# Patent

## Title
Epi-fluoresence confocal optical analyte sensor

## Abstract

An optical sensor effective for (i) exciting an analyte-sensitive fluorophore, exposed to an unknown concentration of the analyte for which the fluorophore is sensitive, with radiant energy from an excitation source, (ii) measuring the extent to which luminescence of the excited fluorophore is quenched by presence of the analyte, (iii) ascertaining the concentration of analyte to which the fluorophore is exposed from such measurement, and (iv) reporting the ascertained concentration. The sensor is preferably an epi-fluroescence confocal optical detector, and preferably performs step (ii) by employing a summing amplifier.

## Background
BACKGROUND
Optical sensors are a widely employed method of measuring analyte concentration, typically oxygen, within a package or container. Briefly, analyte concentration within a package or container can be measured by placing an analyte sensitive fluorophore within the package or container, allowing the fluorophore to equilibrate within the package or container, exciting the fluorophore with radiant energy, and measuring the intensity and/or rate of decay in the intensity of luminescence emitted by the excited fluorophore. Such optical sensors are available from a number of suppliers, including Presens Precision Sensing, GmbH of Regensburg, Germany.
Optical sensors typically employ fiber optics to both guide the excitation light generated by the sensor from the sensor to the analyte sensitive fluorophore, and also guide emitted light from the fluorophore to a photo multiplier in the optical sensor for detection and measurement.
While effective for accurately measuring analyte concentration, such optical sensors are very expensive.
Accordingly, a substantial need exists for a low cost optical sensor capable of accurately and reliably measuring analyte concentration within a package or container.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is directed to an optical sensor. A first embodiment of the invention is an epi-fluroescence confocal optical detector effective for (i) exciting an analyte-sensitive fluorophore, exposed to an unknown concentration of the analyte for which the fluorophore is sensitive, with radiant energy from an excitation source, (ii) measuring the extent to which luminescence of the excited fluorophore is quenched by presence of the analyte, (iii) ascertaining the concentration of analyte to which the fluorophore is exposed from such measurement, and (iv) reporting the ascertained concentration.
A second embodiment of the invention is an optical detector effective for (i) exciting an analyte-sensitive fluorophore, exposed to an unknown concentration of the analyte for which the fluorophore is sensitive, with radiant energy from an excitation source, (ii) measuring the extent to which luminescence of the excited fluorophore is quenched by presence of the analyte employing a summing amplifier, (iii) ascertaining the concentration of analyte to which the fluorophore is exposed from such measurement, and (iv) reporting the ascertained concentration.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2A is front perspective view of one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2B is rear perspective view of the invention depicted in FIG. 2A.
FIG. 2C is front perspective view of the handheld detector portion of the invention depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B.
FIG. 2D is rear perspective view of the handheld detector portion of the invention depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B.
FIG. 3 depicts usage of the handheld detector portion of the invention depicted in FIGS. 2A-D to detect the oxygen concentration within a bottle containing a carbonated beverage.
FIG. 4 is a specification sheet for an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a depiction of an exemplary report of oxygen percentage and transmission rate for a sample bottle.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Definitions
As used herein, including the claims, the term “fluorophore” means a molecule with a functional group which can absorb energy of a specific wavelength and as a result emit energy at a different specific wavelength (i.e., a fluorescent molecule).
As used herein, including the claims, the phrase “analyte sensitive fluorophore” means a fluorophore whose level of fluorescence changes upon exposure to a specific analyte (e.g., oxygen) in proportion to the amount of analyte.
Nomenclature


    10 Optical Detection Unit
    15 Housing for Optical Detection Unit
    20 Source of Excitation Light
    30 Dichroic Mirror
    40 Pinhole
    50 Photo Detector
    60 Docking Station for Optical Detection Unit
    100 Analyte-Sensitive Fluorophore
    200 Container
    210 Chamber of Container
    A Excitation Light
    B Emitted Light


Construction
Referring generally to FIG. 1, the invention is an optical sensor, comprising an epi-fluroescence confocal optical detector 10 for detecting the intensity of light emitted by an analyte-sensitive fluorophore 100 exposed to an unknown concentration of the analyte, ascertaining a concentration of analyte from a phase shift in the detected intensity and reporting the ascertained concentration.
The optical detection unit 10 includes a source 20 of excitation light A that is reflected by a dichroic mirror 30 towards an opening (unnumbered) through the housing 15. The excitation light A is absorbed by an analyte-sensitive fluorophore 100 such as a platinum based fluorophore dot 100 placed within the chamber 210 of a MAP container 200. Emitted light B from the fluorophore 100 returns back through the opening (unnumbered) in the housing 15, passes through the dichroic mirror 30, passes through a confocal pinhole 40 and is detected by a photo detector 50.
A docking station 60 may be provided for the optical detection unit 10 for facilitating electrical connection of the optical detection unit 10 with a computer (not shown) or other electronics.
The photo detector 50 includes a summing amplifier and is capable of receiving emitted light B over an extended period of time during which the fluorophore 100 emitting the emitted light B receives a plurality of pulses of excitation light A from the source 20 of excitation light A. The photo detector 50 is able to ascertain the rate at which the intensity of the emitted light B decays, and delivers an output signal proportional to the ascertained rate of decay. The output signal from the photo detector 50 is converted by a microprocessor (not shown) to a concentration of analyte employing a lookup table and/or an algorithm, and the ascertained concentration reported.
Various analyte sensitive fluorophores are known and widely available from a number of sources, including Sigma-Aldrich of St. Louis, Mo. For example, a family of ruthenium-based oxygen sensitive luminescence indicator compositions are disclosed and described in WO 2007/120637. A preferred fluorophore is platinum porphyrin. The benefits of employing platinum porphyrin rather than a ruthenium-based compound as the oxygen sensitive luminescence indicator include (i) less sensitivity to ambient light, (ii) ability to excite at wavelengths other than ultraviolet, (iii) increased sensitivity, and (iv) a longer decay period.

## Claims

1. A method of measuring the concentration of an analyte in packaging, comprising the steps of:
(a) identifying a hermetically sealed package retaining a product within a payload retention chamber, the package equipped with a probe bearing an analyte-sensitive fluorophore element in analyte sensing communication with the payload retention chamber of the package,
(b) exposing the analyte-sensitive fluorophore element to excitation radiation,
(c) measuring radiation emitted by the excited analyte-sensitive fluorophore element using a photo detector, wherein a confocal element is positioned between the analyte-sensitive fluorophore element and the photo detector so that only light emitted from a limited area on the excited analyte-sensitive fluorophore reaches the photo detector, and
(d) converting the measured emission from a limited area on the excited analyte-sensitive fluorophore to an analyte concentration based upon a known conversion algorithm, and
(e) displaying the ascertained concentration.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the analyte is oxygen.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of converting measured emission to an analyte concentration employs a time resolved fluorescence approach.