to the technique selected for stress calculation.

1. If no changes are to be made to these values,

proceed to step C below.

2. If changes are to be made, record the changes.

These changes will be entered into the computWI er later by providing values of D, PA, DP, CT,

and EFF for each change, where EFF is the end

. of day effectiveness (range 0 to 100).

If there are effectiveness value changes to be made, it will be necessary to run the'proprocessor (once) to incorporate them into the simulation.

7

4M
1.0

.9.

(9.7

F.4

1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 2;,1 Example of "Effestvsnsu" auwa

(linroapproximatw used inte mondl
Step) C. AMissionl Data Planning

1 . Stud ' the combat unit tYpes listed in Table 2.1

and select tile t.\ pes to be Silmlateli.

2. SeleCt thle nu in1bel iOf eachI tpe JWof ulnit to be

simulated. ixctet' to Table 2.2(a) for a samiple.

3. 1N'lter vour, selectionl of thle nu mbei. (i. e.

qJuiltit v) Of cUL11 type J01 cfkombat unit onl a

copy of Table 2. 2 (b). DO no0t enter a value

of' r greater thanl 9. Do not entev a value

Gf Ui greater than 5.

4. Studly t he fout, platoon act ion code assignments:

0, 1, 2, and 3 presently implemented in the

mnodel. [hOie are indicat ci by asterlisks it]

'rable 2. 3.

5. Study the mission data table input. requ ire mientts

Shown ais an ex ample in Table 2. 4(a). U sing

the blank copy of that samne format, shown in

Trable 2.4 (b) (or equivalent), diesign each desit -

Qd ll mion oneC (laY M) at a time, inl order bY '1.

The mission (lata reprtesent thle se quential list of platoon actions and

cotle Osponding durat ions loit each unlit type)( to be simulated over thle continUOU s ope rat ion. U p to five units of' each of' nine t 'pe VJcSan be specified in a

run which sinmulat es up to five days o1 continulou s operation.

Not e Ithat

a. ['or each combiniation of T and IT values, the

sequence nu rnbev(s) bei.,in with onie.

b. D~uration values are in hours and tenths of anl

hon 11. iThese va1lues muIst range between 00. 1

and 24. 0

c. 'hel( sumi of all du at ionvaIlues for' T 1, U1 pai'

must be 24. 0) for each day, excep~t possibly

he Last day for Which thle Sn tfl r ma va be

any.\ value within the 00. 1 to 24. 0 ranige.

liesC e (at a will be e nte('ed v ia the term iinal in the oi'de t shown start -

irig \\ ii Iitw ie ow ' r vain e.

Step I). I1 'alml e I' Select ion

1. Studyk the list of av-ailable 1)arainciers. S\'tnl)olic notation and the associatedl value ranges

* 9
Table 2.2

Combat Units to be Simulated

(b)

Enter Data Here

(a)

Example Number

Combat Unit Type of Combat Units to Number of Combat Units

Identifier (T) be Simulated (U) to be Simulated (U)

1 2

2 1

3 2

4 0

5 1

6 5

7 0

8 0

9

10
Table 2. 3

Platoon Action Code Assignments

Platoon Action

Number Platoon Action

PA) Description Type

0* Sleep Sleep

1* Repel an enemy assault Active defense

from a battle position

2* Create and defend a

strong point

3* Disengage and occupy

a new battle position

4

5 To be determined Offensive operations

6

7 Reconnaissance Reconnaissance

8 Retrograde Retrograde

9 To be determined To be determined

*Currently implemented in model

EIi
Table 2. 

4

Mission Data

(a) (b)

UNIT

DAY TYPE No. SEQUENCE NO. PLATOON ACTION DURA TIO

D T U S PA DUR D T U S PA UR

S1 1 1 1 2.20

1 1 1 2 2 4.30

1 1 1 3 1 2.20

1 1 1 4 3 8.30

1 1 1 S 0 7.00

1 1 2 1 1 24.00

1 2 1 1 1 8.00

1 2 1 2 2 8.00

1 2 1 3 0 8.00

1 3 2 1 1 24.00

1 5 1 1 3 10.50

1 5 1 2 1 3.00

1 5 1 3 3 10.50

1 6 1 1 0 8.00

1 6 1 2 3 8.00

1 6 1 3 2 8.00

1 6 2 1 2 24.00

1 6 3 1 3 24.00

1 6 4 1 1 24.00

1 6 5 1 0 24.00

1 9 1 1 1 24.00

2 1 1 1 1 12.00

2 1 1 2 2 12.00

2 1 2 1 1 24.00

2 2 1 1 Z 24.00

2 3 2 1 1 24.00

2 5 1 1 I 24.00

2 6 1 1 1 24.00

2 6 2 1 1 24.00

2 6 3 1 1 24.00 7 2 6 4 1 0 24.00

2 6 5 1 1 24.00

2 9 1 1 1 24.00

3 1 1 1 2 4.00

3 1 2 1 2 3.00

3 2 1 1 2 2.00

3 3 2 1 2 1.00

12
are given in Table 2. 5.. The set of parameters

was selected to make the model flexible, L e.,

capable of simulating a wide range of interesting continuous operations situations, and so as

to require no data collection or analysis by the

user when he performs simulation runs.

2. Select a set of initial run parameters and enter

them on a copy of Table 2. 6, next to the sample data. Additional parameter sets may be

selected either in advance or during terminal

operations. Frequently, the results of one

run will provide ideas for parameter selection

for successive runs.

a. Select UPF(T)= 1 to represent a combat unit

type of nominal proficiency. Greater proficiency values are specified by-UPF(T) less

than one; lower proficiencies represent

UPF(T) greater than 1.

b. Select one light level profile number (1-9)

as input for each day of the simulated mis -

sion based on the light level (L) input data and conditions shown in Table 2.7. The

light level profile input parameters identify one of the nine preselected 24 hour

sets of light conditions shown in Table 2.8.

Each value represents a type of day (weather) to be simulated. The individualvalues

in Table 2. 7 represent hourly light level

conditions whose meanings are shown in

Table 2. 8.

c. Select EFM, EFTA(D), and EFP values

of unity to represent an equality between

enemy and friendly forces in material,

terrain advantage, and personnel respectively. Select values less than one

to represent friendly forces advantage;

greater than one represent enemy advantage.

d. Use Table 2. 9 to facilitate selecting the

*enemy/friendly terrain advantage input

value. Three elements identified as significant in terrain advantage are: concealment, altitude advantage, and mobility. They are assumed to have equal

4 13

4
Table 2.5

Parameters

Program T Permissible

No. Parameters Name Format Range

I Unit proficiency factor, proficiency UPF(T) X.X 0.6-1.5

of troops in each unit

2 Enemy/friendly material strength ratio EFM XX.X 0.1-10.0

3 Enemy/friendly terrain advantage ratio EFTA(D) X.X 0.2-5.0

for each day

4 Enemy/friendly personnel strength ratio EFP XX.X 0.1-10.0

5 Light level profile for each day L(D) X

6 Time of day battle starts, an hour HR XX 0-23

number

7 Unit replacement data, i.e., conditions

for replacement for each of up to 20

replacements, R

Combat unit type ) enter in RT(R) X 1-9

Combat unit number time RU(R) X 1-9

Day number of battle sequenced RD(R) X 1-5

Time of day ) order RH(R) XX 1-23

8 Hours since last sleep at start of battle HSLS XX 0-99

14
Table 2.6

Parameter Values

Unit Proficiency Factor

Enter Selected Permissible

T Sample Data Parameters Here Range

1 1.2

2 1.0

3 1.0

4 :.0

UPF(T) 5 1.0 0.6-1.5

6 1.0

7 .0

8 .0

9 1.0

EFM EFM I 0.1-10.0

EFP EFP 0.8 0.1-10.0

D

1 1.2

2 1.1

EFTA(D) 3 1.0 0.2-5.0

4

5

D L(D) Sample

1 2

2 1

L(D) 3 3 1-9

4

5

HR HR 4 0-23

S DTU HR -

Replacement 1 2 2 1 4

Data 2 D-I.-5

3 T=1-9

4 U-1-5

5 HR"1-23,

6

20

HSLS HSLS 16 0-99

15
NN

cn C" t14 -IT N C1 (4 -

CA C" C1 -T C4 C 4 '4 

fnC' C4 IT - m O C V% C1

-D in 1 0 O

.0 r, C-- a, 0' 00 ON ON- 0' -

-3 Cy, ON ON 0' CO 1 a, P44 ON' a% 00 C 0% a% r

0

C\) - c, O c F , m r -4 

.00

'. x 1 liN 0 

0 0

C-0 . to 

0 00

0 $ -4 $ v44

CU 0 

00

co cuco t

M 4 4 ) 0 4 - 01 

'C 0 14 -40 /4 0 .4 0 0' C-'m m

A' $ is C' C44 El 4 C4 a

14 00 0 V 0w 

("4 - ('1 4 -" m (d - to N

3 3t ") 9N CA . lu %A (n

0 00>-.

-4 -4 04 q3 w cl 03 ) % - 0 0%

4Ti ~ 4 0 4~ . 0 4 016

04 CU 0 C 0 C
Table 2.8

Light Level Categories

LIGHT (L,H)

Value of Light Level Light Conditions

1 Starlight on earth

2 Starlight on snow or half moon

3 Full moon on earth

4 Full moon on snow

5 Late twilight

6 Early twilight/dense clouds or haze

7 Overcast day/light haze

8 Light, overcast day

9 Clear, sunny day

17
Table 2. 9

Terrain Advantage Parameter Selection Guide

Enemy/Friendly

Terrain Advantage Number of Elements

Parameter Value Enemy Friendly

(EFTA) Advantage Equal Advantage

0.2 All3 -

0.4 Any2 1

0.6 Any 2 - 1

0.8 Any 1 2

1.0 - All 3

1.0 Any 1 Any 1 Any 1

1.25 - Any 2 Any 1

1.67 Any 1 - Any 2

2.5 - Any I Any 2

5.0 - - All 3

118

18
importance. Table 2.9 shows various conditions of enemy, friendly, or no advantage

and a corresponding value of the input parameter which can be selected to represent

each of the cases. The range was selected

so that there is a five to one swing from

the equilibrium condition to the case in

which either side has complete advantage.

e. Select HR as the time of day when the battle is

tobeginwhere 00.0 is midnight and 12.0 is noon.

f. Select up to 20 sets of replacement data to

define the conditions of platooning desired.

g. Select HSLS to represent the number of

hours since the friendly forces slept last.

Step E. Factor Identification

1. Become familiar with the meaning of the five assigned factors (Table 2. 10). Each critical task

for which effectiveness data are prepared has been

categorized into one of the factors. The original

factor derivation was based on a factor analysis

of the various tasks. This factor analysis is described in Appendix II to Siegel, et al., 1980. Appendix E of this user's manual shows a complete

listing of the current factor assignments for each

duty position and critical task. Output results are

given both by day and by factor.

Table 2.10

Factors and Factor Task Assignment Values

Factor Number

S.F) Factor

I Command and Control

2 Combat Activity

3 Coordination and Information Processing

4 Preservation of Forces and Regrouping

Activity

5 Orientation to Friendly and Enemy Troops

19
CHAPTER III

STEP BY STEP MODEL USER'S INSTRUCTIONS

Chapter III describes the sequential steps which form the basis for

use of the PERFECT model. Generally, each simulation (processing) run

requires a very similar set of user operations. It is expected that familiarity with the procedures will be gained after only a very few usages, i.e.,

a significant facility both in the use of the model and the computer terminal does not require a knowledge of computers or programming.

The user operations itemized in this chapter may be performed at

a computer terminal which can be either a cathode ray tube type device

with keyboard or a hard copy printer-terminal. The type of terminal and

line speed are essentially independent of the program, although the program was developed for use with a teletype KSR.

Accordingly, the term "print" used in this chapter also means "display" for a CRT terminal. The primary instructions, presented in this

chapter, are summarized in symbolic or logical form in Appendix A. The

terminal user may utilize either the text which follows or the Appendix A

diagram as a source for guidance. Initially, the following step-by-step

guidance will be helpful because it provides some background information

or reasoning on the procedures. Later, after practice has yielded facility, the user may find that a written procedure is not necessary and use

Appendix A for guidance. Still later only infrequent reference to the materials may be required. If necessary to the model application run under

consideration, it is assumed that the planning tasks described in Chapter I

*, have been completed.

Step F. Terminal Log-on

1. Dial the phone number of the computer center

(for remote operation).

2. Turn the modem or coupler "ON" (if it is a

device separate from the terminal).

3. Upon hearing a high pitched sound in the phone' s

receiver, place the phone's handset into the

modem (coupler). Be sure the mouthpiece is

*placed in the cord end receptacle.

4. Turn the terminal's mode switch to the "LINE"

("REMOTE") position to indicate that interactive (not local) operations are to follow.

21 HW=Jo PAG BL"- J
5. Press the RETURN key. On some terminals,

this key is marked TRANSMIT, or some other

similar name.

6. Press and hold simultaneously the "CONTROL"

and "SHIFT" keys. While these are pressed,

also press the "M" key. Then enter your user identification code and charge number obtained from the computer center. The computer will respond with:

CONNECT CODE - XXXX

XXX BLOCKS FILE SPACE AVAILABLE

ETC, and end with an asterisk: 11*11

Step G. Other Terminal Operations

This section describes some utility operations which a terminal operator may need before, during, and after simulation model runs. Each is

independent of the other and these procedures may be performed in any order.

If the operator is already familiar with these operations (or their

availability) and is ready to begin model simulation model runs, proceed

directly to step H below:

1. To terminate terminal operations: (this procedure can be used only following the printing of

* an * (see G. 3 below)).

a. Enter BYE and press the RETURN key.

b. Computer will print the cost of this terminal session and the total cost on this

charge to date, followed by log-on time,

log-off time, and date.

2. To correct operator typing errors:

a. To delete a line entered prior to its

transmission to the computer; hold

down the "CONTROL" key and simultaneously press the "X" key.

b. To delete the most recent character

(TTY only) entered prior to its transmission, hold down the "CONTROL"

key and simultaneously press the "H"

key.

22
3, To terminate a terminal print before its completion or to signal completion of all runs desired for a single session:

a. Press the "BREAK" key:

b. The computer will respond by stopping

the transmission of data which are being processed and will cause a carriage

return followed by "*."

4. To list the basic files stored as part of the model (input tables) program:

a. Obtain the computer "*"output (see G. 3

above).

b. Select the desired file (shown below) and

and enter (as shown below): press the

RETURN key:

File Enter

Effectiveness = El LIST EFF1

Factors LIST FACTOR 1

Manning LIST MEN

Mission LIST MISSION

Selected program

subroutine LIST [Subroutine name]

Step H. Simulation Run Setup and Preprocessor

Specific terminal operations and computer responses are shown in

logical/graphical form in Appendix A. Use of the Appendix A materials

will facilitate terminal operation.

SET UP

The following procedures are initiated following step F. 6 above:

1. Enter OLD PERFECT and press the RETURN

key.

2. The computer will print: *

3. Enter FRN and press the RETURN key. (FRN

signifies a FORTRAN language run.)

* 4. The computer will print the date and time. It

will querie whether or not output data and intermediate arrays are to be printed at the

23
computer center off-line via line printer. These

arrays include preprocessor matrices, all input

values including the effectiveness table, matrices

from the simulation run, and the maximum stress

table.

5. Respond by pressing Y or N and the RETURN key.

Here and hereafter, Y signifies "YES" and N is "No."

PREPROCESSER

6. The computer will ask whether or not the preprocessor is to be run prior to the next simulation.

It is only necessary to run the preprocessor to incorporate new data representing any one or more

of the following:

a. Changes to the manning data (see Table 2. 1).

b. Changes/corrections to the initial input matrix of effectiveness values. (Appendix D)

c. Changes to assignments in the factor table

(Appendix E).

Otherwise, the model retains the results of the

preprocessor run using the most recent data for

effectiveness, manning, and factor values.

7. Respond by pressing Y or N and the RETURN key.

8. If preprocessing is not selected, go to stepJ(there

is no step I).

EFFECTIVENESS CHNGEs

9. If running the preprocessor is selected, the computer will solicit new values of effectiveness and

print the allowable range of the four categories

(see step B above).

10. Enter values for day number, platoon action, duty position, critical task number, and the new effectiveness value sequentially, separated by commas without spaces, and press the RETURN key.

After the last such entry is made, enter 0, 0, 0, 0,

0 and press the RETURN key.

11. If not, respond N and press the RETURN key.

24
FACTOR CHANGES

12. The computer queries whether changes in the

factor table (Appendix E) are desired(see step

E above). If no such changes are to be made:

respond N, press the RETURN key, and proceed to step H. 14 below.

13. If Y, follow the computer presented instructions on value ranges entering the duty position, critical task, and new factor value separated by commas (without spaces) and press

the RETURN key.

Do this for all factor changes. When no furthur changes of factors are desired: enter 0,

0, 0, and press the RETURN key.

MANNING CHANGES'

14. The computer queries whether manning changes

are desired.

15. If none are desired: respond N, press the

RETURN key and go to step J. 1 below.

16. If changes are desired: enter a duty position

number, comma, number of men desired for

that duty position, and press the RETURN key.

When no further manning changes are desired:

enter 0,0 and press the RETURN key.

17. The computer now runs the preprocessor (see

Appendix B).

Step J. Simulation Run Inputs

LIST MISSION

1. The computer queries the operator's interest

in having a current list of mission data printed

at the terminal.

2. If the list is not desired: enter N, press the

RETURN key, and go to step J. 4 below.

3. If the list is desired: enter Y, press the RETURN key, and the entire current set of mission data will be listed. Table 2. 4 shows a sample of this table.

25

i '
MISSION CHANGES

4. The computer queries the operator's interest

in making changes to the mission data. (See

step C above)

5. If no changes are desired: enter N, press the

RETURN key, and go to step J. 7 below.

6. If mission changes are desired; follow the computer instructions which are printed at the terminal, entering, day number, combat unit type,

combat unit number, sequence number, platoon

action number, duration, and change type.

When no further mission data changes are desired: enter 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, and press the

RETURN key.

7. The computer will then print a table containing:

a. All combat unit type (T) and combat unit

number (U) pairs to be simulated.

b. The number of days in the mission. A

sample appears below:

T U USED

1 1

1 2

2 1

3 2

5 1

6 1

6 2

6 3

6 4

6 5

9 1

#DAY= 3

8. The computer then reports:

MISSION DATA WRITTEN TO OUTPUT FILE

I PARAMETERS1

9. The computer queries whether the parameters

to be used in the next simulation run should be

read from the file (i. e., the previous set of

26
parameters, possibly to be changed now) or

whether so many of them are to be changed

that it would be preferable to enter new values for all of them now. (see step D above,

and particularly Tables 2. 5 and 2. 6. )

10. If it is decided to read the prior set of parameters: enter N, press the RETURN key., and

go to step J. 12 below. The parameters will

then be read from file.

11. If it is preferable to enter all of the new parameters: enter Y, and press the RETURN

key. (see Appendix A circle G) In this case

the computer will provide a prompted scenario in which a value is selected for each

applicable parameter in the order shown in

Table 2.b. Data will be requested only for

those unit types and days to be simulated.

For each parameter, select a value (the

value must be within the allowable range

printed by the computer), enter it upon request, and press the RETURN key. This

process ends with the entry of a value for

hours since last slept (HSLS).

12. The computer now provides the opportunity

to list all parameter values by querying whether or not the operator wants this list.

13. If the listis not desired: enter N, press the

RETURN key and go to step J. 15.

14. If it is desired to have the parameter list

printed. press Y, and the RETURN key. The

computer will then list all parameters in the

format:

INPUT PARAMETERS

TYPE UNIT

PROF

FACTOR

1 1.2

2 1.1

3 1.1 only those unit types

5 1.1 to be simulated

6 1.1

9 1.1

EFM 1.3

EFP 0. 8

27
DAY TERR

ADV

1 1.2

2 1.2

3 1.2

DAY LIGHT

1 1

2 2

3 3

HR 1

REPLACEMENTDATA

# DAY TYPE UNIT HR

1 2 2 1 4

HSLS 24

15. The computer then queries as to whether individual parameters are to be modified.

16. If no: press N, the RETURN key, and proceed

to step J. 18.

17. If yes: enter Y, press the RETURN key, and the

computer will list the eight parameter types for

your selection:

UPF - Unit Proficiency Factor

EFM - Enemy/Friendly Material strength ratio

EFP - Enemy/Friendly Personnel strength ratio

EFTA - Enemy/Friendly Terrain Advantage

L - Light level

HR - Hour mission begins

REP - Replacement

HSLS - Hours Since Last Sleep.

18. The computer requests the entry of a selected

INPUT TYPE.

19. Select the type desired, enter one of the abbreviations listed above, and press the RETURN

key. The computer will, provide prompting on

the data required and ranges of values tobe entered.

20. Select the value within the range shown, enter

it, and press the RETURN key. Decimalpoints

and decimal values are acceptable for some

parameters.

28

4 28

: , L....: -I
21. Repeat steps J. 18 through J. 20 for each parameter to be entered. To signal completion of all

parameter changes, enter END as an input type,

press the RETURN key, and continue with step

K.

Step K. Simulation Run Execution

In preparation for the simulation calculation, the operator is asked

to indicate the level of output detail desired:

OUTPUT OPERATIONS I

1. The computer queries whether a detailed printout of the values of primary simulation variables

is desired. A sample of such output, provided for

each and every platoon action simulated is shown

below:

L(D)= I Hz 9 LIGHTF z 1. 40

VUL 0. 28 0.18 0.34 0.13 0.05

STRESS = 0.40 0.25 0.47 0. 19 0.07

STRESS= 0.30

HRI1= 0.05 HR12 = 0.07

D=1 T=1 U=1 PA=1 DUR=2.20 CTIME s 8.70

STIME = 8,77

SLPDEP % 8.70

ECUR=0.9271 0.9527 0.9002 0.9675 0.9878

E4= 0.0074 0.0052 0.0147 0.0027 0.0010

This level of detail will usually not be useful to

most model users.

2. If not desired: enter N, press the RETURN key,

and continue with step K. 4.

3. If detail is required: respond by pressing Y and

the RETURN key.

4. The computer queries whether the on-line listing

of maximum stress valups is desired. The format for this is:

29

Si'IY I~~~ni -- .... am nu, I- , , - + ... : +'+= . +- - ._, ..
MAX STRESS ARRAY

DAY MAXST MAXTU.4 T U

1 8.98 17.00 1 1

2 23.04 24.00 1 1

3 27.13 4.00 1 1

2 4.63 24.00 1 2

3 18.70 3.00 1 2

1 1.88 16. 00 2 1

2 1.10 24.00 2 1

3 3.75 2.00 2 1

2 2.23 24.00 3 2

3 7.24 8.00 3 2

1 1.51 24.00 5 1

1 11.94 24.00 6 1

2 4.45 24.00 6 1

2 3.07 24.00 6 2

2 4.33 24.00 6 3

2 1.14 24.00 9 1

One maximum value is printed for each combat

unit on each day. The meaning and calculation of

stress is discussed in Appendix B.

5. If the list is not desired: press N and the RETURN

key. If so: press Y and the RETURN key.

SIMULATE I

6. The computer will then execute the calculations

involved in the simulation model using current

values for all platoon actions in the mission data, the factors, effectivenessvalues, and parameters over all days starting at the beginning of

day 1. See Appendix B for a description of calculations.

OUTPUTS

7. If previously requested in step K. 3 above, the

detailed printout will be listed on the terminal

by the computer.

30

a. i
8. If previously requested in step K. 5 above, the

maximum stress value table will be printed.

9. The computer will unconditionally print the major model results in the form of two tables of

effectiveness values. A sample of these tables

is shown in Table 3. 1. The first part shows

end-of-day effectiveness values by factor and

the second shows end-of-day effectiveness values by type of combat unit for each mission day.

10. Following this output, the computer returns to

step H. 14 above to query about the desirability

of entering manning changes for next simulation run. This corresponds to circle H on the

Appendix A flowchart, and represents the beginning of the cycle of interactions for the next

computer run. If another run is desired, return to step H. 14 and continue.

11. Otherwise, press BREAK (see step G. 3) and

enter the log off process (see step G. 1). The

same log off can be achieved if the next three

questions are answered NO (Manning changes,

Mission changes, and Parameter read changes.)

12. After a terminal session (each run), the user

can request a printout of the intermediate arrays including preprocessing.

a. After *, enter BPRINT NOSEDATA

b. Computer will respond IDENT

c. Enter: ZEDD61,VFIAMS, 088457, 5631

d. Arrange for pick up from the computer

center of any intermediate tabulations

requested during the runs.

13. Alternately, these intermediate results may be

noted on the terminal. Enter:

L NOSEDATA and press RETURN.

3 1
Table 3.1

Final Output--Example

Effectivenass by Day md Factor (E7)

Factor

Day 1 2 3 4 5 Avg

1 0.81 0.88 0.74 0.67 0.58 0.74

2 0.67 0.79 0.67 0.55 0.50 0.64

3 0.60 0.74 0.63 0.48 0.46 0.58

4 0.55 0.69 0.60 0.43 0.43 0.54

5 0.50 0.66 0.57 0.38 0.41 0.50

Effectiveness by Day and Type (E8)

Combat Unit Type

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Av

1 0.78 0.64 0.92 0. 0.92 0.77 0. 0. 0.39 0.74

2 0.65 0.57 0.80 0. 0.89 0.53 0. 0. 0.37 0.64

3 0.58 0.52 0.75 0. 0.86 0.42 0. 0. 0.36 0.58

4 0.53 0.48 0.70 0. 0.84 0.34 0. 0. 0.36 0.54

5 0.49 0.44 0.67 0. 0.81 0.27 0. 0. 0.35 0.50

32

4
CHAPTER IV

INTERPRETING MODEL OUTPUT

To perform effectiveness evaluations using the PERFECT model,

the user enters systematically. sets of rationally selected parameters and

the model processes the input data according to its internal algorithms to

yield projected effectiveness values. The parameter values which are entered into the model are of a fixed form in which the numerical values (magnitudes) of certain characteristics of the situation of interest are stated.

This set of numerical values is called the "input parameters," and is discussed in Chapter II. Obviously, the numerical value for each input parameter can be set "high," "low," or "moderate." In addition, the combinations (permutations) of values across the set of parameters permits avery

large number of variations to be investigated. For example, a friendly/

enemy force ratio may be systematically varied while unit proficiency values, terrain advantage, platooning, etc. are held constant or various combinations of parameters may be varied.

The model's mathematical algorithms amount to a set of rules by

which each of the input parameters and combinations of the parameters

are examined and evaluated. Then, by a further set of rules, an outcome

is projected. This outcome (or output) is stated as a set of numericalvalues.

Interpretation of Effectiveness (E) Values

The PERFECT model projects the effectiveness of the units simulated along a0.00to 1.00 scale. It does not predict whether the friendly or

* the enemy forces will be victors in the given engagement; it does not predict casualties, equipment losses, locations, or similar matters that are

projected by conventional battle models. The human performance effectiveness (E) output scale ranges from 0. 00 to 1. 00. While a decimal point

appears in the index because of internal calculational necessity, the decimal point may be ignored in output interpretation. Accordingly, the E value can be viewed as a percentage of effectiveness. The effectiveness (E)

of a unit prior to combat amounts to 100 percent, and the effectiveness of

this same unit when exhausted by prolonged battle under exceedingly adverse

conditions may decline to zero. In this case, the unit has lost further tactical, military usefulness, even though it might miraculously have sustained no casualties or equipment losses. The unit's personnel is too exhausted to perform its combat tasks properly. Effectiveness (E) values are

projected by combat unit type over five days (120 hours) of battle as well

as for "factors" over these five days. "Factors" refers to major dimensions or t ypes of combat activity such as, command and control activity,

coordination and information processing, and so forth (see Table 2.10).

33

-,4K 7r
Parameter Variation

Whenever PERFECT is exercised, a specified set of input parameters (numerical descriptions) is examined, evaluated, and effectiveness

projections (E values) are produced. Theoretically, virtually any imaginable tactical situation can be described and effectiveness projections obtained. In most uses, parameters will be varied and the prestored battle

scenario will be employed. This means that, for example, outcomes of

otherwise identical battle engagements can be compared for effects of "high"

versus "low" unit proficiency, terrain advantage, personnel ratio, and so

forth. In this mode of use, interest is focused primarily on differences in

obtained outcome values (of E), or in comparative patterns of outcomes

rather than in specific magnitudes of E ("percentage" of effectiveness).

Obtaining a Baseline

In exercising the PERFECT model for purposes of comparing patterns of outcomes, it is desirable to establish a baseline representing,

perhaps, the most likely conditions. The selected baseline depends, in

each case, on the user's interests and purposes. However, the process

can be illustrated.

During the development of PERFECT, a hypothetical five day test

mission was developed in which the value for each input parameter was set

at unity (1.00). Further, no allowances were made for sleep and replacements in the units in question. These input parameters (descriptions) are

shown below in Table 4. 1. Note that the description (input parameters) in

Table 4. 1 was composed for illustrative purposes aid has no military meaningfulness. It is an arbitrary description serving only as a test exercise.

The outcome of the sample baseline simulation with input parameters all set to unity (1.00) is shown in Table 4. 2. Table 4.2 is divided into two parts. Each part reflects one of the outcomes provided by PERFECT.

Table 4.2(a) presents projected effectiveness in five major categories of

combat activity, and Table 4.2 (b) presents the effectiveness for each specified type of unit. Since types 4, 7, and 8 were not specified among the input parameters, and accordingly not included in the simulation, zero effectiveness is shown for them on each day. Characteristically, in these outcomes, the greatest effectiveness decrement tends to occur on the early

simulated days (down the columns) and incremental degradation diminishes

later . Note that in Table 4.2 an average effectiveness for each day (ac ross

the columns) is given--across "factors" and across "combat unit types."

34
Table 4. 1

Sample Specification of Baseline Input

Input Parameters Interpretations

Unit

Prof

Type Factor

1 1.0 Mechanized infantry squad

2 1.0 Mechanized infantry platoon leadership

3 1.0 Tank crew

5 1.0 Alternate tank crew (2 man)

6 1.0 Forward observer/RTO team

9 1.0 Artillery battery executive officer

Ef h 1.0 Enemy/friendly material strength ratio

EFp 1.0 Enemy/friendly personnel strength ratio

Terr.

Day Adv.

1 1.0 Enemy/friendly terrain advantage

2 1.0

3 1.0 for

4 1.0

5 1.0 each day

L&ht

1 Light level profile

2 1

3 1 for

4 1

5 1 each day

HR 1 Hour of day when battle starts

HSLS 0 Hours since last sleep at battle start

ii" 35

Jl

j --- .. ... i .....
Table 4. 2

Outcome of Arbitrary (Baseline) Test Exercise

a. Effectiveness (E) per Day for 5 Types of Combat Activity (Factors)

Factor

Day 1 2 3 4 5 vg

1 0.86 0.92 0.76 0.72 0.59 0.77

2 0.76 0.86 0.70 0.64 0.54 0.70

3 0.68 0.81 0.66 0.56 0.50 0.64

4 0.62 0.76 0.63 0.50 0.47 0.59

5 0.53 0.72 0.60 0.45 0.44 0.55

b. Effectiveness (E) per Day and Unit Type

Combat Unit Type

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 0.84 0.72 0.92 0. 0.96 0.80 0. 0. 0.39 0.77

2 0.74 0.66 0.85 0. 0.93 0.64 0. 0. 0.38 0.70

3 0.66 0.60 0.80 0. 0.90 0.52 0. 0. 0.37 0.64

4 0.61 0.55 0.75 0. 0.87 0.41 0. 0. 0.36 0.59

5 0.57 0.51 0.71 0. 0.85 0.29 0. 0. 0.35 0.55

I3

36
Obtaining a Best and Worst Case

A baseline outcome is one obtained when "average" expected conditions (input parameters) are specified. Then, the effects of deviations in

one or more conditions on projected baseline outcomes can be examined.

In some cases, however, it may be advantageous to stipulate the limits on

the conditions under which the mission in question may have to be carried

out. The upper limit amounts to the best conditions, and the lower limit

amounts to the worst conditions. Comparing outcomes under best and worst

conditions establishes the envelope for intermediate possibilities.

If the envelope is very narrow, performing runs with intermediate

input parameter values may not be warranted. On the other hand, the envelope may be wide. In this latter case, it is of interest to establish the

intermediate conditions or whether any changes (combinations of input parameters) produce an outcome approximating that obtained under the best

conditions. Similarly, the reverse (approximation of worst conditions) can

be established to reveal the most "vulnerable" factors in the situation.

Table 4. 3 shows the inputs to a simulation for a hypothetical "best"

case. On the left side of the table, the types of military units andthe number of each type (see Table 2.2) participating are listed. The right side

lists the input parameters used for this "best" case simulation. The unit

proficiency input parameters represent military units which are superbly

trained. The enemy has a 3:1 superiority in weapons (EFM) and personnel

(EFP). Terrain advantage shifts over the five days, but is "fair" overall.

Lastly, the engagement starts at 1000 hours, and only four hours have

elapsed since troops slept last. These conditions are in plausible alignment

with the scenario in Siegel, et a., (1980).

Table 4. 4 shows the outcome obtained with the input parameters spec- ified in Table 4.3. The interpretation of Table 4.4 is parallel to Table 4. 2.

The "worst" case for the same hypothetical mission is now specifed - by making changes in the input parameters as shown in Table 4. 5. These

parameters specify the worst conditions that might be considered for the hypothetical mission. Since Table 4.5. represents the same mission as Table

4. 3, types and number of participating military units are the same and are

omitted in Table 4. 5. Some differences are worth noting.

First, the participating military units are very poorly trained. Second,

the enemy has a 6:1 (rather than 3:1) superiority in weapons and personnel

(EFM, EFP). Third, terrain advantage overall tends to be "poor" rather

than "fair." Fourth, the battle begins at 1600 hours, and it has been eight

hours since troops slept last. On the positive side; three tank crews have

been replaced on the first day of battle.

.1 Table 4. 6 shows the outcome obtained with the input parameters

specified in Table 4.5.

37 4
Ii

Table 4. 3

Hypothetical Mission: Best Conditions

Input Parameters Interpretations

Unit

Prof

T U Used Type Factor

1 1 1 0.6 Mechanized infantry squad

1 2 2 0.6 Mechanized infantry platoon leadership

1 3 3 0.6 Tank crew

2 1 4 0.6 Tank platoon leadership

3 1 6 0.6 Forward dbserver/RTO Team

3 2 7 0.6 FIST leadership

3 3 8 0.6 Howitzer crew

3 4 9 0.6 Artillery battery leadership

4 1

6 1 EFM 3.0 Enemy/friendly material strength ratio

6 2

6 3 EFP 3.0 Enemy/friendly personnel strength ratio

7 1

8 1 Day Terr.

8 2 Day Adv.

8 3

8 4 1 5.0 Enemy/friendly terrain advantage

9 1 2 2.5

3 0.4 for

*Day 5 4 0.2

5 1.7 each day

D ail Light

1 1 Light level profile

2 3

3 1 for

4 4

5 4 each day

HR 10 Hour of day when battle starts

HSLS 4 Hour since last sleep at battle start

4 38 - -
Table 4.4

HypothetIcal Mission: Outcome Under Best Conditions

Effectiveness by Day and Factor E7)

Factor

Day 1 2 3 4 5 Avg

1 0.'69 0.86 0.79 0.72 0.61 0.74

2 0.56 0.78 0.76 0.63 0.55 0.66

3 0.54 0.77 0.75 0.62 0.54 0.64

4 0.52 0.75 0.73 0.59 0.51 0.62

5 0.42 0.69 0.68 0.53 0.46 0.56

Effectiveness by Day and Type (E8)

Combat Unit Type

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Avg

1 0.79 0.61 0.96 0.87 0. 0.69 0.77 0.88 0.31 0.74

2 0.69 0.53 0.94 0.82 0. 0.54 0.67 0.79 0.27 0.66

3 0.68 0.51 0.93 0.80 0. 0.53 0.65 0.78 0.27 0.64

4 0.66 0.50 0.90 0.76 0. 0.50 0.63 0.77 0.26 0.62

5 0.60 0.44 0.88 0.70 0. 0.37 0.53 0.71 0.24 0.56

39
Table 4. 5

Hypothetical Mission: Worst Conditions

Input Parameters interpretations

Unit

Prof

Type Factor

1 1.5 Mechanized infantry squad

2 1.5 Mechanized infantry platoon leadership

3 1.5 Tank crew

4 1.5 Tank platoon leadership

6 1.5 Forward observer/RTO team

7 1.5 FIST leadership

8 1.5 Howitzer crew

9 1.5 Artillery Battery leadership

EFM 6.0 Enemy/friendly material strength ratio

EFP 6.0 Enemy/friendly personnel strength ratio

Terr.

Day Adv.

1 5.0 Enemy/friendly terrain advantage

2 1.7

3 1.0 for

4 0.6

5 0.2 each day

Day Light

1 1 Light level profile

2 1

3 1 for

4 1

5 1 each day

HR 16 Hour of day when battle starts

Replacement Data

Da2 Type Unit HR

1 1 3 3 10

HSLS 8 Hour since last sleep at battle start

40 $"
Table 4. 6

Hypothetical Mission: OutcQ.me Under Worst Conditions

Effectiveness by Day and Factor (E7W)

Factor

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 0.37 0.69 0.67 0.53 0.43 0.54

2 0.14 0.27 0.42 0.19 0.21 0.24

3 0.12 0.20 0.33 0.12 0.16 0.19

4 0.12 0.18 0.28 0.09 0.15 0.16

5 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.08 0.14 0.15

Effectiveness by Day and Type (E8)

Combat Unit Type

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Avg

1 0.55 0.34 0.91 0.68 0. 0.30 0.52 0.76 0.24 0.54

2 0.14 0.11 0.87 0.40 0. 0.02 0.10 0.30 0.01 0.24

3 0.12 0.08 0.83 0.26 0. 0. 0.02 0.19 0. 0.19

4 0.11 0.06 0.78 0.15 0. 0. 0. 0.18 0. 0.16

5 0.10 0.03 0.75 0.12 0. 0. 0. 0.18 0. 0.15

41 j
Best Versus Worst Case Comparisons

Summary comparison can be made by contrasting the End-of-Day

averages, which are found at the extreme right in each table.- Table 4. 7

contrasts the End-of-Day averages of Tables 4. 4 and 4. 6.

Table 4.7

Best/Worst End-of-Day Effectiveness

Day Best Worst

1 .74 .54

2 .66 .24

3 .64 .19

4 .62 .16

5 .56 .15

Even the direct comparison of corresponding numerical values, however, will be less well and less quickly appreciated than a graphic comparison. That is, each set of values of interest (e. g., those in Table 4. 7) can

be plotted so as to produce an equivalent graph as shown in Figure 4. 1.

It will be evident from Figure 4. 1 that differences are more readily

apparent in the graphic form, and this is particularly true for comparisons

of overall trends. At times, it may be useful to plot outcomes of intermediate conditions within the envelope of the best and worst expected conditions

(upper and lower limits) so that all potential outcomes may be compared simultaneously.

Sensitive, analytic use of PERFECT should not confine itself merely

to overall comparisons. PERFECT lends itself to analytic comparisons of

component details in the overall performance degradation process. For example, a Maximum Stress Array may be obtained on-line. Table 4. 8 shows

selected comparisons of maximum stress values for corresponding types of

military units under best and worst conditions. These stress values are taken from the same hypothetical mission which constitutes the background for

Tables 4.3 through 4.6. Table 4.8 indicates vastly different levels of maximum stress (MAXST) to be experienced under- best and worst conditions.

Also, the time of day (MAXTM) at which the maximum stress occurs tends

to be considerably earlier for the worst conditions.

42
loo

to. i'2

70

40

30.

20-

ao o-o Best Case

6--..Worst Case I I iI

0 24 48 72 IS0

MISSION HOURS

Figure 4.1. Graph of Table 4.7

I.

"~~~~~~~~.. = ' T . .. . , , ... .....
Table 4. 8

Comparisons of Stress for "Best" and "Worst" Cases

Best Worst

Maximum Stress Array Maximum Stress Array

DAY MAXST MAXTh T U DAY MAXST MAKTM T U

1 8.34 24.00 1 1 Mechanized 1 3167.07 24.00 1 1

2 7.33 18.00 1 1 2 5899.31 18.00 1 1

3 2.00 13.50 1 1 Infantry 3 4673.01 13.50 1 1

4 0.70 21.00 1 1 4 2814.48 12.60 1 1

5 6.36 16.70 1 1 Squad 5 941.59 16.70 1 1

1 3.38 24.00 4 1 Tank 1 1893.57 24.00 4 1

2 5.36 18.00 4 1 2 4480.78 18.00 4 1

3 1.41 13.50 4 1 Platoon 3 4155.13 13.50 4 1

4 0.50 21.00 4 1 4 2567.67 12.60 4 1

5 5.02 16.70 4 1 Leadership 5 901.74 16.70 4 1

1 12.52 24.00 6 1 Forward 1 4454.51 24.00 6 1

2 11.91 18.00 6 1 2 7404.75 18.00 6 1

3 3.15 13.50 6 1 Observer/ITO 3 4860.00 13.50 6 1

4 1.11 21.00 6 1 4 2916.00 12.60 6 1

5 10.71 16.70 6 1 Team 5 972.00 5.40 6 1

1 13.74 24.00 9 1 Artillery 1 4640.40 24.00 9 1

2 7.75 18.00 9 1 2 6696.80 18.00 9 1

3 2.29 13.50 9 1 Battery 3 4813.07 5.50 9 1

4 0.82 21.00 9 1 4 2916.00 12.60 9 1

5 7.38 16.70 9 1 'Leadership 5 972.00 5.40 9 1

a

t

44 44 I,
While the user will want to develop specific output displays to fit his

specific need, one final type out plot is frequently useful Here effectiveness is plotted against variation of a given parameter or set of parameters

over a range. Figure 4.2 presents an illustration of how such a plot might

appear. Often, superimposing plots for two parameters on the same axis

helps to clarify trade off possibilities.

7,

50

C. I ,,p

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

TERRAIN ADVANTAGE

Figure 4.2. Example of plot of effectivneu change

u a function of parameter variations

-a

545

- zrii- =;Mi 
REFERENCES

Pfeiffer, M. G., Stagel, A. 1. , Taylor, S. E. , & Shuler, L. Background

Data for the Human Performance in Continuous Operations Guidelines. Alexandria, Virginia: U. S. Army Research Institute for

the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1979.

Siegel, A. I., Pfeiffer, M. G., Kopstein, F. F.. Wilson. L., & Ozkaptan, H.

Human Performance in Continuous Operations -Volume 1. Human

Performance Guidelines. Alexandria, Virginia: U. S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1979.

46
APPENDIX A

Graphic Instructions for Running PERlFECT Simulation Model

(See Step H, Chapter 111)

44
GRAPHIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR RUNNING PERFECT SIMULATION MODEL

KEY:

OERATOR] O OLDPERFECT R

EIPUT

(COMPUTER OUTPUT

R- "RETURN" FRN FRI

[DATE] [TIME]

-EPR9INT OFF LINE DATA AND INTERMEDIATE ARRAYS - Y OR N ;= Y- YES

N- NO STU PROGRAM FOR NR

CARRIAGE OFF LINE PRINT

COMPUTER

[ VALUE OF

PREPROCESSING DESIRED YES OR NO ;

Y PAGE 2

REPROCESSING BEGUN R

EFFECTIVENESS CHANGES DESIRED YORNPGN R 8

INPUT VALUES FOR DAY, PLATOON ACTION, POSITION,

CRITICAL TASK AND EFFECTIVENESS - SEPARATED BY

COMMAS - DO NOT SPACE

RANGE OF DAY 1-5

RANGE OF PA 1-3

RANGE OF DIP 1-16

RANGE OFEF 1-

RANGE OF EFF 1-10

PRINT 5 ZEROES COMMA SEPARATED TO SIGNAL

END OF EFFECTIVENESS CHANGES ;"

-,,-- C~ID, [PAl, [DP], [CT), [EFF1 R -L.

~0,0,0,0,0 R_

"-TO TOP OF PAGE 2

49 PHIUM pAQI SAK-NOT flMD
FROM PAGE 1

INPUT VALUES FOR DUTY POSITION

CRITICAL TASK, AND FACTORSEPARATED BY COMMAS - DO NOT SPACE

RANGE FOR DP 1-16 CRCA O T12 RANGE FOR FCT 1-

PRINT 3 ZEROES COMMA SEPARATED

TO oSIGNAL END OF FACTOR CHANGE

IDPI ICTI. IF] R

0,0.00 RKiIII

INPUT THE VALUES FOR DUTY POSITION AND

* MEN-SEPARATED BY COMMA-DO NOT SPACE

A - RANGE OFDP =1- 16

RANGE OF MEN 1-1000

PRINT 2 ZEROES COMMA SEPARATED TO

SIGNAL END OF MAPNING CHANGES

IDPI, (MEN] R

I" 0 TOP OF PAGE 3

50
FRMIAG 2FROM PAGE 2 3

E YRN R

N TD T Y U E NT SE UE CE PA, DU A IOUR~G 

T

COM M A SE A R TE -D N O T SPA CEAJ J D R

ENDSION MISSINGCEANESDYO

INPUT DY YE NT EUNE A UAIN HNEYI

[DOMMAJULSEIPARATDRD[CNTPE

I 

_0

0..A *1 R.

R)*OoO~~ R -

wTO PAGE 4

51
PA--METER STOP IF NO MISSION OR SE FRDTILPC

TYPE UNIT PROF (UNIT PROFICIENCY)

[T] [UPFJ

EFM IEFMI (ENEMY/FRIENDLY MATERIAL RATIO)

EFP IEFPI (ENEMY/FRIENDLY PERSONNEL RATIO)

DAY TERR ADV

[D] [TAI (ENEMY/FRIENDLY TERRAIN ADVANT)

DAY LIGHT

[DI ILI (LIGHT LEVEL PROFILE CODE)

HR [HR] (HOUR BATTLE STARTS)

REPLACEMENT DATA

j0 DAY TYPE UNIT HR HSLS IOUNS SINCE

(R) [RD) [RT] [RU] [RHI [HL~ LAST SLEEP)

MODIFAL PARAMETERSYOR

SAR 

ENTERED INPTTP

SEETDYP.I4 EPA NI

52
FROM rGE 4 5

VALUES 

FOR EACH D, U, T, PA:

[1(D)] , [1-11, [LIGHTF],

[STRESS], [HRIIJ. [HRI21, [VUL(F)],

[P), [T], [U], [PA], [DUR] . ICTIME],

[STIME]. I[SD], [SIPDEP], [ECUR],

[E4], [TIME]

MAX TRESS ONLINE YOR N

YRN R

/RUN

S1MULATION

MAIUMSRSSAD IEBYDY

TO PAGEV
6.

P ROM PAGE 4

INPUT UNIT PROFICIENCY FACTOR

G RANGE = CA. 1.5

TYPE 1

SELETED UF~l)INPUT ALUEOF S OR OF UNIT OF VALUES PROFICIENCY

FOR EACH T IN USE

(UP TO 9)

TYPE 9

SELECTED VALUE OF UPF(9) R

INPUT ENEMY/FRIENDLY MATERIAL STRENGTH RATIO

RANGE .1 - 1&0O

IEFMI R

INPUT ENEMY/FRIENDLY PERSONNEL STRENGTH RATIO

RANGE .1 - 10.0

LEFPI I

INPUT DAILY ENEMY/FRIENDLY TERRAIN ADVANTAGE

RANGE .2 - 5 DAY I

[EFTA (D= 0)

\Y 5

[EFTA (D -J 5)

TO PME 7

54
FROM PAGE 6

INPUT LIGHT LEVEL

RANGE 1-9 DAYl I

IL(D = 1)] 11

DAY 5

IL(D = 5)]

INPUT TIME OF DAY WHEN MISSION STARTS

RANGE 0-23 ;

JHRI

INPUT REPLACMENT DATA

UP TO 20 REPLACEMENTS ALLOWED

INPUT DAY, TYPE, UNIT NUMBER, TIME,

COMMA SEPARATED, DO NOT SPACE

RANGE DAY 1-5 TIME 1-23

INPUT 4 ZEROES, COMMA SEPARATED

TO SIGNAL END OF REPLACEMENT INPUT;

fADIR 1), IRT tR- 1),RU(R 1), AM (R 1,1

:UPTOR-20

[RD(R =20),.,"T '(R - 20),RU(R =201,314fl 20))

[0,0,0.0 R

TO P*E

p 55
FROM PAGE 7

4 56
APPENDIX B

Simulation Program Description

57
Simulation Program Description

This Appendix includes a technical summary of the logic and features of the PERFECT simulation model.

Principal subscripts, indicating the scope/size of the model are given in Table B. 1.

Inputs to the model consist of the six data arrays shown in Table B. 2

plus the parameters described in Chapter II, Step D.

The Preprocessor Module

The preprocessing is completed in four major stages. These stages

provide the data for the main simulation processing and reduce the calculational complexity during that stage. Prior to these four steps of arithmetic

processing, the preprocessor allows interactively for changes to be made in

the data arrays. This is accomplished via a menued sequence of choices and

questions presented in Chapter I. Range of value checks for all inputs are

made by the program.

Starting with the effectiveness matrix, the values for the end of each

day (D) for each platoon action (PA), duty position (DP), and critical task (CT),

a smaller matrix is computed whose elements are the geometric mean of the

effectiveness values for each of the five factors. The result is a matrix E2

(D, PA, DP, F) of the form:

* DP= 1 DP = 16

Factor PA - I PA- 3 PA - 1 PA- 3

(F) D- 1-5 D- 1-5 D-1-5 . . . D- 1-5

1

2

3

4

5

For any DP having no instances of a given factor, the resulting value

of E2 is specially identified so that such instances are not tallied into the

averages calculated in the next step.

59 fIWfNU1 PAGE &Bb-LiOT MlAL4

S-, - - - -: .... - , - -...
Table B. 1

Major Subscripts

Other Names &

Subscript Meaning References Value Range

CT Critical task number Appendix D&E 1-29

D Day number IDAY 1-5

DP Duty position number IDP, Table 2.1 1-16

F Factor FAC, Table 2.10 1-5

H Hour number 0-23

L Light level profile no. Table 2.8 1-9

PA Platoon action number IPA, Table 2.3 0-3

R Replacement number 1-20

T Type of combat unit Table 2.1 1-9

U Combat unit number Table 2.1 1-5

I6

• 60
Table B. 2

Data Arrays

Data

FORTRAN Value RequireNo. Data Array Name R ment

1 Factor number(s) for each critical

task F (DP,CT) I-5 P

2 Effectiveness at end of each day E(D,PA,DP,CT) 1-100 P

3 Manning table, number of troops for

each duty position, see Table 2.1 MEN(DP) 1-10 P

4 Light level values for each hour of

9 preset type of day situations LIGHT (L,H) 1-9 M

5 Fraction of critical tasks for each

factor by unit type, see Table B.3 FTYPE (F,T) 0-0.999 M

6 Mission Data:

Platoon Action PA (D,T,U,S) 0-3 M

Duration (Hours) DUR (D,T,-U,S) 0.1-24.0

Day D 1-5

Combat unit type T 1-9

Combat unit number U 1-5

Sequence number S 1-24

P - Preprocssor

M - Main Program

-'.4

4

61

"t ~ -. t - [ -r7
In stage 2, the manning input data are applied to the matrix resulting from stage 1 and another matrix E3 (D, PA, F, T) is calculated by averaging over all duty positions according to the equation:

MEN (DP) X E2 (D, PA, DP, F) -- E3 (D, PA, F, T)

Z MEN (DP, T) T

The resultant E3 (D, PA, F, T) matrix has the following form:

Unit Type 1 Unit Type 9

Factor PA =1 PA=3 PA= 1 PA- 3

(F) D-l-5 . . D--5 ID-- 5 D-l-5

1

2

3

4

5

The third stage is the translation of matrix E3 (D, PA, F, T) into

another matrix E4 (D, PA, F, T) in which each element represents the unit

degradation in effectiveness per hour for all values of D, PA, F, and T as

follows:

E4 E3 (D-1, PA, F, T)-E3 (D, PA, F, T) (D, PA, F, T) 2

24

Both matrices E3 and E4 have the same format, yet E3 contains values of

effectiveness and E4 contains values of decreases in effectiveness per hour.

During the fourth and last stage of the preprocessing, the data for day

6 are added to the E4 (D, PA, F, T) matrix by linear extrapolation.

E4 (D-6, PA, F, T)=E4 (D-5, PA, F, T)-

[E4 (D-4, PA, F, T)-E4 (D-5, PA, F, T)]

E4 (D-6, PA, F, T) - 2E4 (D= 5, PA, F, T) - E4 (D= 4, PA, F, T)

Although the simulation per se is limited to five days, data for day six are

required in order to simulate conditions of stress on day five.

Note that preprocessing is normally required only when the manning

V" table is altered, since it is not expected that values of the original effectiveness table or the factor table will change.

62

" * , .U- , , ---e,.. . : ':1 . -'" - = - , : ' "" - r -=- .... . . . . ..
Mission Lead Module

The mission load module consists of an extensive set of menued alternatives which allows the analyst to identify parameter values in response

to requests. Input values are verified to fall in the allowed range or are rejected.

Main Processing Module

The main processing module is generally repetitive in its-processhng,

It proceeds sequentially through the operation in time from the start to the

end of the data. The processing is based on the effectiveness data from the

E4 matrix and is recycled in turn for the following sequential information

from the mission input:

Mission Data Element Element Symbolics

Day D

Unit Type T = 1 of 9

Unit Number of This Type U = 1 of 5

Platoon Action Number PA (D, U, T) = 0 to 3

Duration (hours) of the

Platoon Action DUR (D, T, U, S)= 0 to 24

Sequence Number S = 1, 2, . . . within each

U, T pair.

The mission input data consist of sets of these data (see Table 2. 4)

representing 24 hour days (except the last day). Accordingly, the operation

may be initiated at any time of day or night (by the HR parameter) and its duration specified by mission data inputs. During the processing, the program

calculates and keeps track of the following variables for each such quartet:

0 current value of effectiveness, ECUR (F, D, T, U)

0 current value of time (days and hours), CTIME

0 current value of the stress factor, STRESS F(T, U)

0 a value of time change corresponding to that stress

condition, called "stress time," STIME (T, U)

0 length of time since last sleep, SLPDEP (T, U)

Prior to the start of simulation the following variables are initialized:

STIME (T, U) = 0 stress time

SD (T, U) = 1 stress day

63
CTIME = 0 current time

ECUR (F, D, T, U) = 1 (for D 1) current effectiveness

D = 0 day number

R a 1 replacement sequence

number

SLPDEP (T, U) = HSLS sleep deprivation

STRESS (T, U) 3t stress value

MAXSTR1 (D, T, U) = 0 maximum stress

MAXTIMI (D, T, U) = 0 time of maximum stress

In order to make the scaling of UPF(T) approximately the same as

EFM and EFP, the following adjustments are made to each UPF(T) value

before simulation processing:

if UPF(T) 1, UPF(T) UPF(T ge0.to 1.0

if UPF(T);-i, UPF(T) 6UPF(T), range 1.0 to 9.0

Current Value of Time

The current value of time CTIME for the combat unit under consideration is obtained by adding the current platoon action duration to a running

total of the unit's prior time preset to zero at the start of the continuous operation simulation. Length of time since last sleep is handled similarly, but

preset at the start of the action to the value of the "hours since sleep" parameter.

CTIME = CTIME + DUR (D, T, U, S)

Current Value of Stress

The current value of the stress factor depends on the parameters:

light factor LIGHTF(D), enemy/friendly personnel strength ratio (EFP),

enemy/friendly material strength ratia (EFM), enemy/friendly terrain advantage (EFTA), proficiency of the combat unit UPF(T), and a variable called "vulnerability" which is represented by (1 - Efficiency):

4. STRESSF (T, U) = EFM .EFP .LIGHTF(D) -UPF(T) .EFTA(D) .VULAF)

Previously VUL(F) is calculated as VUL(F) = 5 (1 - ECUR (F, D, T, Ug)for

F = 1 through 5. This function is shown in Figure B. 1 and allows values

of vulnerability from 0 to 5.

64

4
[I-ECR(FD~f~l I-EFE~nENES

EFETV0ES0

4iuoBI acltino unrblt

'-65
A final (single) value of stress is calculated for the five factor values of STRESSF(F) by applying a series of weights calculated from an analysis of the number of critical tasks within each factor by type of combat units.

The numbers are given in Table B. 3 (a) and the weights called FTYPE (T, F)

in Table B. 3 (b). Thus:

5

STRESS (T, U) = Z STRESSF (F) -FTYPE (F, T)

F=1

The maximum value of STRESSF (T, U) for each day, unit, and type is saved for optional output at the completion of the simulation.

The following calculations are required to determine the value of the

light factor (LIGHTF) used in determining STRESS (T, U). The value of

LIGHTF is determined by Table B. 4 based on the input parameter L (see

Table 2. 8) and the time of day, H, of the midpoint of the platoon action.

Here:

H = CTIME + HR - DUR (D, T, U, S)/2

where HR is the input parameter (hour mission starts) and DUR (D, T, U, S) is

the platoon action duration. Given H and L, a value of LIGHT (L, H) is obtained from the 9 X 24 matrix of light level values given in Table 2. 7. With

this value of LIGHT (L, H), the model selects a value for LIGHTF from

Table B. 4.

Table B. 4

Light Factor

LIGHT (L. H) LIGHTF

- 1 3.0

2 2.7

3 2.4

4 2.1

5 1.8

6 1.6

7 1.4

8 1.2

9 1.0

66 ! -. ~1
TFable B. 3

Number of Critical Tasks Associated with Each Factor

(a)

Unit

Type Factor

T 1 2 3 4 5

1 17 20 4 5 3

2 13 2 7 5 0

3 2 11 8 4 7

4 4 2 4 2 14

5 1 10 1 2 3

6 17 1 4 3 3

7 14 9 3 1 4

8 5 5 6 4 22

9 5 1 0 0 0

(b)

Weight of Critical Tasks Associated With Each Factor

FTYPE(T,F)

1 .347 .408 .082 .102 .061

2 .481 .074 .259 .185 0

3 .063 .344 .250 .125 .219

4 .154 .077 .153 .077 .538

5 .059 .588 .059 .118 .176

b .607 .036 .143 .107 .107

7 .452 .290 .097 .032 .129

8 .119 .119 .143 .095 .524

9 .833 .167 0 0 0

t67
Stress Affects

When the stress factor increases, the model takes account of this by

effectively jumping the time ahead for the affected combat unit to simulate

troops having a lower effectiveness value. The amount of this jump is a function of the magnitude of the stress factor. It varies linearly from a value

of zero (for stress factor equal to zero) up to a maximum jump of 24 hours

if the stress factor has a value of 25 or more. This pseudo time variable

is called "stress time" and the result is poorer (lower) effectiveness as a

result of stress.

The amount of the jump is called HRI (hour increment) as shown in

Figure B. 2. This calculation is accomplished for the current values (HRI 2)

and subtracted from the value for this U, T on its prior platoon action (i. e.,

HRI 1). To obtain the value of stress affect, STA = HRI2 - HRI 1. The resulting value of stress time is then:

STIME (T, U) = STIME (T, U)+ STA+ DUR (D, T, U, S).

However, if STIME (T, U) :24, the program adjusts to the next day by setting STIME (T, U) = STIME (T, U) -24 and stress day, SD (T, U) = SD(T, U)

+ 1 and SDAY = SD (T, U).

Current Level of Effectiveness

The current effectiveness level at the end of the platoon action is calculated as:

ECUR (F, D, T, U) = ECUR F, D, T, U) - E4 (D, PA, F, T) [DUR (D, T, U, S)]

This indicates that the value of current effectiveness equals the prior value

less the product of the effectiveness degradation per hour for the current

stress day and the duration of the platoon action. This completes the ECUR

calculation if there has been no increase in stress for U, T, i. e., if STA is

zero. However, if STA is not zero, adjustments must be made to take this

stress increase into account (and if the effective stress time carries over

to the next day, to incorporate the proper E4 value for SD). This is accomplished by the following additional logic:

If CTIME + STA-9 24 (i. e., if the additive remains within Day D):

ECUR (F, D, T, U) - ECUR (F, D, T, U) - E4 (D, PA, F, T) [STA].

If CTIME+ STA.-24 (i. e., if the additive carries over into D1):

ECUR(F, D, T, U)- ECUR (F, D, T, U)-E4(F, D, T, U) [24-CTIME]

-E4 (SD, PA, F, T) [STIME (T, U)].

68
24-

STRESS(T,VJ)

Figure B.2. Time increment due to Street
Sle et)

If the current platoon action is not a sleep event, then the current

value of sleep deprivation is the sum of the prior deprivation plus the PA

duration:

S L D EP (T, U) =S L13D EP (T, U) + D UR (D), T, U, S)

However, if a combat unit is scheduled for steep (i. e. , if input PA

type =0 for a combat unit), and if the number of hours of sleep) deprivation

SLPDEP (T, U) is less than 16, then the processing includes the calculation of the following additional variables which replace those previously descr'ibed for combat actions.

" number of hours sleep) required for 100% recovery

from sleep) dep~rivation,

R ECOV H 1 I n SLPDEP (T, U) (see Figure B. 3)

0.03494 4. 6949

* percentage recovery time of this sleep-,

PERR E =DURi (D), T, U, S)

HECOVH

* percentage of normal function recovered by this sleep,

PERNORIM = (IPERREC) 0.5 (see Figure B. 4)

* number of effective hours decrease in stress time as

a result of this sleep),

EFF'LECT =(PER NORM) (SLI-DEI- WU, T))

" stress time,

STEME (T, U) z-ST1ME (T, U) - EFFECT

*if' STI ME (T, U) S 0, then SDAY SD (T, U) SD (T, U)+

1 and STIMXE (T, U) =24 + STIME (T, U-)

0 current effectiveness,

if E FFECT - cTIME (T, U) -- 0, then all changes occur

in same day. in this case, E CUR (F, D, T, U) =ECUIR

(,D, T, U) )+E4(1), P~A, r, 'r) [EFFECT] for F =I

1,..5 otherwise ECUR (V", 1), TF, U) ECUR (U', D, T, U)

SE4 (D), PA, F, T) [CT1mEj + EM4 (SDAY, PA, V, T)

[E I 'I-ECT - CTl'I mEI1 1, 5

* steep) dep~rivation,

S1IA'DEI (T, U) SL1PDE1(T, U) G( - 1ERREC) L-0]

70
0

Ir

x i>i 0

xt

r 

S

CC

LD

:3

IL

171

* 71
r--r~2fl 

S

3

S

8 U

S

8J

ii

~I

I

21

0

U

g

j

3~

q

1*

t. 

0

a a 0 0 2

0 a 6 6

U3~3AO3~ NOU~Wfl-~ ,v~~ON jo JM3~J3d
End of' Day Effectiveness

At the end of' each day's calculation, the elements of E"CUHl(F, D, TF, U)

are the end-of-day effec tiveness values for each day, factor, unit type, and

Unlit. It is helpful to concelptuaLi/ e this matrix as being of the following form:

Combat Unit Type 1 Combat Unit Type 9

[actor U1 Last U U -1 Last U

(I') D=1 5 D=1 -5 D 1- 5___1_5

3

4

I ersonnLr R lqepacenimen'

A I1ef)lac I (!leT operation is made whene ver, during the. main proces -

S-ing Irnodu [Ic calcut lonls, a c ondition is rcachLed c orresponding to a specified

uil u, u nit ty\pe, d\, udlncMe h ail\ has spec ified replace mernt of

that uinit. in the, orig(_inal parameter input dat a. Enritry into this m-at cix allows

afppr'opriat e adjust rnent, of' va riables to re.presenti the replacem-rent (platooning)

of' the seLeletd unit h.\ a IreSh oneC, i.Q. , onei for' Whorn coridiLionS (sleep depriv-ation, fliens, t.at( Ic he same as.- for- the simulated personnel

at the starl of the operation. The m-odel neel>allows upl to 20 such unit

re-placenmerits during sin uiIat ed ontliniluous operatlolls. If a replacement of

t'rflibal pe rsolinrIe (of' the ' ;.pe assigtied to this platoon ac-tion) is specified by%

thl( iniput (Iaa (i.c!., if 1" T(k) - JU, IN (1-') =UI(l) --D, and 11 11%) -5CTlME),

then:

(1) strs.1itir is re set : S T E, (PT, U) = 0, SD (T, U)1

(2) ~yers is r.(sw to 1 : I 1i ), T', U) 1 (all F')

(3)slep (eprivaiiionl is reset ST.Ii)E1P(T, V)(1- N 3

*-(4) ire twxt reIpla( etiierit is set : R = I

Ijata Sum mllalnv

Trhf roui ,uti port ion of the, programn oplerates on the ECUH (F', D, T, U)

P i natrrni al er- Alu Ims-ion data have been complef clv processed by thei main proQe~ir Module. Ifs princ iple operations are av~eraging EU (1F, 1), T, U)

EVA -:*-- ---------
matrix values and providing either for listing these data on a line printer

or terminal. First, end of day effectiveness values are averaged over all

units of a given type. This yields a matrix E6 (F, D, T) of the following

form:

Factor Unit Type 1 Unit Type 9

(F) D-1.. D-I. .. 5

1

2

3

4

5

Model Output

Using the E6 (F, D, T) matrix, the model generates two additional

but smaller tables for listing. These are E7 (F, D) and E8 (D, T) which

show end of day effectiveness values by factors and by combat unit type respectively. Table 3. 1 shows the formats of these matrices by example.

Also reported as output are maximum values of the stress as they

occur during the simulation. The maximums are retained in storage for

each unit type and are available in listed table form by the day after each

simulation run. The output table contains the following information about the

stress factor peak values- unit type number (T), day number (D), stress factor value (MAXST), time of day (MAXTM), and unit number (U). An example of this output is shown in Chapter I1, Step K. 4.

74
APPENDIX C

(a) List of Program Subroutines

(b) General Flow Chart of Simulation Subroutine

I7,

75
(a) List of Program Subroutines

Subroutine Name Function

CFPARA Create parameter file

CALCHRI Calculate HRI

INPMISS Mission inputs

INPUT Control parameter input

MDPARA Modify parameters

OFFLPARA List parameters off-line

ONLMISS List mission on-line

ONLPARA List parameters on-line

PERFECT Mainline simulation

PREPRO Preprocessor

RFPARA Read parameter file

SIMU Simulation and sleep calculations

WFPARA Write parameter file

4

FmmwO pAGz BzIL-N'o? IIij4D

77
(b) General Flow Chart of Simulation Subroutine

FIND GEOMETRIC MEANS OF

START EFFECT; VENESS OVER FACTORS

PREPROCESSOR E(D,PA,DPCPI -E2(DPA,DPF)

FOR ALL CT,DP,PA,D

AVERAGE EFFECTIVENESS VALUES

OVER ALL DUTY POSITIONS

MEN (DP) -E2(D,PADP,F)

E3(DPAT) - MEN IDP,T)

T

CALCULATE EFFECTIVENESS

DEGRADATIONS PER HOUR

E4D,PA F,T) =E3(D-1)PA.FT) - E3(D,PA,FT)

DEVELOP DATA FOR DAY 6 BY LINEAR

EXTRAPOLATION AND ADD IT TO E4(PA.DF,TI

INITIATIZATION MODULE

PERFORM PRESETS

STIME (TU) - 0

ECUR IF,D,T,UI 1 ALL F,U,T,D I

D 0, R -1

SLPDEP (TUl HSLS, ALL U,T

SIDIT,UI 1

CTIME - 0

MAX STRI IDT,UI 0

MAX TIM I ID,T.UI 0

78
CONSIDER NEXT MISSION 2

FROM PLATOON ACTION

PAGE I Q UI E E AU FU MA ~NEXT DAY _b NO. YES RESET STRESS FACTORTYEN. O

D D+l HNESRSF(,)0CAG

=NOYE

STRESS I (TU)= T PAG 3FUI

CACLAESEEEERIAIORCOEY

FUNTIO REOEEOEFCSTESTM

ANOCURRE)0?NTEFCVNS

1DEPRIVATION

CERLCLT DUREDEUP/RECATO, REOVRY

YES PERCNTEVRM TIE PERCENNORMA

* FFECTO RPERNOVRD ELPDECT TRESTIM

dTM AN URENTIM EFFECTS U 

SLPDEP(T.U) SLSLPD P (7,UPERCI~

ECFTD = CUR (FTDU) RDOFT E4 [EFET

EFFECT - ClIME (T) <0PE (,~

ECU R(F,TD,U) = ECUR (F,D,U) + E4 (D,PA,FT)CT[E[CT

+ E4 (SDAY,PA,F,T) (EFFECT - CTIME1, OTHERWISE

- 79)
U,

L

zz

2+ <

I-10. > ~ WU

> - l 5 0Ct~~ a. zUc

U, > ca ~ C) ~ , 

D- z c

0/ a Luw 

Lu Z 2u 0.

I- mu U-CCL

CCi.

-JU

if0

z> 0. w 

w W

D 0r0- U

cl 0 +

0 Lu

LLu

Lu~ w5

CL 0 Lu

Lu n!- 0 w _- Li -w < I-

>, --

ti 0C -1(

'4 I-- LL C 1)

0 ci, W

5!L u0

LLL

80
D--

-j

UU,

zD

w wL >0.

LJZ z U)

LL4 > z

LL 3 L ,

00

C) n t LU,-

( lJ.. U LL

5 =) LL F 0

crZ U.. U- wwA-

<U Co d W -J > < -J C3wL" -

LL M 0 < LL:w0

00

WwU

< W

x z

LU,

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Z LL fnW

wLJ 

UJ

00

Cz

<0.U

&n<C? C

.4 - - w LL< (

4c LL c 

81U 2pL
Note A

H = CTIME - DUR (U. T) + HR

2

OLDSTRESSF = STRESSF (U, T)

For F = 1.... 5: VUL(F) = 511 - ECUR(F, D, T, U)J

For F = 1, ... 5: STRESS(F) EFM- EFP LIGHT(F) . UPF(T) -EFTA(D). VUL(F)

5

STRESS(T. U) Z STRESS(F). FTYPE(F, T)

F=I

24

HRII = T5 (OLDSTRESS)

24

HRI2 = L4 [STRESS(T, U)J

STA = HRI2 - HRI1

Note B

STIME(T, U) = STIME(T, U) + STA + DUR (D, T, U, S)

if STIME(T, U) 24 STIME(T, U) = STIME(T, U) - 24

SD( T, U) SD(T, U) + 1

SDAV = SD(T, U)

For F =1.... 5:

ECUR(F, D, T, U) = ECUR(F,D, T, U) - E4 (D, PA, F, T)[DUR(D, T, U, S)]

if CTIME + STA<24 (stress for D)

ECUR(F, D, T, U) = ECUR(F,D, T, U) - E4(D, PA, F, T)[STAJ

otherwise: (stress for D + 1)

ECUR(F, DT, U) = ECUR(F, D, T, U) - E4(D, PA, F,T)[24 - CTIMEj

- E4 (SDAY, PA, F, T, ) [STIME(T, U)]

If HRII = HRI2 = 24 and if STRESS(T, U) > 25 then

ECUR(F, D, T. U) = ECUR(F, D, T, U) - E4(SDAY, PA, F, T)

f ESTrRESS] [DUR(D, T. U, S)]

82
APPENDIX D

Projected Effectiveness

E (D, PA, D'P, CT) for Critical Combat Tasks

The full scenario from which the critical tasks

were drawn is found in Siegel, et al., (1979).

83

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-4

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Ad -4 C C 4 % L e J ( -'4 Lf) q C04 en 4

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103
APPENDIX E

Factor Table Input

FMIUMPAM S 3M-NOT WIUAW

4 105
APPENDIX E

FACTOR TABLE INPUT

FAC(CT DPf -f

Duty Position

Critical (DP)

Task No.

(CT) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1 2 2 2 4 3 4 2 3 3 3 2 3 4 5 3 1

2 2 2 1 2 3 4 2 3 3 - 2 3 2 5 3 1

3 2 2 2 3 5 3 2 5 1 - 2 - 5 5 3 1

4 2 1 4 4 5 2 2 5 - 2 - 4 5 5 1

5 2 1 1 1 1 2 5 5 1 - 5 - 4 5 3 2

6 3 4 1 3 3 2 5 55 - 2 - 4 5 1. *k

7 5 2 1 1 4- 554 - 4 - 1 5 3 -

8 3 1 1 4 3- 235 - 5 - 1 5 2 -

9 2 2 1 4 5- 2 3 5 - 5 - 1 5 2 -

10 1 5 3 1 4 - 1 5 1 - 1 - 5 5 5 -

11 2 2 1 2 3 - 2 5 4 - 1 - 1 5 5 -

12 1 2 1 1 2 2 5 4 - 5 - - 5 3 -

13 4 2 1 3 5 - " 5 1 - I - - 5 5 -

14 4 2 1 1 3 - - 1 2 - 1 - - 5 5 -

15 5 2 1 1 3 - - 4 1 - 1 - - 2 - -

16 4 - 2 3 - - - 5 1 - 1 - - 2 - -

17 3 - 1 4 - 5 1 - 2 - - 5 - -

18 - - - 3 - - - 1 1 - 2 . . . . .

19 - - - 1 --- 4 1 - 2 -

20 - - - I - - - 2 1 - 1 -

21 - - - 3 - - - 2 1 - 1 -

22 - - - 1 - - - 5 1 - I -

23 - - 1- 1 1 - 1 . . . . .

24 - - - 1 - - - 5 1 - 2 . . . . .

25 - - - 1 --- I 1 - I . . . . .

26 --- 3 - - - 5 1 - 1 . . . . .

27 - - - 1 - 3 - 1 . . . . .

28 --- -- - - - - -.

29 ------ - - 3 - - -.

107 FMOMU D PAUg SAM,-NOT MMWJ6
APPENDIX F

List of PERFECT Model Variables

;.

MWM PAMS il".Ml • 9 109
Variable Name (FORTRAN) Definition; explanation

CTIME - Current time of day (hours)

E2 (D, PA, DP, F) - End of day effectiveness matrix summarized

over all critical tasks

E3 (D, PA, F, T) - End of day effectiveness matrix averaged

over all duty positions

E4 (D, PA, F, T) - Effectiveness decrement per hour each

day

E6 (D, F, T) - End of day effectiveness values averaged

over all units of each type

E7 (D, F) - End of day effectiveness values averaged

over all units and all types

E8 (D, T) - End of day effectiveness values averaged

over all units and all factors

ECUR (F, D, T, U) Current value of effectiveness for day (D),

factor (F), unit type (T), and number (U)

EFFECT Number of stress time decrease hours as a

result of this sleep

H - Time of midpoint of the platoon action (hours)

HRI 1, HRI2 - Hour increment, amount of time corresponding to the current stress condition (hours)

HRI 1 - prior for this U, T

HRI2 - current for this U, T

LIGHTF (D) - Light factor dependent upon LIGHT(L, H)

PERNORM - Percentage of normal function received by

current sleep number

PERREC - Percentage recovery time resulting from

current sleep

RECOVH - Hours sleep required for 100% recovery

from sleep deprivation

RN - Pseudo random number, equiprobable in

0 - 1 range

SD (T, U) - Day number corresponding to current stress

condition

SLPDEP(T, U) - Number of hours since last sleep (sleep deprivation)

STA - stress additive - HRI 2 - HRI 1 - increase

in time stress since last platoon action

111 4 
STIME (T, U) - Stress time -- time of day in SD corresponding to current stress condition

STRESS (T, U) - Current value of stress

STRESSF(T, U) - Current value of stress factor

VUL(F) - Vulnerability = 1 - Effectiveness

Parameter Name (FORTRAN) Definition; explanation

EFM - Enemy/friendly material strength ratio

E FP - Enemy/ friendly personnel strength ratio

EFTA(D) - Enemy/friendly terrain advantage ratio

for each day

fill - Time of day battle starts, an hour number,

HSSLS - Hours since last sleep at start of battle

L (D) - Light level profile for each day

RD (1) - Unit replacement data -- day number of battle

H (H) - Unit replacement data -- time of day

RT (R) - Unit replacement data -- combat unit type

RU (R) - Unit replacement -- combat unit number

UP F(T) - Unit proficiency factor, proficiency of troops

in each unit

Subscript Definition; explanation

CT Critical task number

D - Day number

DI' - Duty position number

F - Factor

Ht - Hour number

L - Light level profile number

PA - Platoon action number

R - Replacement number

T - Type of combat unit

U - Combat unit number

Data Arrays - See Table B. 2

112
APPENDIX G

Model Implementation on the U 1100 System

113
The model, described previously, is also hosted on the UNIVAC 1100

system, ARRADCOM, Aberdeen Proving Ground. At the ARRADCOM the model was compiled on the FORTRAN (ASCII) compiler. This appendix presents

specific instructions for exercising the PERFECT model on that system. As

such, the Appendix supercedes Step F and Step G (pages 21, 23) of this manual

and parts of Step K when the ARRADCOM's UNIVAC 1100 system is used.

Step F. (U 1100) Terminal Log-On

1. Dial the phone number of the computer center (for

remote operation).

2. Turn the modem or coupler "ON" (if it is a device

separate from the terminal).

3. Upon hearing a high pitched sound in the phone's receiver, place the phone's handset into the modem

(coupler). Be sure the mouthpiece is placed in the

cord end receptacle.

4. Turn the terminal's mode switch to the "LINE"("REMOTE") position to indicate that interactive (not local)

operations are to follow.

5. Enter appropriate Site ID and depress RETURN (in

the following the.,) sign indicates the necessity to

depress the RETURN key).

6. Enter "PASSWORD.:,

After entering the PASSWORD, the system will respond with a "> " symbol. This symbol indicates

that the system is soliciting a command.

7. Enter: @RUN user's name, 855A1F, PERFECT4 )

@ASG, A PERFECT..)

The ASG statement prepares the program for use.

The system will respond with, READY or a FACILITY WARNING. Either of these indicates that the

4 next command can be entered:

@ADD PERFECT. START4 )

The add statement initializes the data files and executes the model. It will be followed by a series of

READY or FACILITY WARNING responses followed

*be the first statements of the model. (Following this,

PERFECT runs as described in the body of this Manual.)

4115 MWMGPQ ~I-iT7IMM4K
Step G. (U 1100) Other Terminal Operations

This section describes some utility operations which a terminal operator

may need before, during, and after simulation model runs. Each is independent

of the other and these procedures may be performed in any order.

1. To terminate terminal operations:

a. Enter:

@FIN4

This action will be followed by a cost itemization for the session.

b. Enter:

@@TERM.)

This action will disconnect the line.

2. To correct operator typing errors:

a. To delete a line entered prior to its transmission to the computer; hold down the

"CONTROL" key and simultaneously press

the "X" key.

b. To delete the most recent character (TTY

only) entered prior to its transmission,

hold down the "CONTROL" key and simultaneously press the "Z" key.

3. To terminate a terminal print before its completion or

to signal completion of all runs desired for a single session:

a. Press the "BREAK" key.

b. Enter:

@@X TIO4)

The computer will respond with an EXECUTION TERMUNATED and the solicitation

mark. ( >)

4. To list the basic files stored as part of the program:

a. Obtain the computer solicitation" >."

b. For a data file listing select the desired file

and enter:

@DATA, L File name..)

@END

The data files that can be examined are:

116
Content File Name

Effectiveness El EFF1.

Factors FACTORS.

Manning MEN.

Mission MISSION.

Effectiveness

Reduction = E4 E4.

Parameters PARAMET.

Note: Each file name must end with a period, e. g.,

@DATA, L EFFI.)

c. To have a subroutine or element listed enter:

@PRT PERFECT. subroutine or element nameA)

e.g.

@PRT PERFECT. SIMU4 )

Note: Each subroutine or element name does not

end with a period, only the file name, PERFECT.

ends with a period.

Step K. (U 1100)

For U 1100 exercise of the model, the following replaces Step K: 12, 13;

p. 31.

1. After a terminal session (each run), the user can request

a printout of the intermediate arrays including preprocessing.

a. After ">" enter:

@ADD PERFECT. NOSEDAT!A )

b. The computer will respond: SENT BY name.

c. The intermediate data file will be printed out at

Aberdeen and sent to the user.

2. Alternately, these intermediate results may be noted on

the terminal.

a. Enter:

@DATA, L NOSEDATA.)

@ENDJ

b. The date will be printed at the remote terminal.

117

-------------- ------------------------ ----------- "-- 
New Changes

The U 1100 implementation is essentially the same as the prior version

of PERFECT except for the addition of a new function and new elements. The

new function, the PERFECT. KOMPCH function, replaces the KOMPCH subroutine which is a system feature specific to the Honeywell System.

The new elements are:

1. PERFECT. START

2. PERFECT. DATA

3. PERFECT. NOSEDATA

The PERFECT. START is used to start PERFECT. and is made up of assignment and execution statements. The PERFECT. START element contains the

following:

@ASG, A EFFI.

@ASG, A FACTORI.

@ASG, A MEN.

@ASG, A MISSION.

@ASG, A PARAMET.

@ASG,A E4.

@ASG, A NOSEDATA.

@XQT PERFECT.

The first six of these concern the assignment of input data files. The

sixth assigns the detailed output file, while the final statement executes the program. The content of each data file is:

File Content Comment

EFFI. Contain effectiveness File read by PREPRO

data. Effectiveness changes

written into by PREPRO.

FACTOR 1. Contains duty position, Read by PREPRO. Changes

critical task and factor written into file by PREdata. PRO.

MEN. Contains manning infor- Read by PREPRO. Changes

mation. written in file by PREPRO.

MISSION. Contains the mission Read by MISSION.

data, e.g., day, type, Changes written in file by

unit, sequence, pla- MISSION.

toon activities, end

duration.

118
PARAMET. Contains the parameter Read by INPUT.

data. Written to file by

WFPARA.

E4. Effectiveness decre- Calculated/written

ment data. into file by PREPRO.

Read by READE4.

NOSEDATA. Contains internal array I/O written into be

including preprocessing. most subroutines.

The second new element is the PERFECT. DATA which contains copies

of each of the input data files. This is intended as a reserve in the case of loss

of working data files. For this purpose, the editor is used and the appropriate

data split from the file. For splitting purposes, the data are arranged as follows:

1. EFFI. lines 21, 278

2. FACTORI. lines 285, 302

3. MEN. lines 311, 311

4. MISSION. lines 319, 660

5. PARAMET. lines 669, 711

6. E4. lines 74, 855

To restore a damaged input data file, say PARAMET., first it must be

cleared and reassigned.

Enter:

@DELETE PARAMET.)

@ASG, C PARAMET.)

Then the editor must be called by entering:

@ED, R PERFECT. DATA

Once the prompt is received enter:

SPLIT PARAMET. 669,711

To exit from the editor, enter:

EXIT,,,

The third new element PERFECT. NOSEDATA facilitates the printing of

intermediate data at Aberdeen. (See Step K. (U 1100) #2, this supplement.)

119

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I NAVY PERSONNEL R AND 0 CENTER /

I US ARMY AVN ENGINEERING FLIGHT ACTIVITY ATTN$ DAVTE-TD

2 0FC uF NAVAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL AND TRAINING RESEARCH PROGRAMS

I NAVAI PERSONNEL R # D CENTER ,

I OFC uF NAVAL RESEARCH PROJECT OFFICER, ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

I DEPT. OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE AND CIVIL INSTITUTE OF ENVIR NED

I NAVAI AEROSPACE MEDICAL RSCH LAU AEROSPACE PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

I USA TRADOC SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ACTIViTY ATTN: ATAA-TGA

I HEADwUARTERS9 COAST GUARD CHIEF, PSYCHOLOGICA RSCH SR

I USA wESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY LAS ATTN: DAVOL-AS (DR* R. So DUNN)

I USA FNGINEER TOPOGRAPHIC LABS ATTN: ETL-GSL

I USA FNGINEER TOPOGRAPHIC LASS ATTN: STINFO CENTER

I USA FNGINEER TOPOGRAPHIC LABS ATTN: ETL-TD-S

1 USA MOBILITY EQUIPMENT R AND 0 COMD ATTN: DRONE-TO (SCHOOL)

I NIGHI VISION LAB ATTN: DRSEL-NVwSDD

I USA TRAINING BOARD ATTN; ATTG-ATB-TA

I USA HUMAN ENGINEERING LAB

I USAHFL LIAISON REP, USAAVNC /

I USA MATERIEL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ACTIVITY ATTN: ORXS¥-C

I USA wESEARCH OFC /

1 NAFEc HUMAN ENGINEERING BRANCH

1 BATTFLLE-COLUMBUS LABORATORIES TACTICAL TECHNICAL OFC

I USA ARCTIC TEST CEN ATTN: AMSTye-PL-TS

I USA COLD REGIONS TEST CEN ATTN: STECR-Op

I USA CONCEPTS ANALYSIS AGCY ATTN& CSCA-RQP

I USA CONCEPTS ANALYSIS AGCY ATTNZ CSCA-JF

1 HO WWAIR DIV OF NEUROPSYCHIATRY

i USACaCDA ATTN: ATZL-CAC-IC

1 USACACOA ATTN: ATZL-CAC-IM

I USACaC ATTN: ATZL-CAC-IA

I USACACDA ATTN: ATZL-CAC-A

I USA P-LECTRONIC wARFARE LAB CHIEF, INTELLIGENCE MATER DEVEL * SUPP OFF

I USA wSCH DEVEL + STANDARUIZA GPv U.K.

I AFWAI./FIGR (CDIC)

1 USA wESEARCH AND DEVELOPMLNT LABS CHIEF, BEHAV SCIENCES DIV, FOOD SCI LAS

1 TRAJANA ATTN: SAJS-OR

1 NAVAl AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND ATTN: AIR-5313

I ECOM ATTN: AMSEL-CT-O

I USACIuEC TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER

I USAAWL LIBRARY

1 HUMAN RESOURCES RSCH ORb (HUMRRO) /

1 SEVILLE RESEARCH CORPORATION

I USA IRADOC SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ACTIVITY ATTN: ATAA-SL (TECH LIBRARY)

I UNIFoRMED SERVILES UNIT OF THE HEALTH SCI DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY

I USA COMPUTER SYSTEMS COMMAND ATTN: COMMAND TECHNICAL LIBRARY H-9

1 HUMAN RESOURCES RSCH ORG (HUMRRO)

1 HUMRwO LIBRARY

I EUSTIS DIRECTORATE* USAAMUL TLCHNICAL LIBRARV

I RAND CORPORATION /

I RAND CORPORATION ATTN: LIbRARy U

I FEOEwAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION ArTN: CAMI LIBRARY ACC-44DI

1 NAFE(: LIBRARY, ANA-64

I GRONiNGER LIBRARY ATTN: ATZF-RS-L SLOG 1313

I CENTPR FOR NAVAL ANALYSIS

I NAVAl HEALTH RSCH CEN LIBRARY

1 NAVAi ELECTRONICS LAB ATTN: RESLARCH LIBRARY

I NAVAl PERSONNEL R AND U CEN LIgRARY ATTN: CODE P106

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I AIR FORCE HUMAN RESOURCES LAO A3TN: AFHRL/OTS

1 QN FT. HUACHUCA ATTN: TECH REF DIV

I USA ACADEMy OF HEALTH SCIENCES STINSON LIBRARS (DOCUMENTS)

1 SCHOOL OF SYSTEMS AND LOGISTICS /

I USAMFRDC TECHNICAL LIBRARY

1 EPARTMENT OF THE NAVY TRAINING ANALYSIS AND 9VALWATiON OP

I NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS /

I USMA DEPT OF BEHAVIORAL SCI AND LEADERSHIP

I OLD iOMINION UNIVERSITY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENO LASORATORy

I USA COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE ATTN: LIBRARY

I USA IRANSPORTATION SCHOOL USA TMANSP TECH INFO ANS RSCH CEN

I NASA HO /

I NMROC PROGRAM MANAGER FOR HUMAN PERFORMANCE

I NAVAi MEDICAL R AND 0 COMMAND (44)

1 USA ADMINCEN TECHNICAL RESEARCH BRANCH LIBRARW

2 HGOA USA MED RSCH AND DEVEL COMMAND I USA FIELD ARTY 60 /

I NAT CLEARINGHOUSE FOR MENTAL HEALTH INFO PARKbAWN BLDG

I U OF TEXAS CEN FOR COMMUNICATION RSCH

1 INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES

I USA TRAINING SUPPORT CENTER ATTN$ ATIC-DST-PA

I AFHRI TECHNOLOGY OFC (H)

1 PURDIE UNIV DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES

1 USA MOBILITY EUUIPMENT R AND 0 COMMAND ATTN: DROME-ZG

I HO, uSA MDW ATTN: ANPE-OE

I DA US ARMY RETRAINING BOE RESEARCH # EVALUATION DIVISION

I CALSPAN HUMAN FACTORS AND TRAINING CENTER

I USA AEROMEDICAL RESEARCH LAB SCiENTIFiC INFORMATION CENTER

1 USAF SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MEDICINE AEROMEDICAL LIBRARY (TSK-4)

1 US MILITARY ACADEMY DEPT. OF HISTORY, BLDG 601

I USA INTELLIGENCE CEN AND SCH ATTN$ SCHOOL LIBRARY

1 USA INTELLIGENCE CEN AND SCH ATTN: ATSI-OT-DL

1 MARINE CORPS INSTITUTE

I NAVAI SAFETY CENTER /

1 USAAvNC AND FT. RUCKER ATTN: ATiG-ES

I US ANMY AVN TNG LIBRARY ATTN$ CHIEF L4BRARIAN

1 USAAvNC ATTN: ATZQ-D

I US MILITARY ACADEMY DIRECTOR oF INSTITUTIONAL RSCN

I USA AIR DEFENSE SCHOOL ATTN: ATSA-CD-MS

I USAAoS-LIBRARY-DOCUMENTS

I USA AIR DEFENSE BOARD ATIN: FILLS REPOSITORY

I USA INFANTRY BOARD ATTN: ATZB-IB-AE

I USA INTELLIGENCE CEN AND SCH ATTN: ATSI-DOTD-SF

I USA oRDNANCE CEN AND SCH ATTNI ATSL-TO-TAC

I USA ARMOR SCHOOL ATTN: ATZK-TO

1 USA ARMOR CENTER DIRECTORATE OF COMBAT nEVELOPMENTS

I NAVAI POSTGRADUATE SCH ATTN: OUVLEY KNOX LIBRARY (CODE 1424)

1 USA IRANSPORTATIO4 SCHOOL DEPUTY ASST. COMMANDANT EDUCAo TECHNOLOGY

I USA sIGNAL SCHOOL AND FT. GORUON ATTN4 ATZH-ET

1 USA ARMOR CENTER + FT. KNOX OFFICE OFI ARMOR FORCE MGT # STANDARDIZATION

I CHIEF OF NAVAL EDUJCATION AND TNG /

1 USA SIGNAL SCHOOL + FT. GORDON LOUCATIONAL TEGHNOLOGy DIVISION

I HQ AIC/XPTD TRAINING SYSIEMS OLVELOPMENT

I USAIsD ATTN: ATSIE-OT

1 US AkMY ARMOR CENTER ATTN: AT7KwTU-PMO

S. I USA WUARTERMASTER SCHOOL UIRECTORATE OF TRAINING DEVELOPMENTS

I US C(jAST GUARD ACADEMY /

I USA TRANSPORTATION SCHOOL DIRECTORATE OF TRAINING * DOCTRINE

I USA INFANTRY SCHOOL LIBRARY /

I USA INFANTRY SCHOOL ATTN: ATSH-V

I US AWMY INFANTRY SCHOOL ATTN: ATSH-CO

I USA INFANTRY SCHOOL ATTN: ATSH-UOT-LRD

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I USA INFANTRY SCHOOL ATTN: ATSm-EV

1 USA mP * CHEM SCH/TNG CEN + FT. MCCLELLAN ATTNI ATZN-PTS

I USA MP + CHEM SCHTNG CEN * FT. MCCLELLAN DIRw COMBAT DEVELOPMENT

I USA MP + CHEM SCH/TNG CEN + FT. MCCLELLAN DIRI TRAINING DEVELOPMENT

I USA NP * CHEM SCH/TNG CEN * FT. MCCLELLAN 'ATTNI ATZN-MP-ACE

I USA INSTITUTE OF ADMINISTRATION ATTN$ RESIDENT TRAINING MANAGEMENT

I USA ,IELD ARTILLERY SCHOOL MORRIS SWETT LIBRAPY

I USA INSTITUTE OF ADMINISTRATION ACADEMIC LIBRARY

1 USA wAR COLLEGE ATTN: LIdRARY

I USA FNGINEER SCHOOL LIBRARY AND LEARNING RESOURCES CENTER

I USA ARMOR SCHOOL (USARMS) ATTN: LIBRARY

I ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS CEN * SCH ATTN: LIBRARIAN

I US AWMY INTELLIGENCE CENTER + SCHOOL ATTN: ATSI-TD

1 US ANMY INTELLIGENCE CENTER * SCHOOL ATTN: ATSI-RN-M

1 US ANMY INTELLIGENCE CENTER * SCHOOL ATTN: AT$I-T9-LO

I US ANMY INTELLIGENCE CENTER * SCHOUL ATTN: ATSI-CB-CS-C

1 US AWMY INTELLIGENCE CENTLR + SCHOOL ATTNI ATSI-DT-SF-IN

1 0EPAwTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY LIBRARV (ATC)

I HQ TwADOC TRAINING DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE

2 BRITISH EMBASSY BRITISH UFENCE STAFFi

2 CANAaijIAN JOINT STAFF

I CDLS (W) LIBRARY

I FRENcH ARMY ATTAC4E

I AUSTwIAN EMBASSY DEFENSE, MILITARY AND AIR ATTACHE

3 CANAoIAN DEFENCE LIAISON STAFF ATTN: COUNSELLORt DEFENCE R AND 0

1 ROyAi NETHERLANDS EMBASSY MILITARY ATTACHE

1 CANAIJIAN FORCES BASE CORNWALLIS ATTN: PERSONNEL SELECTION

P CANAIdAN FORCES PERSONNEL APPL RSCH UNIT

1 ARMY PERSONNEL RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT

I NETHFRLANDS EMBASSY OFFICE OF THE AIR ATTACHE

6 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS EXCHANGE ANU GIFT DIV

I DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CEN ATTN: OTIC-ODA-2

140 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS UNIT DOCUMENTS EXPEDITING PROJECT

I US GoVERNMENT PRINTING OFC LIBRARY, PUBLIC DOCUMENTS DEPARTMENT

I US GoVERNMENT PRINTING OFC LIBRARY AND STATUTORY, LIB DIV (SLL)

I THE ARMY LIBRARY ATTN: ARMY STUDIES SEC

3 ROYAl ARMY EDUCATIONAL CORPS CENTRE ARMy SCHOOL OF TRAINING SUPPORT

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