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Land and Resource Management Plan

National Forests in Mississippi

Forest Supervisor’s Office – Jackson, Mississippi

Bienville National Forest – Forest, Mississippi

Delta National Forest – Rolling Fork, Mississippi

De Soto National Forest:

Chickasawhay Ranger District – Laurel, Mississippi

De Soto Ranger District - Wiggins, Mississippi

Holly Springs National Forest – Oxford, Mississippi

(Includes the Yalobusha Unit)

Homochitto National Forest – Meadville, Mississippi

Tombigbee National Forest – Ackerman, Mississippi

(Includes the Ackerman and Trace Units)

Responsible Official: Elizabeth Agpaoa, Regional Forester

Southern Region

Atlanta, GA

For Information Contact: Margrett L. Boley, Forest Supervisor

National Forests in Mississippi

200 South Lamar St., Suite 500-N

Jackson, MS 39201

Telephone: (601) 965-1600

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan i

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................1

1.1 Overview of the National Forests in Mississippi...................................................................1

1.2 Consistency of Projects with the Forest Plan ........................................................................5

Chapter 2. Vision .............................................................................................................................7

2.1 Desired Condition Overview.................................................................................................7

2.2 Forestwide Desired Conditions .............................................................................................8

2.3 Ecosystem Diversity..............................................................................................................9

2.4 Species Diversity.................................................................................................................28

2.5 Healthy Watersheds.............................................................................................................31

2.6 Healthy Forests....................................................................................................................33

2.7 Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................36

2.8 Recreation, Cultural Resources, and Forest Setting ............................................................39

2.9 Minerals Management .........................................................................................................42

2.10 Economic Benefits.............................................................................................................42

Chapter 3. Strategy.........................................................................................................................43

3.1 Objectives and Management Approaches ...........................................................................43

3.2 Ecosystem Diversity............................................................................................................44

3.3 Species Diversity.................................................................................................................58

3.4 Healthy Watersheds.............................................................................................................66

3.5 Healthy Forests....................................................................................................................69

3.7 Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................74

3.8 Recreation, Cultural Resources, and Forest Setting ............................................................76

3.9 Minerals Management .........................................................................................................79

3.10 Economic Benefits.............................................................................................................81

Chapter 4. Design Criteria .............................................................................................................83

4.1 Overview of Design Criteria................................................................................................83

4.2 Standards and Guidelines ....................................................................................................83

4.3 Management Area Prescriptions..........................................................................................98

4.4 Suitability of Uses .............................................................................................................110

Chapter 5. Monitoring and Evaluation.........................................................................................115

5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................115

5.2 Implementation..................................................................................................................115

5.3 Monitoring and Evaluation................................................................................................115

5.4 Research Needs..................................................................................................................124

Glossary of Commonly Used Terms............................................................................................127

Commonly Used Acronyms.........................................................................................................141

References....................................................................................................................................142

Appendix A. Summary of Analysis of the Management Situation..............................................143

Appendix B. Timber Analysis .....................................................................................................145

Appendix C. Possible Actions and Vegetation Management Priorities by Administrative 

Unit; and Silvicultural Systems and Cultural Practices by Ecosystem or Forest 

Cover type.......................................................................................................................159

Appendix D. Old Growth Management Strategy.........................................................................179

Appendix E. Climate Change Strategies......................................................................................187

Appendix F. Administrative Unit Maps.......................................................................................191

Appendix G. Biological Opinion – Incidental Take Statement ...................................................197
Contents

National Forests in Mississippi

ii Land and Resource Management Plan

Tables

Table 1. Distribution of ecological systems on the National Forests in Mississippi .....................11

Table 2. Desired percent of ecological systems by unit on the National Forests in 

Mississippi ........................................................................................................................12

Table 3. Federally endangered or threatened species that occur in the National Forests in 

Mississippi ........................................................................................................................29

Table 4. Threatened and endangered species, associated ecological systems, and 

objectives..........................................................................................................................60

Table 5. Dusky gopher frog-prescribed burn matrix......................................................................63

Table 6. Scenic integrity objectives by management area .............................................................78

Table 7. Stocking levels for reforestation and stand improvement treatments..............................88

Table 8. Unfavorable wind conditions for applications.................................................................95

Table 9. Approximate land allocations for the ecosystem-based management areas....................99

Table 10. Suitability of areas for various uses on the National Forests in Mississippi................111

Table 11. National Forests in Mississippi timber suitability totals..............................................112

Table 12. Evaluation and monitoring questions and performance measures that address 

desired conditions and objectives of the forest plan .......................................................117

Table 13. Other evaluation and monitoring questions and performance measures .....................123

Table 14. Desired percent of ecological systems by unit on the National Forests in

Mississippi ......................................................................................................................146

Table 15. Allowable sale quantity for first decade on lands suitable for timber production .......148

Table 16. Timber sale program quantity for first decade.............................................................148

Table 17. Estimated acres of vegetation management practices in the first decade ....................149

Table 18. Estimated product mix for National Forests in Mississippi timber sale program 

quantity (TSPQ)..............................................................................................................149

Table 19. Acres of timber land classifications for the Bienville National Forest........................151

Table 20. Acres of timber land classifications for the DeSoto National Forest, DeSoto 

District ............................................................................................................................152

Table 21. Acres of timber land classifications for the DeSoto National Forest, 

Chickasawhay District ....................................................................................................153

Table 22. Acres of timber land classifications for the Homochitto National Forest....................154

Table 23. Acres of timber land classifications for the Delta National Forest..............................155

Table 24. Acres of timber land classifications for the Holly Springs National Forest ................156

Table 25. Acres of timber land classifications for the Tombigbee National Forest.....................157

Table 26. Total acres of timber land classifications for the National Forests in Mississippi.......157

Table 27. Possible outcomes for ecological systems on the Bienville Ranger District 

during the first decade of Forest Plan implementation ...................................................160

Table 28. Percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural condition 

(60 years old and older) after the first decade of the forest plan implementation...........161

Table 29. Possible outcomes for ecological systems on the Chickasawhay Ranger District 

during the first decade of Forest Plan implementation ...................................................162

Table 30. Percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural condition 

(60 years old or older) after the first decade of forest plan implementation...................163

Table 31. Proposed outcomes for ecological systems on the Delta Ranger District during 

the first decade of forest plan implementation................................................................163

Table 32. Proposed outcomes for ecological systems on the De Soto Ranger District 

during the first decade of forest plan implementation ....................................................165

Table 33. Percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural condition 

(60 years old or older) after the first decade of plan implementation.............................166

Table 34. Expected outcomes for ecological systems on the Holly Springs Ranger District 

during the first decade of forest plan implementation ....................................................167
Contents

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan iii

Table 35. Percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural condition 

(60 years old or older) after the first decade of forest plan implementation...................167

Table 36. Expected outcomes for ecological systems on the Homochitto Ranger District 

during the first decade of forest plan implementation ....................................................168

Table 37. Percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural condition 

(60 years old or older) after the first decade of forest plan implementation...................169

Table 38. Expected outcomes for ecological systems on the Tombigbee Ranger District 

during the first decade of Forest Plan implementation ...................................................170

Table 39. Percent of acres in regeneration (0-10 years) and mature structural condition 

(60 years old or older) after the first decade of forest plan implementation...................170

Table 40. Forest types included in the rare community type selection criteria............................179

Table 41. National Forests in Mississippi preliminary inventory of possible old-growth 

acreage summarized by ranger district and old-growth community type (July 8, 

2005)...............................................................................................................................180

Table 42. National Forests in Mississippi preliminary inventory of possible old-growth 

acreage summarized by ranger district and selection criteria (July 8, 2005)..................181

Table 43. National Forests in Mississippi preliminary inventory of possible old-growth 

acreage summarized by district and size class (July 8, 2005).........................................182

Table 44. FSVeg database tables user defined data code 3 old growth field coding...................183

Table 45. National Forests in Mississippi crosswalk between Southern Region forest type 

codes and old growth community type codes.................................................................185

Figures

Figure 1. Map indicating the locations of national forests within the State of Mississippi .............2
Forest Plan Structure

Chapter 1 – Introduction. The introduction provides an overview of the National Forests in Mississippi 

and describes the purpose and structure of our revised land and resource management plan.

Chapter 2 – Vision. This section describes the vision for the future of the National Forests in Mississippi 

through desired conditions that reflect the Forests’ uniqueness on a national and regional level. The 

content focuses on a description of desired conditions or goals developed through a collaborative process 

with the public, other agencies and groups, and Forest Service staff. Many of the desired conditions reflect 

a broad vision that integrates multiple resource areas or systems and applies across the National Forests in 

Mississippi. Other desired conditions are more specific to a single resource area or location. 

Chapter 3 – Strategy. This section describes how the National Forests in Mississippi staff intend to move 

the Forests’ resources toward desired conditions. It includes objectives and management approaches to 

implementation. Most objectives are quantifiable outcomes on the land that can be measured over time. 

Management approaches describe the program strategies for managing the Forests’ national forest 

resources and show how we expect to implement plan direction. 

Chapter 4 – Design Criteria. This section lists the standards and guidelines that are the sideboards 

framing our management activities. They ensure the protection of resources as projects are implemented to 

move toward the desired conditions. This chapter also points the way to other existing direction outside 

this plan. Management requirements found in public laws, regulations, Forest Service manuals and 

handbooks, and Federal policies are still firmly in place but are generally not repeated in this plan. This 

chapter also includes a discussion of management areas, as well as identification of suitable uses for 

different areas. 

Chapter 5 – Monitoring and Evaluation. This section describes the monitoring program for the plan. 

Monitoring and evaluation provide information to determine whether programs and projects are meeting 

forest plan direction and whether the plan should be amended or revised. This chapter also establishes 

monitoring questions that are to be answered over the course of forest plan implementation. 

Glossary. The glossary defines terms used in this plan that may not be familiar to the reader. In most 

cases, the entries are short definitions; however, in other instances, entries are expanded to clarify more 

complex concepts, such as “prescribed burning” or “multiple-use purposes.”

References. This section lists references to external and internal documents relevant to the understanding 

of the plan.

Appendix A – Summary of Analysis of the Management Situation. This appendix summarizes the 

issues and changing conditions that led to the need for change in existing plan direction. It also includes a 

summary of the significant issues identified through public collaboration.

Appendix B – Timber Analysis. This appendix describes the analysis of lands suitable and not suitable 

for timber production, the allowable sale quantity, and other information on conditions where different 

silvicultural systems could be used.

Appendix C – Possible Actions and Vegetation Management Priorities by Administrative Unit. This 

appendix describes possible activities that may take place to help maintain existing conditions or move 

toward desired conditions. It also includes vegetation management priorities by administrative unit and 

silvicultural systems and cultural practices by ecosystem or forest cover type.

Appendix D – Old Growth Management Strategy. The old growth strategy extends the regional 

guidance for conserving old growth forests to specific circumstances on the National Forests in 

Mississippi and provides details on old growth status, desired conditions, management strategies, 

implementation guidelines, and monitoring.

Appendix E – Climate Change Strategies. This document provides a summary of potential climate 

change expectations and management strategies for the National Forests in Mississippi.

Appendix F – Geographic Unit Maps. This appendix includes links to maps depicting ecological 

systems, red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management areas, resource suitability classifications, and 

various other maps related to National Forests in Mississippi forest plan revision.
National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 1

Chapter 1. Introduction

From the pine forests of the Gulf Coastal Plain to the upland hardwoods in the northern part of the 

state, the National Forests in Mississippi (also referred to as “the Forests”) cover 1.2 million acres of 

diverse natural resources and valued public lands. This land and resource management plan (also 

referred to as the “forest plan” or “the plan”) has been developed to guide the general management 

direction of the Forests over the next 15 years. This document is a revision of our original forest plan 

prepared in 1985 under the National Forest Management Act (NFMA). Over the years, some aspects 

of the original plan remained valid, but most issues, conditions, and practices changed. This revision 

of the forest plan for the National Forests in Mississippi incorporates new information, addresses 

evolving issues and trends, accounts for changes in national policies and direction, and includes 

updated views from public users and stakeholders.

This revised forest plan is the result of a multi-year planning process and collaboration with the 

public and other agencies, groups, and interested parties. It differs from the previous plan in focusing 

more on an integrated vision of how we want the national forests to look and function in the future 

rather than how individual projects would be implemented. This plan uses a new format and 

emphasizes an adaptive management approach that will continue to include public input and technical 

adjustments as changes are needed.

1.1 Overview of the National Forests in Mississippi

1.1.1 Description, Niche, and Contributions

The six proclaimed national forests that make up the National Forests in Mississippi are 

administratively managed as seven ranger districts (Figure 1). Although each national forest has 

unique characteristics and conditions, they all contribute to forestwide desired conditions and are 

managed under one land and resource management plan. The seven ranger districts or national forests 

that make up the National Forests in Mississippi are:

• Bienville National Forest

• Chickasawhay Ranger District of the De Soto National Forest

• De Soto Ranger District of the De Soto National Forest

• Delta National Forest

• Holly Springs National Forest

• Homochitto National Forest

• Tombigbee National Forest

Distributed across the State of Mississippi, National Forest System (NFS) lands include an array of 

ecological systems that are representative of the ecological diversity of the different portions of the 

state. Forestwide, pine-dominated stands (many of which resulted from reforestation efforts in the 

1930s) are the most common forest communities. Large tracts of loblolly pine represent the most 

prevalent forest type, but fire-dependent stands of native longleaf pines along the lower Gulf Coastal 

Plain still occupy a portion of their historic range. Oaks and hickories dominate the dry slopes and 

ridges in the northern half of the state, where sheltered bluffs and mesic ravines contain a mix of 

hardwoods that includes American beech, white oak, and Southern magnolia. Along the Mississippi 

River Delta, approximately 60,000 acres of forested wetlands constitute the only bottomland 

hardwood national forest in the National Forest System. 
Chapter 1. Introduction

National Forests in Mississippi

2 Land and Resource Management Plan

Figure 1. Map indicating the locations of national forests within the State of Mississippi
Chapter 1. Introduction

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 3

Other unique ecological systems include stands of bald cypress imbedded along oxbow lakes and 

sloughs, pitcher plant bogs, open grassy prairies, herbaceous seeps and flats, and xeric sandhills. 

The relative size and diversity of the National Forest System land base within the state is also 

important for recovery of native ecosystems and threatened and endangered wildlife species such 

as the red-cockaded woodpecker and gopher tortoise.

The restored forests and improved watersheds of today are in stark contrast to the cutover lands 

and abandoned farms that existed in the 1930s when the National Forests in Mississippi were

established. These formerly cleared and eroded hillsides are now healthy forests that add to the 

economy and provide social opportunities and ecological diversity. Over the years, national forest 

lands have provided a steady flow of benefits to local and regional economies by drawing 

recreation visitors, offering minerals leasing, and providing a timber product mix that primarily 

includes softwood and hardwood sawtimber and pulpwood. Best management practices have 

reduced erosion, and healthy watersheds have protected water quality while providing refuge for 

a diversity of aquatic life within national forest boundaries.

Due to the intermingled nature of private landholdings and National Forest System lands, the 

National Forests in Mississippi are a “backyard” to many local communities and provide a variety 

of social gathering opportunities. Traditional national forest uses such as hunting and fishing 

continue to be highly desired by the public, as are other year-round recreation opportunities such 

as trail use, camping, nature watching, and enjoying beautiful scenery and solitude. Blackwater 

sloughs, scenic lakes, and meandering rivers add to the character of the landscape while providing 

quality boating, fishing, and other recreation experiences. The National Forests in Mississippi 

contain over 2,000 acres of lakes and ponds and 11,000 miles of streams within its proclamation 

boundaries. Lakes and streams associated with developed recreation sites provide popular 

summertime destinations, and many waterways are renowned sport fishing locations as well as 

key resting and feeding areas for waterfowl and other migratory bird species. 

The National Forests in Mississippi contain two wilderness areas and a federally designated wild 

and scenic river. Fourteen wildlife management areas within national forest boundaries provide 

important wildlife habitat and are managed for game species such as deer, turkey, and quail. 

Cultural resources range from archaeological sites and Native American mounds to family 

cemeteries, old homesteads, interpretive trails, and lands along a portion of the Natchez Trace 

Parkway. With this rich combination of forest ecosystems and uses, Mississippi’s national forests 

have become a valued asset for the state and for the National Forest System.

1.1.2 Management Challenges

Many of the resource management challenges for the National Forests in Mississippi are similar 

to those faced by public land management agencies in other areas. Population growth and 

urbanization are resulting in a loss of undeveloped lands and increased pressures and conflicts 

over use of forest resources. Invasive species such as cogongrass and kudzu are a serious threat to 

native species. Changing recreation patterns, such as the use of all-terrain vehicles (also called 

off-highway vehicles or OHVs), have caused localized damage in some heavily used parts of the 

Forests. The nature of land ownership patterns in Mississippi, where National Forest System

lands are tightly interspersed with tracts of private lands, makes consistent management practices 

difficult. Emerging issues such as climate change are not yet well understood, especially at the 

local forest level, and appropriate strategies are still evolving. Competing demands, reduced 

budgets, and limited internal staffing further impact our ability to complete desirable projects and 

maintenance activities. 
Chapter 1. Introduction

National Forests in Mississippi

4 Land and Resource Management Plan

In Mississippi, change is an inevitable part of the landscape and as such, is an important factor in 

developing a useful and adaptive land management plan for the national forests in the state. 

Whether the result of natural disturbances, human-induced pressures, or the outcome of new 

scientific understanding and technical research, changes are expected, and the ability to adapt and 

respond to changes in a productive way is a key part of our forest plan. Our intent in this plan is 

to reflect the changing needs and values of a diverse public while continuing to focus on 

sustainable management of National Forest System lands for the future. 

One of the important goals in developing a forest plan for the National Forests in Mississippi was 

to rethink how we looked at land and resource management planning in the past and create a 

more integrated and adaptive plan for the future. In 

addition to this plan having a different focus than the 

one we prepared over 25 years ago, the process for 

creating our management direction was different as 

well. Since the revision process started, we have heard 

from thousands of Mississippi residents, visitors, 

conservation groups, recreation groups, industry 

representatives, community leaders, other agencies, and 

interested parties about the future they want to see for 

the six national forests within the state. Our resource 

specialists and forest managers worked together with universities, researchers, and other agencies 

to take into account the latest scientific findings, consider evolving management practices, and 

include new emerging issues such as urban expansion and climate change. Limited budgets and 

competing demands have required us to evaluate priorities, set feasible objectives, and work 

harder together with our partners to accomplish common goals.

1.1.3 Plan Purpose

The purpose of this forest plan is to guide the overall direction for sustainable management of the 

National Forests in Mississippi by establishing desired conditions that will guide future projects, 

practices, uses, and protection measures. Information is provided that describes our goals, what 

activities will be implemented, what public benefits are anticipated, and what will be the longterm condition of the National Forests in Mississippi as a result of implementing the plan. This 

plan supports an adaptive management approach, which emphasizes checking on results as 

projects are implemented and making plans more adaptable to changes in social, economic, and 

environmental conditions. 

While many of the desired conditions are long-term expectations that may not be realized during 

the life of the plan, the forest plan establishes the direction management actions will move toward 

for the future. Key decisions made in this plan for guiding management actions are:

• To establish multiple-use goals and objectives that set the direction for forest management. 

The objectives are expectations of project activities that will move the National Forests in 

Mississippi toward desired conditions but do not represent a complete set of projects that 

could occur. Management approaches discussed along with objectives are general strategies 

for implementation and are not considered plan decisions.

• To identify standards and guidelines that apply to implementing the forest plan. Standards 

must be followed or the plan must be amended, and guidelines should be followed unless

extenuating circumstances can be documented that would reasonably explain a deviation.

Our intent in this plan is to reflect 

the changing needs and values of 

a diverse public while continuing 

to focus on sustainable 

management of National Forest 

System lands for the future.
Chapter 1. Introduction

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 5

• To establish ecosystem-based prescriptions for management of broad areas of the National 

Forests in Mississippi and more specific direction for unique geographic portions of the 

Forests depending on location, ecological attributes, or special use characteristics.

• To identify lands suitable and not suitable for various uses, such as timber production.

• To determine an allowable sale quantity (ASQ) of timber to ensure a sustained yield of wood 

products.

• To establish habitat management areas for managing habitat for populations of the 

endangered red-cockaded woodpecker.

• To identify monitoring and evaluation requirements for tracking progress over time. These 

requirements are linked to desired conditions stated in the plan. Specific methodology for 

accomplishing monitoring and evaluations is not considered a plan decision and could change 

over time if new information or protocols come into use.

A separate decision, apart from the forest plan, that has been incorporated into this document is 

the determination of the National Forest System lands that will be administratively available for 

oil and gas leasing, as well as the associated stipulations. This leasing availability decision was 

finalized in 2010 and is considered a separate decision but closely linked to plan direction. The 

revised plan continues mineral management guided by the 2010 Oil and Gas Availability 

decision, but also includes management direction for Oil and Gas Availability on the Sandy Creek 

RARE II Further Study/Inventoried Roadless Area located on the Homochitto National Forest.

In November 2005, the Forest Service published a new travel management rule governing motor 

vehicle use on national forests and grasslands. Under the final rule, the National Forests in 

Mississippi designated those roads, trails, and areas open to motor vehicle use by class of vehicle 

and, if appropriate, by time of year. The motor vehicle use map is a requirement of the Travel 

Management Final Rule. The motor vehicle use map displays those National Forest System roads, 

trails, and areas (if any) that are designated open to motor vehicles, by vehicle class (highwaylegal vehicles, high-clearance vehicles, ATVs, and motorcycles), and any seasonal or time 

allowances. The motor vehicle use map also provides information on other travel rules and 

regulations. The motor vehicle use map will be updated annually to correct mapping errors or 

discrepancies, and to reflect any changes in route status.

1.2 Consistency of Projects with the Forest Plan

While implementing the plan, all projects and activities authorized by the Forest Service must be 

consistent with the forest plan. If a project or activity as proposed would not be consistent with 

the forest plan, the responsible official has the following options:

• modify the proposal so that the project or activity will be consistent, 

• reject the proposal, or

• amend the forest plan contemporaneously with the approval of the project or activity so that 

the project or activity is consistent with the forest plan, as amended. The amendment may be 

limited to apply only to the project or activity.

National Forests in Mississippi

Revised Land and Resource Management Plan 7

Chapter 2. Vision

2.1 Desired Condition Overview

Our vision for future management of the National Forests in Mississippi is a combination of the 

input we have received from the public, the mission of the Forest Service, national Forest Service 

goals, recent changes, and trends affecting the Forests, and best available science. This vision for 

the National Forests in Mississippi is expressed through the desired conditions described in this 

chapter. These desired conditions reflect the ecological, economic, and social attributes that we 

expect to exist on the National Forests in Mississippi in the future. 

The forest plan primarily addresses desired 

conditions on a forestwide scale (that is, the 

desired conditions are applicable across the 

landscape of the National Forests in Mississippi). 

Many of the desired conditions are ecosystembased and interconnect across resource areas, 

geography, and ranger districts. However, where 

appropriate, conditions are described in relation to

specific geographic areas to allow focus on 

unique or localized circumstances.

In some cases, a desired condition matches the current condition, so our goal is to maintain 

existing conditions. But in other cases, we need to work toward meeting the desired conditions, 

and success in achieving them can only be measured over the long term. Especially when trying 

to achieve far-reaching goals like the restoration of landscape-scale ecological systems, it may 

take many decades for some of these broad aspirations to be accomplished. However, with the 

adaptive approach that is inherent in this plan, we will periodically reassess progress and can 

make adjustments if monitoring results indicate desired conditions are not achievable or if there is 

an imbalance in what we are accomplishing. 

Throughout chapter 2, each section is introduced by a general description of the topic that 

provides context. This background material includes basic introductory information, depicts 

current conditions, conveys values identified by the public, or describes linkages to sustainability. 

Introductory discussions are followed by a detailed narrative of desired conditions for that topic.

The following desired conditions describe the vision for the future of the National Forests in 

Mississippi. The recurring theme that runs throughout these descriptions is a focus on restoring 

and sustaining the native ecological communities, natural setting, and diversity of social and 

economic opportunities that are an intrinsic part of our Mississippi heritage and location. 

Although on-the-ground changes may be slow to show up at first, the emphasis on restoring

native ecological systems and improving threatened and endangered species habitat as the 

primary focus of the revised plan is expected to have a lasting effect on future conditions of the 

National Forests in Mississippi. In addition, healthy forests and watersheds, safe and suitable 

access to the national forests, a balance of traditional and emerging recreational opportunities, and 

continued local economic benefits are all part of the desired future conditions explained in more 

detail in this chapter. 

It should also be noted that many of these desired conditions do not represent traditional resource 

areas but are interconnected outcomes that provide multiple benefits and are supported by a 

variety of management programs. The more interrelated nature of this plan is evident in the broad 

description of forestwide desired conditions and the more detailed desired conditions discussions 

Our vision for the National Forests in 

Mississippi is expressed through the 

desired conditions described in this 

chapter. These desired conditions 

reflect the ecological, economic, and 

social attributes that we expect to exist 

on these national forests in the future.
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

8 Land and Resource Management Plan

that follow. Since restoring and sustaining ecosystem 

diversity provides the basis for many of the integrated 

desired conditions, desired conditions for the various 

ecosystems are described first, followed by species 

diversity, healthy watersheds, healthy forests, 

infrastructure, social opportunities, and economic benefits. 

While the plan emphasizes the major desired conditions 

that provide a high-level vision for the national forests, the 

ongoing daily operations and maintenance activities not 

detailed in this document also play a key part in accomplishing these desired outcomes.

2.2 Forestwide Desired Conditions

Although the National Forests in Mississippi are composed of six separate national forests with 

different environmental conditions and priorities, the vision for the future identified in this 

revised plan has a common focus. Restoring and protecting the native ecological communities 

and diverse species within the natural setting of Mississippi provides the overarching framework 

for the plan. The forestwide desired conditions described below convey our overall vision for the 

future of the National Forests in Mississippi.

Forestwide Desired Conditions

The public lands that make up the National Forests in Mississippi are a healthy and diverse 

collection of native ecological communities, natural features, and infrastructure that supports 

ecological, economic, and social sustainability. Native ecosystems sustain strong, resilient 

populations of associated terrestrial and aquatic species. The loblolly pine plantations that 

predominated after the reforestation efforts of the 1930s have been gradually reduced to 

historic sites and replaced by stands of restored native longleaf pines, shortleaf pines, and a 

mix of hardwoods. Rare communities such as prairies, bogs, and savannas add variety to the 

landscape and provide habitats for threatened, endangered, and sensitive species. Populations 

of threatened and endangered species, including the red-cockaded woodpecker and gopher 

tortoise, are growing and thriving in restored habitats. 

Streams and lakes on the National Forests in Mississippi support healthy terrestrial and aquatic 

habitats, and provide quality recreation opportunities. Soil erosion is minimal, and soil 

properties maintain or improve ecological conditions. Forests are resilient and adaptive to 

natural disturbances such as infestations of non-native species, extreme weather events, and 

changing climate conditions. Healthy forests display a diverse mix of age classes, stand 

structures, density, and species composition. Fire regimes are within historical ranges across 

the Forests, fire-dependent ecological systems are healthy and functioning, hazardous fuel 

buildup is manageable, and risk to developments and private property is low. Consolidation of 

land ownership continues to be improved, and key parcels of land are added to the National 

Forests in Mississippi as opportunities arise. 

The infrastructure system of roads, trails, and facilities on the Forests is well designed, well 

maintained, clean, safe, and structurally sound. The roads system provides adequate access to 

National Forest System lands and to private landholdings within the national forest boundary. 

A variety of trails is distributed across the Forests for use by hikers, bikers, horseback riders, 

off-road motorists, hunters, and anglers. Developed recreation areas containing picnic sites, 

camping areas, and access to water are popular destinations for visitors to enjoy outdoor 

activities and social gatherings. A variety of wildlife is present for hunting, fishing, viewing, 

Restoring and protecting the 

native ecological communities 

and diverse species within the 

natural setting of Mississippi 

provides the overarching 

framework for this forest plan.
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 9

Forestwide Desired Conditions

and nature study. Scenery is generally naturally appearing, although forest management 

activities are also present. Cultural resources are preserved and offer a glimpse of the 

indigenous cultures and historic-era homesteads that were a characteristic part of Mississippi 

history. 

Timber commodities, oil and gas reserves, and recreational visitors provide a stable return of 

economic revenues and benefits to local communities without causing harmful impacts to the 

environment. 

The following sections describe the primary desired conditions that set the direction for this forest 

plan. These desired condition descriptions are organized by major themes that came out of our 

public meetings rather than traditional resource areas. This organization also reflects the 

interconnected nature of these desired conditions and the integrated approach that will be a part of 

carrying out future on-the-ground projects.

2.3 Ecosystem Diversity

The lands within the National Forests in Mississippi support a broad range of ecological systems 

and species. Ecological systems (or ecosystems) represent recurring groups of biological 

communities found in similar physical environments that are influenced by similar dynamic 

ecological processes, such as fire or flooding. Ecosystem diversity and species diversity are 

closely connected, and by sustaining a diversity of ecosystems, National Forest System lands 

support ecological conditions for diverse plant and animal species. 

The various ecological systems that occur on the National Forests in Mississippi were defined 

using NatureServe’s classification system (NatureServe 2004a, 2004b), National Forest System 

forest types, and Natural Resource Conservation Service soil drainage types. We held a series of 

collaborative meetings with experts knowledgeable about ecological conditions and species in 

Mississippi, which helped us identify ecosystems, their historic occurrences, relative abundance, 

spatial distribution, and site types. We identified key characteristics (such as structure, age 

diversity, and fire regimes) for sustaining each ecosystem, along with information about existing 

and projected future ecological conditions. As part of the evaluation, we determined the locations 

and current extent of the ecological systems using Forest Service Geographic Information System

data. All ecosystem and species information was incorporated into a relational database called the 

Ecological Sustainability Evaluation (ESE) tool. The Ecological Sustainability Evaluation tool is 

the primary process record for ecological information and includes documentation of scientific 

sources, experts consulted, uncertainties encountered, and relationships among species, systems, 

and plan direction. 

The description of forestwide desired conditions for ecosystem diversity is followed by more 

specific narratives and desired conditions for each of the 24 ecosystems on the National Forests in 

Mississippi. The term “appropriate sites” when used in the context of ecological system 

restoration refers to areas of land on which the species or ecological system are of historic 

occurrence, where topographic features (such as slope and aspect) and soil characteristics are 

conducive to sustain the system, or where the species is not considered to be "off-site," invasive, 

or otherwise undesirable. You can find descriptions of appropriate sites, the ecosystem 

identification process, and other supporting information on ecological diversity in the 

“Ecosystems and Species Diversity Report” (appendix G – final environmental impact statement).
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10 Land and Resource Management Plan

Forestwide Desired Conditions for Ecosystem Diversity

Native ecological systems occupy appropriate sites. There is a mix of closed-canopy forest, 

intermittent canopy woodlands, and open prairie, bog, and savanna conditions. Forest and 

woodland ecological systems support a diversity of tree ages, from regeneration to old growth, 

providing a relatively stable mix of ecological conditions across the landscape over time. 

Openings occur in individual tree-sized gaps and larger. Vegetation structure within patches of 

regenerating forest and woodland is diverse due to the presence of snags and live overstory 

trees. These forested systems are dominated by hardwoods, pines, or combinations of both. 

Nonforested systems are primarily dominated by shrubs, forbs, and grasses. Snags, downed 

wood, stumps, and other organic matter occur in sufficient abundance to support native species. 

Systems surrounding lakes and ponds contain large trees suitable for nesting by bald eagles, 

ospreys, and other species.

Wetland systems are present and functioning across the landscape on appropriate sites and 

provide habitat for a diversity of native species. Systems are shaped by intact hydrologic 

functions and processes. Riparian areas buffer the effects of management practices on water 

quality and quantity. Adequate water flows and levels protect stream processes, aquatic and 

riparian habitats, vegetative communities, species diversity, recreation, and aesthetic values. 

Watersheds are in condition class I. Water quality is excellent or good and supports species 

diversity. Soils have the necessary physical, biological, and chemical properties to maintain or 

improve ecological systems, soil productivity, soil hydrologic function, and slope stability. 

Ecological systems are intact and resilient enough to absorb negative effects associated with 

open roads and trail densities, such as invasive species vectors and disturbance caused by 

human activities in these areas. Forest ecosystems are in their natural state with limited 

infestations of invasive species. Structural and compositional diversity occurs throughout the 

forest. 

Vegetation, wildlife, soils, water, recreation, and fire resources all contribute to ecosystem 

diversity. Ecological sustainability in turn supports social and economic sustainability. 

Ecological systems allow opportunities to enjoy natural, relaxing, and scenic experiences in the 

woods. Forests provide opportunities for nature watching, hunting, fishing, wildflower 

viewing, and other recreational activities, and support local communities through sustainable 

yields of forest product. 

Existing ecosystems on the National Forests in Mississippi generally include a variety of widely 

distributed native pine and hardwood ecological systems, as well as rare communities such as 

prairies, bogs, and savannas. Twenty-four different ecological systems occur across the Forests, 

including several aquatic systems. Loblolly and slash pine forests that were planted in the 1930s 

to restore the cleared and eroded lands acquired by the Forest Service are the most abundant 

ecosystems. The desired conditions in this plan are intended to shift away from the mass plantings 

of loblolly and slash pines, begin restoring and expanding native longleaf pine, shortleaf pineoak, and floodplain forests ecosystems, and continue maintaining and enhancing native 

hardwoods and rare communities such as native prairies and bogs.

Table 1 identifies the 24 ecological systems and their general distribution across the units that 

make up the National Forests in Mississippi. Due to the unique character and distance between 

the two units that make up the Holly Springs National Forest (Holly Springs and Yalobusha) and 

the two units that make up the Tombigbee National Forest (Ackerman and Trace), data for these 

national forests are broken out by unit for ecological conditions discussions. Systems with 
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Land and Resource Management Plan 11

asterisks are considered rare ecological systems within this plan. These (embedded) systems 

either require special management or are naturally small in scale or distribution relative to the 

broader systems they occur within. Maps of the various ecological systems on each unit are 

available on the National Forests in Mississippi website at the following internet address: 

http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/mississippi/forest_plan/forest revision/index.htm.

Table 1. Distribution of ecological systems on the National Forests in Mississippi

Ecological System

Unit Name

BienvilleChickasawhayDe SotoHomochittoDeltaHolly SpringsYalobushaAckermanTrace

Upland Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland    

Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland     

Loblolly Pine Forest        

Southern Loblolly-Hardwood Flatwoods 

Slash Pine Forest     

Northern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest    

Southern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest    

Southern Loess Bluff Forest 

Southern Mesic Slope Forest    

Northern Mesic Hardwood Forest    

Floodplain Forest        

Lower Mississippi River Bottomland 

and Floodplain Forest 

Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods 

Xeric Sandhills*  

Rock Outcrops*        

Black Belt Calcareous Prairie and Woodland* 

Jackson Prairie and Woodland* 

Ephemeral Ponds and Emergent Wetlands*         

Cypress Dominated Wetlands*   

Wet Pine Savanna* 

Seeps, Springs, and Seepage Swamps*        

Herbaceous Seepage Bog and Flats*  

* Rare ecological systems within the forest plan

The various geographic locations of the national forest units across the state of Mississippi are 

reflected in the distribution of ecological systems summarized in Table 1. Upland longleaf pine 

forests are the predominant native community desired in forests in the southern portion of the 

state (De Soto, Chickasawhay, and Homochitto National Forests), with floodplain forests on 
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12 Land and Resource Management Plan

appropriate sites. The Bienville National Forest in the central portion of the state is transitional 

with a desired mix of upland longleaf pine, southern loblolly-hardwood flatwoods, and floodplain 

forest. The Holly Springs and Tombigbee National Forests, whose units are distributed over the 

northern part of the state, have a desired mix of shortleaf pine-oak forests, northern dry upland 

hardwood forests, northern mesic hardwood forests, and floodplain forests. A unique distinction 

of the Delta National Forest is that it lies completely within one ecological system, the lower 

Mississippi bottomland and floodplain forests.

Table 2 displays the desired percentage of each ecological system for the various units of the 

National Forests in Mississippi. The desired condition for abundance of each system is indicated 

as a range of ecologically optimum percentages for each geographic area. Major factors in the 

distribution of native ecological systems on appropriate ecological site types are landscape 

characteristics and soil drainage classifications. 

Table 2. Desired percent of ecological systems by unit on the National Forests in Mississippi

Ecological System

Desired Percent of Ecological System by Unit

BienvilleChickasawhayDe SotoHomochittoDeltaHolly SpringsYalobushaAckermanTrace

Upland Longleaf Pine Forest 

and Woodland 20-30 65-73 64-74 69-78

Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest 

and Woodland 5-15 34-52 34-52 30-47 28-43

Loblolly Pine Forest 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5

Southern Loblolly-Hardwood 

Flatwoods 35-45

Slash Pine Forest 0-5 1-7 0 0 0

Northern Dry Upland 

Hardwood Forest 34-51 34-52 30-46 28-43

Southern Dry Upland 

Hardwood Forest 0-5 0-5 0-5 3-12

Southern Loess Bluff Forest 3-10

Southern Mesic Slope Forest 5-15 0-5 1-8 2-10

Northern Mesic Hardwood 

Forest 6-13 1-8 6-12 18-24

Floodplain Forest 10-20 23-32 12-20 9-16 6-13 11-18 16-22 7-13

Lower Mississippi River 

Bottomland and Floodplain 

Forest

100

Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods 3-9

Wet Pine Savanna 0.6-7
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Some systems are not listed in Table 2 because they are either embedded within other major 

ecological systems on the National Forests in Mississippi or limited naturally by ecological site 

types. These systems are xeric sandhills; rock outcrops; black belt calcareous prairie and 

woodland; Jackson prairie and woodland; ephemeral ponds and emergent wetlands; cypress 

dominated wetlands; seeps, springs, and seepage swamps; herbaceous seepage bogs and flats; 

rivers and streams; and lakes and permanent ponds. 

The desired conditions identified in Table 2 may take decades to achieve, as conversion from one 

system to another is a complex multi-step process. In some locations such as on the Bienville 

National Forest, the conversion to native pine ecosystems will happen more slowly due to 

existing use of loblolly forests as habitat by threatened and endangered species. On the Delta 

National Forest, no conversion is needed, but enhancements of habitat for desirable species and 

age classes are envisioned. A discussion of where and how these shifts may occur on each unit of 

the National Forests in Mississippi over the next 10 years is provided in the “Possible Actions by 

Administrative Unit” section in appendix C of this plan.

Each of the ecological systems listed in Table 1 and Table 2 are addressed in sections 2.3.1

through 2.3.24. Each section contains an introduction that briefly describes the ecological system 

composition, identifies the management units where the systems occur, and provides a brief 

summary of existing conditions. Additional detail for each ecological system is provided in the 

“Ecosystems and Species Diversity Report” (appendix G – final environmental impact statement).
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14 Land and Resource Management Plan

2.3.1 Upland Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland

This ecological system represents forests and woodlands dominated by longleaf pine occurring 

across a range of soil and moisture conditions. It is synonymous with NatureServe’s East Gulf 

Coastal Plain Interior Upland Longleaf Pine Woodland (CES203.496). 

Longleaf pine was once the dominant tree species of the piney woods 

region of south Mississippi and dominated all or significant portions of 

lands now included in the Bienville, Chickasawhay, De Soto, and 

Homochitto Ranger Districts. The piney woods were essentially 

clearcut around the turn of the 20th century prior to Forest Service

acquisition. Immediately following acquisition, management emphasis 

was on reforestation, conservation of wildlife, and controlling wildfire. 

Because the technology of the time did not allow for planting of 

longleaf pine on large areas, loblolly pine and slash pine were planted 

on what had previously been longleaf pine woods. Table 2 depicts the 

desired range of distribution on the four units where this ecological 

system occurs.

Desired Conditions for Upland Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland

Longleaf pine occurs on appropriate sites. Overstories are typically dominated by longleaf pine 

with relatively low frequencies of oaks, other hardwoods, and other yellow pines. Scattered 

clumps of xeric hardwoods occur in the driest examples of this system. Shortleaf pine occurs 

on mesic sites. Midstories are sparse and typically dominated by scrub oaks, and other 

hardwoods. Understories are open and dominated by dense growth of grasses and forbs. This 

system supports populations of associated threatened and endangered species, including the 

endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, the threatened gopher tortoise, and endangered dusky

gopher frog. Several rare communities are typically embedded within this larger system 

including herbaceous seepage bogs, xeric sandhills, and depression ponds. Where site 

conditions are appropriate, these communities are present and functioning within the larger 

system.

This system is dominated by mature forest and woodland (60 years old or older). A network of 

well-distributed old growth is present. Early seral components exist in sufficient quantities to 

sustain this system over time. Forests and woodlands are open to very open, with canopy 

closure in mature examples of this system being less than 80 percent and often less than 60 

percent, especially within gopher tortoise habitat. Fire occurs at an interval of 1 to 3 years with 

approximately 40 percent of fires occurring in the growing season.

2.3.2 Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland

This ecological system represents forests and woodlands dominated by 

shortleaf pine occurring on dry to dry-mesic ecological site types. It 

occurs primarily on the Bienville, Holly Springs, and Tombigbee 

Ranger Districts. It is synonymous with the East Gulf Coastal Plain 

Interior Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest Ecological System (CES203.506) of 

NatureServe’s International Ecological Classification Standard. There 

are occurrences of shortleaf pine on the Chickasawhay, De Soto, and 

Homochitto Ranger Districts, but these occurrences are managed as 

inclusions in the longleaf pine system. The Bienville National Forest is 
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National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 15

within the transition zone between the northern reach of longleaf pine and southern reach of the 

shortleaf pine ecosystem range. Fire is possibly the most important natural process affecting the 

floristic composition and vegetation structure of this system. Table 2 depicts the desired range of 

distribution where this ecological system is managed.

Desired Conditions for Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland

Overstories are typically dominated by shortleaf pine with a mixture of upland hardwoods and 

other yellow pines. Midstories of oaks, hickories, sweetgum, yellow poplar, maples, and 

blackgum are sparse. Understories are dominated by dense growth of grasses and forbs. 

This system supports populations of associated species, including Bachman’s sparrow and the 

northern bobwhite. Several rare communities are typically embedded within this larger system 

including rock outcrops; seeps, springs, and seepage swamps, and ephemeral ponds and 

emergent wetlands. Where site conditions are appropriate, these communities are present and 

functioning within the larger system.

This system is dominated by mature forest and woodland (60 years old or older). A network of 

well-distributed old growth is present. Early seral components exist in sufficient quantities to 

sustain this system over time. Forests and woodlands are open to very open, with canopy 

closure in mature examples of this system being less than 80 percent. Fire occurs at an interval 

of 1 to 3 years with approximately 40 percent of fires occurring in the growing season. 

2.3.3 Loblolly Pine Forest

This ecological system represents loblolly pine-dominated forests and 

woodlands occurring predominately on upland sites. It occupies more 

acres of habitat than any other in the National Forests in Mississippi,

and is the result of the reforestation and fire suppression efforts after the 

acquisition of the national forests. When it was planted beginning in the 

1930s, loblolly pine was easily established, had value for stopping soil 

erosion, was fast growing, and valuable for producing timber products. 

As a result, loblolly pine has greater dominance than historically 

occurred. This system is found on every unit except the Delta Ranger 

District. Loblolly pine typically occurs on historic longleaf and shortleaf 

pine sites. Table 2 depicts the desired range of distribution on the units 

where this ecological system occurs.

Desired Conditions for Loblolly Pine Forest

This system is a predominately mature or old-growth forest with a diverse age and vertical 

structure on sites to which this species is appropriate and of historical occurrence. Sites on 

which this association occurs that are not of historical occurrence are restored to the desired 

historical type. Until restoration to appropriate historical condition is completed, loblolly pine 

forests and woodlands are managed toward the desired condition for the appropriate ecological 

system. 
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16 Land and Resource Management Plan

2.3.4 Southern Loblolly-Hardwood Flatwoods

This ecological system represents open forests dominated by loblolly 

pine with patches of hardwoods on gilgai (alternating mounds and 

depressions occurring in a tight local mosaic). Known examples display a 

range of moisture conditions from dry to wet. Although the specific role 

of fire in this system is unknown, low-intensity ground fires may have 

been ecologically important. The system occurs on the Bienville Ranger 

District. This community is synonymous with the East Gulf Coastal Plain 

Southern Loblolly-Hardwood Flatwoods (CES203.557) of NatureServe’s 

International Ecological Classification Standard. Abundance of this 

system is currently at desired condition with more than 90 percent of 

potential sites containing this system (Table 2). This system supports 

populations of the federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker by 

providing foraging and nesting opportunities.

Desired Conditions for Southern Loblolly-Hardwood Flatwoods

Overstories are typically dominated by loblolly pine and associated hardwoods, especially 

water oak. This system supports populations of the federally endangered red-cockaded 

woodpeckers. Several rare communities are typically embedded within this larger system 

including Jackson Prairie, rock outcrops, and seeps, springs, and seepage swamps. Where site 

conditions are appropriate, these communities are present and functioning within this larger 

system.

This system is dominated by mature and mid-aged forest. A network of well-distributed old 

growth is present. Early seral components exist in sufficient quantities to sustain this system 

over time. Forests are open to very open, with canopy closure in mature examples of this 

system being less than 80 percent. Fire occurs at an interval of 1 to 3 years with approximately 

40 percent of fires occurring in the growing season.

2.3.5 Slash Pine Forest

This ecological system represents slash pine-dominated forests and 

woodlands, and is the result of the reforestation and fire suppression efforts 

that occurred after acquisition of the national forests. When it was planted in 

the 1930s, slash pine was easily established, had value for stopping soil 

erosion, was fast growing, and valuable for timber products. As a result, this 

ecological system has greater dominance than what historically occurred. This 

system occurs on the Chickasawhay, De Soto, and Tombigbee Ranger Districts 

and the Yalobusha Unit of the Holly Springs Ranger District. Table 2 depicts 

the desired range of distribution on the units where this ecological system 

occurs.

Desired Conditions for Slash Pine Forest

This system is a predominately mature or old-growth forest with a diverse age and vertical

structure on sites where this species is appropriate and of historical occurrence. Sites where this 

forest type occurs that are not of historical occurrence are converted to the desired historical 

type. 
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National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 17

2.3.6 Northern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest

This ecological system represents forests dominated by upland 

hardwoods. It occupies dry upland slopes and ridgetops and is generally 

on nutrient-poor soils. It occurs on the Holly Springs and Tombigbee 

Ranger Districts. It may overlap to some degree with the Southern Dry 

Upland Hardwood Forest where the two systems meet and may be 

difficult to distinguish from one another in this geographic area of 

overlap. It is synonymous with the East Gulf Coastal Plain Northern Dry 

Upland Hardwood Forest (CES203.483) of NatureServe’s International 

Ecological Classification Standard. Abundance of this system is below the 

desired range depicted in Table 2. Many historic northern dry upland 

hardwood forests have been converted to other forest types, and fire 

suppression has led to increases in overstory canopy and shrub densities.

Desired Conditions for Northern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest

Overstories are typically dominated by upland oaks (post, southern red, blackjack, scarlet and 

black) and hickories (mockernut and sand). Pines (loblolly and shortleaf) are often 

intermingled with hardwoods. Midstories are sparse and typically dominated by dogwood, 

persimmon, and other hardwoods. Understories are sparse and dominated by seedling 

hardwoods, shrubs, and forbs. This system supports populations of associated species, 

including the worm-eating warbler and the yellow lady’s-slipper. Several rare communities are 

typically embedded within this larger system including rock outcrops, seeps, springs, and 

depression pondshores. Where site conditions are appropriate, these communities are present 

and functioning within this larger system.

This system is dominated by mature forest and woodland (60 years old or older). A network of 

well-distributed old growth is present. Early seral components exist in sufficient quantities to 

sustain this system over time. Forests are typically closed, with canopy closure in mature 

examples of this system being greater than 80 percent. Some portions of this system will have 

open canopies. Fire occurs at an interval of 1 to 6 years with approximately 40 percent of fires 

occurring in the growing season. 

2.3.7 Southern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest

This ecological system represents forests dominated by upland 

hardwoods. It occupies dry or dry-mesic acidic soils in naturally fireprotected landscapes. It occurs on the De Soto, Chickasawhay, 

Homochitto, and Bienville Ranger Districts. In northern Mississippi, it 

may overlap with and merge into northern dry upland hardwood forest 

where the two occur together. Important tree species in both of the dry 

upland hardwoods forests vary geographically and according to previous 

disturbance regimes, such as fire or harvest activities. Abundance of this 

system falls within the lower to mid-desired range as depicted in Table 2. 

This community is synonymous with the Southern Coastal Plain Dry 

Upland Hardwood Forest (CES203.560) of NatureServe’s International 

Ecological Classification Standard.
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18 Land and Resource Management Plan

Desired Conditions for Southern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest

Overstories are typically dominated by upland oaks (post, southern red, and less frequently 

white) and hickories (mockernut and sand). Pines (longleaf, loblolly, and shortleaf) may be a 

significant component but do not dominate. Midstories are typically dominated by dogwood 

and other hardwoods. Understories are sparse and dominated by hardwood seedlings, shrubs,

and forbs. This system supports populations of associated uncommon species, including the 

worm-eating warbler and the mimic glass lizard. Several rare communities are typically 

imbedded within this larger system including seeps, springs, and seepage swamps and 

emergent ponds and wetlands. Where site conditions are appropriate, these communities are 

present and functioning within this larger system.

This system is dominated by mature forest and woodland (60 years old or older). A network of 

well-distributed old growth is present. Early seral components exist in sufficient quantities to 

sustain this system over time. Forests are typically closed, with canopy closure in mature 

examples of this system being greater than 80 percent. Some portions of this system will have 

open canopies. Low-intensity fire creeps into this system from the surrounding upland 

community and occurs at an interval of 1 to 6 years.

2.3.8 Southern Loess Bluff Forest

This ecological system represents forests dominated by a mix of hardwood 

species occurring on loess soil. Historically, pine was notable for its absence 

within this system. It occurs on the Homochitto Ranger District. This 

community is synonymous with the East Gulf Coastal Plain Southern Loess 

Bluff Forest (CES203.556) of NatureServe’s International Ecological

Classification Standard. Abundance of this system approaches the lower end 

of the desired range as depicted in Table 2.

Desired Conditions for Southern Loess Bluff Forest

Overstories are typically dominated by many types of hardwoods, especially cherrybark oak, 

water oak, swamp chestnut oak, yellow poplar, Florida sugar maple, and pignut hickory. The 

sparse understory contains magnolia, hornbeam, yellow poplar, red maple, and dogwood. 

Shrubs and woody vines are relatively sparse in the understory. Switchcane is a prevalent 

member of the shrub layer and may dominate in places. 

This system supports populations of associated uncommon species, including Webster’s 

salamander, Swainson’s warbler, and fetid trillium. Several rare communities are typically 

embedded within this larger system including rock outcrops, seeps, and springs. Where site 

conditions are appropriate, these communities are present and functioning within this larger 

system.

This system is dominated by mature forest and woodland (60 years old or older). A network of 

well-distributed old growth is present. Forests typically have canopy closure in mature 

examples of this system of 80 percent or greater. Low intensity fire creeps into this system 

from the surrounding upland community and occurs at an interval of 6 to 20 years. 
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Land and Resource Management Plan 19

2.3.9 Southern Mesic Slope Forest

This ecological system represents forests dominated by hardwoods occurring on steep slopes, 

bluffs, or sheltered ravines where fire is naturally rare. The system occurs on the De Soto, 

Chickasawhay, Homochitto, and Bienville Ranger Districts. This community is synonymous with 

the East Gulf Coastal Plain southern mesic slope forest (CES203.476) of 

NatureServe’s International Ecological Classification Standard. East 

Gulf Coastal Plain Northern Mesic Hardwood Slope Forest 

(CES203.477) is a similar mesic forest system to the north of this one in 

the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain that has greater dominance by 

deciduous trees. Abundance of this system generally falls within the 

lower end of the desired range as depicted in Table 2, except on the 

Bienville where abundance approaches the upper range. Past land 

management practices have favored a greater pine component than 

historical reference conditions indicate would naturally occur. Fire 

intensity and more frequent fire-return intervals may have contributed to 

an imbalance in current species composition.

Desired Conditions for Southern Mesic Slope Forest

Overstories are typically dominated by hardwoods, such as beech, white oak, cherrybark oak, 

and southern magnolia. Mixed loblolly pine-hardwood conditions may exist within this system. 

Understories are sparse and typically contain magnolia, hornbeam, yellow poplar, red maple, 

and flowering dogwood. Shrubs include red buckeye, switch cane, witch hazel, and deciduous 

holly. The forest floor typically has a rich organic layer with abundant leaf litter. This system 

supports populations of associated uncommon species, including Webster’s salamander, bay 

starvine, and ravine sedge. Several rare communities are typically embedded within this larger 

system including rock outcrop, seeps, and springs. Where site conditions are appropriate, these 

communities are present and functioning within this larger system.

This system is dominated by mature forest and woodland (60 years old or older). A network of 

well-distributed old growth is present. Forests typically have canopy closure in mature 

examples of this system of 80 percent or greater. Low-intensity fire creeps into this system 

from the surrounding upland community and occurs at an interval of 1 to 6 years.

2.3.10 Northern Mesic Hardwood Forest

This ecological system represents forests dominated by hardwoods 

occurring on slopes and ravines between dry uplands and stream 

bottoms. It occurs on the Holly Springs and Tombigbee Ranger Districts. 

This community is synonymous with the East Gulf Coastal Plain

northern mesic hardwood forest (CES203.477) of NatureServe’s 

International Ecological Classification Standard. Southern Coastal Plain 

Mesic Slope Forest (CES203.476) is a similar mesic forest system to the 

south of this one with greater dominance by broad-leaved evergreen 

trees and more pine. Abundance of this system generally falls within the 

mid- to upper-end of the desired range as depicted in Table 2.
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20 Land and Resource Management Plan

Desired Conditions for Northern Mesic Hardwood Forest

Overstories are typically dominated by hardwoods, such as beech, white oak, cherry-bark oak, 

and American holly. Mixed loblolly pine-hardwood conditions may exist within this system in 

the southern portion of the range. Understories are sparse and typically contain American holly, 

hornbeam, yellow poplar, red maple, and flowering dogwood. Shrubs include red buckeye, 

switch cane, witch hazel, and deciduous holly. The forest floor typically has a rich organic 

layer with abundant leaf litter. This system supports populations of associated uncommon

species, including Webster’s salamander, American ginseng, and Turk’s-cap lily. Several rare 

communities are typically embedded within this larger system including rock outcrops, seeps, 

and springs. Where site conditions are appropriate, these communities are present and 

functioning within this larger system.

This system is dominated by mature forest and woodland (60 years old or older). A network of 

well-distributed old growth is present. Early-seral components exist in sufficient quantities to 

sustain this system over time. Forests typically have canopy closure in mature examples of this 

system of 80 percent or greater. Low-intensity fire creeps into this system from the surrounding 

upland community and occurs at an interval of 1 to 6 years.

2.3.11 Floodplain Forest

This ecological system represents forests dominated by 

bottomland hardwoods occurring on alluvial soils in riparian 

areas. It occurs on all ranger districts except the Delta. It 

includes streamside riparian areas. This community includes 

elements of the following ecological systems of 

NatureServe’s International 

Ecological Classification 

Standard: East Gulf Coastal Plain

Large River Floodplain Forest 

(CES203.489), East Gulf Coastal Plain Small Stream and River 

Floodplain Forest (CES203.559), and Southern Coastal Plain 

Blackwater River Floodplain Forest (CES203.493). Abundance of this 

system generally falls below the desired range as depicted in Table 2. 

Potential floodplain forests typically have loblolly pine dominating the 

species composition where hardwoods would have historically been 

expected to dominate.

Desired Conditions for Floodplain Forest

Overstories are typically dominated by hardwoods, such as beech, white oak, cherrybark oak, 

and southern magnolia. Mixed pine-hardwood conditions may exist within this system in the 

southern portion of the range. Understories are sparse and typically contain magnolia, 

hornbeam, yellow poplar, red maple, and flowering dogwood. Shrubs include red buckeye, 

switch cane, witch hazel, and deciduous holly. Switchcane is a prevalent member of the shrub 

layer and may dominate in places. The forest floor typically has a rich organic layer with 

abundant leaf litter. Riparian areas buffer the effects of forest management practices on water 

quality. 

This system supports populations of associated uncommon species, including Rafinesque’s big-
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National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 21

Desired Conditions for Floodplain Forest

eared bat, American ginseng, and Turk’s-cap lily. Several rare communities are typically 

embedded within this larger system including rock outcrops, seeps, and springs. Where site 

conditions are appropriate, these communities are present and functioning within this larger 

system.

This system is dominated by mature forest and woodland (60 years old or older). A network of 

well-distributed old growth is present. Early seral components exist in sufficient quantities to 

sustain this system over time. Forests typically have canopy closure in mature examples of this 

system of 80 percent or greater. Low-intensity fire infrequently creeps into this system from the 

surrounding upland community. 

2.3.12 Lower Mississippi River Bottomland and 

Floodplain Forest

This ecological system represents forests dominated by bottomland 

hardwoods occurring on the Mississippi River alluvial plain. It includes 

streamside riparian areas. It occurs on the Delta National Forest. This 

community includes elements of Mississippi River Low Floodplain 

(Bottomland) Forest (CES203.195), and Mississippi River Bottomland 

Depression (CES203.490), of NatureServe’s International Ecological 

Classification Standard. The entire Delta National Forest lies within this 

ecological system.

Desired Conditions for Lower Mississippi River Bottomland and Floodplain Forest

Bottomland hardwood tree species, such as Nuttall oak, overcup oak, honey locust, and 

American elm, are present in the canopy. Midstories are sparse and typically dominated by 

upper canopy species. Understories are generally open with sparse grass, forbs, and woody 

vine species. The forest floor typically has a rich organic layer with abundant leaf litter. 

Canebrakes are scattered throughout the system in appropriate sites. This system is shaped by 

healthy hydrologic functions and processes. It supports populations of associated uncommon

species, including the endangered pondberry, the threatened Louisiana black bear, several bat 

species, and the red milk snake. It also supports demand species such as waterfowl and whitetailed deer, and the black Delta fox squirrel. Several rare communities are typically embedded 

within this larger system including canebrakes, beaver ponds, seeps, springs, and cypressdominated wetlands. Where site conditions are appropriate, these communities are present and 

functioning within this larger system. Riparian areas buffer the effects of forest management 

practices on water quality. 

This system is dominated by mature forest and woodland (60 years old or older). A network of 

well-distributed old growth is present. Early seral components exist in sufficient quantities to 

sustain this system over time. Forests typically have canopy closure in mature examples of this 

system of 80 percent or greater.
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22 Land and Resource Management Plan

2.3.13 Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods

This system of open forests or woodlands occupies broad, sandy flatlands 

in a relatively narrow band along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast east of 

the Mississippi River. It differs from wet pine savanna in being more 

forested, whereas savanna is by definition more treeless. This ecological 

community represents sparse woodlands dominated by longleaf pine and 

slash pine with scattered loblolly pine, occurring predominately on 

nonriverine hydric soil site types. It occurs on the De Soto Ranger District. 

This community is synonymous with the East Gulf Coastal Plain NearCoast Pine Flatwoods (CES203.375) of NatureServe’s International 

Ecological Classification Standard. Abundance of this system generally falls within the lower end 

of the desired range as depicted in Table 2. The existing species composition and structural 

conditions are generally considered outside the normal historical range for this system.

Desired Conditions for Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods

The amount of woody vegetation is variable, but canopy closure is generally less than 60

percent. Vegetative condition is characterized by widely scattered longleaf pine and in wetter 

sites by scattered slash pine. Loblolly pine may also occur as scattered trees. Understory 

conditions range from densely shrubby to open and herbaceous dominated, based largely upon 

fire regime. Fire occurs at an interval of 1 to 3 years with approximately 40 percent of fires 

occurring in the growing season. Effects of past beddings and fertilization are no longer 

evident. This system supports populations of associated species, including the endangered redcockaded woodpecker and flame flower. Herbaceous seepage bogs and flats and wet pine 

savannas are typically embedded within this larger system where site conditions are 

appropriate. 

2.3.14 Xeric Sandhills

This rare community represents sandhills characterized by deep, somewhat 

excessively and excessively well-drained loamy sands and sands 

supporting plants adapted to xeric (dry) conditions such as wiregrass, 

prickly pear cactus, and saw palmetto. It occurs on the Chickasawhay and 

De Soto Ranger Districts. This system includes all gopher tortoise priority 

soils as identified by the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Gopher tortoise 

burrows are often a distinctive feature of sandhill communities and provide 

shelter to many vertebrate and invertebrate species, such as the black pine 

snake and the oldfield mouse.

Desired Conditions for Xeric Sandhills

This ecological system is managed with emphasis on recovery of the federally threatened 

gopher tortoise. Examples of this system are in an open to woodland condition with canopy 

closure typically less than 60 percent. Dominant tree species include longleaf pine, bluejack 

oak, turkey oak, and other oaks. Ground cover is sparse and fire occurs at an interval of 1 to 3 

years with approximately 40 percent of fires occurring in the growing season. Ephemeral ponds 

and wetlands are embedded within this system and provide quality habitat for a diversity of 

native species.
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Land and Resource Management Plan 23

2.3.15 Black Belt Calcareous Prairie and Woodland

This rare community represents open grassy areas dominated by 

characteristic prairie species and is restricted to the black belt region of 

Mississippi and Alabama. Within this grassland matrix, woody 

vegetation occurs sparingly in stream bottoms and hilltops with caps of 

acid soil. This ecological system occurs on the Trace Unit of the 

Tombigbee Ranger District. This community is synonymous with the 

East Gulf Coastal Plain Black Belt Calcareous Prairie and Woodland 

Ecological System (CES203.478) of NatureServe’s International 

Ecological Classification Standard. Many blackbelt prairies have 

reverted to other forest types and are in need of restoration of their 

historical grass-forb cover.

Desired Conditions for Black Belt Calcareous Prairie and Woodland

Prairie species such as Indian-grass, bluestem grasses, rosinweeds, prairie-clovers, yellowpuffs, purple cone-flowers, prairie cone-flowers, and others dominate the landscape. Woody 

vegetation is sparse and scattered and consists of characteristic prairie species such as post oak, 

rock chestnut oak, blackjack oak, and, occasionally, eastern red-cedar. Sparse woody 

vegetation surrounds the prairie and allows distribution and dispersal of prairie obligate 

species. Fire occurs at an interval of 1 to 3 years with approximately 40 percent of fires 

occurring in the growing season. This system supports populations of associated species 

including the prairie king snake, white-flowered beardtongue, Mead’s sedge, and rough 

rattlesnake-root.

2.3.16 Jackson Prairie and Woodland

This rare community represents open grassy areas dominated by 

characteristic prairie species within the Jackson Prairie physiographic 

province in central Mississippi. Jackson Prairie occurs as calcareous islands 

(less than 1 acre to 160 acres) on gently sloping uplands surrounded by 

pine and hardwood forest on generally acid soils. It occurs on the Bienville 

Ranger District. This community is synonymous with the East Gulf Coastal 

Plain Jackson Prairie and Woodland Ecological System (CES203.555) of 

NatureServe’s International Ecological Classification Standard. Many of 

the known examples are in a woodland or sparse forest condition in need of 

restoration.

Desired Conditions for Jackson Prairie and Woodland

Prairie species such as indiangrass, bluestem grasses, rosinweeds, prairie-clovers, yellow-puffs, 

purple cone-flowers, prairie cone-flowers, and others dominate the landscape. Woody 

vegetation is sparse and scattered and consists of characteristic prairie species such as 

hawthorns and crabapples. Sparse woodland condition surrounds the prairie and allows 

distribution and dispersal of prairie obligate species. Fire occurs at an interval of 1 to 3 years 

with approximately 40 percent of fires occurring in the growing season. This system supports 

populations of associated species, including the Jackson Prairie crayfish, American kestrel, 

Ashe Hawthorn, great-plains ladies tresses, and Oglethorpe oak.
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24 Land and Resource Management Plan

2.3.17 Wet Pine Savanna

This rare wetland community represents open savannas dominated by 

grasses, sedges, orchids, and carnivorous plants. Examples occupy low, 

flat plains on poorly drained soils, often saturated for 50 to 100 days per 

year. Wet pine savanna is different from near coast pine flatwoods in that it 

has fewer trees, and it differs from herbaceous seepage bogs by being 

larger in scale. It occurs on the De Soto Ranger District. This community 

is synonymous with the East Gulf Coastal Plain Treeless Savanna and Wet 

Prairie (CES203.192) of NatureServe’s International Ecological 

Classification Standard. Occurrence on National Forest System lands 

typically has too much canopy closure, with resultant impacts to 

hydrologic regime.

Desired Conditions for Wet Pine Savanna

This rare wetland system has a scattered canopy (typically 5 to 10 percent cover) of stunted 

longleaf pine and slash pine that is shaped by healthy hydrologic functions and processes. 

Pitcher plants are characteristic of this system. Fire occurs at an interval of 1 to 3 years with

approximately 40 percent of fires occurring in the growing season. This system supports 

populations of associated uncommon species, including the endangered Mississippi sandhill 

crane, pitcher plants, and giant spiral ladies'-tresses. Herbaceous seepage bogs and flats are 

typically embedded within the larger system where site conditions are appropriate. 

2.3.18 Herbaceous Seepage Bogs and Flats

This rare wetland community represents open seepage communities dominated by grasses, 

sedges, orchids, and carnivorous plants. Examples occupy gentle, almost imperceptible slopes 

maintained by constant seepage zones and/or perched water tables. 

Pitcher plants are notable indicators of many community types in this 

system. Herbaceous seepage bogs and flats are embedded in other 

ecological systems. This ecological system occurs on the Chickasawhay 

and De Soto Ranger Districts. This community includes the Southern 

Coastal Plain Herbaceous Seepage Bog (CES203.078) of NatureServe’s 

International Ecological Classification Standard. Increases or decreases 

in precipitation patterns resulting from climate change may affect the 

extent and condition of this system. Occurrence on National Forest 

System lands typically has too much canopy closure resulting in lower 

water tables.

Desired Conditions for Herbaceous Seepage Bogs and Flats

The system is typically open, although the amount of woody vegetation is variable. Hydrologic 

function of this community is intact. Fire occurs at an interval of 1 to 3 years with

approximately 40 percent of fires occurring in the growing season. A subset of this system 

known as “quaking bogs” generally have a higher percentage of woody shrub coverage due to 

extreme wetness of the system which prevents fire from spreading across the surface except in 

very dry years. This system supports populations of associated uncommon species, including 

the Camp Shelby burrowing crayfish, pitcher plants, and the bog spicebush.
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National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 25

2.3.19 Rivers and Streams

Rivers and streams consist of all lotic 

(flowing-water) aquatic systems on the 

National Forests in Mississippi including 

ephemeral channels. These systems 

provide critical habitats for fish, mussels, 

invertebrates, reptiles, and amphibians. 

They occur on all ranger districts.

Desired Conditions for Rivers and Streams

Rivers, streams, and ephemeral channels have good water quality, water quantity, site 

productivity, channel stability, intact riparian vegetation, sustainable sport fisheries, and 

connectivity of habitats for riparian-dependent species. Rivers, streams, and ephemeral 

channels function properly and support native aquatic species. Movement of fish and other 

aquatic organisms in otherwise free-flowing perennial and other streams is not obstructed by 

road crossings, culverts, or other human-caused obstructions. Instream flows and water levels 

protect stream processes, aquatic and riparian habitats and communities, and recreational, 

scenic and research values. Flow regimes and habitat connectivity in streams that provide 

habitat for aquatic and riparian-dependent species are sufficient to allow the affected species to 

complete all phases of their life cycles. 

Fishable waters have high-quality angling opportunities and good to excellent water quality, 

site productivity, associated vegetation, and habitat for associated riparian and aquaticdependent species. Fisheries management is practiced on the National Forests in Mississippi to 

provide fishing opportunities to the public. 

2.3.20 Lakes and Permanent Ponds

Lakes and permanent ponds consist of all lentic (still, impounded, or 

otherwise non-flowing) aquatic systems on the National Forests in 

Mississippi, including the ecological system ephemeral ponds and emergent 

wetlands. Oxbow lakes and sloughs are included within this system and 

consist of all waterbodies associated with floodplain aquatic ecosystems on 

the forest. These systems provide critical habitats for fish, mussels, 

invertebrates, reptiles, and amphibians. They occur on all ranger districts.

Desired Conditions for Lakes and Permanent Ponds

Lakes and permanent ponds have good to excellent water quality, water quantity, site 

productivity, intact riparian vegetation, and sustainable sport fisheries. Lakes and permanent 

ponds function properly and support native and desired nonnative aquatic species. Instream 

flows and water levels in surrounding streams protect stream processes, aquatic and riparian 

habitats and communities, and recreational, scenic and research values. 

Habitat surrounding lakes and ponds includes large trees in sufficient numbers to provide 

adequate habitat for nesting by ospreys, bald eagles, and other species. Aquatic resources 

provide a natural setting and unique opportunities for a variety of recreational activities 
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26 Land and Resource Management Plan

Desired Conditions for Lakes and Permanent Ponds

including nature viewing, hunting and fishing, boating, swimming, photography, and scenic 

views. 

Unstocked ponds and waterholes provide habitat suitable for amphibians and other wildlife and 

a source of water for upland wildlife species. Fishable waters have high-quality angling 

opportunities and good to excellent water quality, site productivity, associated vegetation, and 

habitat for associated riparian and aquatic dependent species.

2.3.21 Rock Outcrops

Rock outcrops are rare, localized features of the landscape that mainly 

occur along steep hill slopes, ravines, or river channels where soils have 

eroded away. Rock outcrops are usually embedded in a larger ecological 

system and rely heavily on surrounding habitats for landscape-scale 

functions and processes. There are an estimated 500 acres of this habitat 

in the entire state of Mississippi. Distribution on the National Forests in 

Mississippi is unknown; however, rock outcrops may occur on all ranger 

districts except the Delta Ranger District. Although of minor extent, the 

rock outcrops provide quality habitat for several species of animals and 

plants including Webster’s salamander, several bat species, and hairy lip 

fern.

Desired Conditions for Rock Outcrops

Rock outcrops are present and undisturbed on the landscape. No impacts from upslope erosion 

and soil disturbance are evident. They typically occur within mature or old-growth closedcanopy forests. Human interaction with outcrops is limited and human disturbance is not 

evident.

2.3.22 Ephemeral Ponds and Emergent Wetlands

This wetland system represents a variety of seasonally and 

permanently flooded depression wetlands, freshwater marshes, and 

ephemeral ponds. Included here are ponds of various geomorphic 

origins in a variety of substrates including lime sinks and “Grady”

ponds, which may hold areas of shallow open water for significant 

portions of the year. Also included are all impoundments and 

associated wetlands resulting from beaver activity. Ephemeral ponds 

and emergent wetlands occur on all ranger districts. This community 

includes elements from the East Gulf Coastal Plain Depression 

Pondshore Ecological System (CES203.558) of NatureServe’s 

International Ecological Classification Standard.
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Land and Resource Management Plan 27

Desired Conditions for Ephemeral Ponds and Emergent Wetlands

Ephemeral ponds and emergent wetlands are dispersed across the landscape. They are 

characterized by soils that are semi-permanently to permanently saturated as a result of 

groundwater seepage, perched water tables, rainfall, or beaver activity. Wetland-associated 

species such as panic-grasses, rushes, spikerushes, beak-rushes, meadow beauties and marshpinks are present. 

Ephemeral ponds are present and functioning across the landscape in appropriate sites and 

provide habitat for a diversity of native species. Hydrologic function remains intact. Naturally 

fish-free isolated wetlands and ponds exist on the landscape. Freshwater marshes may contain 

native fish species. Fire naturally occurs in and around this environment, burning through it 

when water levels are naturally low. 

This system supports populations of associated species, including the tiger salamander, the 

crayfish snake, and several other amphibian and reptile species. The most critical example of 

this habitat is the “Grady” pond, which provides breeding habitat for the endangered dusky

gopher frog and Mississippi sandhill crane. 

2.3.23 Cypress-dominated Wetlands

This rare wetland community represents cypress-dominated wetlands 

found in a range of sizes, generally conforming to the size of the 

depression in which they occur. They may occur embedded sporadically in 

floodplain forest or other wetland systems, around oxbow lakes, and 

abandoned stream channels, as well as in smaller backwater areas where 

they may occur next to other bottomland hardwood forest types. This 

system occurs on the Delta, Homochitto, and Holly Springs Ranger 

Districts.

Desired Conditions for Cypress-dominated Wetlands

Mature or old-growth forest or woodland dominates this system, with a varying degree of 

canopy closure shaped by healthy hydrologic functions and processes. Bald cypress occurs on 

historical sites with hydric soils. Conditions in the surrounding vegetation types allow 

distribution and dispersal of cypress-dominated wetland obligate species. This system supports 

populations of associated species, including the cypress-knee sedge, swallow-tailed kite, and 

southeastern myotis.
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28 Land and Resource Management Plan

2.3.25 Seeps, Springs, and Seepage Swamps

This wetland community represents forested wetlands in acidic, 

seepage-influenced habitats. It is generally found at the base of slopes 

where seepage flow is concentrated and resulting moisture conditions 

are saturated or inundated. It occurs on all ranger districts except the 

Delta. This community combines elements of the following ecological 

systems of NatureServe’s International Ecological Classification 

Standard: Southern Coastal Plain Seepage Swamp and Baygall 

(CES203.505) and the East Gulf Coastal Plain Northern Seepage 

Swamp (CES203.504).

Desired Conditions for Seeps, Springs, and Seepage Swamps

This system is dominated by mature forest (60 years old or older). Forests typically have

canopy closure in mature examples of this system of 80 percent or greater. In the northern part 

of the state, this system is a deciduous forest typically characterized by black gum, water 

tupelo, and red maple. To the south, it grades into an evergreen forest characterized by 

sweetbay and black gum. Fire creeps into this system from the surrounding upland community; 

however, fire typically only burns during extreme droughty periods. This system is largely 

undisturbed and hydrologic function is intact.

2.4 Species Diversity

Maintaining a diversity of habitats for all native species on the National Forests in Mississippi

(especially threatened or endangered species) and enhancing native wildlife habitat are important 

desired conditions for our public stakeholders and agency partners. A diversity of plant and 

animal species is part of the natural heritage of the state and provides forest visitors the 

opportunity to recreate in natural settings, view and study nature, hunt and fish, and harvest a 

variety of forest products. Forest lands serve as refuges for threatened, endangered, and other 

uncommon species. They offer large contiguous forested areas where animal species can 

successfully reproduce and rear their young, contain key rest and feeding areas for waterfowl and 

other migratory bird species, and provide important linkages (travel corridors) between State and 

Federal wildlife refuges and other blocks of forested land. 

While developing a plan for species diversity, the National Forests in Mississippi staff started 

with a series of collaborative meetings with technical experts and taxonomic specialists familiar 

with the plant and animal species across Mississippi. They developed an initial species list 

containing 652 species that had ranges occurring in the state. They then removed species from the 

list if they did not occur or have the potential to occur on National Forest System land based on 

availability of suitable habitat, range, or expert taxonomic consensus. As part of the agency’s 

prescribed screening process, remaining species were then identified as federally threatened and 

endangered species, sensitive species, and locally rare species. This screening and evaluation 

process helped ensure that we documented diverse species needs and incorporated it into the plan. 

Details on this process and key characteristics and desired ecological conditions for threatened 

and endangered species, regional forester-designated sensitive species, and locally rare species 

can be found in the “Ecosystems and Species Diversity Report” (appendix G – final 

environmental impact statement).
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 29

Desired Conditions for Species Diversity

Species diversity is high, reflecting and supporting diverse and fully functioning ecological 

systems. Native species are well distributed within appropriate habitat and sites across the 

National Forests in Mississippi. Threatened and endangered species are recovered or are 

moving towards recovery. Populations of threatened, endangered, sensitive, and locally rare 

species are robust. Populations of game species such as deer, turkey, quail, squirrel, raccoons, 

duck, and game fish are abundant and support quality hunting and fishing opportunities. Flow 

regimes and habitat connectivity in streams that provide habitat for native and desired 

nonnative aquatic and riparian-dependent species are sufficient to allow the affected species to 

complete all phases of their life cycles. Forest visitors are knowledgeable about our natural 

heritage, enjoy viewing and learning about native species and ecosystems, and appreciate the 

benefits these species provide.

2.4.1 Threatened and Endangered Species

Ten threatened and endangered species are identified as 

potentially occurring on the National Forests in Mississippi. 

These species are not located on every unit, so the list of 

threatened and endangered species and the units on which 

they are most likely to occur are presented in Table 3. Their 

status, habitat conditions, and distribution vary across the 

Forests. 

Table 3. Federally endangered or threatened species that occur in the National Forests in Mississippi

Species Status District Where Most Likely to Occur

Red-cockaded Woodpecker

(Picoides borealis) Endangered Bienville, Chickasawhay, De Soto, 

Homochitto

Gopher Tortoise

(Gopherus polyphemus) Threatened Chickasawhay, De Soto

Louisiana Black Bear

(Ursus americanus luteolis) Threatened Delta, De Soto, Homochitto

Indiana Bat

(Myotis sodalis) Endangered Holly Springs

Dusky Gopher Frog

(Rano sevosa) Endangered De Soto

Louisiana Quillwort

(Isoetes louisianensis) Endangered Chickasawhay, De Soto

Pondberry

(Lindera melissifolia) Endangered Delta

Mississippi Sandhill Crane

(Grus Canadensis pula) Endangered De Soto

Gulf Sturgeon

(Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) Threatened Bienville, Chickasawhay, De Soto

Pallid Sturgeon

(Scaphirhynchus albus) Endangered Delta

Throughout the plan, 

threatened and endangered 

species protection and habitat 

enhancement are a priority.
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30 Land and Resource Management Plan

For red-cockaded woodpeckers, populations are generally increasing as habitat is being 

maintained, enhanced, or restored, and nesting and foraging conditions are being improved. 

Gopher tortoise habitat conditions are also improving, but populations are declining for many 

reasons such as disease and nest predation. Dusky gopher frog also has a stagnant to declining 

population, although a new breeding pond was recently discovered. Populations of the more 

habitat-generalist black bears are increasing. The Indiana bat is a newly discovered species on the 

Forest and is currently found in one maternity roost in the northern portion of the Holly Springs 

Ranger District. The National Forests in Mississippi are now known to be home to more 

Louisiana quillwort populations than anywhere else in the species' range, and home to numerous 

pondberry colonies. Despite the Forest Service's attempts to maintain the forested habitats for 

pondberry, its populations on National Forests continue to be threatened by hydrological 

modifications associated with large flood-control projects. Mississippi sandhill cranes lack 

suitable nesting habitat on National Forest System lands, but populations along the Gulf are 

thought to be stable to slowly decreasing. Although there is also little evidence of Gulf sturgeon 

and pallid sturgeon on National Forest System lands, they could be using tributaries that run 

through the National Forests in Mississippi. Populations for both sturgeons are thought to be 

declining overall.

Habitat recovery activities for red-cockaded woodpecker and gopher tortoise generally affect a 

broader portion of the overall forest and reflect more active management efforts than other 

threatened and endangered species, which tend to occur in more isolated settings. Over 367,000 

acres of the National Forests in Mississippi are focused on habitat management for red-cockaded 

woodpeckers. As of 2011, there were 338 total active red-cockaded woodpecker clusters, which is 

an increase from the 196 clusters in 1987 when redcockaded woodpecker monitoring was initiated. Although 

much red-cockaded woodpecker habitat was lost as a result 

of damage sustained from Hurricane Katrina, 

approximately 140 new red-cockaded woodpecker inserts 

were installed to replace cavities destroyed by the 

hurricane, and more habitat restoration is planned. The 

gopher tortoise, currently found on the De Soto National 

Forest, requires an open canopy overstory with a grass forb 

understory habitat.

2.4.2 Regional Forester's Sensitive Species

Regional foresters identify sensitive species occurring in a region by examining up-to-date 

sources of information pertaining to the population status and viability of each species as well as 

habitat conditions and threats to those species. These sources include the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service and National Marine Fisheries Service candidates for Federal listing and state lists of 

endangered, threatened, rare, endemic, unique, or vanishing species in the region, especially those 

listed as threatened under State law. Regional forester’s sensitive species are managed to ensure 

their population viability and preclude a trend towards Federal listing. Prior to any action, there 

must be an analysis of effects on regional forester’s sensitive species populations and population 

viability, as well as habitat. Population viability objectives must be established when making 

decisions that would significantly reduce sensitive species numbers.
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 31

2.4.4 Management Indicator Species

Under the National Forest Management Act, the Forest Service is charged with managing national 

forests to provide for a diversity of plant and animal communities consistent with overall 

multiple-use objectives. One planning tool we use to accomplish this requirement is the 

designation of management indicator species. During forest planning, we designate certain 

species as management indicator species “because their population changes are believed to 

indicate the effects of management activities” (36 CFR 219.19 (a)(1)) on important elements of 

plant and animal diversity. They and their habitat needs are used to set management objectives 

and minimum management requirements, to focus effects analysis, and to monitor effects of plan 

implementation. The following species have been selected as management indicator species 

because their population changes are believed to indicate the effects of management activities:

• Red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis)

• Pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus)

• Wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina)

• Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)

• Southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus fontalis)

• Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

2.4.5 Locally Rare Species

Locally rare species are species whose population viability and/or continued existence on the 

National Forests in Mississippi are a concern. Unlike the previous two categories, these species 

are considered to be at no risk of imperilment at a rangewide scale. Plan components may or may 

not be necessary to achieve management goals for these species.

2.5 Healthy Watersheds

Watershed health is essential to sustaining the ecological function and productive capacity of 

National Forest System lands. Productive soils, clean water, and clean air are integral to all 

aspects of resource management, and are important desired conditions identified by our 

stakeholders across the state. Healthy watersheds in these desired conditions include the physical 

elements that make up the natural resource base on the National Forests in Mississippi.

2.5.1 Water

Within the proclaimed boundaries of the National Forests in 

Mississippi there are over 11,000 miles of streams and more 

than 2,000 acres of lakes and permanent ponds. Average 

annual rainfall ranges from 65 inches along the gulf coast to 

about 55 inches in the northern part of the state. The 

National Forests in Mississippi are underlain by 8 of the 

state’s 15 major aquifers, which supply drinking water for 

state residents. The nine major watershed basins that cross 

the Forests’ boundaries drain over 48,000 square miles. 

Due to the fragmented land ownership patterns across the National Forests in Mississippi units, 

stream conditions are heavily affected by land use upstream and on nearby private properties. 

Stream conditions vary across the National Forests in Mississippi, and many streams have been 

channelized or modified in the past. Erosion and headcutting are problems on districts with 

Watershed health is essential 

to sustaining the ecological 

function and productive 

capacity of National Forest 

System lands.
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

32 Land and Resource Management Plan

steeper topography, but they are often caused or exacerbated by offsite actions out of Forest 

Service control. Of the 25 watershed subbasins within the proclamation boundaries of the 

National Forests in Mississippi, only eight have more than 5 percent National Forest System land 

and only two have greater than 10 percent National Forest System land. Although the Forest 

Service administers only a small percentage of the lands within the subbasins, it provides an 

important refuge for aquatic species. 

Several different areas in this forest plan have desired outcomes that relate to improving or 

sustaining a diversity of aquatic species and water-related ecosystems. The combination of these 

outcomes, including the watershed-based conditions below, describes the overall desire for 

sustaining aquatic life and water resources.

Desired Conditions for Watersheds

Watersheds on the National Forests in Mississippi have good to excellent water quality, intact 

hydrologic function, support associated terrestrial systems, and provide important refuge for 

associated species to the extent possible given limited ownership. Water surfaces are clean and 

clear of trash and sediments; streamsides are dominated by native riparian vegetation; and fish 

and other aquatic species are healthy and abundant. Vegetation along waterbodies provides 

shading, shelter, and undisturbed areas for aquatic biota. Large woody debris is present at 

appropriate levels in streams for hydrologic stability and instream fish habitat. Road and trail 

crossings allow passage of fish and other aquatic animals up and down stream corridors. 

Stream channels are properly functioning, and damaging impacts from historic modifications, 

sedimentation, and degradation from upstream sources are improving. Erosion and headcutting 

along steep streambanks are slowed, and hydrologic conditions are improving.

2.5.2 Soils

The varied soils on the National Forests in Mississippi reflect the statewide distribution of 

national forest units and include well-drained sandy loams along the coastal plain; windblown 

and highly productive loess soils in the western part of the state; and upland mixes of sandy soils, 

high shrink-swell clays, and blackland prairie soils. Forest soils cover a range of slopes, from 

nearly level (less than 2 percent slope) to very steep (up to 45 percent slope). Throughout the 

National Forests in Mississippi, the majority of the land (approximately 90 percent) has high to 

moderate soil productivity.

Desired Conditions for Soils 

Forest soils have adequate physical, biological, and chemical properties to maintain or improve 

ecological systems, productivity, hydrologic function, and slope stability. Minimal erosion and 

sedimentation occur due to successful use of best management practices during forest 

activities. Partnerships between the Forest Service and other agencies and landowners create 

statewide improvements in soil quality and function across watersheds.

2.5.3 Air Quality

Air quality for the state of Mississippi is generally good, and the State has met all national 

ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) established by the Environmental Protection Agency. The 

air quality program for the National Forests in Mississippi provides guidance for conducting 

forest management activities in a manner that complies with State and Federal standards, protects 
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 33

human health, promotes safety, and does not degrade air quality. Prescribed burning is the activity 

most likely to contribute air emissions, but current burning levels are not exceeding air quality 

standards and best management practices are used to protect air quality.

Desired Conditions for Air Quality

Activities on National Forest System lands meet national ambient air quality standards and 

State standards. Smoke impacts on the general public and adjacent landowners from prescribed 

fires are minimal and short-term. 

2.6 Healthy Forests

Healthy forests contain all the features and functions necessary to meet management objectives 

for the land area. Desired conditions associated with healthy forests involve a variety of resource 

areas, including vegetation, wildlife, invasive species, soils, water, air, lands, and fire 

management. The development of desired conditions was based on input from public 

stakeholders, agency directives, and regulatory requirements under the National Forest 

Management Act. The “Ecosystems and Species Diversity Report” (appendix G – final 

environmental impact statement) and “Possible Actions and Vegetation Management Priorities by 

Administrative Unit” (appendix C) include the ecological basis for the desired conditions and 

information on the long-term sustained yields of timber products that result from achieving and 

maintaining these desired conditions.

2.6.1 Vegetation Management

During the establishment of the National Forests in Mississippi in the 1930s, the replanting of 

cleared farmland and severely eroded slopes with fast-growing pines helped develop today’s 

widespread forests and improved watershed conditions. These stands of predominantly loblolly 

and slash pines provided an economic commodity that was a major management priority in the 

1985 forest plan. Since then, our management emphasis has shifted toward restoring healthy and 

thriving native ecological communities, and we use vegetation management activities as tools for 

achieving habitat and ecosystem restoration. 

Ecological sustainability requires a diversity of species composition, age classes, stand structure,

and densities. These conditions provide for a forest resilient or resistant to insects, disease, and 

natural disturbances. Healthy forest conditions also include a mix of younger regenerating 

vegetation and old-growth stands. Based on the history 

of the National Forests in Mississippi, there is currently 

a higher percentage of forests in the middle age classes, 

with approximately 25 percent of forested areas 21 to 

60 years old and 37 percent in the 61- to 80-year age 

class. Forestwide, an estimated 5 percent of today’s 

forests are in the 0- to 10-year age class and 15 percent 

are over 80 years old. 

Pine types are the dominant forest types statewide, and 

this dominance is expected to continue into the future. 

But the amount of that dominance and the dominant species represented are expected to shift as 

loblolly and slash pine forests are converted to stands of longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, and 

hardwoods. The mix of seral stages and specific conditions desired on the landscape are described 

for the individual ecosystems in sections 2.3.1 through 2.3.24. Primary vegetation management 

Our management emphasis has 

shifted toward restoring healthy 

and thriving native ecological 

communities. We use vegetation 

management activities as tools to 

achieve habitat and ecosystem 

restoration.
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

34 Land and Resource Management Plan

activities for attaining healthy forests include regeneration, thinning, timber harvest, and 

prescribed burning. While timber harvesting contributes to the local economy and America’s 

supply of wood products, it is also used to create wildlife habitat conditions, manage fuels, and 

manage vegetation to achieve shifts in species composition and restoration of native ecological 

communities.

Healthy forests are resilient to stressors and have sufficient nutrients and physical growing 

conditions. For the National Forests in Mississippi, the most common traditional threats to forest 

health include nonnative invasive species (especially cogon grass and kudzu), disease outbreaks, 

and insect infestations (particularly recurring cycles of southern pine beetle infestations). 

However, overly dense stands, hazardous fuel levels, urban expansion, and climate change 

disturbances can also affect forest health.

Desired Conditions for Vegetation Management

Healthy forests are evident across the landscape and have the physical and biotic resources to 

support desired ecological systems and conditions, as well as desired species. Forests are 

resistant or resilient to dramatic change caused by abiotic and biotic stressors and mortality 

agents (e.g., the southern pine beetle). Resilient native ecosystems better withstand hurricanes 

and other extreme weather events, and recovery from disturbances is enhanced through 

advanced planning. The supply of essential resources (e.g., light, moisture, nutrients, growing

space) for major vegetation of desired ecological systems is functionally in balance with the

demands of those systems. As stand succession progresses or disturbances occur, availability of 

essential resources changes causing some vegetation to decline or die while other vegetation 

benefits. Healthy forest conditions reflect plant competition for these resources by the decline 

and death of some vegetation in the production of desired ecological systems and conditions. 

Healthy forests display a diversity of seral stages (e.g., pioneer to climax), ages (regeneration 

to old growth), desired ecological systems, and stand structures that provide all essential 

ecosystem processes and habitat for the desired diversity of native species. The spread of 

nonnative invasive species is halted or reversed. 

2.6.2 Old Growth

The staff of the National Forests in Mississippi has developed a preliminary inventory of possible 

old-growth acreage that totals more than 118,000 acres (appendix D). This is approximately 10 

percent of the forested acres and is distributed among 12 community types. Most of this acreage 

was selected based on stands identified for late seral management or met the minimum age in the 

regional old-growth guide. All districts contain possible old-growth acreage, with amounts 

ranging from 6 percent on the Homochitto to 32 percent on the Delta.

Desired Conditions for Old Growth

Forest and woodland ecological systems support a diversity of tree ages, from regeneration to 

old growth, providing a relatively stable mix of ecological conditions across the landscape over 

time. The age class distribution across the landscape provides for small (1 to 99 acres) to 

medium-sized (100 to 2,499 acres) old-growth areas. Old-growth areas are interconnected by 

mature forests. Approximately 10 percent of each forest and woodland ecological system 

consists of old-growth areas identified and managed to meet ecological objectives of the plan.
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 35

2.6.3 Fire

Historically, fire may have been the most common form of natural disturbance on the landscape 

now managed as the National Forests in Mississippi. With an ideal climate for vegetative growth, 

most major ecological communities in the forest, if left undisturbed for even a short time, will 

develop dense understory growth that results in high fuel loadings. Downed trees from recurring 

windstorms further add to the buildup of forest fuels. When fire occurs under these hazardous fuel 

conditions, the intensity is higher and damage can be 

catastrophic. Disastrous wildfires can significantly alter 

vegetation composition, cause mortality to mature trees, 

and pose a threat to safety and property. Adding to this 

undesirable situation is the interspersed nature of private 

property with national forest lands in Mississippi and the 

growth of communities closer to national forest boundaries. 

Periodic prescribed burning can recreate historic fire 

regimes and reduce the risk of catastrophic fires, while 

restoring conditions that favor desirable native ecosystems. 

The fire intervals identified in section 2.3 for the native fire-dependent communities typical of 

this region are an indication of how frequently fires burned through these forests prior to 

settlement and an emphasis on fire suppression. Based on the fire frequency needed to maintain 

these ecosystems today, low-intensity fires would have typically burned a mosaic pattern through 

coastal ecosystems every 1 to 3 years and swept through more upland communities every 1 to 6 

years. The result of this type of disturbance is more open woodlands with sparse midstories, and 

understories dominated by grasses and forbs, providing favorable habitat for threatened and 

endangered species such as the red-cockaded woodpecker, gopher tortoise, and dusky gopher 

frog. Hazardous fuel buildup under these conditions is low.

Desired Conditions for Fire 

Fire regimes across the National Forests in Mississippi are within historical ranges (fire 

condition class 1). Low-intensity fires periodically burn through forests removing surface fuels 

and maintaining an open understory. Native vegetation patterns, species composition, and 

structure are intact and functioning within natural limits. The risk of losing key ecosystems is 

low. Fire is allowed to operate as close as possible to its historic, ecological role. Appropriate 

management response to wildland fire is based on ecological, social, and legal consequences of 

the fire. The risk to developments and private property is low due to reduced levels of forest 

fuels along interface areas.

2.6.4 Lands and Special Uses

The National Forests in Mississippi encompasses almost 1.2 million acres, but the makeup of the 

national forests is a series of widely separated ranger districts scattered across the state. Even 

within districts, national forest boundaries are not contiguous. Land ownership is generally a 

fragmented pattern of small isolated parcels of private lands interspersed with National Forest 

System lands. Although the areas around the National Forests in Mississippi still retain a rural 

character, changes are expected as the population in the state continues to grow and urban 

development spreads into rural areas. In recent years, there have been increasing numbers of 

people moving in closer proximity to National Forest System lands, especially from expanding 

developments along the gulf coast and near urban centers such as Memphis, Tennessee and 

Jackson, Mississippi. Due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina, rebuilding efforts in many locations 
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

36 Land and Resource Management Plan

moved inland from the gulf coast, placing future homes and business construction closer to 

national forest boundaries, particularly along the De Soto National Forest.

This pattern of noncontiguous land holdings plus mixed ownership and growing wildland-urban 

interface presents problems in conducting effective vegetation management programs. Control of 

invasive species, insects, and diseases is more difficult if untreated properties adjacent to the 

Forests provide continued opportunities for reinfestation. Prescribed burning to reduce fuel 

hazards and restore desired ecosystems creates smoke that can be minimized but not eliminated 

from impacting nearby roadways and homes. Restoration of ecosystems for wildlife and 

uncommon species often requires large blocks of appropriate habitat that are buffered from 

conflicting land uses. Protection and improvement of water quality, soil erosion, and 

sedimentation on the National Forests in Mississippi may be undone by upstream activities and 

offsite sources. In parts of the Forests where inholdings are common, there is also an increased 

potential for boundary line conflicts, easement and access issues, encroachment, and the need for 

more special use permits. 

While major changes in National Forest System land parcels are not anticipated, opportunities 

occur at times to acquire or exchange land parcels. By creating a larger consolidated land base, 

the National Forests in Mississippi can not only enhance resource protection and management 

operations but also reduce boundary conflicts and access issues.

Desired Conditions for Lands and Special Uses

National Forest System lands within the boundaries of the National Forests in Mississippi are 

more consolidated, with key parcels of land added to the National Forest System as 

opportunities arise. The land base of the National Forests in Mississippi is sufficient to protect 

native ecosystems, provide critical habitat, support diverse species, provide a variety of 

recreation experiences, and preserve a natural-appearing setting. Isolated tracts with special 

resource values are also part of the land base. Private landowners have appropriate access to 

their property, and the public has appropriate access to National Forest System lands. 

Boundaries are clearly marked so that national forest land ownership is easily recognized along 

property lines with adjoining tracts. 

2.7 Infrastructure

The infrastructure on the National Forests in Mississippi includes a wide variety of roads, trails, 

and facilities necessary for management, public use, and protection of National Forest System 

lands. A system of roads and trails that provides access to the National Forests in Mississippi for a 

variety of uses is consistently one of the most important desired conditions expressed by the 

general public. This system needs to be safe and reliable while protecting natural resources. 

Facilities on the National Forests in Mississippi range from campgrounds and bathhouses to 

ranger stations and warehouses. Needed facilities are structurally sound, durable, low 

maintenance, accessible, and appropriate for the use and setting.

2.7.1 Roads

Currently there are 2,938 miles of system roads on the National Forests in Mississippi. The roads 

system serves multiple uses, functioning both as access to the national forests and through routes 

to private lands within national forest boundaries. While there are some paved roadways, most of 

the commonly used national forest roads are gravel surfaced for all-weather travel. Further into 
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 37

the national forests, roads become narrow dirt paths useable by foot traffic or high-clearance 

vehicles. These interior roads may be opened only as needed for activities such as timber 

harvesting, prescribed burning, or fire suppression. Of the National Forest System roads on the 

National Forests in Mississippi, 32 percent are suitable for passenger car use, 24 percent are for 

use by high-clearance vehicles, and 44 percent are closed for administrative and/or intermittent 

use only. 

Very little new road construction has occurred in recent 

years, and there is not an anticipated need for new 

roads over the next 10 to 15 years. Structural soundness 

of bridges is especially important as these structures 

age and continue to be used not only for national forest 

activities but also by county residents for everyday 

access to private property. Culverts at stream crossings 

are also a concern since they may function adequately 

from a roads standpoint but may be a barrier for aquatic 

organism passage.

Another issue is the user-created roads that exist across all the National Forests in Mississippi that 

are not part of the Forest Service road system. Some are narrow dirt trails created by recent offhighway vehicle (OHV) use and some are roads that were once permitted or authorized but were 

never decommissioned after they were no longer needed. Use of these user-created roads and 

pathways has caused damage to parts of the National Forests in Mississippi including soil 

erosion, sedimentation in streams, damage to wetlands and wildlife habitat, and spread of 

invasive species.

Desired Conditions for Roads

The roads system for the National Forests in Mississippi is a network of well-maintained roads 

that are safe for travel and provide reasonable access to the national forests and private 

landholdings within the national forests. Bridges are sound, and culverts at stream crossings are 

properly designed and constructed to allow passage of aquatic organisms and to protect stream 

quality. Roadway surfaces are smooth, properly sloped, and useable in most weather 

conditions. Ditches are cleared, and evidence of soil erosion is minor. There is adequate 

signage throughout the roads system. Roads not needed for extended periods are closed, 

stabilized, and have native vegetation cover; while those no longer needed have been

obliterated. Wheeled motorized access occurs only on designated roads and trails, and the 

occurrence of unauthorized, user-created roads is minimal. 

2.7.2 Trails

The National Forests in Mississippi are a major provider of 

recreational trails in the state with over 265 miles of 

nonmotorized hiking, biking, and horseback riding trails 

and about 140 miles of motorized trails for all-terrain 

vehicles (ATVs) and motorcycles. Use of trails has become 

increasingly popular in recent years due to a growing 

population and limited trails systems elsewhere in the state. 

In contrast to the situation when the 1985 forest plan was 

developed, the demand for trails is now more than can be 
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

38 Land and Resource Management Plan

provided. Heavier trail use and new types of users that were not anticipated when trails were 

originally designed and constructed have led to resource damage and user conflicts in some areas. 

Trails in some parts of the National Forests in Mississippi have been damaged and are in need of 

extensive maintenance, reconstruction, or relocation. User-created trails have also caused 

damage, especially along creeks and on slopes with easily eroded soils. (Use of national forest 

trails as a recreation experience is further described in section 2.8.1.).

Desired Conditions for Trails

Exceptional trails are available for use by hikers, bikers, horseback riders, off-road motorized 

users, hunters, and anglers. The trail program is managed from a forestwide perspective and 

opportunities are offered where they are most responsive to demand, minimize conflicts with 

other recreation users, and can be managed in an environmentally sustainable and operationally 

efficient manner. The National Forests in Mississippi trail program has trail systems of varied 

lengths, including loop trails and multiple access points. Individual trails provide enough 

mileage to support multiple day-use experiences. There is a variety of challenge levels 

available, including hiking trails that are accessible to persons with disabilities. Trails are well

designed and maintained to minimize impacts to other forest resources. Trail information is 

readily available to the public. Travel routes to and from trailheads locations are appropriately 

signed, and trails are well marked and easy to follow. Trails and trailhead parking areas are free 

from hazards and litter. OHV use is permitted on designated trails and routes that are clearly 

defined on maps and on the ground. The designated OHV trail system is well maintained, and 

resource impacts are minimal. User-created trails are restored to natural conditions, and system 

trails that are no longer needed are decommissioned. 

2.7.3 Facilities

The National Forests in Mississippi currently have an inventory of approximately 300 facilities. 

Three facilities are historic and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the ranger 

residence at Choctaw Lake on the Tombigbee National Forest; the picnic pavilion at Clear 

Springs Recreation Area on the Homochitto National Forest; and Moore Lookout Tower on the 

Bienville National Forest. The Moore Lookout Tower is also listed on the National Register of 

Historic Lookout Towers. 

Just over 200 facilities are categorized as administrative (offices, warehouses, ranger houses, 

sheds, and storage buildings) and the remaining are used for recreation (such as bathhouses, 

pavilions, and gazebos). Many of the administrative structures, built in the 1950s and 1960s, have 

outlived their economic and service lives and are no longer needed. Some of the problems with 

these older buildings are energy inefficiency; safety problems due to deterioration of structural, 

electrical, and mechanical systems; costly preventative maintenance; and being too small to 

accommodate the programs they serve. Also, a consolidation in the mid-1990s reduced the 

number of ranger districts across the National Forests in Mississippi from 10 to 7, resulting in 

some administrative sites and buildings being underutilized or no longer needed.

Desired Conditions for Facilities

Administrative buildings and recreation facilities are in good condition, safe, clean, structurally 

sound, and energy efficient. Facilities meet the needs of the agency and public visitors. 

Structures are accessible to all users and enhance the recreational experiences of visitors to the 

National Forests in Mississippi. 
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 39

2.8 Recreation, Cultural Resources, and Forest Setting

The natural setting, beautiful scenery, diverse recreational opportunities, peace and quiet, ready 

access, local heritage, and educational programs provided by the National Forests in Mississippi

have been continually identified by our stakeholders as key features of their desired social 

experiences in the national forests. The focus of this plan on managing National Forest System

lands for diverse native ecosystems supports the naturally appearing forest setting, traditional 

uses, and emphasis on local cultural heritage desired by the public.

2.8.1 Recreation

The National Forests in Mississippi are a primary provider of developed and dispersed outdoor 

recreation in the state. Developed recreation on the Forests is characterized by constructed 

features and amenities that enhance the visitor’s experience, such as campgrounds with utilities, 

picnic areas, swimming areas, boat ramps, and trailheads. Developed recreation sites that provide 

water-based recreation are particularly popular in the warm, humid climate of Mississippi and 

may become even more desirable if projected global climate change impacts result in even 

warmer temperatures and a higher heat index. 

Hunting, fishing, trails use (for hiking, OHVs, horseback 

riding, biking, bird watching, and other activities), nature 

study, driving for pleasure, wildlife viewing, and primitive 

camping are examples of popular dispersed recreational 

activities that occur broadly across the National Forests in 

Mississippi. The Forests represent some of the few 

sizeable public lands open to local residents for traditional 

hunting and fishing experiences and one of the largest 

trails systems in the state.

Meeting the growing demand for recreational 

opportunities will be an ongoing challenge in the future. Population growth in Mississippi over 

the past decade and increasing urban expansion, especially on the southern and northern ends of 

the state, have created a demand for recreation resources that at times exceeds supply. 

Construction of new facilities or expanded amenities to meet growing demands has been limited 

in recent years by the capacity of the Forest Service to fund and maintain additional infrastructure 

as well as the capacity of sensitive sites to support heavy usage without damaging the 

environment. The make-up of the National Forests in Mississippi presents an additional challenge 

since the six national forests (or seven ranger districts) consist of different environmental settings, 

serve different recreational niches, and cannot each provide every desired recreation opportunity. 

Balancing multiple, and sometimes competing, local desires in the future with limited agency 

resources will require public support and new, more sophisticated partnerships to focus and 

improve recreation opportunities or facilities on the National Forests in Mississippi.
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

40 Land and Resource Management Plan

Desired Conditions for Recreation

The National Forests in Mississippi continue to be a leader in the state for providing high 

quality natural settings, opportunities for the public to enjoy outdoor activities, and places for 

family and friends to assemble. Opportunities for traditional rural recreational uses such as 

hunting and fishing are available, along with many of the recreational interests of a growing 

number of urban residents and visitors. Recreation demands are balanced with the ability of the 

land to sustain use and the capacity of the Forests’ staffs to manage use. Partnerships flourish,

including long-term secure working relationships with communities, special interest groups, 

and State and local governments. These partnerships support and enhance recreation programs 

across the National Forests in Mississippi.

Developed recreation areas provide safe, well-maintained facilities at concentrated use 

locations for camping, picnicking, boating, and swimming. Picnic sites and pavilions are 

available for small and large family gatherings. Access to water is provided at lakes, major 

rivers and creeks, and ponds to support boating, swimming, fishing, canoeing, and other waterbased recreation. Campgrounds and developed day-use areas are located in most ranger 

districts across the state and are accessible to a variety of forest visitors. Local businesses offer 

opportunities that the National Forests in Mississippi program cannot provide, such as privately 

owned campgrounds or outfitter/guide services.

The general forest area provides a variety of dispersed recreational opportunities (such as 

hunting, fishing, driving for pleasure, nature viewing, and trails use). The setting is generally 

natural appearing, although forest management activities are also present. Game and nongame 

wildlife populations are abundant and support viewing, photography, nature study, and hunting. 

Many areas of solitude and quiet offer visitors a refuge from hectic daily life. In other parts of 

the National Forests in Mississippi, access is available for scenic drives, OHV use on 

designated routes, and group experiences such as horseback riding and environmental 

education programs. Although not every desired outdoor experience is available on every 

individual national forest unit, collectively the National Forests in Mississippi provide a broad 

variety of desired outdoor opportunities and well-maintained facilities for residents and 

visitors.

Educational programs provide visitors opportunities to learn about the forest environment and 

the State’s cultural heritage. Information is readily accessible to inform visitors about 

recreational facilities, activities, services, and regulations. Directional signs are appropriately 

placed, and maps are available both in print and electronically to help visitors easily find their 

way to developed sites. A variety of brochures, tour maps, bulletin boards, interpretive sites, 

and other environmental and cultural information is available on websites and at local 

destinations. 

2.8.2 Scenic Quality

The land base of the National Forests in Mississippi generally has a natural-appearing scenic 

character in a typically rural setting. The interspersed nature of private and public lands integrates 

evidence of human development throughout the Forests, although there are areas of less 

development. Agricultural lands, residences, local communities, and commercial pine plantations 

are intermixed with National Forest System lands. Vegetation is typically fast growing so 

indications of disturbance are quickly absorbed. Pines dominate the visual character and flat 

topography of the southern half of the state, with corridors of hardwoods along stream channels. 

Rolling hills and mixed pines and hardwoods characterize the northern part of the state. Although 
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 41

visual separation of intermixed private and public lands has limitations, scenic characteristics 

important to the public include an emphasis on beautiful scenery, peaceful settings, opportunities 

for nature study, minimally intrusive management practices, and a visually appealing recreation 

setting.

Desired Conditions for Scenic Quality

Scenery is natural appearing and generally consists of a mix of closed-canopy forest and parklike, semi-open woodlands, except in young regeneration areas, bogs, prairies, and wildlife 

openings. Signature landscapes that are unique to Mississippi national forests, such as longleaf 

pines and bottomland hardwoods, are found throughout the National Forests in Mississippi. 

Rare showcase plant communities like Buttercup Flats and Harrell Prairie provide 

opportunities for nature study, wildflower viewing, and photography. Primitive and 

semiprimitive settings provide visitors with a feeling of solitude and challenge. Facilities and 

constructed improvements are visually appealing and blend into the surrounding environment.

2.8.3 Wilderness and Wild and Scenic Rivers

Wilderness designations are given a higher standard of care to maintain the wildland 

characteristics they are valued for. The wild and scenic river and the Black Creek Corridor Scenic 

Area will have their free flowing stream conditions and outstandingly remarkable scenic and 

recreational values preserved.

Desired Conditions for Wilderness and Wild and Scenic Rivers

Wilderness designations have unique wildland character with little evidence of human-caused 

disturbance. The wild and scenic river and the associated scenic area corridor have free 

flowing stream conditions and remarkable scenic and recreational values.

2.8.4 Cultural Resources

The heritage of the area encompassed by the National Forests in Mississippi is a rich blend of 

indigenous cultures and historic-era homesteads. Archaeological sites across the state show 

evidence of indigenous population use that ranges from permanent villages to briefly occupied 

campsites. Several properties are listed in the National Register of Historic Places: the Owl Creek 

Indian Mounds and the ranger residence at Choctaw Lake on the Tombigbee National Forest, 

Moore Tower on the Bienville National Forest, and the picnic pavilion at Clear Springs on the 

Homochitto National Forest. In addition, there are scattered remains of early historic settlements 

such as farmsteads, cemeteries, lumber camps, sawmill towns, turpentine stills, and Civilian 

Conservation Corps (CCC) camps that help round out an understanding of the history of the state 

as well as past land use on National Forest System lands.

Desired Conditions for Cultural Resources

Prehistoric Native American archaeological sites and remnants of historic developments are 

found across the National Forests in Mississippi. Cultural resources are protected and offer an 

opportunity to learn about the past. Interpretive sites, tours, and educational programs create 

opportunities to understand Mississippi’s cultural heritage, the people who lived here in the 

past and their effects on the land.
Chapter 2. Vision

National Forests in Mississippi

42 Land and Resource Management Plan

2.9 Minerals Management

The National Forests in Mississippi recognizes that demand is high for oil and gas, and provides 

for Federal oil and gas leasing along with all other forest resources. The Forests occupy 

approximately 67 percent of Federal mineral estate in Mississippi. As the largest Federal agency 

land management base in Mississippi, as a demonstrated producer of Federal oil and gas, and as a 

Federal agency with a congressionally designated multiple-use mission, the National Forests in 

Mississippi are key to the Federal oil and gas leasing program in Mississippi.

Desired Conditions for Minerals Management

The National Forests in Mississippi manages minerals development to optimize the use of 

these resources in a manner that contains suitable environmental safeguards and contributes to 

the Nation’s energy needs without detrimental effects to the environment.

2.10 Economic Benefits

National forest activities that generate the majority of revenues that feed back into the local 

economy in Mississippi come from timber, minerals, and recreation. These economic returns 

include direct benefits through jobs, timber sales, and mineral leasing receipts as well as indirect 

benefits such as expenditures from out-of-town visitors who come to enjoy recreation 

opportunities on the National Forests in Mississippi. Other economic contributions come from 

Federal employee salaries and payments to counties that have National Forest System lands. 

Timber, minerals, and recreation revenues are expected to continue to be the leading sources of 

economic benefits from National Forest System lands to local communities over the next 10 to 15 

years. Vegetation management activities that contribute to achieving the desired ecological 

conditions in the forest plan are expected to generate revenues and economic benefits similar to 

recent years. The economic contribution from minerals is primarily from oil and gas leasing, 

which is projected to maintain current values or increase slightly. Recreation opportunities are 

expected to continue to draw visitors and add revenue at a similar level to the past. Although the 

National Forests in Mississippi do not have a major impact on the economic health of the state, 

economic benefits do contribute to local economies and are expected to be sustained at or above 

current levels.

Desired Conditions for Economic Benefits

The National Forests in Mississippi provide a stable return of economic revenues and benefits 

to local economies. Timber commodities provide economic benefits to the community while 

achieving restoration and habitat improvement practices. Oil and gas resources contribute to 

the Nation’s energy needs without detrimental effects to the environment. Local economies 

benefit from visitors attracted to forest recreation opportunities that are exceptional and valued 

for a scenic natural forest setting.
National Forests in Mississippi

Revised Land and Resource Management Plan 43

Chapter 3. Strategy

This chapter of the land and resource management plan describes our strategies for moving the 

National Forests in Mississippi resources toward desired conditions. This section starts with 

descriptions of management approaches and objectives paired to correspond with each of the 

desired conditions identified in chapter 2. Management approaches describe how we will achieve 

desired conditions over time and consider priorities such as program direction, budget trends, past 

program accomplishments, and partnership opportunities. Objectives are measurable, timespecific accomplishments that typically represent stages in reaching desired conditions. These 

objectives are intended to be achieved during the first 10 years of the planning period. 

The prescribed management strategies for achieving desired conditions will be applied to areas 

that are similar in some respect across the National Forests in Mississippi. These management 

areas may contain similar ecosystems, features, uses, or special attributes that guide future project 

activities. Generally, national forests are suitable for a variety of uses that are compatible with the 

goals or desired conditions for an area. This chapter also describes key suitable uses on broad 

areas of the Forests and identifies specifically designated, unique geographic areas that have 

special management requirements to protect their unique characteristics. These areas have 

physical, biological, or social circumstances that influence suitable uses and warrant placing them 

under special management guidance.

3.1 Objectives and Management Approaches

In the following sections, we have placed objectives in boxed insets following a brief narrative on 

likely management approaches to achieving those objectives. Management approaches describe 

our priorities and expectations for future program direction. Partnerships and collaborative 

arrangements are also included as part of the strategy for accomplishing desired conditions, 

especially those that are dependent on cooperative efforts for regional issues.

Generally, the Forest Service has managed 

forest activities through a variety of separate 

resource programs. However, this plan is an 

integration of desired conditions and 

objectives across multiple program areas. 

Therefore, many of the resource programs 

share similar objectives and contribute to 

multiple desired conditions. For example, 

ecosystem diversity objectives are connected to the program strategies for species diversity, fire, 

soils, water, and healthy forest conditions, while recreation objectives are linked to management 

approaches for infrastructure and economic strategies. Although separate objectives are not 

repeated or identified for every program area, all contribute to achieving desired conditions for 

the National Forests in Mississippi.

The following objectives and strategies are stepping-stones of achievement that will move the 

National Forests in Mississippi toward the desired conditions described in chapter 2. Objectives 

and associated program strategies are strongly influenced by recent trends, past experiences, 

current staffing levels, and anticipated near-term budgets. 

Objectives are measurable, time-specific 

accomplishments that typically represent 

stages in reaching desired conditions.

Management approaches describe how we 

will achieve desired conditions over time.
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3.2 Ecosystem Diversity

Restoring and maintaining a diversity of native ecological systems is the foundation of this plan. 

As we implement the plan, striving to achieve desired conditions and objectives, following 

standards and guidelines, and recognizing the contribution of unique geographic areas, ecosystem 

functionality should improve. This should not only improve ecosystem diversity, but also provide 

for many of the needs of plant and animal species on the forest.

To achieve desired conditions for ecosystem diversity, we need to restore native ecological 

systems on suitable sites. We plan to accomplish these conversions primarily through vegetation 

management programs that result in improved habitats for a variety of plants and animals 

(including threatened, endangered, sensitive, and locally rare species) and increased resilience to 

potential effects from climate change. Restoration activities will mainly involve reducing loblolly 

and slash pine plantations in favor of reestablishing longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, and hardwood 

communities. Restoring and maintaining less common communities on appropriate sites will 

further enhance ecosystem diversity and conserve rare systems. Part of the vision of this plan is to 

create open woodland settings and forest structures similar to conditions that existed in past 

centuries. Restoring historic fire regimes in a way that mimics the timing and seasonality of past 

natural events is essential to sustaining native ecological systems in Mississippi. While it may 

take many decades to completely achieve these ecosystem shifts, actions initiated during the next 

15 years covered by this plan will set the stage for continued progress.

Objectives for each of the 24 ecological systems described in chapter 2 are addressed in the 

sections 3.2.1 through 3.2.21. Each section contains an introduction that briefly describes the 

management strategies for that ecosystem. Structural objectives focus on regeneration age classes 

(0 to 10 years old) and mature age classes (60 years old and older) because these groups are key 

to providing for species diversity. We assume that if mature and young regenerating age classes 

are sustainable, so are age classes in between. Aquatic resource priorities focus on water quality 

maintenance, water quantity, stream restoration, and lake and pond enhancement. Maintenance 

and restoration efforts are coordinated across all program areas to achieve the desired conditions. 

Additional discussions of program strategies that support ecosystem diversity objectives are 

found in subsequent sections on species diversity, healthy watersheds, and healthy forests.

3.2.1 Upland Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland

Located on: De Soto, Chickasawhay, Homochitto and Bienville Ranger Districts

This ecological system represents forests and woodlands dominated by longleaf pine occurring 

across a range of soil and moisture conditions. The site types range from xeric to mesic as well as 

occasionally on flatwoods wetlands. See section 5 of appendix G of the FEIS for a site type soils 

crosswalk used for plan analysis.

Key characteristics of this system are abundance, fire regime, canopy structure, and tree age 

diversity. The highest priority for long-term sustainability of this ecological system is restoration 

of the longleaf pine forest ecological system to 

appropriate sites. Frequent growing-season burns 

reduce woody vegetation in the understory and promote 

the herbaceous vegetation, which is integral to this 

system. Open longleaf pine forests provide foraging and 

nesting opportunities for many species. These 

woodlands are ideal habitat for the federally threatened 

gopher tortoise and associated species. Mature forests 

and woodlands (including old growth) in this system 
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provide a variety of nesting and foraging opportunities for many species and provide adequate 

fine fuels to carry fire throughout the system. Maintaining a sustainable mix of tree ages is vital to 

long-term stability of the ecological system and resilience of the forest to disturbances. Integrated 

wildlife, fire, and vegetation management programs are essential to accomplish longleaf pine 

restoration.

Objectives for Upland Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 251,000 acres of upland longleaf pine forest and woodland on National 

Forest System lands continue to be present as longleaf pine forests and woodlands.

• Approximately 13,000 acres of longleaf pine exist on sites formerly occupied by loblolly 

pine forest and slash pine forest.

• Approximately 29,000 acres of previously closed canopy longleaf pine stands are in open 

canopy condition to maintain forest health and sustain foraging and nesting opportunities 

for species.

• Approximately 4,000 acres of xeric sandhills and adjacent upland woodlands have been 

created to promote gopher tortoise habitat.

• Approximately 13,000 acres of the 251,000 total acres of longleaf pine are in the 0- to 10-

year age class (from conversion), and approximately 153,000 acres are in mature condition 

(60 years old or older).

• The estimated 251,000 acres of this fire-dependent ecosystem have received a prescribed 

burn return interval of 1 to 4 years, with approximately 40 percent of the burns conducted 

in the growing season for the first decade. 

3.2.2 Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland

Located on: Bienville, Holly Springs, and Tombigbee Ranger Districts

This ecological system represents forests and woodlands dominated by shortleaf pine occurring 

on dry to dry-mesic ecological site types. See section 5 of appendix G of the final environmental 

impact statement for a site type soils crosswalk used for plan analysis. 

The most important characteristic of this system is abundance of the shortleaf pine-oak forest and 

woodland ecological system on the landscape. The highest priority for long-term sustainability of 

this ecological system is restoration of the shortleaf pine-oak forest and woodland ecological 

system to appropriate sites. Other important ecosystem characteristics include fire regime, canopy 

structure, and tree age diversity. Frequent growing-season burns reduce woody vegetation in the 

understory and promote the herbaceous component, which is integral to this system. Mature open 

forest and woodland (including old growth) in this system provide a variety of nesting and 

foraging opportunities for many species and provide adequate fine fuels to carry fire throughout 

the system. Maintaining a sustainable mix of tree ages is vital to long-term stability of the 

ecological system. Integrated wildlife, fire, and vegetation management programs are essential to 

accomplish of shortleaf pine restoration.

The public has expressed a desire for restoration of native ecosystems, and the Forest Service has 

been promoting the establishment of ecological restoration goals and objectives. Our strategy for
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46 Land and Resource Management Plan

this ecosystem is to expand it across its natural range to promote species diversity and improve 

resiliency to changing climate conditions and other stressors.

Objectives for Shortleaf Pine Oak Forest and Woodland

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 62,000 acres of shortleaf pine forest and woodland on National Forest 

System lands continue to be present as shortleaf pine forest and woodland.

• Approximately 2,800 acres of shortleaf pine exist on sites formerly occupied by loblolly 

pine forest increasing the relative abundance of this system on the landscape to 62,000 

acres.

• Approximately 4,100 acres of previously closed canopy shortleaf pine stands are in open 

canopy condition to maintain forest health and sustain foraging and nesting opportunities 

for species.

• Approximately 4,000 acres of the 62,000 total acres of shortleaf pine are in the 0- to 10-

year age class (from conversion and regeneration), and approximately 41,000 acres are in 

mature forest condition (60 years old or older).

• The estimated 62,000 acres of this fire-dependent ecosystem have received a fire return 

interval of 1 to 4 years, with approximately 45 percent of the burns conducted during the 

growing season.

3.2.3 Loblolly Pine Forest

Located on: all ranger districts, except the Delta Ranger District

This system represents loblolly pine-dominated forests and 

woodlands occurring predominately on upland sites. See section 5 of 

appendix G of the final environmental impact statement for a site 

type soils crosswalk used for plan analysis. 

Loblolly pine forest is widespread throughout the National Forests in 

Mississippi. It often occupies sites that historically supported other 

forest types. Conversion of the loblolly pine forest ecological system 

to appropriate ecological systems is our highest priority for long-term 

sustainability. Existing loblolly pine forests should be managed 

toward the desired conditions of the ecological system to which they 

are being converted. Continued emphasis on integrated wildlife, vegetation, and fire management 

program activities in existing loblolly pine forests will be necessary to promote and maintain 

desired ecological structural conditions during conversion to appropriate ecological systems. 

Mature, open forest (including old growth) in this system provides a variety of nesting and 

foraging opportunities for many species and provides adequate fine fuels to carry fire throughout 

the system. Species diversity and richness are dependent upon growing-season fire to maintain 

open canopy conditions and floristic composition. Uncertain impacts from climate change could 

increase the rate of change and affect the objectives for restoration of native systems from 

loblolly pine forests. We have identified loblolly pine forest as a target to convert to longleaf and 

shortleaf pines to accomplish those species respective ecosystem restoration goals and objectives. 

Other communities such as upland hardwoods and mesic slope forests will also be converted from 

loblolly sites as well.
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Objectives for Loblolly Pine Forest

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 351,000 acres of loblolly pine forest continue to be present on National 

Forest System lands.

• Approximately 15,000 acres of loblolly pine are converted to appropriate ecological 

systems.

• Approximately 58,000 acres of previously closed canopy loblolly pine stands are in open 

canopy condition to maintain forest health and sustain foraging and nesting opportunities 

for species.

• Approximately 500 acres (from regeneration) of loblolly pine are in the 0- to 10-year age 

class, and approximately 154,000 acres are in mature forest condition (60 years old or 

older);

• The estimated 351,000 acres of this fire-dependent ecosystem have received a fire return 

interval of 1 to 4 years, with approximately 45 percent of the burns conducted in the 

growing season. 

3.2.4 Southern Loblolly-Hardwood Flatwoods

Located on: Bienville Ranger District

This ecological system represents open forests dominated by loblolly pine with patches of 

hardwoods on alternating mounds and depressions occurring in a tight local mosaic (gilgai), and 

this system only occurs on the Bienville National Forest on both mesic and xeric sites. See 

section 5 of appendix G of the final environmental impact statement for a site type soils 

crosswalk used for plan analysis. 

Tree age diversity, canopy structure, and fire regime are the most important characteristics for 

long-term sustainability of this ecological system. These characteristics are important for 

management of the federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, which is dependent upon this 

system for recovery on the Bienville National Forest. Maintaining a sustainable mix of tree ages 

is vital to long-term stability of the system and a mature, open canopy structural condition is vital 

to the survival of red-cockaded woodpecker. Mature open flatwoods (including old growth) 

provide a variety of nesting and foraging opportunities for many species and provide adequate 

fine fuels to carry fire throughout the system. Frequent growing-season burns reduce woody 

vegetation in the understory and promote the herbaceous component, which is integral to this 

system. Integrated wildlife, fire, and vegetation management programs are essential to 

accomplish restoration of loblolly-hardwood flatwoods.

Objectives for Southern Loblolly-Hardwood Flatwoods

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 79,000 acres of southern loblolly-hardwood flatwoods are present on National 

Forest System lands.

• Approximately 20,000 acres of previously closed canopy southern loblolly-hardwood 

flatwoods stands are in open canopy condition to maintain forest health and sustain foraging 

and nesting opportunities for species.
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Objectives for Southern Loblolly-Hardwood Flatwoods

• None of the 79,000 total acres of southern loblolly-hardwood flatwoods is in the 0- to 10-

year age class, and approximately 52,000 acres are in mature forest condition (60 years old 

or older).

• The estimated 79,000 acres of this fire-dependent ecosystem have received a fire return 

interval of 1 to 4 years, with 40 to 45 percent of the burns conducted in the growing season. 

3.2.5 Slash Pine Forest

Located on: Chickasawhay, De Soto, and Tombigbee Ranger Districts and the Yalobusha Unit of 

the Holly Springs Ranger District

This system represents slash pine dominated forests and woodlands in areas of natural historic 

occurrence and areas where this species has been planted on both appropriate and atypical 

locations. Therefore, slash pine occurs on xeric to wetland sites. The appropriate site types are 

mesic to wet. See section 5 of appendix G of the final environmental impact statement for a site 

type soils crosswalk used for plan analysis.

Conversion of off-site slash pine to appropriate ecological systems is a high priority for long-term 

sustainability. Conversion will generally occur while slash pine is in a mature structural 

condition. Existing slash pine forests will be managed toward the desired conditions of the 

ecological system to which they are being converted. Mature, open forest (including old growth) 

in this system provides a variety of nesting and foraging opportunities for many species and 

provides adequate fine fuels to carry fire throughout the system. Converting slash pine to the 

appropriate species emphasizes integrated wildlife, vegetation, and fire management programs. 

Uncertain impacts from climate change could increase the rate of change and affect the objectives 

for restoring native systems from slash pine forests. We have identified slash pine as a potential 

candidate for regeneration to longleaf pine on the Chickasawhay and De Soto where it occurs on 

historic longleaf pine sites. On the Yalobusha unit, we have identified slash pine as a candidate 

for regeneration to shortleaf pine-oak or hardwood ecological systems to accomplish ecosystem 

goals and objectives.

Objectives for Slash Pine Forest

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 110,000 acres of slash pine forest continue to be present on National Forest 

System lands.

• Approximately 5,000 acres of slash pine are converted to appropriate ecological systems.

• Approximately 16,000 acres of previously closed canopy slash pine stands are in open 

canopy condition to maintain forest health and sustain foraging and nesting opportunities 

for species.

• None of the approximately 110,000 total acres of slash pine are in the 0- to 10-year age 

class, and approximately 39,000 acres are in mature forest condition (60 years or older).

• The estimated 110,000 acres of this fire-dependent ecosystem have received a fire return 

interval of 1 to 4 years, with approximately 40 percent of the burns conducted in the 

growing season.
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3.2.6 Northern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest

Located on: Holly Springs and Tombigbee Ranger Districts

This ecological system represents forests dominated by upland hardwoods occupying xeric 

upland slopes and ridgetops with nutrient-poor soils. See section 5 of appendix G of the final 

environmental impact statement for a site type soils crosswalk used for plan analysis.

Our highest priority for long-term sustainability of this ecological system is restoration of the 

northern dry upland hardwood forest ecological system to appropriate sites. Important ecosystem 

characteristics are fire regime, species composition, canopy structure, and tree age diversity. Fire 

is important to achieve regeneration of desired hardwood species and maintain community 

function. Closed canopy hardwood forests provide foraging and nesting opportunities for many 

species. Maintaining a sustainable mix of tree ages is vital to long-term stability of this ecological 

system. Mature forest (including old growth) in this system provides a variety of nesting and 

foraging opportunities for many species. Restoring, maintaining, and enhancing the northern dry 

upland hardwood forest ecological system emphasizes integrated wildlife, vegetation, and fire 

programs to accomplish upland hardwood restoration.

Objectives for Northern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 56,000 acres of northern dry upland hardwood forest on National Forest 

System lands are present as northern dry upland hardwood forest.

• Approximately 3,000 acres of the existing 56,000 acres of northern dry upland hardwood 

forest are in regeneration contributing to forest health by maintaining tree age diversity.

• Approximately 1,600 acres of northern dry upland hardwood forest exist on sites formerly 

occupied by loblolly pine forest increasing the relative abundance of this system on the 

landscape to 56,000 acres.

• Approximately 1,700 acres of northern dry upland hardwood forest have reduced overstory 

density and a species composition shifted toward desired characteristic species for this 

ecological system.

• Approximately 3,200 acres of the 56,000 total acres of northern dry upland hardwood 

forest are in the 0- to 10-year age class (from conversion and regeneration), and 

approximately 53,000 acres are in mature forest condition (60 years old or older).

• The estimated 56,000 acres of this ecosystem have received a fire return interval of 1 to 6 

years, with 15 to 25 percent of the burns conducted in the growing season.

3.2.7 Southern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest

Located on: De Soto, Chickasawhay, Homochitto, and Bienville Ranger Districts

This ecological system represents forests dominated by upland hardwoods. It occurs on xeric or 

intermediate -acidic soils in naturally fire-protected landscapes. See section 5 of appendix G of 

the final environmental impact statement for a site type soils crosswalk used for plan analysis.

Maintenance of the southern dry upland hardwood forest ecological system on appropriate sites is 

important for long-term sustainability of this ecological system. Fire regime, canopy structure and 

tree age diversity are important ecosystem characteristics fundamental to long-term sustainability 

of this ecological system. While the system did not burn frequently, it does exist within the matrix 
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50 Land and Resource Management Plan

of fire-maintained ecosystems, and fire is an important tool for maintaining vegetative 

composition. Our strategy is to restore this ecosystem to a 1- to 6-year fire return interval, 

allowing low-intensity fires to creep into the system from adjacent areas. Closed canopy 

hardwood forests provide foraging and nesting opportunities for many species. Maintaining a 

sustainable mix of tree ages is vital to long-term stability of the ecological system. Maintaining 

and enhancing the southern dry upland hardwood forest ecological system emphasizes using 

natural processes to reach the desired conditions.

Objectives for Southern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 49,000 acres of southern dry upland hardwood forest on National Forest 

System lands continue to be present as southern dry upland hardwood forest.

• Approximately 46,000 acres of the 49,000 total acres are in mature forest condition (60 

years old or older).

3.2.8 Southern Loess Bluff Forest

Located on: Homochitto Ranger District

This ecological system represents forests dominated by a mix of hardwood species occurring on 

loess soil. See section 5 of appendix G of the final environmental impact statement for a site type 

soils crosswalk used for plan analysis.

Relative abundance of the southern loess bluff forest on loess soils is the most important 

characteristic of this system due to its conversion to other forest types in the past. Our highest 

priority for long-term sustainability of this ecological system is restoration of the southern loess 

bluff forest ecological system on appropriate sites. Characteristics important to species diversity 

and long-term sustainability of this ecological system are canopy structure, tree age diversity, and 

fire regime. Mature closed canopy hardwood forests (including old growth) provide foraging and 

nesting opportunities for many species. Maintaining a sustainable mix of tree ages is vital to longterm stability of the ecological system. While the system did not burn frequently, it does exist 

within the matrix of a fire-maintained ecosystem. Our strategy is to restore this ecosystem to a 6-

to 20-year fire return interval, allowing low-intensity fires to creep into the system from adjacent 

areas. Restoring, maintaining, and enhancing the southern loess bluff forest ecological system 

emphasizes using natural processes to reach the desired conditions. However, an integrated 

vegetation management approach is necessary to promote oak regeneration and conversion to this 

ecological system over time.

Objectives for Southern Loess Bluff Forest

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 3,000 acres of southern loess bluff forest on National Forest System lands 

continue to be present as southern loess bluff forest.

• Approximately 500 acres of southern loess bluff forest exist on sites formerly occupied by 

loblolly pine forest.

• Approximately 500 acres of the 3,600 total acres of southern loess bluff forest are in the 0-

to 10-year age class (from conversion).
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3.2.9 Southern Mesic Slope Forest

Located on: De Soto, Chickasawhay, Homochitto, and Bienville Ranger Districts

This ecological system represents forests dominated by hardwoods occurring on steep mesic 

slopes, bluffs, or sheltered ravines where fire is naturally rare. See section 5 of appendix G of the 

final environmental impact statement for a site type soils crosswalk used for plan analysis.

Abundance of the southern mesic slope forest is the most important characteristic of this system 

due to its conversion to other forest types over the past century. Restoration of the southern mesic 

slope forest ecological system on appropriate sites is the highest priority for long-term 

sustainability of this ecological system. Fire regime and canopy structure are characteristics 

important to species diversity and long-term sustainability of this ecological system and its 

associated components. Low-intensity fire is important to achieve regeneration of desired 

hardwood species and maintain community function. While this system did not burn frequently, it 

does exist within the matrix of a fire-maintained ecosystem, and fire is an important tool for 

maintaining vegetative composition. Our strategy is to restore this ecosystem to a 1- to 6-year fire 

return interval, allowing low-intensity fires to creep into the system from adjacent areas. Closed 

canopy hardwood forests provide foraging and nesting opportunities for many species. Restoring, 

maintaining, and enhancing the southern mesic slope forest ecological system emphasizes using 

natural processes to reach the desired conditions.

Objectives for Southern Mesic Slope Forest

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 17,000 acres of southern mesic slope forest on National Forest System lands 

continue to be present as southern mesic slope forest.

• Approximately 1,000 acres of southern mesic slope forest exist on sites formerly occupied 

by loblolly pine and slash pine forest.

• Approximately 1,000 acres of the 17,000 total acres of southern mesic slope forest are in 

the 0- to 10-year age class (from conversion), and approximately 15,000 acres are in 

mature forest condition (60 years old or older).

3.2.10 Northern Mesic Hardwood Forest

Located on: Holly Springs and Tombigbee Ranger Districts

This ecological system represents forests dominated by hardwoods occurring on mesic slopes and 

ravines between dry uplands and stream bottoms. See section 5 of appendix G of the final 

environmental impact statement for a site type soils crosswalk used for plan analysis.

Abundance of the northern mesic hardwood forest is the most important characteristic of this 

system due to its conversion to other forest types over the past century. Our highest priority for 

long-term sustainability of this ecological system is restoration of the northern mesic hardwood 

forest ecological system on appropriate sites. Fire regime and canopy structure are characteristics 

important to species diversity and long-term sustainability of this ecological system and its 

associated components. Low-intensity fire is important to achieve regeneration of desired 

hardwood species and maintain community function. While this system did not burn frequently, it 

does exist within the matrix of a fire-maintained ecosystem, and fire is an important tool for 

maintaining vegetative composition. Our strategy is to restore this ecosystem to a 1- to 6-year fire 

return interval, allowing low-intensity fires to creep into the system from adjacent areas. Closed 
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canopy hardwood forests provide foraging and nesting opportunities for many species. Our 

strategy for restoring, maintaining, and enhancing the northern mesic hardwood forest ecological 

system emphasizes an integrated vegetation management program to accomplish mesic hardwood 

restoration.

Objectives for Northern Mesic Hardwood Forest

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 3,900 acres of northern mesic hardwood forest on National Forest System 

lands continue to be present as northern mesic hardwood forest.

• Approximately 200 acres of northern mesic hardwood forest exist on sites formerly 

occupied by loblolly pine.

• Approximately 100 acres of northern mesic hardwood forest have improved species 

composition to maintain forest health and sustain foraging and nesting opportunities for 

species.

• Approximately 400 acres of the 4,400 total acres of northern mesic hardwood forest are in 

the 0- to 10-year age class (from conversion), and approximately 3,000 acres are in mature 

forest condition (60 years old or older).

3.2.11 Floodplain Forest

Located on: all ranger districts except the Delta Ranger District

This ecological system represents forests dominated by bottomland hardwoods occurring on 

alluvial soils in riparian areas. See section 5 of appendix G of the final environmental impact 

statement for a site type soils crosswalk used for plan analysis.

Our highest priority for long-term sustainability of this ecological system is maintenance and 

improvement of species composition of the floodplain forest ecological system on appropriate 

sites. Abundance is an important characteristic of this system due to its conversion to other forest 

types over the past century. Closed canopy structure is an important characteristic to species 

diversity and long-term sustainability of this ecological system and its associated components. A 

predominately closed-canopy hardwood forest provides foraging and nesting opportunities for 

many species. Maintaining a sustainable mix of tree ages is vital to long-term stability of the 

ecological system. Natural processes will contribute significantly to attaining the desired 

conditions within this system, and low-intensity fires may creep into the system from adjacent 

areas. Over time, an integrated vegetation management approach will promote desirable 

hardwood composition and conversion to this ecological system.

Objectives for Floodplain Forest

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 97,000 acres of floodplain forest on National Forest System lands continue to 

be present as floodplain forest.

• Approximately 1,000 acres of floodplain forest exist on sites formerly occupied by loblolly 

and shortleaf pine.
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Objectives for Floodplain Forest

• Approximately 600 acres of floodplain forest have reduced overstory density and a species 

composition shifted toward desired characteristic species for this ecological system to 

maintain forest health and sustain foraging and nesting opportunities for species.

• Approximately 1,300 acres of the 97,000 total acres of floodplain forest are in the 0- to 10-

year age class (from conversion), and approximately 88,000 acres are in mature forest 

condition (60 years old or older).

3.2.12 Lower Mississippi River Bottomland and Floodplain Forest

Located on: Delta Ranger District

This ecological system represents forests dominated by bottomland hardwoods occurring on the 

Mississippi River alluvial plain. See section 5 of appendix G of the final environmental impact 

statement for a site type soils crosswalk used for plan analysis.

Our highest priority for long-term sustainability of this ecological system is maintenance and 

improvement of species composition of the lower Mississippi River bottomland and floodplain 

forest on appropriate sites. Canopy structure and tree age diversity are two principal ecosystem 

characteristics important to species diversity and long-term sustainability of this ecological 

system and its associated components. Mature closed-canopy hardwood forests provide foraging 

and nesting opportunities for many species. A sustainable mix of tree ages is vital to the long-term 

stability of the ecological system. Our strategy for restoring, maintaining, and enhancing the 

lower Mississippi River bottomland and floodplain forest will emphasize using an integrated 

vegetation management approach to improve species composition and maintain mature structural 

condition, and low intensity fires may be utilized to accomplish ecosystem objectives.

Objectives for Lower Mississippi River Bottomland and Floodplain Forest

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 59,000 acres of lower Mississippi River bottomland and floodplain forest on 

National Forest System lands continue to be present as lower Mississippi River bottomland 

and floodplain forest;

• Approximately 1,400 acres of lower Mississippi River bottomland and floodplain forest are 

in regeneration contributing to forest health by maintaining tree age diversity.

• Approximately 6,500 acres of lower Mississippi River bottomland and floodplain forest 

have improved species composition to maintain forest health and sustain foraging and 

nesting opportunities for species.

• Approximately 1,400 acres of the 59,000 total acres of floodplain forest are in the 0- to 10-

year age class (from regeneration), and approximately 42,000 acres are in mature forest 

condition (60 years old or older).
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3.2.13 Near-coast Pine Flatwoods

Located on: De Soto Ranger District

This ecological system represents sparse woodlands dominated by longleaf and slash pine with 

scattered loblolly pine, and predominately occurs on non-riverine hydric soil site types. See 

section 5 of appendix G of the final environmental impact statement for a site type soils 

crosswalk used for plan analysis.

Near-coast pine flatwoods currently occupy 18,000 acres on the National Forests in Mississippi. 

Canopy structure is the most important characteristic to species diversity and long-term 

sustainability of this ecological system because it has been greatly altered by past forest 

management practices. Open conditions with widely scattered longleaf and slash pine trees are 

critical to the long-term sustainability of this system providing ideal conditions for threatened, 

endangered, sensitive, and locally rare species to flourish. Species diversity and richness are 

dependent upon fire to maintain open conditions and floristic composition. Our strategy for 

restoring, maintaining, and enhancing the near-coast pine flatwoods ecological system 

emphasizes using both natural processes and an integrated fire and vegetation management 

program. Maintaining adequate water levels is integral to maintain this system.

Objectives for Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 17,000 acres of near-coast pine flatwoods on National Forest System lands 

continues to be present as near-coast pine flatwoods.

• Approximately 200 acres of near-coast pine flatwoods are in open condition to increase 

species diversity and vegetative composition.

• Approximately 1,000 acres of previously near-coast pine flatwoods are in wet pine 

savanna.

• The estimated 17,000 acres of this fire-dependent ecosystem have received a fire return 

interval of 1 to 4 years, with approximately 40 percent of the burns conducted in the 

growing season. 

3.2.14 Xeric Sandhills

Located on: Chickasawhay and De Soto Ranger Districts

This rare ecological system represents sandhills characterized by xeric deep, well-drained sands. 

See section 5 of appendix G of the final environmental impact statement for a site type soils 

crosswalk used for plan analysis.

Fire regime and canopy structure are the most important characteristics for restoring and 

maintaining the xeric sandhills ecological system. Restoration objectives for xeric sandhills are 

included in conversion of loblolly and slash pine forest to upland longleaf pine forest and 

woodland. Xeric sandhills should be given priority when applying treatments within longleaf pine 

systems because they support the federally threatened gopher tortoise and its associated species. 

Frequent growing-season burns reduce woody vegetation in the understory and promote the 

herbaceous component, which is integral to this system.
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Objectives for Xeric Sandhills

Objectives for this ecological system are stated within the objectives for longleaf pine forest 

and woodland ecological system.

3.2.15 Black Belt Calcareous Prairie and Woodland

Located on: Trace Unit of the Tombigbee Ranger District

This rare ecological system represents open grassy areas dominated by characteristic prairie 

species. See section 5 of appendix G of the final environmental impact statement for a site type 

soils crosswalk used for plan analysis. 

Within this grassland matrix, woody vegetation occurs sparingly in stream bottoms and hilltops 

with caps of acid soil. Abundance of black belt prairie is the most important characteristic of this 

ecological system. Removal of canopy species on prairie soils to create open conditions is the 

highest priority to ensure the long-term sustainability of the system. Frequent growing-season 

burns reduce woody vegetation and promote the herbaceous component, which is integral to this 

system.

Objectives for Black Belt Calcareous Prairie and Woodland

At the end of the first decade of the plan: 

• An estimated 600 acres of black belt calcareous prairie and woodland on National Forest 

System lands continue to be present as black belt calcareous prairie and woodland.

• Approximately 350 acres of black belt prairie exist on sites formerly occupied by loblolly 

pine and upland hardwood.

• The estimated 600 acres of this system have improved species composition.

• The estimated 600 acres of this ecosystem have received a fire return interval of 1-3 years, 

with 40 percent of the burns conducted in the growing season.

3.2.16 Jackson Prairie and Woodland

Located on: Bienville Ranger District

This rare ecological system represents open grassy areas dominated by characteristic prairie 

species. Jackson prairie occurs as calcareous islands (less than 1 to 160 acres) on gently sloping 

uplands surrounded by pine and hardwood forest on generally acid soils. See section 5 of 

appendix G of the final environmental impact statement for a site type soils crosswalk used for 

plan analysis. 

Abundance of Jackson prairie is the most important characteristic of this ecological system. 

Removal of canopy species on prairie soils to create open conditions is the highest priority to 

ensure the long-term sustainability of the system. Frequent growing-season burns reduce woody 

vegetation and promote the herbaceous component, which is integral to this system.
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56 Land and Resource Management Plan

Objectives for Jackson Prairie and Woodland

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• An estimated 1,200 acres of Jackson prairie on National Forest System lands continue to be 

present as Jackson Prairie.

• Approximately 1,000 acres of Jackson prairie exist on sites formerly occupied by loblolly 

pine and upland hardwood.

• The estimated 1,200 acres have improved species composition;

• The estimated 1,200 acres of this ecosystem have received a fire return interval of 1-3 

years, with approximately 40 percent of the burns conducted in the growing season.

3.2.17 Wet Pine Savanna

Located on: De Soto Ranger District

This rare wetland system represents open savannas dominated by grasses, sedges, orchids, and 

carnivorous plants, and is located on low, flat plains with poorly drained soils. See section 5 of 

appendix G of the final environmental impact statement for a site type soils crosswalk used for 

plan analysis. 

Abundance of this system on the landscape is the most important characteristic for long-term 

sustainability of the system. Removing canopy species to create open conditions supports the 

federally endangered Mississippi sandhill crane. Frequent growing-season burns reduce woody 

vegetation in the understory and promote the herbaceous component, which is integral to this 

system. Maintaining adequate water levels is integral to maintain this system.

Objectives for Wet Pine Savanna

At the end of the first decade of the plan: 

• Approximately 1,000 acres of wet pine savanna exist on sites formerly occupied by other 

ecosystem types contributing to an increase of relative abundance of this system on the 

landscape to approximately 1,000 acres.

• The estimated 1,000 acres of this ecosystem have received a fire return interval of 1-4 

years, with 25 to 30 percent of the burns conducted in the growing season for the first 5 

years and over 30 percent in the growing season over the next 5 to 10 years.

3.2.18 Herbaceous Seepage Bog and Flats

Located on: Chickasawhay and De Soto Ranger Districts

This rare wetland system represents open seepage communities dominated by grasses, sedges, 

orchids, and carnivorous plants. These wetlands are generally found on gentle, almost 

imperceptible slopes maintained by constant seepage zones or perched water tables. See section 

5 of appendix G of the FEIS for a site type soils crosswalk used for plan analysis.

Abundance of this system on the landscape is the most important characteristic for long-term 

sustainability of the system. Removing canopy species to create open conditions supports 

threatened, endangered, sensitive, and locally rare species. Frequent growing-season burns reduce 

woody vegetation in the understory and promote the herbaceous component, which is integral to 
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this system. Maintaining adequate water levels is integral to maintain this system. Uncertain 

patterns of precipitation due to climate change could increase or decrease the extent and the rate 

of change in this system.

Objectives for Herbaceous Seepage Bogs and Flats

At the end of the first decade of the plan:

• Approximately 6,000 acres of herbaceous seepage bogs and flats exist on National Forest 

System lands, some of which are restored from sites formerly occupied by pine forests;

• The estimated 6,000 acres of this ecosystem have received a fire return interval of 1 to 4 

years, with 25 to 30 percent of the burns conducted in the growing season for the first 5 

years and over 30 percent in the growing season over the next 5 to 10 years.

3.2.19 Rivers and Streams

Located on: all ranger districts

Our strategy for restoring, maintaining, and enhancing rivers and streams emphasizes maintaining 

water quality and stream restoration. Maintenance and restoration efforts cooperate with all 

program areas to achieve the desired conditions. Introduction of coarse woody debris is important 

for sustaining species diversity within rivers and streams.

Objectives for Rivers and Streams

The annual outcome is improvement of a minimum of 3 miles of stream habitat towards 

desired conditions.

3.2.20 Lakes and Permanent Ponds

Located on: all ranger districts

Our strategy for restoring, maintaining, and enhancing lakes and permanent ponds emphasizes 

maintaining water quality and lake and permanent pond enhancement. Fisheries management 

provides fishing opportunities to the public. Management practices include improving access for 

anglers, liming and fertilization, controlling aquatic weeds, improving fish habitat, and fish 

stocking. Maintenance and restoration efforts cooperate with all program areas to achieve desired 

conditions. 

Objectives for Lakes and Permanent Ponds

The annual outcome is improvement of a minimum of 1,000 acres of lake habitat towards 

desired conditions. 
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58 Land and Resource Management Plan

3.2.21 Other Ecological Systems

The following ecological systems share common strategies and are presented here as a group: 

rock outcrops; ponds and emergent wetlands; cypress-dominated wetlands; and seeps, springs, 

and seepage swamps. There are no current objectives for these systems; however, forest strategy 

emphasizes inventory and mapping of these small, embedded communities. Complete inventories 

are vital to protect and manage these rare communities. Our wildlife program strategy emphasizes 

using rapid assessment protocols to assess the condition of vegetation species composition and

structure, hydrologic integrity, and effects of fire. Standards and guidelines to buffer rock 

outcrops with mature forest and limit management activities within their immediate area will help 

us reach and maintain desired conditions. Standards and guidelines to protect hydrologic function, 

structure, and composition within the wetland systems will help us reach and maintain the desired 

conditions in those areas.

3.3 Species Diversity

As noted throughout the plan, managing for ecosystem diversity is integral to providing 

appropriate ecological conditions for a diversity of plant and animal species. In addition to 

relying on management strategies for ecosystem diversity, species habitat conditions are 

dependent on a variety of integrated resources and management activities. Management strategies 

for soils, water, fire regimes, vegetation management, infrastructure, and other resource areas also 

contribute to healthy conditions for a diversity of plants and animals. 

While developing this plan, the iterative series of screenings and evaluations that we conducted to 

identify ecosystems and species that could occur on the National Forests in Mississippi included 

an assessment of whether species needs and habitats were covered and protected within the 

direction of this plan. Most species needs were covered by plan direction for ecosystem diversity 

and documented in the final environmental impact statement. However, in some circumstances, 

species required additional plan direction specific to their needs or were addressed in the desired 

conditions, objectives, or standards and guidelines developed for other resource areas. These 

species and the plan direction that addresses their needs are also described and documented in the 

final environmental impact statement. All species on the threatened and endangered, sensitive, 

and locally rare species lists were addressed in the plan through this collective combination of 

plan direction.

Our management strategies for sustaining species diversity emphasize providing ecological 

conditions that: (1) protect and promote improved habitat conditions for federally listed species 

and (2) support a diversity of native plant and animal species over the long term. The overall 

approach for managing species diversity is similar to that used for ecosystem diversity and 

focuses on restoring composition, structure, and relative abundance while reducing invasive 

species. Healthy, functioning ecosystems support species diversity and contribute to the 

conservation of threatened, endangered, sensitive, and locally rare species. Restoration efforts 

will emphasize returning native ecological systems to appropriate sites and restoring historic fire 

regimes to the landscape. Species diversity is achieved in cooperation with State, Federal, and 

private partners. 

Protection and promotion of threatened and endangered species drive much of the plan direction 

and are a fundamental part of our overall management strategies for species diversity. Redcockaded woodpecker is the only federally listed species with specific population objectives. The 

four habitat management areas that contain red-cockaded woodpecker populations are described 

below, and specific plan component objectives for red-cockaded woodpecker are listed on page 

63.
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Although the dusky gopher frog has no established recovery plan, our management strategy for 

this species is to work collaboratively with our partners to develop a plan. Critical habitat, 

however, was designated for the dusky gopher frog on June 12, 2012 which includes seven areas 

within DeSoto Ranger District. These areas include habitat surrounding Glen’s Pond and 

associated ponds, Carr Bridge Road Pond, the Ashe Nursery ponds, and three ponds in the Mars 

Hill area of Perry County. Cooperative management units were created to better emphasize 

management for both the dusky gopher frog and the Mississippi sandhill crane. The Forest 

Service’s strategy is to follow the established recovery plans for all threatened and endangered 

species. Where recovery plans do not provide sufficient detail for appropriate management of the 

species, conservation plans for endangered and threatened species should be developed in 

consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, in accordance with Section 7(a)(1) of the 

Endangered Species Act.

Another focus of our habitat management 

programs is on demand species associated with 

recreational wildlife pursuits such as hunting, 

fishing, and viewing. Because these activities are 

generally limited or restricted on private lands, 

the National Forests in Mississippi offer a unique 

opportunity within the state for those wishing to 

participate in these activities. Wildlife providing these opportunities include white-tailed deer, 

eastern wild turkey, fox and gray squirrels, northern bobwhite, eastern bluebird, and a diversity of 

neotropical migratory birds passing through during migration. Partnerships with other agencies 

and conservation partners are important in providing a variety of appropriate wildlife habitat. The 

National Forests in Mississippi have 14 wildlife management areas that are managed under a 

cooperative agreement between the USDA Forest Service and the Mississippi Department of 

Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks (MDWFP). Our staff also conducts activities and programs to assist 

in identification, conservation, and recovery of threatened and endangered plant and animal 

species in cooperation with the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service and the MDWFP. 

Since federally listed threatened and endangered species have additional mandates guiding their 

management, they are considered individually in the forest plan, as well as within the context of 

their respective ecological systems. Plan components for species diversity (such as desired 

conditions, objectives, and guidelines) also provide additional support for long-term sustainability 

of threatened and endangered species. Some guidelines within the plan are specific to threatened 

and endangered species, while most encompass needs and protection of threatened and 

endangered species along with other species and their associated ecological systems. Table 4

identifies some of the additional objectives included in the plan to support individual threatened 

and endangered species. 

Special areas also support species diversity by designating distinctive locations with natural 

features and settings that are managed for botanical or research values. In many cases, these areas 

conserve desired native ecosystems and rare communities that support threatened and endangered 

species. During consideration of the need for additional plan components to enhance habitat 

conditions or reduce threats, we included threatened and endangered species in evaluations for 

species groups. Some of these species groups were analyzed at a macrohabitat scale, which 

included multiple ecological systems, while other groups were considered at a microhabitat scale 

that reflected species associated with local features or site conditions that crossed ecological 

systems.

Our management strategies for 

sustaining species diversity emphasize 

providing ecological conditions that 

protect and promote improved habitat 

conditions for federally listed species 

and support a diversity of native plant 

and animal species over the long term.
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60 Land and Resource Management Plan

Table 4. Threatened and endangered species, associated ecological systems, and objectives

Species Ecosystem Forest Plan Objectives

Red-cockaded 

Woodpecker

All pine dominated ecological 

systems occurring on the 

Bienville, Chickasawhay, De 

Soto, and Homochitto National 

Forests.

Improve structural condition to create open canopy 

conditions in mature and old-growth pine forests 

and woodlands with 1- to 3-year fire intervals. 

Improve structural condition to create open canopy 

conditions in mature and old-growth pine forests 

and woodlands and maintain an understory by fire.

Gopher Tortoise

Upland longleaf pine forest 

and woodland and the 

embedded xeric sandhills.

Restore and improve canopy conditions on priority 

soils and surrounding areas to the acreage with 1-

to 3-year fire intervals.

Mississippi 

Sandhill Crane Wet Pine Savanna Restore near-coast pine flatwoods to an open 

condition.

Dusky Gopher 

Frog

All pine dominated ecological 

systems and ponds and 

emergent wetlands occurring 

on the De Soto National 

Forest.

Restore and improve canopy conditions and 

conversion to appropriate ecological system with 1-

to 3-year fire intervals and management of 

embedded ponds and emergent wetlands.

Indiana Bat

Floodplain, riparian, lowland, 

and upland ecosystems and 

ponds and emergent wetlands 

occurring on the Holly Springs 

Ranger District.

Manage naturally occurring tree species 

composition to provide a continuous supply of 

suitable roost trees and foraging habitat for Indiana 

bats. Achieve vegetative diversity that maintains or 

improves Indiana bats habitat. Where consistent 

with management prescription emphasis, use a 

variety of silvicultural methods to create desired 

age class diversity.

Louisiana Black 

Bear

Lower Mississippi River 

bottomland and floodplain 

forest and embedded cypress 

dominated wetlands.

Manage and improve species composition of 

ecological system and management of embedded 

cypress dominated wetlands.

Pallid Sturgeon Rivers and streams Improve stream habitat, stream channel habitat 

and watersheds.

Gulf Sturgeon Rivers and streams Improve stream habitat, stream channel habitat 

and watersheds.

Louisiana 

Quillwort Rivers and streams Improve stream habitat, stream channel habitat 

and watersheds.

Pondberry

Lower Mississippi River 

bottomland and floodplain 

forest.

Manage and improve species composition of 

ecological system.

The following subsections describe the habitat management areas and our management approach 

for red-cockaded woodpecker, the objectives that specifically focus on increasing populations for 

red-cockaded woodpecker, our management strategy for dusky gopher frog since it does not yet 

have a recovery plan, and a description of the cooperative management units for both the dusky 

gopher frog and Mississippi sandhill crane.
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3.3.2 Red-cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Management Areas

Red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management areas, as 

described in the “Final Environmental Impact Statement 

for the Management of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker and 

its Habitat on National Forest Lands in the Southern 

Region” (USDA Forest Service 1995), have been 

designated for each ranger district where birds are 

currently found (Bienville, Chickasawhay, De Soto, and 

Homochitto). Red-cockaded woodpecker habitat 

management area designation involves the delineation of 

an area that represents the desired future demographic 

configuration of a red-cockaded woodpecker population. It 

is a strategy of management at a landscape scale. Our intent is to manage an area large enough to 

avoid or overcome the adverse effects of habitat fragmentation and to reduce the risks involved 

with small populations. The area within habitat management areas and outside of cluster, 

recruitment stand, and replacement stand boundaries will be managed for a full range of multiple 

uses, but would emphasize the sustainable production of red-cockaded woodpecker foraging and 

future nesting habitat. The basic strategy to maintain a healthy population of red-cockaded 

woodpeckers is to provide sufficient old pine trees that are suitable for nesting cavities and 

sufficient mature pine forest suitable for foraging with little midstory. Each unit listed below has 

unique red-cockaded woodpecker population and delisting objectives. The FEIS was used to 

define the strategy for the habitat management areas while the most current U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service recovery plan for the species (2003) will be used to define habitat management 

strategy, population management guidance and goals, and monitoring guidance.

Bienville National Forest Red-cockaded Woodpecker Management Strategy

The Bienville National Forest currently supports a population of red-cockaded woodpeckers. The 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recovery plan for the species identifies the Bienville National 

Forest as playing a significant role in species recovery. The Bienville red-cockaded woodpecker 

population has been designated as a “primary core” population with a delisting population goal of 

350 potential breeding groups. All suitable pine forest types on the Bienville National Forest are 

included for management as a red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management area. The habitat 

management area population objective is 500 active clusters of red-cockaded woodpeckers. The 

determination of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management areas is important to ensure that 

population objectives are met for long-term species recovery. Our red-cockaded woodpecker 

management strategy for the Bienville National Forest is to create and maintain an open loblolly 

pine forest containing a sparse midstory and an understory consisting of a diversity of grasses and 

forbs maintained by fire.

Chickasawhay Ranger District (De Soto National Forest) Red-cockaded 

Woodpecker Management Strategy

The Chickasawhay Ranger District currently supports a population of red-cockaded woodpeckers 

and also has been identified as playing a significant role in species recovery by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service recovery plan. The Chickasawhay red-cockaded woodpecker population has 

been designated as a “primary core” population with a delisting population goal of 350 potential 

breeding groups. All suitable pine forest types on the Chickasawhay Ranger District are included 

for management as a red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management area. The habitat 

management area population objective is 502 active clusters of red-cockaded woodpeckers. The 

determination of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management areas is important to insure that 
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62 Land and Resource Management Plan

population objectives are met for long-term species recovery. Our red-cockaded woodpecker 

strategy for the Chickasawhay Ranger District is to restore an open longleaf pine ecosystem 

consisting of a sparse scrub oak midstory and a grass understory maintained by fire.

De Soto Ranger District (De Soto National Forest) Red-cockaded Woodpecker

Management Strategy

The De Soto Ranger District currently supports a population of red-cockaded woodpeckers and 

also has been identified as playing a significant role in species recovery by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service recovery plan. The De Soto red-cockaded woodpecker population has been 

designated as a “secondary core” population with a delisting population goal of 250 potential 

breeding groups. Two red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management areas, have been identified 

for the De Soto Ranger District (appendix F, map 21 and map 28). The total population objective 

for the two HMAs is 376 active clusters of red-cockaded woodpeckers. The determination of redcockaded woodpecker habitat management areas is important to insure that population objectives 

are met for long-term species recovery. Our red-cockaded woodpecker strategy for the De Soto 

Ranger District is restoration of an open longleaf pine ecosystem consisting of a sparse scrub oak 

midstory and a grass understory maintained by fire.

Homochitto National Forest Red-cockaded Woodpecker Management Strategy

The Homochitto National Forest currently supports a rapidly expanding population of redcockaded woodpeckers and has been identified as playing a significant role in species recovery by 

the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recovery plan. The Homochitto red-cockaded woodpecker 

population has been designated as a “secondary core” population with a delisting population goal 

of 250 potential breeding groups. A red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management area has been 

identified for the Homochitto National Forest as depicted in appendix F, map 47. The habitat 

management area population objective is 276 active clusters of red-cockaded woodpeckers. The 

determination of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management areas is important to insure that 

population objectives are met for long-term species recovery. Our red-cockaded woodpecker 

strategy for the Homochitto National Forest is to restore an open longleaf pine ecosystem 

consisting of a sparse hardwood midstory and an understory containing grasses and forbs 

maintained by fire.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Management Area Objectives

At the end of 5 years:

• On the Bienville National Forest, red-cockaded woodpecker populations exhibit a 5 

percent average annual increase from the 2005 population of 95 active clusters.

• On the Chickasawhay Ranger District, red-cockaded woodpecker populations exhibit a 5 

percent average annual increase from the 2005 population of 21 active clusters.

• On the De Soto Ranger District, red-cockaded woodpecker populations exhibit a 5 percent 

average annual increase from the 2005 population of 20 active clusters.

• On the Homochitto National Forest, red-cockaded woodpecker populations exhibit a 5 

percent average annual increase from the 2005 population of 70 active clusters.
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3.3.4 Dusky Gopher Frog Cooperative Management Unit

The dusky gopher frog requires special attention beyond that provided by its associated 

ecological system, ephemeral ponds and emergent wetlands. Our management strategy for 

protection of the frog and restoration of frog habitat will be guided by the memorandum of 

understanding between the Forest Service, the U.S. fish and Wildlife Service, and Mississippi 

Department of Wildlife Fish and Parks. A 1,655-acre dusky gopher frog cooperative management 

unit has been designated in the southern portion of De Soto Ranger District, which encompasses 

Glen’s Pond and surrounding habitat. This area of the district contains the only known breeding 

population of the dusky gopher frog in 2012. In 2013, dusky gopher frogs bred at Pony Ranch 

Pond. These frogs are part of the Glen’s Pond population, but this new site indicates the 

beginnings of the establishment of a metapopulation, which was the intent of the management 

that has been on-going by the Forest Service on 

DeSoto Ranger District. The establishment of this 

cooperative management unit would assist in further 

management of this species by creating a focus point 

for management needs including restoration of 

longleaf pine, protection of Glen’s pond and its 

hydrology, invasive species management, and 

prescribed fire. The continuity of habitat over a large 

area should focus management, preclude isolation,

and allow for dispersal of the species across the 

landscape.

Prescribed fire is a necessary tool to manage dusky gopher frog habitat. Timing of prescribed fire 

is critical to minimize direct mortality of individuals. Timing prescribed fire to when individuals 

are less likely to be moving during a breeding period will minimize effects to the species. A burn 

matrix within gopher frog habitat (approximately 300 acres surrounding each breeding pond) has 

been developed to minimize effects of prescribed fire (table 5).

Table 5. Dusky gopher frog-prescribed burn matrix

Forest Service burn conditions** Burn Uplands Burn Pond Basin

Use existing standards

Frog Parameters

Adult frogs not in pond (Jan – Mar) yes no

Adult frogs in pond no no

Adult frogs not in pond (Apr – Sep) yes yes

Burning Oct-Dec no no

Most (> 75%) adult frogs left pond 

(>7 days since last movement at drift fence) yes no

Tadpoles present and after April 1st no no

** Burn parameters to be defined by Forest Service using existing standards.
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3.3.6 Mississippi Sandhill Crane Cooperative Management Unit 

A 3,357-acre Mississippi sandhill crane cooperative management unit has been designated in the 

southeast corner of De Soto Ranger District, which encompasses part of Harrison and Jackson 

counties and lies within 10 miles of the coastline of southern Mississippi. This area of the district 

once contained suitable Mississippi sandhill crane habitat, as evidenced by records of crane 

sightings and nests on National Forest System land. The nearly 20,000-acre Mississippi Sandhill 

Crane Wildlife Refuge is located only a few miles from this area. The establishment of a 

cooperative management unit in this southeast corner will assist with further management of this 

species by increasing the spatial extent of the species’ range. This includes increased nesting and 

foraging habitat and creating habitat through ecosystem restoration of wet pine savannah, seeps, 

springs, and seepage swamps, and creation of ephemeral ponds and wetlands. The size and 

location of the cooperative management unit was dependent on the amount of potential wet pine 

savanna in contiguous blocks and distance from the Mississippi Sandhill Crane Refuge. The 

continuity of crane habitat over large areas should preclude isolation and allow for dispersal of 

the species across the landscape.

Prescribed burning, mechanical clearing, thinning, and restoration of habitat and hydrology will 

effectively restore and maintain open savanna. Restoring Mississippi sandhill crane habitat on the 

De Soto Ranger District will promote recovery of the species and promote effective collaboration 

with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as they work to maintain crane habitat on the nearby 

refuge.

3.3.7 Management Indicator Species

Under the National Forest Management Act (1976), the Forest Service is charged with managing 

national forests to provide for a diversity of plant and animal communities consistent with 

multiple-use objectives. Management indicator species are one tool used to accomplish this 

requirement as they and their habitat needs are used to set objectives and minimum management 

requirements, to focus effects analysis, and to monitor effects of plan implementation. 

Management indicator species represent species for which population viability is a concern, and 

serve as ecological indicators of certain communities or habitats.

The National Forest Management Act intends use of management indicator species, in part, to 

ensure that National Forest lands are managed to “maintain viable populations of existing native 

and desirable nonnative vertebrate species.” Because indicator species cannot adequately 

represent all species, new strategies are emerging for accomplishing this goal. This analysis uses 

habitat availability for management indicator species to ensure that a mix of habitat types is

provided across the landscape. 

We have selected the following species as management indicator species because their population 

changes are believed to indicate the effects of management activities. Objectives for use of these 

management indicator species are shown below.
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Management Indicator Species Objectives

Species Names Indicators of Management Effectiveness

Largemouth bass 

Maintain a healthy, balanced population structure of this species 

that will serve as an indicator of effectiveness of management 

practices such as liming, fertilizing, and spawning habitat 

improvement on recreational fishing opportunities.

Longleaf pine 

Plant or improve approximately 38,500 acres of longleaf pine 

per decade. This will serve as an indicator of longleaf pine 

ecosystem restoration on the National Forests in Mississippi.

Red-cockaded woodpecker

Red-cockaded woodpecker populations on habitat management 

areas exhibit a 5 percent average annual increase from 2005 

populations. This will serve as an indication of red-cockaded 

woodpecker habitat improvement.

Southern pine beetle 

Reduce population levels of this species that will serve as an 

indicator of forest health and effectiveness of management 

practices such as site and soil-based species selection, 

appropriate fire cycles, and thinning overstocked stands.

Pileated woodpecker

Maintain or improve populations of this species that will serve 

as an indicator of effectiveness of management practices such 

as retention of mature forests and retention of snags and 

cavities.

Wood thrush 

Maintain or improve populations of this species that will serve 

as an indicator of effectiveness of minimizing “edge” in the 

implementation of vegetation management program.

Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Many management practices such as liming, fertilizing, and spawning habitat improvement are 

focused on providing recreational fishing opportunities on the National Forests in Mississippi.

Largemouth bass is the principal predator in most lakes and is a demand species in the Forests. 

Population structure of this species has been a good indicator the effectiveness of Forest Service 

management activities. 

Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)

This species was selected to measure the effectiveness of management to restore the longleaf pine 

ecosystem. Measure of effectiveness is by number of acres of longleaf pine planted by year and 

number of acres of longleaf pine classified in the Forest Service Vegetation Management 

Database (FSVEG). 

Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis)

This species was selected to represent mature longleaf/yellow pine forest. The red-cockaded 

woodpecker is listed as federally endangered throughout its range and is dependent on national 

forest management for its recovery and survival. Many management practices on the National 

Forests in Mississippi are focused on improvement of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat (such as

prescribed burning, mid-story removal, and forest thinning). There is a direct correlation between 
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66 Land and Resource Management Plan

management activities and red-cockaded woodpecker population levels. The forest has numerous 

years of population trend data.

Southern Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus fontalis)

This species was selected to measure the effects of forest management aimed at promoting forest 

health (e.g., site and soil-based species selection, appropriate fire cycles, and preventing or 

thinning of overstocked stands). Monitoring will be conducted using southern pine beetle 

pheromone trapping survey. 

Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus)

This species was selected to represent mature forests. It is also an indicator of snag and cavity 

habitat. Monitoring will be by evaluating breeding bird survey and FSVEG data in conjunction 

with geographic information system (GIS) analysis of mature forest stands.

Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina)

This species is known to require large tracts of unbroken forest interior for successful breeding to 

occur. This will measure effectiveness of minimizing “edge” in the during vegetation 

management. Monitoring will be by evaluating breeding bird survey and FSVEG data in 

conjunction with GIS analysis of mature forest stands as compared to open areas.

3.4 Healthy Watersheds

Our approach for achieving desired conditions for healthy watersheds is a combination of 

maintaining, restoring, and monitoring the soil, water, and air resources on the National Forests in 

Mississippi. National Forest System lands encompass only a small percentage of the streams and 

associated drainage areas within the state, and much of the impacts to water resources are due to 

activities upstream or downstream from the areas managed by the Forest Service. Groundwater 

and air quality issues also cross national forest boundaries and are affected by multiple 

regionwide impacts such as increased agricultural use, growing urban development, cumulative 

effects from regional emissions and discharge sources, and slow recovery from past actions. 

Therefore, our strategy is to focus on sustaining and improving watershed areas within national 

forest control while working cooperatively with other agencies and landowners to improve 

statewide watershed health. 

3.4.1 Water and Aquatic Resources

Program management strategies for water and aquatic resources require an integrated approach to 

move toward our vision for healthy watersheds. Best management practices are typically used 

during ground-disturbing activities to meet water quality standards and for watershed protection. 

The National Forests in Mississippi has adopted, and in most cases exceeds, State best 

management practices when conducting projects on the national forest. Use of best management 

practices cross resource program areas and include such practices as establishing streamside 

buffer zones, restricting vegetation management activities in riparian zones, and employing 

erosion control measures.

As noted above, water resources can be affected by a variety of activities and uses that often 

reach beyond national forest boundaries and require regional solutions. Some of the most 

significant water quality and hydrologic concerns on the National Forests in Mississippi are these 

types of issues that are outside Forest Service control such as sediment loading, headcutting of

streams, upstream discharges, past channelization practices, and mixed ownership patterns. To 
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Land and Resource Management Plan 67

address these issues, the National Forests in Mississippi works with other agencies, research 

institutions, and interested partners to collect data, monitor conditions, and collectively try to 

address solutions. Some of the major groups that will continue to be part of our regional 

watershed efforts include: the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, U.S. Geological Survey, Department of Energy, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Natural Resources Conservation Service), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, Mississippi Museum of Natural Science, State 

universities, and local watershed consortia.

Watershed management and restoration strategies include those ecosystem diversity objectives 

described in section 3.2 for ecological communities such as floodplain forests; lower Mississippi 

River bottomland and floodplain forests; rivers and streams; lakes and ponds; and other 

ecological systems associated with seeps, springs, and swamps. Emphasis is placed on 

incorporating plan direction during project planning that would seek to maintain or restore 

watershed health and aquatic systems, with emphasis placed on addressing the watershed 

stressors for which the agency has control or jurisdiction. 

The National Forests in Mississippi use the watercourses within its boundaries for many 

beneficial uses including recreation, fish and wildlife maintenance, and instream flow or water 

level protection. These uses are expected to continue as part of our management strategy. 

Management of greentree reservoirs constructed for waterfowl habitat and sediment control is an 

important focus on the Delta National Forest. Providing a refuge for aquatic life that typically is 

not found on adjacent lands helps sustain natural habitat to support native fish and aquatic 

populations.

One of the most serious but difficult watershed concerns to mitigate is headcutting of streams and 

associated bank erosion, especially on the Homochitto, Holly Springs, Tombigbee, and Delta 

National Forests. The mixed land ownership patterns along stream courses, past dredging and 

channelization activities, lack of control over the headwaters, and complexity of feasible solutions 

continue to make this a difficult issue to address over most of the National Forests in Mississippi. 

The most viable opportunity for future headcutting restoration activities may be along Brushy 

Creek on the Homochitto National Forest where the Forest Service controls 80 to 90 percent of 

the land along this stream.

Objectives for Water and Aquatic Resources

At the end of 15 years after plan approval:

• Mitigation efforts are completed on Brushy Creek on the Homochitto National Forest to 

reduce stream headcutting and minimize sediment loading.

In each 5-year period after plan approval:

• Approximately 10 miles of stream channel habitat are restored in conjunction with culvert 

replacement to remove barriers to aquatic organism passage.

Each year after plan approval:

• Approximately 10 to 15 acres of degraded watershed areas are improved through 

watershed restoration projects.

(Also see objectives for restoration of water-related ecosystems in section 3.2.)
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3.4.2 Soils

Soil condition on the National Forests in Mississippi can be affected by activities that disturb the 

soil surface such as vegetation management projects, prescribed burning, and recreation use of 

trails and roads. Each national forest also has distinct soil characteristics that must be managed 

appropriately to avoid erosion, compaction, rutting, and drainage issues. Our management 

strategy for protecting soil condition is to use appropriate best management practices and match 

national forest activities with specific soil types and topography to minimize erosion. Use of 

buffers to protect wetland communities, restrictions on mechanical equipment operation, use of 

filter strips to protect perennial and intermittent streams, installation of water diversions, and 

careful designing and engineering of roads and firelines are just a few of the best management 

practices used during ground-disturbing activities on the National Forests in Mississippi. 

Knowing the soil characteristics and soil inventory information is important in delineating where 

different ecosystems and desired habitats occur and the appropriate locations for restoration 

activities. Restoration of native ecosystems and habitat for threatened and endangered species is a 

primary focus of this forest plan, and soil properties and conditions are an important 

consideration for successfully accomplishing these goals. The physical, biological, and chemical 

properties of soils determine the capability and success of many forest management activities, so 

maintaining updated soil inventories and conducting site-specific soil surveys prior to restoration 

activities are important strategies for attaining desired watershed conditions. 

Protection and restoration of soils are primarily addressed through the application of Forest 

Service directives, best management practices, and meeting objectives for ecological 

communities. In areas on the National Forests in Mississippi where previous activities or offsite 

actions have resulted in deteriorating watershed conditions, our management approach for 

achieving healthy watersheds is to conduct targeted watershed restoration projects. Most 

watershed projects address old access roads where concentrations of water flow have resulted in

gullies and erosion. Soil erosion also happens on steep slopes and erosive soils typical of the 

Homochitto and Holly Springs National Forests; although newly acquired lands on relatively flat 

terrains where there were lower previous soil management standards are also frequent watershed 

restoration targets. With the recent designation of routes for motorized vehicles, the closure and 

restoration of undesignated trails are expected to be part of our management strategies for 

improving soil conditions on the National Forests in Mississippi. 

3.4.3 Air Quality

On the National Forests in Mississippi, prescribed burning is the activity most likely to contribute 

to air emissions. The prescribed burning levels (described in sections 3.2 and 3.5.3) associated 

with returning the national forests to more historic fire conditions are consistent with forestwide 

prescribed burn acreages in recent years. At these rates, air emissions are not expected to increase 

over current levels, and emissions are currently within air quality standards. Smoke management 

procedures and best management practices are currently used to comply with air quality standards 

and protect health and safety. These practices will continue to be part of our program strategy, as 

is cooperation with State and Federal agencies to improve regional air quality.
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3.5 Healthy Forests

Our overall strategy for achieving healthy forests is to use a combination of vegetation 

management practices and prescribed burning to restore and maintain resilient native ecosystems. 

The emphasis in this plan on converting loblolly and slash pine stands that are not on appropriate 

sites to longleaf and shortleaf pine forests is expected to not only improve native species diversity 

but also improve resilience of ecological communities to nonnative invasive species, disease and 

insect outbreaks, extreme weather disturbances associated with climate change, and other 

stressors. In addition to resilience, a variety of age classes, including old growth, is needed for 

ecological sustainability. Also, preventive measures for reducing forest pests are more successful 

when the land base is more consolidated, so all the factors described in this section contribute to 

healthy forests.

3.5.1 Vegetation Management

Ecological restoration is the primary management emphasis of this forest plan. Restoration 

objectives address forest health needs through improved species composition and structural and 

age diversity. Forest management practices are the means for carrying out restoration goals while 

sustaining healthy forests that are resilient to extreme natural events and supply desired goods and 

services. 

Resilient forest conditions are also the key to the Forests’strategy for climate change. In much of 

the southeastern United States, climate variability and weather events such as hurricanes, heat 

waves, droughts, tornadoes, floods, and lightning storms have long been part of the natural 

environment. However, projections of climate change impacts for the region indicate that over the 

coming decades, there is expected to be an increase in extreme weather events and other climaterelated natural disturbances affecting the National Forests in Mississippi. Some of our strategies 

for addressing climate-related disturbances over the life of the plan are to: 

1. reduce vulnerability by maintaining and restoring resilient native ecosystems, particularly 

longleaf and shortleaf pines; 

2. enhance adaptation of species by reducing the effects of serious disturbances where possible 

and taking advantage of disruptions to convert to more resilient and desirable ecosystems; 

3. use preventative measures for reducing opportunities for forest pests; and 

4. mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by reducing carbon loss from hurricanes and restoring 

species such as longleaf pine that have higher carbon sequestration rates. 

Although research is still evolving, these approaches are consistent with achieving desired 

conditions in the plan as well as improving resiliency to changing climate and weather conditions. 

For details, see “Climate Change Strategies” in appendix E.

For general forest health, our management strategies will vary somewhat across the different units 

and forest stands based on existing conditions such as species composition, stand density, and age 

classes. Also, over the life of the plan, priorities may shift to respond to changing conditions such 

as expansion of nonnative invasive species, southern pine beetle outbreaks, disease infestations, 

or storm events. Minimizing tree mortality caused by southern pine beetle outbreaks will be an 

important priority during the plan period. By aggressively treating southern pine beetle spots as 

they occur on the National Forests in Mississippi, reducing risks by thinning, and establishing 

less susceptible species on appropriate sites, we expect damage from outbreaks to be reduced.
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Ecological restoration will take many decades to accomplish, particularly in light of current 

budgets and staffing levels. However, our overarching management goal is to support native 

ecosystem restoration across the National Forests in Mississippi. One consequence of restoration 

activities would be the generation of a steady volume of commercial timber that supports local, 

regional, and national economies. Priorities are expected to be placed on locating new stands 

adjacent to existing young or regenerating stands to maximize the amount of contiguous mature 

forest. Harvest units are also expected to be addressed in a way to avoid fragmentation.

Objectives for Vegetation Management

At the end of the first decade of plan implementation:

• At least 25,000 acres are regenerated to appropriate forest types.

• At least 20,000 acres of regenerating forest have desirable species released from 

competition.

• At least 20,000 acres of overly dense regenerating and young small-diameter vegetation

have more desirable (lower) density. 

• At least 141,000 acres of overly dense young to mature larger-diameter vegetation have 

more desirable density. 

• Approximately 180 MMCF (900 MMBF) of commercial timber volume is removed to 

achieve ecological restoration and forest health objectives on lands where timber 

production achieves or is compatible with desired conditions and objectives.

• Approximately 3 MMCF (15 MMBF) of commercial timber volume is removed to achieve 

ecological restoration and forest health objectives on lands identified as not suitable for 

timber production.

• At least 1,800 previously infested acres are free of invasive species. 

• Approximately 13,000 acres of regenerating longleaf receive sufficient fire occurrence to 

reduce the impacts of disease and competition on developing longleaf seedlings.

3.5.2 Old Growth

A detailed assessment of the status of old-growth conditions on the National Forests in 

Mississippi is described in appendix D of this plan. Areas preliminarily identified as possible old 

growth range in size from small (less than 100 acres) to large (over 2,500 acres) patches. The 

Black Creek Wilderness and the connected wild and scenic river corridor constitute the only 

possible large old-growth areas on the National Forests in Mississippi. Some research natural 

areas and other administratively designated geographic areas provide possible medium-sized oldgrowth patches. The remainder of the preliminary list of possible old growth is made up of smallsized patches distributed across the Forests. The current percentage of forested acres on each 

district included in the preliminary list of possible old growth varies from 6 to 32 percent, and the 

overall forest average is 10 percent. 

Our forestwide strategy is to establish a network of well-distributed old growth stands in all forest 

and woodland ecological systems. Our goal will be to identify 10 percent of all forested 

ecosystems to manage for old-growth conditions. The old-growth network will consist of both 

small and medium-sized areas based on an evaluation of the distribution necessary to ensure the 

integrity of ecological functions. The following old-growth objectives are designed to help assure 
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the integrity of ecological function and to assure systems on the National Forests in Mississippi 

are sustainable.

Objectives for Old Growth

At the end of the first decade of plan implementation:

• Approximately 10 percent of all forest and woodland ecological systems, in all districts, is 

identified for old growth or future old growth. 

• Approximately 10 percent of the old-growth objective is identified as medium-sized (100

to 2,500 acres) areas of old growth on each district.

3.5.3 Fire

Fire management strategies support a variety of desired 

conditions and objectives across the National Forests in 

Mississippi (see previous sections on ecosystem diversity, 

species diversity, and healthy forests). The fire program 

includes response to unplanned ignitions or wildfires as well 

as periodic planned prescribed burning to reduce risk of 

catastrophic fires, recreate historic fire regimes, restore 

native ecosystems, create appropriate habitat for firedependent and threatened and endangered species, and 

control invasive species and pests.

Our strategy for managing forest fuels in recent years has been to move toward historic fire 

conditions. In the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, prescribed burn levels in 2006 

dropped significantly. Although fuel levels were removed in some stands through salvage, a large 

buildup of hazardous fuels remained on the national forests most impacted by Katrina, especially 

the De Soto National Forest. Before Katrina, the fuel loadings on the De Soto National Forest 

averaged 1 to 4 tons per acre, and following Katrina they were as high as 40 tons per acre. Many 

residual large materials have since degraded naturally, and the prescribed burning program in the 

southern half of the state has returned to a more normal burn cycle that concentrates on removing 

the more dangerous fine materials and volatile live fuels. Forestwide, prescribed burning 

accomplishments have returned to pre-Katrina annual acreage.

The number of acres treated each year by prescribed burning varies based on a variety of factors 

such as weather conditions, budget, and available staff. Changes in any of these factors or 

unexpected events can sometimes dramatically affect the acreage burned forestwide from year to 

year. Based on anticipated funding levels and capacity, we estimate that approximately 180,000 to 

250,000 acres will be treated by prescribed burning annually across the Forests, with an estimated 

average of 220,000 acres per year. Increases in the number of acres burned may be possible with 

favorable weather conditions, additional agency capacity, or opportunities for joint efforts with 

State programs. When these opportunities occur, our strategy is to take advantage of these 

occasions to accelerate ecosystem restoration and make improvements toward desired conditions.

Timing of prescribed burns is also a key part of our strategy for accomplishing desired conditions. 

Prescribed burns should be scheduled for the appropriate season, weather, fuel, and topographic 

conditions to achieve management goals. The frequency of return intervals for prescribed burns 

and the percent of burns conducted during the growing season will vary depending on the 

ecosystem and habitat needs. Fire-dependent species should be given priority consideration 
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during planning and implementation of prescribed burns. Also, if disturbance events result in an 

unusual buildup of fuels, dormant season burns should be used to reduce hazards until fuels are 

minimized to levels that can be controlled to mimic the natural fire regime. Changing conditions 

such as increased development along urban interface areas may also change our approach to 

prescribed burning (i.e., burning in smaller blocks or increasing our use of mechanical 

treatments).

Our strategy for responding to wildland fires is based on the ecological, social, and legal 

consequences of the fire. Wildland fires are unplanned ignitions that may be human-caused or 

from natural storm events. The circumstances under which a fire occurs, and the likely effects on 

firefighter and public safety, dictate the appropriate response to the fire. Wildland fires are 

managed according to the Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy, which is a unified and 

cohesive federal fire management policy codified in agency, interagency and departmental 

manuals, guidebooks and other documents through clear, concise, and uniform language across 

all agencies. All wildland fires managed for resource benefits follow appropriate reference guides 

for wildland fire use implementation procedures and are assessed using a decision support 

process that examines the appropriate range of responses for a given situation or circumstance.

Objectives for Fire

Over the first decade of the plan, prescribed burning of approximately 220,000 acres occurs 

each year, with the following average annual breakdown by district:

• Approximately 33,000 acres on Bienville National Forest.

• Approximately 33,000 acres on Chickasawhay Ranger District of the De Soto National 

Forest.

• Approximately 84,000 acres on De Soto Ranger District of the De Soto National Forest.

• Approximately 10 acres on Delta National Forest.

• Approximately 23,000 acres on Holly Springs National Forest.

• Approximately 36,000 acres on Homochitto National Forest.

• Approximately 11,000 acres on Tombigbee National Forest.

3.5.4 Lands and Special Uses

The lands and special uses program manages the real estate-related activities associated with 

National Forest System lands. The overall direction for the program is to consolidate National 

Forest System lands through acquisitions and exchanges while providing appropriate access to 

Federal property for public services and other special uses. For land ownership adjustments, this 

typically focuses on land parcels within or adjacent to national forest boundaries; however, 

isolated tracts that have special values or contribute to the mission of the Forest Service are also 

included in our goals. 

Following the early land acquisition period during the mid-1930s to early 1940s when the bulk of 

National Forest System lands in Mississippi were purchased, the land adjustment program has 

historically been pursued as a small-scale program of tract-by-tract land acquisition and disposal 

actions to improve consolidation of National Forest System land ownership. Over time, the 

National Forests in Mississippi have typically acquired or conveyed roughly 1,000 to 2,500 acres 

annually by donation, purchase, transfer, or land-for-land exchange taking advantage of the best 

opportunities available at any particular time. Due to the occasional nature of land acquisition 

opportunities, it is difficult to predict likely land ownership adjustments in future years, but a 
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generally low level of program activity is expected to continue into the near term. Main concerns 

for consolidating and expanding land holdings include acquiring high-value ecosystems, 

threatened and endangered species habitat, critical water corridors, and desirable adjoining or 

infill tracts.

Our program strategy for continued land ownership adjustments is to give priority to the 

following situations:

• tracts that help consolidate large blocks of existing National Forest System lands (as opposed 

to adding onto small or isolated blocks),

• acquisitions that protect resource values on adjacent, existing National Forest System land,

• acquisitions that contribute to the recovery of threatened or endangered species or will aid in 

the protection of diverse species,

• lands that enhance recreation, public access, and protection of aesthetic values, especially 

those that provide public access to waterways,

• lands are needed for the protection of important cultural resources,

• acquisitions that will complement a designated special area such as a wilderness area or wild 

and scenic river,

• lands needed for new administrative or recreational sites and/or protection of existing 

improvements,

• other environmentally sensitive lands such as tracts containing unusual geographic features, 

wetlands or floodplains, rare plant or animal communities, or other attributes of uncommon 

or striking character.

Right-of-way acquisition opportunities are similarly variable in nature. From 1986 through 1995, 

the National Forests in Mississippi acquired an average of 25 easements per year; however, from 

1996 through 2000, the average dropped to 13 per year. Since 2000, only one or two easements 

have been acquired each year; sometimes none. Such low level of easement activity is expected to 

continue as most of the National Forests in Mississippi are already well served by an existing 

road network, and the need to access additional areas is minimal.

Special use authorizations provide for those private uses of National Forest System lands that are 

necessary to serve the public interest and those that cannot be accommodated on non-Federal 

land. This includes National Forest System lands used for utility corridors and transmission lines, 

communication sites, military training activities, and special events. Our management approach 

for maintaining desired conditions on the National Forests in Mississippi is to continue to include 

and enforce appropriate environmental protection controls in leases, easements, right-of-way 

grants, licenses, and other special use permits.

Military Use: On December 17, 2007, the National Forests in Mississippi reissued Camp Shelby 

Special Use Permit for a 20-year term. The permit provides for continued military training on 

approximately 117,000 acres of national forest system lands on the De Soto National Forest and 

incorporated projects and proposals related to military training and readiness activities. 

Administration of this long-term special use permit continues with the revised plan.
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3.7 Infrastructure

The main priorities for managing the roads, trails, and facilities that make up the infrastructure 

within the National Forests in Mississippi are focused on safety and maintenance of existing 

facilities. This includes backlogged repairs and upgrades, improvements to infrastructure for 

environmental protection, disposal of facilities that are no longer needed, and rehabilitation of 

user-created trails and roads. Infrastructure additions are anticipated to be limited and dependent 

on funding availability.

3.7.1 Roads

Our primary focus for the future will be on maintenance and rehabilitation of our existing road 

system. Maintenance priorities will include bridge safety, adequate signs, suitable stream 

crossings, and any resurfacing or reconstruction needed to provide an overall road system that is 

useable and safe. To promote ecological sustainability, wetlands and unique or common 

communities should be given priority when considering closing or obliterating existing roads. 

Areas with known populations of black bear and road density exceeding 1.25 miles per square 

mile should also be given priority when considering road closures or obliteration.

The travel management policy issued by the National Forests in Mississippi in 2008 to comply 

with national rules regulating OHV use on public lands designated those roads, trails, and open 

areas that are open to motor vehicle use. Unauthorized travelways will either be decommissioned 

or left to naturally revegetate.

Objectives for Roads and Motor Vehicle Use

• Annually update maps identifying the roads and trails open to motor vehicles, the season of 

use, and the types of motor vehicles allowed.

• Within 6 years of plan implementation, the maintenance level of 6 percent of system roads 

is downgraded (open to closed, closed to obliterated, passenger car to high clearance 

vehicle, etc.).

• In each 5-year period after plan implementation, approximately 10 culverts identified as 

aquatic organism passage barriers are replaced.

• At the end of 5 years:

○ All precast concrete road bridges have concrete substructures.

○ All bridges are capable of passing the legal State weight limit.

○ All low-water fords that do not meet aquatic organism passage guidelines are replaced.

3.7.2 Trails

Work on trail infrastructure will focus on maintaining an environmentally and financially 

sustainable trail system. Based on a forestwide assessment, the full range of trail types (hiking, 

biking, motorized, equestrian) will be available throughout the state, but on any national forest, 

the specific type of trail opportunities may not encompass the whole range. Expected work will 

bring all existing designated trails to a suitable standard by redesigning and reconstructing trails

as necessary. Building new partnerships will be important to providing benefits of trails to local 

communities as well as maintaining safe, sustainable trails throughout the National Forests in 

Mississippi. 
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Building a coalition of the entire trails community and trained volunteer base will help set 

priorities for work and reduce user conflicts. Better information will be available to our trail users 

by providing detailed, up-to-date trail information on our National Forests in Mississippi website 

and making recreation opportunity guides available for the public to access information regarding 

the status of trails. 

Objectives for Trails

Each year following plan approval:

• An average of 10 miles of trails is improved to standard.

• An average of one trail maintenance workday per forest occurs in conjunction with 

partners and is open to the general public.

• Host annual trail training day for trail volunteers and groups on each forest.

• One to two miles of unauthorized trails are closed, with particular consideration given to 

trails that impact archeological sites, rare communities, and streamside forests 

3.7.3 Facilities

The facilities program includes new construction and maintenance of a variety of structures and 

associated utilities across the National Forests in Mississippi that are used for recreation, 

administration, research, maintenance, storage, tree nurseries, fire operations, and other general 

management purposes. Program priorities for the future will be directed toward: 

1. reducing the backlog of facility deferred maintenance which has accrued, particularly those 

items associated with health and safety; 

2. right-sizing the facility inventory to match current management needs, including 

decommissioning and disposing of those facilities which are no longer required to support 

management objectives; 

3. reducing the operating and maintenance costs associated with the facility portfolio; and

4. providing limited new facilities to support priority programs and areas such as new day use 

facilities at Okhissa Lake on the Homochitto National Forest.

We intend to continue evaluating the inventory of administrative facilities and dispose of those 

that are no longer needed, such as unmanned work centers, unused ranger houses, and excess 

buildings that were part of a property exchange with the University of Mississippi a few years 

ago. New facility construction in the future is expected to be limited to improvements and 

expansions at day-use recreation areas, particularly at the newly constructed Okhissa Lake on the 

Homochitto National Forest. Recreation facilities are generally newer than administrative 

facilities, and compliance with applicable accessibility requirements has been a priority. 

Maintenance at all facilities is a growing issue, with a current backlog of about $5 million in 

deferred maintenance. Buildings that are in use are safe and structurally sound but may be lacking 

in preventative maintenance and aesthetics.
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Objectives for Facilities

• Within 10 years following plan approval, unmanned work centers, unused ranger houses, 

and excess buildings from the University of Mississippi exchange are properly disposed.

• Following a 5-year capital improvement schedule, the current maintenance backlog for 

recreation facilities and trails is reduced by at least 25 percent. 

3.8 Recreation, Cultural Resources, and Forest Setting

The program strategies for providing outdoor recreation opportunities, protecting heritage sites, 

and maintaining a natural forest setting all require balancing the increasing demand for more uses 

with protecting and maintaining existing desirable conditions.

3.8.1 Recreation

The National Forests in Mississippi provide a diverse range of quality natural and cultural 

resource-based recreation opportunities in partnership with people and communities. Our 

management strategy for working toward desired recreation conditions is to dedicate resources to 

those outdoor recreational opportunities that are unique or of exceptional value, in a manner that 

maximizes visitor satisfaction within financial and environmental constraints. 

Our focus is to align management of facilities and services with visitor demand and our capability 

to manage the recreation program. Priority for recreation infrastructure will be to improve

conditions by reducing maintenance backlogs in both facilities and trails. Based on current 

agency capacity, development of new infrastructure is not likely and some less-frequently used 

sites may be closed in the future. Priority will be placed on high-use areas near larger urban 

population centers. This work will bring existing trails up to sustainable standards through 

redesign and reconstruction as necessary. A second key part of our strategy will be to seek longterm funding and partnerships as a way to offer better opportunities and support services for 

facilities and trails.

Our management approach for hunting and fishing opportunities associated with the 14 wildlife 

management areas on National Forest System lands in Mississippi is to continue to work 

cooperatively with the Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks (MDWFP). Joint 

efforts may include annual planting and maintenance of wildlife openings and collecting 

biological data to determine population, condition, and habitat trends. Where appropriate, 

additional access for hunters by seasonally opening some routes on the National Forests in

Mississippi will also be considered in consultation with the MDWFP and in conjunction with 

other Forest Service policies. Annual habitat improvements in the Forests’ waterbodies will 

maintain a strong recreational fishing program that appeals to both the game fishing enthusiast 

and the hobby angler. 

The common desire from the public for better visitor information (both trip planning and on site 

at recreation areas) and more opportunities for learning about the natural environment are 

expected to be addressed through: 

1. the development of family outing tours along unique areas of the forest,

2. local and State partnerships with educator organizations and tourism agencies,

3. superior trip planning information and maps on forest websites including links to other 

pertinent websites for hunting and fishing information, 
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4. designated motorized trail maps, and 

5. other current or seasonal information of interest.

Objectives for Recreation

At the end of 5 years following plan approval:

• The current maintenance backlog for recreation facilities and trails is reduced by at least 25 

percent.

• Two new long-term partnerships are established at a statewide level.

• Two new long-term partnerships are established at a local community level.

• At least two new driving tours are developed to highlight unique forest features, scenic 

routes, heritage sites, or seasonal natural interests.

• At least one new bank angler access area is constructed.

3.8.2 Scenery

The existing forest setting is generally naturally appearing and rural. According to analysis in the 

Scenery Management System (Peters et al. 2005), the landscape for the National Forests in 

Mississippi has a high ability to absorb human alterations without a loss of character and scenic 

quality. In most cases, disturbances to the ground and understory recover to a naturally appearing 

character within one or two growing seasons. As loblolly and slash pine plantings are restored to 

native ecosystems, forest management activities such as thinning and burning will be evident but 

will be managed through buffers and other scenery management techniques to maintain scenic 

integrity. Use of prescribed burning to sustain historic fire regimes will also have a visual effect 

on the landscape. 

Although disturbances will be temporary, changes will be visible as forest stands transition from 

existing conditions to a more native character. Our focus for future enhancement of scenic quality 

will be to carefully manage the transition to more native ecosystems using mitigation techniques 

so that scenic integrity is maintained. As we establish native communities over time, the less 

natural-appearing pine plantations will be replaced with more natural-appearing mixed-age and 

mixed-species forests. Viewpoints along roads and trails will become evident and reveal mid- and 

long-distance views of attractive environments.

The “Scenery Treatment Guide for the Southern Region” (issued April 23, 2008) and scenic 

integrity objectives provide guidance for mitigating scenery impacts for management activities 

and should be incorporated into project planning and implementation. Table 6 identifies the 

scenic integrity objectives by scenic class for each management area:
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Table 6. Scenic integrity objectives by management area

Management Area Scenic Class

Ecosystem 1 2 3 4 5 6

Upland Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland H M M M M M

Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland H M M M M M

Loblolly Pine Forest H M M M M M

Southern Loblolly-Hardwood Flatwoods H M M M M M

Slash Pine Forest H M M M M M

Northern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest H H M M M M

Southern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest H H M M M M

Southern Loess Bluff Forest H H M M M M

Southern Mesic Slope Forest H H M M M M

Northern Mesic Hardwood Forest H H M M M M

Floodplain Forest H H M M M M

Lower Mississippi R. Bottomland and Floodplain Forest H H M M M M

Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods H H M M M M

Wet Pine Savanna H H M M M M

Geographic Management Areas

Red-cockaded Woodpecker Habitat H M M M M M

Administrative Areas H H H H H H

Developed Recreation Areas H H M M M M

Botanical Areas H H M M M M

Research Natural Areas VH VH VH VH VH VH

Scenic Areas H H H H H H

Wild & Scenic Rivers H H H H H H

Wilderness VH VH VH VH VH VH

Archeological Sites H H H H H H 

VH = Very High; H=High; M=Moderate

Scenic Integrity Objectives (SIO) – A desired level of excellence based on physical and 

sociological characteristics of an area. Refers to the degree of acceptable alterations to the valued 

attributes of the characteristic landscape. Objectives include very high, high, moderate, and low. 

These categories are defined as:

• Very High – Generally provides for only ecological changes in natural landscapes and 

complete intactness of landscape character in cultural landscapes.

• High – Human activities are not visually evident to the casual observer. Activities may repeat 

attributes of form, line, color, and texture found in the existing landscape.

• Moderate – Landscapes appear slightly altered. Noticeable human created deviations remain 

visually subordinate to the landscape character being viewed.
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3.8.3 Wilderness and Wild and Scenic Rivers

These two designations require a higher standard of care to maintain the wildland characteristics 

they are valued for. Wilderness will be managed in accordance with the 1964 Wilderness Act and 

its establishing legislation. Tools, such as the “minimum requirements decision analysis,” are 

used when considering if a project is appropriate in wilderness. Wild and scenic river corridors 

will be managed to preserve their free flowing stream condition and outstandingly remarkable 

scenic and recreational values.

Detailed management strategies, standards and guidelines for the Black Creek and Leaf 

Wilderness Areas and the Black Creek Wild and Scenic River were developed through the limits 

of acceptable change process and amended into the 1985 Land and Resource Management Plan in 

1994. The limits of acceptable change process is documented in two volumes, which are located 

in the process records. Management direction varies by opportunity class (see “Step 2 –

Opportunity Class Definitions and Descriptions” found in Vol. I – Limits of Acceptable Change). 

The standards and guidelines for the areas in the different opportunity classes are described in 

“Step 5 – Specifications for Standards For Resource and Social Conditions” in Vol. I – Limits of 

Acceptable Change. 

This management direction that was developed in 1994 for the two wilderness areas and the wild 

and scenic river is being brought forward into this revised land and resource management plan. 

3.8.4 Cultural Resources

Our overall strategy for sustaining the heritage that is a desirable part of the setting and character 

of the National Forests in Mississippi involves continuing to identify significant sites, protecting 

them from damage, and planning for future research and interpretation opportunities. 

Approximately 30 percent of the National Forests in Mississippi have been surveyed for 

archaeological and historic sites. Surveys will continue to be routinely conducted prior to site 

disturbance activities. Workload priorities are often affected by available staffing and resources; 

therefore, partnerships and agreements with universities play an important role in helping to 

achieved desired conditions. 

3.9 Minerals Management

The 1985 National Forests in Mississippi Forest Plan provided for management of minerals 

(primarily oil and gas). Oil and gas management was addressed in an environmental assessment 

that revisited and updated this aspect of forest management. The Lands Available for Oil and Gas 

Leasing Environmental Assessment and the associated Decision Notice and Finding of No 

Significance (signed August 6, 2010) have recently been implemented on the National Forests in 

Mississippi. This decision covered oil and gas leasing on most of the Forests except for one area, 

the Sandy Creek RARE II Further Study Area. The Sandy Creek RARE II Further Study Area is 

located in Adams County and is 2,558 acres. Included within the boundary of the Sandy Creek 

Further Study Area is the Sandy Creek Botanical Area, consisting of 300 acres. The minerals 

leasing availability of the Sandy Creek Further Study Area was evaluated as part of this plan 

revision. Under this revised plan, new oil and gas leasing would be permitted in the Sandy Creek 

RARE II Further Study Area, which is also identified as an inventoried roadless area, subject to 

the 2001 Roadless Area Conservation Rule restrictions. These restrictions prohibit new road 

construction or reconstruction in the roadless area; therefore, existing system roads would be used 

as access for lease activities in this area.
Chapter 3. Strategy

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80 Land and Resource Management Plan

Before any operations can be conducted under a lease, the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land 

Management (BLM) are required to review the proposed operations (i.e., an Application for 

Proposal to Drill or APD). Prior to authorizing ground-disturbing operations the agencies must 

conduct a site-specific environmental analysis, including site-specific design criteria, such as 

forest plan standards and guidelines, and best management practices as appropriate.

The Forest Service leasing decisions apply to federally owned minerals, and do not apply to 

privately owned mineral rights (outstanding or reserved mineral rights) on National Forest 

System lands as long as the mineral rights remain privately owned. If the Federal Government 

was to acquire any such private mineral rights that include oil and gas rights, then these newly 

acquired Federal mineral rights would be administratively available for Federal oil and gas 

leasing. The Forest Service would then authorize the BLM to offer these areas as specific lands 

for Federal oil and gas leasing subject to the stipulations identified in this plan.

After a Federal oil and gas lease is issued, the Federal leaseholder cannot construct a road, drill a 

well, or conduct ground-disturbing operations until the Federal Government reviews and 

approves plans for each proposed well and associated roads. Before ground-disturbing operations 

can occur, the leaseholder must submit an APD, including a Surface Use Plan of Operation 

(SUPO), for review and approval by the Federal Government (BLM and Forest Service). The 

Forest Service, in cooperation with the BLM, conducts a site-specific NEPA analysis of the 

proposed operation as required by the NEPA (1969). Alternatives, such as different access road 

locations, are assessed to address issues. An interdisciplinary team reviews the proposed 

operations and develops site-specific environmental protections that are applied to the APD. The 

environmental protections are derived from environmental protection laws and regulations 

applicable to National Forest System lands. Proposed lease operations are subject to 

environmental protection requirements in a wide range of laws and regulations, including the 

Endangered Species Act, Archaeological Resources Protection Act, Federal Water Pollution 

Control Act, Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, and all the other environmental protection laws and 

regulations applicable to National Forest System lands.

Proposed lease operations are subject to environmental protection requirements in (1) Forest 

Service regulations, including the 36 CFR 228E, regulations developed to implement Federal 

Onshore Oil and Gas Leasing Reform Act of 1987, and (2) the forest plan.

Protection measures include:

• locating facilities in areas that are already altered or largely fragmented; 

• locating facilities along peripheries of large habitat patches rather than in interiors; 

• minimizing area-to-edge ratios of access and well sites where they are located in or along 

large forest patches; 

• using existing roads, corridors, and openings to the extent possible; 

• revegetating disturbed and abandoned areas with native species or non-intrusive temporary 

cover and 

• requiring timing limitations for seasonally sensitive species can help to minimize impacts of 

ground disturbance on wildlife and wildlife habitat.
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Land and Resource Management Plan 81

3.10 Economic Benefits

The economic revenues generated by the National Forests in Mississippi contribute a steady 

financial benefit to the economic health of the region. However, the value of the National Forests 

in Mississippi for providing ecological services may be more significant, yet harder to quantify. 

While products such as timber, minerals, special commodities, and even recreation opportunities 

have obvious economic importance, ecological services such as clean water, clean air, healthy 

watersheds, species diversity, appropriate biological habitats, carbon storage, preservation of 

cultural heritage, and scenic qualities also have value for neighboring communities and the 

region. Many of these ecological services are highly important to the public and other 

stakeholders, and restoring and maintaining healthy and resilient ecosystems is a key factor in 

many desired conditions in this forest plan. 

Our approach for maintaining traditional economic benefits while also managing for ecological 

services is to focus on restoration and habitat improvement and economic benefits will follow. As 

a result of restoring native ecosystems to appropriate sites and maintaining healthy and resilient 

forests, there should be a steady flow of economic benefits.

National Forests in Mississippi

Revised Land and Resource Management Plan 83

Chapter 4. Design Criteria

4.1 Overview of Design Criteria

While chapters 2 and 3 describe the direction and strategies for moving toward desired conditions 

on the National Forests in Mississippi, chapter 4 identifies the criteria to be followed in designing 

and managing projects for implementing the plan. Standards and guidelines address project 

implementation forestwide, and the management area prescriptions and special uses provide 

additional guidance for specially designated areas. 

4.2 Standards and Guidelines

The National Forests in Mississippi follow the 

Forest Service directive system that consists of 

Forest Service manuals and handbooks, which 

codify the agency’s policies, practices, and 

procedures. The system serves as the primary basis 

for internal management and control of all 

programs and the primary source of administrative 

direction to Forest Service employees. Forest-level 

standards and guidelines supplement this direction 

for national forest-specific conditions.

Standards and guidelines provide information and 

guidance that can be applied to projects or 

activities aimed at achieving desired conditions. 

Guidelines do not approve or force actions but 

describe recommended parameters or technical and 

scientific specifications for use in designing projects and activities. The rationale for any 

deviation, however, must be documented in the project-level decision. Standards are specific 

management directions required for achieving resource protection; project-specific deviations 

require plan amendment. 

4.2.1 Vegetation, Wildlife, and Fisheries

Vegetation and wildlife guidelines are combined since effects to wildlife habitat depend in large 

part on how projects and activities affect the structure and composition of the vegetation.

Guidelines for Vegetation, Wildlife and Fisheries

1. Maximizing the amount of contiguous forest should be a consideration when planning 

stand regeneration. Priority should be placed on locating new stands adjacent to existing 

young or regenerating stands consistent with the above maximum regeneration opening 

sizes and the following adjacency guides. Openings created by even-aged and two-aged 

regeneration treatments will be separated from each other by a minimum distance of 330 

feet. Such openings may be clustered closer than 330 feet as long as their combined 

acreage does not exceed the maximum opening size. An even-aged regeneration area will 

no longer be considered an opening when the certified reestablished stand has reached an 

age of 5 years.

2. When considering regeneration timber harvests, openings should be shaped and blended to 

the extent practicable with the natural terrain.

Standards are specific management 

directions required for achieving 

resource protection; project-specific 

deviations require plan amendment.

Guidelines do not approve or force 

actions but describe recommended 

parameters or technical and 

scientific specifications for use in 

designing projects and activities. The 

rationale for any deviation, however,

must be documented in the projectlevel decision.
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

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84 Land and Resource Management Plan

Guidelines for Vegetation, Wildlife and Fisheries

3. When regenerating or restoring a mesic deciduous forest ecological system, residual 

overstory (two-aged) should be used.

4. A regenerating forest may exceed 10 percent of ecological system acres during restoration 

while sites are being converted from off-site species to the desired ecosystem type. 

Regenerating forests and woodlands (0 to 10 years old) should generally comprise 5 to 10 

percent of system acreage once restoration from off-site species is achieved.

5. Areas identified to provide old growth should not be scheduled for regeneration. However, 

some forest types included in the preliminary list of stand designations identified as 

possible old growth may need to be converted to more desirable species for the site. 

6. Soft mast-producing species (i.e., dogwood, black gum, hawthorn, grapes, serviceberry, 

etc.) should be retained during vegetation cutting treatments to the extent compatible with 

meeting treatment objectives.

7. Planning and implementation of timber harvests and other silvicultural treatments that 

occur in hardwood dominated ecosystems should promote natural regeneration of desired 

species from existing root stocks and consider and incorporate measures that enhance 

wildlife habitat productivity.

8. Stumps, standing snags, and den trees should generally be retained to maintain structural 

diversity during vegetation management treatments. Exceptions may be made when 

necessary to control insects or disease or to provide for public and employee safety. 

Distribution of retained snags may be clumped.

9. Timber management within dusky gopher frog critical habitat should be limited to longleaf 

restoration, managing for woodland conditions, and other dusky gopher frog specific

habitat objectives. 

10. Project planning and implementation should include measures to provide protection for the 

“species needing occurrence protection” group (see final environmental impact statement 

(FEIS), appendix H). 

11. Planning and implementation of timber harvests and other silvicultural treatments that 

reduce canopy cover should include measures to provide protection for threatened, 

endangered, sensitive, and locally rare species that are susceptible to damage or extirpation 

from canopy cover reduction. This group is referred to as “species sensitive to canopy 

cover modifications” (see FEIS, appendix H).

12. Management activities planned within rare ecological systems should generally be limited 

to maintenance or restoration activities addressing their specific composition, structure, or 

natural system function needs (see Table 1 for a list of rare ecological systems within this 

plan).

13. Planned activities adjacent to rare communities (see glossary) should consider and 

incorporate measures that address potential detrimental impacts.

14. Collection of flora and fauna from rare communities, wetland systems, and “species 

sensitive to over-collection” group (see FEIS, appendix H) should generally be limited to 

approved scientific purposes.

15. Dead and downed logs or other woody debris should generally not be removed from rare 

communities. Where needed to ensure public or employee safety, snags may be felled, but 

will be retained within the community as downed wood.
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Land and Resource Management Plan 85

Guidelines for Vegetation, Wildlife and Fisheries

16. When creating wildlife food plots, they should be located outside of rare and wetland 

communities.

17. Potential black bear den trees should be retained during all vegetation management 

treatments occurring in habitats suitable for bears. Potential den trees are those that are 

greater than 36 inches diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) containing visible cavities.

18. Planning and implementation of road construction, fireline construction, wildlife pond and 

opening construction, timber harvests, and other ground disturbing projects should include 

measures to provide protection for threatened, endangered, sensitive, and locally rare

species that are susceptible to damage or extirpation from ground disturbance. These are 

referred to as “species sensitive to soil disturbance and species sensitive to recreational 

traffic.”

19. Before buildings, bridges, wells, cisterns, and other man-made structures are structurally 

modified or demolished, they should be surveyed for bats. If significant bat roosting is 

found, these structures should be maintained where consistent with multiple-use objectives, 

or alternative roosts suitable for the species and colony size should be provided prior to 

adverse modification or destruction when feasible.

20. New road bridge construction should include bat-friendly technology and construction 

materials to provide roosting habitat for bats.

21. If occupied Indiana bat maternity roost trees are discovered, protect them from physical 

disturbance until they naturally fall to the ground.

22. Based on site-specific consultation, Indiana bat areas of use (foraging and roosting) should 

be designated based on site conditions, radio-tracking or other survey information, and best 

available information regarding maternity habitat needs. Minimize human disturbance in 

the maternity colony areas of use until the colony has left the maternity area for 

hibernation.

23. Within the Indiana bat area of use (known or likely foraging and roosting) determined for

each maternity colony, prescribed burning should generally be conducted during the 

hibernation season.

24. Protect occupied Indiana bat male roost trees discovered during the summer season (not 

migration), from physical disturbance by designating a 75-foot radius buffer zone around 

the tree(s). The buffer zone shall remain in place until migration to hibernacula begins 

(around September 1). Prohibit ground-disturbing activity or timber harvest within the 

buffer zone. Prescribed burning may be done within the buffer zone if a fireline is 

manually constructed no less than 25 feet from, and completely around, the tree to prevent 

it from catching fire.

25. Where Indiana bats are known to occur, maintain a component of large, mature trees in 

hardwood harvest areas, retaining at least three live trees per acre greater than 20 inches 

d.b.h. of these preferred species (leave trees will be located along edges of the harvest area 

or in clumps to maximize their benefit to bats): silver maple (Acer saccharinum), bitternut 

hickory (Carya cordiformis), shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa), shagbark hickory (Carya

ovata), white ash (Fraxinus americana), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), eastern 

cottonwood (Populus deltoides), white oak (Quercus alba), northern red oak (Quercus

rubra), post oak (Quercus stellata), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), American elm 

(Ulmus americana), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra).
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

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86 Land and Resource Management Plan

Guidelines for Vegetation, Wildlife and Fisheries

26. Where Indiana bats are known to occur, any dead, decadent or identified hazard tree that 

has characteristics of a potential Indiana bat maternal roost tree (splintered bole that 

provides crevices, evidence of decay so that either their bark is exfoliating, it possesses 

cavities, or dead portions of the tree have been used, excavated, or occupied by species 

such as woodpeckers or other cavity nesting birds and, most importantly, exposure of the 

roost to sunlight) will not be removed until consultation with a Forest Service biologist has 

been completed. An exception is trees may be cut that are an immediate safety danger to an 

individual.

27. Where Indiana bats are known to occur, project areas where large overstory hardwood trees 

could be cut, mist-netting surveys, exit surveys, or other surveys approved by the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service, must be done to identify known Indiana bat roosting habitats prior to 

harvest or cutting. Mature leave-trees in areas where the shelterwood or shelterwood-withreserves harvest methods are applied (including the uplands) should include mixtures of 

tree species preferred by Indiana bats for roosting: Silver maple, bitternut hickory, 

shellbark hickory, shagbark hickory, white ash, green ash, eastern cottonwood, white oak, 

northern red oak, post oak, black locust, American elm and slippery elm.

28. Maintain a component of large over-mature trees, if available, in all uneven-aged harvest 

units to provide suitable roosting habitat for Indiana bats where they occur.

29. New communication tower installation and ridgetop developments should be designed to 

mitigate collision impacts to migratory birds through coordination of project planning and 

implementation with the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service.

30. National Forest System trails will not be used as skid trails. Crossings of system trails 

should be minimized and occur only at right angles to the extent feasible. Implement 

restorative measures to damaged trail tread and profile as soon as practicable upon 

completion of management activities.

31. Scenery treatment guidelines will be incorporated into the planning of vegetation 

management activities.

32. Integrated pest management principles should be used during pest management project 

analysis, decision making and implementation. The pest management specialist should be 

consulted during development and implementation of pest management projects.

33. When pests occur in or near red-cockaded woodpecker colonies, a Forest Service pest 

management specialist and biologist may recommend treatment with cut and remove, cut 

and leave, or cut and spray to prevent destruction or loss of the colony site.

34. Ponds less than 2 acres and isolated seasonal wetlands should not be stocked with fish as a 

means to provide habitat for amphibian species.

35. The minimum relative neutralizing value of agricultural lime used for liming lakes shall be 

63 percent (Grade A lime). Hydrated lime will be applied a using water pump system 

where it is slowly washed into the lake as slurry from a raft or boat. It should be applied in 

the open water area of the lake away from the littoral zone (shallow water). Hydrated lime 

is of a caustic nature and should only be used at the specific recommendation and guidance 

of a fisheries biologist. 

36. Liquid fertilizer should be applied at a rate of 1⁄2 to 1 gallon per surface acre per 

application. Powdered fertilizer should be applied at a rate of 2 to 8 pounds per surface 

acre per application. Granulated fertilizer should be applied at a rate of 4 to 12 pounds per 
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

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Land and Resource Management Plan 87

Guidelines for Vegetation, Wildlife and Fisheries

surface acre per application. Secchi disc visibilities should be maintained between 18 and 

24 inches on lakes without swimming, and between 24 and 30 inches on lakes with 

swimming.

37. Only certified triploid (sterile or non-reproducing) grass carp from licensed distributors 

will be stocked into lakes within the National Forests in Mississippi. Grass carp should 

only be used at the specific recommendation and guidance of a fisheries biologist.

38. To protect Indiana bat foraging habitat and travel corridors along rivers and streams on the 

Holly Springs Unit, a forested stream buffer strip will be maintained in all areas receiving 

vegetation management activities. The buffer will be a minimum of 50 feet on each side of 

perennial streams or rivers and 25 feet on both sides of intermittent streams.

39. Ensure all Forest Service employees and contractors working within Indiana bat habitat are 

educated to recognize and avoid potential Indiana bat roost trees and the required habitat 

components for a complete Indiana bat home range.

Standards for Vegetation and Wildlife

1. Stands of trees planned for regeneration harvest should generally have reached culmination 

of mean annual increment (CMAI) of growth. Typically, even-age regeneration harvests 

should not be made prior to age 35 for loblolly, shortleaf, and slash pine or age 50 for 

longleaf. However, plantations of loblolly and slash on longleaf or shortleaf sites may be 

harvested for restoration purposes as early as age 20. Generally, hardwood regeneration 

harvests will not be made prior to age 90. 

2. Stands of any species meeting the Southern Region criteria for damaged, sparse, or low 

quality may be regenerated prior to CMAI unless needed for threatened, endangered, or 

other wildlife species habitat needs. Salvage and sanitation harvesting of timber stands 

substantially damaged by fire, wind-throw, or other catastrophe, or those in imminent 

danger from insect or disease attack should not be subject to CMAI. 

3. Creation of regenerating forest and woodland may occur in small scattered patches (less 

than 10 acres), but typically should occur in even-aged stands of 10 to 80 acres. Opening 

sizes created by timber harvest for silvicultural purposes should not exceed 80 acres for 

pine and pine/hardwood forest types and 40 acres for hardwood and hardwood/pine forest 

types. Exceptions to these acreage limitations may be permitted following public notice 

and review by the regional forester. These acreage limits do not apply to areas treated 

because of natural catastrophic conditions such as fire, insect or disease attack, or 

windstorm. Areas managed as permanent openings (such as meadows, pastures, food plots, 

rights-of-way, woodlands, savannas, and grasslands) are not subject to these standards and 

are not included in calculations of opening size, even when within or next to created 

openings.

4. The anticipated decadal commercial timber volume removal should not exceed the 

estimated allowable sale quantity of 178.7 million cubic feet or 893.5 million board feet. 

5. No timber harvest for the purposes of timber production may occur on lands classified as 

not suited for timber production.

6. Timber harvesting activities may occur on lands classified as not suited for timber 

production when needed to achieve or maintain other multiple-use values; or for salvage, 
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88 Land and Resource Management Plan

Standards for Vegetation and Wildlife

sanitation, public health or safety reasons.

7. Timber harvesting activities can only occur where soil, slope, or other watershed 

conditions would not be irreversibly damaged. 

8. Even-aged harvests may occur only upon a finding that it is appropriate and clearcutting 

may occur only upon a finding that it is the optimum method to meet the objectives of the 

plan. 

9. Regeneration harvests should not be planned unless there is reasonable assurance of 

adequate stocking within 5 years of final harvest. (Five years after final harvest means 5

years after clearcutting, 5 years after final over story removal in shelterwood cutting, and 5

years after the seed tree removal cut in seed tree cutting.) Table 7 should be used as a guide 

for number of trees per acre (stocking level) for reforestation and stand improvement 

treatments to attain appropriate stocking levels for diagnostic species. This guide should be 

used with professional judgment to determine adequate stocking levels following the third 

growing season. Where appropriate for threatened and endangered or other wildlife habitat 

needs, planting may target the lower portion of the range. The lower and upper levels 

indicate a need to consider additional cultural treatments such as replanting or 

precommercial thinning. However, these remedial treatments should not be required if the 

objectives of the forest plan can be achieved.

Table 7. Stocking levels for reforestation and stand improvement treatments

Species Lower Level Target Level Upper Level

Shortleaf, Loblolly Pine 300 400-600 900

Longleaf, Slash Pine 300 400-600 700

Mixed Pine-Hardwood 300 400-600 None

Hardwood 100 150-250 None

Longleaf pine lower level stocking standards for the Bienville and Homochitto National Forests will be 100 

longleaf trees with other pine species contributing to attaining the 300-tree lower limit for the stand. 

10. Follow the habitat management strategies found in the most current USDI Fish and 

Wildlife Service Recovery Plan for each threatened or endangered species relevant to the 

National Forests in Mississippi.

11. When treating southern pine beetle infestations within a red-cockaded woodpecker colony,

trees vacated by southern pine beetle will not be cut or chemically treated. Uninfested trees 

within a 200-foot red-cockaded woodpecker colony buffer zone will not be cut or 

chemically treated unless such efforts would likely prevent southern pine beetle infestation 

of cavity trees. Disturbance in the colony sites will be kept to a minimum especially during 

breeding season.

12. When treating southern pine beetle infestations within an Indiana bat roosting area, trees 

vacated by southern pine beetle will not be cut or chemically treated. Un-infested trees 

within a 200-foot buffer zone will not be cut or chemically treated unless such efforts 

would likely prevent southern pine beetle infestation. Disturbance in the maternity roosting 

area will be kept to a minimum especially during breeding season.

13. Heavy equipment (including mowers) should stay at least 25 feet from known gopher 

tortoise burrow aprons (heavy equipment is defined as agricultural tractors, crawler 
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Land and Resource Management Plan 89

Standards for Vegetation and Wildlife

loaders, crawler dozer, backhoe/loader, front end loader, scraper pan, motor grader, skid 

steer, forklift [P.I.T.], hydraulic excavator, and specialty tracked equipment). Logging slash 

should be kept at least 25feet from known tortoise burrows as well. Within that 25-foot

buffer area, light machinery and hand tools should be used for vegetation control.

14. Feral hog traps or other control activities that lure hogs to a concentrated area will be 

located at a minimum of 100 feet from known Louisiana quillwort and pondberry 

plants/colonies.

15. No herbicides will be mixed or applied within 100 feet of Louisiana quillwort and 

pondberry plants/colonies.

16. Heavy logging equipment will not be used within a 165-foot buffer area of Louisiana 

quillwort plants/colonies. Suitable habitats for Louisiana quillwort within areas intended 

for timber harvesting and thinning will be surveyed prior to beginning operations.

17. Removal of beaver dams shall be conducted in such a manner as to minimize or avoid 

increased sedimentation and impacts to hydrology of streams and riparian areas associated 

with Louisiana quillwort.

18. New roads, off-road vehicle trails, and building construction will not be created within 165 

feet of existing Louisiana quillwort plants/colonies. Suitable habitats for Louisiana 

quillwort within areas intended for new construction will be surveyed prior to beginning 

work. Road and trail construction and maintenance and general construction activities shall 

be conducted in such a manner as to minimize or avoid increased sedimentation and 

impacts to hydrology of streams and riparian areas associated with Louisiana quillwort.

19. Avoid timber harvesting, thinning operations, road and trail construction or building 

construction within 100 feet of pondberry plants/colonies. Heavy logging equipment will 

not be used within this buffer area.

20. Known black bear den sites will be protected from impacts associated with vegetation 

management and ground-disturbing activities, within a minimum of 100 feet around the 

den, until they are no longer usable as a den site.

21. Mature forest cover should be maintained within 100 feet slope distance from the top of 

rock outcrops and 200 feet slope distance from the base of rock outcrops to provide habitat 

for associated wildlife. 

22. Establish a maternity roosting buffer zone (75 feet) around all known Indiana bat roost 

sites. No ground-disturbing activities will take place within this buffer other than activities 

specifically designed to enhance or improve roosting habitat (i.e. removal of shade trees) 

and only when bats have left the maternity roost (September 1 to March 31). Prescribed 

burning will also only take place during the non-maternity roosting season (September 1 to 

March 31). 

23. Establish a maternity foraging buffer zone (2.5 miles) around all known Indiana bat roost

sites. No timber removal will take place during the non-hibernation/maternity season 

(April 1 and August 31), unless specifically designed to enhance foraging habitat.

24. For all vegetation management activities and commercial timber sales on the Holly Springs 

Unit, retain at least three (3) live trees per acre greater than 20 inches d.b.h. of these 

preferred species (shagbark, shellbark, and bitternut hickory; white and green ash; white, 

northern red, and post oak; American and slippery elm; eastern cottonwood, black locust, 
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

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90 Land and Resource Management Plan

Standards for Vegetation and Wildlife

and silver maple). 

25. For all vegetation management activities and commercial timber sales on the Holly Springs 

Unit, retain at least 5 snags per acre greater than 9 inches d.b.h. and 1 snag per acre over 19 

inches d.b.h. Oaks, hickories, and ashes will be favored for retention of snags. During 

timber harvests, snags will not be removed except where they constitute a human safety 

hazard. Snags will be retained in groups with live trees to prevent snag loss to wind throw.

4.2.2 Soil and Water

The following guidelines are associated with ground-disturbing activities from vegetation and fire 

management activities as well as fisheries resource management and conservation activities.

Guidelines for Soil and Water

1. Best management practices should be used during ground-disturbing activities.

2. Soil and debris should not be deposited in lakes, streams, wetlands, springs, or seeps.

3. Activities that could result in sedimentation or other changes in water quantity and quality

should have project level design criteria that maintain or improve the hydrologic function of 

wetland communities.

4. Erosion control measures should be applied in all ground-disturbing activities to reduce 

movement of bare soil and minimize direct delivery of sediment to streams or other 

waterbodies. Appropriate erosion control measures (installing water diversion, revegetation, 

mulch, silt fences, etc.) should be implemented as promptly as practical.

5. Construct and maintain water diversions along skid trails, haul roads, firelines or other 

disturbed areas susceptible to scour or erosion. Water diversions (water bars, dips, and lead 

off ditches) should be properly spaced to disperse runoff before it gains enough velocity to 

start eroding.

6. Historical skid roads, haul roads, log landings, and mechanical firelines should be reused.

7. Skid trails and mechanical firelines should not be placed parallel to a scoured stream 

channel.

8. Firelines and roads should be constructed with turnouts that will allow runoff to be dispersed 

and absorbed before reaching stream filter strips.

9. Filter strips should be used to protect perennial and intermittent streams. Filter strips should 

be at least 33 feet plus 1.5 times the percent slope. Activities that expose more than 10 

percent mineral soil should be avoided unless the activity occurs at a designated crossing. 

Site-specific analysis should determine any mitigation measures in addition to standard best 

management practices needed to protect water quality.

10. Windrows and piles should be spaced less than 200 feet apart to limit soil exposure, soil 

compaction, and nutrient loss from piling and raking. Windrows should be aligned on the 

contour. When piling, at least 80 percent of the area should retain some ground cover of 

litter and duff, and soil displacement by piling rakes should be minimized.
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

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Land and Resource Management Plan 91

Guidelines for Soil and Water

11. Mechanical site preparation exposing bare soil should not occur on slope grades greater than 

20 percent. Raking of debris for mechanical site preparation will not be used on sustained 

slopes over 15 percent. Mechanical site prep treatments will not be used on sustained slopes 

over 35 percent.

12. Mechanical equipment may operate as long as the soils are dry enough to sustain activity 

without excessive compaction or rutting. In order to minimize resource damage, access may 

be restricted during wet seasons or following rainfall events. This guideline does not apply 

to dedicated intensive use areas such as roads, primary skid trails, and logging decks. Ruts 

should be smoothed to restore hydrology and drainage paths.

13. Low-ground-pressure equipment and cable logging systems should be used as needed on 

sensitive-soil sites to minimize soil damage. 

14. Mechanical equipment should not be allowed to operate in any stream channel except to 

cross at designated points, except where involved in stream improvement work. Crossings 

should be at right angles to the stream or riparian area. 

15. Water should not be diverted from streams (perennial or intermittent) or lakes when an 

instream flow assessment indicates the diversion would adversely affect protection of stream 

processes, aquatic (including wetlands) and riparian habitats and communities, or recreation 

and aesthetic values.

16. Coarse woody debris should be retained in streams except where it results in risk to public 

and employee safety or transportation infrastructure.

17. Removal of any woody vegetation should be avoided within 5 feet of intermittent and 

perennial stream banks.

18. Felling of trees into intermittent and perennial streams should be avoided except as 

necessary for fisheries management.

4.2.3 Roads and Motor Vehicle Use

Guidelines for Roads and Motor Vehicle Use

1. Motor vehicle use allowances, not identified on the motor vehicle use map, may occur for 

administrative uses such as administrative maintenance and inspection of trails, law 

enforcement, authorized contractor use, prescribed fire activities, and emergencies such as 

wildfire or search and rescue.

2. To reduce erosion, roads under construction but not completed prior to the wet weather 

season should be seeded temporarily and barricaded.

3. Fireline and road locations should be assessed for the presence of species sensitive to soil 

disturbance prior to construction and adjusted to avoid impacts.

4. Where roads or trails cross streams, crossings should be at right angles where possible.

5. Diverting surface water from existing roads or facilities into wetlands and streams should be 

avoided.

6. All new stream crossings should be constructed so that aquatic organism passage is not 
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Guidelines for Roads and Motor Vehicle Use

impaired and so that the natural flow regime is not significantly altered.

7. Reconstruction of all stream crossings should consider aquatic organism passage and 

incorporate structures to aid such passage where practical.

8. Where necessary and consistent with other uses, consideration should be given to seasonal 

closure of Forest roads during critical periods for wildlife species known to be sensitive to 

human disturbance and during seasons with higher rainfall or other seasonal conditions that

make roads more vulnerable to erosion by normal traffic patterns.

Standard for Roads and Motor Vehicle Use

1. Motor vehicle use by the public will occur on routes and areas specifically designated as 

open to such vehicles on the National Forests in Mississippi motor vehicle use map.

4.2.4 Fire

The following guidelines relate to both wildland fire response and prescribed fire application.

Guidelines for Prescribed Fire

1. The smoke management screening process will be applied to all prescribed fires, especially 

those within 3 miles of critical smoke-sensitive targets (e.g., schools, churches, hospitals, 

major highways, and airports).

2. Prescribed burns should be scheduled for the appropriate season, weather, fuel, and 

topographic conditions to achieve objectives.

3. Planning and implementation of prescribed burns should include measures to provide 

protection for known occurrences of threatened, endangered, sensitive, and locally rare

species that are susceptible to damage or extirpation from fire injury. This group is referred 

to as “species sensitive to fire injury.”

4. During planning and implementation of prescribed burns in grassland and savanna habitats 

where known occurrences of the Argos skipper butterfly are present, measures should be 

taken to ensure that no more than one-third of known populations are burned in any given 

year.

5. When deciduous forest communities on mesic and alluvial site types are included within 

burning blocks, low-intensity fires with less than 2-foot flame length should be employed. 

Direct firing should be avoided unless needed to secure control lines or to encourage 

ecological restoration of native communities.

6. During prescribed burning, some fires should be allowed to burn in a mosaic pattern 

resulting from differential influence of topography, fuel loading and moisture, and 

vegetation type.

7. Steps taken to limit soil heating should include use of backing fires on steep slopes, 

scattering slash piles, and burning heavy fuel pockets separately.

8. Existing barriers (e.g., streams, lakes, wetlands, roads, and trails) should be used whenever 
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Guidelines for Prescribed Fire

possible to reduce the need for fireline construction and to minimize resource impacts. 

9. When rehabilitating tractor firelines, grade dips or other measures should be installed to

properly drain water and prevent erosion.

Standards for Prescribed Fire

1. Slash burns are done so they do not consume all litter and duff and alter structure and color 

of mineral soil on more than 20 percent of the area. Steps taken to limit soil heating include 

use of backing fires on steep slopes, scattering slash piles, and burning heavy fuel pockets 

separately.

2. Mechanical firelines which expose mineral soil are not located in filter strips along lakes, 

perennial or intermittent springs and streams, wetlands, or water-source seeps, unless tying 

into lakes, streams or wetlands as firebreaks at designated points with minimal soil 

disturbance. Low-intensity fires with less than 2-foot flame lengths may be allowed to back 

into the strip along water bodies, as long as they do not kill trees and shrubs that shade the 

stream. The strip's width in feet is at least 33 plus 1.5 times the percent slope.

3. Plowed firelines are not located within savannahs except when needed to protect facilities or 

threatened, endangered, proposed, or sensitive species.

4. Fire control lines that tie into travelways (roads and trails) will be obliterated and the 

topography restored to original conditions as soon as possible following the fire.

5. When used for control lines, trails (including tread, structures, and improvements) will be 

restored to pre-burn conditions as soon as practicable.

4.2.5 Invasive Species

Guidelines for invasive species are intended to minimize or eliminate the spread of nonnative 

invasive species during project implementation.

Guidelines for Invasive Species

1. All ground-disturbing activities should be designed and implemented using practices for 

prevention of spread of nonnative invasive species. 

2. Contracts and permits should include provisions to prevent the introduction and/or spread 

of nonnative invasive species on National Forest System lands and resources. 

3. National Forests in Mississippi facilities, including administrative sites, campgrounds, and 

offices, should be maintained to be free of nonnative invasive species. 

4. Gravel and other soil or fill products used on National Forest System lands should come 

from pits that are free of nonnative invasive species. 

5. Noxious weed seed-free materials should be used for erosion control, mulch, and other 

purposes. 

6. Native or noninvasive nonnative species should be used when seeding temporary openings 
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Guidelines for Invasive Species

(temporary roads, skid trails, and log landings), wildlife food plots, or for use in erosion 

control. 

7. Treatment of nonnative invasive species should be considered in all project planning. 

Authorized uses of timber sale receipts should include needs for nonnative invasive species 

monitoring and treatment, as appropriate.

8. Personnel involved in nonnative invasive plant treatments should be able to identify 

federally listed, sensitive, and locally rare species to minimize or eliminate the risk of 

damage to these nontarget plant populations. 

9. Nonnative invasive species should be controlled where they are causing negative effects to 

rare ecological systems (see Table 1 for a list of rare ecological systems within this plan). 

Nonnative invasive plants should not be introduced into native communities, and regional 

guidance should be followed when considering the use of nonnative species in 

administrative and recreational sites.

10. Opportunity for introduction of nonnative invasive species during road construction and 

associated timber harvest should be minimized including washing equipment after use and 

before moving to the next site.

4.2.6 Pesticide Use

The following guidelines address both human and wildlife health and safety concerns for projects 

that may require the application of pesticides to achieve desired conditions.

Guidelines for Pesticides

1. A certified pesticide applicator should administer all pesticide application contracts and 

supervise any Forest Service personnel involved with the application of pesticides on the 

National Forests in Mississippi. 

2. Pesticide application rates should be the lowest rate effective in meeting project objectives.

3. Pesticide application rates, work duration, and methods of application should be within 

those found to have acceptable levels of risk to human and wildlife health based on Forest 

Service risk assessments provided by Washington Office Forest Health Protection. The 

Forest Service Washington Office Forest Health Protection risk assessments define 

acceptable risk as being a risk assessment for which no hazard quotient for an operational 

scenario exceeds 1.0.

4. For pesticide applications not covered by Washington Office Forest Health Protection risk 

assessments (application rates higher, application method differs, personnel exposure 

higher, new herbicide proposed for use, etc.), project specific risk assessment should 

indicate a hazard quotient less than or equal to 1 for human and wildlife exposures.

5. Herbicides should not be applied within 100 feet of any endangered or threatened plant 

species (or plant species of concern), unless analysis indicates herbicide use is the best way 

to protect the species from invasive weeds or promote the species, and application methods 

are selective to the target plants being treated.

6. Herbicide should not be applied within 100 horizontal feet of any public or domestic water 
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Guidelines for Pesticides

source. Selective treatments may occur within these buffers and/or aquatic ecosystems to 

prevent significant environmental damage such as noxious weed infestations. Aerial 

application of herbicide should not occur within 100 horizontal feet, and ground-applied

herbicides should not be within 30 horizontal feet of lakes, wetlands, or perennial or 

intermittent springs and streams if using a non-aquatic labeled herbicide. 

7. Pesticide mixing, loading, or container or equipment cleaning should not occur within 200 

feet of private land, open water or wells, or other sensitive areas.

8. Areas should not be burned under prescription for at least 30 days after herbicide 

treatment.

9. Weather is monitored and the project is suspended if temperature, humidity, or wind 

become unfavorable as shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Unfavorable wind conditions for applications

Application Type Temperatures

Higher Than

Humidity

Less Than

Wind (at Target)

Greater Than

Ground:

Hand (cut surface) Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable

Hand (other) 98 °F 20% 15 mph

Mechanical (liquid) 95 °F 30% 10 mph

Mechanical (granular) Not applicable Not applicable 10 mph

Aerial:

Liquid 90 °F 50% 5 mph

Granular Not applicable Not applicable 8 mph

10. Nozzles that produce large droplets (mean droplet size of 50 microns or larger) or streams 

of herbicide are used. Nozzles that produce fine droplets are used only for hand treatment 

where distance from nozzle to target does not exceed 8 feet.

11. People living within 1⁄4 mile of an area to be treated aerially will be notified during project 

planning and shortly before treatment.

12. Application equipment, empty containers, clothes worn during treatment, and skin are not 

cleaned in open water or wells. Mixing and cleaning water must come from a public water 

supply and be transported in separate labeled containers.

13. To avoid dissolved oxygen depletions for aquatic weed control applications, no more than 

half of the lake should be treated at one time.

14. Prior to rotenone treatment of lakes, the lake will be drawn down to prevent water flow 

through the spillway or outflow structure. The drainage structure would also be closed to

prevent water flow downstream. If rotenone escapes the treated area, potassium 

permanganate (KMnO4) should be used to neutralize it. Fish pickup (to the extent possible) 

and disposal should be done on the day of treatment.
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96 Land and Resource Management Plan

4.2.7 Lands and Special Uses

Guidelines for Lands and Special Uses

1. Land exchanges should not detract from the biological diversity of the forest, as 

determined in the biologist report(s) associated with the land exchange.

2. Land ownership adjustments should not dispose of habitat for threatened and endangered 

species within the boundaries of the national forest except with another agency or a tribal 

government with equivalent responsibility for the species’ protection.

3. Land ownership adjustments should not dispose of significant historical or archeological 

sites within the boundaries of the national forest except with another Federal or State 

agency or a tribal government with equivalent responsibility for cultural resources.

4. Special use authorizations for utilities should generally utilize the existing corridors across 

the National Forests in Mississippi.

5. When compatible, manage new land acquisitions according to the adjacent or surrounding 

Management Prescription Area(s). The determination of the suitability of the acquired 

lands for the various resource uses, including timber production, will follow the plan 

direction for the applicable Management Prescription Area(s). When not compatible, 

conduct an environmental analysis and prepare the appropriate decision document to 

amend the Forest Plan.

4.2.8 Minerals Management

Guidelines for Minerals Management

1. Minimize ground-disturbing effects by: (1) properly locating activities (i.e., access may be 

provided on necessity rather than convenience); (a) use previous disturbed areas (access 

routes) as much as possible; (b) avoid sensitive soils or soils with severe 

limitations/hazards (i.e., steep or unstable slopes, hydric soils, etc.) as much as possible; (2) 

limit activities when soils are wet (i.e., access may be restricted during wet seasons or 

following rainfall events).

2. A buffer of at least 250 feet would be the minimum allowance permitted for surface 

occupancy within riparian, wetlands, and floodplains. This provision would be based on 

site-specific analysis rather than a standard operating procedure.

3. To prevent the introduction and spread of non-native species onto the National Forest land, 

the operator shall ensure that all equipment moved onto National Forest land is free of soil, 

seeds, vegetative matter of other debris that could contain or hold nonnative species.

4. A timing stipulation restricting ground disturbing construction and drilling during the wet 

season from 11/30 thru 3/31 would be applied to all leases, when needed for site protection.

5. A controlled surface use stipulation would be applied to all leases containing areas larger 

than a 40-acre legal subdivision of high erosion hazard, steep slopes, or high susceptibility 

to wetness. A notice to lessee would be applied to leases where the high erosion hazard, 

steep slopes, or high susceptibility to wetness are less than a 40-acre legal subdivision.

6. A no surface occupancy stipulation would be applied to leases of special areas containing 
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Guidelines for Minerals Management

research, botanical, zoological, archaeological, or scenic areas.

7. A no surface occupancy stipulation would be applied to leases on developed recreation 

sites, administrative sites, and military site Camp Keller and portions of military site Camp 

Shelby on the De Soto National Forest. Special stipulations would also be applied to leases 

on Camp Shelby (refer to the National Forests in Mississippi Lands Available for Oil and 

Gas Leasing Environmental Assessment, dated August 2010, for a description of the 

special stipulations applicable to Camp Shelby).

8. A Lease Notice regarding a potential reservoir of 3,000 surface acres on the Bienville 

National Forest would be applied to leases in the portion of the potential reservoir.

9. Any new leases for lands in the Sandy Creek RARE II Further Study Area/Roadless Area 

would need to contain stipulations that address the road construction/reconstruction 

restrictions found in 36 CFR 294.

4.2.9 Cultural Resources

Guidelines for Cultural Resources

1. If previously undocumented cultural resources are encountered during ground-disturbing 

activities, those activities should be halted until site significance is determined.

2. Access to cemeteries should meet or exceed the type that existed when it became Federal 

property.

4.2.10 Administration, Facilities, Recreation, Wilderness, and Wild and

Scenic Rivers

Guidelines for Administration, Facilities, Recreation, Wilderness, and Wild & Scenic Rivers

1. When planning new structures, they should be as maintenance free, aesthetically pleasing,

and energy efficient as reasonably possible while optimally located to serve their intended 

purpose. All structures should be monitored to ensure they are necessary to support 

recreation and/or administrative activities on the National Forests in Mississippi.

2. OHVs may be used for administrative uses such as maintenance and inspection of trails, 

open lands and prescribed fire, and emergencies such as wildfire and search and rescue.

3. If unacceptable resource damage is identified in a section of any trail, that section should

be closed for mitigation, rerouted, and/or obliterated.

4. OHV use by the public may occur on routes and areas specifically designated as open to 

such vehicles on the National Forests in Mississippi’s motor vehicle use map. Permits may 

be issued for special events according to appropriateness and timing of the event.

5. Planning and development of trails, campsites, and other recreational facilities should 

include measures to provide protection for known occurrences important to conservation of 

threatened, endangered, sensitive, or locally rare species that are susceptible to damage or 

extirpation from trampling or other forms of human disturbance.
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98 Land and Resource Management Plan

Guidelines for Administration, Facilities, Recreation, Wilderness, and Wild & Scenic Rivers

6. Where recreational uses are negatively affecting rare ecological systems, and wetland 

systems, the use should be modified to reduce or eliminate negative effects. New 

recreational developments should be designed to avoid adverse effects to rare ecological 

systems, and wetland systems.

7. Trail marking should be considered and evaluated as part of routine trail condition surveys.

8. Management activities needed or considered for wilderness, wild and scenic river, and the 

Black Creek Corridor Scenic Area will be evaluated and implemented utilizing the 

standards and guidelines found in the Limits of Acceptable Change approved in 1994 for 

management of these designated areas. 

4.3 Management Area Prescriptions

Management areas are areas within the national forest that are similar in some respect. They may 

have similar features or uses or contain special attributes that must be taken into account when 

considering management activities. 

4.3.1 Ecosystem-based Management Areas

As discussed earlier, this forest plan has been developed around a primary theme of restoring and 

sustaining native ecological communities. The general locations and extent of the major 

ecosystems on the National Forests in Mississippi are mapped by ranger district and found in 

appendix F. These broad areas of similar ecological makeup constitute the management areas on 

the Forests where the collective management direction described in this plan will be applied. 

These ecologically based management areas do not have precise boundaries and may contain 

less-common ecosystems or other designated geologic areas or special uses that have additional 

requirements or different prescriptions. So, while management area prescriptions are generally 

ecosystem-based, future projects will also take into account the various uses within these systems 

that may have special limitations, such as wilderness, utility corridors, research natural areas, and 

other special uses.

As noted in chapter 2, existing ecosystems on the National Forests in Mississippi generally 

include a variety of widely distributed native pine and hardwood ecological systems, as well as 

rare communities that are often embedded within these major systems. The table below identifies 

the major ecological systems that comprise the management areas and the extent to which they 

occur on the National Forests in Mississippi. The management area prescriptions apply to the 

acres allocated to the management areas and implement the overall direction in the forest plan, 

including the desired conditions, objectives, management approach, standards, and guidelines. 

Specific guidance for managing the various categories of management areas are also identified in 

Forest Service policies and directives, national requirements, or individual project level 

management plans.

The management area acreages in Table 9 reflect beginning of first period (decade) vegetation 

management model allocations. A general description of the vegetative management practices for 

each major ecosystem is also included in the following sections.
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Table 9. Approximate land allocations for the ecosystem-based management areas

Management Areas Acres

Upland Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland 238,027

Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland 59,139

Loblolly Pine Forest 365,273

Slash Pine Forest 114,844

Dry Upland Hardwood Forest 105,885

Mesic Slope Forest 19,401

Southern Loblolly-Hardwood Flatwoods 78,662

Floodplain Forest 96,424

Lower Mississippi River Bottomland & Floodplain Forest 59,197

Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods 16,859

Upland Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland – Three to four thinnings would typically occur 

through the life of the stand. Thinnings for gopher tortoise management on priority soils 

(including dry buffer areas) would be lower density woodland thinnings. Stand replacement 

would be anticipated to occur about every 120 years. 

Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland – Three to four thinnings would typically occur 

through the life of the stand. On dry and xeric uplands, these thinnings may be to lower densities 

for woodland habitat management. Stand replacement would be anticipated to occur about every 

120 years. Where shortleaf pine occurs as a minor component on the forest, management may not 

be emphasized except for thinning.

Loblolly Pine Forest – The loblolly pine system consists of loblolly forests in upland settings, 

typically on dry or xeric sites and a small percentage of mesic site loblolly. Overabundance of the 

upland loblolly pine forest ecological system on the landscape is the most important characteristic 

of this system. Conversion of most of the dry upland loblolly pine forest to appropriate ecological 

systems is a high priority for long-term sustainability of the forest. Three to four thinnings would 

typically occur through the life of the stand. In the general forest area, stand replacement 

emphasis would be on restoring sites to appropriate systems such as longleaf or shortleaf pine and 

dry upland hardwood as early as age 20 at a rate generally not exceeding 16.7 percent per decade 

of existing loblolly forest. In red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management areas, stand 

replacement would not occur before age 31 or exceed 12.5 percent per decade. Mesic loblolly 

would be managed to the desired condition of mesic slope forest described below.

Slash Pine Forest – The slash pine system consists of slash forests in upland settings, on xeric to 

mesic sites and some floodplain slash. Overabundance of the slash pine forest ecological system 

on the landscape is the most important characteristic of this system. Converting most of the slash 

pine forest to appropriate ecological systems is a high priority for long-term sustainability of the 

forest. Three to four thinnings would typically occur through the life of the stand. In the general 

forest area, stand replacement emphasis would be on restoring appropriate systems such as 

longleaf or shortleaf pine and dry upland hardwood as early as age 20 at a rate generally not 

exceeding 16.7 percent per decade of existing slash forest. In red-cockaded woodpecker habitat 

management areas, stand replacement would not occur before age 31 or exceed 8.3 percent per 

decade. Slash occurring in floodplains would be managed to desired condition for floodplain 

forests described below.
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100 Land and Resource Management Plan

Northern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest – One to two thinnings may occur through the life of 

the stand. On xeric uplands, these thinnings may be to lower densities for woodland habitat 

management. Stand replacement could start around age 90 and be anticipated to occur about 

every 130 years. Harvests in these hardwood forest settings to meet vegetation management 

objectives are not a high priority.

Southern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest – The management practices for southern dry upland 

hardwood forest setting are generally the same as described above for the northern dry upland 

hardwood forest. 

Southern Loess Bluff Forest – This management area only occurs on the Homochitto National 

Forest on loess soils and the management prescription is to manage for southern loess bluff forest 

on loess soils. However, the management practices are generally the same as for the southern dry 

upland hardwood forest above.

Southern Mesic Slope Forest – This system consists of a hardwood-dominated forest on mesic 

slopes. One to two thinnings may occur through the life of the stand. Stand replacement could 

start around age 90 and be anticipated to occur about every 200 years. Harvests in these 

hardwood forest settings to meet vegetation management objectives are not a high priority.

Northern Mesic Hardwood Forest – The management practices for Northern Mesic Hardwood 

Forest settings are generally the same as described above for the southern mesic slopes forest. 

Southern Loblolly-Hardwood Flatwoods – This loblolly pine system located on the Bienville 

National Forest consists of loblolly forests in mesic flatwoods settings. Three to four thinnings 

would typically occur through the life of the stand. This system is generally within the redcockaded woodpecker habitat management area. Stand replacement would not occur before age 

80 or exceed 12.5 percent per decade.

Floodplain Forest – This management area is hardwood-dominated forest on alluvial soils. The 

management practices are generally the same as described above for the southern mesic slope 

forest. 

Lower Mississippi River Bottomland & Floodplain Forest – This management area is located 

on the Delta National Forest. This system consists of a hardwood-dominated forest. One to two 

thinnings may occur through the life of the stand. Stand replacement could start around age 90 

and be anticipated to occur about every 200 years. Harvests in this hardwood forest setting are for 

maintaining wildlife habitat and ecological diversity.

Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods – This management area is located on the De Soto National Forest 

and not appropriate for timber production. This system consists of longleaf pine and slash on nonriverine hydric soils. The existing pine component in this ecosystem will be managed for either 

woodland, essentially treeless savanna or herbaceous seepage bog as appropriate based on soils 

and hydrology. 

4.3.2 Designated Geographic Areas

Within the broad management areas across the National Forests in Mississippi, there are distinct, 

defined geographic areas that have special characteristics or uses, which may modify or take 

precedence over management area prescriptions for ecosystems. These designated geographic 

areas include a variety of distinctive uses or settings with exceptional or uncommon botanical, 

scenic, research, wilderness, recreational, or archaeological values. 

Many of these areas exhibit or support the desired attributes and diversity toward which this plan 

is directed. For example, some designated geographic areas are mature examples of desired 
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Land and Resource Management Plan 101

ecosystems and serve as some of the best locations of mid-sized or larger expanses of old growth 

conditions on the National Forests in Mississippi. These areas also provide sites for native 

ecosystems, habitats for species diversity, refuge areas for aquatic and terrestrial wildlife and 

threatened and endangered species, mid-sized to large patches of old growth forest communities, 

experimental sites for vegetation management practices, unique recreational opportunities, and 

desirable scenic conditions. Designating and managing these areas for their special characteristics 

are part of our strategy for moving toward desired conditions. 

The following is a list and description of designated geographic areas on the National Forests in 

Mississippi. Maps of these geographic areas can be viewed through links for each district in 

appendix F.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Management Areas 

The red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management areas are found on the Bienville, 

Chickasawhay, De Soto, and Homochitto National Forests. General uses on these areas differ 

based on whether they are “cluster” sites where bird colonies nest, or the larger, adjacent foraging 

areas. See appendix F: Administrative Unit Maps for link to view a map of each habitat 

management area.

Administrative Areas 

Administrative areas on the National Forests in Mississippi are mainly work centers and district 

offices, but they also include facilities with a more defined purpose such as the Erambert and 

Black Creek Seed Orchards, the Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center jointly operated by 

USDA and Natural Resource Conservation Service, and the upper part of Paul B. Johnson State 

Park located on National Forest System land. Administrative areas generally have limited uses 

due to restricted public access for safety and security reasons. Administrative Areas are not 

suitable for timber production. However, timber harvest may be used to facilitate management. 

Developed Recreation Areas

Developed recreation sites on the National Forests in Mississippi include campgrounds, picnic 

areas, boat ramps, swimming areas, and associated constructed facilities. Developed recreation 

areas are not suitable for timber production. Timber harvest may however be used to facilitate 

management.

Botanical Areas

Designated botanical management areas are generally good representatives of native ecological 

systems such as longleaf pines, floodplain hardwoods, prairies, or southern mesophytic forests. 

These sites provide habitats for an array of characteristic species, popular demand species, 

threatened, endangered and sensitive species, and locally rare species. Botanical areas will be 

managed to restore, maintain and protect the unique botanical characteristics for which each has 

been designated to represent. Botanical areas are not suitable for 

timber production. However, timber harvest may be used to 

facilitate management. Designated botanical areas on the 

National Forests in Mississippi include the following:

• Harrell Prairie Botanical Area (Bienville National 

Forest, 153 acres): Harrell Prairie Hill comprises the 

largest and best example of native tall grass prairie from the 

Jackson Prairie and is designated as a national natural 

landmark. It has been the focus of restoration work dating 
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102 Land and Resource Management Plan

back to the mid-1980s and is further along in restoration than any other known relict of this 

type in Mississippi. The Jackson Prairie is healthy and provides the necessary habitat 

conditions to support a full array of native prairie species such as Indian grass, bluestem 

grasses, rosinweeds, prairie-clovers, yellow-puffs, prairie cone-flowers, and others. 

• Tiger Creek Botanical Area (Chickasawhay Ranger District, De Soto National Forest, 

375 acres): This site is located on a minor stream bottom. Dominant species are white oak, 

southern magnolia, and loblolly pine. As an undisturbed representation of a floodplain forest

ecological community, the area serves as an area in which natural biological diversity is 

conserved. 

• Red Hills Botanical Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest, 194 acres): 

The Red Hills are an area of deeply dissected terrain overlooking Black Creek. The ridgetops, 

moist slopes, and ravines support a rich flora typical of the forest commonly called “beechmagnolia.” The southern mesophytic forest is intact and the hydrologic function of associated 

springs and seeps is intact. 

• Laurel Oak Botanical Area (Chickasawhay Ranger District, De Soto National Forest, 

277 acres): As a botanical area, this area provides undisturbed baseline area to monitor 

changes in natural conditions associated with management of similar areas and serves as an 

area in which natural biological diversity is conserved. The area is a minor stream bottom 

with stands predominated by laurel oak and loblolly pine. This botanical area is a new 

designation established by this plan.

• Railroad Creek Titi Botanical Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest, 

451 acres): This botanical area includes an impressive and extensive stand of 30-feet-tall, 4-

to 7-inch-diameter buckwheat trees beneath a slash pine-dominated swamp forest along a 

black water creek. Swamp titi is also present but is not dominant. This area provides an 

undisturbed baseline to monitor changes in natural conditions associated with management of 

similar areas and serves as an area in which natural biological diversity is conserved. This 

botanical area is a new designation established by this plan.

• L ittle Florida Botanical Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest,

121 acres): Little Florida contains the most extensive and highest quality xeric sandhill 

community with longleaf pine forest, saw palmetto, and other characteristic species 

remaining in Mississippi. Several plant species such as scarlet basil and littleleaf milkpea 

reach the western limits of their range at this site. The sand ridge is surrounded by more 

typical mesic longleaf forest and several drainages. This botanical area is a new designation 

established by this plan.

• Pitcher Plant Botanical Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto 

National Forest, 251 acres): The Pitcher Plant Botanical Area consists 

of three distinct and rather unique “quaking bogs” in relatively close 

proximity to each other. Vegetation in these bogs “floats” atop a saturated 

layer of peat atop an impervious sand layer 2 meters or more below the 

surface. This botanical area provides habitat for a variety of bog species 

as well as more common and diagnostic members of this ecosystem 

including pitcher plants, sundews, grasses, and sedges. This botanical 

area is a new designation established by this plan.
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Land and Resource Management Plan 103

• Buttercup Flat Botanical Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest,

164 acres): The Buttercup Flat Botanical Area consists of a scenic pitcher plant savanna

along State Highway 26. The savanna is intact hydrologically and provides habitat for a wide 

variety of common and diagnostic members of this system including pitcher plants, sundews, 

grasses, and sedges. This botanical area is a new designation established by this plan.

• Loblolly Bay Botanical Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest,

93 acres): This botanical area is a classic bayhead community with sweetbay, swamp gum 

and slash pine as common dominants with yellow poplar, red maple, and water oak less 

common. Loblolly bay is present here in good numbers. The bayhead community provides 

habitat for the uncommon loblolly bay. Gopher tortoises live on the adjacent uplands, which 

support longleaf pine. This botanical area is a new designation established by this plan.

• Ragland Hills Botanical Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest,

237 acres): The Ragland Hills Area is a classic southern mesophytic forest in deeply 

dissected ravines separated by well-drained ridgetops that support longleaf pine. National 

Forest System lands are flanked by land owned by the University of Southern Mississippi and 

the Mississippi National Guard. Together these three publicly owned tracts offer opportunity 

for a multi-agency natural area preserve. The endemic big-leaf witch-hazel has recently been 

described from this community. This area provides an undisturbed baseline site on which to 

monitor changes in natural conditions associated with management of similar areas and 

serves as an area in which natural biological diversity is conserved. This botanical area is a 

new designation established by this plan.

• Wyatt Hills Botanical Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest,

100 acres): The Wyatt Hills is an area of locally high topographic relief deeply dissected into 

narrow ridges, ravines, and bottomland forests along small creeks. It is notable for its woody 

plant diversity. Over 70 species of trees, shrubs and woody vines have been recorded, 

including 7 species of oak, 5 species of magnolia, 4 pines, 4 hollies, 4 blueberries, and 3 catbriers. Florida anisetree is by far the most common shrub on slopes, with mountain laurel 

thickets along the ridge crests. This botanical area is a new designation established by this 

plan.

• Cypress Bayou Botanical Area (Delta National Forest, 262 acres): The Cypress Bayou 

Botanical Area is a tract of old growth delta bottomland hardwood forest dominated by 

overcup oak. Timber was established on the stand in 1874 and has not been cut since. Other 

dominant trees include green ash, sugarberry, bitter pecan, Nuttall oak and sweetgum. This 

botanical area is a new designation established by this plan.

• LA-2 Botanical Area (Holly Springs National Forest, 12 acres): This is an area of oldgrowth hardwood forest in steep topography that was identified as being one of the best 

remaining areas of old-growth forest in Mississippi’s lignite belt during a 1980s evaluation 

done by Dr. Frank Miller at Mississippi State University’s remote sensing laboratory under 

contract to Mississippi Natural Heritage Program. This botanical area is a new designation 

established by this plan.

• LA-6 Botanical Area (Holly Springs National Forest, 158 acres): This is an area of oldgrowth hardwood forest in steep topography that was identified as being one of the best 

remaining areas of old-growth forest in Mississippi’s lignite belt during a 1980s evaluation 

done by Dr. Frank Miller at Mississippi State University’s remote sensing laboratory under 
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

National Forests in Mississippi

104 Land and Resource Management Plan

contract to Mississippi Natural Heritage Program. This botanical area is a new designation 

established by this plan.

• Sandy Creek Botanical Area (Homochitto National Forest, 300 acres): This is an area of 

mesic to dry mesic loessial forest. Dominant species are various hardwoods with scattered 

loblolly pine that are dropping out of the stand as the stand ages. The stand is about 70 years 

old. This area provides undisturbed baseline sites on which to monitor changes in natural 

conditions associated with management of similar areas and serves as an area in which 

natural biological diversity is conserved. This botanical area is a new designation established 

by this plan.

• Shagbark Hickory Botanical Area (Tombigbee National Forest, 109 acres): The Shagbark 

Hickory Botanical Area is an area of mesic hardwood in steep highly dissected terrain that 

had been utilized as outdoor classroom for many years by professors and students of 

Mississippi State University. This area provides educational opportunities as an outdoor 

classroom for future students and professors. This botanical area is a new designation 

established by this plan.

• Choctaw #4 Botanical Area (Tombigbee National Forest, 45 acres): This is an area of oldgrowth hardwood forest in steep topography that was identified as being one of the best 

remaining areas of old-growth forest in Mississippi’s lignite belt during a 1980s evaluation 

done by Dr. Frank Miller at Mississippi State University’s remote sensing laboratory under 

contract to Mississippi Natural Heritage Program. This botanical area is a new designation 

established by this plan.

• Prairie Mount Botanical Area (Tombigbee National Forest, 370 acres): The Prairie Mount 

Botanical Area represents a good example of the native tall grass prairie from the Black Belt 

region. The Black Belt Prairie provides the necessary habitat conditions to support a full array 

of native prairie species such as indiangrass, bluestem grasses, rosinweeds, prairie-clovers, 

yellow-puffs, prairie cone-flowers, and others. This area provides undisturbed baseline sites 

on which to monitor changes in natural conditions associated with management of similar 

areas and serves as an area in which natural biological diversity is conserved. This botanical 

area is a new designation established by this plan.

• Bogue Cully Botanical Area (Tombigbee National Forest, 500 acres): The Bogue Cully 

Botanical Area represents a good example of the native tall grass prairie from the Black Belt 

region. The Black Belt Prairie provides the necessary habitat conditions to support a full array 

of native prairie species such as Indian grass, bluestem grasses, rosinweeds, prairie-clovers, 

yellow-puffs, prairie cone-flowers, and others. This area provides undisturbed baseline sites 

on which to monitor changes in natural conditions associated with management of similar 

areas and serves as an area in which natural biological diversity is conserved. This botanical 

area is a new designation established by this plan.

Scenic Areas

Scenic areas contribute to the desired naturally appearing character of the National Forests in 

Mississippi, including the old-growth loblolly-shortleaf pine forests in the Bienville Pines Scenic 

Area and the picturesque river setting along the Black Creek Wild and Scenic River. The 

designated scenic areas will be managed to maintain highly valued scenic qualities. Scenic areas 

are not suitable for timber production. However, timber harvest may be used to facilitate 

management. The designated scenic areas on the National Forests in Mississippi include:
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 105

• Bienville Pines Scenic Area (Bienville National Forest, 189 acres): The Bienville Pines 

Scenic Area is a designated national natural landmark and was established to showcase the 

original old-growth loblolly pine-shortleaf pine forest that was typical of the area before 

logging. The mill owner kept the site from being logged as a monument to what was, and it 

was passed on to the Forest Service intact. The Bienville Pines Scenic Area continues to 

provide visitors the opportunity to witness trees that were once part of the original forest 

before logging and to witness the effects of change as these old trees are dying of natural 

causes and being replaced. 

• Black Creek Corridor Scenic Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest, 

9,149 acres): This area consists of a 1⁄4-mile-wide corridor on either side of Black Creek, 

beginning at the Big Creek landing and ending at Alexander Bridge; a distance of about 41 

miles. It includes the designated Black Creek Wild and Scenic River and all portions of the 

corridor are managed the same as the designated scenic river section (see below).

Wild and Scenic Rivers

One designated wild and scenic river is located on the National Forests in Mississippi. 

• Black Creek Wild and Scenic River (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest, 

21 miles): Black Creek is the only congressionally designated wild and scenic river in the 

state. It is a tributary of the Pascagoula River, which flows into the Gulf of Mexico. Twentyone miles of Black Creek within the De Soto Ranger District (between Moody’s Landing and 

Fairley Bridge Landing) are designated in a scenic classification. Generally, Black Creek has 

been described as having outstanding scenery due to 

the highly varied terrain, wide sandbars, 

overhanging vegetation, and steep bluffs. Mosscovered banks and colorful vertical bluffs add to the 

picturesque setting. Little evidence of man is 

noticeable along the designated river except where 

Highway 29 crosses near Janice Landing. The 

outstandingly remarkable values are the scenery and 

recreational attributes that make the river corridor a 

popular destination for canoeing, fishing, and other 

water-based recreation. Black Creek is also potential 

habitat for the federally threatened Gulf Sturgeon. A system of trails provides access along 

the Black Creek corridor. The Black Creek Trail is a designated national recreation trail. 

A total of 41 miles of Black Creek were studied for wild and scenic river suitability. Only 21 

miles were deemed eligible and in 1986, these became the congressionally designated Black 

Creek Wild and Scenic River. The density of private land in these undesignated sections of 

the creek was a key issue in why these segments were not included in the congressional 

designation. As lands are acquired within the designated or undesignated portions of Black 

Creek they will be evaluated for possible annexation and expansion of the scenic river

corridor. 

The management emphasis for the Black Creek Wild and Scenic River is to maintain the 

river’s outstandingly remarkable scenic and recreation values, and to preserve it’s freeflowing condition. Both the Black Creek Wild and Scenic River and the Black Creek Scenic 

Corridor are not suitable for timber production. However, timber harvest may be used to 

address management needs, such as maintaining diversity, in those portions of the corridor 

outside the designated Black Creek Wilderness. 
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

National Forests in Mississippi

106 Land and Resource Management Plan

Within the scenic corridor, but outside of the wilderness, timber management activities such 

as creating small openings and thinning/improvement cuts, would only be done to maintain 

the pine, hardwood and mixed pine-hardwood components in a healthy, vigorous condition. 

All regeneration activities in the created openings will be by natural means. However, there 

could be times when artificial regeneration methods will be required to successfully 

regenerate openings created by natural means. No timber harvesting will be allowed within 

300 feet of the bank of Black Creek except for the control of insect and disease infestations. 

Other resource management activities including prescribed burning, watershed restoration, 

and erosion control may also be implemented for the protection and enhancement of wildlife, 

watershed, and recreational values. These activities would be minor in nature and will not 

diminish the scenic value and character of the Corridor. Trails and recreation areas will be 

maintained at current levels to provide basic customer/user services and facilities that are 

natural appearing and fit natural surroundings. Any future development will be for providing 

basic customer and resource protection needs.

Detailed management direction was developed for the Black Creek Wild and Scenic River 

using the limits of acceptable change process. This management direction was amended into 

the 1985 Land and Resource Management Plan in 1994 and the applicable standards and 

guidelines (which are identified in the “Limits of Acceptable Change – Vol. I” document 

under “Step 5 – Specifications for Standards for Resource and Social Conditions”) are

brought forward and incorporated by reference into this Revised Land and Resource 

Management Plan. The standards and guidelines identified in “Step 5” vary by opportunity 

class as delineated in “Step 2 – Opportunity Class Definitions and Descriptions” of the 

“Limits of Acceptable Change – Vol. I” document. 

Wilderness Areas

The two wilderness areas designated on the National Forests in Mississippi are protected, 

managed, and monitored to preserve their wilderness character and provide habitat for sustaining 

a diversity of species. The more “remote” parts of these wilderness areas will be managed to 

provide for semi-primitive recreation experiences with natural processes occurring. The 

remaining parts of the wilderness areas can provide for more intensive recreation uses, and some 

recreation site and trail modifications could occur. Wilderness areas are not suitable for timber 

production and are not appropriate for timber harvesting activities. 

• Black Creek Wilderness Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest, 

5,052 acres): The Black Creek Wilderness is named after its dominant feature, Black 

Creek, which bisects the wilderness, creating a large hardwood floodplain containing 

oxbow lakes and stands of sweetgum, loblolly pine, spruce pine, willow oak, bald

cypress, sweetbay and red maple. Under provisions of the Clean Air Act, this wilderness 

is classified as a class II area, the same as all other National Forest System lands in 

Mississippi. Most of the Black Creek Wilderness occupies part of the broad valley of 

Black Creek. Relief is fairly gentle with elevations ranging from 100 to 130 feet above 

sea level within the creek valley, and up to 270 feet above sea level on the adjoining 

uplands. This area is predominately pine and pine hardwood, with hardwoods along the 

drainages. The Black Creek Wilderness is potential habitat for the federally endangered 

Louisiana black bear. The only development in the area is the Black Creek Trail; no other 

facilities are provided. This area offers semi-primitive recreation opportunities and 

moderate levels of solitude. 

• Leaf Wilderness Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest, 994 acres): 

The Leaf Wilderness (994 acres) lies almost entirely on the floodplain of the west-to-east 
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 107

flowing Leaf River. Except for a small upland area on the extreme western edge of the 

wilderness, the area primarily consists of meandering sloughs, oxbow lakes, and level 

terrain with spruce-pine forest or oak-gum-cypress river bottom types. The upland is 

covered in loblolly and shortleaf pines. Elevations average 50 feet mean sea level. The 

Leaf Wilderness Area offers semi-primitive recreation opportunities and moderate levels 

of solitude. 

Detailed management direction was developed for the Black Creek and Leaf Wilderness Areas 

using the limits of acceptable change process. This management direction was amended into the 

1985 Land and Resource Management Plan in 1994 and the applicable standards and guidelines 

(which are identified in the “Limits of Acceptable Change – Vol. I” document under “Step 5 –

Specifications for Standards for Resource and Social Conditions”) are brought forward and 

incorporated by reference into this Revised Land and Resource Management Plan. The standards 

and guidelines identified in “Step 5” vary by opportunity class as delineated in “Step 2 –

Opportunity Class Definitions and Descriptions” of the “Limits of Acceptable Change – Vol. I”

document. These opportunity classes also include delineating the “remote” sections of the 

wilderness areas.

Archaeological Sites

The Owl Creek Mounds and the Dowling Bayou archaeological sites protect Indian mounds and 

village sites and support the desired conditions for cultural resources. Management activities will 

provide protection, study opportunity, and public access consistent with Forest Service Manual 

guidance for the designation. Archaeological sites are not suitable for timber production. 

However, timber harvest may be used to facilitate management.

• Dowling Bayou Archaeological Site (Delta National Forest, 10 acres): Dowling Bayou 

Archaeological Site is an Indian mound and village site on the Delta National Forest. It dates 

from the late woodland period (A.D. 800) and is a classic example of the mounds of this 

period. The cultural resources are protected and available for research.

• Owl Creek Mounds Archaeological Site (Tombigbee 

National Forest, 29 acres): Owl Creek Mounds 

Archaeological Site is an Indian mound and village 

site on the Tombigbee National Forest. It dates from 

the late woodland period (A.D. 800) and is a classic 

example of the mounds of this period. This site is 

listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The 

cultural resources are protected and available for 

research.

Recreational Areas

These geographical management areas have special recreation attributes or management 

emphasizes that predominate other resource management activities for the area and contribute to 

achieving overall recreation management strategies.

• Unmanaged Forty Recreation Area (Chickasawhay Ranger District, De Soto National 

Forest, 41 acres): The “Unmanaged Forty” is part of the 1935 Gavin Slash Pine Plantation 

and has been withdrawn from timber and fire management activities by Forest Supervisors 

since 1945. It is part of the Gavin Auto Tour. This auto tour uses interpretive signs to inform 

visitors about south Mississippi's beautiful pine forests, and the practices used to manage 

these renewable resources. Sites along the 11-mile tour include mature pine timber; natural 

and artificial regeneration areas; game forage plots; prescribed burn areas; and this 
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

National Forests in Mississippi

108 Land and Resource Management Plan

unmanaged 40 acres of timber. The Unmanaged Forty will be protected, but continue to not 

be managed actively. The Unmanaged Forty Recreation Area is not suitable for timber 

production and is not appropriate for timber harvest. 

• Hawk’s Nest Backcountry Area (Ackerman Unit, Tombigbee National Forest, 4,431 

acres): The Hawk’s Nest area contains unusually high terrain for Mississippi and potential 

scenic values. There are 24 miles of developed mountain bike trails and 12 miles of interior 

forest roads in the area. Suitability for various uses in this area is the same as the ecosystembased management areas that comprise the area. However, management for the area 

emphasizes retaining more undeveloped characteristics with a remote roaded natural (RN2) 

Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) classification. Interaction with other users is low, 

but with evidence of other users prevalent.

Experimental Forests

Desired conditions are for healthy and resilient forests for a broad range of studies such as stand 

management, watershed management, restoration of wildlife and plant populations, maintenance 

of biological diversity, and effects of disturbances such as climate change. These areas are less 

disturbed than is typical for this region and provide a valuable baseline for monitoring changes in 

natural conditions on National Forest System lands. Experimental Forest will be managed 

cooperatively to support the research objectives of the Southern Research Station Unit assigned 

responsibility for use of the area. Experimental forests are not suitable for timber production. 

However, timber harvest may be used to facilitate management or research. Existing experimental 

forests on the National Forests in Mississippi include:

• Harrison Experimental Forest (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest, 4,066 

acres): Scientists in Forest Service research work units use the Harrison Experimental Forest 

as a site for their studies and demonstration projects in conjunction with the National Forests 

in Mississippi and the De Soto Ranger District. Among the experiments conducted on this 

forest are studies on stand management and regeneration, restoration of wildlife and plant 

populations, watershed management, and the effects of pollution, climate change, and timber 

harvest. 

• Tallahatchie Experimental Forest (Holly Springs National Forest, 3,502 acres): Scientists 

in research work units use the Tallahatchie Experimental Forest as a site for their studies and 

demonstration projects in conjunction with the National Forests in Mississippi. Among the 

experiments conducted on these forests are studies on stand management and regeneration,

restoration of wildlife and plant populations, watershed management, and the effects of 

pollution, climate change, and timber harvest. 

Research Natural Areas

Research natural areas have complex requirements for designation. These areas must be viable 

preserves from a research perspective and provide a niche that is not already in place. Research 

natural areas are not suitable for timber production. Timber harvest is generally not allowed 

unless the establishment record allows it. The following research natural areas have been 

established and are designated on the National Forests in Mississippi:

• Harrison Research Natural Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National Forest, 113 

acres): This area contains an extensive and high-quality xeric longleaf pine forest with saw 

palmetto and other characteristic species. The sand ridge is surrounded by more typical mesic 

longleaf forest and several drainages. This xeric sandhill community remains a healthy 

example of its type. As an established research natural area, this area provides undisturbed 
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 109

baseline areas to monitor changes in natural conditions associated with management of 

similar areas. As an undisturbed representation of an ecological community, it serves as an 

area in which natural biological diversity is conserved.

• Red Gum Research Natural Area (Delta National Forest, 40 acres): The Red Gum 

Research Natural Area is a stand of huge sweet gum trees, some of them over 300 years old. 

This is a “ridge bottom” delta forest with dense understory of dwarf palmetto and switchcane. 

This relatively undisturbed Mississippi River Delta bottomland hardwood forest has never 

been logged. This example of Mississippi River bottomland hardwood forest is intact and 

properly functioning hydrologically. As an established research natural area, this area 

provides undisturbed baseline sites on which to monitor changes in natural conditions 

associated with management of similar areas. As an undisturbed representation of an 

ecological community, it serves as an area in which natural biological diversity is conserved. 

• Overcup Oak-Water Hickory Research Natural Area (Delta National Forest,

40 acres): The Overcup Oak-Water Hickory Research Natural Area is remnant of virgin 

bottomland forest in the Mississippi River Delta Region. The forest is dominated by large 

overcup oaks and water hickories estimated to be about 200 years old. This example of 

Mississippi River bottomland hardwood forest is intact and properly functioning 

hydrologically. As an established research natural area, this area provides undisturbed 

baseline sites on which to monitor changes in natural conditions associated with management 

of similar areas. As an undisturbed representation of an ecological community, it serves as an 

area in which natural biological diversity is conserved.

• Green Ash-Sugarberry Research Natural Area (Delta National Forest, 67 acres): The 

Green Ash-Sugarberry Research Natural Area is a remnant of the virgin bottomland 

hardwood forest that once covered the Mississippi River Delta. This research natural area has 

huge green ash trees that are in excess of 250 years old. This example of Mississippi River 

bottomland hardwood forest is intact and properly functioning hydrologically. As an 

established research natural area, this area provides undisturbed baseline sites on which to 

monitor changes in natural conditions associated with management of similar areas. As an 

undisturbed representation of an ecological community, it serves as an area in which natural 

biological diversity is conserved.

• Noxubee Crest Research Natural Area (Tombigbee National Forest, 552 acres): The 

Noxubee Crest Research Natural Area encompasses the headwaters of a branch of the Little 

Noxubee River. Much of the uplands are old agricultural field areas that were abandoned in 

the 1930s, but the steep side slopes and creek bottoms contain fine examples of 120-year-old 

and older shortleaf pine-oak-hickory forest. Noxubee Crest continues to provide habitat for 

wooded spring seep and dry-mesic mixed oak forest. Hydrological function of associated 

seeps and springs is intact. As a research natural area, this area provides undisturbed baseline

sites on which to monitor changes in natural conditions associated with management of 

similar areas. As an undisturbed representation of an ecological community, it serves as an 

area in which natural biological diversity is conserved.

• Chuquatonchee Bluffs Research Natural Area (Tombigbee National Forest,

218 acres): This bluff area is on a steep north-facing mesic slope overlooking the 

floodplain of Chuquatonchee Creek. This is an old-growth Pontotoc Ridge forest. 

Aerial photographs dated 1937 show trees in the area with large crowns. The area 

supports a rich flora. 

The bluff area continues to support healthy examples of the Pontotoc Ridge forest type. 

Hydrological function of associated seeps and springs is intact. As a research natural 
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

National Forests in Mississippi

110 Land and Resource Management Plan

area, this area provides undisturbed baseline sites on which to monitor changes in natural 

conditions associated with management of similar areas. As an undisturbed 

representation of an ecological community, it serves as an area in which natural 

biological diversity is conserved.

• Nutmeg Hickory Research Natural Area (Bienville National Forest, 307 acres): This 

calcareous variant of floodplain forest ecological system is being established as a new 

research natural area. It is a mature wet-mesic floodplain forest dominated by mature 

specimens of native prairie forest species such as nutmeg hickory, Durand oak, and big 

shellbark hickory. This area provides undisturbed baseline areas to monitor changes in natural 

conditions associated with management of similar areas and serves as an area in which 

natural biological diversity is conserved.

• Granny Creek Bay Research Natural Area (De Soto Ranger District, De Soto National 

Forest, 127 acres): This area is being established as a new research natural area. Granny 

Creek Bay is a large spring seep and associated seepage swamp of exceptional quality. It has 

been the focus of research conducted by biologists with the University of Southern 

Mississippi and the Mississippi Natural Heritage Program. This area provides undisturbed 

baseline areas to monitor changes in natural conditions associated with management of 

similar areas and serves as an area to conserve natural biological diversity.

4.4 Suitability of Uses

National Forest System lands are suitable for a variety of uses (36 CFR 219), including outdoor 

recreation, livestock grazing, timber, wildlife, wilderness, energy resource development, cultural 

and heritage interpretation, and watershed purposes, among others. An area is suitable for uses 

that are compatible with desired conditions and objectives for that area. The primary uses on 

National Forests in Mississippi lands where management area prescription suitability 

determinations may differ are:

• timber (both production and harvest)

• recreation

• minerals (leasing and surface extraction)

• special uses (such as utility corridors, easements, and driveways)

• fire management (prescribed burns)

Certain uses (timber, recreation, minerals, special uses, and use of fire as a management tool) are 

more compatible with some portions of the National Forests in Mississippi than others. Table 10

displays the suitability of these uses on a broad scale for the major geographic areas of the 

Forests. In some cases, uses or areas are subdivided when there are important distinctions within

a use or within a general area of the Forests. Notable exceptions or extenuating circumstances are 

further described in the discussion that follows.
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 111

Table 10. Suitability of areas for various uses on the National Forests in Mississippi

Management Areas of 

the Forest

Uses

Timber

Production Recreation

Minerals

Special 

Uses Fire Uses

Leasing Surface 

Extraction

Ecosystem-based 

management areas Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

Red-cockaded 

woodpecker habitat 

management areas

Clusters Not suitable Suitable Suitable

Not 

suitable

Not 

suitable Suitable

Foraging Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

Administrative areas Not suitable Not suitable Suitable Not 

suitable

Not 

suitable

Not 

suitable

Riparian areas Suitable Suitable Suitable Not 

suitable Suitable Suitable

Special areas

Wild & scenic river 

corridor Not suitable Suitable Suitable

Not 

suitable Suitable Suitable

Wilderness Not suitable Suitable Not 

suitable

Not 

suitable

Not 

suitable Suitable

Botanical, scenic, & 

archaeological Not suitable Suitable Suitable Not suitable

Not 

suitable Suitable

Research natural 

areas

Not suitable Suitable Suitable Not 

suitable

Not 

suitable Suitable

Experimental forests Not suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

Developed recreation 

areas

Not suitable Suitable Suitable Not 

suitable

Not 

suitable

Not 

suitable

Old growth Not suitable Suitable Suitable Not 

suitable

Not 

suitable Suitable

Nonforested lands Not suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

Water Not suitable Suitable Suitable Not 

suitable

Not 

suitable

Not 

suitable

4.4.1 Forest Land Suitability for Timber Production

Determination of suitability of National Forest System lands for timber production and harvest is 

a requirement under the National Forest Management Act. National Forest System lands are 

classified into three categories related to timber production suitability:

• lands tentatively suitable for timber production,

• lands suitable for timber production, and

• lands not suitable for timber production.

Lands not suitable for timber production include lands withdrawn from timber production by 

statute, executive order, regulation, Secretary of Agriculture or the Chief, as well as non-forest 
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

National Forests in Mississippi

112 Land and Resource Management Plan

land. The remaining lands are classified as “tentatively suitable for timber production”, which 

comprises most of the land base (97 percent) on the National Forests in Mississippi.

The lands classified as not suitable for timber production also includes those lands identified as 

“not appropriate” for timber production. The near coast flatwoods ecological system and areas 

identified on the National Forests in Mississippi preliminary list of possible old growth are 

considered not appropriate for timber production. Timber production is not compatible with the 

open woodland savanna and bog or old growth desired condition of these sites. Areas have also 

been identified as not appropriate for timber production during past inventories due to site 

characteristics, uses, barriers to management or red-cockaded woodpecker management guides. 

After the lands that are not appropriate for timber production are identified, the remaining lands 

are classified as “suitable for timber production.” Most of the land base (81 percent) on the 

National Forests in Mississippi is considered suitable for timber production.

The table below summarizes acres for the timber land suitability classification categories. These 

land classifications are subject to change based on field inventory and subsequent classifications.

Table 11. National Forests in Mississippi timber suitability totals

Classification Approximate Acres

Total National Forest System Land 1,172,524

Non-forest lands 18,826

Lands that have been withdrawn from timber production 14,426

Lands where technology is not available to ensure timber production 

would not cause irreversible resource damage

Lands where there is no reasonable assurance they can be adequately 

restocked

Lands Tentatively Suitable for Timber Production 1,139,282

Lands where timber production is not compatible with achieving desired 

conditions and objectives (Lands not appropriate for timber production) 185,017

Lands Suitable for Timber Production 954,265

Lands Not Suitable For Timber Production 218,269

4.4.2 Recreation Use 

The National Forests in Mississippi are suited for a variety of dispersed recreation uses such as 

hunting, fishing, hiking, horseback riding, biking, nature study, driving for pleasure, and wildlife 

viewing. These recreation uses are suitable for most areas on the Forests, although OHV use is 

suited only for designated routes and trails. The only areas not suitable for dispersed recreation 

uses are administrative areas, which are closed to the public due to safety and security reasons.

Developed recreation use is associated with specific sites on the National Forests in Mississippi. 

These areas often include developed infrastructure and are suitable for a variety of uses but are 

not suitable for timber production, minerals surface extraction, special uses, and prescribed fire 

use.
Chapter 4. Design Criteria

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 113

4.4.3 Minerals Use

For Mississippi, minerals use consists primarily of oil and gas extraction. All of the National 

Forests in Mississippi is suitable for oil and gas leasing except wilderness areas, which are 

legislatively withdrawn under the Wilderness Act. However, surface occupancy for oil and gas 

drilling and extraction would not be suitable for red-cockaded woodpecker cluster areas, 

administration areas, special areas, wild and scenic rivers and developed recreation areas. 

No surface occupancy or use is allowed on the lands described below as they are actively used by

the National Guard for impact areas, tank and artillery firing positions, small arms ranges, 

ammunition supply points, and safety areas around such facilities:

T. 2 N., R. 10 W. – Those lands within the East Air to Ground Range in parts of sections 10, 

11 and 14; sections 15 and 16; parts of 17 and 20-23.

T. 2 N., R. 11 W. – Part of section 6; section 7; part of sections 8 and 9; part of sections 14 

and 15; 16-22; part of sections 23 and 26; 27-30; part of sections 31-35.

T. 2 N., R. 12 W. – Those lands within the Multi-Purpose Range Complex – Heavy 

(MPRCH), MPRCH safety fan, Small Tank Fan, and ammunition supply point in parts of 

sections 1 and 2; sections 12 and 13; part of sections 14 and 23; 24 and 25; part of sections 26 

and 35; 36.

T. 3 N., R. 12 W. – Those lands within the MPRCH in sections 35 and 36; those lands within 

Ragland Hills Research Natural Area in all of section 23 and part of section 24.

4.4.4 Special Uses

Special uses include a variety of purposes such as military training exercises, power lines, 

pipeline corridors, driveways, easements, and commercial activities such as outfitters. These uses 

are suited to the general forest, foraging areas for red-cockaded woodpeckers, experimental 

forests, riparian areas, and wild and scenic corridors if the use is consistent with desired 

conditions for the corridor. Special uses are not suited for red-cockaded woodpecker cluster areas, 

administrative areas, most special areas, and developed recreation areas. 

4.4.5 Fire Use (as a management tool)

Fire is a widespread use that is suitable across much of the National Forests in Mississippi. It 

encompasses the use of fire, whether from intentional prescribed burns or unplanned wildland 

fires, to produce a variety of benefits on the landscape, ranging from enhanced threatened and 

endangered species habitat in fire-dependent ecological communities to reduced hazardous fuel 

levels. 

Both planned, periodic prescribed burns and unplanned ignitions can lead to outcomes consistent 

with desired conditions, depending on the circumstances under which the fire occurs and the 

likely safety consequences. However, in certain areas of the National Forests in Mississippi where 

infrastructure may be damaged, unique resources lost, or safety is a concern, fire use is not 

suitable. Areas of the Forests not suitable for fire use include administrative areas and developed 

recreation areas.

National Forests in Mississippi

Revised Land and Resource Management Plan 115

Chapter 5. Monitoring and Evaluation

5.1 Introduction

This chapter provides information on implementing the revised forest plan and monitoring 

progress. Monitoring and evaluation are the means for determining whether programs and 

projects are meeting forest plan direction and whether the plan should be amended or revised. 

This section establishes monitoring questions to be answered during the course of implementation 

and discusses how the forest plan may be amended or revised as a result of monitoring and 

evaluation.

5.2 Implementation

This forest plan establishes direction for including an “interdisciplinary approach to achieve 

integrated consideration of physical, biological, economic, and other sciences” in future planning 

activities (16 USC 1604(b)). The plan will be implemented through a series of project-level 

decisions based on appropriate site-specific environmental analysis and disclosure to assure 

compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The NEPA analysis process 

begins once these individual projects have been identified. The final environmental impact 

statement (FEIS) for the revised forest plan will be an aid to project-level NEPA compliance 

providing a context for development of appropriate site-specific analysis.

Common project-level decisions may include whether and in what way timber will be harvested 

in a given area, a campground will be constructed, or a fisheries structure will be installed. The 

form of documentation for such analysis will be consistent with the Council on Environmental 

Quality (CEQ) NEPA regulations (40 CFR 1500-1508) and Forest Service manual and handbook 

procedures.

The forest plan does not commit to the proposal or selection of any specific project. Instead, it 

determines what types of projects are permissible, under what conditions, and in what part of the 

National Forests in Mississippi. For example, the forest plan may determine that portions of 

specific management units are suitable for timber production. The plan does not make decisions 

on specifics of any site work or timber sales that could occur on lands suitable for timber 

production. Such decisions must be based on appropriate site-specific analysis and appropriate 

disclosure during analysis. 

Accomplishment of the annual program of work on the National Forests in Mississippi is the 

process for incrementally implementing the direction in the forest plan. The projects chosen to 

implement this plan should be those that lead to achieving objectives and moving towards desired 

conditions. Progress in implementing the forest plan will be based on the availability of funds and 

in-kind contributions, periodic evaluations and identification of opportunities and priorities. 

Evaluations of these programs of work will be based on the most recent monitoring results and 

other sources of new information. Midterm course corrections will be made as operational details 

and the potential for additional resources are encountered.

5.3 Monitoring and Evaluation

The monitoring program tracks changes in physical, biological, social, and economic conditions 

and trends, and provides for continuous improvement. Monitoring addresses:

• whether multiple-use objectives of the plan are being achieved,
Chapter 5. Monitoring and Evaluation

National Forests in Mississippi

116 Land and Resource Management Plan

• the effects of the various resource management activities within the plan area on land 

productivity and resource sustainability, and 

• the degree to which on-the-ground management is maintaining or making progress toward the 

desired conditions and objectives of the plan.

The concept of adaptive management is important for land management planning and project 

implementation in a dynamic and changing environment. Forest plans need to be adaptive to 

account for changes in resource conditions (such as from hurricanes or insect infestations), new 

information or scientific findings, or new regulations or policies. An effective monitoring and 

evaluation program is essential for determining when these situations exist and when we need to 

make changes. When there are unanticipated changes in environmental conditions, we may need 

to adjust the monitoring program.

Monitoring activities generally involve collecting data and information by observation, direct 

measurement, or from other appropriate sources. Evaluation is the analysis of this data and is 

used to determine whether the plan is being implemented correctly and whether changes are 

needed. The monitoring program for the plan was developed using the following criteria:

a. The amount and timing of change expected between the existing and desired conditions; 

monitoring is to be focused on conditions where large changes are expected during the 

planning period.

b. The effect of management activities on desired conditions; monitoring is to be focused on 

actions being taken to carry out the plan. 

c. Desired conditions considered key by the participating public and agency specialist; 

monitoring is to be focused on the highest values expressed by the public and those 

required to meet legal and regulatory requirements.

Monitoring questions and performance measures tie back to the desired conditions and objectives 

outlined in the plan. Selected monitoring questions and performance measures reflect the 

influence of public involvement and the financial and technical capabilities of the Forest Service. 

Performance measures are the key social, economic, and ecological aspects driving the plan and 

represent the best available science. Practical and affordable performance measures were selected 

to address the monitoring questions identified, using existing information sources and systems to 

the greatest extent possible. 

This monitoring program may require modification as subsequent projects or activities are 

approved under the plan. Changes in conditions, such as those that would result from catastrophic 

events could lead to rescreening and revising this monitoring program. Changes in the plan could 

also lead to revising this monitoring program. As the plan is carried out and monitoring is 

accomplished, a need to change the monitoring program to address pertinent new information or 

uncertainties may surface. Monitoring activities may also be performed jointly with others, such 

as other Forest Service units, Federal, State or local government agencies, federally recognized 

Indian Tribes, and members of the public. 

Monitoring is continuous and provides feedback for the planning cycle. Every two years we will 

produce an evaluation report summarizing monitoring results and findings The emphasis of this 

report will be on those results of monitoring that indicate how well objectives have been met, 

how well guidelines have been followed, what expenditures have been made to execute the forest 

plan, and what changes to the plan may be needed.
National Forests in Mississippi

Revised Land and Resource Management Plan 117

5.3.1 Monitoring Questions and Performance Measures

Table 12 displays the monitoring questions and performance measures that will be used to evaluate movement toward key forest plan desired 

conditions. In some cases, a monitoring question and performance measures directly address a specific desired condition. In other cases, they 

address one or more objectives associated with a desired condition.

Table 12. Evaluation and monitoring questions and performance measures that address desired conditions and objectives of the forest plan

Evaluation and Monitoring 

Questions

Plan Component

Performance Measure

Frequency of 

Measurement / 

Evaluation 1

Precision/

Reliability Desired 

Condition

Objective

A.1 - Has progress been 

made toward maintaining 

and restoring desired 

conditions so that native 

ecological systems occupy 

appropriate sites?

2.3

Ecosystem 

Diversity

Abundance and distribution of ecological systems

5 Years

Moderate Forest structure measured by age classes

Fire return interval and percent of growing-season 

burns by system

Acres of longleaf pine, a management indicator 

species (MIS), planted by year and number of acres of 

longleaf pine classified in Forest Service Vegetation 

Management Database (FSVEG).

High

A.2 - Are wetland systems 

present on appropriate sites 

and functioning across the 

landscape?

2.3

Ecosystem 

Diversity

Distribution and abundance of wetland systems

Intact hydrologic function 5 Years Moderate

Presence of native species

A.3 - Are annual average 

forestwide and ecological 

system objectives being 

achieved?

3.2

Ecosystem 

Diversity

Lake and stream improvement acres and miles

5 Years

Moderate

Ecosystem restoration acres by type High

Acres identified for management of old growth 

compared to 10% objective for each district Moderate

Forest thinning acres by type

High Prescribed burning acres by system and percentage of 

burns by season
Chapter 5. Monitoring and Evaluation

National Forests in Mississippi

118 Land and Resource Management Plan

Table 12. Evaluation and monitoring questions and performance measures that address desired conditions and objectives of the forest plan

Evaluation and Monitoring 

Questions

Plan Component

Performance Measure

Frequency of 

Measurement / 

Evaluation 1

Precision/

Reliability Desired 

Condition

Objective

B.1 - Are threatened and 

endangered species 

recovered or moving toward 

recovery?

2.4

Species 

Diversity

Threatened and endangered species status reports 5 Years Moderate

B.2 - Are populations of rare 

species robust and secure?

2.4

Species 

Diversity

Species of concern status reports 5 Years Moderate

B.3 - Are species diversity 

and game abundance 

supporting nature viewing 

and quality hunting 

opportunities?

2.4

Species 

Diversity

Wildlife census

5 Years Low

Statewide game population estimates

Visitor use monitoring 5 Years Moderate

B.4 - Are habitat conditions 

sufficient to allow aquatic 

and riparian-dependent 

species to complete all 

phases of their life cycles?

2.4

Species 

Diversity

Habitat connectivity measured by accomplishments of 

and miles of stream improved through culvert and lowwater ford replacements5 Years Moderate

B.5 - Are conditions needed 

for sustaining healthy 

populations of native plants 

and animals being 

maintained?

2.4

Species 

Diversity

Abundance of ecological attributes required for native 

plants and animals 10 Years Moderate

B.6. Are annual average 

T&E species recovery 

treatment objectives being 

accomplished? 

3.3

Species 

Diversity

Populations trends for red-cockaded woodpecker 

(MIS)

5 Years

Moderate

Red-cockaded woodpecker habitat improvement, 

acres of prescribed burning, mid-story removal, and 

forest thinning.

High

Status of key ecological attributes for rare species by 

land suitability class 10 Years Moderate
Chapter 5. Monitoring and Evaluation

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 119

Table 12. Evaluation and monitoring questions and performance measures that address desired conditions and objectives of the forest plan

Evaluation and Monitoring 

Questions

Plan Component

Performance Measure

Frequency of 

Measurement / 

Evaluation 1

Precision/

Reliability Desired 

Condition

Objective

C.1 - Are conditions needed 

to sustain ecological 

function and productivity of 

the land being maintained?

2.5

Healthy 

Watershed

Identified water quality concerns

Intact hydrologic conditions 10 Years Moderate

Conditions of soil cover and stability

Prescribed fire impacts measured against National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards 10 Years Moderate

Results of Long-Term Soil Productivity Study

C.2 - Are stream mitigation 

and restoration measures 

being implemented? 

3.4 

Healthy 

Watershed

Acres of Brushy Creek watershed treated for headcutting and sediment reduction projects

5 Years High Miles of stream channel habitat restored in conjunction 

with aquatic organism passage culvert replacements

D.1 - Are forests in healthy 

condition?

2.6 

Healthy 

Forests

Abundance of insect or disease damage

5 Years Moderate

Infestations of invasive species

Abundance and distribution of forest seral stages and 

ages, including old growth

Timber yields compared to long term sustained yield 

capacity and allowable sale quantity

Fire condition class within and out of urban interface 

areas

Fire return Interval

D.2 - Are disturbance 

events, including those that 

may be related to climate 

change, changing in 

frequency?

2.6

Healthy 

Forests

Extent, severity and frequency of wind and ice storms, 

drought, and insect, disease or decline outbreaks 5 Years Moderate
Chapter 5. Monitoring and Evaluation

National Forests in Mississippi

120 Land and Resource Management Plan

Table 12. Evaluation and monitoring questions and performance measures that address desired conditions and objectives of the forest plan

Evaluation and Monitoring 

Questions

Plan Component

Performance Measure

Frequency of 

Measurement / 

Evaluation 1

Precision/

Reliability Desired 

Condition

Objective

D.3 - Are disturbance 

events, including those may 

be related to climate 

change, affecting desired 

conditions on the forest?

2.6

Healthy 

Forests

Changes in condition caused by disturbance events

10 Years Moderate

Rate of mortality of large trees

D.4 - Are healthy forest 

objectives being achieved?

3.5 

Healthy 

Forests

Timber removal volume

5 Years High Five-year regeneration certifications measuring 

regeneration to desirable species

Commercial thinning acres

Noncommercial thinning acres 5 Years High

Regeneration release acres

Effective nonnative invasive species treatment 

acres/sites 5 Years Moderate

Southern pine beetle (MIS) mortality and removal 

acres

5 Years High Southern pine beetle pheromone trapping survey 

results and Southern Pine Beetle Information System 

(SPBIS) database review.

Longleaf pine (MIS) regeneration prescribed burn 

acres

5 Years High

Percentage of each unit and system managed for old 

growth 10 Years Moderate

Prescribed burning acres by unit and season 5 Years High

Acres of land acquired by donation, purchase, transfer, 

or land-for-land exchange 10 Years High
Chapter 5. Monitoring and Evaluation

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 121

Table 12. Evaluation and monitoring questions and performance measures that address desired conditions and objectives of the forest plan

Evaluation and Monitoring 

Questions

Plan Component

Performance Measure

Frequency of 

Measurement / 

Evaluation 1

Precision/

Reliability Desired 

Condition

Objective

Trend monitoring of pileated woodpecker (MIS) by 

breeding bird survey and Forest Service Vegetation 

database in conjunction with geographic information 

system (GIS) analysis of mature forest stands.

5 Years Moderate

Trend monitoring of wood thrush (MIS) by breeding 

bird survey and Forest Service Vegetation database in 

conjunction with GIS analysis of mature forest stands 

as compared to open areas.

5 Years Moderate

D.5 - Are disturbance events 

impacting the 

accomplishment of forest 

plan objectives

3.5 

Healthy 

Forests

Effect on performance measures for all land 

management plan objectives attributed to wind and ice 

storms, drought, insect or disease outbreaks and any 

effects on workload and funding that result.

10 Years Moderate

E.1 - Is reasonable and safe 

access and use by the 

public and for resource 

management being 

provided?

2.7

Infra-structure

Open road and trail mileage 5 Years High

Off-system road and trail use violations 5 Years Moderate

E.2 - Are important road and 

trail maintenance, closure, 

and construction activities 

being accomplished to 

provide for public access, 

public safety and resource 

protection?

 3.6

Infra-structure

Miles of road down-graded, including 

decommissioning

5 Years High

Number of structurally deficient bridges

Number of culverts replaced for aquatic organism 

passage

Number of low-water fords replaced

Miles of trail construction or reconstruction

Trail miles maintained to standard
Chapter 5. Monitoring and Evaluation

National Forests in Mississippi

122 Land and Resource Management Plan

Table 12. Evaluation and monitoring questions and performance measures that address desired conditions and objectives of the forest plan

Evaluation and Monitoring 

Questions

Plan Component

Performance Measure

Frequency of 

Measurement / 

Evaluation 1

Precision/

Reliability Desired 

Condition

Objective

F.1 - Do the National 

Forests in Mississippi 

provide forest visitors safe 

and enjoyable developed 

and dispersed outdoor 

recreation experiences that 

are diverse and responsive 

to their needs?

2.8

Recreation,

Wilderness, 

Wild and 

Scenic River,

Cultural 

Resources, 

and Forest 

Setting

Visitor use

5 Years Moderate

Visitor satisfaction

Recreation facility condition

5 Years High

Recreation information availability

F.2 - Are important 

recreational, cultural 

resource, and forest setting 

opportunities being 

provided?

3.7

Recreation,

Wilderness, 

Wild and 

Scenic River,

Cultural 

Resources, 

and Forest 

Setting

Acres of primitive and semi-primitive recreation 

settings identified

5 Years

Moderate

Track use of visitor information Low

Miles of short loop trails High

Surface acres of aquatic invasives treatment High

Largemouth bass (MIS) monitoring by electrofishing 

and seining to evaluate population structure. Moderate

F.3 – Are wilderness 

characters being preserved 

or enhanced?

Wilderness Character 5 Years Moderate

F. 4 – Are the free flowing 

condition, scenic and 

recreational values for the 

wild and scenic river and the 

Black Creek Corridor Scenic 

Area being protected or 

enhanced?

Wild and scenic river and associated scenic corridor 

conditions 5 Years Moderate

1. Frequency of Measurement / Evaluation - The collection of data elements may occur and be reported in the corporate database of record annually, an evaluation of the collected data 

will occur at the frequency specified.
Chapter 5. Monitoring and Evaluation

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 123

Table 13. Other evaluation and monitoring questions and performance measures

Evaluation and Monitoring 

Questions Plan Component Performance Measure

Frequency of 

Measurement / 

Evaluation 1

Precision/

Reliability

G.1 - Are appropriate and relevant 

design criteria (guidelines) applied 

and effective in projects?

Guidelines

Annual review of records and field checks for 

effectiveness of guidelines in a sampling of projects by 

project type

5 Years Moderate

G.2 - Are special area conditions and 

needs consistent with the land 

management plan? 

Special Areas Assessment of existing areas and new proposals 

during comprehensive evaluations 10 Years Moderate

G.3 - Are final, project determinations 

of suitability of uses and activities in 

harmony with forest plan desired 

conditions and determinations of 

generally compatible? 

Suitability of Land

Annual review of final suitability of uses and activities 

for a sample of projects compared with the plan 5 Years Moderate

Assessment of total acres classified as suitable for 

timber production during comprehensive evaluations 10 Years Moderate

G.4 - Are the costs of implementing 

this Plan comparable to the 

estimated costs?

Strategies

Annual tracking of costs for land management 

activities (timber sales, silvicultural, prescribed fire, 

wildlife and fish habitat improvement, etc.), recreation 

and other user services, roads and facilities 

maintenance 5 Years Moderate

Five-year review of projected forest plan costs 

compared to actual costs and annual budgets

G.5 – Are the forest management 

activities in compliance with terms 

and conditions of USDI F&WS 

Biological Opinion on Indiana bat and 

Dusky gopher frog? 

Guidelines

Annual summary of number of acres of noncommercial and commercial forest management 

practices and prescribed fires implemented on the 

Holly Springs Unit to ensure the total acreages do not 

exceed the authorized incidental take criteria.

Annually High

Guidelines

Annual summary of number of acres of noncommercial and commercial forest management 

practices and prescribed fires implemented in Dusky 

gopher frog critical habitat on the De Soto Ranger 

District. Ensure the total annual treatment acreages 

do not exceed the authorized incidental take criteria.

Annually High

1 Frequency of Measurement / Evaluation - The collection of data elements may occur and be reported in the corporate database of record annually, an 

evaluation of the collected data will occur at the frequency specified.
Chapter 5. Monitoring and Evaluation

National Forests in Mississippi

124 Land and Resource Management Plan

5.4 Research Needs

Research and monitoring are related activities that help to meet information needs for adaptive 

management of national forests. Research activities involve rigorous study under controlled 

conditions following the scientific method. Typical research activities include study planning, 

design, quality control, peer review, and relatively rigid publication standards. Monitoring is 

generally conducted under less controlled conditions and results are often more general in 

contrast with research. Research needs for management of the National Forests in Mississippi

were identified during planning and will be periodically reviewed during monitoring and 

evaluation of this plan (36 CFR 219.28).

The Forest Service Research Branch is the largest forestry research organization in the world and 

a national and international leader in forest conservation. Agency research contributes to the 

advancement of science and the conservation of many of our Nation's most valuable natural 

resources, both on private lands and the national forests. Research needs identified during 

planning, monitoring and evaluation are to be included in formulating overall research programs 

and plans for Forest Service research to support or improve management of the national forests.

The following are some of the key research needs for the National Forests in Mississippi:

• Develop knowledge of ecological communities and processes that affect restoration of 

longleaf pine woodlands and at risk native plant species. Provide strategies and practices for 

more effective restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems. 

• Improve the knowledge of the cumulative and long-term responses of ecosystem dynamics to 

changes in soil quality brought about by management practices such as harvesting, fire, 

fertilizers, herbicides, and various forms of mechanized traffic, so that managers can more 

effectively maintain and improve the health, sustainability, and productivity of southern pinedominated forest stands. Include outcomes and outputs such as timber, cellulosic biomass for 

bioenergy, carbon, high-quality wildlife habitat, and abundant and clean water. This need is 

currently being addressed by the Long-Term Soil Productivity Study Area.

• Develop knowledge about the effects of large-scale natural disturbances, climate change, and 

other human-caused influences on forest ecosystems so that managers can anticipate and 

detect when forest ecosystems may be affected by these events, and make appropriate 

changes in management plans and implementation.

• Develop knowledge about how forest management, forest fragmentation, and climate change 

affect the quality and quantity of riparian and aquatic habitats and associated wildlife species, 

so land managers can make better decisions about managing riparian zones and wetlands for 

resource benefits that feature wildlife species of interest.

• Improve the understanding of management needs and interactions on gopher tortoises, redcockaded woodpeckers, other associated species, and southern pine beetles, so that land 

managers can make more effective management decisions.
Chapter 5. Monitoring and Evaluation

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 125

5.4.2 Amendments

The forest plan can be amended at any time during its existence. Such amendments are necessary 

to ensure the plan remains a viable, flexible document for managing the National Forests in 

Mississippi. 

Errata sheets may be issued, if necessary, to correct spelling or grammatical errors which may 

lead to confusion in the forest plan. Such changes are not considered amendments.

The forest plan may also be amended as part of a project-level decision where a change or 

adjustment in the plan is appropriate for that project but is not applicable forestwide. Examples of 

such changes might be adjustments or waivers of standards. If we determine during project design 

that the best method of meeting the management area goals of the forest plan is in conflict with 

either forestwide or management area standards, the forest supervisor may approve a projectspecific amendment to the forest plan.

5.4.3 Revision

This forest plan will be revised on a 10-year cycle or at least every 15 years. It may also be 

revised whenever the forest supervisor determines that conditions or demands in the area covered 

by the forest plan have changed significantly or when changes in policies, goals, or objectives 

would have a significant effect on Forest-level programs. In the monitoring and evaluation 

process, the interdisciplinary team may recommend a revision of the forest plan at any time.

Future revisions are not effective until considered and approved in accordance with the 

requirements for the development and approval of a forest plan. 

National Forests in Mississippi

Revised Land and Resource Management Plan 127

Glossary of Commonly Used Terms

A

activity: A measure, course of action, or treatment that is undertaken to directly or indirectly 

produce, enhance, or maintain forest and rangeland outputs or achieve administrative or 

environmental quality objectives. 

affected environment: The relationship of the physical environment to the changes that will or 

may take place as a result of human activity. 

analysis area: A collection of lands, not necessary contiguous, sufficiently similar in character, 

that they may be analyzed at the forest plan level. 

appropriate management response: The response to a wildland fire based on an evaluation of 

risks to firefighter and public safety. Evaluation includes the consideration of circumstances 

under which the fire occurs, including weather and fuel conditions, natural and cultural resource 

management objectives, protection priorities, and values to be protected. The evaluation must 

also include an analysis of the context of the specific fire within the overall logic, geographic 

area, or national wildland fire situation. 

aquatic ecosystem: System that includes streams, lakes, the stream channel, lake and estuary 

beds, water, biotic community, and associated habitat features.

arterial roads: Roads that provide service to large land areas and usually connect with public 

highways or other forest arterial roads to form an integrated network of primary travel routes. The 

location and standard are often determined by a demand for maximum mobility and travel 

efficiency rather than specific resource management service. They are usually developed and 

operated for long-term land and resource management purposes and constant service. These roads 

generally serve areas more than 40,000 acres. 

B

basal area (BA): the area, in square feet, of the cross section of a single tree measured at 4.5 feet 

above ground, usually expressed as square feet per acre. 

best management practices (BMP): A series of guidelines or minimum standards for proper 

application of forestry operations, designed primarily to prevent soil erosion and water pollution, 

and to protect certain wildlife habitat values in riparian and wetland areas. 

biodiversity: The variety of life, including the variety of gene pools, species, plant and animal 

communities, ecosystems, and the processes through which individual organisms interact with 

one another, and their environments. 

C

calcareous: Composed of, containing, or characteristic of calcium carbonate, calcium, or 

limestone; chalky. 

canopy cover: The percent of a fixed area covered by the crown of an individual plant species or 

delimited by the vertical projection of its outermost perimeter. Small openings in the crown are 

included. Used to express the relative importance of individual species within a vegetation 
Glossary

National Forests in Mississippi

128 Land and Resource Management Plan

community, or to express the canopy cover of woody species. Canopy cover may be used as a 

measure of land cover change or trend. Often used for wildlife habitat evaluations. 

capability: The potential of a land area to produce resources, supply goods and services, and 

allow resource uses under an assumed set of management practices and a given level of 

management intensity. Note: capability depends upon the current condition and site conditions 

including climate, slope, landform, soil and geology, and the application of management practices 

and protection from fire, insects, and disease. 

cluster: The aggregate of cavity trees used by one group of red-cockaded woodpeckers for 

nesting and roosting. This includes all active and inactive cavity trees plus at least a 60 meter

(200-foot) zone around them. If this area is less than 4 hectares (10 acres), additional area of the 

best nesting habitat contiguous with the cavity trees is delineated to establish the minimum 4-

hectare stand.

Coastal Plain: In the United States, an ecoregion or physiographic province located near the 

Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico.

collector road: Roads that serve smaller land areas and are usually connected to a forest arterial 

or public highway. They collect traffic from forest local roads or terminal facilities. The location 

and standard are influenced by long-term multi-resource service needs, and travel efficiency. 

Forest collector roads may be operated for constant or intermittent service, depending on land-use 

and resource management objectives for the area served by the facility. These roads generally 

have two or more local roads feeding into them and generally serve an area exceeding 10,000 

acres. 

commercial thinning: Any type of thinning producing merchantable material at least equal to the 

value of the direct cost of harvesting. 

Continuous Inventory of Stand Conditions (CISC): the USDA Forest Service, Southern 

Region’s forest stand database containing descriptive and prescriptive data about mapped stands 

of forest land. 

conversion (forest management): A change from one forest type to another in a stand on land 

that has the capability of both forest types. 

critical habitat: Habitat as defined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to be essential to meet 

the needs of an endangered species. 

cultural resources: Physical remains of districts, sites, structures, buildings, networks or objects 

that were used by humans. They may be historic, prehistoric, archaeological, architectural, or 

spiritual in nature. Cultural resources are nonrenewable. 

D

demand species: Wildlife species with high social, cultural, or economic values.

den tree: A tree with cavities that provide shelter and nesting sites for various wildlife species.

developed recreation site: Relatively small, distinctly defined area where facilities are provided 

for concentrated public use. Examples include campgrounds, picnic areas, and swimming areas. 

developed recreation: Recreation that requires facilities that in turn result in concentrated use of 

an area. Examples of recreation areas are campgrounds and ski areas; facilities in these areas 

might include roads, parking lots, picnic tables, toilets, drinking water, and buildings. 
Glossary

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 129

diameter at breast height (d.b.h.): the standard method for measuring tree diameter at 4.5 feet 

from the ground. 

dispersed recreation: A general term referring to recreation use outside a developed recreation 

site, this includes activities such as scenic driving, rock climbing, boating, hunting, fishing, 

backpacking, and recreation in primitive environments. 

disturbance (ecology): Any relative discrete event in time that disrupts the ecosystem, 

community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical 

environment. 

diversity: The distribution and abundance of different plant and animal communities and species 

within the area covered by a land and resource management plan. 

dominant: Trees with crowns extending above the general level of the main canopy of even-aged 

groups of trees. They receive full light from above, and partly from the sides. 

E

early seral: Vegetative condition typically characterized by low density to no canopy cover and 

an abundance of herbaceous ground cover. May include forest 0 to 10 years of age, maintained 

openings, pastures, balds, or open woodlands. 

ecosystem management: An ecological approach to natural resource management to assure 

productive, healthy ecosystem by blending social, economic, physical and biological needs and 

values. 

ecosystem/cover type: The native vegetation ecological community considered together with 

nonliving factors of the environment as a unit. The general cover type occupying the greatest 

percent of the stand location. Based on tree or plant species forming a plurality of the stocking 

within the stand. May be observed in the field, or computed from plot measurements. 

endangered species: Any species of animal or plant that is in danger of extinction throughout all 

or a significant portion of its range. Plant or animal species identified or proposed by the 

Secretary of the Interior as endangered in accordance with the 1973 Endangered Species Act. 

endemic: Species restricted to a particular geographic area. Usually limited to one or a few small 

streams or a single drainage. 

environment: All the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the 

development of an organism, or group of organisms. 

environmental analysis: An analysis of alternative actions and their predictable short and longterm environmental effects, which include physical, biological, economic, social and 

environmental design factors and their interaction. (36 CFR 219.3) 

environmental consequence: The result or effect of an action upon the environment. 

environmental impact: Used interchangeably with environmental consequence or effect. 

ephemeral stream: A watercourse that may or may not have a well-defined channel, and which 

flows only for short periods (less than 10 percent of an average year) during and following 

precipitation. Ephemeral stream bottoms are usually above the water table and do not contain fish 

or aquatic insects with larvae that have multi-year life cycles.

essential habitat: Habitat in which threatened and endangered species occur, but which has not 

been declared as critical habitat. Occupied habitat or suitable unoccupied habitat necessary for the 

protection and recovery of a federally designated threatened or endangered species. 
Glossary

National Forests in Mississippi

130 Land and Resource Management Plan

even-aged: A forest (stand) composed of trees having no, or relatively small, differences in age. 

even-aged management: The application of a combination of actions that results in the creation 

of stands in which trees of essentially the same age grow together. Managed even-aged forests are 

characterized by a distribution of stands of varying ages (and, therefore, tree sizes) throughout the 

forest area. The difference in age between trees forming the main canopy level of a stand usually 

does not exceed 20 percent of the age of the stand at harvest rotation age. Regeneration in a 

particular stand is obtained during a short period at or near the time that a stand has reached the 

desired age or size for regeneration and harvested. Clearcut, shelterwood, or seed tree cutting 

methods produce even-aged stands. (36 CFR 211.3) 

existing road system: All existing roads, owned or administered by various agencies, which are 

wholly or partly within or adjacent to and serving the national forests and other areas 

administered by the Forest Service, or intermingled private lands (FSM 7705.21). These roads 

may or may not be included on the current Forest transportation inventory, but are evident on the 

ground as meeting the definition of a road. 

F

federally listed: Any plant or animal species listed as threatened or endangered under the 

Endangered Species Act. 

filter strips: Belts of grass, shrubs, and/or trees maintained along streams to trap sediment and 

chemicals before they enter waterways.

fire condition class: Based on coarse scale national data, classes measure general wildfire risk: 

• class 1: Fire regimes are usually within historical ranges. Vegetation composition and 

structure are intact. The risk of losing key ecosystem components from the occurrence of 

fire is relatively low.

• class 2: Fire regimes on these lands have been moderately altered from their historical range 

by increased or decreased fire frequency. A moderate risk of losing key ecosystem 

components has been identified.

• class 3: Fire regimes on these lands have been significantly altered from their historical 

return interval. The risk of losing key ecosystem components from fire is high. Fire 

frequencies have departed from historical ranges by multiple return intervals. Vegetation 

composition, structure, and diversity have been significantly altered.

fire management plan: Strategic plans that define a program to manage wildland fires based on 

an area’s approved land management plan. They must address a full range of fire management 

activities that support ecosystem sustainability, values to be protected, protection of firefighter 

and public safety, public health, and environmental issues, and must be consistent with resource 

management objectives and activities of the area.

fire regime: A set of recurring conditions of fire that characterizes a given ecosystem. A specific 

range of frequency, fire behavior, severity, timing of burn, size of burn, fire spread pattern, and 

pattern and distribution of burn circumscribe those conditions 

flatwoods: Mesic pine communities on the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains with a well-developed 

woody shrub or midstory layer. 

floodplains: The lowland and relatively flat area adjoining inland waters, including at a 

minimum, that area subject to a one percent or greater chance of flooding in any given year, and 

soil inundated by the 100-year flood. 
Glossary

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Land and Resource Management Plan 131

forage: All browse and non-woody plants that are available to livestock or game animals used for 

grazing or harvested for feeding. 

forest health: The perceived condition of a forest derived from concerns about factors as its age, 

structure, composition, function, vigor, presence of unusual levels of insects or disease, and 

resilience to disturbance. 

Forest Service handbook (FSH): A handbook that provides detailed instructions for proceeding 

with specialized phases of programs or activities for Forest Service use. 

Forest Service manual (FSM): Agency manuals that provide direction for Forest Service 

activities. 

forest supervisor: The official responsible for administering the National Forest System lands in 

a Forest Service administrative unit. This may consist of two or more national forests or all the 

forests within a state. The forest supervisor reports to the regional forester. 

forest type: A descriptive term used to group stands of similar composition and development 

because of given ecological factors, by which they may be differentiated from other groups of 

stands. 

fragmentation: Habitat loss that results in isolated patches of remaining habitat.

fuel loading: The amount of fuel (flammable natural materials) expressed quantitatively in terms 

of weight of fuel per unit area. 

fuel treatment: The rearrangement or disposal of fuels to reduce fire hazard. Fuels are defined as 

living and dead vegetative materials consumable by fire. 

fuels management: The planned treatment of fuels to achieve or maintain desired fuels 

conditions. 

G

game species: Any species of wildlife or fish for which seasons and bag limits have been 

prescribed, and which are normally harvested by hunters, trappers, and fishermen under state or 

federal laws, codes, and regulations. 

groundwater: Subsurface water in a saturated zone or geologic stratum. 

growing-season burn: A prescribed fire that generally occurs during the time period of leaf 

expansion to leaf off of deciduous tree species. Growing seasons vary depending on local climate 

and geography. It can also vary by crop, as different plants have different freezing thresholds and 

leaf retention.

H

habitat: The native environment of an animal or plant in which all the essentials for its 

development, existence, and reproduction are present. 

hydric soils: Soils developed in conditions where soil oxygen is limited by the presence of 

saturated soil for long periods during the growing season. 

hydrologic function: The natural behavioral characteristics (water quality, water quantity, and 

timing) of surface water and ground water that maintain channel capacity, protect native aquatic 

organisms, sustain riparian habitats and communities, protect wetlands and other unique or 

uncommon communities, and provide for recreational, scenic, and research purposes.
Glossary

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132 Land and Resource Management Plan

hydrologic unit code (HUC): A cataloging system developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and 

the U.S. Natural Resource Conservation Service to identify watersheds and to standardize 

hydrological unit delineations for geographic description and data storage purposes. They are 

typically reported at a large river basin or smaller watershed scale.

I

instream flow: The volume of surface water in a stream system passing a given point at a given 

time. 

integrated pest management (IPM): The maintenance of destructive agents, including insects at 

tolerable levels, by the planned use of a variety of preventive, suppressive, or regulatory tactics 

and strategies that are ecologically and economically efficient and socially acceptable. IPM is a 

decision-making and action process that includes biological, economic, and environmental 

valuation of pest-host systems to manage pest populations. IPM strategies apply a comprehensive 

systems approach to silvicultural, wildlife, range, recreation, and corridor management practices. 

These strategies consist of a range of practices that include prescribed burning, manual, 

mechanical, biological, and chemical tools that may be used alone or in combination.

intermittent streams: Streams that flow in response to a seasonally-fluctuating water table in a 

well-defined channel. The channel will exhibit signs of annual scour, sediment transport, and 

other stream channel characteristics, absent perennial flows. Intermittent streams typically flow 

during times of elevated water table levels, and may be dry during significant periods of the year, 

depending on precipitation cycles. 

interpretive (trails, sites, signs): Visitor information services designed to present inspirational, 

educational, and recreational values to forest visitors in an effort to promote understanding, 

appreciation, and enjoyment of their forest experience. 

invasive species: A species that is non-native to the ecosystem under consideration and whose 

introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human 

health. 

L

landscape character: Particular attributes, qualities, and traits of a landscape that give it an 

image and make it more identifiable or unique. Levels include Natural Evolving, Natural 

Appearing, Pastoral/Agricultural, Historic, Transitional, Suburban, and Urban. 

landscape: An area composed of interacting ecosystems that are repeated because of geology, 

land form, soils, climate, biota, and human influences throughout the area. Landscapes are 

generally of a size, shape, and pattern that are determined by interacting ecosystems. 

loess: a light-colored fine-grained accumulation of clay and silt particles that have been 

deposited by the wind; usually yellowish and calcareous, common in the Mississippi Valley. 

M

maintenance: The upkeep of facilities, buildings, or roads. Maintenance is not for upgrading a 

facility, but rather, to bring it to the originally constructed or subsequently reconstructed 

condition. 

management action: A set of management activities applied to a land area to produce a desired 

output. 
Glossary

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Land and Resource Management Plan 133

management area: An area with similar management objectives and a common management 

prescription. 

management concern: An issue, problem, or a condition that constrains the range of 

management 

management type: The tree species or species group that should be grown on a specific site, 

whether or not it presently occupies the site that best suits the particular site soil, aspect, 

elevation, and moisture provided by the area and the forest plan’s objectives. 

mesic: Sites or habitats characterized by moderate moisture conditions; neither decidedly wet nor 

dry. 

midstory: A stratum of smaller trees that occur under the dominant overstory. The midstory can 

include small pines, but it is usually associated with hardwoods such as oaks and sweetgum.

mineral exploration: The search for valuable minerals on lands open to mineral entry. 

mineral resource: A known or undiscovered concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or 

gaseous material in or on the earth’s crust in such form and amount that economic extraction of a 

commodity is currently or potentially feasible. 

mineral soil: Weathered rock materials without any vegetative cover. 

minerals, leasable: Coal, oil, gas, phosphate, sodium, potassium, oil shale and geothermal steam 

on public domain and acquired status lands, and hard rock minerals on acquired lands. 

minerals, locatable: Hard rock minerals on public domain status land. May include certain 

nonmetallic minerals and uncommon varieties of mineral materials. 

minimum level: The minimum level of management which complies with applicable laws and 

regulations, including prevention of significant or permanent impairment of the long-term 

productivity of the land, and which would be needed to maintain the land as a national forest, and 

to manage uncontrollable outputs, together with associated costs and inputs. 

mitigation: Actions to avoid, minimize, reduce, eliminate, or rectify the impact of a management 

practice. 

multiple use: Management of all the various resources of the National Forest System so that they 

are used in the combination that will best meet needs of the American people; making the most 

judicious use of the land for some or all of these resources or related services over areas large 

enough to provide sufficient latitude for periodic adjustments in use to conform to changing needs 

and conditions; that some lands will be used for less than all of the resources and services; and 

coordinated management of the various resources, each with the other, without impairment of the 

productivity of the land, with consideration being given to the relative values of the various 

resources, and not necessarily the combination of the uses that will give the greatest dollar return 

or the greatest unit output. (36 CFR 219.3) 

N

National Forest System land: Federal land that is within the National Forest System, which is 

defined at 16 USC 1609. 

national historic landmark: Cultural properties designated by the Secretary of the Interior as 

being nationally significant. These cultural properties may be buildings, historic districts, 

structures, sites, and objects that possess exceptional value in commemorating or illustrating the 

history of the United States. 
Glossary

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134 Land and Resource Management Plan

national recreation trails: Trails designated by the Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary of 

Agriculture as part of the national system of trails authorized by the National Trails System Act. 

National recreation trails provide a variety of outdoor recreation uses, in or reasonably accessible, 

to urban areas. 

National Register of Historic Places: The National Register of Historic Places is the Nation’s 

official list of cultural resources worthy of preservation. Authorized under the National Historic 

Preservation Act of 1966, the National Register is part of a national program to coordinate and 

support public and private efforts to identify, evaluate, and protect our historic and archaeological 

resources. Properties listed in the National Register include districts, sites, buildings, structures, 

and objects that are significant in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and 

culture. The National Register is administered by the National Park Service, which is part of the 

U.S. Department of the Interior. 

National Visitor Use Monitoring: A systematic process to estimate annual recreation and other 

uses of National Forest System lands through user surveys. 

nonconsumptive use: That use of a resource that does not reduce its supply; for example, 

nonconsumptive uses of water include hydroelectric power generation, boating, and swimming. 

nongame: Species of animals that are not managed as a sport-hunting or trapping resource. 

nonmotorized recreation: A recreational opportunity provided without the use of any motorized 

vehicle. Participation in these activities is accomplished using foot, bicycle, or horseback travel. 

O

objective: A concise, time-specific statement of measurable planned results that respond to preestablished goals. An objective forms the basis for further planning to define the precise steps to 

be taken and the resources to be used in achieving identified goals. (36 CFR 219.3) 

off-highway vehicle (OHV): Any vehicles capable of being operated off established roads. 

old growth: Old-growth forests are ecosystems distinguished by old trees and related structural 

attributes. Old growth encompasses the later stages of stand development that typically differ 

from earlier stages in a variety of characteristics which may include tree size, accumulation of 

large wood material, number of canopy layers, species composition, and ecosystem function. The 

age at which old growth develops and the specific structural attributes that characterize old 

growth will vary widely according to forest type, climate, site conditions, and disturbance regime.

overstory: That portion of trees in a two or multi-layered forest stand that provides the upper 

crown cover. 

P

payments in lieu of taxes: Payments to local or state governments based on ownership of federal 

land, and not directly dependent on production of outputs or receipt sharing. 

perennial stream: Permanently present surface water. Flows occur throughout the year except 

during extreme drought or during cold when ice forms. 

physiographic province: A region of similar geologic structure and climate that has had a

unified geomorphic history. 
Glossary

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 135

population: A group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area. Methods of 

specifying such an area differ according to purpose. A common specification is the area within 

which gene flow is sufficient to avoid genetic differentiation.

population trend: Rate of change of a wildlife population. In general, populations that are 

increasing or decreasing by a rate less than 5 percent annually are considered to be stable.

potential breeding group: An adult female and adult male red-cockaded woodpecker that 

occupy the same cluster, whether or not they are accompanied by a helper, attempt to nest, or 

successfully fledge young.

precommercial thinning: The selective felling or removal of trees in a young stand primarily to 

accelerate diameter increment on the remaining stems, maintain a specific stocking or stand 

density range, and improve the vigor and quality of the trees that remain. 

prescribed burning: Controlled application of fire to wildland fuels in either their natural or 

modified state, under such conditions of weather, fuel moisture, soil moisture, or other factors

that allow the fire to be confined to a predetermined area and at the same time to produce the 

intensity of heat and rate of spread required to further certain planned objectives of silviculture, 

wildlife management, grazing, fire hazard reduction, etc. NOTE: It seeks to employ fire 

scientifically to realize maximum net benefits with minimum damage and at acceptable cost. 

prescribed fire plan: A written statement defining the objectives to be attained as well as the 

conditions of temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed, fuel moisture and soil moisture 

under which a prescribed fire will be allowed to burn. 

prescribed fire: Any fire ignited by management actions to meet specific objectives including 

disposal of fuels, and controlling unwanted vegetation. The fires are conducted in accordance 

with prescribed fire plans, and are also designed to stimulate grasses, forbs, shrubs, or trees for 

range, wildlife, recreation, or timber management purposes. 

primary core population: A population identified in recovery criteria that will hold at least 350 

potential breeding groups at the time of and after delisting. In Mississippi, the Bienville National 

Forest and Chickasawhay Ranger District contain primary core populations of red-cockaded 

woodpeckers.

primitive: A classification of the recreation opportunity spectrum that characterizes an essentially 

unmodified natural environment of a size or remoteness that provides significant opportunity for 

isolation from the sights and sounds of man, and a feeling of vastness of scale. Visitors have 

opportunity to be part of the natural environment, encounter a high degree of challenge and risk, 

and use a maximum of outdoor skills but have minimum opportunity for social interaction. 

program: Sets of activities or projects with specific objectives, defined in terms of specific 

results and responsibilities for accomplishments. 

project: A work schedule prescribed for a project area to accomplish management prescriptions. 

An organized effort to achieve an objective identified by location, activities, outputs, effects, time 

period, and responsibilities for execution. 

public access: Usually refers to a road or trail route over which a public agency claims a right-ofway for public use. 

R

ranger district: Administrative subdivision of the national forest, supervised by a district ranger 

who reports to the forest supervisor. 
Glossary

National Forests in Mississippi

136 Land and Resource Management Plan

rare communities : Communities that are naturally small in scale or distribution relative to the 

broader systems they occur within because the sites they occur on are of limited extent or have 

been reduced due to historical land uses. On the National Forests in Mississippi these systems are: 

xeric sandhills; rock outcrops; black belt calcareous prairie and woodland; Jackson prairie and 

woodland; ephemeral ponds and emergent wetlands; cypress dominated wetlands; wet pine 

savanna; seeps, springs, and seepage swamps; and herbaceous seepage bog and flats.

recreation: Any socially desirable leisure activity in which an individual participates voluntarily 

and from which he derives satisfaction. 

recruitment cluster: A red-cockaded woodpecker recruitment stand that has artificial cavities 

located in suitable nesting habitat. When possible, recruitment clusters should be located within 

1.2 km (0.75 mi) of existing active clusters. Foraging habitat must be provided now and in the 

future around recruitment clusters. Recruitment clusters will contain at least 4 suitable cavities or 

3 suitable cavities and 2 start holes. Recruitment clusters should be provided at the rate of 10

percent of the total active clusters per management unit.

recruitment stand: A stand of pine trees at least 4 ha (10 ac) in size identified and managed as 

potential nesting habitat for red-cockaded woodpecker. The number required equals the 

population objective minus the number of active clusters. They are located within 1⁄4 to 3⁄4 mile of 

an active cluster or another recruitment stand.

regeneration: Young trees (seedlings and saplings) which will grow to become older trees of the 

future forest (i.e. reproduction). Also, the process of forest replacement or renewal, which may be 

done artificially by planting or seeding, or through natural seed fall and sprouting.

region: An administrative unit within the National Forest system. The United States is divided 

into nine geographic regions. Each region has a headquarters office and is supervised by a 

Regional Forester. Within each region are located National Forests and other lands of the Forest 

Service. 

regional forester: The official responsible for management of National Forest System and within 

a Forest Service region. 

relative abundance: The number of organisms at one location or time relative to the number of 

organisms at another location or time. Generally reported as an index of abundance.

research natural area: An area set aside by the Forest Service specifically to preserve a 

representative sample of an ecological community, primarily for scientific and educational 

purposes. Commercial exploitation is not allowed and general public use is discouraged. 

riparian: Land areas directly influenced by water. They usually have visible vegetative or 

physical characteristics showing this water influence. Streamside, lake borders, and marshes are 

typical riparian areas. 

riparian areas: Areas with three-dimensional ecotones of interaction that include terrestrial and 

aquatic ecosystems that extend down into the groundwater, up above the canopy, outward across 

the floodplain, up the near-slopes that drain to the water, laterally into the terrestrial ecosystem, 

and along the watercourse at a variable width. 

riparian ecosystem: A transition between the aquatic ecosystem and the adjacent terrestrial 

ecosystem identified by soil characteristics (alluvial soils inundated by a 100-year flood, wetland 

soils) and distinctive vegetative communities that require free and unbound water. 

riparian-dependent species: Species dependent on riparian areas during at least one stage of 

their life cycle. 
Glossary

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 137

roaded natural: A classification of the recreation opportunity spectrum that characterizes a 

predominantly natural environment with evidence of moderate permanent alternate resources and 

resource utilization. Evidence of the sights and sounds of man is moderate, but in harmony with 

the natural environment. Opportunities exist for both social interaction and moderate isolation 

from sights and sounds of man. 

roads analysis process (RAP): Roads analysis is an integrated ecological, social, and economic 

science based approach to transportation planning that addresses existing and future road 

management options. The intended effects are to ensure that decisions to construct, reconstruct, or 

decommission roads will be better informed by using a roads analysis. Roads analysis may be 

completed at a variety of different scales, but generally begins with a broad forest-scale analysis 

to provide a context for future analyses. 

runoff: The total stream discharge of water from a watershed including surface and subsurface 

flow, but not groundwater. Usually expressed in acre-feet. 

rural: A recreation opportunity spectrum classification for areas characterized by a substantially 

modified natural environment. Sights and sounds of man are evident. Renewable resource 

modification and utilization practices enhance specific recreation activities or provide soil and 

vegetative cover protection. 

S

scenery management system (SMS): A system for the inventory and analysis of the aesthetic 

values of the National Forest Lands. It replaces the visual management system (VMS) as defined 

in Agricultural Handbook #462. 

scenic attractiveness: The scenic importance of a landscape based on human perceptions of the 

intrinsic beauty of landform, rockform, waterform, and vegetation pattern. Classified as A 

(Distinctive), B (Typical or Common), or C (Undistinguished). 

scenic integrity: A measure of the degree to which a landscape is visually perceived to be 

“complete.” The highest scenic integrity ratings are given to those landscapes that have little or 

no deviation from the character valued for its aesthetic appeal. Scenic integrity is used to describe 

an existing situation, standard for management, or desired condition. 

scenic integrity objectives: A desired level of excellence based on physical and sociological 

characteristics of an area. Refers to the degree of acceptable alterations to the valued attributes of 

the characteristic landscape. Objectives include very high, high, moderate, and low. These 

categories are defined below:

• Very High – Generally provides for only ecological changes in natural landscapes and 

complete intactness of landscape character in cultural landscapes.

• High – Human activities are not visually evident to the casual observer. Activities may repeat 

attributes of form, line, color, and texture found in the existing landscape.

• Moderate – Landscapes appear slightly altered. Noticeable human created deviations remain 

visually subordinate to the landscape character being viewed.

secondary core population: A population identified in recovery criteria that will hold at least 

250 potential breeding groups at the time of and after delisting. In Mississippi, the De Soto 

Ranger District and the Homochitto National Forest contain secondary core populations of redcockaded woodpeckers.
Glossary

National Forests in Mississippi

138 Land and Resource Management Plan

sediment: Solid mineral and organic material that is in suspension, is being transported, or has 

been moved from its site of origin by air, water, gravity, or ice. 

seep: A wet area where a seasonal high water table intersects with the ground surface. Seeps that 

meet the definition of a wetland are included in the Riparian Corridor. 

silviculture: The theory and practice of controlling the establishment, composition, structure, and 

growth of forests to achieve management objectives. 

snag: A standing, dead tree.

seral stage: a developmental, transitory stage in the ecological succession of a biotic community. 

soil productivity: The capacity of a soil to produce a specific crop such as fiber, forage, etc., 

under defined levels of management. It is generally dependent on available soil moisture and 

nutrients and length of growing season. 

Southern Region: The Forest Service organizational unit consisting of thirteen southeastern 

states and Puerto Rico. 

spring: A water source located where water begins to flow from the ground due to the 

intersection of the water table with the ground surface. Generally flows throughout the year. 

Springs that are the source of perennial or intermittent streams are included in the Riparian 

Corridor. 

stand: An aggregation of trees occupying a specific area and sufficiently uniform in species 

composition, age, arrangement, and condition so as to be distinguishable from the forest on 

adjoining areas.

stream: A water course having a distinct natural bed and banks; a permanent source that provides 

water at least periodically; and at least periodic or seasonal flows at times when other recognized 

streams in the same area are flowing. 

suitability: The appropriateness of applying certain resource management practices to a 

particular area of land, as determined by an analysis of the economic and environmental 

consequences and the alternative uses foregone. A unit of land may be suitable for a variety of 

individual or combined management practices. 

suitable for timber production: National Forest System land allocated by a Forest Plan decision 

to be managed for timber production on a regulated basis. Regulated basis means a systematic 

relationship between tree growth and timber harvest such that a specific timber volume objective 

level can be sustained indefinitely. 

suppression (fire suppression): Any act taken to slow, stop or extinguish a fire. Examples of 

suppression activities include line construction, backfiring, and application of water or chemical 

fire retardants. 

T

terrestrial: Of, or pertaining to, land as distinct from water. 

thinning: A silvicultural treatment removing some trees in a stand to reduce tree density.

threatened species: Any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the 

foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Designated or proposed as a 

threatened species in the Federal Register by the Secretary of Interior. 
Glossary

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 139

timber production: The purposeful growing, tending, harvesting, and regeneration of regulated 

crops of trees to be cut into logs, bolts, or other round sections for industrial or consumer use. 

topography: The configuration of a land surface including its relief, elevation, and the position 

of its natural and human-made features. 

trail: A general term denoting an access route for purposes of travel by foot, stock or trail 

vehicle. (A trail vehicle is one that is 40 inches or less in width and is designated for trail use.) 

trailheads: The parking, signing, and other facilities available at the terminus of a trail. 

U

understory: The trees and other vegetation growing under a more or less continuous cover of 

branches and foliage formed collectively by the upper portion (overstory) of adjacent trees and 

other woody growth. 

V

vegetation condition class: The dominant existing vegetation or physical features found on a 

unit of land. Forested condition classes are described by the dominant existing timber species and 

size class.

vertical structure: Division of an ecosystem type into distinguishable layers on the basis of 

height of the vegetation creating understory, midstory, and overstory and divisions within each.

viable population: Population of plants or animals that has the estimated numbers and 

distribution of reproductive individuals to ensure its continued existence is well distributed in the 

planning area. 

viewshed: The total landscape seen, or potentially seen, from all or a logical part of a travel route, 

use area, or waterbody. 

visual resource: The composite of basic terrain, geological features, water features, vegetative 

patterns, and land-use effects that typify a land unit and influence the visual appeal the unit may 

have for visitors. 

W

water rights: Rights given by State or Federal governments for the diversion and use of water. 

watershed: The entire area that contributes water to a drainage system or stream. 

watershed condition classes: The Forest Service Manuel uses three classes to describe 

watershed condition (USDA Forest Service 2004, FSM 2521.1).

Class 1 watersheds exhibit high geomorphic, hydrologic, and biotic integrity relative to their 

natural potential condition.

Class 2 watersheds exhibit moderate geomorphic, hydrologic, and biotic integrity relative to 

their natural potential condition.

Class 3 watersheds exhibit low geomorphic, hydrologic, and biotic integrity relative to their 

natural potential condition.

wetlands: Those areas that are inundated by surface or ground water with a frequency sufficient

to support that, and under normal circumstances, do or would support, a prevalence of vegetation 
Glossary

National Forests in Mississippi

140 Land and Resource Management Plan

or aquatic life that requires saturated or seasonally saturated soil conditions for growth and 

reproduction. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas such as 

sloughs, potholes, wet meadows, river overflows, and natural ponds. 

wild and scenic river: A river or section of river designated as such by congressional action 

under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of Oct. 2, 1968, as supplemented and amended, or those 

sections of a river designated as wild, scenic, or recreational by an act of the legislature of the 

state or states through which it flows. 

wilderness: Any federal land designated by Congress as part of the National Wilderness 

Preservation System.

wildland fire: Any nonstructural fire on wildlands other than one intentionally set for 

management purposes. Confined to a predetermined area. Not to be confused with “fire use,” 

which includes prescribed fire. 

wildland-urban interface: The line, area, or zone where structures and other human 

development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels. 

wildlife habitat improvement: The manipulation or maintenance of vegetation to yield desired 

results in terms of habitat suitable for designated wildlife species or groups of species. 

X

xeric: Pertaining to sites or habitats characterized by decidedly dry conditions. 
National Forests in Mississippi

Revised Land and Resource Management Plan 141

Commonly Used Acronyms 

ATV – all terrain vehicle

CFR – Code of Federal Regulations

d.b.h. – diameter at breast height

FEIS – final environmental impact statement

EIS – environmental impact statement

EPA – Environmental Protection Agency

FEIS – final environmental impact statement

IPM – integrated pest management

MDWFP – Mississippi Department of Wildlife Fish and Parks

MIS – management indicator species

MMCF – million cubic feet

MMBF – million board feet

NAAQS – National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NEPA – National Environmental Policy Act

NF – national forest

NFMA – National Forest Management Act

NFS – National Forest System

OHV – off-highway vehicle

RCW – red-cockaded woodpecker

RD – ranger district

SMS – scenery management system

USDA – United States Department of Agriculture

USDI – United States Department of the Interior
National Forests in Mississippi

142 Land and Resource Management Plan

References

NatureServe. 2004a. International ecological classification standard: terrestrial ecological 

classifications. National Forests of Northern Mississippi (Delta, Holly Springs, 

Tombigbee) Final Report. Arlington, Va.

——— 2004b. International ecological classification standard: terrestrial ecological 

classifications. National Forests of Southern Mississippi (Bienville, De Soto, 

Homochitto) Final Report. Arlington, Va.

Peters, Pat, Amy Lang, Jeremy Call, and Debbie Campbell. 2005. National Forests in Mississippi 

scenery management system inventory and analysis. Scenery management system update. 

EDAW.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. 1995. Final environmental impact statement for 

the management of red-cockaded woodpecker and it’s habitat on national forest lands in 

the Southern Region. Atlanta, Ga. June 1995. 3 Vols.

———. 2007. Guidance for conserving and restoring old-growth forest communities on National 

Forests in Mississippi. National Forests in Mississippi Plan Revision Old-Growth Team. 

This guide is a part of the planning record for the Revised Land and Resource 

Management Plan. National Forests in Mississippi. Jackson, MS.

——— 2008. Scenery treatment guide for the Southern Region. Atlanta, GA. April 23, 2008

——— 2009a. Ecosystem diversity report. This report is part of the planning record for the 

Revised Land and Resource Management Plan. National Forests in Mississippi. Jackson, 

MS.

——— 2009b. Species diversity report. This report is part of the planning record for the Revised 

Land and Resource Management Plan. National Forests in Mississippi. Jackson, MS.

——— 2009c. Red-cockaded woodpecker implementation guide. This guide is a part of the 

planning record for the Revised Land and Resource Management Plan. National Forests 

in Mississippi. Jackson, MS.

——— 2009d. Timber program suitability and sustainability analysis report. This report is part 

of the planning record for the Revised Land and Resource Management Plan. National 

Forests in Mississippi. Jackson, MS.

——— 2009e. Comprehensive evaluation report. This report is a part of the planning record for 

the Revised Land and Resource Management Plan. National Forests in Mississippi. 

Jackson, MS.

U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Interior. 2003. Interagency strategy for 

the implementation of federal wildland fire management policy. June 30, 2003.

U.S. Department of Interior. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2003. Recovery plan for the red-cockaded 

woodpecker (Picoides borealis): second edition. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, 

GA. 296p.
National Forests in Mississippi

Revised Land and Resource Management Plan 143

Appendix A. Summary of Analysis of the 

Management Situation

In preparing for the plan revision process, the National Forests in Mississippi analyzed the current 

management situation to determine changes and trends over the past two decades that needed to 

be addressed in the new forest plan. This analysis of the management situation (AMS) helped 

identify major issues, changing conditions, evolving management direction, new scientific 

understanding, and shifts in public interest since the 1985 forest plan. The following list 

summarizes the major issues, continued priorities, and changes identified from this analysis.

• There is a renewed emphasis on restoring and sustaining a diversity of native ecosystems, in 

contrast to the 1985 forest plan focus on timber commodity production.

• There is a shift in perspective regarding vegetation management; less emphasis has been 

placed on ensuring timber harvest and production method efficiencies and more emphasis is 

on using timber management as a tool for carrying out restoration goals and sustaining 

healthy resilient forests.

• There has been a steadfast emphasis on protection and habitat enhancement for threatened 

and endangered species on National Forests in Mississippi-administered lands.

• We have a better understanding of the historic role of fire and recognize the need for an 

aggressive prescribed fire program to maintain fire-dependent native ecosystems, reverse 

habitat loss of endangered species, reduce fuel hazards, control non-native invasive species, 

and protect human safety.

• Increased development and population growth adjacent to national forest lands are impacting 

our ability to conduct effective management practices across the landscape.

• There has been a steady increase in demand for providing recreation opportunities, 

particularly for developed trails.

• There is a need for a more sustainable infrastructure system for management of roads, trails, 

and bridges in an environment with anticipated declining budgets and resources.

• There is a need for developing and adaptive natural resource management framework for 

responding to effects of climate change, with particular concern for potential increases in 

weather disturbances resulting in windstorm damage from tornadoes and hurricanes.

Several overarching management goals emerged during collaboration efforts that provided a 

framework for developing the plan and alternatives. Consistent with the natural resource base of 

the National Forests in Mississippi and with consideration for anticipated staffing and funding 

capabilities, the final environmental impact statement (FEIS) for the plan evaluated a range of 

management alternatives that incorporated the overarching management goals. While the FEIS 

described and analyzed the alternatives in detail, the following goals were common to all 

alternatives and reflected the AMS findings and collaborative input received during the plan

revision process.

Restore Native Ecological Systems – We identified 24 native ecological systems on the National 

Forests in Mississippi, including 9 unique communities or uncommon local features. Priorities for 

achieving desired conditions included conversion of loblolly and slash pine stands to longleaf 

pine and shortleaf pine/oak ecosystems, restoration of floodplain forests, and continued 

maintenance and enhancement of native hardwood ecosystems and unique communities such as 

native prairies and bogs.
Appendix A. Summary of Analysis of the Management Situation

National Forests in Mississippi

144 Land and Resource Management Plan

Promote Diversity of Species – Managing for a diversity of healthy native ecosystems was 

integral to providing appropriate ecological conditions for a diversity of plant and animal species. 

Threatened and endangered species protection and habitat enhancement remained important 

priorities. The needs of threatened and endangered species identified as potentially occurring in 

the National Forests in Mississippi were emphasized.

Manage for Healthy Forests – Shift resource management focus from commodity production to 

providing for native ecosystem restoration and enhanced forest health conditions. Vegetation 

management practices support a variety of integrated resource strategies including converting 

loblolly and slash pine plantings to native ecosystems, creating a diversity of habitats, improving 

resilience to natural disturbances and a changing climate, reducing impacts of insects and 

diseases, controlling nonnative invasive species, and producing quality timber commodities.

Conserve Old-growth Communities – A diversity of tree ages, from regeneration to old growth, 

are managed to support a sustainable mix of ecological conditions across the landscape. The 

overall strategy is to establish old-growth stands across all ecological systems on the National 

Forests in Mississippi.

Restore Historic Fire Conditions – On the National Forests in Mississippi, periodic prescribed 

burning has become an important tool for recreating historic fire regimes and reducing the risk of 

catastrophic fires. Restoring fire regimes that favor desirable native ecosystems and improves or 

maintains habitats for threatened and endangered species is a high resource management priority. 

The frequency of return intervals for prescribed burns and the percent of burns conducted during 

the growing season vary, depending on the ecosystem and habitat needs.

Manage for Healthy Watersheds – Productive soils, clean water, and clean air are important 

desired conditions and essential to sustaining the ecological function and productive capacity of 

the National Forests in Mississippi. Management strategies focus on using established best 

management practices for sustaining and improving watersheds within national forest control and 

promoting an “all lands” approach by working cooperatively with other agencies and landowners 

to improve statewide watershed health.

Maintain Sustainable Infrastructure and Access – The focus for managing the roads, trails, 

and facilities that make up the National Forests in Mississippi infrastructure is on user safety and 

maintenance of existing systems. Infrastructure additions are anticipated to be limited and 

dependent on funding availability. Attention will be focused on addressing the backlog of repairs 

and upgrades, improvements for environmental protection, disposal of facilities that are no longer 

needed, and rehabilitation of user-created trails and roads.

Maintain Sustainable Recreation – Recreation management is focused on maintaining and 

improving existing dispersed recreation opportunities and developed recreation sites that provide 

a diverse range of quality natural and cultural-based recreation opportunities. Addition of new 

facilities and amenities is dependent on establishing reliable public and private partnerships. 

Provide Stable Economic Benefits – Vegetation management, minerals development, and 

recreation use are the principal forest resource management activities that generate the majority 

of revenues. The proposed action and alternatives evaluated an array of program levels to ensure 

a steady flow of economic benefits.

Adapt to Changing Climate Conditions – An increase in extreme weather events is the climate 

change factor most likely to affect the National Forests in Mississippi in the next 10 to 15 years. 

Strategies include reducing vulnerability by maintaining and restoring resilient native ecosystems, 

enhancing adaptation by reducing serious disturbances and taking advantage of disruptions, using 

preventative measures to reduce impacts from forest pests, and mitigating greenhouse emissions 

by reducing carbon loss from hurricanes. 
National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 145

Appendix B. Timber Analysis

Timber Resource Program,

Suitability, and Sustainability Analysis

Introduction

Vegetation management practices envisioned in the revised forest plan for the National Forests in 

Mississippi support restoration of native ecological systems, improve conditions for threatened and 

endangered species, and improve forest health. These ecological restoration objectives are based on 

the desired conditions described in chapter 2 of the plan. The desired conditions of the plan are based 

on the analysis described in the FEIS appendix G – Ecosystems and Species Diversity Report and 

FEIS appendix H – By-unit Analysis for various Ecological Systems and Species Associations. An 

Ecological Sustainability Evaluation Model was used to consider conditions needed for ecological 

sustainability, and species diversity and sustainability. The approximate ecological system current 

conditions and desired conditions are displayed as percentages of each administrative unit of the 

National Forests in Mississippi in Table 14 below. The desired condition for abundance of each 

system is indicated as a range of ecologically optimum percentages for each unit. The differences 

between current and desired conditions in Table 14 are what drive the outcomes displayed in chapter 

3 of the plan and summarized by unit in Table 15 through Table 18 on the following pages.

The results of the Ecological Sustainability Evaluation Model emphasized restoration of longleaf, 

shortleaf and hardwoods forestwide on appropriate sites. Restoration of prairies on the Bienville 

Ranger District was identified as high priority. Restoration of bogs and savannahs in the Near Coast 

Flatwoods on the De Soto Ranger District were also considered a priority. In areas identified as redcockaded woodpecker habitat management areas, and suitable soils for gopher tortoise, thinning to 

achieve optimal habitat conditions was deemed highest priority. As program level allowed, other 

projects addressing forest health and general habitat conditions were identified to accomplish.

The changes in vegetation species composition, condition and age were modeled using an excel 

spreadsheet. Formulas that moved 2006 acres in 10-year increments were entered by vegetation type 

and age. The formulas accounted for acres modeled to change vegetation types due to restoration 

treatments. Vegetation management treatments of systems in desirable conditions were modeled to 

include three thinning harvests in pine-dominated systems and two in hardwood systems during the 

life of the stand. Shortleaf and longleaf systems were modeled to be managed for 120 years. Dry 

upland hardwood systems were expected to be managed for 130 years. Mesic and alluvial hardwood 

systems were expected to be managed for 200 years. Loblolly and slash-dominated systems were 

generally expected to be managed for 80 years. Where loblolly and slash pine stands are being 

converted to either hardwood, shortleaf, or longleaf then, their harvests were modeled to occur at a 

rate equivalent to a 60-year rotation (16.67 percent). However, in red-cockaded woodpecker habitat 

management areas the red-cockaded woodpecker recovery plan guidelines limit restoration harvest to 

12.5 percent. Vegetation management within red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management areas 

follows the most current recovery plan guidance for this species. The assumptions used in the 

modeling of vegetation treatments and harvest volumes were deemed biologically attainable by the 

interdisciplinary team developing the plan strategy. Likely program level outcomes for the plan were 

estimated using a model that reflected treatment priorities and program constraints (such as budget 

and staffing). The model results were also tempered by the biologically attainable vegetation 

program capacity. These constraints resulted in effective rotations longer than those stated above. 

The likely vegetation program should be predominantly thinning and system restoration harvests. 
Appendix B. Timber Analysis

National Forests in Mississippi

146 Land and Resource Management Plan

The restoration harvests are likely to be predominantly clearcuts that are artificially regenerated. 

Other regeneration methods will be predominantly harvest prescriptions aimed at natural 

regeneration (seed tree and shelterwood).

Table 14. Desired percent of ecological systems by unit on the National Forests in Mississippi

Ecological System

Current and Desired Percent of Ecological System by Unit

BienvilleChickasawhayDe SotoHomochittoDeltaHolly SpringsYalobushaAckermanTrace

Upland Longleaf Pine Forest 

and Woodland

C 3 40 45 9

D 20-30 65-73 64-74 69-78

Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest 

and Woodland

C 3 28 4 12 14

D 5-15 34-52 34-52 30-47 28-43

Loblolly Pine Forest

C 31 16 13 76 38 65 53 51

D 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5

Southern Loblolly-Hardwood 

Flatwoods

C 38

D 35-45

Slash Pine Forest

C 26 21 2

D 0-5 1-7 0

Northern Dry Upland 

Hardwood Forest

C 21 18 20 16

D 34-51 34-52 30-46 28-43

Southern Dry Upland 

Hardwood Forest

C 2 1 1 3

D 0-5 0-5 0-5 3-12

Southern Loess Bluff Forest

C 2

D 3-10

Southern Mesic Slope Forest

C 11 2 2 4

D 5-15 0-5 1-8 2-10

Northern Mesic Hardwood 

Forest

C 10 10 12 15

D 6-13 1-8 6-12 18-24

Floodplain Forest

C 12 15 6 6 2 2 3 2

D 10-20 23-32 12-20 9-16 6-13 11-18 16-22 7-13

Lower Mississippi River 

Bottomland and Floodplain 

Forest

C 100

D 100

Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods

C 4

D 3-9

Wet Pine Savanna

C

D 0.6-7

C-Current, D-Desired
Appendix B. Timber Analysis

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 147

This appendix provides a summary of analysis of the suitability of National Forests in Mississippi 

forest lands for timber production and harvest under the revised forest plan. The appendix also 

provides estimates of the timber sale program quantity (TSPQ) in Table 16, allowable sale quantity 

(ASQ) in Table 15 and the long-term sustained yield (LTSY) capacity of these lands in Table 16.

Timber sale program quantity is the total amount of timber that is likely to be removed, including 

both the amount scheduled to be removed from lands suitable for timber production and an estimate 

of the amount of unscheduled timber removed from lands not suitable for timber production. 

Allowable sale quantity is the maximum amount of timber (over a 10-year period) to be harvested on 

a planned, scheduled basis from lands suitable for timber production. Long-term sustained yield 

calculations are based on the amount of timber that could be harvested assuming the desired 

conditions were achieved and the silvicultural management strategy for the desired condition was 

being implemented.

Long-term sustained yield, allowable sale quantity, and timber sale program quantity are estimates 

achieved by use of the excel spreadsheet model mentioned above. Timber sale program quantity is 

aspirational in nature, rather than being a commitment to offer certain levels of volume at any given 

time. The timber sale program anticipates silvicultural activities, which are analyzed and selected 

through National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process decisions that implement the revised 

plan. These timber sale projects apply active management to the vegetation resource to move the 

forest toward desired conditions (see chapter 2). Silvicultural activities described in this report 

include commercial timber sales of intermediate timber harvesting (thinning, seed tree removal), and 

harvest treatments that are even-aged in nature (clearcut, shelterwood, seedtree), two-aged 

regeneration (shelterwood with reserves or seed tree with reserves), or uneven-aged (group 

selection). The size of the vegetation management program (acres of management activities) has 

been determined by the ecological needs of the resource, tempered by the historical budget and 

personnel levels (physical capability) for the National Forests in Mississippi. 

Timber sale program quantity was estimated using the excel spreadsheet developed as a model to 

reflect the changes in vegetation types, ages and condition through five decades of vegetation 

management to achieve the plan’s desired conditions. This spreadsheet model included format and 

formulas to calculate acres of treatment and resulting volumes. The volume tables included in this 

model were based on experienced volume yields and professional judgment. The section below 

describing anticipated changes and treatments provides likely outcomes in acres for each district and 

vegetation classification based on this model. The 307 million cubic feet or 1,535 million board feet

long-term sustained yield was estimated in the same excel spreadsheet. This estimate was based on 

the amount of timber that could be removed in perpetuity on a decadal basis. The allowable sale 

quantity is 179 million cubic feet or 894 million board feet per decade.

Ecological restoration has been the primary management emphasis through the forest plan revision 

process. Improved forest health will also be achieved by implementing ecological restoration 

projects. The timber sale activities described above will yield wood products to the commercial 

markets in the form of pulpwood and sawtimber.

The first decade; allowable sale quantity (Table 15), timber sale program quantity (Table 16), and 

estimated acres of vegetation management practices (Table 17), are presented as a breakdown by 

ranger district or unit. However, the breakdown or distributions shown in these tables are not 

considered a plan allocation by unit. The revised plan developed management visions and strategies 

on a landscape scale recognizing that ecosystems occur across multiple administrative units (see 

Table 1. Distribution of ecological systems on the National Forests in Mississippi). The unit 

distributions shown in the tables reflect a probable scenario of unit distribution based upon current 

staffing and resource management conditions. During plan implementation, future changes in 

staffing and/or resource management conditions may result in changes in the actual outputs by unit. 
Appendix B. Timber Analysis

National Forests in Mississippi

148 Land and Resource Management Plan

Table 15. Allowable sale quantity for first decade on lands suitable for timber production 

Practice

District Totals

National 

Forests 

in MS 

BienvilleChicka

Total

saw

hayDe SotoDeltaHolly SpringsHomochitto

Tombigbee

Regeneration 

Cutting (even- or 

two-aged)

0 3.5 12.9 1.6 10.6 19.8 3.6 52.0

Uneven-aged 

Management 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1

Commercial 

Thinning 27.3 20.5 16.2 3.3 9.5 40.2 6.8 123.8

Other Harvest 2.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.8

Total (MMBF) 150.5 120.0 145.5 24.5 100.5 300.0 52.5 893.5

Total (MMCF) 30.1 24.0 29.1 4.9 20.1 60.0 10.5 178.7

Table 16. Timber sale program quantity for first decade

Practice

District Totals

National 

Forests 

in MS 

BienvilleCh

Total

ickasaw

hayDe SotoDeltaHolly SpringsHomochitto

Tombigbee

Timber sale program quantity from lands not suited for timber production

Regeneration 

Cutting (even- or 

two-aged)

0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0.3

Uneven-aged 

Management 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Commercial 

Thinning 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1

Other Harvest 0.2 0 1.9 0 0 0 0 2.1

Total (MMBF) 1.0 0 10.0 0 1.5 0 0 12.5

Total (MMCF) 0.2 0 2.0 0 0.3 0 0 2.5

Total Timber Sale Program Quantity on both lands suitable and not suited for timber production

Grand Totals 

(MMBF) 151.5 120 155.5 24.5 102.0 300.0 52.5 906.0

Grand Totals 

(MMCF) 30.3 24.0 31.1 4.9 20.4 60.0 10.5 181.2

Long-term sustained Yield for the National Forests in Mississippi: 1,535 MMBF (307 MMCF)
Appendix B. Timber Analysis

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 149

Table 17. Estimated acres of vegetation management practices in the first decade

Practice

District Totals

National 

Forests 

in MS 

BienvilleChicka

Total

sawhay

De SotoDeltaHolly SpringsHomochitto

Tombigbee

Lands Suited for Timber Production

Regeneration 

Cutting (even- or 

two-aged)

0 1,558 6,530 1,357 5,712 6,898 3,008 25,063

Uneven-aged 

Management 0 0 0 0 0 0 83 83

Commercial 

Thinning 27,295 29,786 22,788 6,496 10,626 36,284 7,433 140,708

Other Harvest 799 0 0 0 0 0 0 799

Subtotal Acres 28,094 31,344 29,318 7,853 16,338 43,182 10,524 166,653

Lands Not Suited for Timber Production

Regeneration 

Cutting (even- or 

two-aged)

0 0 0 0 160 0 0 160

Uneven-aged 

Management 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Commercial 

Thinning 0 0 408 0 70 0 0 478

Other Harvest 51 0 1,117 0 0 0 0 1,168

Subtotal Acres 51 0 1,525 0 230 0 0 1,806

Grand Total 

Acres 28,145 31,344 30,843 7,853 16,568 43,182 10,524 168,459

Table 18 displays the anticipated product mix for the timber sale program quantity for the first 

decade of plan implementation based upon historical program product mix offerings for the National 

Forests in Mississippi.

Table 18. Estimated product mix for National Forests in Mississippi

timber sale program quantity (TSPQ)

Products Estimated Product 

Percentage TSPQ (MMCF)

Pine Sawtimber 46% 83

Pine Pulpwood 41% 74

Hardwood Sawtimber 4% 7

Hardwood Pulpwood 9% 16

Total TSPQ (MMCF) 181
Appendix B. Timber Analysis

National Forests in Mississippi

150 Land and Resource Management Plan

Suitability

The suitability determinations used in plan revision are based on land classifications contained in the 

Forest Service FSVeg forest vegetation database as of 2006. These classifications have been updated 

through inventories and project decisions made over the last several decades. These classifications 

were reviewed prior to plan revision analysis for accuracy and appropriateness under the plan’s 

desired conditions for the various forest ecosystem vegetation types. Because of this review, acres in 

the near coast flatwoods system were identified as not suitable for timber production. Timber 

production is not compatible with the open woodland savanna and bog desired condition of these 

sites. Most of these areas were classed as suitable for timber production under the 1985 Land and 

Resource Management Plan for the National Forests in Mississippi. Areas on the National Forests in 

Mississippi’s preliminary list of possible old growth have been identified as not suitable for timber 

production as well, if they were not already in that category. This was done because there would be 

no intent to schedule harvesting these stands for regeneration. They may be harvested when projectlevel decisions identify the areas are not providing desired old-growth character or the sites are more 

important for restoration than old growth character when the species occurring are not deemed site 

appropriate. 

There have also been areas nominated for special area designation and reviewed for appropriateness 

for designation. The nominated areas deemed appropriate for further consideration for designation 

were placed in a Deferred Withdrawn (400) Land Class. The plan moves most of these designations 

forward to Reserved Withdrawn (300) Land Class. Two of the deferred withdrawn areas were 

dropped from further consideration (see the FEIS section 3.5.5 discussion of the 186 acre Lee Creek 

Proposed Research Natural Area and the 80 acre Singleton Prairie Proposed Research Natural Area 

for rationale). The following tables identify lands that are suitable for timber production and those 

lands that are not suitable for timber production. There is a timber land classification map included in 

the project record. This map displays areas where timber-harvesting activities could occur.

Most of the land base (81 percent) on the National Forests in Mississippi is considered suitable for 

timber production. Exceptions to that include areas administratively or congressionally withdrawn 

from such practices. Areas have also been identified as not suitable for timber production during past 

inventories due to site characteristics or red-cockaded woodpecker management guides. In addition, 

areas have been identified where timber production is not compatible with achieving desired 

conditions and objectives of the forest plan. 

The tables on the following pages summarize acres for the timber land classification categories based 

on 2006 data. These land classifications are subject to change based on field inventory and 

subsequent classifications. Each district is displayed followed by a summary for the National Forests 

in Mississippi.
Appendix B. Timber Analysis

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 151

Table 19. Acres of timber land classifications for the Bienville National Forest

Classification Approximate Acres

Total National Forest System Land 178,541

Nonforest lands 1,603

Lands that have been withdrawn from timber production 242

Lands where technology is not available to ensure timber production would not 

cause irreversible resource damage 0

Lands where there is no reasonable assurance they can be adequately restocked 0

Lands Tentatively Suitable for Timber Production 176,696

Lands where timber production is not compatible with achieving desired 

conditions and objectives (Lands not appropriate for timber production) 21,748

Lands Suitable for Timber Production 154,948

Lands Not Suitable For Timber Production 23,593

The acreage of the Bienville National Forest considered not suitable for timber production includes:

• nonforest lands that are administrative sites, wildlife openings, road and utility rights-of-way, 

water areas, and prairies; 

• lands withdrawn from timber production which are research natural areas and botanical areas; 

and 

• areas considered not appropriate for timber production such as recreation sites, scenic areas, redcockaded woodpecker clusters, areas of possible old growth, and lands with barriers to 

management.
Appendix B. Timber Analysis

National Forests in Mississippi

152 Land and Resource Management Plan

Table 20. Acres of timber land classifications for the DeSoto National Forest, DeSoto District

Classification Approximate Acres

Total National Forest System Land 368,218

Nonforest lands 9,368

Lands that have been withdrawn from timber production 11,169

Lands where technology is not available to ensure timber production would not 

cause irreversible resource damage 0

Lands where there is no reasonable assurance they can be adequately 

restocked 0

Lands Tentatively Suitable for Timber Production 347,681

Lands where timber production is not compatible with achieving desired 

conditions and objectives (Lands not appropriate for timber production) 97,728

Lands Suitable for Timber Production 249,953

Lands Not Suitable For Timber Production 118,265

The acreage of the DeSoto National Forest, DeSoto Ranger District considered not suitable for 

timber production includes:

• nonforest lands that are seed orchard buffers, recreation sites, military use areas, wildlife 

openings, road and utility rights-of-way, water areas, cemeteries, and pitcher plant bogs; 

• lands withdrawn from timber production which are wilderness, experimental forest, research 

natural areas and botanical areas; and

• areas considered not appropriate for timber production such as wild and scenic river corridor, 

recreation sites, scenic areas, administrative sites, seed orchard, military use areas, red-cockaded 

woodpecker clusters, areas of possible old growth, sensitive soils or vegetation sites, and lands 

with barriers to management.
Appendix B. Timber Analysis

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 153

Table 21. Acres of timber land classifications for the DeSoto National Forest, Chickasawhay District

Classification Approximate Acres

Total National Forest System Land 150,369

Nonforest lands 291

Lands that have been withdrawn from timber production 690

Lands where technology is not available to ensure timber production would 

not cause irreversible resource damage 0

Lands where there is no reasonable assurance they can be adequately 

restocked 0

Lands Tentatively Suitable for Timber Production 149,388

Lands where timber production is not compatible with achieving desired 

conditions and objectives (Lands not appropriate for timber production) 10,117

Lands Suitable for Timber Production 139,271

Lands Not Suitable For Timber Production 11,098

The acreage of the DeSoto National Forest, Chickasawhay Ranger District considered not suitable 

for timber production includes:

• nonforest lands that are wildlife openings, road and utility rights-of-way, water areas, and 

cemeteries; 

• lands withdrawn from timber production which are research natural areas and botanical areas; 

and 

• areas considered not appropriate for timber production such as recreation sites, administrative 

sites, red-cockaded woodpecker clusters, areas of possible old growth, and sensitive soils or 

vegetation sites.
Appendix B. Timber Analysis

National Forests in Mississippi

154 Land and Resource Management Plan

Table 22. Acres of timber land classifications for the Homochitto National Forest

Classification Approximate Acres

Total National Forest System Land 191,842

Nonforest lands 2,960

Lands that have been withdrawn from timber production 228

Lands where technology is not available to ensure timber production would 

not cause irreversible resource damage 0

Lands where there is no reasonable assurance they can be adequately 

restocked 0

Lands Tentatively Suitable for Timber Production 188,654

Lands where timber production is not compatible with achieving desired 

conditions and objectives (Lands not appropriate for timber production) 16,585

Lands Suitable for Timber Production 172,069

Lands Not Suitable For Timber Production 19,773

The acreage of the Homochitto National Forest considered not suitable for timber production 

includes:

• non-forest lands that are wildlife openings, road and utility rights-of-way, water areas, and 

administrative sites; lands withdrawn from timber production which are research natural areas; 

and 

• areas considered not appropriate for timber production such as recreation sites, red-cockaded 

woodpecker clusters, and areas of possible old growth.
Appendix B. Timber Analysis

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 155

Table 23. Acres of timber land classifications for the Delta National Forest

Classification Approximate Acres

Total National Forest System Land 60,898

Non-forest lands 1,701

Lands that have been withdrawn from timber production 711

Lands where technology is not available to ensure timber production would not 

cause irreversible resource damage 0

Lands where there is no reasonable assurance they can be adequately 

restocked 0

Lands Tentatively Suitable for Timber Production 58,486

Lands where timber production is not compatible with achieving desired

conditions and objectives (Lands not appropriate for timber production) 21,156

Lands Suitable for Timber Production 37,330

Lands Not Suitable For Timber Production 23,568

The acreage of the Delta National Forest considered not suitable for timber production includes:

• non-forest lands that are wildlife openings, road and utility rights-of-way, water areas, and 

administrative sites; 

• lands withdrawn from timber production which are research natural areas and historical areas; 

and 

• areas considered not appropriate for timber production such as recreation sites, slough buffers 

and areas of possible old growth.
Appendix B. Timber Analysis

National Forests in Mississippi

156 Land and Resource Management Plan

Table 24. Acres of timber land classifications for the Holly Springs National Forest

Classification Approximate Acres

Total National Forest System Land 155,661

Non-forest lands 1,979

Lands that have been withdrawn from timber production 186

Lands where technology is not available to ensure timber production would not 

cause irreversible resource damage 0

Lands where there is no reasonable assurance they can be adequately 

restocked 0

Lands Tentatively Suitable for Timber Production 153,496

Lands where timber production is not compatible with achieving desired 

conditions and objectives (Lands not appropriate for timber production) 12,056

Lands Suitable for Timber Production 141,440

Lands Not Suitable For Timber Production 14,221

The acreage of the Holly Springs National Forest, considered not suitable for timber production 

includes: 

• non-forest lands that are wildlife openings, road and utility rights-of-way, and water areas; 

• lands withdrawn from timber production which are research natural areas; and 

• areas considered not appropriate for timber production such as recreation sites, administrative 

sites, areas of possible old growth, areas with barriers to management, and sensitive soils or 

vegetation sites.
Appendix B. Timber Analysis

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 157

Table 25. Acres of timber land classifications for the Tombigbee National Forest

Classification Approximate Acres

Total National Forest System Land 67,005

Non-forest lands 924

Lands that have been withdrawn from timber production 1,200

Lands where technology is not available to ensure timber production would not 

cause irreversible resource damage 0

Lands where there is no reasonable assurance they can be adequately 

restocked 0

Lands Tentatively Suitable for Timber Production 64,881

Lands where timber production is not compatible with achieving desired 

conditions and objectives (Lands not appropriate for timber production) 5,627

Lands Suitable for Timber Production 59,254

Lands Not Suitable For Timber Production 7,751

The acreage of the Tombigbee National Forest, considered not suitable for timber production 

includes:

• non-forest lands that are wildlife openings, road and utility rights-of-way, cemeteries and water 

areas; 

• lands withdrawn from timber production which are research natural areas; and 

• areas considered not appropriate for timber production such as recreation sites, administrative 

sites, areas of possible old growth, and sensitive soils or vegetation sites.

Table 26. Total acres of timber land classifications for the National Forests in Mississippi 

Classification Approximate Acres

Total National Forest System Land 1,172,524

Non-forest lands 18,826

Lands that have been withdrawn from timber production 14,426

Lands where technology is not available to ensure timber production 

would not cause irreversible resource damage 0

Lands where there is no reasonable assurance they can be adequately 

restocked 0

Lands Tentatively Suitable for Timber Production 1,139,282

Lands where timber production is not compatible with achieving desired 

conditions and objectives (Lands not appropriate for timber production) 185,017

Lands Suitable for Timber Production 954,265

Lands Not Suitable For Timber Production 218,269

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 159

Appendix C. Possible Actions and Vegetation 

Management Priorities by Administrative Unit; 

and Silvicultural Systems and Cultural 

Practices by Ecosystem or Forest Cover type

Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

This section describes possible actions that may subsequently take place on the districts at the project 

or activity level to help maintain existing conditions or move toward desired conditions. The lists of 

possible actions are not intended to be all inclusive nor are they decisions. They are simply 

projections of what actions may take place in the future (FSH 1909.12, section 11.2). These possible 

actions meet the requirement of section 6 (f) of the National Forest Management Act 16 USC 1604 

(f), and no actions will take place until they are specifically proposed and appropriate NEPA analysis 

and other project requirements (such as Appeals Reform Act or Healthy Forest Act) are met.

A plan amendment is not required to change or modify this list of possible actions. In accordance with 

the National Forest System Land Management Planning Rule (36 CFR 219.7(b)), these projections 

can be updated at any time through an administrative correction of the plan. These possible activities 

are generally implemented at the unit or ranger district level so proposed and possible actions in this 

section are identified by geographic areas.

The six proclaimed national forests that make up the National Forests in Mississippi are 

administratively managed as seven ranger districts distributed across the State of Mississippi. 

Although each district has unique characteristics and conditions, they all contribute to forestwide 

desired conditions and are managed under one Land and Resource Management Plan. Recognizing 

these districts in the plan enables us to better respond to local conditions and situations and provides 

an opportunity to fine-tune our management objectives to address their unique character. The seven 

ranger districts are: Bienville, Chickasawhay, Delta, De Soto, Homochitto, Holly Springs and 

Tombigbee.

Bienville National Forest/Ranger District

The Bienville Ranger District is located in the east-central part of Mississippi and is approximately 

180,000 acres. There are extensive acreages of 70-year-old and older loblolly pine and dense 

hardwood midstory. There are approximately 6,000 acres of longleaf pine forest present. Some broad 

hardwood bottoms are also present.

Ecological Systems

The Bienville Ranger District has 13 of the 24 ecological community types that are found forestwide.

The ecological systems that occur on the district are as follows:

• loblolly pine forest 

• southern loblolly-hardwood flatwoods

• floodplain forest

• ponds and emergent wetlands

• seeps, springs, and seepage swamps

• Jackson prairie and woodland

• shortleaf pine-oak forest and woodland

• southern dry upland hardwood forest

• southern mesic slope forest

• upland longleaf pine forest and woodland

• rock outcrops

• rivers and streams

• lakes and ponds
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

160 Land and Resource Management Plan

The majority of the Bienville Ranger District is loblolly pine-dominated flatwoods managed for 

recovery of red-cockaded woodpecker. These areas are synonymous with NatureServe’s Southern 

Loblolly Hardwood Flatwoods ecological system and are expected to be maintained on the landscape 

throughout the implementation period of this plan. While Jackson Prairies are not represented on the 

Bienville’s ecological systems map (map 2), all acres of potential prairie are expected to be restored 

to desired condition including conversion from off-site species and restoring the appropriate fire 

regime.

The following table displays the proposed outcomes for ecological systems on the Bienville Ranger 

District during the first decade of forest plan implementation. The Bienville program management 

emphasis is on prairie restoration and management of red-cockaded woodpecker populations and 

habitat. The conversion acreage reflected below represents acres proposed to be converted to Jackson 

Prairie based on expected budgets and resource capacity. Structural improvement is the preferred 

treatment option for the first decade because of the need to restore red-cockaded woodpecker habitat 

to an optimum condition. Fire is expected to play a vital role in controlling midstory in red-cockaded 

woodpecker areas and restoration of native prairie.

Table 27. Possible outcomes for ecological systems on the Bienville Ranger District during the first 

decade of Forest Plan implementation

Ecological System

Structural 

Improvement

(Acres)

Age Structure 

Improvement

(Acres)

Conversion to 

Appropriate 

Ecological System

(Acres)

Totals

(Acres)

Loblolly Pine Forest 0 0 1,000 1,000

Southern LoblollyHardwood Flatwoods 23,000 0 0 23,000

Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest 

and Woodland 2,000 0 0 2,000

Upland Longleaf Pine 

Forest and Woodland 2,000 0 0 2,000

Southern Dry Upland 

Hardwood Forest 0 0 50 50

Southern Mesic Slope 

Forest 0 0 0 0

Floodplain Forest 0 0 0 0

Totals 27,000 0 1,050 28,050

The following table displays the percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural 

condition (60 years old or older) after the first decade of the plan based upon expected treatments 

conducted within this time frame. Structural objectives focus on regeneration age classes (0 to 10 

years old) and mature age classes (over 60 years old) because these groups are key to providing for 

species diversity. It is assumed that if mature and regenerating age classes are sustainable, so are age 

classes in between. All of these ecological systems are within the range of desired conditions and 

expectations as described in the “Species and Ecological System Diversity” report.
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 161

Table 28. Percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural condition (60 years old 

and older) after the first decade of the forest plan implementation

Ecological System

Percent Acres in 

Regeneration after 

1st Decade

Percent Acres in Mature 

Structural Condition after 

1st Decade

Loblolly Pine Forest 0 53

Mesic Loblolly Pine-Hardwood Forest 0 67

Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland 0 95

Upland Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland 0 65

Southern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest 0 94

Southern Mesic Slope Forest 0 90

Floodplain Forest 0 92

Chickasawhay Ranger District

The Chickasawhay Ranger District is located in the southeastern portion of Mississippi and occupies 

approximately 150,000 acres of the northern end of De Soto National Forest. The district includes 

Thompson Creek, a broad hardwood bottom. The Chickasawhay Ranger District has several rare 

pitcher plant flats and xeric sandhill communities that provide refuge for several species.

Ecological Systems

The Chickasawhay Ranger District has 13 of the 24 ecological community types that are recognized 

forestwide. The ecological systems that occur on the district are as follows: 

• loblolly pine forest

• slash pine forest

• floodplain forest

• ponds and emergent wetlands

• seeps, springs, and seepage swamps

• xeric sandhills

• southern dry upland hardwood forest

• southern mesic slope forest

• upland longleaf pine forest and woodland

• herbaceous seepage bogs and flats

• rock outcrops

• rivers and streams 

• lakes and ponds

Map 9 shows that pine is the prevalent forest type on the Chickasawhay Ranger District with longleaf 

pine being the dominant pine species. The Chickasawhay Ranger District is primarily managed for 

red-cockaded woodpecker and gopher tortoise recovery, and as such, there is little conversion of 

loblolly and slash pine expected to occur within the first decade of the plan. The red-cockaded 

woodpecker recovery plan limits the quantity of regeneration treatments that can occur within a redcockaded woodpecker habitat management area and emphasizes thinning existing stands as critical to 

restoration and maintenance of both red-cockaded woodpecker and gopher tortoise habitat 

management. Creating woodland conditions in existing stands of longleaf pine on gopher tortoise 

priority soils is also a high priority for the Chickasawhay Ranger District. Riparian areas are excluded 

from red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management areas, and the emphasis in these areas will be on 

favoring hardwoods through both natural succession and commercial thinnings. Xeric sandhills and 

herbaceous seepage bogs and flats are considered rare communities on the Chickasawhay Ranger 

District and are high priorities for restoration activities.
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

162 Land and Resource Management Plan

The following table displays the proposed outcomes for ecological systems on the Chickasawhay 

Ranger District during the first decade of forest plan implementation. Although conversion of off-site 

species to longleaf pine is a long-term goal for this ranger district, the focus of treatments during the 

first decade of plan implementation is on restoring existing red-cockaded woodpecker and gopher 

tortoise habitat. The Chickasawhay Ranger District’s program management emphasis for this plan 

period is on thinning the canopy structure and restoring the appropriate fire regime to provide more 

open canopy conditions for their threatened and endangered species. The woodland thins displayed 

below are targeted for gopher tortoise priority soils. The conversion acreage reflected below 

represents acres proposed to be converted to longleaf pine, which includes some conversion to xeric 

sandhills and herbaceous seepage bogs and flats. Fire is expected to play a vital role in controlling 

midstory in red-cockaded woodpecker areas and restoration of gopher tortoise habitat.

Table 29. Possible outcomes for ecological systems on the Chickasawhay Ranger District during the first 

decade of Forest Plan implementation

Ecological 

System

Structural 

Improvement

(Acres)

Gopher 

Tortoise 

Habitat 

Improvement

(Acres)

Age 

Structure 

Improvement

(Acres)

Conversion to 

Appropriate 

Ecological 

System

(Acres)

Totals

(Acres)

Upland Loblolly 

Pine Forest 4,000 0 0 300 4,300

Mesic Loblolly 

Pine-Hardwood 

Forest / Southern 

Mesic Slope 

Forest**

1,000 0 0 0 1,000

Shortleaf PineOak Forest and 

Woodland*

100 0 0 0 100

Upland Longleaf 

Pine Forest

13,000 7,000 0 0 20,000

Slash 14,000 0 0 1,000 15,000

Dry Upland 

Hardwood Forest

0 0 0 0 0

Floodplain Forest 0 0 0 0 0

Totals 32,100 7,000 0 1,300 40,400

* Shortleaf pine acreage is considered part of the Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland Ecological System; however, it is 

separated here to show where treatment is expected to occur.

** Southern Mesic Slope Forest is the Ecological System represented by Mesic Loblolly Pine Hardwood Forest in this table.

Table 30 displays the percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural condition 

(60 years old or older) after the first decade of the plan based upon expected treatments conducted 

within this timeframe. All of these systems are within our expectations as described in the “Species 

and Ecological System Diversity” report.
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 163

Table 30. Percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural condition (60 years old or 

older) after the first decade of forest plan implementation

Ecological System

Percent Acres in 

Regeneration after 

1st Decade

Percent Acres in Mature 

Structural Condition after 

1st Decade

Loblolly Pine Forest 0 64

Mesic Loblolly Pine-Hardwood Forest / 0 75

Southern Mesic Slope Forest 0 97

Upland Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland 2 59

Slash Pine Forest 0 28

Southern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest 0 96

Floodplain Forest 0 93

Delta National Forest/Ranger District

The Delta Ranger District is located in the west-central part of Mississippi and covers approximately 

60,000 acres. The Delta Ranger District is the only bottomland hardwood national forest in the nation. 

The Delta is also critical for recovery efforts of the endangered Pondberry and the threatened 

Louisiana black bear.

Ecological Systems

The Delta geographic area has 5 of the 24 ecological community types that are recognized forestwide. 

They are:

• Lower Mississippi river bottomland and floodplain forest

• ponds and emergent wetlands

• cypress dominated wetlands

• rivers and streams

• lakes and ponds

Map 15 shows that the Delta Ranger District is a contiguous tract of lower Mississippi River 

bottomland and floodplain forest. The Delta Ranger District is primarily managed to improve species 

composition and canopy structure.

The following table displays the proposed outcomes for ecological systems on the Delta Ranger

District during the first decade of forest plan implementation. 

Table 31. Proposed outcomes for ecological systems on the Delta Ranger District during the first decade 

of forest plan implementation

Ecological System

Species Composition 

Improvement

(Acres)

Age Structure 

Improvement

(Acres)

Totals

(Acres)

Lower Mississippi River 

Bottomland and Floodplain Forest 8,000 1,500 9,500

Totals 8,000 1,500 9,500
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

164 Land and Resource Management Plan

Improving structural condition in lower Mississippi River bottomland and floodplain forest is 

important to improve species composition by favoring oak species that provide wildlife benefits. 

Based on expected outcomes, the percent of acreage in regeneration is anticipated to be less than 3 

percent of the total acreage after the first decade of plan implementation. Approximately 70 percent of 

acreage is proposed to be in a mature structural condition after the first decade. Both are within the 

range for desired structural condition as described in the “Species and Ecological System Diversity” 

report.

De Soto National Forest/Ranger District

The De Soto Ranger District is located in the southeastern portion of Mississippi and is 

approximately 351,000 acres. Soils in the southernmost portion of Mississippi have less fertile, sandy 

soils compared to the rest of the state. Southern Mississippi is known for its diversity of plant 

communities such as longleaf pine, pitcher plant flats, and titi swamps. It is characterized by large 

areas of pine forests, interlaced with blackwater streams. About 117,000 acres are under special use 

permit to the Mississippi National Guard for Camp Shelby as a military training area. Black Creek is 

designated as a scenic river under wild and scenic river management in the National Forest System. 

Black Creek and Leaf Wilderness Areas are both located on the De Soto Ranger District. The district 

is known for recovery efforts of threatened and endangered species such as red-cockaded 

woodpeckers, gopher tortoise, and Louisiana quillwort, and is within the historic range of the 

federally endangered Mississippi sandhill crane and dusky gopher frog. 

Ecological Systems

The De Soto Ranger District has 15 of the 24 ecological community types that are recognized 

forestwide. The ecological systems that occur on the district are as follows:

• loblolly pine forest

• slash pine forest

• floodplain forest

• ponds and emergent wetlands

• seeps, springs, and seepage swamps

• xeric sandhills

• southern dry upland hardwood forest

• southern mesic slope forest

• upland longleaf pine forest and woodland

• herbaceous seepage bogs and flats

• near-coast pine flatwoods

• wet pine savanna

• rock outcrops

• rivers and streams

• lakes and ponds

The De Soto Ranger District is the most ecologically diverse unit on the National Forests in 

Mississippi and is key to sustaining species diversity forestwide.

Pine is the prevalent forest type on the De Soto Ranger District with longleaf pine dominating the 

north end of the district and slash pine dominating the southern end (map 22 and map 29). The district 

is primarily managed for red-cockaded woodpecker and gopher tortoise recovery, and as such, 

emphasizes thinning existing pine stands for restoration and maintenance of habitat. Thinning existing 

stands of longleaf pine on gopher tortoise priority soils to woodland condition is another high priority 

for the De Soto. Restoration of Mississippi sandhill crane habitat is important in that historic breeding 

ranges will be restored. Restoring fire to areas designated as critical habitat for the dusky gopher frog

is crucial to ensuring recovery of this species.
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 165

The following table displays the proposed outcomes for ecological systems on the De Soto Ranger 

District during the first decade of forest plan implementation. Although conversion of off-site species 

to longleaf pine is a long-term goal for this forest unit, the focus of treatments during the first decade 

of plan implementation is on restoring existing red-cockaded woodpecker and gopher tortoise habitat. 

The De Soto Ranger District’s proposed program management emphasis for this plan period is on 

thinning the canopy structure and restoring the appropriate fire regime to provide more open canopy 

conditions for their threatened and endangered species. The woodland thins displayed below are 

proposed for gopher tortoise priority soils. Slash and loblolly pine conversion acreage reflected below 

represents acres converted to longleaf pine, which includes some conversion to xeric sandhills and 

herbaceous seepage bogs and flats. Flatwoods conversion acreage displayed below reflects acres 

proposed to be converted to wet pine savanna for restoration of Mississippi sandhill crane habitat. 

Although not represented in the table, all acres of herbaceous seepage bogs and flats are proposed to 

be restored to desired condition within the first decade of plan implementation through removal of 

canopy species, and restoration of fire regime. Fire is expected to play a vital role in controlling 

midstory in red-cockaded woodpecker areas and restoration of gopher tortoise habitat.

Table 32. Proposed outcomes for ecological systems on the De Soto Ranger District during the first 

decade of forest plan implementation

Ecological 

System

Structural 

Improvement

(Acres)

Gopher 

Tortoise 

Habitat 

Improvement

(Acres)

Age 

Structure 

Improvement

(Acres)

Conversion to 

Appropriate 

Ecological 

System

(Acres)

Totals

(Acres)

Loblolly Pine 

Forest 2,000 0 0 2,000 4,000

Mesic Loblolly 

Pine-Hardwood 

Forest**

600 0 0 0 600

Shortleaf Pine-Oak 

Forest and 

Woodland*

100 0 0 0 100

Upland Longleaf 

Pine Forest and 

Woodland

12,000 2,000 0 0 14,000

Slash Pine Forest 6,000 0 0 6,000 12,000

Near-coast pine 

flatwoods 0 100 0 1,000 1,100

Southern Dry 

Upland Hardwood 

Forest

0 0 0 0 0

Floodplain Forest 0 0 0 0 0

Totals 20,700 2,100 0 9,000 31,800

*Shortleaf pine acreage is considered part of the longleaf pine forest and woodland ecological system; however, it is separated 

here to show where treatment is expected to occur.

** Southern mesic slope forest is the ecological system represented by mesic loblolly pine hardwood forest in this table.
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

166 Land and Resource Management Plan

The following table displays the percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural 

condition (60 years old or older) after the first decade of the plan based upon expected treatments 

conducted within this time frame. All of these systems are within our expectations as described in the 

“Species and Ecological System Diversity” report.

Table 33. Percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural condition (60 years old or 

older) after the first decade of plan implementation

Ecological System

Percent Acres in 

Regeneration after 1st 

Decade

Percent Acres in Mature 

Structural Condition after 

1st Decade

Loblolly Pine Forest 0 57

Upland Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland 4 62

Slash Pine Forest 0 42

Near-coast Pine Flatwoods 0 60

Southern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest 0 92

Mesic Loblolly Pine-Hardwood Forest 0 68

Southern Mesic Slope Forest 14 82

Floodplain Forest 0 93

Holly Springs National Forest/Ranger District

The Holly Springs Ranger District is located in the north-central part of Mississippi and is 

approximately 156,000 acres. Soils are moderately to highly erosive, with a number of areas where 

gullies occurred prior to the establishment of the national forest. 

Ecological Systems

The Holly Springs Ranger District has 12 of the 24 ecological community types that are recognized 

forestwide. They are listed as follows: 

• floodplain forest

• loblolly pine forest

• cypress-dominated wetlands

• northern dry upland hardwood forest

• ponds and emergent wetlands

• northern mesic hardwood forest

• seeps, springs, and seepage swamps

• shortleaf pine-oak forest and woodland

• slash pine forest

• rock outcrops

• rivers and streams

• lakes and ponds

The following table displays the proposed outcomes for ecological systems on the Holly Springs 

Ranger District during the first decade of forest plan implementation. The Holly Springs program 

management emphasis is on enhancement of forest health to achieve desired structural conditions for 

ecological systems. Conversion of off-site species to shortleaf pine-oak forest and hardwooddominated forests is another important aspect of the program.
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 167

Table 34. Expected outcomes for ecological systems on the Holly Springs Ranger District during the first 

decade of forest plan implementation

Ecological System

Species 

Composition and 

Structural 

Improvement

(Acres)

Age Structure 

Improvement

(Acres)

Conversion to 

Appropriate 

Ecological System

(Acres)

Totals

(Acres)

Successional and 

Planted Upland 

Loblolly Pine Forest

5,000 400 3,000 8,400

Mesic Loblolly PineHardwood Forest 500 50 100 650

Shortleaf Pine-Oak 

Forest and Woodland 2,000 1,000 100 3,100

Northern Dry Upland 

Hardwood Forest 1,000 2,000 0 3,000

Northern Mesic 

Hardwood Forest 100 50 0 150

Floodplain Forest 500 400 0 900

Totals 9,100 3,900 3,200 16,200

The following table displays the percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural 

condition (60 years old or older) after the first decade of the plan based upon expected treatments 

conducted within this time frame. All of these systems are within our expectations as described in the 

“Species and Ecological System Diversity” report.

Table 35. Percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural condition (60 years old or 

older) after the first decade of forest plan implementation

Ecological System

Percent Acres in 

Regeneration after 1st 

Decade

Percent Acres in Mature 

Structural Condition after 

1st Decade

Loblolly Pine Forest >1 14

Mesic Loblolly Pine-Hardwood Forest >1 19

Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland 8 69

Northern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest 5 84

Northern Mesic Hardwood Forest 3 74

Floodplain Forest 5 84

Homochitto National Forest/Ranger District

The Homochitto Ranger District is located in southwest Mississippi and contains approximately 

189,000 acres. There is extensive oil and gas exploration and production on the Homochitto Ranger 

District. This district provides excellent wildlife habitat with large areas of mixed pine-hardwood 

forest type. The terrain is very irregular, and the loessial soils are more productive than those found 

on the other national forests. The Homochitto Ranger District is known for its management of the 

federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker. The Homochitto is home to the Natchez and 

Chukcho stoneflies, both endemic to southwest Mississippi.
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

168 Land and Resource Management Plan

Ecological Systems

The Homochitto geographic area has 12 of the 24 ecological community types that are recognized 

forestwide. They are listed as follows:

• floodplain forest

• loblolly pine forest

• cypress dominated wetlands

• seeps, springs, and seepage swamps

• southern dry upland hardwood forest

• southern loess bluff forest

• southern mesic slope forest

• upland longleaf pine forest and woodland

• rock outcrops

• ponds and emergent wetlands

• rivers and streams

• lakes and ponds

Loblolly pine is the prevalent forest type on the Homochitto Ranger District (map 48 and map 54). 

The Homochitto Ranger District is primarily managed for restoration of the longleaf pine ecological 

system and red-cockaded woodpecker recovery. The red-cockaded woodpecker recovery plan 

emphasizes thinning existing stands and regeneration as critical to restoration and maintenance of redcockaded woodpecker habitat. 

The following table displays the proposed outcomes for ecological systems on the Homochitto 

Ranger District during the first decade of forest plan implementation. The Homochitto program 

management emphasis for this plan period is on improving canopy structure and restoring the 

appropriate fire regime to provide more open canopy conditions for their threatened and endangered

species. Restoring longleaf pine on upland sites is another high management priority. Southern mesic 

slope hardwood restoration by removal of loblolly on mesic sites will be a lower priority. The 

Homochitto Ranger District has the only loess bluff forest on the National Forests in Mississippi, and 

its restoration is accomplished primarily through natural processes and some removal of loblolly pine.

Table 36. Expected outcomes for ecological systems on the Homochitto Ranger District during the first 

decade of forest plan implementation

Ecological System

Species Composition 

and Structural 

Improvement

(Acres)

Age Structure 

Improvement

(Acres)

Conversion to 

Appropriate 

Ecological System

(Acres)

Totals

(Acres)

Upland Loblolly Pine Forest 36,000 200 5,000 41,200

Mesic Loblolly PineHardwood Forest 1,000 0 500 1,500

Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest 

and Woodland 500 0 0 500

Upland Longleaf Pine Forest 2,500 0 0 2,500

Dry Upland Hardwood Forest 0 0 0 0

Mesic Slope Forest 0 0 0 0

Floodplain Forest 0 0 0 0

Totals 40,000 200 5,500 45,700
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 169

The following table displays the percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural 

condition (60 years old or older) after the first decade of the plan based upon expected treatments 

conducted within this time frame. All of these systems are within our expectations as described in the 

“Species and Ecological System Diversity” report.

Table 37. Percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural condition (60 years old or 

older) after the first decade of forest plan implementation

Ecological System

Percent Acres in 

Regeneration after 

1st Decade

Percent Acres in Mature 

Structural Condition 

after 1st Decade

Loblolly Pine Forest 0 49

Mesic Loblolly Pine-Hardwood Forest 0 56

Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland 0 100

Upland Longleaf Pine Forest and Woodland 25 53

Southern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest 3 80

Southern Mesic Slope Forest 9 82

Floodplain Forest 6 82

Tombigbee Geographic Area

The Tombigbee Ranger District is located in northeast Mississippi and encompasses approximately 

66,000 acres. This national forest is made up of old farmland that was abandoned and replanted to 

trees. The Natchez Trace crosses a portion of the Tombigbee Ranger District, making it easily 

accessible from the north and south. Soils are fragile and erosive with many gullied areas. 

Ecological Systems

The Tombigbee geographic area has 12 of the 24 ecological community types that are recognized 

forestwide. They are listed as follows: 

• floodplain forest

• black belt calcareous prairie

• loblolly pine forest

• ponds and emergent wetlands

• northern dry upland hardwood forest

• northern mesic hardwood forest

• seeps, springs, and seepage swamp

• shortleaf pine-oak forest and woodland

• slash pine forest

• rock outcrops

• rivers and streams

• lakes and ponds

Loblolly pine and northern dry upland hardwood forest are the prevalent forest types on the 

Tombigbee Ranger District (map 60 and map 66). The Tombigbee Ranger District is primarily 

managed for forest health and restoration of desired structural condition. The Tombigbee Ranger 

District has several examples of the black belt calcareous prairie and woodland ecological systems,

which are in need of restoration.

The following table displays the proposed outcomes for ecological systems on the Tombigbee Ranger 

District during the first decade of forest plan implementation. The Tombigbee’s program management 

emphasis is on enhancement of forest health to achieve desired structural conditions for ecological 
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

170 Land and Resource Management Plan

systems. Conversion of off-site species to shortleaf pine-oak forest, black belt calcareous prairie, and 

hardwood-dominated forests is another important aspect of the program. 

Table 38. Expected outcomes for ecological systems on the Tombigbee Ranger District during the first 

decade of Forest Plan implementation

Ecological System

Species Composition 

and Structural 

Improvement

(Acres)

Age Structure 

Improvement

(Acres)

Conversion to 

Appropriate 

Ecological Systems

(Acres)

Totals

(Acres)

Upland Loblolly Pine 

Forest 5,000 50 2,000 7,050

Mesic Loblolly PineHardwood Forest 2,000 50 1,000 3,050

Shortleaf Pine-Oak 

Forest and Woodland 1,000 100 0 1,100

Dry Upland Hardwood 

Forest 1,000 200 0 1,200

Mesic Slope Forest 100 50 0 150

Floodplain Forest 200 50 0 250

Totals 9,300 500 3,000 12,800

The following table displays the percent of acres in regeneration (0 to 10 years) and mature structural 

condition (60 years old or older) after the first decade of the plan based upon expected treatments 

conducted within this time frame. All of these systems are within our expectations as described in the 

“Species and Ecological System Diversity” report.

Table 39. Percent of acres in regeneration (0-10 years) and mature structural condition (60 years old or 

older) after the first decade of forest plan implementation

Ecological System

Percent Acres in 

Regeneration after 

1st Decade

Percent Acres in Mature 

Structural Condition after 

1st Decade

Upland Loblolly Pine Forest 0 39

Mesic Loblolly Pine-Hardwood Forest 0 43

Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland 12 85

Northern Dry Upland Hardwood Forest 7 87

Northern Mesic Hardwood Forest 13 79

Floodplain Forest 7 82
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 171

Ecosystem Vegetation Management Priorities by District

The interdisciplinary team drafting the revised plan for the National Forests in Mississippi 

documented the vegetation management priorities that address attaining the desired future conditions 

of the plan. These priorities were used to guide the modeling which produced the estimates of likely 

program acres and volumes displayed in appendix B of the final environmental impact statement. 

These priorities are included here as information that will be helpful in making project level decisions 

that achieve the desired future conditions included in the revised plan. These treatments are listed in 

their order of priority to achieve the plan’s desired future conditions and likely outcomes on each 

district. The same priorities apply to the timber harvest program as well as the prescribed burning 

program. 

Bienville District

1. Rare Community Restoration

Restoration of prairie soils types to open conditions is the highest priority for the Bienville District. 

2. Threatened and Endangered Species Habitat Improvement

The second most important Bienville vegetation management need would be for threatened and 

endangered species habitat improvement including second and subsequent thinning. These harvests 

would be designed to achieve optimal densities for red-cockaded woodpecker. Priority treatments for 

improving habitat for these species would also include harvest for first thinning of young stands and 

to restore longleaf, and prescribed burning.

3. Restoration of Vegetative Communities outside Red Cockaded Woodpecker 

Habitat Management Area

The third priority needs would be restoration of native systems, in particular longleaf in areas not 

addressed in priority number 2 above.

4. Forest Health

Fourth priority harvests to address identified forest health improvement needs not included in the first 

three priority items listed above, which include first thinning, even-aged regeneration, second 

thinning, and uneven-aged management. 

De Soto District

1. Threatened and Endangered Species Habitat Improvement

The most important vegetation management needs for threatened and endangered species habitat 

improvement would be prescribed burning, and second and subsequent thinning (including creation of 

open woodland). These harvests would be designed to achieve optimal densities for red-cockaded 

woodpecker, gopher tortoise, and gopher frog habitat. Priority treatments for improving habitat for 

these species would also include harvest to restore longleaf and first thinning of young stands.

2. Rare Community Restoration

The second level of priority on the De Soto would be timber harvests, prescribed burning and service 

contract work to restore Near Coastal Flatwoods Savannas and Bogs. This work may include 

commercial thinning to achieve woodland densities on drier areas of the Smithton, Atmore and 

Plummer soils of the Flatwoods. Service contracts would be utilized to restore wetter Bogs to nearly 

treeless conditions.
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

172 Land and Resource Management Plan

3. Restoration of Vegetative Communities outside Red Cockaded Woodpecker

Habitat Management Areas and Gopher Tortoise Priority Soils

The third priority needs would be restoration of native systems, in particular longleaf in areas not 

addressed in the Rare Community Restoration priority listed above.

4. Forest Health

Fourth priority harvests to address identified forest health improvement needs not included in the first 

three priority items listed above, which include first thinning, even-aged regeneration, second 

thinning, and uneven-aged management. 

Homochitto District

1. Threatened and Endangered Species Habitat Improvement

The most important vegetation management needs for threatened and endangered species habitat 

improvement would be prescribed burning, and second and subsequent thinning. These harvests 

would be designed to achieve optimal densities for red-cockaded woodpecker. Priority treatments for 

improving habitat for these species would also include harvest to restore longleaf and first thinning of 

young stands.

2. Restoration of Vegetative Communities outside Red Cockaded Woodpecker 

Habitat Management Area

The second priority needs would be restoration of native systems, in particular longleaf in areas not 

addressed in the first priority item listed above.

3. Forest Health

Third priority harvests to address identified forest health improvement needs not included in the first 

two priority items listed above, which include first thinning, even-aged regeneration, second thinning, 

and uneven-aged management. 

Chickasawhay District

1. Threatened and Endangered Species Habitat Improvement

The most important vegetation management needs for threatened and endangered species habitat 

improvement would be prescribed burning, and second and subsequent thinning. These harvests 

would be designed to achieve optimal densities for red-cockaded woodpecker and gopher tortoise. 

Priority treatments for improving habitat for these species would also include harvest to restore 

longleaf and first thinning of young stands.

2. Forest Health

Harvests to address identified forest health improvement needs not included in the first priority item 

listed above, which includes first thinning, even-aged regeneration, second thinning, and uneven-aged 

management. 

Delta District

1. Forest Health

Harvests to address identified forest health improvement needs would include thinning, even-aged 

regeneration, and uneven-aged management. 
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 173

Holly Springs District

1. Restoration of Vegetative Communities

The most important vegetation management treatments for the Holly Springs are prescribed burning, 

and harvests to restore native vegetation in particular shortleaf pine, but would also include Dry 

Upland and Mesic Hardwood.

2. Forest Health

Harvests to address identified forest health improvement needs not included in the first priority item 

listed above, which includes first thinning, even-aged regeneration, second thinning, and uneven-aged 

management. 

Tombigbee District

1. Rare Community restoration

Restoration of prairie soils types to open conditions is the highest priority for the Tombigbee District.

2. Restoration of Vegetative Communities

The second most important vegetation management treatments for the Tombigbee are prescribed 

burning, and harvests to restore native vegetation in particular shortleaf pine, but would also include 

Dry Upland and Mesic Hardwood.

3. Forest Health

Harvests to address identified forest health improvement needs not included in the first two priority 

items listed above, which include first thinning, even-aged regeneration, second thinning, and 

uneven-aged management.

Silvicultural Systems and Cultural Practices by Ecosystem

Silvicultural Systems

Implementation of the ecosystem priorities in the section above may be accomplished using even 

aged, two aged and uneven-aged silvicultural systems. However, the requirements of the ecosystems 

and conditions occurring on project areas will drive the choice of system. 

An important consideration on the use of the uneven-aged system is that even though implementation 

of an uneven-aged system is found to be sustainable, its application is more labor intensive to 

implement and monitor. Implementation of an uneven-aged silvicultural system will not provide for 

native ecosystem restoration, where off-site species occur. Also, threatened and endangered species 

habitat improvement or wildlife habitat benefits are generally not attainable using uneven-aged or 

two-aged system harvest methods.

The National Forests in Mississippi Plan allows but expects very minor amounts of uneven-aged 

management. The primary uses will be where project area considerations indicate the need to 

maintain constant overstory presence with very limited opening sizes. This is envisioned to be mostly 

areas with high visual values. Also, the ecosystems occurring on the National Forests in Mississippi 

require more light for successful regeneration than can be provided using single tree selection 

uneven-aged harvest methods. Where tree removal using the uneven-aged system is intended to 

facilitate regeneration to sustain the ecosystem, only the group selection harvest method should be 

used. Because low intensity management was anticipated for areas managed using the uneven-aged 
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

174 Land and Resource Management Plan

system, modeling to estimate long term sustained yield was calculated for four age classes evenly 

spread over the same number of years the ecosystem was modeled for even-aged management. 

Regulation is normally a forestwide mathematical consideration. However, with the very limited use 

anticipated, it is expected that individual projects with uneven-aged harvest plans will document the 

regulation considerations for the stands involved.

Use of the two-aged silvicultural system is expected under habitat management area guidelines to 

provide optimal habitat for red cockaded woodpecker recovery. Also plan guidance expects the use of 

overstory retention for hardwood management. The guidelines for both these uses expect lower levels 

of overstory than retained in classical two-aged management. Therefore, two-aged harvest methods 

were modeled as even-aged with lower yields.

Cultural Practices by Ecosystem or Forest Cover Type

Longleaf Pine

Management Objectives

Restore functioning longleaf pine ecosystems on historically suitable sites. Manage existing longleaf 

for endangered species habitat where appropriate.

Cultural Tools

Prescribed burning is a key managerial tool used to establish and maintain the longleaf pine 

ecosystem. It is used during establishment to favor development of fire-dependent vegetation, prevent 

disease, and reduce competition and fuels. Fire should be used throughout the life of a longleaf stand 

from establishment through old growth or final harvest stages to maintain desired conditions. 

Accomplishment of many of these goals requires the use of growing season timing of fire application 

and frequent reoccurrence. 

Commercial harvest may be used to address a variety of overstory conditions. Intermediate treatments 

may begin when the stands age enough to be commercially operable for thinning to reduce density, 

improve species composition, and remove low quality or diseased individuals. Commercial thinning 

may include first thinning for primarily pulp or chip products and subsequent multi-product 

silvicultural thinning. Woodland thinning to 40-60 percent canopy closure may also be applied on 

xeric sites for low density habitat needs of gopher tortoise on the DeSoto National Forest. 

Regeneration harvests for longleaf are not a high priority for many decades because new age classes 

of longleaf will be produced by harvesting upland loblolly and slash and converting to longleaf. 

Salvage, sanitation and harvests to suppress southern pine beetle may also be necessary due to wind, 

fire, disease, insect and other natural mortality events. When natural disturbances happen, the 

restoration activities implemented will be designed to attain the management objectives for longleaf 

pine and the desired future conditions of the Land and Resource Management Plan for the National 

Forests in Mississippi.

Non-commercial treatments may also be appropriate to manage density and species composition. 

These projects may be thinning or release accomplished by mechanical, manual, fire or chemical. In 

some areas, herbicide or mechanical understory treatments will be necessary to restore system 

function or reduce fuels. 
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 175

Shortleaf Pine

Management Objectives

Restore functioning shortleaf pine ecosystems on historically suitable sites. Manage existing shortleaf 

for forest health where appropriate.

Cultural Tools

Prescribed burning is a key managerial tool used to establish and maintain the shortleaf pine 

ecosystem. It is used during establishment to favor development of fire-dependent vegetation, and 

reduce competition and fuels. Fire should be used throughout the life of a shortleaf stand from sapling 

through old growth or final harvest stages to maintain desired conditions. Accomplishment of many 

of these goals requires the use of growing season timing of fire application and frequent reoccurrence. 

Commercial harvest may be used to address a variety of overstory conditions. Intermediate treatments 

may begin when the stands age enough to be commercially operable for thinning to reduce density, 

improve species composition, and remove low quality or diseased individuals. Commercial thinning 

may include first thinning for primarily pulp or chip products and subsequent multi-product 

silvicultural thinning. Woodland thinning to 40-60 percent canopy closure may also be applied on 

xeric sites but is not a priority treatment. Regeneration harvests for shortleaf are not a high priority for 

many decades because new age classes of shortleaf will be produced by harvesting upland loblolly 

and converting to shortleaf. Salvage, sanitation and harvests to suppress southern pine beetle may also 

be necessary due to wind, fire, disease, insect and other natural mortality events. When natural 

disturbances happen, the restoration activities implemented will be designed to attain the management 

objectives for shortleaf pine and the desired future conditions of the Land and Resource Management 

Plan for the National Forests in Mississippi.

Non-commercial treatments may also be appropriate to manage density and species composition. 

These projects may be thinning or release accomplished by mechanical, manual, fire or chemical. Fire 

should be used throughout the life of a shortleaf stand from sapling through old growth or final 

harvest stages. In some areas, herbicide or mechanical understory treatments will be necessary to 

restore system function or reduce fuels. 

Hardwood Systems

Management Objectives

Restore functioning hardwood ecosystems on historically suitable sites. Manage existing hardwood 

for forest health where appropriate.

Cultural Tools

Commercial harvest may be used to address a variety of overstory conditions. Hardwood harvests on 

the DeSoto, Homochitto and Bienville National Forests are of low priority for many decades except 

for the restoration to other systems where appropriate. The Delta, Holly Springs and Tombigbee 

hardwood systems have greater need for forest health treatments in the near term. Intermediate 

treatments may begin when the stands age enough to be commercially operable for thinning to reduce 

density, improve species composition, and remove low quality or diseased individuals. Commercial 

thinning may include first thinning for primarily pulp or chip products and subsequent multi-product 

silvicultural thinning. Woodland thinning to 40-60 percent canopy closure may also be applied on 

xeric sites but is not a priority treatment. Thinning of mesic and alluvial hardwood systems may 

include gap creation. These canopy gaps could be one to several large canopy dominant trees. 

Regeneration harvests will typically be clearcuts or shelterwood harvests with 5 to 20 percent

reserves. These reserves may be retained well into or throughout the next rotation. Harvests may also 
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

176 Land and Resource Management Plan

be a cluster of 3 to 5 acre patch clearcuts. These may be managed as two aged stands, uneven-aged or 

separately as individual stands. Salvage or sanitation harvests may also be necessary due to wind, fire, 

disease, insect and other natural mortality events. When natural disturbances happen, the restoration 

activities implemented will be designed to attain the management objectives for the hardwood 

systems affected and the desired future conditions of the Land and Resource Management Plan for the 

National Forests in Mississippi.

Non-commercial treatments may also be appropriate to manage density and species composition. 

These projects may be thinning or release accomplished by mechanical, manual, or chemical. In some 

areas, herbicide or mechanical understory treatments will be necessary to restore system function or 

encourage advanced regeneration. Site preparation treatments using mechanical, manual or herbicides 

may be used to facilitate regeneration to desirable species. Planting may also be used to supplement 

natural regeneration. 

Loblolly Pine

Management Objectives

Restore dry upland loblolly to functioning longleaf pine, shortleaf pine and hardwood ecosystems on 

historically suitable sites. Restore mesic and riparian loblolly to functioning hardwood or mixed 

hardwood pine ecosystems on historically suitable sites. Manage existing loblolly for endangered 

species habitat where appropriate prior to restoration. An estimated 95 percent of upland loblolly will 

be restored to historically occurring systems. This will possibly take as long as a century to 

accomplish. Mesic Loblolly on the Bienville will be managed for the recovery of the red cockaded 

woodpecker and is considered the appropriate system for these mesic sites.

Cultural Tools

Prescribed burning is a key tool used in managing existing loblolly pine forests. It is used to favor 

development of fire dependent vegetation, and reduce competition and fuels. Fire should be used 

throughout the life of a loblolly stand from sapling through old growth or final harvest stages to 

maintain desired conditions. Accomplishment of many of these goals requires the use of growing 

season timing of fire application and frequent reoccurrence. 

Commercial harvest may be used to address a variety of overstory conditions. Intermediate treatments 

may begin when the stands age enough to be commercially operable for thinning to reduce density, 

improve species composition, and remove low quality or diseased individuals. Commercial thinning 

may include first thinning for primarily pulp or chip products and subsequent multi-product 

silvicultural thinning. Regeneration harvests for loblolly conversion to the appropriate systems 

described in the management objectives above will be a high priority. Salvage, sanitation and harvests 

to suppress southern pine beetle may also be necessary due to wind, fire, disease, insect and other 

natural mortality events. When natural disturbances happen, the restoration activities implemented 

will be designed to attain the management objectives for the ecological system in which they occur 

and the desired future conditions of the Land and Resource Management Plan for the National Forests 

in Mississippi.

Non-commercial treatments may also be appropriate to manage density and species composition. 

These projects may be thinning or release accomplished by mechanical, manual, fire or chemical. Fire 

should be used throughout the life of a loblolly stand from sapling through old growth or final harvest 

stages. In some areas, herbicide or mechanical understory treatments will be necessary to restore 

system function or reduce fuels. Site preparation treatments using mechanical, manual or herbicides 

may be used to facilitate regeneration to desirable species. Planting will also be used to restore 

appropriate species.
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 177

Slash Pine

Management Objectives

Restore upland slash to functioning longleaf pine. Slash occurring on mesic sites may be restored to 

longleaf or Mesic Hardwood as appropriate on historically suitable sites. Manage existing slash for

endangered species habitat where appropriate prior to restoration. An estimated 90 percent of upland 

and mesic slash will be restored to historically occurring systems. This will possibly take as long as a 

century to accomplish. 

Cultural Tools

Prescribed burning is a key tool used in managing existing slash pine forests. It is used to favor 

development of fire dependent vegetation, and reduce competition and fuels. Fire should be used 

throughout the life of a slash stand from sapling through old growth or final harvest stages to maintain 

desired conditions. Accomplishment of many of these goals requires the use of growing season timing 

of fire application and frequent reoccurrence. 

Commercial harvest may be used to address a variety of overstory conditions. Intermediate treatments 

may begin when the stands age enough to be commercially operable for thinning to reduce density, 

improve species composition, and remove low quality or diseased individuals. Commercial thinning 

may include first thinning for primarily pulp or chip products and subsequent multi-product 

silvicultural thinning. Regeneration harvests for slash conversion to the appropriate systems described 

in the management objectives above will be a high priority. Salvage, sanitation and harvests to

suppress southern pine beetle may also be necessary due to wind, fire, disease, insect and other 

natural mortality events. When natural disturbances happen, the restoration activities implemented 

will be designed to attain the management objectives for the ecological system in which they occur 

and the desired future conditions of the Land and Resource Management Plan for the National Forests 

in Mississippi.

Non-commercial treatments may also be appropriate to manage density and species composition. 

These projects may be thinning or release accomplished by mechanical, manual, fire or chemical. Fire 

should be used throughout the life of a slash stand from sapling through old growth or final harvest 

stages. In some areas, herbicide or mechanical understory treatments will be necessary to restore 

system function or reduce fuels. Site preparation treatments using mechanical, manual or herbicides 

may be used to facilitate regeneration to desirable species. Planting will also be used to restore 

appropriate species.

Coastal Flatwoods, Wet Pine Savanna and Seepage Bogs

Management Objectives

Restore flatwoods sites to functioning savannas and bogs. Pine occurring on flatwoods sites should be 

removed to restore low density or open conditions on historically suitable sites. 

Cultural Tools

Prescribed burning is a key tool used in managing coastal flatwoods, savannas and bogs. It is used to 

favor development of fire dependent vegetation, and reduce competition and fuels. Fire should be 

used regularly on flatwoods sites. Accomplishment of many of these goals requires the use of 

growing season timing of fire application and frequent reoccurrence. 

Commercial harvest may be used to address a variety of overstory conditions. Commercial harvests 

will only be used where soils and sensitive species can be protected. Harvest treatments may begin 

when the stands age enough to be commercially operable for thinning to reduce density or completely 
Appendix C. Possible Actions by Administrative Unit

National Forests in Mississippi

178 Land and Resource Management Plan

remove overstory. Commercial thinning will generally be to low density woodland conditions. 

Harvests for pine reduction or complete removal are for restoration of savannas. Regeneration to pine 

is not anticipated. Salvage, sanitation and harvests to suppress southern pine beetle may also be 

necessary due to wind, fire, disease, insect and other natural mortality events. When natural 

disturbances happen, the restoration activities implemented will be designed to attain the management 

objectives for the ecological system in which they occur and the desired future conditions of the Land 

and Resource Management Plan for the National Forests in Mississippi.

Non-commercial treatments may also be appropriate to manage density and species composition. 

These projects may be thinning or removal accomplished by mechanical, manual, fire or chemical. In 

some areas, herbicide or mechanical understory treatments will be necessary to restore system 

function or reduce fuels. Some flatwood sites have been bedded and or fertilized in the past. 

Mechanical treatments may be necessary to reduce the bedding effects. Biomass removals may be 

necessary to remove the added nutrients from the sites.

Jackson and Black Belt Prairie 

Management Objectives

Restore prairies sites to proper condition and function. Trees occurring on prairie sites should be 

removed to restore low density or open conditions on historical prairie sites. 

Cultural Tools

Prescribed burning is a key tool used in managing prairie sites. It is used to favor development of fire 

dependent vegetation, and reduce competition and fuels. Fire should be used regularly on prairie sites. 

Accomplishment of many of these goals requires the use of growing season timing of fire application 

and frequent reoccurrence. 

Commercial harvest may be used to address a variety of overstory conditions. Commercial harvests 

will only be used where soils and sensitive species can be protected. Harvest treatments may begin 

when the stands age enough to be commercially operable for thinning to reduce density or completely 

remove overstory. Commercial thinning will generally be to low density woodland conditions. 

Harvests for tree reduction or complete removal are for restoration of prairie. Regeneration to trees is 

not anticipated. Salvage, sanitation and harvests to suppress southern pine beetle may also be 

necessary due to wind, fire, disease, insect and other natural mortality events. When natural 

disturbances happen, the restoration activities implemented will be designed to attain the management 

objectives for the ecological system in which they occur and the desired future conditions of the Land 

and Resource Management Plan for the National Forests in Mississippi.

Non-commercial treatments may also be appropriate to manage density and species composition. 

These projects may be thinning or removal accomplished by mechanical, manual, fire or chemical. In 

some areas, herbicide or mechanical treatments will be necessary to restore system function or reduce 

fuels. 
National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 179

Appendix D. Old Growth Management Strategy

“Guidance for Conserving and Restoring Old-Growth 

Forest Communities on National Forests in Mississippi”

Introduction

This document supplements the Guidance for Conserving and Restoring Old-Growth Forest 

Communities on National Forests in the Southern Region, Report of the Region 8 Old-Growth Team, 

June 1997 and the Revised Land and Resource Management Plan, National Forests in Mississippi. 

This document’s primary purpose is to facilitate implementation of Southern Region and National 

Forests in Mississippi old-growth management strategies contained in those documents. This 

document does not repeat all the regional guidance, but extends it to National Forests in Mississippi 

circumstances. Detailed information is provided on old-growth status, the desired conditions, 

management strategy, implementation guidelines and monitoring sufficient to implement the plan. 

Old-Growth Status

In 2005, we assessed the status of possible old-growth forest acreage for the National Forests in 

Mississippi. We developed a preliminary inventory of possible old growth based on the Southern 

Region’s old growth guidance. This inventory was completed and provided to interested members of 

the public on August 25, 2005. Since that time, this preliminary list has been maintained by coding in 

the Forest Service vegetation database (FSVeg). 

A number of selection criteria were used to identify stands for this preliminary list of possible old

growth. These included lands withdrawn from timber production, red-cockaded woodpecker clusters, 

late-seral designations, stands at or above Southern Region minimum old growth age, and rare 

community types (see Table 40). The areas identified were grouped based on their forest type into 

twelve old-growth community types. 

Table 40. Forest types included in the rare community type selection criteria

Region 8 Forest Type Forest Type Code Acres Estimate

Bald Cypress 24 165

Spruce Pine 37 179

Chestnut Oak – Scarlet Oak – Yellow Pine 45 258

Northern Red Oak – Hickory – Yellow Pine 48 271

Bear Oak – Southern Scrub Oak – Yellow Pine 49 337

Post Oak – Black Oak 51 302

Northern Red Oak 55 47

Scrub Oak 57 41

Bald Cypress – Water Tupelo 67 682

Beech – Magnolia 69 1,300

Black Walnut 82 13
Appendix D. Old Growth Management Strategy

National Forests in Mississippi

180 Land and Resource Management Plan

The old-growth community types are defined in the Southern Region old-growth guide. This 

inventory information is summarized in Table 41 by district and old-growth community type. Table 

42 summarizes the same acres by district and selection criteria.

Stands were identified as rare communities for several reasons. These include forest types with 

limited acreages identified, forest types containing species not common in Mississippi, forest types 

that are late successional by definition, and in some cases, regulated management of regeneration was 

not likely. Future project-level analysis may add additional stands that are rare community types that 

were not identified by the 2005 FSVeg data. Or, field examination may reveal that stands included in 

the preliminary list were not appropriate for old-growth management.

Table 41. National Forests in Mississippi preliminary inventory of possible old-growth acreage 

summarized by ranger district and old-growth community type (July 8, 2005)

Old Growth 

Community 

Types

BienvilleDe SotoHomochittoChickasawhayDeltaHolly SpringsTombigbee

Forestwide 

Totals

Coastal plain 

upland mesic 

hardwood (6)

436 394 325 66 42 1,263

Hardwood 

wetland (10) 28 3,988 642 4,658

River floodplain 

hardwood (13) 2,944 9,210 1,965 3,642 20,189 448 103 38,501

Cypress-tupelo 

swamp (14) 260 399 204 863

Dry-mesic oak 

(21) 5,663 2,355 1,362 481 4,976 4,300 19,137

Dry and xeric oak 

(22) 206 441 647

Xeric pine and 

pine-oak (24) 823 1,130 1,485 11 5,244 192 8,885

Dry and drymesic oak-pine 

(25)

10,656 7,769 6,996 1,657 1,398 732 29,208

Upland longleaf 

(26) 346 5,062 607 1,828 7,843

Seasonally wet 

oak-hardwood 

(27)

771 1,311 92 1,601 3,775

Eastern riverfront 

(28) 55 55

Southern wet 

pine (29) 3,192 456 3,648

Unclassified 14 75 20 109

Totals 21,667 34,891 13,231 10,384 20,319 12,711 5,389 118,592
Appendix D. Old Growth Management Strategy

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 181

Table 42. National Forests in Mississippi preliminary inventory of possible old-growth acreage 

summarized by ranger district and selection criteria (July 8, 2005)

Selection Criteria

BienvilleDe SotoHomochittoChickasawhayDeltaHolly SpringsTombigbee

Forestwide 

Totals

Wilderness (3) 6,466 6,466

Research natural 

areas (4) 189 1,820 230 539 670 186 803 4,437

Other 

administratively 

designated 

unregulated 

areas (5)

568 5,585 84 451 3,122 235 72 10,117

Red-cockaded 

woodpecker 

clusters (6)

8,505 3,236 4,230 2,007 17,978

Late seral (7) 10,770 14,578 7,300 7,239 5,138 5,138 3,004 50,975

R8 old growth 

minimum age (8) 698 2,031 580 14 13,581 6,393 958 24,255

Rare community 

Types (9) 937 1,175 807 134 759 759 552 4,364

Totals 21,667 34,891 13,231 10,384 20,319 12,711 5,389 118,592

The stands in this preliminary list of possible old growth are identified in the FSVeg database tables 

(user defined data code 3 old growth field) using the numeric code in parenthesis following the 

selection criteria in Table 42. 

The areas on the preliminary list of possible old growth range from small to large-sized patches. The 

Southern Region Guide establishes minimum size criteria for small, medium, and large-sized areas. 

Medium sized areas are 100 to 2,499 acres. Small old-growth patches are less than 100 acres. Large 

sized areas are larger than 2,499 acres. The Black Creek Wilderness and the connected wild and 

scenic river corridor constitute the only large possible old growth area on the National Forests in 

Mississippi. Some research natural areas and other administratively designated unregulated areas 

provide medium-sized possible old-growth patches. The remainder of the preliminary list of possible 

old growth is made up of small-sized possible old-growth patches. Table 43 displays the acreage of 

possible old growth by district and size class.

The current percentage of forested acres on each district included in the preliminary list of possible 

old growth varies from 6 to 32 percent. The overall forestwide average is 10 percent. The current 

percentage of forested acres on each district included as medium-sized or larger possible old-growth 

ranges from 0.001 to 4 percent. The overall Forest average of medium-sized or larger possible old

growth is 0.005 percent.
Appendix D. Old Growth Management Strategy

National Forests in Mississippi

182 Land and Resource Management Plan

Table 43. National Forests in Mississippi preliminary inventory of possible old-growth acreage 

summarized by district and size class (July 8, 2005)

Size Class 

BienvilleDe SotoHomochittoChickasawhayDeltaHolly SpringsTombigbee

Forestwide 

Totals

Small 21,044 19,846 12,931 10,275 20,021 12,423 3,740 10,0280

Medium 623 2,885 300 109 298 288 1,649 6,152

Large 12,160 12,160

Total possible 

old growth 21,667 34,891 13,231 10,384 20,319 12,711 5,389 118,592

Total forested 201,899 382,060 206,595 156,913 63,456 169,608 67,331 1,247,862

% possible 

old growth 11 9 6 7 32 7 8 10

% medium + 0.3 4 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 2 0.5

Implementation of the Forest Plan Strategy and

Guidelines for Forest Plan Old Growth Desired Condition

The revised forest plan contains desired old-growth conditions, strategy, and guidance for old growth 

that was the result of the ecological sustainability evaluation. Each ecological system will contribute 

to a network of well-distributed old growth. The plan establishes a forestwide strategy to accomplish 

this network that cuts across all ecological systems to maintain, or where necessary identify for 

restoration, 10 percent of all forested lands to an old growth condition. As the revised plan is 

implemented, each unit’s identified old-growth management acres should increase from the 

preliminary percentages in Table 4 to at least 10 percent.

The old-growth network will consist of both small and medium-sized areas. The Southern Region 

Guide defines what constitutes a network. The regional guide does not require large-size old-growth 

areas for the National Forests in Mississippi and does not establish a required acreage of small or 

medium-sized old growth. The revised forest plan strategy of managing for a network of small to 

medium-sized old-growth areas is based on an evaluation of the distribution of old growth necessary 

to ensure the integrity of ecological functions. In addition to the 10 percent goal stated above, each 

ranger district should evaluate current medium-sized possible old growth and the ecological need for

medium-sized old-growth areas, and designate a minimum of 1 percent of the unit’s forested acres to 

manage as medium-sized old growth.

Areas selected to be managed for old growth will be classified as not suitable for timber production. 

However, harvests can be planned for these designations if needed to protect and promote old-growth 

values. If a determination is made that an area no longer has old growth character, or should be 

harvested and restored to a more ecologically suitable forest type, areas may be regenerated in an 

unregulated fashion for these reasons. Old-growth designations regenerated in a way that eliminates 

their old growth character based on the Southern Region Old Growth Guide definitions of old growth 

should be replaced with a new designation if necessary to meet the forest plan objectives. 
Appendix D. Old Growth Management Strategy

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 183

Old-Growth Data Management

The stands in the preliminary list of possible old growth are identified in the FSVeg database tables 

(user defined data code 3 old growth field) using the numeric code shown in Table 44. These codes 

indicate the selection criteria used to place the stand on the preliminary list of possible old growth. In 

addition, upon implementation of the revised forest plan, stands in this preliminary list of possible old

growth and areas selected by project decisions to provide old growth will be given a land class code 

of 820 in the FSVeg database tables identifiers National Forest System land class field. Project areas 

inventoried for decisions under the revised plan will be coded in the database tables (user defined data 

code 3 old growth field) as current old growth or future old growth as shown in Table 44. The 

selection criteria codes for the original preliminary list of possible old growth will gradually be 

replaced as these determinations are made. 

Table 44. FSVeg database tables user defined data code 3 old growth field coding

Old Growth Code Description Land Class Forest Type

1 Current old growth (use after plan revision.) 820 As appropriate 

2 Future old growth (use after plan revision.) 820 As appropriate 

3

Officially designated wilderness area, RCW in 

wilderness – Active, RCW in wilderness –

Inactive, wilderness area pending. 

350, 351, 352, 

450 As appropriate 

4 Officially designated research natural areas, 

research natural area pending 330, 430 As appropriate 

5

Other administratively designated unregulated 

areas: officially designated scenic area, historic 

area, geological/archeological area, wild and 

scenic river; pending scenic area, historic area, 

geological/archeological area, roadless area; 

MIN Level - riparian area (buffer zone around 

slough), developed recreation site, RARE II 

lands under study.

310, 320, 340, 

360, 370, 410, 

420, 440, 470, 

828, 850, 880

As appropriate 

6

RCW Clusters: RCW cluster active, RCW 

cluster inactive, RCW recruitment stand, RCW 

replacement stand, RCW inactive recruitment 

cluster

840, 841, 842, 

843, 844 As appropriate 

7

Late Seral Stands: Use 600 land class code in 

FSVeg to identify late-seral designations until 

plan is revised. After plan revision, use 820.

600; 820 after 

plan revision As appropriate 

8

Age based on minimum stand age listed in the 

regional guidance for the 16 forest 

communities, Table 1, p. 10 (See the Old 

Growth Community / NFs in MS R8 Forest Type 

Crosswalk in Table 6. below.) Apply the 

regional guide to age as determined for 

standard stand inventory for FSVeg Summary 

Database R8 protocols.

As appropriate; 

820 after plan 

revision

As appropriate 

9

Rare community type (based on FSVeg forest 

types and Forest Service staff and field 

expertise)

As appropriate; 

820 after plan 

revision

See Table 1.

10 Areas identified by stakeholders

As appropriate; 

820 after plan 

revision

As appropriate

RCW = red-cockaded woodpecker
Appendix D. Old Growth Management Strategy

National Forests in Mississippi

184 Land and Resource Management Plan

Table 45 contains a crosswalk between Southern Region forest types and the old-growth community 

types occurring on the National Forests in Mississippi. Table 45 also contains the minimum age from 

the regional guide. Old-growth community type codes will not be entered in FSVeg summary data. 

The crosswalk will be used to summarize forest types to old-growth communities if needed.

Old Growth Monitoring

After the revised land and resource management plan for the national forests in Mississippi is 

approved, FSVeg data will be queried annually for acreage identified for old-growth management 

within each ecological system. This data will be summarized by ecological system, ranger district and 

for the Forests. This data will be used to assess progress toward the plan goal of 10 percent old 

growth by ecological system. 

A GIS query will also be done annually to assess total acres by district in old-growth management 

polygons (or contiguous polygons) of 100 acres or larger. This data will be used to assess progress 

toward the plan goal of 1 percent old-growth in medium-sized or larger areas.
Appendix D. Old Growth Management Strategy

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 185

Table 45. National Forests in Mississippi crosswalk between Southern Region forest type codes 

and old growth community type codes

R8 Old Growth 

Community Type

R8 Comm. 

Type Code Minimum Age R8 Forest Types

Coastal plain upland 

mesic hardwood

6 120 50 - Yellow Poplar

69 – Beech - Magnolia 

Hardwood wetland 

forest

10 120 14 – Slash Pine-Hardwood

68– Sweet Bay-Swamp Tupelo-Red Maple

River floodplain 

hardwood forest

13 100 37 – Spruce Pine

46 – Bottomland Hardwood-Yellow Pine

61– Swamp Chestnut Oak-Cherrybark Oak 

62 – Sweet Gum-Nuttall Oak-Willow Oak

63 – Sugarberry-American Elm-Green Ash

65 – Overcup Oak-Water Hickory

72 – River Birch-Sycamore

75 – Sycamore-Pecan-American Elm

Cypress-tupelo 

swamp forest

14 Pond Cypress: 120

Bald Cypress: 200

23 – Pond Cypress

24 – Bald Cypress

67 – Bald Cypress-Water Tupelo

Dry-mesic oak forest 21 130 43 – Oak-Eastern Red Cedar

51 – Post Oak-Black Oak

53 – White Oak-Red Oak-Hickory

54 – White Oak

55 – Northern Red Oak

56 – Yellow Poplar-White Oak-Red Oak

58 – Sweet Gum-Yellow Poplar

82 – Black Walnut

Dry and xeric oak 

forest, woodland and 

savanna

22 Widespread 

Subtype: 110

Southern 

Subtype: 90

45 – Chestnut Oak-Scarlet Oak-Yellow Pine

49 – Southern Scrub Oak-Yellow Pine

57 – Scrub Oak

Xeric pine and pineoak forest and 

woodland

24 Shortleaf: 100

Other pine and 

mixed: 100

12 – Shortleaf Pine-Oak

25 – Yellow Pine

26 – Longleaf Pine Hardwood

32 – Shortleaf Pine

Dry and Dry-mesic 

oak-pine forest

25 120 13 – Loblolly Pine-Hardwood

31 – Loblolly Pine

44 – Southern Red Oak-Yellow Pine

47 - White Oak-Black Oak-Yellow Pine

48 – Northern Red Oak-Hickory-Yellow Pine

Upland longleaf and 

south Florida slash 

pine forest, woodland 

and savanna

26 Longleaf: 110 21 – Longleaf Pine

Seasonally wet oakhardwood27 100 64 – Laurel Oak-Willow Oak

71 – American Elm-Red Maple

Eastern Riverfront 

forest

28 100 73 - Cottonwood

74 – Willow

Southern wet pine 

forest, woodland and 

savanna

29 Slash: 80 22 – Slash Pine

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 187

Appendix E. Climate Change Strategies

Periods of climate change in Mississippi are not new as evidenced by the Forest’s use of heritage 

resources to study past changes and man’s adaptation to such change (Brookes and Twaroski

1996; Brookes 1996). The archaeological record for Mississippi delineates several past periods of 

major climate shifts that may provide an indication of the future including:

• the Pleistocene period, which marked the end of the Ice Age and the entry of man into 

Mississippi along with the extinction of many large mammals;

• the Hypsitermal event of 6500-3000 BC, which was a period of warming associated with an 

expansion of prairie environments into Mississippi, lowered water levels in rivers and 

streams, and siltation of gravel bars; and

• the Little Ice Age of AD 1400-1880, which was a period of intense cold.

Although the future direction of climate change may be somewhat different, the past is an 

indication that this has been a region of continuing disturbances and adaptations over time. The 

potential management approaches described below relate to the principal climate change-related 

disturbance factors (hurricanes; other extreme water events; outbreaks of insects, diseases, and 

nonnative invasive species; and fire) that are most likely to be a potential concern for the National 

Forests in Mississippi while moving toward the desired conditions in the forest plan. These 

strategies focus on ways to incorporate changes from disturbances into managed forests and 

enhance ecosystem resilience. 

When developing strategies for managing future changes, the range of possible approaches could 

be quite broad. The strategies that follow are focused on recommendations from recent research 

studies that appear to be appropriate for Mississippi and balance effectiveness, feasibility, and 

available resources. Although some strategies are new ideas, most of these management options 

include practices that are already in effect, can serve multiple needs, and may just need to be 

adjusted or expanded to respond to climate changes during the next 10 to 15 years. Using an 

adaptive management approach would allow forest managers to adopt and adjust strategies as 

new information is available, conditions change, and staff and resources are available.

Climate Change Strategies for

the National Forests in Mississippi:

1. Reduce vulnerability by maintaining and restoring resilient native ecosystems.

One of the basic elements of forestwide desired conditions for ecosystem diversity is that native 

ecological systems occupy appropriate sites. Conversion of loblolly pine stands that are not on 

appropriate sites to longleaf pine forests is one of the key restoration steps in this effort. As noted 

in the forest plan, loblolly pine historically grew along streams and moist sites where fire 

frequency was limited. Early reforestation efforts after national forest establishment and 

subsequent fire suppression led to widespread plantings of loblolly on sites that were dryer and 

more susceptible to fire. Restoration of longleaf pine, which is better adapted to fire and 

dominated these dryer sites before European settlement would not only be a step toward desired 

conditions, but also a step toward reducing vulnerability to anticipated disturbances. Recent 

studies following Hurricane Katrina indicate that longleaf is less damaged from storms than 

loblolly, appears to have less insect and pathogen problems, has greater fire resistance, can grow 

as fast as or faster than loblolly pine after the grass stage, and as a result, may sequester more 
Appendix E. Climate Change Strategies

National Forests in Mississippi

188 Land and Resource Management Plan

carbon (Johnsen and Nelson 2008). Based on native site conditions, longleaf pine would be 

expected to have higher resilience to a changing climate that is warmer, dryer, and likely to have 

higher fire hazards. Future reforestation efforts could also take advantage of storm damage events 

to advance conversions of loblolly pine sites to longleaf pines. Restoration of other native 

ecosystems such as shortleaf pines, oaks, bogs, savannas, and prairies would also move the forest

toward desired conditions while enhancing resilience.

2. Prepare for disturbances prior to extreme events.

Removal of trees susceptible to wind or ice storms and altered spacing or thinning of dense forest 

stands to reduce vulnerability to drought or windthrow are potential management options for 

improving resilience to more frequent and intense disturbance events. Wind is the weather feature 

associated with the majority of damage from hurricanes, as well as tornadoes and other storms. 

Vulnerability could be lessened by converting to species that are less susceptible to wind 

breakage and uprooting and to subsequent deterioration from insects and diseases. Maintaining 

wind buffers around high value resources like red-cockaded woodpecker clusters would be an 

appropriate management objective. Simulations of hurricane damage have indicated that altering 

planting densities along stand edges and around red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees may 

provide buffers and reduce losses due to wind damage (Stanturf et al. 2007), and continued 

research could provide more definitive recommendations.

Prescribed fires are a current management tool that can serve multiple purposes, from sustaining 

desired conditions for fire-dependent ecosystems and threatened and endangered species to 

reducing fuel loads. They are also a management strategy that will be important for maintaining 

desired habitats in a changing climate with more natural disturbances. The impacts from 

Hurricane Katrina would have been much worse without the aggressive prescribed burning 

program in effect for many years. Since 2002 (with the exception of 2006 right after Katrina), 

ranger districts within the National Forests in Mississippi have burned over 235,000 acres per 

year out of a total of approximately 1 million acres of “burnable” national forest land and are on a 

consistent 3- to 5-year rotation (Bryant and Boykin 2007). The De Soto and Chickasawhay 

Ranger Districts took the brunt of Hurricane Katrina but also have had the largest burn programs, 

especially in recent years. While Hurricane Katrina created a serious fuel loading condition that 

will continue to be a concern for many years, the regular burning program prevented the problem 

from being exacerbated even more. With projections of more frequent hurricanes and other more 

extreme weather events plus the potential for increased stresses from forest pests in a warmer, 

dryer climate, continued prescribed burning will be an important management strategy for the 

future.

3. Plan for disturbances in order to protect resource values.

Although occurrences of storms and hurricanes cannot be precisely predicted, advanced planning 

can anticipate impacts and have guidelines in place to protect sensitive areas. Areas such as 

riparian zones, endangered species habitats, and designated wilderness may require different 

approaches for reducing disturbances or recovering from damaging events. Management 

responses from previous events can provide guidance for similar situations and take advantage of 

prior learning experiences. Advance planning can anticipate future impacts, introduce appropriate 

mitigation measures, establish response protocols, and reduce assessment and response time 

following disturbances while ensuring sensitive resources that require special responses are 

protected. 
Appendix E. Climate Change Strategies

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 189

4. Use preventative measures to reduce opportunities for forest pests.

Although current programs and guidance are already in place to limit introduction of nonnative 

species, treat invasive species, and control insects and diseases, these efforts are likely to become 

more critical to maintaining desired conditions for healthy forests under a changing climate. Due 

to the fragmented land ownership patterns, success in reducing forest pests requires going beyond 

national forest boundaries, and we will need continued work with partners. In addition, 

management practices (such as thinning and age class diversity) that sustain healthy forests and 

provide adequate nutrients, soil productivity, and hydrologic function can promote resilience and 

reduce opportunities for disturbance and damage.

5. Monitor storm impacts and climate change influences.

Climate change is a challenge to address in our annual monitoring program at the local forest 

level because there are multiple influences that are not well understood and many of the 

indicators are observable only at a very broad level over extended periods. However, forest 

disturbance has been identified as an indicator that can be observed (Dale et al. 2001). Although 

direct cause-effect relationships of individual disturbance events may not always be evident, it 

should be possible to see changes over time and determine whether they may be related to climate 

change factors. While current monitoring looks at disturbances such as insect and disease 

infestations, broadening these efforts to track damage from storm events and weather extremes 

could help predict threats to desired conditions and cope with changes.

6. Minimize carbon loss from hurricanes.

The potential for increasing hurricane frequency and intensity is a concern in regard to loss of 

carbon storage as well as ecosystem damage. Studies have shown that a single hurricane can 

convert the equivalent of 10 percent of the total annual carbon sequestered by U.S. forests into 

dead and downed biomass (McNulty 2002). Since it may take 15 years to recover from a severe 

storm, a significant amount of carbon is lost either directly through reduction of biomass or 

indirectly through loss of sequestration capacity. Other studies have found that for large 

hurricanes like Katrina, the effect of tree damage and mortality on carbon storage is even more 

significant. Although forests typically act as a carbon sink, recent analysis of Hurricane Katrina’s 

carbon impact on Gulf Coast forests found that the disturbance caused a total biomass loss that is 

equivalent to a 50 to 140 percent reduction in the net annual U.S. contribution of forest trees to 

the terrestrial carbon sink (Chambers et al. 2007). 

As noted above, reduction of carbon loss from hurricanes is an important climate change role for 

the National Forests in Mississippi, and some of the previously mentioned strategies for reducing 

vegetation susceptibility to severe storms may help with carbon impact mitigation. Shifting a 

greater proportion of the forest to more hurricane-resistant species such as longleaf pines, 

baldcypress, sweetgum, water tupelo, and magnolia on appropriate sites may reduce carbon loss 

while supporting the restoration of desired native ecosystems. Recent research indicates that 

longleaf pines appear to outgrow other pine species beyond 25 years, may capture more carbon 

below ground, and may have higher wood specific gravity—all of which potentially increase 

carbon sequestration (Johnsen and Nelson 2008). Longleaf pine restoration on appropriate sites 

may serve multiple useful strategies for achieving desired ecosystem and species diversity 

conditions, enhancing resilience to climate change, and mitigating carbon loss. Salvaging and 

converting downed biomass into boards and other wood products can also help reduce carbon loss 

after severe storms.
Appendix E. Climate Change Strategies

National Forests in Mississippi

190 Land and Resource Management Plan

Monitoring and Future Research Directions

As noted in the previous section, many current management strategies can be used or adjusted to 

address changing climate conditions. As researchers develop more localized projections of 

anticipated climate changes and ecosystem responses are better understood, more specific 

management practices and strategies can be incorporated in the future. 

Part of better understanding the interactions among the many climate change factors that could 

affect the National Forests in Mississippi will be monitoring how natural disturbances are 

affecting the forest. In addition to including disturbances in the monitoring questions that are part 

of the monitoring program for the forest plan, the Forest Service’s Southern Research Station is a 

key partner in developing approaches for monitoring climate change and associated disturbances, 

and monitoring direction will be well coordinated with climate change scientists. Some initial 

ideas for monitoring and adapting to climate change-related disturbances include:

• consistently reporting disturbance events and tracking whether they are increasing in 

frequency (see chapter 5, section 5.3.1, Table 12, monitoring question D.2),

• evaluating changes in condition caused by disturbances (see chapter 5, section 5.3.1, Table 

12, monitoring question D.3),

• evaluating impacts these disturbances and management responses have on advancing or 

deterring progress toward desired future conditions in forest plans (see chapter 5, section 

5.3.1, Table 12, monitoring question D.3),

• evaluating the need to modify desired conditions and objectives in forest plans in light of the 

impacts of disturbances (see chapter 5, section 5.3.1, Table 12, monitoring question D.5),

• evaluating our organizational capacity to respond to disturbances (see chapter 5, section 5.3.1,

Table 12, monitoring question D.5), and

• standardizing our monitoring questions and measures regionally to allow cumulative effect 

evaluations of climate change across the Southern Region.

The Southern Research Station and other national and regional researchers are actively working 

on numerous projects to assess anticipated effects and appropriate actions in regard to climate 

change. Over the next 2 years, the Southern Research Station will be working on regional climate 

scenarios that start with global circulation models and then use regional climate models to scale 

down to a finer resolution that is useful to local forest managers. Southern Research Station

scientists will also be continuing studies on increasing the resilience and carbon sequestration of 

Gulf Coast forests, particularly longleaf pine in Mississippi. Other future research needs include 

recommendations on how to mitigate hurricane impacts, expanded management options for 

coping with extended droughts and more extreme storms, appropriate carbon mitigation 

measures, and a better understanding of the likely ecological effects of anticipated disturbances.
National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 191

Appendix F. Administrative Unit Maps

If you are viewing this document electronically, click on the links under the each geographic area 

listed below to view individual maps. If you are viewing a printed copy of this document, you can 

find each map online at the following land management planning Web site for the National Forests 

in Mississippi: http://www.fs.usda.gov/land/mississippi/landmanagement.

Bienville Geographic Area Maps

Map 1 – Bienville Geographic Area RCW Habitat Management Area

Map 2 – Bienville Geographic Area Ecological Systems

Map 3 – Bienville Geographic Area Fire Use Suitability Classification

Map 4 – Bienville Geographic Area Minerals Suitability Classification

Map 5 – Bienville Geographic Area Recreation Suitability Classification

Map 6 – Bienville Geographic Area Special Uses Suitability Classification

Map 7 – Bienville Geographic Area Timber Suitability Classification

Map 8 – Bienville Pines Scenic Area, Bienville NF

Map 8v – Bienville Pines Scenic Area Vicinity Map, Bienville NF

Map 9 – Harrell Prairie Botanical Area, Bienville NF

Map 9v – Harrell Prairie Botanical Area Vicinity Map, Bienville NF

Map 10 –Nutmeg Hickory Research Natural Area, Bienville NF

Map 10v –Nutmeg Hickory Research Natural Area Vicinity Map, Bienville NF

Chickasawhay Geographic Area Maps

Map 11 – Chickasawhay Geographic Area RCW Habitat Management Area

Map 12 – Chickasawhay Geographic Area Ecological Systems

Map 13 – Chickasawhay Fire Use Suitability Classification

Map 14 – Chickasawhay Minerals Suitability Classification

Map 15 – Chickasawhay Recreation Suitability Classification

Map 16 – Chickasawhay Geographic Area Special Uses Suitability Classification

Map 17 – Chickasawhay Timber Suitability Classification

Map 18 – Unmanaged Forty Scenic Area, Chickasawhay RD, De Soto NF

Map 18v – Unmanaged Forty Scenic Area Vicinity Map, Chickasawhay RD, De Soto NF

Map 19 – Tiger Creek Botanical Area, Chickasawhay RD, De Soto NF

Map 19v – Tiger Creek Botanical Area Vicinity Map, Chickasawhay RD, De Soto NF

Map 20 –Laurel Oak Botanical Area, Chickasawhay RD, De Soto NF

Map 20v –Laurel Oak Botanical Area Vicinity Map, Chickasawhay RD, De Soto NF
Appendix F. Administrative Unit Maps

National Forests in Mississippi

192 Land and Resource Management Plan

Delta Geographic Area Maps

Map 21 – Delta Geographic Area Ecological Systems

Map 22 – Delta Geographic Area Fire Use Suitability Classification

Map 23 – Delta Geographic Area Minerals Suitability Classification

Map 24 – Delta Geographic Area Recreation Suitability Classification

Map 25 – Delta Geographic Area Special Uses Suitability Classification

Map 26 – Delta Geographic Area Timber Suitability Classification

Map 27 – Dowling Bayou Archaeological Site, Delta NF

Map 27v – Dowling Bayou Archaeological Site Vicinity Map, Delta NF

Map 28 – Red Gum Research Natural Area, Delta NF

Map 28v – Red Gum Research Natural Area Vicinity Map, Delta NF

Map 29 – Overcup Oak – Water Hickory Research Natural Area, Delta NF

Map 29v – Overcup Oak – Water Hickory Research Natural Area Vicinity Map, Delta NF

Map 30 – Green Ash – Sugarberry Research Natural Area, Delta NF

Map 30v – Green Ash – Sugarberry Research Natural Area Vicinity Map, Delta NF

Map 31 – Cypress Bayou Botanical Area, Delta NF

Map 31v – Cypress Bayou Botanical Area Vicinity Map, Delta NF

De Soto Geographic Area Maps

De Soto Geographic Area Maps, North

Map 32 – De Soto Geographic Area, Black Creek RCW Habitat Management Area

Map 33 – De Soto Geographic Area Ecological Systems, North

Map 34 – De Soto Geographic Area Fire Use Suitability Classification, North

Map 35 – De Soto Geographic Area Minerals Suitability Classification, North

Map 36 – De Soto Geographic Area Recreation Suitability Classification, North

Map 37 – De Soto Geographic Area Special Uses Suitability Classification, North

Map 38 – De Soto Geographic Area Timber Suitability Classification, North

De Soto Geographic Area Maps, South

Map 39 – De Soto Geographic Area, Biloxi RCW Habitat Management Area

Map 40 – De Soto Geographic Area Ecological Systems, South

Map 41 – De Soto Geographic Area Fire Use Suitability Classification, South

Map 42 – De Soto Geographic Area Minerals Suitability Classification, South

Map 43 – De Soto Geographic Area Recreation Suitability Classification, South
Appendix F. Administrative Unit Maps

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 193

Map 44 – De Soto Geographic Area Special Uses Suitability Classification, South

Map 45 – De Soto Geographic Area Timber Suitability Classification, South

Other Maps

Map 46 – Red Hills Botanical Area, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 46v – Red Hills Botanical Area Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 47 – Harrison Experimental Forest, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 47L – Harrison Experimental Forest Legend, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 47v – Harrison Experimental Forest Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 48 – Black Creek Corridor Page 1 of 8, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 48v – Black Creek Corridor Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 49 – Black Creek Corridor Page 2 of 8, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 50 – Black Creek Corridor Page 3 of 8, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 51 – Black Creek Corridor Page 4 of 8, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 52 – Black Creek Corridor Page 5 of 8, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 53 – Black Creek Corridor Page 6 of 8, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 54 – Black Creek Corridor Page 7 of 8, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 55 – Black Creek Corridor Page 8 of 8, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 56 – Black Creek Wild and Scenic River, Page 1 of 5, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 56L – Black Creek Wild and Scenic River Legend, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 56v – Black Creek Wild and Scenic River Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 57 – Black Creek Wild and Scenic River, Page 2 of 5, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 58 – Black Creek Wild and Scenic River, Page 3 of 5, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 59 – Black Creek Wild and Scenic River, Page 4 of 5, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 60 – Black Creek Wild and Scenic River, Page 5 of 5, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 61 – Harrison Research Natural Area, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 61v – Harrison Research Natural Area Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 62 – Black Creek Wilderness Area, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 62v – Black Creek Wilderness Area Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 63 – Leaf River Wilderness Area, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 63v – Leaf River Wilderness Area Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 64 –Railroad Creek Titi Botanical Area, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 64v –Railroad Creek Titi Botanical Area Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 65 –Little Florida Botanical Area, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 65v –Little Florida Botanical Area Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 66 –Pitcher Plant Botanical Area, De Soto RD, De Soto NF
Appendix F. Administrative Unit Maps

National Forests in Mississippi

194 Land and Resource Management Plan

Map 66v –Pitcher Plant Botanical Area Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 67 –Buttercup Flat Botanical Area, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 67v –Buttercup Flat Botanical Area Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 68 –Loblolly Bay Botanical Area, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 68v –Loblolly Bay Botanical Area Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 69 –Ragland Hills Botanical Area, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 69v –Ragland Hills Botanical Area Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 70 –Granny Creek Bay Research Natural Area, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 70v –Granny Creek Bay Research Natural Area Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 71 –Wyatt Hills Botanical Area, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 71v –Wyatt Hills Botanical Area Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 72 –Black Creek Seed Orchard, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 72L –Black Creek Seed Orchard Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 72v –Black Creek Seed Orchard Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 73 –Erambert Seed Orchard, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 73v –Erambert Seed Orchard Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 74 –Paul B. Johnson State Park, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 74L –Paul B. Johnson State Park Legend, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Map 74v –Paul B. Johnson State Park Vicinity Map, De Soto RD, De Soto NF

Holly Springs Geographic Area Maps

Geographic Area Maps, Holly Springs Unit

Map 75 – Holly Springs Geographic Area Ecological Systems, Holly Springs Unit

Map 76 – Holly Springs Fire Use Suitability Classification, Holly Springs Unit

Map 77 – Holly Springs Minerals Suitability Classification, Holly Springs Unit

Map 78 – Holly Springs Recreation Suitability Classification, Holly Springs Unit

Map 79 – Holly Springs Special Uses Suitability Classification, Holly Springs Unit

Map 80 – Holly Springs Timber Suitability Classification, Holly Springs Unit

Geographic Area Maps, Yalobusha Unit

Map 81 – Holly Springs Geographic Area Ecological Systems, Yalobusha Unit

Map 82 – Holly Springs Southern Unit Fire Use Suitability Classification, Yalobusha Unit

Map 83 – Holly Springs Southern Unit Minerals Suitability Classification, Yalobusha Unit

Map 84 – Holly Springs Southern Unit Recreation Suitability Classification, Yalobusha Unit

Map 85 – Holly Springs Southern Unit Special Uses Suitability Classification, Yalobusha Unit
Appendix F. Administrative Unit Maps

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 195

Map 86 – Holly springs Southern Unit Timber Suitability Classification, Yalobusha Unit

Other Maps

Map 87 – Tallahatchie Experimental Forest, Holly Springs NF

Map 87L – Tallahatchie Experimental Forest Legend, Holly Springs NF

Map 87v – Tallahatchie Experimental Forest Vicinity Map, Holly Springs NF

Map 88 –LA-2 Botanical Area, Holly Springs NF

Map 88v –LA-2 Botanical Area Vicinity Map, Holly Springs NF

Map 89 –LA-6 Botanical Area, Holly Springs NF

Map 89v –LA-6 Botanical Area Vicinity Area, Holly Springs NF

Map 90 –Jamie L Whitten Plan Materials Center, Holly Springs NF

Map 90v –Jamie L Whitten Plan Materials Center Vicinity Map, Holly Springs NF

Homochitto Geographic Area Maps

Map 91 – Homochitto Geographic Area RCW Habitat Management Area

Homochitto Geographic Area Maps, North

Map 92 – Homochitto Geographic Area Ecological Systems, North

Map 93 – Homochitto Geographic Area Fire Use Suitability Classification, North

Map 94 – Homochitto Geographic Area Minerals Suitability Classification, North

Map 95 – Homochitto Geographic Area Recreation Suitability Classification, North

Map 96 – Homochitto Geographic Area Special Uses Suitability Classification, North

Map 97 – Homochitto Geographic Area Timber Suitability Classification, North

Homochitto Geographic Area Maps, South

Map 98 – Homochitto Geographic Area Ecological Systems, South

Map 99 – Homochitto Geographic Area Fire Use Suitability Classification, South

Map 100 – Homochitto Geographic Area Minerals Suitability Classification, South

Map 101 – Homochitto Geographic Area Recreation Suitability Classification, South

Map 102 – Homochitto Geographic Area Special Uses Suitability Classification, South

Map 103 – Homochitto Geographic Area Timber Suitability Classification, South

Other Maps

Map 104 –Sandy Creek Botanical Area, Homochitto NF

Map 104v –Sandy Creek Botanical Area Vicinity Map, Homochitto NF

Map 105 –Sandy Creek RARE II Further Study Area / Inventoried Roadless Area
Appendix F. Administrative Unit Maps

National Forests in Mississippi

196 Land and Resource Management Plan

Tombigbee Geographic Area Maps

Tombigbee Geographic Area Maps, Ackerman Unit

Map 106 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Ecological Systems, Ackerman Unit

Map 107 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Fire Use Suitability Classification, Ackerman Unit

Map 108 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Minerals Suitability Classification, Ackerman Unit

Map 109 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Recreation Suitability Classification, Ackerman Unit

Map 110 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Special Uses Suitability Classification, Ackerman Unit

Map 111 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Timber Suitability Classification, Ackerman Unit

Map 112 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Hawk’s Nest Backcountry Area, Ackerman Unit

Map 112L – Tombigbee Geographic Area Hawk’s Nest Backcountry Area Legend, Ackerman Unit

Map 112v – Tombigbee Geographic Area Hawk’s Nest Backcountry Area Vicinity Map, 

Ackerman Unit

Tombigbee Geographic Area Maps, Trace Unit

Map 113 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Ecological Systems, Trace Unit

Map 114 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Fire Use Suitability Classification, Trace Unit

Map 115 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Minerals Suitability Classification, Trace Unit

Map 116 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Recreation Suitability Classification, Trace Unit

Map 117 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Special Uses Suitability Classification, Trace Unit

Map 118 – Tombigbee Geographic Area Timber Suitability Classification, Trace Unit

Other Maps

Map 119 – Owl Creek Mounds Archaeological Site, Tombigbee NF

Map 119v – Owl Creek Mounds Archaeological Site Vicinity Map, Tombigbee NF

Map 120 – Noxubee Crest Research Natural Area, Tombigbee NF

Map 120v – Noxubee Crest Research Natural Area Vicinity Map, Tombigbee NF

Map 121 – Chuquatonchee Bluffs Research Natural Area, Tombigbee NF

Map 121v – Chuquatonchee Bluffs Research Natural Area Vicinity Map, Tombigbee NF

Map 122 –Shagbark Hickory Botanical Area, Tombigbee NF

Map 122v –Shagbark Hickory Botanical Area Vicinity Map, Tombigbee NF

Map 123 –Choctaw #4 Botanical Area, Tombigbee NF

Map 123v –Choctaw #4 Botanical Area Vicinity Map, Tombigbee NF

Map 124 –Prairie Mount Botanical Area, Tombigbee NF

Map 124v –Prairie Mount Botanical Area Vicinity Map, Tombigbee NF

Map 125 –Bogue Cully Botanical Area, Tombigbee NF

Map 125v –Bogue Cully Botanical Area Vicinity Map, Tombigbee NF
National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 197

Appendix G. Biological Opinion – Incidental 

Take Statement 

Source: Extracted from the United States Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service’s 

Biological Opinion (BO), dated April 14, 2014, issued for the National Forests in Mississippi’s 

Revised Land and Resource Management Plan.

Incidental Take Statement (ITS)

Section 9 of the Act and Federal regulation under section 4(d) of the Act prohibit the take of

endangered and threatened species, respectively, without special exemption. Take is defined as 

harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture or collect, or attempt to engage in any 

such conduct. Harm is further defined by the Service to include significant habitat modification or 

degradation that results in death or injury to listed species by significantly impairing essential 

behavioral patterns, including breeding, feeding, or sheltering. Harass is defined by Service as 

intentional or negligent actions that create the likelihood of injury to listed species to such an 

extent as to significantly disrupt normal behaviors which include, but are not limited to, breeding, 

feeding, or sheltering. Incidental take is defined as take that is incidental to, and not the purpose 

of, the carrying out of an otherwise lawful activity. Under the terms of section 7(b)(4) and section 

7(o)(2), taking that is incidental to and not intended as part of the agency action is not considered 

a prohibited taking under the Act provided that such taking is in compliance with the terms and 

conditions of this Incidental Take Statement.

The measures described below are non-discretionary, and must be implemented by the USFS 

[USDA Forest Service]1 so that they become binding conditions of any grant, permit, agreement, 

or contract issued to, for the exemption in section 7(o)(2) to apply. The USFS has a continuing 

duty to regulate the activity covered by this incidental take statement. If the USFS: (1) fails to 

assume and implement the terms and conditions or (2) fails to require the contractor to adhere to 

the terms and conditions of the incidental take statement through enforceable terms that are added 

to the permit or grand document, the protective coverage of section 7(o)(2) may lapse. In order to 

monitor the impact of incidental take, the USFS must report the progress of the action and its 

impact on the species to the Service as specified in the incidental take statement (ITS). [50 CFR 

§402.14(I)(3)]

Relationship of Program-level ITS to Project-level ITS

Any future actions completed under the Forest Plan that may adversely affect the Indiana bat and 

dusky gopher frog will require section 7 formal consultation. These consultations will proceed 

using the procedures outlined in the “Programmatic Consultation Approach” section. A Level 2 

biological opinion will be written and appended to this biological opinion for each project that 

may adversely affect the Indiana bat. During this Level 2 consultation, project-specific incidental 

take, as well as the cumulative amount of take pursuant to implementation of the Forest Plan that 

has occurred, will be assessed. In these future ITSs, reasonable and prudent measures and terms 

 1 Text in [italicized brackets] was added to the extracted BO text to clarify meaning of acronyms’ used by 

the Service.
Appendix G. Biological Opinion - Incidental Take Statement

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198 Land and Resource Management Plan

and conditions to minimize the effect of any incidental take that may result will be developed and 

applied, as appropriate.

Amount or Extent of Take Anticipated 

Indiana Bat

The Service anticipates that incidental take of Indiana bats as a result of the proposed Forest Plan 

will be difficult to quantify and detect due to the bat's small body size, widely dispersed 

individuals under loose bark or in cavities of trees, and unknown areal extent and density of their 

roosting populations within the HSNF [Holly Springs National Forest]. However, any incidental 

take of Indiana bats is expected to be in the form of killing, harming, or harassing. Tree removal 

during the non-hibernation season period may result in harm or mortality to roosting Indiana bats. 

Smoke and fire generated during prescribed fires that occur during the non-hibernation period 

could also cause roosting bats distress or death. Burning may cause an individual roosting bat to 

abandon a traditionally used roost tree.

Monitoring to determine take of individual bats within an expansive area of forested habitat is a 

complex and arduous task. Unless every individual tree that contains suitable roosting habitat is 

inspected by a knowledgeable biologist before management practices begin, it would be 

impossible to know if a roosting Indiana bat is present in an area proposed for harvest or burning. 

It would also be impossible to evaluate the amount of incidental take of Indiana bats unless a 

post-harvest inspection is immediately made of every tree that has been removed or disturbed. 

Inspecting individual trees is not considered by the Service to be a practical survey method and is 

not recommended as means to determine incidental take. However, the areal extent of potential 

roosting habitat affected can be used as a surrogate to monitor the level of take. Although, to the 

best of our knowledge, no individually-roosting Indiana bats have been incidentally taken during 

tree removal or other habitat-modifying activities on the HSNF, the possible removal of occupied 

roost tree (s) that are not recognized as such may result in incidental take of this species. If 

roosting individuals are present in an area proposed for timber harvest or other disturbance, 

incidental take of Indiana bats could occur. However, implementation of the terms and conditions 

associated with the reasonable and prudent measures provided below by the Service will 

significantly reduce the potential for incidental take.

This incidental take statement anticipates the taking of a presently unquantifiable number of 

Indiana bats from timber harvest and prescribed fires occurring during the non- hibernation 

season (April 1 to November 14). The HSNF proposes to conduct non- commercial and 

commercial timber management practices on a total of 16,000 acres over the next 10 years. In 

addition, the HSNF proposes to ignite up to 155,661 acres of prescribed fire over the next 10 

years.

Therefore, the incidental take statement is based on forest management practices occurring on a 

maximum of 16,000 acres over a 10 year period, and a maximum of prescribed fire on 155, 661 

acres over a 10 year period.

With regards to herbicide applications, recreational activities, mineral management, and 

infrastructure activities, no incidental take is anticipated from these activities; therefore, no 

incidental take is authorized for these activities covered in the Forest Plan.
Appendix G. Biological Opinion - Incidental Take Statement

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 199

Dusky Gopher Frog

In this ITS, we are evaluating the incidental take of dusky gopher frogs that may result from 

implementation of the Forest Plan. A Forest Plan is a permissive plan level document that allows 

and guides, but does not authorize specific actions to occur. As explained within the 

accompanying biological opinion, the Forest Plan allows for actions that are likely to adversely 

affect the dusky gopher frog. As such, specific actions conducted under the Forest Plan may result 

in adverse effects to individual dusky gopher frogs that rise to the level of take. The standards and 

guidelines proposed as part of the Forest Plan, however, substantively reduce the potential for 

adverse effects and incidental take to occur. Therefore, projects completed under the Forest Plan 

that comply with the standards and guidelines in many cases will not adversely affect dusky 

gopher frog. There may be situations, however, in which incidental take is likely regardless of 

whether the standards and guidelines are adhered to.

Incidental take of dusky gopher frogs could result from affirmative conservation and recovery 

actions proposed in the Forest Plan such as ground-disturbing activities associated with habitat 

management and/or prescribed burning. However, the Service anticipates that incidental take will 

be difficult to quantify and detect due to the fact that the frogs spend most of their lives 

underground, and finding a dead or injured individual is unlikely. In addition, the projects that 

will result from the plan that may result in take of dusky gopher frogs are not (and likely cannot 

at this time) be described in a specific enough manner that the level of take can be accurately 

estimated.

However, the Forest Plan does estimate the amount of acreage that will receive forest 

management actions. The DNF [De Soto National Forest – De Soto Ranger District] proposes to 

manage timber on approximately 30,843 acres over the next 10 years. Vegetation management

practices will include 6,530 acres of regeneration cutting, and 22,788 acres of commercial 

thinning. In addition, the DeSoto Ranger District proposed to prescribe burn approximately 

84,000 acres per year.

Based on the assumption that all currently occupied and unoccupied critical habitat (assuming it 

will eventually become occupied) will receive some form of ecosystem restoration activity during 

implementation of the Forest Plan, this incidental take statement anticipates the taking of a 

presently unquantifiable number of dusky gopher frogs from timber management activities and 

prescribed fire (on a 1-3 year burning regimen) on 3,084 acres.

Therefore, the incidental take statement is based on forest management practices occurring on a 

maximum of 3,084 acres of dusky gopher frog critical habitat over a 10 year period, and a 

maximum of prescribed fire on 3,084 acres of critical habitat annually.

However, due to the broad nature of the Forest Plan, and the uncertainty of what specific types of 

future timber management activities may be needed within dusky gopher frog habitat, this 

anticipated incidental take will be exempted during the Level 2 consultation on a project-byproject basis

Effect of the Take 

Indiana Bat

In the accompanying BO, the Service determined that this level of expected take is not likely to 

result in jeopardy to the Indiana bat or destroy or adversely modify its critical habitat. Therefore, 

we have determined that the level of anticipated incidental take associated with the actions 

completed under the Forest Plan is not likely to jeopardize the Indiana bat.
Appendix G. Biological Opinion - Incidental Take Statement

National Forests in Mississippi

200 Land and Resource Management Plan

Dusky Gopher Frog

Although the level of expected take cannot be accurately determined, in the accompanying 

biological opinion the Service determined that the actions conducted under the Forest Plan will 

support the survival and recovery of the dusky gopher frog and are not likely to result in jeopardy 

to the species or destruction or adversely modification of its critical habitat

Reasonable and Prudent Measures

The Service believes the following reasonable and prudent measures are necessary and 

appropriate to minimize impacts of incidental take of Indiana bat and dusky gopher frog. 

Additional reasonable and prudent measures may be applied to some project level consultations 

(Level 2) in the future to minimize the effect of incidental take that may result from such projects, 

where appropriate on a project-by-project basis.

Indiana Bat

1. The NFM [National Forests in Mississippi] will plan, evaluate, and implement forest 

management practices (vegetation management activities and prescribed fire) on the HSNF 

(Holly Springs Unit) in a manner consistent with the conservation measures for the Indiana bat 

described in the Forest Plan as further clarified in the Terms and Conditions of this Incidental 

Take Statement.

2. The NFM will engage in Level 2 consultation for all site-specific actions that may affect the 

Indiana bat.

Dusky Gopher Frog

1. The NFM will minimize potential impacts to the dusky gopher frog to the maximum extent 

practical.

2. The NFM will engage in Level 2 consultation for all ground disturbing activities that may 

affect the dusky gopher frog.

We believe that, where appropriate on a project-by-project basis, the reasonable and prudent 

measure outlined above will significantly reduce the impacts of incidental take of the Indiana bat 

and dusky gopher frog.

Terms and Conditions

In order to be exempt from the prohibitions of section 9 of the Act, the NFM must comply with 

the following terms and conditions, which carry out the reasonable and prudent measures, 

described above and outline required reporting/monitoring requirements. These terms and 

conditions are non-discretionary.

The applicability of each term and condition will be determined based on the technical 

requirements and biological characteristics associated with the specific action being analyzed.

Indiana Bat

1. The NFM shall conduct all vegetation management activities and commercial timber sales 

consistent with the standards and guidelines outlined in the Forest Plan and BA [Biological 

Assessment]. Additional clarification is provided for the following measures:
Appendix G. Biological Opinion - Incidental Take Statement

National Forests in Mississippi

Land and Resource Management Plan 201

• Establish a maternity roosting buffer zone (75 feet) around all known Indiana bat roost 

sites. No ground disturbing activities will take place within this buffer other than 

activities specifically designed to enhance/improve roosting habitat (i.e. removal of shade 

trees) and only when bats have left maternity roost (i.e. September 1 to March 31). 

Prescribed burning will also only take place during the non-maternity roosting season 

(September 1 to March 31).

• Establish a maternity foraging buffer zone (2.5 miles) around all known Indiana bat roost 

sites. No timber removal will take place during the non- hibernation/maternity season 

(April 1 and August 31), unless specifically designed to enhance foraging habitat.

• For all vegetation management activities and commercial timber sales on the Holly 

Springs Unit, retain at least three (3) live trees per acre greater than 20 inches d.b.h. of 

these preferred species (Shagbark, Shellbark, and Bitternut hickory; white and green ash; 

white, northern red, and post oak; American and slippery elm; eastern cottonwood, black 

locust, and silver maple).

• For all vegetation management activities and commercial timber sales on the Holly 

Springs Unit, retain at least 5 snags per acre greater than 9 inches d.b.h. and 1 snag per 

acre over 19 inches d.b.h.. Oaks, hickories, and ashes will be favored for retention of 

snags. During timber harvests, snags will not be removed except where they constitute a 

human safety hazard. Snags will be retained in groups with live trees to prevent snag loss 

to wind throw.

• To protect foraging habitat and travel corridors along rivers and streams, a forested 

stream buffer strip will be maintained in all areas receiving vegetation management 

activities. The buffer will be a minimum of 50 feet on each side of perennial streams or 

rivers and 25 feet on both sides of intermittent streams.

• Ensure that all Forest Service employees and contractors working within Indiana bat 

habitat are educated to recognize and avoid potential Indiana bat roost trees and the 

required habitat components for a complete Indiana bat home range.

2. The NFM shall consult with the Service on all future site-specific actions on the HSNF (Holly 

Springs Unit) covered under the Forest Plan.

• Project-specific biological evaluations submitted to the Service will include a description 

of the proposed action, results of any Indiana bat surveys, conservation measures to 

protect Indiana bats, and reasons why and if standards and guidelines outlined in the 

Forest Plan are not feasible or prudent.

• The NFM shall monitor the number of acres of non-commercial and commercial forest 

management practices and prescribed fires implemented on an annual basis to ensure the 

total acreages do not exceed the authorized incidental take. The NFM shall provide a 

summary of annual fiscal year activities and acreages to the Service’s MSFO [Mississippi 

Ecological Services Field Office] no later than December 15 each year the BO is in 

effect.

Dusky Gopher Frog

1. The NFM will conduct prescribed burning within occupied dusky gopher frog habitat 

following the Burn Matrix, as described in the Forest Plan.

2. Project-specific biological evaluations submitted to the Service will include a description of 

the proposed action, results of any dusky gopher frog surveys, conservation measures to protect 
Appendix G. Biological Opinion - Incidental Take Statement

National Forests in Mississippi

202 Land and Resource Management Plan

dusky gopher frogs, and reasons why and if standards and guidelines outlined in the Forest Plan 

are not feasible or prudent.

This incidental take statement is based on full implementation of the proposed project as 

described in the DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION section and inclusion of the TERMS AND 

CONDITIONS section of this biological opinion. Failure to implement the project as proposed 

(including any relevant conservation measures), or implementation of the project in a manner that 

causes an effect to listed species not adequately considered in this opinion, may cause coverage of 

section 7(o)(2) to lapse and require re-initiation of consultation to ensure compliance with section 

7(a)(2) of the ESA.