**Public Meeting August 11, 2015**  **Washington, D.C.**

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1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

2 PUBLIC HEARING FOR THE PROPOSED FINDING THAT GREENHOUSE

3 GAS EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT CAUSE OR CONTRIBUTE TO AIR

4 POLLUTION THAT MAY REASONABLY BE ANTICIPATED TO

5 ENDANGER PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE

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11 Tuesday, August 11, 2015

12 10:08 a.m.

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18 U.S. EPA Headquarters

19 William Jefferson Clinton East Building

20 Room 1153

21 1201 Constitution Avenue, N.W.

22 Washington, DC 20004**Public Meeting August 11, 2015**  **Washington, D.C.**

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1 **PARTICIPANTS** 2 **EPA MEMBERS:** 3 **PAUL GUNNING, Co-Presiding Officer** 4 **BILL CHARMLEY, Co-Presiding Officer** 5 **MELINA WILLIAMS** 6 **MIKE SAMULSKI** 7 **BRYAN MANNING** 8 **LESLEY JANTARASAMI** 9 10 **GROUP 1:** 11 **DR. NIC LUTSEY, International Council on Clean** 12 **Transportation** 13 **NANCY YOUNG, Airlines for America** 14 **NANCY KRUGER, National Association of Clean Air** 15 **Agencies** 16 17 **GROUP 2:** 18 **ERIK WHITE, California Air Resources Board** 19 **JOE DePETE, Air Line Pilots Association International** 20 **JAMES LEE, member of the public** 21 22

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1 **PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED)** 2 **GROUP 3:** 3 **LESLIE RIEGLE, Aerospace Industries Association** 4 **MICHAEL SARACENO, member of the public** 5 **DOUG WOLF, Center for Biological Diversity** 6 7 **GROUP 4:** 8 **KATHY KINSEY, Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use** 9 **Management** 10 **ANDRES RESTREPO, Sierra Club** 11 12 **GROUP 5:** 13 **KATE DeANGELIS, Friends of the Earth** 14 **AMANDA BAISE, member of the public** 15 **DAVID BAAKE, Natural Resources Defense Council** 16 17 **GROUP 6:** 18 **PATRICK RODDIE, member of the public** 19 **MAX BLISS, member of the public** 20 21 22 Page 4

1 **P R O C E E D I N G S** 2 **MR. GUNNING: Good morning. My name is Paul** 3 **Gunning. I am the Director of the Climate Change** 4 **Division at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.** 5 **On behalf of EPA and the Office of Air and Radiation, I** 6 **would like to welcome you to today's public hearing.** 7 **Thank you all for taking the time out to come and** 8 **participate and communicate with us today.** 9 **As you all know, just to be clear, the title of** 10 **today's hearing is "Proposed Finding that Greenhouse** 11 **Gas Emissions from Aircraft Cause or Contribute to Air** 12 **Pollution that may Reasonably be Anticipated to** 13 **Endanger Public Health and Welfare and the Advance** 14 **Notice of Proposed Rulemaking."** 15 **I would like to again thank you all for coming** 16 **today. I am going to start by introducing my fellow** 17 **panel members. Start down on the far left, please.** 18 **MS. WILLIAMS: Melina Williams, Office of General** 19 **Counsel.** 20 **MR. SAMULSKI: Mike Samulski, Director of Large** 21 **Marine and Aviation Center.** 22 **MR. CHARMLEY: I am Bill Charmley, the Director of**

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1 **the Assessment and Standards Division.** 2 **MR. MANNING: Bryan Manning from the Large Marine** 3 **and Aviation Center.** 4 **MS. JANTARASAMI: Lesley Jantarasami from the** 5 **Climate Change Division.** 6 **MR. GUNNING: Thank you.** 7 **Just to reiterate, the purpose of the hearing** 8 **today is to receive comments from all interested** 9 **parties on the proposed endangerment finding and** 10 **advance notice of proposed rulemaking. This action, as** 11 **many of you know, was published in the Federal Register** 12 **on July 1st, 2015. In this action, the Administrator** 13 **is proposing to determine that greenhouse gas** 14 **concentrations in the atmosphere endanger the public** 15 **health and welfare of current and future generations** 16 **within the meaning of section 231(a) of the Clean Air** 17 **Act. In addition, the Administrator is proposing to** 18 **find that greenhouse gas emissions from certain classes** 19 **of engines used primarily in commercial aircraft are** 20 **contributing to this mix of greenhouse gas air** 21 **pollution in our atmosphere.** 22 **Today's hearing provides interested persons the Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **opportunity for oral presentations and views and** 2 **arguments. Witnesses will be allowed to make oral** 3 **statements, which they may later expand in writing for** 4 **the record. When you are finished with your comments,** 5 **members of this panel may ask clarifying questions.** 6 **However, this hearing is not intended to be a** 7 **discussion of the proposed findings or the advance** 8 **notice of proposed rulemaking. While we might ask** 9 **questions or request additional data or supporting** 10 **materials, we will not respond to comments in this** 11 **forum. Instead, we ask that you please provide written** 12 **comments as part of the record in finalizing this** 13 **proposal.** 14 **If any members of the audience today that wish to** 15 **testify have not already signed up, please submit your** 16 **name at the registration table back at the entrance to** 17 **the room in the foyer. Everyone attending here today** 18 **should sign in, regardless of whether or not you are** 19 **scheduled to testify.** 20 **Finally, before I turn it to my colleague Bill,** 21 **let me remind everyone that, in addition to today's** 22 **hearing, there is also an opportunity to send us**

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1 **written comments. The written comment period closes on** 2 **August 31st, 2015 at 11:59 p.m. Eastern time. Details** 3 **on where to submit written comments can be found in the** 4 **Federal Register notice that announced this proposal as** 5 **well as on our website and the fact sheet that is** 6 **available out at the registration desk.** 7 **So, with that as an introduction, let me turn it** 8 **over to Bill.** 9 **MR. CHARMLEY: Thank you, Paul, and good morning.** 10 **Concurrent with these proposed findings, on July** 11 **1, 2015, EPA also issued an advance notice of proposed** 12 **rulemaking, referred to as an "ANPR," to provide** 13 **information on the process for setting an aircraft** 14 **engine greenhouse gas standard under section 231 of the** 15 **Clean Air Act should the EPA issue positive final** 16 **endangerment and contribution findings under section** 17 **231.** 18 **The ANPR largely focuses on recent efforts to set** 19 **an international CO2 emissions standard for aircraft at** 20 **the International Civil Aviation Organization, also** 21 **referred to as "ICAO," and how those efforts may inform** 22 **EPA's future action. This advance notice describes and** Page 8

1 **seeks input on issues related to setting an** 2 **international CO2 standard for aircraft and the** 3 **potential use of section 231 of the Clean Air Act to** 4 **adopt and implement a possibly corresponding** 5 **international engine, aircraft engine, CO2 or** 6 **greenhouse gas emissions standard domestically. This** 7 **international CO2 standard is expected to be adopted by** 8 **ICAO in early 2016.** 9 **EPA is requesting comment on a number of issues** 10 **related to setting the CO2 or greenhouse gas emission** 11 **standard for aircraft. These include the appropriate** 12 **effective dates for the potential standards, the** 13 **appropriate stringency level for a standard, and** 14 **whether standards should apply to new in-production** 15 **aircraft as well as new-type aircraft.** 16 **Now let me go over how we will be conducting** 17 **today's hearing. We are conducting this hearing under** 18 **section 307(d) of the Clean Air Act to provide** 19 **interested persons an opportunity for oral** 20 **presentation, in addition to written submissions, on** 21 **the proposed findings. We are having this hearing** 22 **recorded, and the transcripts will be available for**

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1 **public inspection and copying in EPA's air and** 2 **radiation docket at docket number EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828.** 3 **The transcripts will also be available electronically** 4 **on EPA's website and on the regulations.gov website in** 5 **the same docket number.** 6 **The official record of this hearing will be kept** 7 **open for 30 days after today to provide opportunity to** 8 **submit rebuttal and supplemental testimony. You may** 9 **submit this additional testimony to the same docket for** 10 **this action by using one of the methods described in** 11 **the Federal Register notice announcing the proposal.** 12 **This hearing will be conducted informally, and** 13 **formal rules of evidence will not apply. Paul and I** 14 **will be serving as the co-presiding officers for** 15 **today's hearing, and, as such, we are authorized to** 16 **apply reasonable limits on the duration of the** 17 **statements of any witness. Each person will be given** 18 **no more than 10 minutes to provide his or her verbal** 19 **testimony.** 20 **Paul and I have asked the EPA personnel at this** 21 **table to serve as timekeepers right down here to keep** 22 **close track of testimony times. The timekeeper will Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **indicate to each testifier when you have five minutes** 2 **left and also when you have one minute left and when** 3 **your time is finished. Please be courteous to those** 4 **that follow you and keep your comments to no more than** 5 **10 minutes.** 6 **We will be using a group format for today's** 7 **testimony. Three individuals at a time will be called** 8 **up to the testifiers' table here in the front. If you** 9 **have not already done so, please check in at the** 10 **registration desk for your group number assignment.** 11 **When you hear your name or your group number called,** 12 **please make your way to the table provided at the front** 13 **of the room and be prepared to provide your testimony** 14 **in succession. Witnesses must state their name and** 15 **affiliation prior to making their statement. Please** 16 **speak slowly and clearly so our court recorder can** 17 **record these proceedings accurately.** 18 **In order to streamline the process, members of** 19 **each group should be in the room in advance of their** 20 **projected group time and should be prepared to make** 21 **their way to the front of the room while the previous** 22 **members are giving their testimony. Depending on the**

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1 **number of testifiers that we have today, we may end up** 2 **taking a break during the day.** 3 **Finally, while the EPA representatives speaking** 4 **today will attempt to ensure the accuracy of any** 5 **description we provide or discussion of the proposal** 6 **and the ANPR, the official version of the proposal and** 7 **the ANPR is that published in the Federal Register on** 8 **July 1st, 2015, and it controls any cases of conflict** 9 **between it and what you may hear today. Please refer** 10 **to the official version in developing your written** 11 **comments on the proposal or on the ANPR.** 12 **Thank you. With that, we would like to call the** 13 **first group of witnesses to speak in this order: Dr.** 14 **Nic Lutsey from the International Council on Clean** 15 **Transportation, Nancy Young from Airlines for America,** 16 **and Nancy Kruger from the National Association of Clean** 17 **Air Agencies. Thank you.** 18 **DR. LUTSEY: Good morning. Thanks for the** 19 **opportunity to give these remarks. My name is Nic** 20 **Lutsey. I am a program director at the International** 21 **Council on Clean Transportation. The ICCT is an** 22 **independent nonprofit organization founded to provide** Page 12

1 **first-rate, unbiased research and technical analysis to** 2 **environmental regulators.** 3 **The ICCT appreciates the opportunity to provide** 4 **this testimony on EPA's aviation endangerment finding** 5 **and advance notice of proposed rulemaking on aviation** 6 **and greenhouse gas emissions.** 7 **Our comments are informed by the engagement of** 8 **ICCT staff in environmental working groups to the** 9 **International Civil Aviation Organization, or ICAO,** 10 **since 2008. In particular, since 2009, we have** 11 **contributed technical analysis to efforts to develop** 12 **the international carbon dioxide, or CO2, standard that** 13 **is referenced heavily within the ANPR.** 14 **Our comments will focus on the following points:** 15 **first, the scope of the endangerment finding; second,** 16 **the applicability, timing, and stringency of an** 17 **international or domestic CO2 emissions standard; and,** 18 **third, potential domestic reporting requirements for** 19 **aviation manufacturers under the Clean Air Act.** 20 **EPA has proposed that the endangerment finding** 21 **focus on six key greenhouse gases. We concur with this** 22 **general approach with caveats. We agree with the EPA's**

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1 **assessment that scientific uncertainties on the climate** 2 **impact of nitrogen oxides, or NOx, and water vapor** 3 **emitted at altitude remain high enough so as not to** 4 **address them in this initial endangerment finding.** 5 **The science regarding the contribution of black** 6 **carbon to climate change, on the other hand, is clear.** 7 **Black carbon was identified as the second most** 8 **important contributor to anthropogenic emissions in** 9 **2013. To reflect the latest science, EPA should** 10 **consider incorporating black carbon in its final** 11 **aviation endangerment finding. Also, while we do not** 12 **support integrating cruise NOx under the endangerment** 13 **finding, EPA should consider expanding its existing NOx** 14 **reporting requirement for aircraft engine manufacturers** 15 **from only landing and takeoff emissions, to include** 16 **cruise emissions.** 17 **ICAO has outlined two general approaches for the** 18 **applicability of an international CO2 emissions** 19 **standard: in the first approach, only new aircraft** 20 **designs being type certified for the first time be** 21 **required to comply; in the second, that all new** 22 **aircraft delivered after a certain date; that is, both Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **new designs and new in-production aircraft, would need** 2 **to pass.** 3 **Based upon our analysis, covering all new aircraft** 4 **delivered after a certain date, it will be necessary** 5 **for the standard to significantly reduce emissions** 6 **beyond business as usual. Since new-type aircraft are** 7 **rare, our analysis suggests that a new-type-only** 8 **standard beginning in 2020 would only cover about 5** 9 **percent of the global fleet in 2030, as opposed to a** 10 **requirement after affecting all new aircraft, which** 11 **could cover more than half of the global fleet that** 12 **year.** 13 **Furthermore, we do not expect the new-type-only** 14 **standard to reduce the emissions below business as** 15 **usual because of the definition that ICAO has chosen of** 16 **technological feasibility. In 2030, ICAO decided that** 17 **only technologies widely available for deployment in** 18 **2016 across multiple aircraft types will be considered** 19 **in establishing stringency. A standard implemented in** 20 **2020 for new applications for type certification will** 21 **affect aircraft types with entry into service of 2024** 22 **or later due to the time required for certification.**

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1 **This time lag, combined with the decision that, at** 2 **most, the standards can require state-of-the-art 2016** 3 **technologies when implemented means that even the most** 4 **aggressive standard will lag the fuel efficiency of** 5 **new-type aircraft when they enter into service.** 6 **For these reasons, we conclude that covering all** 7 **new aircraft will be required to meet the purpose of** 8 **the standard to reduce emissions beyond business as** 9 **usual.** 10 **On stringency, we believe that an international** 11 **and/or domestic CO2 standard should be set to require** 12 **at least state-of-the-art 2016 technologies for new** 13 **aircraft types certified after the standard takes** 14 **effect.** 15 **ICAO was also investigating a tiered approach,** 16 **under which deliveries of new in-production aircraft or** 17 **models that are type-certified before the standard** 18 **takes effect may have separate targets applied to them.** 19 **Pending additional analysis, a lower stringency level** 20 **may be appropriate for those types but still within the** 21 **highest three levels identified by EPA in the ANPRM.** 22 **On timing, in order to minimize the number of** Page 16

1 **years that a new-type regulatory level lags business** 2 **as-usual aircraft, the standard should be applied for** 3 **new types as early as possible; in this case, 2020.** 4 **Early implementation for new in-production aircraft,** 5 **either in 2020 or 2023, is also preferable.** 6 **Finally, since current discussions on** 7 **international emissions standard assume a static** 8 **stringency level, it would be appropriate for the U.S.** 9 **to press for early ICAO review of any international CO2** 10 **standard, starting in 2019, so that the updated** 11 **requirements are in place to drive additional** 12 **technology development beyond 2020.** 13 **Regarding manufacturer reporting requirements, we** 14 **recommend that EPA consider adopting a domestic** 15 **reporting requirement for cruise CO2 and NOx under the** 16 **Clean Air Act. ICAO is considering the development of** 17 **a voluntary database for CO2 only. We believe that** 18 **detailed mandatory reporting is necessary to ensure** 19 **transparency and a level playing field across** 20 **manufacturers.** 21 **Finally, as noted before, we believe that the** 22 **collection of cruise NOx data domestically would help**

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1 **improve our understanding of the climate impact of** 2 **aviation NOx emissions. EPA would need to analyze the** 3 **cost and complexity of developing measurement and** 4 **reporting protocols for cruise NOx if it decides to** 5 **pursue this approach. Our more detailed comments would** 6 **be submitted to EPA in writing. In addition, we will** 7 **submit an update to the 2009 study referenced in the** 8 **ANPRM entitled "Efficiency Transferred, New Commercial** 9 **Jet Aircraft, to the Public Docket." The two studies** 10 **together highlight the importance of a meaningful CO2** 11 **emission standard to the U.S.' aviation greenhouse gas** 12 **emissions reduction plan.** 13 **Thank you for the opportunity to comment here** 14 **today and for EPA's continuing work on this very** 15 **important topic.** 16 **MS. YOUNG: My name is Nancy Young. I am the Vice** 17 **President of Environmental Affairs for Airlines for** 18 **America representing the major passenger and cargo** 19 **airlines in the United States. We appreciate this** 20 **opportunity to testify regarding EPA's proposed** 21 **findings on aircraft greenhouse gas emissions and** 22 **advance notice of proposed rulemaking. Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **As the record of our members demonstrates, we take** 2 **our role in controlling greenhouse gas emissions very** 3 **seriously. For the past several decades, U.S. airlines** 4 **have dramatically improved fuel efficiency and reduced** 5 **carbon dioxide emissions by investing billions in fuel** 6 **saving aircraft and engines, innovative technologies,** 7 **like winglets, and cutting-edge route optimization** 8 **software. As a result, although U.S. airlines comprise** 9 **5 percent of U.S. economic activity, they account for** 10 **only 2 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions** 11 **inventory. The industry has improved fuel efficiency** 12 **120 percent since 1978, saving 3.8 billion metric tons** 13 **of carbon dioxide emissions, the equivalent of taking** 14 **23 million cars off the road each of those years.** 15 **Further, the U.S. airlines carried 20 percent more** 16 **passengers in cargo in 2014 than they did in 2000 while** 17 **emitting 8 percent less carbon dioxide.** 18 **Despite the industry's strong record to date,** 19 **however, we are not stopping there. The U.S. airlines** 20 **are active participants in a global aviation coalition** 21 **that is committed to 1.5 percent annual average fuel** 22 **efficiency improvements through 2020 and carbon-neutral**

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1 **growth from 2020, subject to critical aviation** 2 **infrastructure and technology advances achieved by** 3 **government and industry.** 4 **Our members are keenly focused on these advances,** 5 **both at the national and international levels. For** 6 **example, the U.S. airlines are partnering to modernize** 7 **the air traffic management system and to reinvigorate** 8 **research and development in aviation environmental** 9 **technology.** 10 **In addition, we are dedicated to developing** 11 **commercially viable, sustainable alternative aviation** 12 **fuel, which could further reduce aviation's greenhouse** 13 **gas emissions while enhancing U.S. energy independence** 14 **and security.** 15 **A for A is a founding member of the Commercial** 16 **Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative, a public-private** 17 **partnership with FAA and other stakeholders that is** 18 **working on the development and deployment of such** 19 **fuels.** 20 **Having helped lay the necessary technical** 21 **groundwork, A for A members have already begun to use** 22 **biojet fuel on commercial flights. Further, our** Page 20

1 **industry coalition is supporting the development of a** 2 **global carbon emissions offset mechanism that could be** 3 **used to fill the gap should concerted industry and** 4 **government investments in technology, operations, and** 5 **infrastructure measures otherwise not allow us to** 6 **achieve our goal of carbon-neutral growth from 2020.** 7 **It is against this backdrop that A for A welcomes** 8 **the opportunity to submit a full set of comments on** 9 **EPA's proposed findings and ANPR by the August 31** 10 **comment deadline.** 11 **For purposes of this hearing, A for A offers five** 12 **preliminary observations. First, A for A concurs with** 13 **EPA that it is appropriate for the agency to limit its** 14 **endangerment and cause or contribute findings to the** 15 **six well-mixed, long-lived greenhouse gas emissions.** 16 **As EPA points out in its proposal, aircraft only emit** 17 **two of those 6 emissions, 99 percent of which is carbon** 18 **dioxide. As carbon dioxide is directly related to fuel** 19 **burn and with jet fuel as the number one cost for** 20 **commercial airlines, A for A members already have a** 21 **powerful incentive to continue to reduce CO2 output.** 22 **Second, A for A urges EPA to keep our industry's**

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1 **strong fuel efficiency record, relative greenhouse gas** 2 **emissions contribution, and global sectoral approach** 3 **commitment squarely in mind as the agency proceeds.** 4 **Indeed, commercial aviation accounts for 2 percent of** 5 **the nation's greenhouse gas emissions inventory while** 6 **the sources EPA previously has sought to cover with** 7 **greenhouse gas emissions regulations, on-road motor** 8 **vehicles and power plants, respectively, account for 23** 9 **and 31 percent.** 10 **Third, given the industry's demonstrated fuel** 11 **efficiency record and economic incentive to continue** 12 **that trend, there is a real question as to whether any** 13 **EPA regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from** 14 **aircraft engines is needed. That said, as aviation is** 15 **a global industry with airlines operating** 16 **internationally and manufacturers selling their** 17 **aircraft in international markets, it is critical that** 18 **aircraft emissions standards be set at the** 19 **international level and not imposed unilaterally.** 20 **Accordingly, we appreciate the direct engagement of EPA** 21 **and FAA in the development of the aircraft carbon** 22 **dioxide certification standard at the International Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **Civil Aviation Organization, the United Nations body** 2 **charged with setting standards and recommended** 3 **practices for international aviation. Not only is the** 4 **ICAO process for setting aircraft standards highly** 5 **rigorous but ICAO criteria for adopting such standards** 6 **aligned well with the criteria under section 231 of the** 7 **Clean Air Act.** 8 **Fourth, A for A strongly supports EPA's stated** 9 **intent to adopt the future ICAO CO2 certification** 10 **standard into U.S. law consistent with the Clean Air** 11 **Act, its treaty obligations, and in harmony with the** 12 **international community.** 13 **Finally, A for A urges EPA to take note of the** 14 **fact that the future ICAO CO2 certification standard** 15 **for new aircraft is but one arrow in the aviation** 16 **industy's quiver for meeting its emissions goals.** 17 **FAA's NextGen initiative, public-private research and** 18 **development partnerships, are collaborative efforts to** 19 **deploy sustainable alternative aviation fuels at** 20 **commercial-scale. And a vast array of additional** 21 **operational and infrastructure initiatives being** 22 **undertaken by airlines, airports, manufacturers, and**

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1 **other stakeholders are also critical arrows in that** 2 **quiver.** 3 **Commercial aviation has an important role to play** 4 **in how America responds to climate change. Be assured** 5 **that A for A and our members are committed to doing our** 6 **part.** 7 **Thank you.** 8 **MS. KRUGER: Good morning. I am Nancy Kruger,** 9 **Deputy Director of NACAA, the National Association of** 10 **Clean Air Agencies. Thank you for this opportunity to** 11 **testify and provide preliminary comments of NACAA on** 12 **EPA's proposed aircraft endangerment finding and** 13 **advance notice of proposed rulemaking seeking input on** 14 **ICAO's ongoing development of international aircraft** 15 **standards for CO2 and also the potential forthcoming** 16 **development by EPA of an aircraft carbon dioxide** 17 **emissions standard.** 18 **NACAA is a national nonprofit, nonpartisan** 19 **association of air pollution control agencies in 41** 20 **states, the District of Columbia, 4 territories, and** 21 **116 metropolitan areas. Our members, our professionals** 22 **in our member agencies, have vast experience in** Page 24

1 **improving air quality in the U.S. And our testimony is** 2 **based on that experience.** 3 **First, with respect to the endangerment finding,** 4 **NACAA commends EPA and supports it on its proposal to** 5 **find the GHG concentrations in the atmosphere endanger** 6 **the public health and welfare of current and future** 7 **generations within the meaning of section 231(a) of the** 8 **Clean Air Act to find that GHG emissions from certain** 9 **aircraft classes cause or contribute to air pollution** 10 **that endangers public health and welfare and also to** 11 **use the same definition of air pollution under section** 12 **231(a) as the agency used in making its 2009** 13 **endangerment finding with respect to motor vehicles.** 14 **EPA states in its proposal that the 2009** 15 **endangerment finding is firmly established and well** 16 **settled and that there is no need to reopen, revisit it** 17 **in order to make an additional finding under section** 18 **231. NACAA agrees and supports EPA's proposal to make** 19 **such an additional finding now.** 20 **EPA's proposed finding under section 231 sets the** 21 **stage for harmonizing international and U.S. aircraft** 22 **CO2 emissions standards. With ICAO expected to adopt**

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1 **an international standard as early as February of 2016,** 2 **we appreciate EPA's request through the ANPR for input** 3 **on establishing that standard and the potential use of** 4 **Clean Air Act section 231 to adopt and implement the** 5 **ICAO standard domestically. NACAA supports the United** 6 **States' continued support for adopting an international** 7 **standard as well as EPA adoption of a domestic standard** 8 **that will address the source category in a significant** 9 **way.** 10 **Aircraft represent the single largest U.S.** 11 **transportation source of greenhouse gas emissions not** 12 **yet subject to greenhouse gas standards. Clearly this** 13 **is a sector that merits regulation commensurate with** 14 **other transportation sectors. ICAO and EPA must** 15 **establish as rigorous and comprehensive a regulatory** 16 **package as possible. In the U.S., this is especially** 17 **critical because state and local air pollution control** 18 **agencies do not have authority under the federal Clean** 19 **Air Act to regulate aircraft emissions beyond the** 20 **limits set by EPA.** 21 **Accordingly, NACAA offers the following over** 22 **arching preliminary comments on three key issues Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **highlighted in the ANPR: applicability, timing, and** 2 **stringency of an aircraft CO2 emissions standard. ICAO** 3 **is considering various approaches for the applicability** 4 **of an aircraft CO2 standard with the fundamental** 5 **question being whether that standard should apply to** 6 **in-production aircraft or only to completely new** 7 **aircraft-type designs. NACAA believes it is essential** 8 **that the standard apply to both in-production aircraft** 9 **and new-type designs and that the definition of in** 10 **production be any covered aircraft produced after the** 11 **compliance deadline. We simply cannot forego the** 12 **emissions reductions to be garnered from regulating in** 13 **production engines and find no persuasive reason to** 14 **forego them.** 15 **On the issue of timing, NACAA recommends that the** 16 **standard take effect as soon as possible, by 2020 for** 17 **new aircraft types and by 2023 for in-production** 18 **aircraft. NACAA is still studying the CO2 stringency** 19 **options identified by EPA in the ANPR. However, we can** 20 **say now that our association strongly encourages ICAO** 21 **and EPA to set a standard that is as stringent as** 22 **possible and that the standard be technology-forcing,**

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1 **rather than technology-following.** 2 **NACAA would also like to touch briefly on a few** 3 **additional issues related to an aircraft CO2 emissions** 4 **standard. First, we recommend that engines associated** 5 **with but not part of an aircraft also be addressed by** 6 **an aircraft CO2 standard. Key among these are** 7 **auxiliary power units.** 8 **Second, we recommend that EPA pursue opportunities** 9 **for establishing standards for in-use aircraft, which,** 10 **for example, can be retrofitted with winglets to reduce** 11 **draft and save fuel.** 12 **Third, although the standard at issue here is for** 13 **CO2, there is also the potential for additional NOx** 14 **emissions reductions. And we encourage EPA to analyze** 15 **this potential carefully and take steps to maximize** 16 **reductions.** 17 **Finally, while NACAA supports the establishment of** 18 **an international aircraft CO2 standard through ICAO, a** 19 **domestic standard that reaps the full measure of** 20 **potential reductions from the source category is** 21 **critically important. Therefore, we urge that EPA be** 22 **prepared to adopt a more rigorous program and standard** Page 28

1 **than ICAO if the international standard falls short,** 2 **including with respect to the items we have raised in** 3 **this testimony.** 4 **In the coming weeks, we will continue to study** 5 **these and other issues related to EPA's proposed** 6 **endangerment finding and ANPR and will offer additional** 7 **comments in writing by the August 31st deadline. And** 8 **in the meantime, we appreciate this opportunity to** 9 **share our views this morning and look forward to** 10 **continuing to work with you on this important** 11 **initiative.** 12 **Thank you.** 13 **MR. GUNNING: Thank you all for your thoughtful** 14 **comments. I appreciate that. The agency appreciates** 15 **your comments.** 16 **Let me now call the second group of speakers up,** 17 **please. Thank you. So in the second group, we have** 18 **Mr. Erik White from the California Air Resources Board;** 19 **Joe DePete from the Air Line Pilots Association** 20 **International; and Mr. James Lee, member of the public.** 21 **And, just for everybody, speak into the mike, please,** 22 **nice and loud so we can hear. Thank you.**

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1 **MR. WHITE: Good morning. Thank you for the** 2 **opportunity to testify before you today on the proposed** 3 **endangerment finding and advance notice of proposed** 4 **rulemaking for greenhouse gas emissions from aircraft.** 5 **My name is Erik White, and I am Chief of the Mobile** 6 **Source Control Division at California Air Resources** 7 **Board.** 8 **The Air Resources Board is the California state** 9 **agency responsible for meeting federal air quality** 10 **standards and coordinating the state's activities to** 11 **reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ARB will also be** 12 **providing written comments into the docket. However, I** 13 **am here today to emphasize the need for strong national** 14 **greenhouse gas emissions standards for aircraft and to** 15 **reemphasize the unique opportunity that U.S. EPA has to** 16 **be a global leader for reducing aviation emissions.** 17 **I would like to begin by reiterating part of the** 18 **testimony provided by ARB Chairman Mary Nichols in 2008** 19 **at the hearing for regulation of greenhouse gases under** 20 **the Clean Air Act. At that hearing, Chairman Nichols** 21 **said climate change is a real and urgent threat to our** 22 **communities, our state, and our nation. Over the past Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **100 years, we have experienced a seven-inch sea rise,** 2 **eroding our coastal communities and threatening** 3 **critical infrastructure. In the winter, more of our** 4 **precipitation in California is falling as rain than** 5 **snow, leading to less water availability in the** 6 **critical spring and summer, an impact that threatens** 7 **one of the most productive agricultural regions in the** 8 **world and a pillar of the nation's export economy.** 9 **Climate change is also a major factor in our longer and** 10 **more severe wildfire season. It is predicted that** 11 **without major efforts to reduce greenhouse gases in** 12 **this century, California will see a 1 to 2-foot sea** 13 **level rise, a 75 percent loss in snow pack, twice the** 14 **frequency of drought years, and 55 percent more large** 15 **forest fires. Her comments are even truer today than** 16 **they were seven years ago, as demonstrated by the** 17 **severe drought and wildfires that are gripping** 18 **California even as I speak.** 19 **The passage of California's assembly bill 32, the** 20 **Global Warming Solutions Act, established one of the** 21 **world's most comprehensive and ambitious greenhouse gas** 22 **reduction programs and positioned California to be on**

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1 **the forefront of addressing climate change emissions.** 2 **However, in some sectors, such as aviation, California** 3 **and the various states are dependent on the federal** 4 **government to set the most aggressive standards** 5 **feasible. In that vein, the Clean Air Act provides the** 6 **U.S. EPA with both the authority and the responsibility** 7 **to do what California and the other states cannot do by** 8 **themselves.** 9 **Today, I speak before you to support the** 10 **endangerment finding that greenhouse gas emissions from** 11 **aircraft cause or contribute to air pollution that may** 12 **be reasonably anticipated to endanger public health and** 13 **welfare.** 14 **As stated in California's 2007 joint petition for** 15 **aircraft GHG emissions rulemaking and comments on the** 16 **2008 advance notice of proposed rulemaking for** 17 **greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act, the** 18 **overwhelming scientific data support the claim that air** 19 **pollution, made up of the elevated atmospheric** 20 **concentrations of the 6 well-mixed GHGs, endanger both** 21 **the public health and public welfare. Since that time,** 22 **new scientific assessments have further substantiated** Page 32

1 **the detrimental effect of GHG emissions. As asserted** 2 **in 2007, the U.S.A. has the obligation under section** 3 **231 of the Clean Air Act to set emissions standards** 4 **accordingly once the endangerment finding is made.** 5 **As U.S. EPA has noted, aircraft emissions made up** 6 **the third largest U.S. transportation source of GHGs** 7 **after emissions from light-duty vehicles and medium and** 8 **heavy-duty trucks. The aircraft GHG emissions, 11** 9 **percent of the U.S. GHG emissions from transportation** 10 **are greater than all other transportation sources** 11 **combined that come after it. And it remains the single** 12 **largest unregulated GHG-emitting transportation source** 13 **in the U.S.** 14 **Furthermore, it is estimated that U.S. aircraft** 15 **will exhibit the largest growth in GHG emissions** 16 **amongst all transportation sector locations. As such,** 17 **it is imperative that decisive and expeditious action** 18 **be carried out to stem GHG emissions from aircraft.** 19 **ARB recognizes that the International Civil** 20 **Aviation Organization is anticipated to promulgate a** 21 **CO2 aircraft emissions standard. While this is a** 22 **promising initial step in controlling GHG emissions**

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1 **from aircraft, historically ICAO emissions standards** 2 **have been technology-following, not technology-forcing.** 3 **As such, ARB is concerned that the standards eventually** 4 **adopted by ICAO may not sufficiently reduce GHG** 5 **emissions past a business-as-usual scenario. ARB** 6 **supports the international establishment of aircraft** 7 **emissions standards that are as stringent as possible.** 8 **And in the absence of a strong showing by ICAO, we urge** 9 **the U.S. EPA to extend its regulatory authority further** 10 **and adopt a CO2 emissions standard that will forward** 11 **technology development and provide accelerated** 12 **reductions.** 13 **There are a variety of both aircraft design and** 14 **aircraft engine technologies under development which** 15 **show tremendous promise and further a national and** 16 **California GHG emission reduction goals. And these** 17 **should be considered as part of this regulation.** 18 **ARB recommends the U.S. EPA also look at the use** 19 **of biojet fuel as a method to reduce GHG emissions.** 20 **From a wells-to-wheel basis, the use of these fuels can** 21 **have a substantial impact on reducing GHG emissions** 22 **from aviation. Going beyond the business-as-usual also Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **means that standards must be adopted that are** 2 **applicable both to aircraft models that are in** 3 **production after the effective date of the standard as** 4 **well as to future aircraft types.** 5 **ARB also supports an additional reporting** 6 **requirement for aircraft cruise CO2 emission rates due** 7 **to the importance of collecting data to ascertain** 8 **regulatory compliance as well as to inform policy** 9 **decisions on future CO2 emissions reduction** 10 **opportunities. The reporting requirement could be** 11 **standalone or in conjunction with an emissions standard** 12 **for both new and in-production aircraft types.** 13 **Further, as a complement to the CO2 emissions** 14 **standard, ARB encourages U.S. EPA to seek additional** 15 **aircraft-related reduction opportunities. These** 16 **include retrofit requirements for existing in-use** 17 **aircraft with fuel-efficient technologies and reducing** 18 **emissions from auxiliary power units on aircraft. ARB** 19 **also encourages U.S. EPA to consider regulations to** 20 **further reduce aircraft engine criteria pollutants,** 21 **particularly oxides of nitrogen.** 22 **The mitigation of aircraft-related emissions**

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1 **remains a critical part of ARB's emission reduction** 2 **strategies. And ARB is working to do its part by** 3 **ensuring other aviation-related emission reduction** 4 **opportunities, pursuing other aviation-related emission** 5 **opportunities. For instance, in the near term, ARB** 6 **will consider measures to reduce emissions from ground** 7 **support equipment, airport shuttle buses, and other on** 8 **facility airport-related emissions.** 9 **In closing, in the event that ICAO fails to adopt** 10 **a meaningful aircraft CO2 emissions standard by next** 11 **February, standards that go far beyond business as** 12 **usual, ARB urges U.S. EPA to act independently of ICAO** 13 **and establish a strong national CO2 emissions standard** 14 **without further delay. California believes it is clear** 15 **that U.S. EPA has authority to impose more stringent** 16 **regulations than ICAO on U.S. aircraft and engine** 17 **manufacturers. And we believe the overwhelming** 18 **scientific data has proven that aircraft GHG emissions** 19 **do endanger public health. Therefore, U.S. EPA has the** 20 **obligation under section 231 of the Clean Air Act to** 21 **set emissions standards as expeditiously as possible.** 22 **Decisive and timely regulation of major GHG sources is** Page 36

1 **critical to meet our state and national GHG goals.** 2 **Thank you for your time.** 3 **MR. GUNNING: Thank you. Thank you, Mr. White.** 4 **Mr. DePete, the floor is yours.** 5 **MR. DePETE: Thank you. Good Afternoon. Thank** 6 **you for the opportunity to present at this important** 7 **public hearing. I am Captain Joe DePete. I serve as** 8 **the First Vice President of the Air Line Pilots** 9 **Association International. And I serve also as the** 10 **National Safety Coordinator. I am also a FedEx pilot** 11 **and a captain that flies the A300, the Airbus A300.** 12 **ALPA is the world's largest professional airline** 13 **pilots' union. We have more than 52,000 members, who** 14 **fly for 31 airlines in the United States and Canada. I** 15 **would like to give ALPA's view on the EPA's proposed** 16 **finding regarding greenhouse gas emissions and its** 17 **advance notice of proposed rulemaking, but first,** 18 **however, I would like to provide some context about why** 19 **we are passionate about this subject. I will also talk** 20 **about the positive difference that U.S. airlines are** 21 **making to reduce emissions while safely transporting** 22 **more than 2 million passengers and more than 63,000**

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1 **tons of freight and mail each day. Airline pilots sit** 2 **literally at the intersection of technology, aircraft** 3 **operating procedures, aircraft traffic control** 4 **procedures and techniques, and varying aircraft** 5 **capabilities. This gives us a unique vantage point** 6 **from which to manage our aircraft capabilities in such** 7 **a way as to burn less fuel while operating as safely** 8 **and efficiently as possible.** 9 **ALPA's principal goal is to help further the** 10 **advances that aviation has already made towards** 11 **reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving the** 12 **efficiency of our industry while maintaining or** 13 **improving on our current level of safety. Improved** 14 **engine and aircraft technologies have resulted in** 15 **significant reductions in harmful emissions. Increased** 16 **reliance on satellite-based navigation will lead to** 17 **even more significant reductions. In addition, these** 18 **improvements contribute to the need to ensure ongoing** 19 **viability and sustainability of the airline industry.** 20 **Fuel is the largest single expense that our** 21 **airline employers face. In addition to the need to act** 22 **responsibly toward the environment, airlines have a Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **very strong motivation to safely find ways to use as** 2 **little fuel as possible and look for alternative fuels** 3 **that are not only less expensive but also have less** 4 **effect on our environment.** 5 **The simple fact is that whatever affects our** 6 **employers ultimately affects pilots as well. We have a** 7 **similar financial incentive to help them conserve fuel.** 8 **Pilots work with their companies and air traffic** 9 **control on a daily basis to safely reduce fuel burn** 10 **while airborne and on the ground. Additionally, our** 11 **membership is cognizant of the need to protect our** 12 **environment, just like the airlines. We strive to do** 13 **that on every flight within the bounds of safety, which** 14 **is, of course, our primary focus.** 15 **ALPA strongly supports reducing aviation's already** 16 **small percentage of contributions to greenhouse gases** 17 **while at the same time preserving the economic** 18 **viability of the airline industry. These two goals are** 19 **complementary. As fuel and operational efficiency** 20 **continue to improve, economic viability is enhanced.** 21 **Air transportation is a significant portion of the** 22 **mass transportation system here in North America. U.S.**

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1 **airlines transport about 775 million passengers and** 2 **carry about 23 million tons of freight and mail each** 3 **year. Aviation, arguably, has the most successful** 4 **record of any sector in the economy in limiting its** 5 **impact on the environment while simultaneously** 6 **increasing productivity.** 7 **Airlines have greatly reduced carbon-based** 8 **emissions through ever-advancing engine technology.** 9 **That reduces fuel burn and emissions of undesirable** 10 **gases and particulates. We also use airframes that are** 11 **lighter, stronger, and create less fuel-burning drag.** 12 **Compared to 1972, the North American airline industry** 13 **now carries 6 times more payload using 60 percent less** 14 **fuel per flight. I think that is a significant number.** 15 **It has reduced by 95 percent the number of people** 16 **significantly impacted by aircraft noise. Because of** 17 **these advances, airline domestic travel accounts for** 18 **only two percent of all greenhouse gas emissions while** 19 **accounting for about five percent of the gross national** 20 **product.** 21 **The bottom line for ALPA is that we are strong** 22 **advocates for staying the course when it comes to** Page 40

1 **improving fuel efficiency through new technology.** 2 **Airlines must be able to afford to invest in new, more** 3 **efficient aircraft and engines that reduce the impact** 4 **on the environment, which has been the key to their** 5 **success.** 6 **Concerning the EPA's announcement, we are pleased** 7 **that the agency is working with the ICAO Committee on** 8 **Aviation Environmental Protection and is engaged in** 9 **developing a future aircraft certification standard for** 10 **CO2, carbon dioxide. We urge the agency not to exceed** 11 **that standard, which is slated to be considered for** 12 **approval February of 2016.** 13 **As the EPA knows, ICAO is in a unique position to** 14 **bring together governments and world airlines to** 15 **collaborate and develop a standard that will be adopted** 16 **by member states, including the United States and** 17 **Canada. Going beyond these agreed-upon standards could** 18 **have a very detrimental effect on our airlines. ALPA** 19 **is a strong proponent of a level playing field for all** 20 **airlines. The creation of a U.S.-specific emissions** 21 **standard that is more stringent than that used by other** 22 **ICAO nations would put our carriers at a distinct**

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1 **financial disadvantage without a commensurate benefit** 2 **to the environment.** 3 **Regarding the advance NPRN, ALPA does not believe** 4 **that any new emissions standards requirement for** 5 **aircraft should involve retrofitting of in-service** 6 **aircraft or aircraft already on order. The standard** 7 **should apply only to new types of aircraft that are yet** 8 **to be certified so as not to cause an undue financial** 9 **harm to the airline industry.** 10 **I wish to thank you all again for the opportunity** 11 **to speak with you today. I would be pleased to take** 12 **any questions that you may have. Thank you.** 13 **MR. GUNNING: Mr. Lee?** 14 **MR. LEE: Hi. My name is James Lee. I am from** 15 **Sumter, South Carolina. I am a citizen.** 16 **Why is the EPA claiming that six greenhouse gases** 17 **emitted from jet planes are a threat to human health** 18 **under the Clean Air Act while doing nothing to address** 19 **ongoing lawsuits over leaded aviation gasoline or the** 20 **real health concerns of stakeholders worldwide, cancer** 21 **causing heavy metals in fuels, and their additives and** 22 **aviation-induced cloudiness? You, the EPA, claim the Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **authority to regulate aviation emissions under the** 2 **Clean Air Act, a law that should protect us from the** 3 **aforementioned poisonous pollution. However, the** 4 **definition of pollution is being perverted to mean** 5 **climate change gases in what can only be called a** 6 **violation of the spirit of the law, "air pollution** 7 **which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public** 8 **health or welfare." That is the quote.** 9 **As you can see by the wording in the Clean Air** 10 **Act, lead, barium, aluminum, and trade-secret toxic** 11 **chemicals clearly present a greater danger to public** 12 **health than greenhouse gases, no matter how much** 13 **climate science you accumulate.** 14 **Furthermore, material safety data sheets of** 15 **aviation fuel and their additives almost always contain** 16 **the same warning: Do not dump in water. Yet, raw fuel** 17 **dumping or burning these chemicals, dangerous** 18 **chemicals, and then dumping them in water is somehow** 19 **safe.** 20 **Finally, despite great efforts to find** 21 **bioaccumulation or biomagnifications studies on** 22 **precipitated aviation pollutants, none seem to exist.**

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1 **The EPA and Obama administration are ignoring the** 2 **global outrage over the most visible climate change** 3 **concern from airplanes: cloud creation. Do a search** 4 **for the word "contrails" on the Internet, and you will** 5 **see millions of concerned citizens who look up and** 6 **wonder what in the world are they spraying. Despite** 7 **what you may think of the myriad of maladies attributed** 8 **to these clouds, the global outrage is, nonetheless,** 9 **clear. They are right to be worried, and we should all** 10 **be concerned. The EPA's claim that CO2 is a greater** 11 **threat to human health than contrails and aviation** 12 **induced cloudiness is based on incomplete IPPC data** 13 **that downplays the effects of contrails on our climate.** 14 **The IPPC's fourth assessment of contrail-radiated** 15 **forcing only accounted for linear contrails, meaning** 16 **any contrail that spreads out and turns into cirrus** 17 **clouds, was not accounted for. How significant is this** 18 **heat-trapping contrail conundrum? "Contrails formed by** 19 **aircraft can evolve into cirrus clouds** 20 **indistinguishable from those formed naturally. These** 21 **spreading contrails may be causing more climate warming** 22 **today than all the carbon dioxide emitted by aircraft** Page 44

1 **since the start of aviation."** 2 **Another researcher stated, "A single aircraft** 3 **operating in conditions favorable for persistent** 4 **contrail formation appears to exert a contrail-induced** 5 **radiative forcing some 5,000 times greater than the** 6 **estimates of the average persistent contrail radiative** 7 **forcing from the entire civil aviation fleet."** 8 **Although this research has now been incorporated** 9 **in the IPPC computer models and revised down, in my** 10 **opinion, these claims highlight gaping holes in climate** 11 **science. As of 2013, "Aerosol cloud interactions are** 12 **one of the main uncertainties in climate research."** 13 **Scientific understanding of how contrails transitioned** 14 **into cirrus clouds is severely lacking but rapidly** 15 **evolving with the latest research showing that cirrus** 16 **clouds are filled with metal aerosols from human** 17 **sources, "The big one we found is lead, coming from** 18 **things like tetraethyl lead in fuels, still used today** 19 **in light aviation." So that is probably the biggest** 20 **metal that we find or the most frequent metal that we** 21 **find, but we find a whole host of different metals,** 22 **actually.**

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1 **Apparently small amounts of metal particulates** 2 **have major effects on cirrus clouds, "It would seem** 3 **that you would have to change all of the aerosol in the** 4 **atmosphere very radically to get a big effect on the** 5 **clouds, but because mineral dust and metallic particles** 6 **are such a small amount of the particulate matter, just** 7 **a percent or two, it means that you only have to change** 8 **about a percent or two of the particles to get a big** 9 **effect on these clouds."** 10 **The latest research casts doubts on the IPPC's** 11 **contrail assumptions and requires serious consideration** 12 **when addressing the real climate change impact of** 13 **aviation. High-altitude metals and cirrus cloud** 14 **condensation nuclei are likely coming from leaded AVGAS** 15 **and jet exhaust.** 16 **Contrails are making cirrus clouds, and small** 17 **changes in atmospheric metal have large impacts on** 18 **cirrus cloud creation.** 19 **Cirrus clouds trap heat and are likely to have a** 20 **greater climate change impact than CO2.** 21 **Finally, aviation-induced cloudiness endangers** 22 **future growth in solar energy, affects tourism and Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **spending, and is projected to make terrestrial** 2 **astronomy impossible by 2050. Geoengineering** 3 **scientists, NASA, NOAA, FAA, USDA, DOE, and** 4 **international corporate partners, are discussing the** 5 **use of biofuels and sulfur-doped jet fuels for contrail** 6 **control and cirrus cloud seeding with bismuth** 7 **tri-iodide to melt these clouds away. The EPA should** 8 **be directly involved in these discussions.** 9 **As a result of these recent findings, I strongly** 10 **encourage the EPA to consider expanding the scope of** 11 **this endangerment to include metal particulates and** 12 **cloud formation from jet exhaust.** 13 **If the EPA complies with the spirit of the Clean** 14 **Air Act, they will protect us from metal aerosols** 15 **attributed to Alzheimer's, autism, cancer, and a** 16 **plethora of other debilitating illnesses.** 17 **If the EPA is truly concerned about aviation** 18 **induced climate change, they will regulate the** 19 **production of contrails and cirrus clouds, which change** 20 **our climate to a much greater extent than the sum of** 21 **the six greenhouse gases named in this proposal.** 22 **Regulating heavy metals and aviation-induced**

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1 **cloudiness will be meaningless without proper** 2 **verification. Even though ICAO members sign a binding** 3 **agreement to only use certain chemicals in their gas** 4 **tanks, we all know agreements and regulations are** 5 **useless without proper verification.** 6 **Therefore, I request mandatory, random testing of** 7 **jet exhaust be immediately implemented. This is the** 8 **most important step the EPA can take to follow the** 9 **spirit of the law, do its due diligence to protect us** 10 **from harmful pollution, and get real-world data to** 11 **improve future regulations.** 12 **Most of the data behind this endangerment finding** 13 **comes from research in highly controlled environments** 14 **where most variables are known. We need verification** 15 **of non-ideal situations where fuel fouling, FAME** 16 **contamination, or improper maintenance end in vastly** 17 **different exhaust particulates than seen in "lab"** 18 **settings. To achieve verification, I propose that the** 19 **EPA randomly attach a trailing probe to both foreign** 20 **and domestic flights, then collect and analyze the** 21 **results to determine real-world exhaust constituents.** 22 **Alternatively, ground-based LIDAR observations may be** Page 48

1 **possible over fixed, high-traffic areas and prevent** 2 **possible terrorist attacks using aerosols. Either way** 3 **you choose, we need verification and protection.** 4 **In conclusion, the EPA should expand this** 5 **endangerment to include metal aerosols and cloud** 6 **creation, create a verification system that includes** 7 **all aircraft, protects us from aviation pollution,** 8 **holds violators accountable, and commits to better** 9 **scientific accuracy for future determinations.** 10 **Thank you for this opportunity to speak on behalf** 11 **of so many who could not be here. And thank you for** 12 **listening to a layperson's views on this subject.** 13 **While I appreciate the efforts of the Center for** 14 **Biological Diversity, the Sierra Group, and the Friends** 15 **of the Earth to get the EPA to hold the aviation** 16 **industry accountable, the poor people like myself have** 17 **to live near these airports, under these fuel dumps,** 18 **and under these clouded skies. I hope that some faith** 19 **can be restored in our EPA by your action here and now.** 20 **Tell the ICAO that they will meet your demands and our** 21 **demands, not the other way around.** 22 **Thank you very much.**

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1 **MR. GUNNING: Thank you, Mr. Lee. Thank you for** 2 **all of your comments.** 3 **Second panel?** 4 **MR. CHARMLEY: Yes. Thank you. I think we are** 5 **okay, and then I am going to call forward the group** 6 **number 3 panel at this point. So this would be -- I** 7 **apologize if I don't pronounce anyone's name properly** 8 **-- Leslie Riegle, Doug Wolf, and Michael Saraceno.** 9 **MR. RIEGLE: I am Leslie Riegle, Director of** 10 **Environmental Policy at the Aerospace Industries** 11 **Association. Thank you for the opportunity to testify** 12 **on EPA's proposed endangerment finding and advance** 13 **notice of proposed rulemaking on aircraft greenhouse** 14 **gas emissions.** 15 **AIA is the largest aerospace trade association** 16 **representing the nation's major aerospace and defense** 17 **manufacturers. We represent more than 300 U.S.** 18 **manufacturing companies, with nearly one million** 19 **skilled employees. Our members are recognized across** 20 **the globe for manufacturing reliable, uncompromisingly** 21 **safe aircraft that connect passengers and cargo and** 22 **help defend our national security. Our industry is Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **heavily regulated and must pass grueling safety and** 2 **airworthiness criteria on any new aircraft or changes** 3 **to existing aircraft. We never compromise on safety.** 4 **Aviation is a global industry and works under the** 5 **United Nations International Civil Aviation** 6 **Organization, ICAO, which has been setting global** 7 **aviation standards for environment and safety for over** 8 **50 years. This globally harmonized model has worked** 9 **well for the United States. The U.S. aviation industry** 10 **has thrived on this global playing field, as evidenced** 11 **by the positive impact that we play on our national** 12 **trade balance. And we hope to continue to build on** 13 **this model as we develop new fuel efficiency standards** 14 **for aircraft.** 15 **The commercial aviation industry has a strong** 16 **environmental track record, including study technology** 17 **improvements and reducing aircraft carbon dioxide** 18 **emissions over time. Today's commercial aircraft are** 19 **70 percent more fuel efficient than aircraft flying 50** 20 **years ago.** 21 **Greater fuel efficiency translates into reductions** 22 **in aircraft fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. The**

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1 **commercial aviation industry has achieved greater fuel** 2 **efficiency and lower emissions, even as it has grown.** 3 **Today, more than 3 percent of gross domestic** 4 **product is supported by aviation. Yet, only 2 percent** 5 **of global CO2 emissions are attributable to aviation.** 6 **It is for this reason that the commercial aviation** 7 **industry is committed to building upon its strong** 8 **environmental track record.** 9 **The industry understands that climate change is a** 10 **serious global environmental challenge, requiring** 11 **credible action. In 2008, the industry agreed to a set** 12 **of environmental targets to combat carbon emissions.** 13 **They include improving fuel efficiency by an average of** 14 **1.5 percent per year from 2009 to 2020, stabilizing** 15 **emissions from 2020 with carbon-neutral growth and** 16 **reducing net carbon emissions from aviation by 50** 17 **percent by 2050, compared to 2005 levels. The industry** 18 **will meet these goals through improved aircraft fuel** 19 **efficiency, such as the introduction of new aircraft** 20 **models with the latest fuel-saving technologies and** 21 **advance propulsion systems; operational efficiencies;** 22 **air traffic management system modernization and** Page 52

1 **improvements, such as NextGen; and greater use of** 2 **sustainable aviation biofuels.** 3 **In addition, our industry by way of competition** 4 **and regulation must make certain that in achieving our** 5 **CO2 reduction goals, we address other environmental** 6 **considerations, such as particulate matter and NOx as** 7 **well as noise. ICAO is the only international body in** 8 **which aviation-specific technological feasibility,** 9 **economic viability, and environmental benefit can be** 10 **evaluated together in shaping policy. It takes a** 11 **comprehensive approach to respond to the environmental** 12 **challenges facing the commercial aviation industry,** 13 **including aircraft CO2 emissions standards. These** 14 **interdependencies are critical to consider when any new** 15 **regulation is proposed and incorporated into domestic** 16 **law.** 17 **The U.S. has agreed as one of the 190 parties to** 18 **the Chicago convention that ICAO has the authority to** 19 **establish environmental standards for aircraft. EPA's** 20 **practice has been to adopt ICAO's standards as its own** 21 **for new commercial aircraft engines.** 22 **The Federal Aviation Administration with support**

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1 **from the EPA and other federal agencies has followed a** 2 **similar approach in setting aircraft noise standards.** 3 **We see no reason for the EPA to deviate from this well** 4 **established practice in addressing aircraft CO2** 5 **emissions standards.** 6 **The Committee on Aviation Environmental** 7 **Protection, CAEP, is expected to adopt a final aircraft** 8 **CO2 emissions standard in February 2016 with full** 9 **ratification by the ICAO assembly in September of 2016.** 10 **This recommendation will be a result of years of data** 11 **input, analyses, and careful consideration. Our** 12 **members, along with aviation colleagues, government** 13 **officials, and NGOs have been working at ICAO on a CO2** 14 **standard for civil aircraft for over six years to** 15 **ensure that this is done in the most educated and** 16 **effective manner. As it has in the past, EPA should** 17 **follow this well-established path and adopt the ICAO** 18 **standards into U.S. domestic law under section 231.** 19 **Doing so will ensure that the U.S. aircraft and engine** 20 **manufacturers are not placed at a competitive** 21 **disadvantage vis-a-vis international competitors.** 22 **Moreover, it will avoid the attendant disruptions to Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **air travel from the U.S. having to enforce an aircraft** 2 **CO2 emission standard that is different from that** 3 **adopted by other countries.** 4 **Again, on behalf of AIA and its members, I thank** 5 **you for the opportunity to testify today. AIA will** 6 **also be submitting comments to the docket relating to** 7 **this rulemaking.** 8 **MR. SARACENO: Good afternoon. Thank you so much** 9 **for having this important hearing. My name is Michael** 10 **Saraceno. I am a citizen.** 11 **While greenhouse gas emissions from aviation may** 12 **be only 2 to 2.5 percent, the global aviation CO2** 13 **emission almost equals the amount of CO2 put out by the** 14 **Country of Germany.** 15 **Others have talked about how CO2 is trapped in the** 16 **atmosphere and causing warming of the Earth. So I will** 17 **leave more of that to them. But the fact is that the** 18 **more CO2 that is put into the atmosphere, that results** 19 **in more combustion. And I think one of the biggest** 20 **concerns with more combustion from aviation in the sure** 21 **increase in aviation, the FAA forecasts that aviation** 22 **will grow 2 percent per year, reaching a billion**

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1 **passengers by 2029. And the issue with more combustion** 2 **not only is more CO2, but the FAA Modernization Act** 3 **that was recently passed, in 2012, essentially is** 4 **allowing the FAA through precision-based navigation to** 5 **save. Yes, they do save fuel on descent because they** 6 **are not doing step-down. But what they are not telling** 7 **you is the FAA is allowing the airlines to crop dust** 8 **U.S.A. Okay?** 9 **And the reason why, how they are doing this is** 10 **through NextGen or precision-based navigation, they are** 11 **allowing the airlines to pack in more planes in title** 12 **formation at much lower altitudes. And we know from** 13 **NASA that aircraft operations below 3,000 feet** 14 **decreased ground-level air quality. Okay? And that is** 15 **NASA saying that. And I am submitting my testimony** 16 **into the docket as well with all of the references so** 17 **you can feel free to look them up yourself.** 18 **So we have all around this country the FAA** 19 **allowing -- right? They changed the highways in the** 20 **sky across the U.S.A. And they have not found one** 21 **environmental impact. That is it. You can change the** 22 **highway over the entire continental U.S. And there is** Page 56

1 **not one environmental impact that that will impose on** 2 **anyone or any person. That is absolutely ridiculous.** 3 **But the most important issue, the reason why this** 4 **needs to be investigated further, is that the more** 5 **combustion that we have, the more landings and takeoffs** 6 **year over year, impacts the people who live downwind** 7 **from airports across the United States.** 8 **Now, what is the difference, right, from living** 9 **downwind from a highway from living downwind to the** 10 **airport? Certainly both of those situations will give** 11 **you downwind pollution. And the difference is that** 12 **highways have noise barriers or pollution barriers.** 13 **And NOAA has done studies on this, that those sound** 14 **barriers with vegetation prevent highway pollution from** 15 **floating downwind into communities. Okay? Where are** 16 **the barriers to downwind pollution from aviation? And** 17 **most of that is through approaches.** 18 **I have listed several studies that have done,** 19 **London Heathrow, LaGuardia, a bunch of different** 20 **studies that have shown, that, in fact, airport** 21 **particulates can reach as far as 5 to 6, in some cases** 22 **10 nautical miles downwind from an airport. Okay?**

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1 **And so the biggest issue with that is that we know** 2 **that vaccines do not cause autism. Okay? The largest** 3 **organization in February 2012 came out and said that** 4 **vaccines do not cause autism. And why did they say** 5 **that? Because every scientific journal that was** 6 **published on that refuted that. And, in fact, it** 7 **proved the opposite of that.** 8 **We now have 12 peer-reviewed studies. And I have** 9 **cited in my references that there is an increased risk** 10 **of autism associated with increased air pollution** 11 **around conception and/or pregnancy.** 12 **The vast majority -- and I talked to Harvard** 13 **scientists through personal communication -- is not** 14 **genetic. It is environmentally induced pollution. And** 15 **environmental induced pollution is what is causing** 16 **autism. And we will see a spike in autism across the** 17 **U.S.A. And I don't care. They can change a diagnosis** 18 **or hide the incidence. But the fact of the matter is** 19 **more children are receiving services today than they** 20 **were. And they will continue to receive more services** 21 **over the next 10 years.** 22 **There is a heavy metal load in autism. We know Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **that. That is why vaccines were pointed at. The heavy** 2 **load, heavy metal load, in air pollution can, in fact,** 3 **deposit in the hair and nails of these children. And,** 4 **in fact, when they do look back and the hair and nails** 5 **of these children, they find that the heavy metal** 6 **deposition in the hair and nails is significantly** 7 **higher than typically developing children. So we know** 8 **they are being exposed to toxic metals. And that is** 9 **from environmental pollution.** 10 **UC-Davis 2012 just came out with a new study that** 11 **said the 2015 cost of autism-related expenses is $268** 12 **billion and by the year 2025, it could be anywhere** 13 **between $500 to $1 trillion in related costs.** 14 **We know that aviation admissions have trace heavy** 15 **metals. The byproduct is a NOx. It is sulfur. The** 16 **aviation jet fuel contains 100 times more sulfur than** 17 **diesel trucks.** 18 **And we can talk about autism, but also high air** 19 **pollution areas also decrease IQ of children. The very** 20 **interesting thing about that is that, even when these** 21 **children hit six, seven years old, they still did not** 22 **catch up to their peers. So this damage that is being**

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1 **caused by low IQ, by pollution-induced -- and it does** 2 **have an effect on one of the most important things that** 3 **I will tell you.** 4 **If you want to know how dangerous air pollution** 5 **is, you just have to look at the transgenerational** 6 **epigenetic changes. So there was a study done that I** 7 **have in the reference by -- let's see where; where is** 8 **it? -- by Tracy in 2013. And so what they did is they** 9 **exposed mice to jet fuel. And what they found is that** 10 **it didn't change the gene, but it changed the way the** 11 **gene was expressed. And that change in the way the** 12 **gene is expressed got into the genome and was passed on** 13 **to subsequent generations. Okay?** 14 **And so this is why I care: because my nieces and** 15 **nephews, my children could potentially marry somebody** 16 **else's kids who are in a heavily polluted environment.** 17 **And that change in the genome gets into the gene pool.** 18 **So your grandchildren and great-grandchildren could, in** 19 **fact, develop transgenerational epigenetic changes** 20 **through environmental pollution.** 21 **Another way besides greenhouse gases -- and I will** 22 **keep this brief -- there is evidence to show that** Page 60

1 **persistent contrails do, in fact, warm the Earth. They** 2 **trap incoming solar radiation, and they block outgoing** 3 **infrared radiation.** 4 **And so there were studies done by NASA. And what** 5 **they found is that after the 9/11 attacks, there was a** 6 **1 degree Celsius spike between the maximum highs and** 7 **the maximum lows in terms of temperature. So they** 8 **looked at skies without contrails after 9/11 because** 9 **the planes were grounded for 3 days, and they found a** 10 **spike in the temperature range. So, in fact, contrails** 11 **do change the climate.** 12 **And I will just end with another NASA scientist** 13 **also talked about contrails. And he is using data from** 14 **I think the 1990s to 2000s, early 2000s. So this is** 15 **old data. But what he says is that increase in surface** 16 **and lower atmospheres' temperatures by .36 or .54** 17 **degrees Fahrenheit per decade. So that is what he is** 18 **saying the contribution of the contrails could be to** 19 **warming, .36 to .54 percent Fahrenheit per decade. And** 20 **I think that proves that contrails do, in fact, affect** 21 **temperature.** 22 **The other thing you should know about contrails,**

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1 **persistent contrails, is we have more combustion, more** 2 **jet aircraft, more airplanes, you are going to get more** 3 **contrails and you are going to get more warming. So it** 4 **is this whole vicious cycle.** 5 **The thing about contrails is that they produce** 6 **clouds that morph into cirrus. Okay? When they study** 7 **contrail spreading, they only study within the first** 8 **few hours. They do not study the whole life of that** 9 **artificial cloud that is produced. And that artificial** 10 **cloud that is produced would not have formed if there** 11 **would not have been a contrail in that area. So these** 12 **clouds that are being induced are producing clouds that** 13 **would not naturally be there. That changes the** 14 **hydrological cycle, which is rain.** 15 **The other thing that you should know is that** 16 **these, the way it could change the rain is that when** 17 **the engine at high altitude freezes the ice crystals in** 18 **the atmosphere, it is actually changing the vapor** 19 **content in the atmosphere. Okay? So that vapor** 20 **content will have a change on regional climate change.** 21 **And I thank you very much for having this open** 22 **hearing. Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  17 (Pages 62 to 65) Page 62

1 **MR. WOLF: My name is Doug Wolf. I am** 2 **representing the Center for Biological Diversity.** 3 **Thank you for convening this hearing and for soliciting** 4 **further public input concerning agency's crucial effort** 5 **to promulgate greenhouse gas emissions standards for** 6 **aircraft. The Center for Biological Diversity** 7 **appreciates the opportunity to comment.** 8 **The Center for Biological Diversity is a nonprofit** 9 **organization with more than 800,000 members and online** 10 **activists. The center's Climate Law Institute seeks to** 11 **reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and other air** 12 **pollution to protect biological diversity, the** 13 **environment, and human health and welfare. Specific** 14 **objectives include securing protections for species** 15 **threatened by global warming, ensuring compliance with** 16 **applicable laws to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and** 17 **other air pollution, and educating and mobilizing the** 18 **public on global warming and air quality issues.** 19 **Climate change is already upon us with** 20 **unprecedented temperature increases, rising sea levels,** 21 **extraordinary rates of species extinction, and more** 22 **extreme weather events. Efforts to quickly and sharply**

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1 **curb and then eliminate carbon pollution are essential** 2 **if we are to avoid the worst effects of climate change.** 3 **Science tells us that this requires the U.S. to** 4 **reduce emissions in the range of 35 to 65 percent by** 5 **2030 from 1990 baseline levels. To begin to approach** 6 **those levels, every significant carbon emissions source** 7 **must reduce its emissions. And the aircraft industry** 8 **has too long evaded every attempt to make it contribute** 9 **its fair share. In fact, if global aircraft CO2** 10 **emissions were compared to those of countries, they** 11 **would rank seventh, just behind Germany, outranking** 12 **about 150 other countries in the world.** 13 **Aviation emissions are growing rapidly and could** 14 **triple within just a few decades. Unless EPA puts in** 15 **place stringent standards to reduce greenhouse gas** 16 **emissions, increased aviation traffic will cause the** 17 **sector to become one of the fastest growing sources of** 18 **harmful emissions.** 19 **And within the global community, the United States** 20 **is by far the largest emitter of aircraft carbon** 21 **pollution with its domestic and international flights** 22 **contributing 29 percent of the total, dumping that** Page 64

1 **amount into the global skies absolutely unchecked. In** 2 **other words, U.S. aviation emissions harmed the global** 3 **community in a hugely disproportionate fashion.** 4 **The U.S. must reverse the situation and cut** 5 **emissions quickly and steeply and must reject the** 6 **patently insufficient measures proposed by the** 7 **International Civil Aviation Organization, or ICAO.** 8 **We fully agree with EPA's finding that aircraft** 9 **carbon emissions endanger human health and welfare. We** 10 **believe, however, that this proposed finding was much** 11 **too late in coming. And we urge the agency to make up** 12 **for lost time by finalizing it forthwith and no later** 13 **than November 2015, 3 months after the close of the** 14 **current comment period.** 15 **We also urge EPA to follow up its ANPR with** 16 **proposed standards at the same time it finalizes its** 17 **endangerment finding. There is no reason to wait the** 18 **outcome of negotiations at ICAO as even the most** 19 **stringent measures under consideration there would** 20 **hardly make a dent in the problem. In fact, under the** 21 **likely outcome of the international negotiations, in** 22 **2030, only 5 percent of the global aircraft fleet would**

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1 **even be regulated and this by a standard based on** 2 **technology in existence in 2016, or some 14 years** 3 **behind 2030 technology.** 4 **Moreover, the ICAO proposal set no cap on** 5 **emissions. In other words, ICAO's proposals do next to** 6 **nothing to effect business as usual, an outcome utterly** 7 **incompatible with EPA's duties under the Clean Air Act,** 8 **the President's climate action plan, and the demands of** 9 **climate science. EPA should seize the opportunity to** 10 **issue proposed emissions standards in time to make a** 11 **difference at the Paris climate negotiations in** 12 **December of this year.** 13 **We are pleased to see EPA's acknowledgement that** 14 **the Clean Air Act authorizes it to regulate not just** 15 **aircraft engines but the entire aircraft. We add that** 16 **the act's delegation of authority to EPA under section** 17 **231 is extraordinarily broad and that EPA has** 18 **explicitly authorized a set of emissions standards for** 19 **all classes of aircraft.** 20 **Moreover, as EPA recognized in its 2008 ANPR,** 21 **EPA's regulations can encompass aircraft operations and** 22 **air traffic management. Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  18 (Pages 66 to 69) Page 66

1 **Finally, the standards EPA settles on should be** 2 **technology-forcing, not following.** 3 **With these premises in mind, EPA should set** 4 **emissions standards, not just for new types of aircraft** 5 **but also for all aircraft currently in production and** 6 **in service, should base them on currently existing as** 7 **well as under-development technology, and should** 8 **include operational and air traffic management** 9 **requirements that reduce emissions. Aircraft failing** 10 **to retrofit to meet achievable standards should be** 11 **phased out.** 12 **We urge EPA to craft these standards by employing** 13 **an approach similar to standards for vehicles, setting** 14 **fleet-wide averages for new and in-service aircraft.** 15 **These standards should be sufficiently stringent not** 16 **only to hold total emissions at a set gap but to** 17 **actually reduce them for the entire U.S. aviation** 18 **sector within the coming decade.** 19 **The center will be submitting written comments at** 20 **the close of the comment period but working with other** 21 **organizations. We thank you for this opportunity to be** 22 **heard.**

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1 **MR. GUNNING: Thank you very much. Thank you for** 2 **all speakers, appreciate your comments and thoughts.** 3 **I will now move to the next group of speakers.** 4 **After I call your name, please come up to the table.** 5 **We have Kathy Kinsey from the Northeast States for** 6 **Coordinated Air Use Management; Sue Valdez, a member of** 7 **the public; and Andres Restrepo from the Sierra Club.** 8 **Thank you. Kathy, go ahead, please.** 9 **MS. KINSEY: Thank you.** 10 **Good morning. My name is Kathy Kinsey. I am a** 11 **senior policy advisor with the Northeast States for** 12 **Coordinated Air Use Management. I would like to thank** 13 **you today for the opportunity to be here to testify on** 14 **EPA's proposed endangerment finding and on the advance** 15 **notice of proposed rulemaking.** 16 **NESCAUM is an organization of eight states: the** 17 **six Northeast states and New York and New Jersey. And** 18 **my testimony today here reflects the majority view of** 19 **our states and does not necessarily reflect the views** 20 **of all of our individual state members.** 21 **So NESCAUM supports EPA's proposed finding under** 22 **the Clean Air Act section 231 that aircraft greenhouse** Page 68

1 **gas emissions endanger public health and welfare. This** 2 **support is consistent with the support, our support, in** 3 **2009 for EPA's proposed endangerment finding for mobile** 4 **sources. Since the 2009 rulemaking, climate science** 5 **has only grown stronger. The latest science, as** 6 **summarized in the 2014 International Panel on Climate** 7 **Change, establishes that climate-related threats are** 8 **already affecting our states, our nation, and the** 9 **world.** 10 **NESCAUM also supports EPA's determination that** 11 **aircraft emissions from certain classes of aircraft are** 12 **contributing to the mix of greenhouse gases that are** 13 **subject to this rulemaking.** 14 **We support the development and adoption of** 15 **aircraft greenhouse gas standards for U.S. aircraft.** 16 **In this regard, we support a whole aircraft approach to** 17 **adopting standards that does not focus solely on the** 18 **engine. Whole aircraft approach recognizes that** 19 **emissions are influenced by aircraft weight,** 20 **aerodynamics, and the engine-specific fuel consumption.** 21 **We urge EPA to adopt greenhouse gas standards for** 22 **new aircraft and in-production aircraft, that that**

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1 **approach will begin to materially reduce greenhouse gas** 2 **emissions in the next 5 to 10 years from the projected** 3 **business-as-usual levels, to be based on a reference** 4 **scenario that reflects current aircraft performance. A** 5 **reference scenario that is based on outdated aircraft** 6 **performance will only lead to inflated estimates of** 7 **greenhouse gas emission reductions from current** 8 **reductions.** 9 **And, finally, NESCAUM urges EPA to take the** 10 **opportunity with this rulemaking to revise the current** 11 **aircraft NOx emissions standards. Given the continuing** 12 **ozone nonattainment problems in our region, the** 13 **Northeast region, and the nation as a whole and the** 14 **fact that under its current process, ICAO is unlikely** 15 **to adopt new aircraft NOx standards prior to 2022, if** 16 **then, EPA should take the opportunity to act now and** 17 **establish a production cutoff date of December 31st,** 18 **2018 for the United States, after which tier 8 NOx** 19 **standards will apply to newly manufactured aircraft in** 20 **lieu of the tier 6 standards.** 21 **NESCAUM intends to submit more detailed written** 22 **comments before the close of the record. And, again, Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  19 (Pages 70 to 73) Page 70

1 **we thank you very much for the opportunity to be here** 2 **today.** 3 **MR. RESTREPO: Thank you. My name is Andres** 4 **Restrepo, and I am an associate attorney with Sierra** 5 **Club's environmental law program.** 6 **Sierra Club was founded in 1892 and stands today** 7 **as one of the largest and most active grass-roots** 8 **environmental organizations in the United States. With** 9 **over 2.4 million members and supporters as well as 64** 10 **affiliated chapters nationwide, the club works to** 11 **secure a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable** 12 **environment for today's world and for future** 13 **generations alike.** 14 **One of the club's most urgent goals is working to** 15 **curb the effects of climate change. And we strongly** 16 **advocate for steep and immediate cuts to greenhouse gas** 17 **emissions from all sectors of the economy. Unless** 18 **governments act now, we will be unable to avoid the** 19 **worst impacts of climate change, which include rising** 20 **sea levels, more extreme temperatures and weather** 21 **events, mass displacement of people, more severe** 22 **droughts and floods, enhanced formation of harmful air**

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1 **pollution, and widespread extinctions of plant and** 2 **animal species.** 3 **The Sierra Club strongly supports federal** 4 **greenhouse gas regulations for aircraft to help** 5 **mitigate the harms posed by climate change. For far** 6 **too long, U.S. aircraft have been emitting unlimited** 7 **amounts of these pollutants into the atmosphere.** 8 **Domestic and international U.S. flights now contribute** 9 **nearly 30 percent of the world's CO2 emissions from** 10 **aircraft, far more than any other country. In fact,** 11 **U.S. aircrafts emit more greenhouse gases than the** 12 **entire economies of all but 8 countries, with none with** 13 **a population below 80 million. Furthermore, these** 14 **emissions will increase by as 50 percent over the next** 15 **2 decades unless mandatory restraints are imposed.** 16 **EPA's finding that greenhouse gas emissions from** 17 **aircraft endanger public health and welfare is,** 18 **therefore, entirely sound. The effects of climate** 19 **change as well as the climate-disrupting effect of** 20 **greenhouse gas emissions are so well-documented that** 21 **they require no additional discussion here. Under** 22 **section 231 of the Clean Air Act, an endangerment** Page 72

1 **finding triggers the agency's obligation to issue** 2 **binding aircraft regulations.** 3 **Given the size and scope of this problem, EPA must** 4 **not delay the regulatory process in any way. In** 5 **particular, the agency must forge ahead with these** 6 **regulations without awaiting the greenhouse gas** 7 **standards forthcoming from the International Civil** 8 **Aviation Organization, or ICAO.** 9 **The most stringent proposal currently under** 10 **consideration by that body would cover only 5 percent** 11 **of global aircraft, would rely on 2016 technology for** 12 **aircraft built in 2030, and would not impose a total** 13 **cap on emissions from the global fleet. Accordingly,** 14 **even under a best-case scenario, the ICAO standards** 15 **will do little, if anything, to curb the intensifying** 16 **problem of aircraft emissions. The United States must** 17 **exhibit leadership on this issue. And EPA should move** 18 **forward with strong effective standards under section** 19 **231.** 20 **To that end, EPA must adhere to several** 21 **principles. First, the agency must cover all aircraft** 22 **under any final standard. This requires regulation not**

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1 **only of new designs and/or newly constructed aircraft** 2 **but of aircraft currently in use as well. EPA is** 3 **certainly correct to assert the authority to regulate** 4 **emissions from entire aircraft, rather than simply from** 5 **emissions or from engines, and may address all** 6 **categories of aircraft in its regulations.** 7 **Notably, section 231's broad mandate does not** 8 **constrain the agency's authority to regulate existing** 9 **aircraft in any way. And EPA must take advantage of** 10 **this aspect of the statute if it expects to achieve** 11 **meaningful reductions from the U.S. fleet.** 12 **Second, in keeping with the spirit and purpose of** 13 **the Clean Air Act but in marked contrast to ICAO's** 14 **efforts, EPA standards must be technology-forcing,** 15 **rather than technology-following.** 16 **The language of the statute makes clear that** 17 **Congress intended for section 231 standards not merely** 18 **to reflect what aircraft are capable of achieving at a** 19 **given point in time but to enhance those capabilities** 20 **above what they would have been otherwise. Hence,** 21 **section 231 provides that regulations shall take effect** 22 **on a timeframe that would permit the development and Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  20 (Pages 74 to 77) Page 74

1 **application of the requisite technology. EPA must,** 2 **therefore, base its forthcoming standards not only on** 3 **existing technology but on in-development technology as** 4 **well.** 5 **Next, EPA should consider a fleet-wide averaging** 6 **program, also permitted under section 231. A** 7 **regulation of this nature would allow the agency to** 8 **achieve the greatest emission reductions at the lowest** 9 **cost.** 10 **The agency should also address operational and air** 11 **traffic management practices in its final rule, which** 12 **could provide emission reduction opportunities at very** 13 **low cost.** 14 **Finally, EPA must require any aircraft that cannot** 15 **be designed to meet the requisite final standard or** 16 **cannot be retrofitted to achieve it to phase out and** 17 **ultimately retire. It is critical that EPA prohibit** 18 **old and outdated aircraft from continuing to pollute** 19 **our skies and contribute to climate change while** 20 **better, more efficient designs are readily available.** 21 **Sierra Club appreciates EPA's efforts to move** 22 **forward with the greenhouse gas regulations for**

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1 **aircraft. And we urge the agency to promulgate a** 2 **standard that is strong, effective, and technology** 3 **forcing. While EPA must take the time necessary to** 4 **develop an appropriate and well-considered final rule,** 5 **time is particularly of the essence.** 6 **In December, President Obama and administration** 7 **officials will travel to Paris to negotiate an** 8 **international climate accord with leaders from around** 9 **the world. The stronger our commitments to reduce** 10 **greenhouse gases domestically, the more effective our** 11 **negotiating position will be vis-a-vis other countries.** 12 **We, therefore, strongly encourage EPA to move swiftly** 13 **ahead with these regulations to help achieve the best** 14 **possible outcome this fall in Paris.** 15 **I thank you for the opportunity to speak on this** 16 **issue and look forward to submitting comments on behalf** 17 **of Sierra Club on the agency's proposal in the near** 18 **future. Thank you.** 19 **MR. GUNNING: Thank you both for your comments and** 20 **thoughts.** 21 **Before I turn to Bill to introduce the next group,** 22 **I want to make one last call. Is Sue Valdez here? No.** Page 76

1 **Okay. Thank you both.** 2 **MR. CHARMLEY: Thank you. We are now going to** 3 **move on to group number 5. So could we please hear** 4 **from Kate DeAngelis, Amanda Baise, and David Baake.** 5 **Thank you.** 6 **MS. DeANGELIS: Thank you for the opportunity to** 7 **testify on this important issue. My name is Kate** 8 **DeAngelis, and I am a climate and energy campaigner at** 9 **Friends of the Earth.** 10 **Research has shown that we must keep 80 percent of** 11 **the world's fossil fuel reserves in the ground to have** 12 **a good chance of avoiding the worst impacts of climate** 13 **disruption. As the world's largest historical emitter,** 14 **the United States must shoulder the greatest share of** 15 **the burden for making emission reductions. In order to** 16 **achieve the necessary emission reductions to avert** 17 **catastrophic climate disruption, the United States must** 18 **take significant strides to reduce carbon pollution** 19 **from every sector of the economy, including aircraft.** 20 **The EPA has already taken action to reduce** 21 **emissions from cars, trucks, and power plants. Now the** 22 **EPA needs to show the same leadership and limit**

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1 **aircraft carbon dioxide emissions.** 2 **Globally, airline operations produced 705 million** 3 **metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2013. To put that in** 4 **perspective, the global aviation emissions industry** 5 **would rank seventh if included in country emissions** 6 **rankings, just after Germany's total country emissions.** 7 **This sector is too big to leave unregulated. So the** 8 **EPA must take immediate action to reduce carbon** 9 **pollution from aviation.** 10 **Greenhouse gas emissions from aircraft are** 11 **currently responsible for more than 3 percent of the** 12 **total United States emissions. While this may not seem** 13 **significant, emissions from the aviation sector, one of** 14 **the fastest growing sources of greenhouse gases in the** 15 **world, they are also the largest emissions source that** 16 **is unregulated in the United States. Without** 17 **regulation to limit the emissions, carbon pollution** 18 **from this sector is expected to triple by 2050.** 19 **Regulation is especially important because of the** 20 **potentially disproportionate climate impact of high** 21 **altitude aircraft emissions. When emissions are higher** 22 **in the atmosphere, they can have greater warming impact Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **than at ground level.** 2 **The United States must take the lead in reducing** 3 **emissions from our aircraft since we account for a** 4 **large proportion of the world's aviation emissions.** 5 **The United States' domestic flights account for 24** 6 **percent of the world's commercial aircraft carbon** 7 **dioxide emissions and 35 percent of carbon dioxide** 8 **emissions from international commercial flights.** 9 **When the EPA first began analyzing measures to** 10 **reduce carbon dioxide from aviation in 2008, it** 11 **estimated greenhouse gas reductions available from** 12 **engine and air frame changes alone at 13.3 percent.** 13 **Despite this, research shows that from 2012 to 2013,** 14 **United States airlines overall did not make any net** 15 **fuel efficiency gains. Yet, there are plenty of** 16 **improvements that could be made, as evidenced by the** 17 **fact that there is a gap of 27 percent from the most to** 18 **least fuel-efficient domestic airline. This** 19 **demonstrates that the industry is already implementing** 20 **retrofits that are effectively reducing carbon dioxide** 21 **emissions. EPA regulations would force all airlines to** 22 **adopt similar measures.**

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1 **The EPA has the legal authority under section 231** 2 **of the Clean Air Act to address emissions from** 3 **aircraft. This authority to act is broad. The Clean** 4 **Air Act requires that EPA put forward emissions** 5 **standards for pollution from any class or classes of** 6 **aircraft engines that it determines may endanger public** 7 **health. The only substantive restriction that the law** 8 **places on this authority is that any rules cannot** 9 **significantly increase noise or hinder safety. The EPA** 10 **first set pollution standards for future and existing** 11 **engines in 1973. But these standards did not address** 12 **carbon pollution.** 13 **At the time these standards were introduced, the** 14 **understanding of the impacts and urgency of climate** 15 **change was minimal. Since then, the scientific** 16 **evidence for the need to address this pollution has** 17 **become irrefutable. The EPA must take this opportunity** 18 **to put forward new rules that reflect the need to take** 19 **fast and meaningful action to reduce our global** 20 **warming-inducing emissions.** 21 **The United States cannot wait for the** 22 **International Civil Aviation Organization to take** Page 80

1 **action. So far ICAO has only succeeded in delaying** 2 **action, has failed to set any climate policies. ICAO** 3 **was finally expected to put forward some standards in** 4 **early 2016, but they are likely to be incredibly weak** 5 **and insufficient; in part, because they will not apply** 6 **to end-use aircraft. The EPA has the legal authority** 7 **and the emission reduction potential exists to make far** 8 **greater reductions than ICAO is expected to mandate.** 9 **The EPA should adopt its proposed finding that** 10 **aircraft emissions endanger public health within no** 11 **more than three months of the comment period.** 12 **In addition, EPA must adopt regulations that are** 13 **broad in scope. Rather than focusing only on new** 14 **aircraft engines, any rules that EPA puts forward** 15 **should include existing aircraft and not limit coverage** 16 **to just engines but the entire aircraft. EPA should** 17 **use its authority to set emissions standards for all** 18 **classes of craft in a way that is technology-forcing,** 19 **to ensure the greatest emissions reductions possible.** 20 **EP should follow the example it has set for** 21 **passenger and medium/heavy-duty vehicles and establish** 22 **fleet-wide averages for new and existing aircraft,**

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1 **including those in service. These standards must be** 2 **sufficiently stringent to significantly reduce them for** 3 **the entire United States aviation sector over time.** 4 **Furthermore, the EPA should work with the Federal** 5 **Aviation Administration to develop complementary** 6 **standards to promote the use of low-carbon jet fuels.** 7 **Thank you for taking the time to consider my** 8 **comments.** 9 **MS. BAISE: Good morning. My name is Amanda** 10 **Baise, and I live in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Thank** 11 **you for giving me this opportunity to speak to you** 12 **today.** 13 **For the past five years, I have documented** 14 **aircraft emitting trails across the sky. I have taken** 15 **hundreds of videos and thousands of photographs of** 16 **these persisting emissions. Many of the aircraft I** 17 **have witnessed appear to be spraying something into the** 18 **atmosphere.** 19 **Uneasy with my observations, I wanted to know** 20 **exactly what was causing the aircraft to leave visible** 21 **trails that did not dissipate. I reached out to local,** 22 **state, and federal government agencies for information Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  22 (Pages 82 to 85) Page 82

1 **and assistance. What I experienced was disillusioning,** 2 **to say the least. When I called the EPA, I was told** 3 **that the FAA handled aircraft emissions. When I called** 4 **the FAA, they told me to call the EPA. I was shuttled** 5 **from office to office with no agency ever accepting** 6 **responsibility or accountability. My calls were not** 7 **returned. Nor were my concerns ever addressed.** 8 **The sage advice I finally received from the EPA** 9 **was to hire a plane and do my own testing. This was** 10 **especially disheartening since I had been led to** 11 **believe that the Environmental Protection Agency was** 12 **the ultimate protector of the environment.** 13 **Additionally, the EPA advised me to contact the** 14 **Department of Environmental Quality for the State of** 15 **Virginia. Not surprisingly, the DEQ informed me that** 16 **they do not regulate mobile sources of emissions, don't** 17 **go to airports, and don't check what is being loaded on** 18 **planes.** 19 **As for my request for my yard to be tested for** 20 **heavy metal, chemical, or biological contamination, I** 21 **was told that the Virginia DEQ could not use state** 22 **money to test for those materials. Furthermore, my**

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1 **complaint was in an area that they had no authority to** 2 **investigate, another dead end.** 3 **I reported Naval Air Station Oceana military jets** 4 **for dumping fuel over my neighborhood and spoke with at** 5 **least 30 individuals at the base. I finally spoke with** 6 **Terry Chamberlain, head of the Environmental Office at** 7 **Oceana. Mr. Chamberlain bluntly informed me that the** 8 **military regulates itself. Needless to say, they** 9 **continue to dump unburned fuel over the residents** 10 **living close to the base.** 11 **For several years, I electronically reported on** 12 **airplane pollution using the environmental violations** 13 **form on EPA's website, epa.gov/tips. It was referred** 14 **to me by an ASRC federal contractor working for the** 15 **EPA. I have always included my contact information on** 16 **the tip report and identified specific aircraft that** 17 **can easily be traced. No one from the EPA has** 18 **investigated any of my formally filed complaints.** 19 **Since I became interested in the possible dangers** 20 **of chemicals spraying in the environment, I have** 21 **contacted the Virginia Pollution Control Board;** 22 **National Weather Service; Oceana and Dam Neck military** Page 84

1 **bases; NOAA; NASA; the Department of Defense;** 2 **Brookhaven National Laboratory; the Department of** 3 **Energy; the Department of Homeland Security; FEMA; the** 4 **Health Department; the Department of Travel, countless** 5 **federal agents and operators; the Virginia Beach Police** 6 **Department; and even the White House, all to no avail.** 7 **To date, no one from any agency has investigated my** 8 **complaints. I was told to talk to my local** 9 **representatives.** 10 **Every agency I contacted responded to my** 11 **reports by telling me that I was seeing condensation** 12 **from engine exhaust. Aircraft engines do emit water** 13 **vapor, of course, but vapor that quickly dissipates.** 14 **What I was witnessing was persistent and long-lasting.** 15 **How can anyone reasonably conclude that a particular** 16 **aircraft emission is merely a contrail without testing** 17 **it? That is both unscientific and irresponsible.** 18 **Chemtrails, as opposed to contrails, is the term** 19 **used to describe persistent aircraft emissions. There** 20 **is a rising international concern about the existence** 21 **of airborne chemical spraying, bolstered by a growing** 22 **body of scientific evidence.**

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1 **What is in the air that we are breathing? One** 2 **chemtrail activist from California decided to have his** 3 **hair tested for heavy metals at his own expense. High** 4 **levels of strontium and barium were uncovered. I have** 5 **a copy of his lab results that he voluntarily sent to** 6 **me. I will post this document on my Facebook page,** 7 **Madisonstar Moon, following this hearing.** 8 **Did this contamination come from chemical** 9 **spraying? How can we know if local, state, and federal** 10 **agencies refused to take ownership of the issue to** 11 **provide testing and useable data and ultimately** 12 **regulate when required?** 13 **The whole burden of investigation cannot rest with** 14 **the EPA. It must be shared with other agencies and** 15 **Congress. However, there must be clear lines of** 16 **authority so that the public is fully informed and** 17 **protected.** 18 **The stated purpose of this hearing is to consider** 19 **the full range of pollution generated by aircraft. The** 20 **desire for investigation into chemical spraying has** 21 **become a worldwide phenomenon. We are counting on you** 22 **as the protectors of the environment to act. No more Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  23 (Pages 86 to 89) Page 86

1 **runarounds for citizens deeply concerned about the** 2 **health of the world and the individuals that inhabit** 3 **it.** 4 **Thank you.** 5 **MR. BAAKE: Thank you for the opportunity to speak** 6 **today. My name is David Baake. I am a fellow and** 7 **attorney at the Natural Resources Defense Council.** 8 **NRDC is a national nonprofit organization that** 9 **works on all manner of environmental issues. And we** 10 **represent 300,000 members nationwide.** 11 **Eight days ago, Administrator McCarthy laid out a** 12 **powerful case for acting on climate change. She said,** 13 **"Climate change is one of the most important issues we** 14 **face as a country and as citizens of the world. It** 15 **affects everything we know and love: our kids, our** 16 **communities, our ability to earn a decent living. It** 17 **impacts our health, our safety, our livelihoods. One** 18 **things is crystal clear. Acting on this challenge is a** 19 **moral responsibility."** 20 **Administrator McCarthy is right. The United** 21 **States has a moral obligation to rein in dangerous** 22 **climate change. EPA has already shown tremendous and**

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1 **admirable leadership in going after emissions from** 2 **cars, trucks, and now power plants. And we need to see** 3 **the EPA exercise that same leadership when it comes to** 4 **regulating aircraft.** 5 **Airplanes are the largest unregulated source of** 6 **greenhouse gas emissions in the United States** 7 **transportation sector. They are responsible for 11** 8 **percent of transportation sector emissions, 3 percent** 9 **of total U.S. emissions, and 0.5 percent of total** 10 **global emissions. These emissions are skyrocketing.** 11 **We expect, EPA expects, nearly 50 percent increase** 12 **between 2015 and 2035.** 13 **In light of these facts, it is indisputable that** 14 **aircraft emissions cause or contribute to the air** 15 **pollution that may be reasonably anticipated to** 16 **endanger public health or welfare within the meaning of** 17 **section 231. And EPA should quickly adopt this** 18 **proposed finding. Thereafter, EPA must take bold** 19 **action to reduce these dangerous emissions.** 20 **The United States under President Obama has** 21 **pledged to reduce economy-wide emissions by between 26** 22 **and 28 percent between 2005 and 2025. We must make** Page 88

1 **good on this commitment. It is our moral** 2 **responsibility, as Administrator McCarthy reminded us.** 3 **But, as the World Resources Institute has shown,** 4 **we cannot do so without taking meaningful action to** 5 **reduce aircraft emissions. And I include a citation in** 6 **my written comments, but WRI has projected that we** 7 **would need to reduce aircraft emissions by 2 percent to** 8 **meet that target.** 9 **Given the urgency of the climate crisis, EPA** 10 **should propose standards that go far beyond the options** 11 **currently being considered by ICAO. We would welcome** 12 **meaningful international standards. And we encourage** 13 **EPA to continue pushing ICAO toward greater stringency** 14 **and, in particular, to encourage ICAO to adopt coverage** 15 **of in-production aircraft, as others have urged the EPA** 16 **to do today.** 17 **Given that ICAO has already committed to adopting** 18 **a technology-following standard and has already ruled** 19 **out the possibility of regulating existing aircraft, it** 20 **is clear the United States cannot deliver on our** 21 **commitments if we simply rubberstamp the ICAO** 22 **standards. EPA can and must do more.**

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1 **Fortunately, the Clean Air Act provides EPA with** 2 **clear authority to rein in aviation emissions. As EPA** 3 **recognized in 2008 in its advance notice of proposed** 4 **rulemaking on regulating greenhouse gases under the** 5 **Clean Air Act, section 231 of the Clean Air Act** 6 **authorizes a fleet-wide averaging system that applies** 7 **to both new and existing aircraft. Drawing on this** 8 **authority, EPA should propose a fleet-wide averaging** 9 **system that is sufficiently stringent to stabilize U.S.** 10 **aviation emissions by 2020, consistent with industry's** 11 **commitment and reducing thereafter.** 12 **We know that this can be done. In 2010, at the** 13 **request of then Senator Kerry, EPA developed a scenario** 14 **for stabilizing aircraft emissions at approximately 250** 15 **million metric tons per year by improving fleet-wide** 16 **efficiency by 2.2 percent between 2015 and 2030. EPA** 17 **noted that airlines have historically improved their** 18 **fuel efficiency by 2 to 3 percent per year and** 19 **concluded that similar improvements would be achievable** 20 **between 2015 and 2030. The agency cited improved** 21 **operations and new aircraft technology, including gear** 22 **turbofan engines, laminar flow technology, lighter Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  24 (Pages 90 to 93) Page 90

1 **airframes, and blended wing body design as possible** 2 **contributors to such a reduction.** 3 **These operational technological improvements are** 4 **clearly achievable as well as cost-effective. And we** 5 **believe that EPA should use this 2010 study as a** 6 **baseline in setting its proposed domestic standards.** 7 **Finally, EPA should also consider the opportunity** 8 **to retrofit existing aircraft. Industry leaders have** 9 **already taken significant steps with cost-effective,** 10 **safe retrofits. A key example here is winglets, which** 11 **are wing attachments that reduce drag and improve** 12 **efficiency by 3.5 to 4 percent per flight on trips over** 13 **1,000 nautical miles.** 14 **Alaska Airlines is an industry leader. And they** 15 **have recently introduced -- I believe this is** 16 **pronounced Scimitar winglets, S-c-i-m-i-t-a-r. It is a** 17 **technical term. And they reduce emissions by an** 18 **additional almost 2 percent per flight, which brings** 19 **you up to about 6 percent total reduction. Since this** 20 **technology is safe, technically feasible, and cost** 21 **effective, EPA should propose to require it across the** 22 **entire fleet.**

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1 **EPA should also work with the FAA to develop** 2 **complementary standards to promote the use of low** 3 **carbon jet fuels, jet fuels that reduce lifecycle GHG** 4 **emissions, compared to conventional fuels.** 5 **Industry leaders are already using these fuels on** 6 **a commercial scale. For example, Alaska Airlines has** 7 **been using low-carbon biofuel on regularly scheduled** 8 **flights since 2011. And United recently invested $30** 9 **million in a project to convert household trash into** 10 **jet fuel, which it expects to supply enough low-carbon** 11 **fuel for 20,000 flights per year at a competitive cost.** 12 **Building on this work of industry leaders, EPA should** 13 **work with the FAA to develop an ambitious but** 14 **achievable low-carbon fuel standard to complement its** 15 **231 emissions standard.** 16 **In conclusion, EPA should adopt its proposed** 17 **endangerment finding as expeditiously as possible. The** 18 **science here is indisputable.** 19 **Next, EPA should continue pushing ICAO toward** 20 **greater stringency, including coverage of in-production** 21 **aircraft. However, it also prepare to propose** 22 **standards that go far beyond the options the** Page 92

1 **organization is considering. Specifically, EPA should** 2 **propose a fleet-wide averaging system that is** 3 **sufficiently stringent to stabilize U.S. aviation** 4 **emissions at 2005 levels by 2020 and reduce them** 5 **significantly thereafter. EPA should consider retrofit** 6 **options, including the possibility of requiring** 7 **airlines to use winglets on their entire fleet. And** 8 **EPA should work with the FAA to develop a low-carbon** 9 **fuel standard.** 10 **Thank you very much for the opportunity to be** 11 **heard.** 12 **MR. GUNNING: Thank you all for your thoughtful** 13 **comments. I would now like to ask and invite up, I** 14 **believe, our last two speakers, registered speakers,** 15 **for today: Patrick Roddie and Max Bliss. Patrick and** 16 **Max?** 17 **MR. RODDIE: Good morning.** 18 **MR. GUNNING: Good morning. Go ahead.** 19 **MR. RODDIE: My name is Patrick Roddie. I am a** 20 **San Francisco-based anti-geoengineering activist and** 21 **researcher. And I run StopSprayingUs-SF.com.** 22 **Today's hearing is supposed to address whether**

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1 **greenhouse gas emissions from aircraft endanger public** 2 **health, but when you mention greenhouse gas, most** 3 **people think of carbon dioxide, a harmless trace gas** 4 **essential to all life on Earth.** 5 **But CO2 represents just 3 percent of the planet's** 6 **greenhouse gas. Ninety-five percent of it is water.** 7 **Even preschoolers know overcast skies make the nights** 8 **warmer and the days cooler. Clouds insulate, trapping** 9 **heat, and reduce the temperature range from the night's** 10 **lows to the day's highs, which brings me to persistent** 11 **contrails.** 12 **All but the willfully ignorant know our skies have** 13 **changed dramatically over the last few decades. The** 14 **dark blue skies of our childhood have been replaced** 15 **with a milky white haze, crisscrossed with fast** 16 **expanding persistent contrails, stretching from horizon** 17 **to horizon, and spreading out to cover the sky. These** 18 **trails can stretch for thousands of miles and can be** 19 **seen by anyone visiting NASA.gov. These trails** 20 **persist, regardless of altitude, temperature, humidity,** 21 **or other atmospheric conditions. Persistent contrails** 22 **used to be rare but have now become an everyday Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  25 (Pages 94 to 97) Page 94

1 **phenomenon all over the world. If physics hasn't** 2 **changed, what has?** 3 **So what makes these trails form, persist for** 4 **hours, and stretch thousands of miles? Which** 5 **condensation nuclei are they forming on? And are these** 6 **harmful to human health?** 7 **Geoengineers propose spraying tens of millions of** 8 **tons of reflective particles into the atmosphere in an** 9 **attempt to reflect sunlight back into space and,** 10 **thereby, reduce global warming. This is known as solar** 11 **radiation management, stratospheric aerosol injection,** 12 **or albedo modification. This process, patented by** 13 **defense contractor Raytheon, is quite simple. Tiny** 14 **particles sprayed from jets would act as condensation** 15 **nuclei, attracting atmospheric water vapor to form** 16 **persistent artificially nucleated contrails, which** 17 **would then spread out and form artificial cloud cover,** 18 **artificial cirrus cloud cover.** 19 **When geoengineers discuss solar radiation** 20 **management in public, the only substances they say they** 21 **would consider spraying are sulfates or sulfuric acid.** 22 **However, their own literature concludes that sulfates**

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1 **have limited effectiveness and that highly toxic nano** 2 **particles of aluminum and barium should be used** 3 **instead. And when confronted, they doggedly refuse to** 4 **address the human health impacts of their proposals.** 5 **Other geoengineers are more candid about their** 6 **plans to poison the sky. Stanford's Ken Caldeira** 7 **admitted in an interview in 2006 that he discussed** 8 **putting pathogens in clouds to wage chemical and germ** 9 **warfare on civilian populations when he worked at a** 10 **government weapons lab. It is no surprise that the** 11 **public doubts these scientists have their best** 12 **interests at heart.** 13 **Last month I brought this paper to the Paris** 14 **Climate Conference addressing the human health impacts** 15 **of proposed geoengineering solutions. I formally** 16 **request it be entered into the record. It documents** 17 **the dramatic increase in Alzheimer's and respiratory** 18 **failure since the 1990s, when persistent contrails** 19 **became commonplace around the world. I conclude that** 20 **these persistent contrails are, in fact, artificially** 21 **nucleated with the same toxic particulate metals** 22 **outlined in Raytheon's patent and that a solar** Page 96

1 **radiation management program has been deployed since at** 2 **least the 1990s.** 3 **Weather modification research is nothing new. The** 4 **earliest patent dates back to 1920. Raytheon's patent** 5 **proposes reducing global warming by injecting aluminum,** 6 **thorium, and other metallic oxides in the 10 to 100-** 7 **micron range into the stratosphere using jet exhaust.** 8 **The U.S. Navy patented another delivery method,** 9 **which forms artificially nucleated contrails from metal** 10 **oxides with a 0.3-micron particle size. Other methods** 11 **include airships, rockets, chimneys, and slurry pipes.** 12 **The best known proponent of solar radiation** 13 **management is Dr. David Keith. He told the 2010 annual** 14 **meeting of the American Association for the Advancement** 15 **of Science that aluminum oxide has 4 times the** 16 **volumetric radiative forcing for small particles as** 17 **does sulfur and 16 times less the coagulation rate.** 18 **Sulfur particles stick together and quickly fall out of** 19 **the stratosphere and are much less effective per unit** 20 **mass. He also said a nano fabrication study proved it** 21 **was very simple to spray high-quality alumina particles** 22 **from a plane by injecting alumina vapor into the**

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1 **exhaust.** 2 **His 2010 paper, "Photophoretic Levitation of** 3 **Engineered Aerosols for Geoengineering," proposes** 4 **spraying 50-nanometer thick discs of aluminum, barium,** 5 **titanium, and ferrite, instead of sulfates.** 6 **Pope, et al., also concluded aluminum nano** 7 **particles were much more effective than sulfates in a** 8 **2010 perspective in Nature Climate Change.** 9 **The material safety data sheet for nano** 10 **particulate aluminum states it is an irritant to the** 11 **respiratory system; is implicated in Alzheimer's** 12 **disease; can cause pulmonary disease, tumors, and** 13 **neoplasms; and should also not be released into the** 14 **environment without proper governmental permits.** 15 **Alzheimer's disease rose to the sixth leading** 16 **cause of death in the United States from the 8th** 17 **between 1999 and 2013. In 1994, it didn't even make** 18 **the top 10. Now people in their 20s are showing signs** 19 **of Alzheimer's.** 20 **Research shows that aluminum accumulates in the** 21 **brain, bones, and kidneys; is a neurotoxin; accelerates** 22 **brain aging; increases oxidative stress and Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  26 (Pages 98 to 101) Page 98

1 **inflammation of the brain; and is seven times more** 2 **bioavailable when inhaled than when ingested orally.** 3 **Barium is much deadlier. According to its** 4 **material safety data sheet, exposure to barium salts** 5 **can cause pulmonary arrest, vomiting, diarrhea,** 6 **convulsive tremors, muscular paralysis, shock,** 7 **convulsions, and sudden cardiac failure. Barium** 8 **targets the cardiovascular, nervous, gastrointestinal,** 9 **hematology, respiratory, reproductive, and renal** 10 **systems, as well as the adrenal glands and liver. It** 11 **is also an irritant to the skin and should not be** 12 **released into the environment.** 13 **In 2011, respiratory failure overtook stroke to** 14 **become the third leading cause of death in the United** 15 **States, at a time when smoking was at an all-time low,** 16 **emissions standards on vehicles and power plants were** 17 **at their strictest, and heavy industry had relocated to** 18 **China.** 19 **Hundreds of scientific papers thoroughly prove the** 20 **toxicity of both aluminum and barium. It would take** 21 **days to cover a fraction of the proof.** 22 **According to EPA, particulate pollution can cause**

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1 **early death from heart attack, stroke, congestive heart** 2 **failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It** 3 **also causes asthma and inflammation of lung tissue and** 4 **may cause cancer, reproductive and developmental harm.** 5 **Particulate pollution can lower life expectancy by one** 6 **to three years.** 7 **Water and ice have refractive indices of 1.333 and** 8 **1.309, respectively, and produce rainbows with an** 9 **angular radius of 42 degrees, centered on the antisolar** 10 **point.** 11 **But in recent years a formerly rare phenomenon has** 12 **become commonplace, a 21-degree halo completely** 13 **encircling the sun. Some argue that these halos or** 14 **incredibly rare sun dogs are formed by ice crystals,** 15 **but nothing can change the refractive index of water or** 16 **ice, which forms 42-degree halos. Metal salts have a** 17 **higher refractive index and, therefore, form much** 18 **tighter halos. Crystalline aluminum oxide, for** 19 **example, has a refractive index of 1.762 to 1.778,** 20 **while barium sulfate has a refractive index of 1.636.** 21 **My contention that these incredibly rare sun dogs** 22 **are, in fact, formed by metal salts with a higher** Page 100

1 **refractive index than water is reinforced by rainwater** 2 **analysis taken during a 30-day period when I recorded** 3 **21 of these halos in March/April 2015. I collected** 4 **rainwater in clean glass bowls on the roof of my San** 5 **Francisco apartment building on April 5th, 6,000 miles** 6 **downwind from the nearest factory, power plant,** 7 **refinery, freeway, quarry, or mine. I sent it to a** 8 **NELAP-certified lab and they recorded barium at a** 9 **staggering 160 micrograms per liter. Less than one** 10 **gram will kill an adult human.** 11 **An earlier test of rainwater collected in January** 12 **'14 recorded aluminum at 190 micrograms per liter. I** 13 **submit both these rainwater tests for the record.** 14 **San Francisco's air should be pristine. We get** 15 **prevailing winds off the Pacific Ocean. Why is it left** 16 **to concerned citizens to pay for our own rainwater** 17 **analysis, and why did EPA stop publishing data on** 18 **airborne aluminum in 2002? Let me take this opportunity** 19 **to formally submit a Freedom of Information request for** 20 **EPA to release the historical results of metal levels** 21 **in our air and rainwater from the 1980s to the present.** 22 **I have recorded hundreds of time-lapse videos**

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1 **showing the progression of these persistent contrails** 2 **since 2011. Thousands of others worldwide have also** 3 **documented the alarming increase of these persistent** 4 **contrails and been met with deafening silence from** 5 **supposedly green organizations like Greenpeace, who are** 6 **a proud partner in the solar radiation management** 7 **governance initiative and all governmental agencies,** 8 **including the EPA.** 9 **Your mandate is to protect the environment,** 10 **especially the air we breathe. I wouldn't expect you** 11 **to admit the existence of a program as covert as the** 12 **Manhattan Project, even one blatantly obvious to an** 13 **increasingly aware and outraged populace, but when a** 14 **geoengineering program is causing millions of premature** 15 **deaths a year, you must do more than pass the buck back** 16 **and forth between other three-letter agencies.** 17 **Do your job. History will judge you on your** 18 **actions or inaction.** 19 **MR. BLISS: Firstly, I would like to thank the** 20 **organizers for making this hearing possible, to thank** 21 **the other contributors, and a very big thank you to** 22 **those that have helped with the vital funding to make Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **my trip possible.** 2 **My name is Max Bliss. I am no scientist, In** 3 **fact, I am a general builder who has worked outside all** 4 **of my life. After moving to the southwest of France in** 5 **2009 to a region famed for high sunshine hours and big** 6 **blue skies, I became increasingly aware of the** 7 **incredible increase in contrails and associated cloud** 8 **cover. I began to notice this daily, and it has** 9 **greatly troubled me. I started to photograph and film** 10 **the sky now for four years. Barely a day goes by** 11 **without seeing various contrails, some think spreading,** 12 **but most alarming is watching spurts within contrails** 13 **and then watching the sky blotted out.** 14 **Subsequently, I wanted to learn more and became an** 15 **avid researcher and a passionate environmentalist. I** 16 **have attended and participated in various high-level** 17 **climate change and climate engineering conferences.** 18 **With respect to this hearing on the proposed** 19 **finding of greenhouse gases from aircraft cause or** 20 **contribute to air pollution that may reasonably be** 21 **anticipated to engager public health and welfare. The** 22 **major component, 95 percent of greenhouse gas is water**

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1 **vapor. Together with other constituents from exhaust** 2 **or ejected particulate matter from aircraft form** 3 **contrails. Contrails, haziness, and cloud blankets,** 4 **which eventually -- which certainly do affect changes** 5 **to the weather, altering rainfall, altering** 6 **temperatures, reducing droughts, reducing frost, et** 7 **cetera, and ultimately affecting climate change.** 8 **When the planes were grounded following 9/11 and** 9 **later in the U.K. in 2010, there were obviously no** 10 **contrails. The sky cleared of clouds, a natural clear** 11 **blue sky returned, confirming aviation is affecting** 12 **cloud cover.** 13 **According to various investigations, such as the** 14 **1998 subsonic contrail and clouds effects special** 15 **study, they have noted that, apart from water and CO2,** 16 **there are metal particles, including zinc, aluminum,** 17 **and titanium, also soot, sulfates, et cetera, found in** 18 **the exhaust blooms, contributing as nuclei for ice** 19 **crystals to form contrails.** 20 **A 2010 study for the Wright-Patterson Research** 21 **Laboratory entitled "Nano-Sized Aluminum-Altered Immune** 22 **Function" opens the abstract of this sentence, "On the** Page 104

1 **basis of their uses in jet fuels, munitions, the most** 2 **likely scenario for aluminum nano-particle exposure is** 3 **inhalation." The U.K. Civil Aviation Authority** 4 **responded to the concerns of fume incidence.** 5 **The 2004 investigation into curbing air quality** 6 **found that the peak particulate matter found in the air** 7 **ducts was aluminum. Although the study does** 8 **hypothesize that this may be from the heated engine** 9 **lubricating oils contaminating the air supply via the** 10 **air bleed valve, it is worthy to note that 50 percent** 11 **of the cabin air comes from the atmosphere. And as** 12 **planes often fly through contrails, all of the aerosols** 13 **left by other planes are filling investigation into the** 14 **presence of nano particles in the troposphere from** 15 **planes, although very difficult, must be initiated as** 16 **soon as possible.** 17 **Many hundreds of pilots and frequent flyers report** 18 **debilitating illness linked to cabin air. Please refer** 19 **to aero toxic syndrome.** 20 **There are many new studies emerging on the links** 21 **with aluminum and Alzheimer's, dementia, and various** 22 **other serious ailments in humans, animals, whales,**

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1 **fish. And even bees, plants, trees, and all life is** 2 **affected by aluminum toxicity.** 3 **Recently the media has announced that one in three** 4 **seniors will die with Alzheimer's. It just becomes** 5 **clearer with research that nano particles may already** 6 **be in jet fuels and are certainly planned for** 7 **implementation in the near future and also, for that** 8 **matter, in biodiesel. Aluminum oxide not only has the** 9 **potential for negative health impacts; it is also known** 10 **to contribute to making clouds as it is used in trace** 11 **rockets for NASA. Aluminum oxide has been suggested by** 12 **geoengineers for solar radiation management but is** 13 **known to damage the ozone.** 14 **Aluminum is a cation and is mentioned in with the** 15 **weather modification patents, although there are** 16 **hundreds of weather modification patents using various** 17 **methods and ingredients.** 18 **In a 1956 U.S. patent, 2756097, for weather** 19 **control, the author states "We have discovered that** 20 **quantities of very dry super-heated water vapor will** 21 **disturb the thermal and electrical balances of cloud** 22 **formation, causing dissipation or precipitation. We Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  28 (Pages 106 to 109) Page 106

1 **accomplish this process of our invention by injecting** 2 **water or water solutions of ionic salts into heated** 3 **exhaust gases of a power plant, such as the internal** 4 **combustion engine, jet engine, and the like.** 5 **Through investigation into the huge disturbing** 6 **increases in contrails, associated cloud covers, and** 7 **changes to the weather, one will be left wondering if** 8 **this indeed is intentional or deliberate as the extra** 9 **contrails and cloud generation is excessive in** 10 **correlation with the increasing, growing aviation use.** 11 **I have taken pictures of nozzles in line with the** 12 **engines on pile-ons. These are described as oil drain** 13 **mass. But some patents of similar nozzles state other** 14 **materials can be evacuated from them. Even if oil were** 15 **leaked out into the hot exhaust plume, smoke would be** 16 **generated. And smoke is used for cloud seeding for** 17 **weather modification.** 18 **A 1970 paper by Wallace B. McCray on the** 19 **possibility of weather modification by aircraft** 20 **contrails, he described how the ice crystals formed in** 21 **contrails. Effectively you can seed cloud decks below** 22 **as ice crystals survive falling to lower cloud deck**

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1 **altitudes, increasing cloud cover as effectively as dry** 2 **ice cloud seeding. McCray writes, "Possible** 3 **consequences of this are considerable. In fact, it** 4 **seems probable that one of the projects for modifying** 5 **the global climate discussed by Fletcher in 1965,** 6 **namely modification of cloud cover over the North Polar** 7 **Basin by cloud seeding is already underway.** 8 **Up until the mid 1970s, documents suggest the** 9 **establishment desire was to intentionally melt the** 10 **Arctic Sea ice to free up shipping lanes, access risk** 11 **resources, and open up vast regions of ice-locked land.** 12 **And, adversely, climate changes could likely be blamed** 13 **on the anthropogenic global warming to initiate the** 14 **beginning of global governance for United Nations** 15 **agenda 21, "Sustainable Development" program, to create** 16 **the new world order.** 17 **Interestingly, when one begins to research the** 18 **history of weather and climate modification, it is** 19 **surprising how far up the power structure the desire** 20 **for developing a large-scale weather and climate** 21 **modification program was from Presidents Eisenhower,** 22 **J.F.K., Johnson onwards and onwards, with a high** Page 108

1 **priority put on these possibilities. The Johnson** 2 **administration was using weather modification for** 3 **geopolitical leverage with India and Pakistan in 1967.** 4 **Would we be naïve to think that the interest just went** 5 **away because of the ENMOD treaty? Look up owning the** 6 **weather 2025.** 7 **In conclusion, pollutants from aircraft that need** 8 **prohibition, such as sulfates or the use of any nano** 9 **particles which can travel via the air from a source of** 10 **combustion into life organisms is causing serious** 11 **negative health impacts to many forms of life. This** 12 **needs to be tightly regulated and ultimately stopped.** 13 **The notion that the climate science is settled is** 14 **often repeated over and over by interested** 15 **stakeholders, such as those looking for lucrative** 16 **funding in the burgeoning climate change arena, the** 17 **academics, politicians, or entrepreneurs looking for** 18 **success or to get rich or, more darkly, hoping to** 19 **implement a one-world government system.** 20 **Climate has always had natural variability and** 21 **weather extremes. However, these days, some weather** 22 **extremes can be stimulated with technology. Is it**

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1 **appropriate to reassess the anthropogenic global** 2 **warming theory and replace it with climate change is** 3 **manmade by using covert weather and climate** 4 **modification technology, known as geoengineering, for** 5 **geopolitical ends?** 6 **We do not need to be scientists to observe the sky** 7 **and see the obvious negative effects aviation is having** 8 **and research the spiraling health impacts. Just start** 9 **looking up and wake up. We do not consent to the use** 10 **of weather and climate modification or the despotic new** 11 **world order.** 12 **God bless and peace for all.** 13 **MR. GUNNING: Thank you both for your comments. I** 14 **believe unless here are additional registrants that** 15 **have come in since a few minutes ago we have concluded** 16 **our hearing for today. On behalf of the whole panel** 17 **and the EPA, I would like to thank everybody for your** 18 **thoughtful comments and suggestions today.** 19 **I want to remind everybody, as I said at the** 20 **outset, the comment period officially closes on this** 21 **action on August the 31st at 11:59. So we encourage** 22 **written comments. We want additional information and Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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1 **anything you can provide.** 2 **So thank you all for taking the time today. We** 3 **appreciate it. And we will hope to hear from you soon.** 4 **Thank you.** 5 **(Whereupon, at 12:15 p.m., the hearing was** 6 **adjourned.)** 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22**Public Meeting August 11, 2015**  **Washington, D.C.**

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A $1 **58:13** $268 **58:11** $30 **91:8** $500 **58:13** a.m **1:12** A300 **36:11,11** ability **86:16** able**40:2** absence **33:8** absolutely **56:2 64:1**  abstract **103:22** academics **108:17** accelerated **33:11** accelerates **97:21** accepting **82:5** access **107:10** accomplish **106:1** accord **75:8** account **18:9 21:8 78:3,5**  accountability **82:6** accountable **48:8,16** accounted**43:15 43:17**  accounting **39:19** accounts **21:4 39:17**  accumulate **42:13** accumulates **97:20** accuracy **11:4 48:9**  accurately **10:17** achievable **66:10 89:19 90:4 91:14** 

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**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 112 75:13 92:18**  AIA**49:15 54:4 54:5**  ailments **104:22** air **1:3 2:14,18 2:19 3:8 4:5,11**  **5:16,20 7:15 8:3,18 9:1**  **11:17 12:19 16:16 19:7**  **22:7,10 23:10 23:19 24:1,8,9**  **24:11 25:4,17 25:19 28:18,19**  **29:6,8,9,20 31:5,11,17,18**  **32:3 35:20 36:8 38:8,21**  **41:18 42:2,6,9 46:14 51:22**  **54:1 55:14 57:10 58:2,18**  **59:4 62:11,17 62:18 65:7,14**  **65:22 66:8 67:6,12,22**  **70:22 71:22 73:13 74:10**  **78:12 79:2,4 83:3 85:1**  **87:14 89:1,5,5 100:14,21**  **101:10 102:20 104:5,6,9,10**  **104:11,18 108:9**  airborne **38:10 84:21 100:18**  Airbus **36:11** aircraft **1:3 4:11 5:19 7:13,19**  **8:2,5,11,15,15 13:14,19,22**  **14:1,3,6,10,18 14:21 15:5,7**  **15:13,16 16:2**

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**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 113 17:8**  anthropogenic **13:8 107:13 109:1**  anti-geoengin... **92:20** anticipated **1:4 4:12 31:12**  **32:20 42:7 87:15 102:21**  antisolar **99:9** anyone's **49:7** apart **103:15** apartment **100:5** apologize**49:7** Apparently**45:1** appear **81:17** appears **44:4** applicability **12:16 13:18 26:1,3**  applicable **34:2 62:16**  application **74:1** applications **14:20** applied **15:18 16:2**  applies **89:6** apply **8:14 9:13 9:16 26:5,8**  **41:7 69:19 80:5**  appreciate **17:19 21:20 25:2 28:8,14**  **48:13 67:2 110:3**  appreciates **12:3 28:14 62:7**  **74:21** approach **12:22 13:19 15:15**  **17:5 21:2 52:11 53:2** 

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catch **58:22** categories **73:6** category**25:8 27:20**  cation **105:14** cause **1:3 4:11 20:14 24:9**  **31:11 41:8 57:2,4 63:16**  **87:14 97:12,16 98:5,14,22**  **99:4 102:19** caused **59:1** causes **99:3** causing**41:21 43:21 54:16**  **57:15 81:20 101:14 105:22**  **108:10** caveats **12:22** Celsius **60:6** center**3:5 4:21 5:3 48:13 62:2**  **62:6,8 66:19** center's **62:10** centered **99:9** century**30:12** certain **5:18 13:22 14:4**  **24:8 47:3 52:4 68:11**  certainly **56:10 73:3 103:4**  **105:6** certification **14:20,22 21:22 22:9,14 40:9**  certified **13:20 15:13 41:8**  cetera **103:7,17** Chairman**29:18 29:20**  challenge **51:10 86:18**  challenges **52:12** Chamberlain

**83:6,7** chance **76:12** change**4:3 5:5 13:6 23:4**  **29:21 30:9 31:1 42:5 43:2**  **45:3,7,12,20 46:18,19 51:9**  **55:21 57:17 59:10,11,17**  **60:11 61:16,20 61:20 62:19**  **63:2 68:7 70:15,19 71:5**  **71:19 74:19 79:15 86:12,13**  **86:22 97:8 99:15 102:17**  **103:7 108:16 109:2**  changed **55:19 59:10 93:13**  **94:2** changes **45:17 50:2 59:6,19**  **61:13 78:12 103:4 106:7**  **107:12** changing **61:18** chapters **70:10** charged**22:2** Charmley**2:4 4:22,22 7:9**  **49:4 76:2** check **10:9 82:17**  chemical **82:20 84:21 85:8,20**  **95:8** chemicals**42:11 42:17,18 47:3**  **83:20** chemtrail **85:2** Chemtrails **84:18**

Chicago **52:18** Chief**29:5** childhood **93:14** children **57:19 58:3,5,7,19,21**  **59:15** chimneys **96:11** China **98:18** choose**48:3** chosen **14:15** chronic **99:2** cirrus**43:16,19 44:14,15 45:2**  **45:13,16,18,19 46:6,19 61:6**  **94:18** citation **88:5** cited **57:9 89:20** citizen**41:15 54:10**  citizens**43:5 86:1,14 100:16**  civil **7:20 12:9 22:1 32:19**  **44:7 50:5 53:14 64:7**  **72:7 79:22 104:3**  civilian **95:9** claim **31:18 41:22 43:10**  claiming**41:16** claims**44:10** clarifying **6:5** class **79:5** classes **5:18 24:9 65:19 68:11**  **79:5 80:18** clean **2:11,14 5:16 7:15 8:3**  **8:18 11:14,16 11:21 12:19**  **16:16 22:7,10 23:10 24:8**  **25:4,18 29:20**

**31:5,17 32:3 35:20 41:18**  **42:2,9 46:13 65:7,14 67:22**  **71:22 73:13 79:2,3 89:1,5,5**  **100:4** cleaner**70:11** clear**4:9 13:6 35:14 43:9**  **73:16 85:15 86:18 88:20**  **89:2 103:10** cleared **103:10** clearer **105:5** clearly **10:16 25:12 42:11**  **90:4** climate**4:3 5:5 13:1,6 17:1**  **23:4 29:21 30:9 31:1 42:5**  **42:13 43:2,13 43:21 44:10,12**  **45:12,20 46:18 46:20 51:9**  **60:11 61:20 62:10,19 63:2**  **65:8,9,11 68:4 68:6 70:15,19**  **71:5,18 74:19 75:8 76:8,12**  **76:17 77:20 79:14 80:2**  **86:12,13,22 88:9 95:14**  **97:8 102:17,17 103:7 107:5,12**  **107:18,20 108:13,16,20**  **109:2,3,10** climate-disru... **71:19** climate-related **68:7**

Clinton **1:19** close **9:22 64:13 66:20 69:22**  **83:10** closes **7:1 109:20**  closing **35:9** cloud**43:3 44:11 45:13,18 46:6**  **46:12 48:5 61:9,10 94:17**  **94:18 102:7 103:3,12**  **105:21 106:6,9 106:16,21,22**  **107:1,2,6,7** clouded**48:18** cloudiness **41:22 43:12 45:21**  **47:1** clouds **43:8,17 43:19 44:14,16**  **45:2,5,9,16,19 46:7,19 61:6**  **61:12,12 93:8 95:8 103:10,14**  **105:10** club **3:10 67:7 70:6,10 71:3**  **74:21 75:17** club's **70:5,14** co-presiding**2:3 2:4 9:14**  CO2 **7:19 8:2,5 8:7,10 12:12**  **12:17 13:18 15:11 16:9,15**  **16:17 17:10 20:21 22:9,14**  **23:15 24:22 26:2,4,18 27:3**  **27:6,13,18 32:21 33:10**  **34:6,9,13 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 116 35:10,13 40:10**  **43:10 45:20 50:22 51:5**  **52:5,13 53:4,8 53:13 54:2,12**  **54:13,15,18 55:2 63:9 71:9**  **93:5 103:15** coagulation **96:17** coalition **18:20 20:1**  coastal **30:2** cognizant **38:11** collaborate **40:15** collaborative **22:18** colleague **6:20** colleagues **53:12** collect**47:20** collected **100:3 100:11**  collecting **34:7** collection **16:22** Columbia**23:20** combat**51:12** combined **15:1 32:11**  combustion **54:19,20 55:1 56:5 61:1**  **106:4 108:10** come**4:7 32:11 67:4 85:8**  **109:15** comes **39:22 47:13 87:3**  **104:11** coming**4:15 28:4 44:17**  **45:14 64:11 66:18**  commends**24:4** commensurate **25:13 41:1**

comment**7:1 8:9 17:13 20:10**  **62:7 64:14 66:20 80:11**  **109:20** comments **5:8 6:4,10,12 7:1,3**  **10:4 11:11 12:7,14 17:5**  **20:8 23:11 25:22 28:7,14**  **28:15 29:12 30:15 31:15**  **49:2 54:6 66:19 67:2**  **69:22 75:16,19 81:8 88:6**  **92:13 109:13 109:18,22**  commercial **5:19 17:8 19:15,22 20:20**  **21:4 23:3 50:15,18 51:1**  **51:6 52:12,21 78:6,8 91:6**  commercial-sc... **22:20** commercially **19:11** commitment **21:3 88:1 89:11**  commitments **75:9 88:21** commits**48:8** committed **18:21 23:5 51:7 88:17**  Committee**40:7 53:6**  commonplace **95:19 99:12** communicate **4:8**

communication **57:13** communities **29:22 30:2 56:15 86:16**  community **22:12 63:19 64:3**  companies **38:8 49:18**  compared **39:12 51:17 63:10**  **91:4** competition **52:3** competitive **53:20 91:11** competitors **53:21** complaint **83:1** complaints **83:18 84:8** complement **34:13 91:14** complementary **38:19 81:5 91:2**  completely**26:6 99:12**  complexity **17:3** compliance **26:11 34:8 62:15**  complies**46:13** comply **13:21** component **102:22** comprehensive **25:15 30:21 52:11**  comprise **18:8** compromise **50:3** computer**44:9** concentrations

**5:14 24:5 31:20**  conception **57:11** concern**43:3 84:20**  concerned **33:3 43:5,10 46:17**  **86:1 100:16** concerning**40:6 62:4**  concerns**41:20 54:20 82:7**  **104:4** concerted**20:3** conclude **15:6 84:15 95:19**  concluded **89:19 97:6 109:15**  concludes **94:22** conclusion **48:4 91:16 108:7**  concur **12:21** Concurrent **7:10** concurs **20:12** condensation **45:14 84:11 94:5,14**  conditions **44:3 93:21**  conducted **9:12** conducting **8:16 8:17**  Conference **95:14** conferences **102:17** confirming **103:11** conflict **11:8** confronted **95:3** congestive **99:1** Congress **73:17 85:15** 

conjunction **34:11** connect**49:21** consent **109:9** consequences **107:3** conserve **38:7** consider **13:10 13:13 16:14**  **34:19 35:6 46:10 52:14**  **74:5 81:7 85:18 90:7**  **92:5 94:21** considerable **107:3** consideration **45:11 53:11 64:19 72:10**  considerations **52:6** considered **14:18 33:17 40:11 88:11**  considering **16:16 26:3 92:1**  consistent**22:10 68:2 89:10**  constituents **47:21 103:1** Constitution **1:21** constrain **73:8** constructed **73:1** consumption **50:22 68:20** contact **82:13 83:15**  contacted **83:21 84:10**  contain **42:15** contains **58:16 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 117** contaminating **104:9** contamination **47:16 82:20 85:8**  content **61:19,20** contention **99:21** context**36:18** continental **55:22** continue **20:21 21:11 28:4**  **38:20 50:12 57:20 83:9**  **88:13 91:19** continued **3:1 25:6**  continuing **17:14 28:10 69:11 74:18**  contractor **83:14 94:13** contrail**43:16 43:18 44:4,6**  **45:11 46:5 61:7,11 84:16**  **103:14** contrail-induc... **44:4** contrail-radia... **43:14** contrails **43:4 43:11,13,15,18**  **43:21 44:13 45:16 46:19**  **60:1,8,10,13 60:18,20,22**  **61:1,3,5 84:18 93:11,16,21**  **94:16 95:18,20 96:9 101:1,4**  **102:7,11,12 103:3,3,10,19**  **104:12 106:6,9 106:20,21** 

contrast**73:13** contribute **1:3 4:11 20:14**  **24:9 31:11 37:18 63:8**  **71:8 74:19 87:14 102:20**  **105:10** contributed **12:11** contributing **5:20 63:22 68:12 103:18**  contribution **7:16 13:5 21:2 60:18**  contributions **38:16** contributor **13:8** contributors **90:2 101:21** control**23:19 25:17 29:6**  **37:3 38:9 46:6 83:21 105:19**  controlled**47:13** controlling **18:2 32:22**  controls **11:8** conundrum **43:18** convening **62:3** convention **52:18** conventional **91:4** convert**91:9** convulsions **98:7** convulsive **98:6** cooler**93:8** Coordinated **3:8 67:6,12**  coordinating **29:10**

Coordinator **36:10** copy **85:5** copying **9:1** corporate**46:4** correct**73:3** correlation **106:10** corresponding **8:4** cost **17:3 20:19 58:11 74:9,13**  **90:20 91:11** cost-effective **90:4,9** costs **58:13** Council**2:11 3:15 11:14,21**  **86:7** Counsel**4:19** counting **85:21** countless **84:4** countries **54:3 63:10,12 71:12**  **75:11** country **54:14 55:18 71:10**  **77:5,6 86:14** course **38:14 39:22 84:13**  court **10:16** courteous **10:3** cover **14:8,11 21:6 72:10,21**  **93:17 94:17,18 98:21 102:8**  **103:12 107:1,6** coverage **80:15 88:14 91:20**  covered**26:10** covering **14:3 15:6**  covers **106:6** covert **101:11 109:3** 

craft **66:12 80:18**  create**39:11 48:6 107:15**  creation**40:20 43:3 45:18**  **48:6** credible **51:11** crisis **88:9** crisscrossed **93:15** criteria**22:5,6 34:20 50:2**  critical **19:1 21:17 23:1**  **25:17 30:3,6 35:1 36:1**  **52:14 74:17** critically**27:21** crop **55:7** crucial **62:4** cruise **13:12,16 16:15,22 17:4**  **34:6** crystal **86:18** Crystalline **99:18** crystals **61:17 99:14 103:19**  **106:20,22** curb **63:1 70:15 72:15**  curbing **104:5** current **5:15 16:6 24:6**  **37:13 64:14 69:4,7,10,14**  currently**66:5,6 72:9 73:2**  **77:11 88:11** cut **64:4** cutoff**69:17** cuts **70:16** cutting-edge **18:7**

cycle **61:4,14** D D **4:1** daily **38:9 102:8** Dam **83:22** damage **58:22 105:13**  danger**42:11** dangerous **42:17 59:4 86:21**  **87:19** dangers **83:19** dark**93:14** darkly **108:18** data **6:9 16:22 31:18 34:7**  **35:18 42:14 43:12 47:10,12**  **53:10 60:13,15 85:11 97:9**  **98:4 100:17** database **16:17** date **13:22 14:4 18:18 34:3**  **69:17 84:7** dates **8:12 96:4** David **3:15 76:4 86:6 96:13**  day **11:2 37:1 102:10**  day's **93:10** days **9:7 60:9 86:11 93:8**  **98:21 108:21** DC **1:22** dead **83:2** deadlier **98:3** deadline **20:10 26:11 28:7**  deafening **101:4** DeANGELIS **3:13 76:4,6,8** death **97:16 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 118 98:14 99:1**  deaths **101:15** debilitating **46:16 104:18** decade **60:17,19 66:18**  decades **18:3 63:14 71:15**  **93:13** December**65:12 69:17 75:6**  decent **86:16** decided **14:16 85:2**  decides **17:4** decision **15:1** decisions **34:9** decisive **32:17 35:22**  deck **106:22** decks **106:21** decrease **58:19** decreased **55:14** dedicated **19:10** deeply **86:1** defend **49:22** defense **3:15 49:16 84:1**  **86:7 94:13** definition **14:15 24:11 26:9**  **42:4** degree **60:6** degrees **60:17 99:9**  delay **35:14 72:4** delaying **80:1** delegation **65:16** deliberate **106:8** deliver **88:20** delivered **13:22 14:4**  deliveries **15:16** delivery**96:8** demands **48:20 48:21 65:8** 

dementia **104:21** demonstrated **21:10 30:16** demonstrates **18:1 78:19** dent **64:20** Department **82:14 84:1,2,3 84:4,4,6**  dependent **31:3** Depending **10:22** DePETE **2:19 28:19 36:4,5,7**  deploy**22:19** deployed **96:1** deployment **14:17 19:18** deposit **58:3** deposition **58:6** Deputy**23:9** DEQ **82:15,21** descent **55:5** describe **84:19** described **9:10 106:12,20**  describes **7:22** description **11:5** design **33:13 90:1**  designed **74:15** designs **13:20 14:1 26:7,9**  **73:1 74:20** desire **85:20 107:9,19**  desk**7:6 10:10** despite **18:18 42:20 43:6**  **78:13** despotic **109:10** detailed **16:18 17:5 69:21**  Details **7:2** determination

**68:10** determinations **48:9** determine **5:13 47:21**  determines **79:6** detrimental **32:1 40:18** develop **12:11 40:15 50:13**  **59:19 75:4 81:5 91:1,13**  **92:8** developed **89:13** developing **11:10 17:3 19:10 40:9**  **58:7 107:20** development **16:12,16 19:8 19:18 20:1**  **21:21 22:18 23:14,16 33:11**  **33:14 68:14 73:22 107:15**  developmental **99:4** deviate **53:3** diagnosis **57:17** diarrhea **98:5** die **105:4** diesel **58:17** difference **36:20 56:8,11 65:11**  different**44:21 47:17 54:2**  **56:19** difficult **104:15** diligence**47:9** dioxide **12:12 18:5,13,17**  **20:18,18 21:22 23:16 40:10**  **43:22 50:17 77:1,3 78:7,7** 

**78:10,20 93:3** direct**21:20** directly**20:18 46:8**  director**4:3,20 4:22 11:20**  **23:9 49:9** disadvantage **41:1 53:21** discovered **105:19** discs **97:4** discuss **94:19** discussed **95:7 107:5**  discussing **46:4** discussion **6:7 11:5 71:21**  discussions **16:6 46:8**  disease **97:12,12 97:15 99:2**  disheartening **82:10** disillusioning **82:1** displacement **70:21** disproportion... **64:3 77:20** disruption **76:13,17** disruptions **53:22** dissipate **81:21** dissipates **84:13** dissipation **105:22** distinct**40:22** District**23:20** disturb **105:21** disturbing **106:5** diversity **3:5 48:14 62:2,6,8** 

**62:12** Division **4:4 5:1 5:5 29:6**  docket **9:2,2,5,9 17:9 29:12**  **54:6 55:16** document **85:6** documented **81:13 101:3** documents **95:16 107:8** DOE **46:3** doggedly **95:3** dogs **99:14,21** doing **23:5 41:18 53:19 55:6,9**  domestic **12:17 12:18 15:11**  **16:14 25:7 27:19 39:17**  **47:20 51:3 52:15 53:18**  **63:21 71:8 78:5,18 90:6**  domestically **8:6 16:22 25:5**  **75:10** doubts **45:10 95:11**  Doug **3:5 49:8 62:1**  downplays **43:13** downwind **56:6 56:9,9,11,15**  **56:16,22 100:6** Dr**2:11 11:13,18 96:13**  draft**27:11** drag **39:11 90:11**  drain **106:12** dramatic **95:17** dramatically**Public Meeting August 11, 2015**  **Washington, D.C.**

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 119 18:4 93:13**  Drawing **89:7** drive **16:11** drought **30:14 30:17**  droughts **70:22 103:6**  dry **105:20 107:1**  ducts **104:7** due **14:22 34:6 47:9**  dump **42:16 83:9**  dumping**42:17 42:18 63:22**  **83:4** dumps **48:17** duration **9:16** dust**45:5 55:7** duties **65:7** E E **4:1,1** earlier **100:11** earliest**96:4** early **8:8 16:3,4 16:9 25:1**  **60:14 80:4 99:1**  earn **86:16** Earth **3:13 48:15 54:16**  **60:1 76:9 93:4** easily **83:17** East **1:19** Eastern **7:2** economic **18:9 21:11 38:17,20**  **52:9** economies **71:12** economy**30:8 39:4 70:17**  **76:19** economy-wide **87:21**

educated **53:15** educating **62:17** effect **15:14,18 26:16 32:1**  **38:4 40:18 45:4,9 59:2**  **65:6 71:19 73:21**  effective **8:12 34:3 53:16**  **72:18 75:2,10 90:21 96:19**  **97:7** effectively **78:20 106:21 107:1**  effectiveness **95:1** effects **43:13 45:2 63:2**  **70:15 71:18 103:14 109:7**  efficiencies **51:21** efficiency **15:4 17:8 18:4,11**  **18:22 21:1,11 37:12 38:19**  **40:1 50:13,21 51:2,13,19**  **78:15 89:16,18 90:12**  efficient**40:3 50:19 74:20**  efficiently **37:8** effort **62:4** efforts **7:18,21 12:11 22:18**  **30:11 42:20 48:13 62:22**  **73:14 74:21** eight **67:16 86:11**  Eisenhower **107:21** either **16:5 48:2**

ejected **103:2** electrical **105:21** electronically **9:3 83:11** elevated **31:19** eliminate **63:1** else's **59:16** emerging **104:20** emission **8:10 17:11 33:16**  **34:6 35:1,3,4 54:2,13 69:7**  **74:8,12 76:15 76:16 80:7**  **84:16** emissions **1:3 4:11 5:18 7:19**  **8:6 12:6,17 13:8,15,16,18**  **14:5,14 15:8 16:7 17:2,12**  **17:21 18:2,5 18:10,13 19:13**  **20:2,15,17 21:2,5,7,13,18**  **22:16 23:17 24:8,22 25:11**  **25:19 26:2,12 27:3,14 29:4**  **29:11,14,16 31:1,10,15**  **32:1,3,5,7,8,9 32:15,18,21,22**  **33:1,5,7,10,19 33:21 34:9,11**  **34:13,18,22 35:6,8,10,13**  **35:18,21 36:16 36:21 37:11,15**  **39:8,9,18 40:20 41:4**  **42:1 49:14 50:18,22 51:2**  **51:5,12,15,16**

**52:13 53:5,8 54:11 62:5,11**  **62:16 63:4,6,7 63:10,13,16,18**  **64:2,5,9 65:5 65:10,18 66:4**  **66:9,16 68:1 68:11,19 69:2**  **69:11 70:17 71:9,14,16,20**  **72:13,16 73:4 73:5 76:21**  **77:1,4,5,6,10 77:12,13,15,17**  **77:21,21 78:3 78:4,7,8,21**  **79:2,4,20 80:10,17,19**  **81:16 82:3,16 84:19 87:1,6,8**  **87:9,10,10,14 87:19,21 88:5**  **88:7 89:2,10 89:14 90:17**  **91:4,15 92:4 93:1 98:16**  emit**20:16 71:11 84:12**  emitted **13:3 41:17 43:22**  emitter**63:20 76:13**  emitting **18:17 71:6 81:14**  emphasize**29:13** employees**49:19** employers **37:21 38:6**  employing **66:12** encircling **99:13** encompass **65:21** encourage**27:14 46:10 75:12**  **88:12,14**

**109:21** encourages **26:20 34:14,19** end-use **80:6** endanger **1:5 4:13 5:14 24:5**  **31:12,20 35:19 42:7 64:9 68:1**  **71:17 79:6 80:10 87:16**  **93:1** endangerment **5:9 7:16 12:4 12:15,20 13:4**  **13:11,12 20:14 23:12 24:3,13**  **24:15 28:6 29:3 31:10**  **32:4 46:11 47:12 48:5**  **49:12 64:17 67:14 68:3**  **71:22 91:17** endangers **24:10 45:21**  ends **109:5** energy **19:13 45:22 76:8**  **84:3** enforce **54:1** engaged**40:8** engagement **12:7 21:20** engager **102:21** engine **7:14 8:5 8:5 13:14**  **33:14 34:20 35:16 37:14**  **39:8 53:19 61:17 68:18**  **78:12 84:12 104:8 106:4,4**  engine-specific **68:20 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 120** Engineered **97:3** engineering **102:17** engines **5:19 18:6 21:14**  **26:13 27:4 40:3 52:21**  **65:15 73:5 79:6,11 80:14**  **80:16 84:12 89:22 106:12**  enhance **73:19** enhanced **38:20 70:22**  enhancing **19:13** ENMOD **108:5** ensure **11:4 16:18 37:18**  **53:15,19 80:19** ensuring **35:3 62:15**  enter **15:5** entered **95:16** entire**44:7 55:22 65:15**  **66:17 71:12 73:4 80:16**  **81:3 90:22 92:7**  entirely**71:18** entitled **17:8 103:21**  entrance **6:16** entrepreneurs **108:17** entry **14:21** environment **37:22 38:4,12 39:5 40:4 41:2**  **50:7 59:16 62:13 70:12**  **82:12 83:20 85:22 97:14**  **98:12 101:9** environmental **1:1 4:4 12:2,8**

**17:17 19:8 40:8 49:10**  **50:16 51:8,10 51:12 52:5,9**  **52:11,19 53:6 55:21 56:1**  **57:15 58:9 59:20 70:5,8**  **82:11,14 83:6 83:12 86:9**  environmenta... **102:15** environmenta... **57:14** environments **47:13** EP **80:20** EPA **1:18 2:2 4:5 7:11,15 8:9**  **9:20 11:3 12:20 13:9,13**  **15:21 16:14 17:2,6 20:13**  **20:16,22 21:6 21:13,20 22:13**  **23:16 24:4,14 25:7,14,20**  **26:19,21 27:8 27:14,21 29:15**  **31:6 32:5 33:9 33:18 34:14,19**  **35:12,15,19 40:13 41:16,22**  **43:1 46:7,10 46:13,17 47:8**  **47:19 48:4,15 48:19 53:1,3**  **53:16 63:14 64:15 65:9,16**  **65:17,20 66:1 66:3,12 68:21**  **69:9,16 72:3 72:17,20 73:2**  **73:9,14 74:1,5 74:14,17 75:3** 

**75:12 76:20,22 77:8 78:9,21**  **79:1,4,9,17 80:6,9,12,14**  **80:16 81:4 82:2,4,8,13**  **83:15,17 85:14 86:22 87:3,11**  **87:17,18 88:9 88:13,15,22**  **89:1,2,8,13,16 90:5,7,21 91:1**  **91:12,16,19 92:1,5,8 98:22**  **100:17,20 101:8 109:17**  EPA's **7:22 9:1,4 12:4,22 17:14**  **17:20 20:9 22:8 23:12**  **24:18,20 25:2 28:5 36:15**  **40:6 43:10 49:12 52:19**  **64:8 65:7,13 65:21 67:14,21**  **68:3,10 71:16 74:21 83:13**  EPA-HQ-OA... **9:2** epa.gov/tips **83:13** epigenetic **59:6 59:19**  equals **54:13** equipment **35:7** equivalent **18:13** Erik**2:18 28:18 29:5**  eroding **30:2** especially**25:16 77:19 82:10**  **101:10** essence **75:5** essential**26:7**

**63:1 93:4** essentially **55:3** establish **25:15 35:13 52:19**  **69:17 80:21** established **24:15 30:20 53:4**  establishes **68:7** establishing **14:19 25:3 27:9**  establishment **27:17 33:6 107:9**  estimated**32:14 78:11**  estimates**44:6 69:6**  et**97:6 103:6,17** evacuated **106:14** evaded **63:8** evaluated **52:10** event**35:9** events **62:22 70:21**  eventually **33:3 103:4**  ever-advancing **39:8** everybody**28:21 109:17,19**  everyday**93:22** evidence **9:13 59:22 79:16**  **84:22** evidenced **50:10 78:16**  evolve**43:19** evolving**44:15** exactly **81:20** example **19:6 27:10 80:20**  **90:10 91:6**

**99:19** exceed**40:10** excessive **106:9** exercise **87:3** exert**44:4** exhaust**45:15 46:12 47:7,17**  **47:21 84:12 96:7 97:1**  **103:1,18 106:3 106:15**  exhibit **32:15 72:17**  exist**42:22** existence **65:2 84:20 101:11**  existing **13:13 34:16 50:3**  **66:6 73:8 74:3 79:10 80:15,22**  **88:19 89:7 90:8**  exists **80:7** expand **6:3 48:4** expanding **13:13 46:10 93:16**  expect **14:13 87:11 101:10**  expectancy**99:5** expected **8:7 24:22 53:7**  **77:18 80:3,8** expects **73:10 87:11 91:10**  expeditious **32:17** expeditiously **35:21 91:17** expense **37:20 85:3**  expenses **58:11** expensive **38:3** experience**Public Meeting August 11, 2015**  **Washington, D.C.**

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 121 23:22 24:2**  experienced **30:1 82:1** explicitly **65:18** export**30:8** exposed **58:8 59:9**  exposure **98:4 104:2**  expressed **59:11 59:12**  extend **33:9** extent**46:20** extinction **62:21** extinctions **71:1** extra **106:8** extraordinarily **65:17** extraordinary **62:21** extreme**62:22 70:20**  extremes **108:21 108:22**  F FAA **19:17 21:21 46:3**  **54:21 55:2,4,7 55:18 82:3,4**  **91:1,13 92:8** FAA's**22:17** fabrication **96:20** face **37:21 86:14** Facebook**85:6** facility **35:8** facing **52:12** fact**7:5 22:14 38:5 54:17**  **56:20 57:6,18 58:2,4 59:19**  **60:1,10,20 63:9 64:20**  **69:14 71:10 78:17 95:20** 

**99:22 102:3 107:3**  factor **30:9** factory **100:6** facts **87:13** Fahrenheit **60:17,19** failed **80:2** failing **66:9** fails **35:9** failure **95:18 98:7,13 99:2**  fair **63:9** faith **48:18** fall **75:14 96:18** falling **30:4 106:22**  falls **28:1** FAME **47:15** famed **102:5** far**4:17 35:11 56:21 63:20**  **71:5,10 80:1,7 88:10 91:22**  **107:19** fashion **64:3** fast **79:19 93:15** fastest **63:17 77:14**  favorable **44:3** feasibility **14:16 52:8**  feasible **31:5 90:20**  February**25:1 35:11 40:12**  **53:8 57:3** federal **5:11 7:4 9:11 11:7**  **25:18 29:9 31:3 52:22**  **53:1 71:3 81:4 81:22 83:14**  **84:5 85:9** FedEx **36:10**

feel **55:17** feet **55:13** fellow**4:16 86:6** FEMA **84:3** ferrite **97:5** field **16:19 40:19 50:10**  filed **83:18** fill**20:3** filled **44:16** filling **104:13** film **102:9** final **7:15 13:10 53:7 72:22**  **74:11,15 75:4** finalizes **64:16** finalizing **6:12 64:12**  finally **6:20 11:3 16:6,21 22:13**  **27:17 42:20 45:21 66:1**  **69:9 74:14 80:3 82:8 83:5**  **90:7** financial **38:7 41:1,8**  find **5:18 24:5,8 26:13 38:1**  **42:20 44:20,21 44:21 58:5**  finding **1:2 4:10 5:9 12:4,15,20**  **13:4,11,13 23:12 24:3,13**  **24:15,17,19,20 28:6 29:3**  **31:10 32:4 36:16 47:12**  **49:12 64:8,10 64:17 67:14,21**  **68:3 71:16 72:1 80:9**  **87:18 91:17 102:19** 

findings **6:7 7:10,16 8:21**  **17:21 20:9,14 46:9**  finished **6:4 10:3** fires **30:15** firmly**24:15** first **11:13 12:15 13:19,20 20:12**  **24:3 27:4 36:8 36:17 61:7**  **72:21 78:9 79:10**  first-rate **12:1** Firstly **101:19** fish **105:1** five **10:1 20:11 39:19 81:13**  fixed**48:1** fleet **14:9,11 44:7 64:22**  **72:13 73:11 90:22 92:7**  fleet-wide **66:14 74:5 80:22**  **89:6,8,15 92:2** Fletcher **107:5** flies **36:11** flight **38:13 39:14 90:12,18**  flights **19:22 47:20 63:21**  **71:8 78:5,8 91:8,11**  floating **56:15** floods **70:22** floor **36:4** flow **89:22** fly **36:14 104:12** flyers **104:17** flying **50:19** focus **12:14,21 38:14 68:17**  focused **19:4** focuses **7:18**

focusing **80:13** follow **10:4 47:8 53:17 64:15**  **80:20** followed **53:1** following **12:14 25:21 66:2**  **85:7 103:8** force **78:21** forcing**43:15 44:5,7 75:3**  **96:16** forecasts **54:21** forefront **31:1** forego **26:11,14** foreign **47:19** forest **30:15** forge **72:5** form **83:13 94:3 94:15,17 99:17**  **103:2,19** formal**9:13** formally **83:18 95:15 100:19**  format **10:6** formation**44:4 46:12 55:12**  **70:22 105:22** formed**43:18,20 61:10 99:14,22**  **106:20** formerly**99:11** forming **94:5** forms **96:9 99:16 108:11**  forth **101:16** forthcoming **23:15 72:7 74:2**  forthwith **64:12** Fortunately **89:1** forum **6:11** forward **28:9 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 122 72:18 74:22**  **75:16 79:4,18 80:3,14**  fossil **76:11** fouling **47:15** found **7:3 44:17 55:20 59:9**  **60:5,9 103:17 104:6,6**  founded **11:22 70:6**  founding **19:15** four **102:10** fourth **22:8 43:14**  foyer **6:17** fraction **98:21** frame **78:12** France **102:4** Francisco **100:5** Francisco's **100:14** Francisco-bas... **92:20** free **55:17 107:10**  Freedom **100:19** freeway **100:7** freezes **61:17** freight **37:1 39:2** frequency **30:14** frequent**44:20 104:17**  Friends **3:13 48:14 76:9**  front **10:8,12,21** frost **103:6** fuel **15:4 18:4,5 18:11,21 19:12**  **19:22 20:18,19 21:1,10 27:11**  **33:19 37:7,20 38:2,7,9,19**  **39:9,14 40:1 42:15,16 47:15**  **48:17 50:13,19**

**50:21,22 51:1 51:13,18 55:5**  **58:16 59:9 68:20 76:11**  **78:15 83:4,9 89:18 91:10,11**  **91:14 92:9** fuel-burning **39:11** fuel-efficient **34:17 78:18** fuel-saving **51:20** fuels **19:16,19 22:19 33:20**  **38:2 41:21 44:18 46:5**  **81:6 91:3,3,4,5 104:1 105:6**  full**20:8 27:19 53:8 85:19**  fully **64:8 85:16** fume **104:4** Function **103:22** fundamental **26:4** funding **101:22 108:16**  further **18:15 19:12,22 31:22**  **33:9,15 34:13 34:20 35:14**  **37:9 56:4 62:4** Furthermore **14:13 32:14 42:14 71:13**  **81:4 82:22** future **5:15 7:22 22:9,14 24:6**  **34:4,9 40:9 45:22 47:11**  **48:9 70:12 75:18 79:10**  **105:7** G

G**4:1** gains **78:15** gap **20:3 66:16 78:17**  gaping**44:10** garnered**26:12** gas **1:3 4:11 5:13 5:18,20 7:14**  **8:6,10 12:6 17:11,21 18:2**  **18:10 19:13 20:15 21:1,5,7**  **21:13 25:11,12 29:4,11,14**  **30:21 31:10 36:16 37:11**  **39:18 47:3 49:14 54:11**  **62:5,11,16 63:15 68:1,15**  **68:21 69:1,7 70:16 71:4,16**  **71:20 72:6 74:22 77:10**  **78:11 87:6 93:1,2,3,6**  **102:22** gases **12:21 29:19 30:11**  **31:17 38:16 39:10 41:16**  **42:5,12 46:21 59:21 68:12**  **71:11 75:10 77:14 89:4**  **102:19 106:3** gasoline**41:19** gastrointestinal **98:8** gear **89:21** gene **59:10,11,12 59:17**  general**4:18 12:22 13:17**  **102:3**

generated **85:19 106:16**  generation **106:9** generations **5:15 24:7 59:13**  **70:13** genetic **57:14** genome **59:12 59:17**  geoengineering **46:2 95:15 97:3 101:14**  **109:4** geoengineers **94:7,19 95:5 105:12**  geopolitical **108:3 109:5** germ**95:8** Germany**54:14 63:11**  Germany's **77:6** GHG**24:5,8 31:15 32:1,8,9**  **32:15,18,22 33:4,16,19,21**  **35:18,22 36:1 91:3**  GHG-emitting **32:12** GHGs **31:20 32:6**  give **11:19 36:15 56:10**  given **9:17 21:10 69:11 72:3**  **73:19 88:9,17** gives **37:5** giving **10:22 81:11**  glands **98:10** glass **100:4** global **14:9,11 18:20 20:2** 

**21:2,15 29:16 30:20 43:2,8**  **50:4,6,10 51:5 51:10 54:12**  **62:15,18 63:9 63:19 64:1,2**  **64:22 72:11,13 77:4 79:19**  **87:10 94:10 96:5 107:5,13**  **107:14 109:1** globally **50:8 77:2**  globe**49:20** go **8:16 35:11 67:8 82:17**  **88:10 91:22 92:18**  goal**20:6 37:9** goals **22:16 33:16 36:1**  **38:18 51:18 52:5 70:14**  God **109:12** goes **102:10** going**4:16 33:22 40:17 49:5**  **61:2,3 76:2 87:1**  good**4:2 7:9 11:18 23:8**  **29:1 36:5 54:8 67:10 76:12**  **81:9 88:1 92:17,18**  governance **101:7 107:14** government **19:3 20:4 31:4 53:12 81:22**  **95:10 108:19** governmental **97:14 101:7** governments**Public Meeting August 11, 2015**  **Washington, D.C.**

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 123 40:14 70:18**  gram **100:10** grandchildren **59:18** grass-roots **70:7** great**42:20** great-grandch... **59:18** greater**32:10 42:11 43:10**  **44:5 45:20 46:20 50:21**  **51:1 52:1 77:22 80:8**  **88:13 91:20** greatest**74:8 76:14 80:19**  greatly**39:7 102:9**  green **101:5** greenhouse **1:2 4:10 5:13,18**  **5:20 7:14 8:6 8:10 12:6,21**  **17:11,21 18:2 18:10 19:12**  **20:15 21:1,5,7 21:13 25:11,12**  **29:4,11,14,19 30:11,21 31:10**  **31:17 36:16 37:11 38:16**  **39:18 41:16 42:12 46:21**  **49:13 54:11 59:21 62:5,11**  **62:16 63:15 67:22 68:12,15**  **68:21 69:1,7 70:16 71:4,11**  **71:16,20 72:6 74:22 75:10**  **77:10,14 78:11 87:6 89:4 93:1**  **93:2,6 102:19 102:22** 

Greenpeace **101:5** gripping **30:17** gross **39:19 51:3** ground **35:6 38:10 76:11**  **78:1** ground-based **47:22** ground-level **55:14** grounded **60:9 103:8**  groundwork **19:21** group **2:10,17 3:2,7,12,17**  **10:6,10,11,19 10:20 11:13**  **28:16,17 48:14 49:5 67:3**  **75:21 76:3** groups **12:8** grow **54:22** growing **63:13 63:17 77:14**  **84:21 106:10** grown **51:2 68:5** growth **19:1 20:6 32:15**  **45:22 51:15** grueling **50:1** Gunning **2:3 4:2 4:3 5:6 28:13**  **36:3 41:13 49:1 67:1**  **75:19 92:12,18 109:13**  H hair **58:3,4,6 85:3**  half **14:11** halo **99:12** halos **99:13,16**

**99:18 100:3** hand **13:6** handled **82:3** harm**41:9 99:4** harmed **64:2** harmful **37:15 47:10 63:18**  **70:22 94:6** harmless **93:3** harmonized **50:8** harmonizing **24:21** harmony**22:11** harms **71:5** Harvard **57:12** haze **93:15** haziness **103:3** head **83:6** Headquarters **1:18** health **1:5 4:13 5:15 24:6,10**  **31:12,21 35:19 41:17,20 42:8**  **42:12 43:11 62:13 64:9**  **68:1 71:17 79:7 80:10**  **84:4 86:2,17 87:16 93:2**  **94:6 95:4,14 102:21 105:9**  **108:11 109:8** healthier **70:11** hear **10:11 11:9 28:22 76:3**  **110:3** heard **66:22 92:11**  hearing **1:2 4:6 4:10 5:7,22 6:6**  **6:22 8:17,17 8:21 9:6,12,15**  **20:11 29:19,20**

**36:7 54:9 61:22 62:3**  **85:7,18 92:22 101:20 102:18**  **109:16 110:5** heart**95:12 99:1 99:1**  heat**45:19 93:9** heat-trapping **43:18** heated **104:8 106:2**  Heathrow **56:19** heavily **12:13 50:1 59:16**  heavy**41:21 46:22 57:22**  **58:1,2,5,14 82:20 85:3**  **98:17** heavy-duty **32:8** help **16:22 37:9 38:7 49:22**  **71:4 75:13** helped **19:20 101:22**  hematology**98:9** Hi**41:14** hide **57:18** high **13:3 58:18 61:17 77:20**  **85:3 102:5 107:22**  High-altitude **45:13** high-level **102:16** high-quality **96:21** high-traffic **48:1** higher **58:7 77:21 99:17,22**  highest **15:21** highlight **17:10 44:10** 

highlighted **26:1** highly**22:4 47:13 95:1**  highs **60:6 93:10** highway **55:22 56:9,14**  highways **55:19 56:12**  hinder **79:9** hire **82:9** historical **76:13 100:20**  historically **33:1 89:17**  history **101:17 107:18**  hit **58:21** hold**48:15 66:16** holds **48:8** holes **44:10** Homeland **84:3** hope**48:18 50:12 110:3**  hoping **108:18** horizon **93:16 93:17**  host**44:21** hot **106:15** hours **61:8 94:4 102:5**  House **84:6** household **91:9** huge **106:5** hugely **64:3** human**41:17 43:11 44:16**  **62:13 64:9 94:6 95:4,14**  **100:10** humans **104:22** humidity **93:20** hundreds **81:15 98:19 100:22**  **104:17 105:16 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 124** hydrological **61:14** hypothesize **104:8** I ICAO **7:21 8:8 12:9 13:17**  **14:15,16 15:15 16:9,16 22:4,5**  **22:9,14 24:22 25:5,14 26:2**  **26:20 27:18 28:1 33:1,4,8**  **35:9,12,16 40:7,13,22**  **47:2 48:20 50:6 52:7,18**  **53:9,13,17 64:7,18 65:4**  **69:14 72:8,14 80:1,2,8 88:11**  **88:13,14,17,21 91:19**  ICAO's **23:14 52:20 65:5**  **73:13** ICCT **11:21 12:3,8**  ice **61:17 99:7,14 99:16 103:18**  **106:20,22 107:2,10**  ice-locked **107:11** identified **13:7 15:21 26:19**  **83:16** ignorant **93:12** ignoring**43:1** illness **104:18** illnesses **46:16** immediate **70:16 77:8** immediately **47:7**

Immune **103:21** impact **13:2 17:1 30:6**  **33:21 39:5 40:3 45:12,20**  **50:11 55:21 56:1 77:20,22**  impacted **39:16** impacts**45:17 56:6 70:19**  **76:12 79:14 86:17 95:4,14**  **105:9 108:11 109:8**  imperative **32:17** implement **8:4 25:4 108:19**  implementation **16:4 105:7** implemented **14:19 15:3 47:7**  implementing **78:19** implicated **97:11** importance **17:10 34:7** important **13:8 17:15 23:3**  **27:21 28:10 36:6 47:8 54:9**  **56:3 59:2 76:7 77:19 86:13**  impose **35:15 56:1 72:12**  imposed**21:19 71:15**  impossible**46:2** improper**47:16** improve **17:1 38:20 47:11**  **90:11** improved **18:4**

**18:11 37:13 51:18 89:17,20**  improvements **18:22 37:18 50:17 52:1**  **78:16 89:19 90:3**  improving**24:1 37:11,13 40:1**  **51:13 89:15** in-development **74:3** in-production **8:14 14:1 15:16 16:4**  **26:6,8,17 34:12 68:22**  **88:15 91:20** in-service**41:5 66:14**  in-use **27:9 34:16**  inaction **101:18** incentive**20:21 21:11 38:7**  incidence **57:18 104:4**  include **8:11 13:15 34:16**  **46:11 48:5 51:13 62:14**  **66:8 70:19 80:15 88:5**  **96:11** included **77:5 83:15**  includes **48:6** including **28:2 40:16 50:16**  **52:13 76:19 81:1 89:21**  **91:20 92:6 101:8 103:16**  incoming **60:2** incompatible

**65:7** incomplete **43:12** incorporated **44:8 52:15** incorporating **13:10** increase **54:21 60:15 71:14**  **79:9 87:11 95:17 101:3**  **102:7** increased **37:15 57:9,10 63:16**  increases **62:20 97:22 106:6**  increasing **39:6 106:10 107:1**  increasingly **101:13 102:6** incredible **102:7** incredibly **80:4 99:14,21**  independence **19:13** independent **11:22** independently **35:12** index **99:15,17 99:19,20 100:1**  India **108:3** indicate **10:1** indices **99:7** indisputable **87:13 91:18** indistinguisha... **43:20** individual **67:20** individuals **10:7 83:5 86:2**  induced **43:12 46:18 57:14,15**  **61:12** Industries **3:3**

**49:10** industry **18:11 19:3 20:1,3**  **21:15 37:12,19 38:18 39:12**  **41:9 48:16 49:22 50:4,9**  **50:15 51:1,7,9 51:11,17 52:3**  **52:12 63:7 77:4 78:19**  **90:8,14 91:5 91:12 98:17**  industry's **18:18 20:22 21:10**  **89:10** industy's **22:16** inflammation **98:1 99:3** inflated **69:6** influenced **68:19** inform **7:21 34:8**  informally **9:12** information **7:13 81:22 83:15 100:19**  **109:22** informed **12:7 82:15 83:7**  **85:16** infrared **60:3** infrastructure **19:2 20:5 22:21 30:3**  ingested **98:2** ingredients **105:17** inhabit **86:2** inhalation **104:3** inhaled **98:2** initial **13:4 32:22** **Public Meeting August 11, 2015**  **Washington, D.C.**

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 125** initiate **107:13** initiated **104:15** initiative **19:16 22:17 28:11**  **101:7** initiatives **22:21** injecting **96:5 96:22 106:1**  injection **94:11** innovative **18:6** input **8:1 23:13 25:2 53:11**  **62:4** inspection **9:1** instance **35:5** Institute **62:10 88:3**  insufficient **64:6 80:5**  insulate **93:8** integrating **13:12** intended **6:6 73:17**  intends **69:21** intensifying **72:15** intent**22:9** intentional **106:8** intentionally **107:9** interactions **44:11** interdepende... **52:14** interest **108:4** interested **5:8 5:22 8:19**  **83:19 108:14** interesting **58:20** Interestingly **107:17** interests **95:12** internal **106:3**

international **2:11,19 7:19 7:20 8:2,5,7**  **11:14,20 12:9 12:12,17 13:18**  **15:10 16:7,9 19:5 21:17,19**  **21:22 22:3,12 23:14 24:21**  **25:1,6 27:18 28:1,20 32:19**  **33:6 36:9 46:4 50:5 52:7**  **53:21 63:21 64:7,21 68:6**  **71:8 72:7 75:8 78:8 79:22**  **84:20 88:12** internationally **21:16** Internet**43:4** intersection **37:2** interview **95:7** introduce **75:21** introduced **79:13 90:15** introducing **4:16** introduction **7:7 51:19**  invention **106:1** inventory **18:11 21:5**  invest**40:2** invested **91:8** investigate **83:2** investigated **56:4 83:18 84:7**  investigating **15:15** investigation **85:13,20 104:5 104:13 106:5** 

investigations **103:13** investing **18:5** investments **20:4** invite **92:13** involve**41:5** involved **46:8** ionic **106:2** IPPC **43:12 44:9** IPPC's**43:14 45:10**  IQ **58:19 59:1** irrefutable **79:17** irresponsible **84:17** irritant**97:10 98:11**  issue **7:15 26:15 27:12 55:1**  **56:3 57:1 65:10 72:1,17**  **75:16 76:7 85:10**  issued **7:11** issues **8:1,9 25:22 27:3**  **28:5 62:18 86:9,13**  items**28:2** J J.F.K **107:22** James**2:20 28:20 41:14**  Jantarasami**2:8 5:4,4**  January **100:11** Jefferson **1:19** Jersey**67:17** jet **17:9 20:19 41:17 45:15**  **46:5,12 47:7 58:16 59:9** 

**61:2 81:6 91:3 91:3,10 96:7**  **104:1 105:6 106:4**  jets **83:3 94:14** job **101:17** Joe**2:19 28:19 36:7**  Johnson **107:22 108:1**  joint **31:14** journal **57:5** judge **101:17** July **5:12 7:10 11:8**  K Kate **3:13 76:4,7** Kathy**3:8 67:5,8 67:10**  keenly **19:4** keep **9:21 10:4 20:22 59:22**  **76:10** keeping **73:12** Keith **96:13** Ken **95:6** kept **9:6** Kerry **89:13** key **12:21 25:22 27:6 40:4**  **90:10** kidneys **97:21** kids **59:16 86:15** kill **100:10** Kinsey**3:8 67:5 67:9,10**  know**4:9 5:11 47:4 55:12**  **57:1,22 58:7 58:14 59:4**  **60:22 61:15 81:19 85:9**  **86:15 89:12 93:7,12** 

known **47:14 94:10 96:12**  **105:9,13 109:4** knows **40:13** Kruger**2:14 11:16 23:8,8**  L lab **47:17 85:5 95:10 100:8**  Laboratory **84:2 103:21**  lacking**44:14** lag **15:1,4** lags **16:1** LaGuardia **56:19** laid **86:11** laminar **89:22** land **107:11** landing **13:15** landings **56:5** lanes **107:10** language **73:16** large**4:20 5:2 30:14 45:17**  **78:4** large-scale **107:20** largely**7:18** largest**25:10 32:6,12,15**  **36:12 37:20 49:15 57:2**  **63:20 70:7 76:13 77:15**  **87:5** late **64:11** latest **13:9 44:15 45:10 51:20**  **68:5** law**22:10 42:2,6 47:9 52:16**  **53:18 62:10 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 126 70:5 79:7**  laws **62:16** lawsuits **41:19** lay **19:20** layperson's **48:12** lead **37:16 42:10 44:17,18 69:6**  **78:2** leaded**41:19 45:14**  leader**29:16 90:14**  leaders **75:8 90:8 91:5,12**  leadership **72:17 76:22 87:1,3**  leading **30:5 97:15 98:14**  leaked **106:15** learn **102:14** leave **54:17 77:7 81:20**  led **82:10** Lee**2:20 28:20 41:13,14,14**  **49:1** left**4:17 10:2,2 100:15 104:13**  **106:7** legal**79:1 80:6** Lesley**2:8 5:4** Leslie **3:3 49:8,9** let's **59:7** level **8:13 15:19 16:1,8,19**  **21:19 30:13 37:13 40:19**  **78:1** levels **15:21 19:5 51:17 62:20**  **63:5,6 69:3 70:20 85:4**  **92:4 100:20** leverage **108:3** Levitation **97:2**

LIDAR**47:22** lieu **69:20** life **61:8 93:4 99:5 102:4**  **105:1 108:10 108:11**  lifecycle **91:3** light**44:19 87:13**  light-duty **32:7** lighter **39:11 89:22**  limit**20:13 76:22 77:17**  **80:15** limited **95:1** limiting **39:4** limits **9:16 25:20** line **2:19 28:19 36:8 39:21**  **106:11** linear**43:15** lines **85:15** linked **104:18** links **104:20** listed **56:18** listening**48:12** liter **100:9,12** literally **37:2** literature **94:22** little **38:2 72:15** live**48:17 56:6 81:10**  livelihoods **86:17** liver **98:10** living **56:8,9 83:10 86:16**  load **57:22 58:2 58:2**  loaded **82:17** local**25:17 81:21 84:8**  **85:9** locations **32:16**

London **56:19** long **63:8 71:6** long-lasting **84:14** long-lived **20:15** longer **30:9** look**28:9 33:18 38:2 43:5**  **55:17 58:4 59:5 75:16**  **108:5** looked **60:8** looking **108:15 108:17 109:9**  loss **30:13** lost **64:12** loud **28:22** love **86:15** low **59:1 74:13 91:2 98:15**  low-carbon **81:6 91:7,10,14**  **92:8** lower **15:19 51:2 55:12 60:16**  **99:5 106:22** lowest **74:8** lows **60:7 93:10** lubricating **104:9** lucrative **108:15** lung **99:3** Lutsey**2:11 11:14,18,20**  M Madisonstar **85:7** mail**37:1 39:2** main**44:12** maintaining **37:12** maintenance **47:16** major **17:18**

**30:9,11 35:22 45:2 49:16**  **102:22** majority**57:12 67:18**  making **10:15 24:12 36:21**  **45:16 76:15 101:20 105:10**  maladies**43:7** manage **37:6** management **3:9 19:7 51:22 65:22 66:8**  **67:6,12 74:11 94:11,20 96:1**  **96:13 101:6 105:12**  mandate **73:7 80:8 101:9**  mandatory **16:18 47:6 71:15**  Manhattan **101:12** manmade **109:3** manner **53:16 86:9**  Manning **2:7 5:2 5:2**  manufactured **69:19** manufacturer **16:13** manufacturers **12:19 13:14 16:20 21:16**  **22:22 35:17 49:17 53:20**  manufacturing **49:18,20** March/April **100:3** Marine**4:21 5:2** marked **73:13**

markets**21:17** marry**59:15** Mary**29:18** mass **38:22 70:21 96:20**  **106:13** material**42:14 97:9 98:4**  materially**69:1** materials **6:10 82:22 106:14**  matter**42:12 45:6 52:6**  **57:18 103:2 104:6 105:8**  Max **3:19 92:15 92:16 102:2**  maximize**27:15** maximum**60:6 60:7**  McCarthy **86:11 86:20 88:2**  McCray **106:18 107:2**  mean**42:4** meaning **5:16 24:7 43:15**  **87:16** meaningful **17:10 35:10 73:11 79:19**  **88:4,12** meaningless **47:1** means **15:3 34:1 45:7**  measure**27:19** measurement **17:3** measures**20:5 35:6 64:6,19**  **78:9,22** mechanism**20:2** media **105:3 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 127** medium **32:7** medium/heav... **80:21** meet **15:7 36:1 48:20 51:18**  **66:10 74:15 88:8**  meeting**22:16 29:9 96:14**  Melina**2:5 4:18** melt**46:7 107:9** member**2:20 3:4,14,18,19**  **19:15 23:22 28:20 40:16**  **67:6** members**2:2 4:17 6:5,14**  **10:18,22 18:1 19:4,21 20:20**  **23:5,21 36:13 47:2 49:19**  **53:12 54:4 62:9 67:20**  **70:9 86:10** membership **38:11** mention **93:2** mentioned **105:14** merely**73:17 84:16**  merits**25:13** met **101:4** metal**44:16,20 44:20 45:1,17**  **46:11,14 48:5 57:22 58:2,5**  **82:20 96:9 99:16,22**  **100:20 103:16** metallic**45:5 96:6**  metals**41:21 44:21 45:13**  **46:22 58:8,15**

**85:3 95:21** method **33:19 96:8**  methods **9:10 96:10 105:17**  metric **18:12 77:3 89:15**  metropolitan **23:21** mice **59:9** Michael **3:4 49:8 54:9**  micrograms **100:9,12** micron **96:7** mid **107:8** mike**2:6 4:20 28:21**  miles **56:22 90:13 93:18**  **94:4 100:5** military **83:3,8 83:22**  milky**93:15** million **18:14 36:22 39:1,2**  **49:18 70:9 71:13 77:2**  **89:15 91:9** millions **43:5 94:7 101:14**  mind**21:3 66:3** mine **100:7** mineral**45:5** minimal**79:15** minimize **15:22** minute **10:2** minutes **9:18 10:1,5 109:15**  mitigate**71:5** mitigation **34:22** mix **5:20 68:12** mobile**29:5 68:3 82:16**  mobilizing

**62:17** model **50:8,13** models **15:17 34:2 44:9**  **51:20** modernization **51:22 55:2** modernize **19:6** modification **94:12 96:3 105:15,16**  **106:17,19 107:6,18,21**  **108:2 109:4,10** modifying **107:4** money **82:22** month **95:13** months **64:13 80:11**  Moon **85:7** moral **86:19,21 88:1**  morning**4:2 7:9 11:18 23:8**  **28:9 29:1 67:10 81:9**  **92:17,18** morph **61:6** motivation **38:1** motor**21:7 24:13**  move **67:3 72:17 74:21 75:12**  **76:3** moving **102:4** multiple **14:18** munitions **104:1** muscular **98:6** myriad**43:7** N N**4:1** N.W **1:21** NACAA**23:9,11 23:18 24:4,18** 

**25:5,21 26:7 26:15,18 27:2**  **27:17** nails **58:3,4,6** naïve **108:4** name**4:2 6:16 10:11,14 11:19**  **17:16 29:5 41:14 49:7**  **54:9 62:1 67:4 67:10 70:3**  **76:7 81:9 86:6 92:19 102:2**  named**46:21** Nancy**2:13,14 11:15,16 17:16**  **23:8** nano **95:1 96:20 97:6,9 104:14**  **105:5 108:8** nano-particle **104:2** Nano-Sized **103:21** NASA**46:3 55:13,15 60:4**  **60:12 84:1 105:11**  NASA.gov **93:19** nation **29:22 68:8 69:13**  nation's **21:5 30:8 49:16**  national**2:14 11:16 19:5**  **23:9,18 29:13 33:15 35:13**  **36:1,10 39:19 49:22 50:11**  **83:22 84:2 86:8**  nations **22:1 40:22 50:5**  **107:14**

nationwide **70:10 86:10** natural **3:15 86:7 103:10**  **108:20** naturally**43:20 61:13**  nature **74:7 97:8** nautical **56:22 90:13**  Naval **83:3** navigation **37:16 55:4,10** Navy**96:8** near **35:5 48:17 75:17 105:7**  nearest **100:6** nearly**49:18 71:9 87:11**  necessarily **67:19** necessary **14:4 16:18 19:20**  **75:3 76:16** Neck**83:22** need **14:1 17:2 24:16 29:13**  **37:18,21 38:11 47:14 48:3**  **79:16,18 87:2 88:7 108:7**  **109:6** needed**21:14** Needless **83:8** needs **56:4 76:22 108:12**  negative **105:9 108:11 109:7**  negotiate **75:7** negotiating **75:11** negotiations **64:18,21 65:11** neighborhood**Public Meeting August 11, 2015**  **Washington, D.C.**

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 128 83:4**  NELAP-certif... **100:8** neoplasms **97:13** nephews **59:15** nervous **98:8** NESCAUM **67:16,21 68:10 69:9,21**  net **51:16 78:14** neurotoxin **97:21** never **50:3** new **8:14 13:19 13:21 14:1,1,3**  **14:10,20 15:7 15:12,16 16:3**  **16:4 17:8 22:15 26:6,17**  **31:22 34:12 40:1,2 41:4,7**  **50:2,13 51:19 52:14,21 58:10**  **66:4,14 67:17 67:17 68:22**  **69:15 73:1 79:18 80:13,22**  **89:7,21 96:3 104:20 107:16**  **109:10** new-type **8:15 14:6 15:5 16:1**  **26:9** new-type-only **14:7,13** newly **69:19 73:1**  NextGen**22:17 52:1 55:10**  NGOs **53:13** Nic**2:11 11:14 11:19**  nice**28:22** Nichols **29:18,20** nieces **59:14** night's **93:9**

nights **93:7** Ninety-five **93:6** nitrogen **13:2 34:21**  NOAA**46:3 56:13 84:1**  noise **39:16 52:7 53:2 56:12**  **79:9** non-ideal**47:15** nonattainment **69:12** nonpartisan **23:18** nonprofit **11:22 23:18 62:8**  **86:8** North **38:22 39:12 107:6**  Northeast**3:8 67:5,11,17**  **69:13** Notably **73:7** note**22:13 104:10**  noted **16:21 32:5 89:17 103:15**  notice**4:14 5:10 6:8 7:4,11,22**  **9:11 12:5 17:22 23:13**  **29:3 31:16 36:17 49:13**  **67:15 89:3 102:8**  notion **108:13** November**64:13** NOx **13:2,12,13 16:15,22 17:2**  **17:4 27:13 52:6 58:15**  **69:11,15,18** nozzles **106:11 106:13**  NPRN**41:3**

NRDC **86:8** nucleated **94:16 95:21 96:9**  nuclei**45:14 94:5,15 103:18**  number **8:9 9:2 9:5 10:10,11**  **11:1 15:22 20:19 39:14,15**  **49:6 76:3** O O **4:1** Obama**43:1 75:6 87:20**  objectives **62:14** obligation **32:2 35:20 72:1**  **86:21** obligations **22:11** observations **20:12 47:22 81:19**  observe **109:6** obstructive **99:2** obvious **101:12 109:7**  obviously **103:9** Ocean **100:15** Oceana **83:3,7 83:22**  offer**28:6** offers **20:11 25:21**  office **4:5,18 82:5,5 83:6**  Officer**2:3,4** officers **9:14** official **9:6 11:6 11:10**  officially **109:20** officials **53:13 75:7**  offset**20:2**

oil **106:12,14** oils **104:9** okay**49:5 55:8 55:14 56:15,22**  **57:2 59:13 61:6,19 76:1**  old **58:21 60:15 74:18**  on-road**21:7** once **32:4** one-world **108:19** ongoing **23:14 37:18 41:19**  online **62:9** onwards **107:22 107:22**  open **9:7 61:21 107:11**  opens **103:22** operating**21:15 37:3,7 44:3**  operational **22:21 38:19 51:21 66:8**  **74:10 90:3** operations **20:4 55:13 65:21**  **77:2 89:21** operators **84:5** opinion **44:10** opportunities **27:8 34:10,15 35:4,5 74:12**  opportunity **6:1 6:22 8:19 9:7**  **11:19 12:3 17:13,20 20:8**  **23:10 28:8 29:2,15 36:6**  **41:10 48:10 49:11 54:5**  **62:7 65:9 66:21 67:13**  **69:10,16 70:1**

**75:15 76:6 79:17 81:11**  **86:5 90:7 92:10 100:18**  opposed **14:9 84:18**  opposite **57:7** optimization **18:7** options **26:19 88:10 91:22**  **92:6** oral **6:1,2 8:19** orally **98:2** order **10:18 11:13 15:22**  **24:17 41:6 76:15 107:16**  **109:11** organisms **108:10** organization **7:20 11:22 12:9 22:1**  **32:20 50:6 57:3 62:9 64:7**  **67:16 72:8 79:22 86:8**  **92:1** organizations **66:21 70:8 101:5**  organizers **101:20** outcome **64:18 64:21 65:6**  **75:14** outdated **69:5 74:18**  outgoing **60:2** outlined **13:17 95:22**  output**20:21** outrage**43:2,8 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 129** outranking **63:11** outset **109:20** outside **102:3** overall**78:14** overcast**93:7** overtook**98:13** overwhelming **31:18 35:17** ownership **85:10** owning **108:5** oxidative **97:22** oxide **96:15 99:18 105:8,11**  oxides **13:2 34:21 96:6,10**  ozone **69:12 105:13**  P P**4:1** p.m **7:2 110:5** Pacific **100:15** pack**30:13 55:11**  package**25:16** page **85:6** Pakistan **108:3** panel**4:17 6:5 49:3,6 68:6**  **109:16** paper **95:13 97:2 106:18**  papers **98:19** paralysis **98:6** Paris **65:11 75:7 75:14 95:13**  part **6:12 23:6 27:5 29:17**  **33:17 35:1,2 80:5**  participants **2:1 3:1 18:20**  participate**4:8** participated

**102:16** particle **96:10** particles **45:5,8 94:8,14 95:2**  **96:16,18,21 97:7 103:16**  **104:14 105:5 108:9**  particular **12:10 72:5 84:15**  **88:14** particularly **34:21 75:5** particulate**45:6 52:6 95:21**  **97:10 98:22 99:5 103:2**  **104:6** particulates **39:10 45:1 46:11 47:17**  **56:21** parties **5:9 52:17**  partner **101:6** partnering **19:6** partners **46:4** partnership **19:17** partnerships **22:18** pass **14:2 50:1 101:15**  passage **30:19** passed **55:3 59:12**  passenger **17:18 80:21**  passengers **18:16 36:22 39:1 49:21**  **55:1** passionate **36:19 102:15**  patent **95:22**

**96:4,4 105:18** patented **94:12 96:8**  patently **64:6** patents **105:15 105:16 106:13**  path **53:17** pathogens **95:8** Patrick**3:18 92:15,15,19**  Paul**2:3 4:2 7:9 9:13,20**  pay **100:16** payload **39:13** peace **109:12** peak **104:6** peer-reviewed **57:8** peers **58:22** Pending **15:19** people **39:15 48:16 56:6**  **70:21 93:3 97:18**  percent **14:9 18:9,10,12,15**  **18:17,21 20:17 21:4,9 30:13**  **30:14 32:9 39:13,15,18,19**  **45:7,8 50:19 51:3,4,14,17**  **54:12,22 60:19 63:4,22 64:22**  **71:9,14 72:10 76:10 77:11**  **78:6,7,12,17 87:8,8,9,11,22**  **88:7 89:16,18 90:12,18,19**  **93:5,6 102:22 104:10**  percentage **38:16** performance

**69:4,6** period **7:1 64:14 66:20 80:11**  **100:2 109:20** permit**73:22** permits **97:14** permitted**74:6** persist **93:20 94:3**  persistent**44:3,6 60:1 61:1**  **84:14,19 93:10 93:16,21 94:16**  **95:18,20 101:1 101:3**  persisting **81:16** person **9:17 56:2** personal **57:13** personnel **9:20** persons **5:22 8:19**  perspective **77:4 97:8**  persuasive **26:13** perverted**42:4** petition **31:14** phase **74:16** phased **66:11** phenomenon **85:21 94:1 99:11**  photograph **102:9** photographs **81:15** Photophoretic **97:2** physics **94:1** pictures **106:11** pile-ons **106:12** pillar **30:8** pilot **36:10** pilots **2:19 28:19 36:8,13 37:1** 

**38:6,8 104:17** pipes **96:11** place **16:11 63:15**  placed **53:20** places **79:8** plan **17:12 65:8** plane **82:9 96:22** planes **41:17 55:11 60:9**  **82:18 103:8 104:12,13,15**  planet's **93:5** planned **105:6** plans **95:6** plant **71:1 100:6 106:3**  plants **21:8 76:21 87:2**  **98:16 105:1** play**23:3 50:11** playing **16:19 40:19 50:10**  please**4:17 6:11 6:15 10:3,9,12**  **10:15 11:9 28:17,21 67:4**  **67:8 76:3 104:18**  pleased**40:6 41:11 65:13**  pledged **87:21** plenty **78:15** plethora**46:16** plume **106:15** point **37:5 49:6 73:19 99:10**  pointed **58:1** points **12:14 20:16**  poison **95:6** poisonous **42:3** Polar **107:6** Police **84:5 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 130** policies **80:2** policy **34:8 49:10 52:10**  **67:11** politicians **108:17** pollutants **34:20 42:22 71:7**  **108:7** pollute **74:18** polluted **59:16** pollution **1:4 4:12 5:21**  **23:19 24:9,11 25:17 31:11,19**  **42:3,4,6 47:10 48:7 56:11,12**  **56:14,16 57:10 57:14,15 58:2**  **58:9,19 59:4 59:20 62:12,17**  **63:1,21 71:1 76:18 77:9,17**  **79:5,10,12,16 83:12,21 85:19**  **87:15 98:22 99:5 102:20**  pollution-indu... **59:1** pool **59:17** poor**48:16** Pope **97:6** populace **101:13** population **71:13** populations **95:9** portion **38:21** posed **71:5** position **40:13 75:11**  positioned **30:22** positive **7:15 36:20 50:11**  possibilities **108:1**

possibility **88:19 92:6 106:19**  possible **16:3 25:16 26:16,22**  **33:7 35:21 37:8 38:2 48:1**  **48:2 75:14 80:19 83:19**  **90:1 91:17 101:20 102:1**  **104:16 107:2** possibly **8:4** post **85:6** potential **8:3,12 12:18 23:15**  **25:3 27:13,15 27:20 80:7**  **105:9** potentially **59:15 77:20** power**21:8 27:7 34:18 76:21**  **87:2 98:16 100:6 106:3**  **107:19** powerful **20:21 86:12**  practice **52:20 53:4**  practices**22:3 74:11**  precipitated **42:22** precipitation **30:4 105:22** precision-based **55:4,10** predicted **30:10** preferable **16:5** pregnancy **57:11** preliminary **20:12 23:11 25:22**  premature

**101:14** premises **66:3** prepare **91:21** prepared **10:13 10:20 27:22**  preschoolers **93:7** presence **104:14** present**36:6 42:11 100:21**  presentation **8:20** presentations **6:1** preserving **38:17** President **17:17 36:8 75:6**  **87:20** President's **65:8** Presidents **107:21** press **16:9** prevailing **100:15** prevent**48:1 56:14**  previous **10:21** previously**21:6** primarily **5:19** primary**38:14** principal **37:9** principles **72:21** prior **10:15 69:15**  priority **108:1** pristine **100:14** probable **107:4** probably**44:19** probe**47:19** problem **64:20 72:3,16**  problems **69:12** procedures **37:3 37:4** 

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promulgate **32:20 62:5 75:1**  pronounce **49:7** pronounced **90:16** proof**98:21** proper**47:1,5 97:14**  properly**49:7** proponent**40:19 96:12**  proportion **78:4** proposal **6:13 7:4 9:11 11:5,6**  **11:11 20:16 24:4,14,18**  **46:21 65:4 72:9 75:17**  proposals **65:5 95:4**  propose**47:18 88:10 89:8**  **90:21 91:21 92:2 94:7**  proposed **1:2 4:10,14 5:9,10**  **6:7,8 7:10,11 8:21 12:5,20**  **17:20,22 20:9 23:12,13 24:20**  **28:5 29:2,3 31:16 36:15,17**  **49:12,13 52:15 64:6,10,16**  **65:10 67:14,15 67:21 68:3**  **80:9 87:18 89:3 90:6**  **91:16 95:15 102:18**  proposes **96:5 97:3**  proposing **5:13 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 131 5:17**  propulsion **51:21** protect**38:11 42:2 46:14**  **47:9 62:12 101:9**  protected **85:17** protection **1:1 4:4 40:8 48:3**  **53:7 82:11** protections **62:14** protector **82:12** protectors **85:22** protects**48:7** protocols **17:4** proud **101:6** prove **98:19** proved **57:7 96:20**  proven **35:18** proves **60:20** provide **6:11 7:12 8:18 9:7**  **9:18 10:13 11:5,22 12:3**  **23:11 33:11 36:18 74:12**  **85:11 110:1** provided **10:12 29:18**  provides **5:22 31:5 73:21**  **89:1** providing **29:12** public **1:2,5 2:20 3:4,14,18**  **3:19 4:6,13 5:14 9:1 17:9**  **24:6,10 28:20 31:12,21,21**  **35:19 36:7 42:7,11 62:4**  **62:18 67:7 68:1 71:17** 

**79:6 80:10 85:16 87:16**  **93:1 94:20 95:11 102:21**  public-private **19:16 22:17** published **5:11 11:7 57:6**  publishing **100:17** pulmonary **97:12 98:5 99:2**  purpose **5:7 15:7 73:12**  **85:18** purposes **20:11** pursue **17:5 27:8**  pursuing **35:4** pushing **88:13 91:19**  put**40:22 54:13 54:18 77:3**  **79:4,18 80:3 108:1**  puts **63:14 80:14** putting **95:8** Q quality**24:1 29:9 55:14**  **62:18 82:14 104:5**  quantities **105:20** quarry **100:7** question **21:12 26:5**  questions **6:5,9 41:12**  quickly **62:22 64:5 84:13**  **87:17 96:18** quite **94:13**

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real**21:12 29:21 41:20 45:12**  real-world **47:10,21** reaps **27:19** reason **26:13 51:6 53:3 55:9**  **56:3 64:17** reasonable **9:16** reasonably **1:4 4:12 31:12**  **42:7 84:15 87:15 102:20**  reasons **15:6** reassess **109:1** rebuttal **9:8** receive **5:8 57:20**  received **82:8** receiving **57:19** recognized **49:19 65:20 89:3**  recognizes **32:19 68:18**  recommend **16:14 27:4,8** recommendati... **53:10** recommended **22:2** recommends **26:15 33:18** record **6:4,12 9:6 10:17 18:1**  **18:18 21:1,11 39:4 50:16**  **51:8 69:22 95:16 100:13**  recorded **8:22 100:2,8,12,22**  recorder **10:16** reduce **14:5,14 15:8 19:12**  **20:21 27:10**

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**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 132 57:9**  referred **7:12,21 83:13**  refinery **100:7** reflect **13:9 67:19 73:18**  **79:18 94:9** reflective **94:8** reflects **67:18 69:4**  refractive **99:7 99:15,17,19,20**  **100:1** refuse **95:3** refused **85:10** refuted **57:6** regard **68:16** regarding **13:5 16:13 17:20**  **36:16 41:3** regardless **6:18 93:20**  region **69:12,13 102:5**  regional **61:20** regions **30:7 107:11**  Register **5:11 7:4 9:11 11:7**  registered **92:14** registrants **109:14** registration **6:16 7:6 10:10** regularly **91:7** regulate**25:19 42:1 46:18**  **65:14 73:3,8 82:16 85:12**  regulated **50:1 65:1 108:12**  regulates **83:8** regulating**26:12 46:22 87:4**  **88:19 89:4** regulation **21:13**

**25:13 29:19 33:17 35:22**  **52:4,15 72:22 74:7 77:17,19**  regulations **21:7 34:19 35:16**  **47:4,11 65:21 71:4 72:2,6**  **73:6,21 74:22 75:13 78:21**  **80:12** regulations.gov **9:4** regulators **12:2** regulatory **16:1 25:15 33:9**  **34:8 72:4** rein **86:21 89:2** reinforced **100:1** reinvigorate **19:7** reiterate **5:7** reiterating **29:17** reject**64:5** related **8:1,10 20:18 27:3**  **28:5 58:13** relating **54:6** relative**21:1** release **100:20** released **97:13 98:12**  reliable**49:20** reliance **37:16** relocated **98:17** rely**72:11** remain **13:3** remains **32:11 35:1**  remarks **11:19** remind **6:21 109:19**  reminded **88:2** renal **98:9**

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**53:10** resulted **37:14** results **47:21 54:18 85:5**  **100:20** retire**74:17** retrofit**34:16 66:10 90:8**  **92:5** retrofits **78:20 90:10**  retrofitted**27:10 74:16**  retrofitting**41:5** returned **82:7 103:11**  reverse **64:4** review **16:9** revise **69:10** revised**44:9** revisit**24:16** rich **108:18** ridiculous **56:2** Riegle **3:3 49:8,9 49:9**  right **9:21 43:9 55:19 56:8**  **86:20** rigorous **22:5 25:15 27:22**  rise **30:1,13** rising **62:20 70:19 84:20**  risk**57:9 107:10** road **18:14** rockets **96:11 105:11**  Roddie **3:18 92:15,17,19,19**  role **18:2 23:3** roof**100:4** room **1:20 6:17 10:13,19,21**  rose **97:15 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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saying **55:15 60:18**  says **60:15** scale **91:6** scenario **33:5 69:4,5 72:14**  **89:13 104:2** scheduled **6:19 91:7**  science **13:5,9 42:13 44:11**  **63:3 65:9 68:4 68:5 91:18**  **96:15 108:13** scientific **13:1 31:18,22 35:18**  **44:13 48:9 57:5 79:15**  **84:22 98:19** scientist **60:12 102:2**  scientists **46:3 57:13 95:11**  **109:6** Scimitar**90:16** scope **12:15 46:10 72:3**  **80:13** sea **30:1,12 62:20 70:20**  **107:10** search**43:3** season **30:10** second **12:15 13:7,21 20:22**  **27:8 28:16,17 49:3 73:12**  section **5:16 7:14,16 8:3,18**  **22:6 24:7,11 24:17,20 25:4**  **32:2 35:20 53:18 65:16**  **67:22 71:22 72:18 73:7,17** 

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**36:9** service **14:21 15:5 66:6 81:1**  **83:22** services **57:19 57:20**  serving **9:14** set**7:18 15:11 20:8 21:18**  **25:20 26:21 31:4 32:3**  **35:21 51:11 65:4,18 66:3**  **66:16 79:10 80:2,17,20**  sets **24:20** setting **7:13 8:1 8:10 22:2,4**  **50:6 53:2 66:13 90:6**  settings **47:18** settled**24:16 108:13**  settles **66:1** seven **30:16 58:21 98:1**  seven-inch **30:1** seventh **63:11 77:5**  severe **30:10,17 70:21**  severely**44:14** shaping **52:10** share**28:9 63:9 76:14**  shared **85:14** sharply **62:22** sheet**7:5 97:9 98:4**  sheets**42:14** shipping **107:10** shock**98:6** short**28:1** shoulder **76:14** show **33:15**

**59:22 76:22** showing **33:8 44:15 97:18**  **101:1** shown **56:20 76:10 86:22**  **88:3** shows **78:13 97:20**  shuttle **35:7** shuttled **82:4** Sierra **3:10 48:14 67:7**  **70:4,6 71:3 74:21 75:17**  sign **6:18 47:2** signed **6:15** significant **25:8 37:15,17 38:21**  **39:14 43:17 63:6 76:18**  **77:13 90:9** significantly **14:5 39:16 58:6 79:9 81:2**  **92:5** signs **97:18** silence **101:4** similar**38:7 53:2 66:13**  **78:22 89:19 106:13**  simple **38:5 94:13 96:21**  simply**26:11 73:4 88:21**  simultaneously **39:5** single **25:10 32:11 37:20**  **44:2** sit **37:1** situation **64:4** situations **47:15 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 134 56:10**  six **12:21 20:15 41:16 46:21**  **53:14 58:21 67:17**  sixth **97:15** size **72:3 96:10** skies **48:18 60:8 64:1 74:19**  **93:7,12,14 102:6**  skilled **49:19** skin **98:11** sky **55:20 81:14 93:17 95:6**  **102:10,13 103:10,11**  **109:6** skyrocketing **87:10** slated**40:11** slowly **10:16** slurry **96:11** small**38:16 45:1 45:6,16 96:16**  smoke **106:15 106:16**  smoking **98:15** snow **30:5,13** software **18:8** solar**45:22 60:2 94:10,19 95:22**  **96:12 101:6 105:12**  solely **68:17** soliciting **62:3** solutions **30:20 95:15 106:2**  somebody **59:15** soon **26:16 104:16 110:3**  soot **103:17** sought**21:6** sound **56:13 71:18**  source**25:8,11**

**27:20 29:6 32:6,12 63:6**  **77:15 87:5 108:9**  sources **21:6 32:10 35:22**  **44:17 63:17 68:4 77:14**  **82:16** South **41:15** southwest **102:4** space **94:9** speak **10:16 11:13 28:21**  **30:18 31:9 41:11 48:10**  **75:15 81:11 86:5**  speakers **28:16 67:2,3 92:14**  **92:14** speaking **11:3** special **103:14** species **62:14,21 71:2**  specific**40:20 62:13 83:16**  Specifically **92:1** spending **46:1** spike **57:16 60:6 60:10**  spiraling **109:8** spirit**42:6 46:13 47:9 73:12**  spoke **83:4,5** spray **96:21** sprayed **94:14** spraying**43:6 81:17 83:20**  **84:21 85:9,20 94:7,21 97:4**  spread **94:17** spreading**43:21 61:7 93:17**  **102:11**

spreads **43:16** spring **30:6** spurts **102:12** squarely**21:3** stabilize **89:9 92:3**  stabilizing **51:14 89:14**  staff **12:8** stage**24:21** staggering **100:9** stakeholders **19:17 23:1 41:20 108:15**  standalone **34:11** standard **7:14 7:19 8:2,6,7,11**  **8:13 12:12,17 13:19 14:5,8**  **14:14,19 15:4 15:8,11,13,17**  **16:2,7,10 17:11 21:22**  **22:10,14 23:17 25:1,3,5,7,7**  **26:2,4,5,8,16 26:21,22 27:4**  **27:6,12,18,19 27:22 28:1**  **32:21 33:10 34:3,11,14**  **35:10,13 40:9 40:11,15,21**  **41:6 53:8,14 54:2 65:1**  **72:22 74:15 75:2 88:18**  **91:14,15 92:9** standards **5:1 8:12,14 15:2**  **21:18 22:2,4,5 23:15 24:22**  **25:12 27:9 29:10,14 31:4** 

**32:3 33:1,3,7 34:1 35:11,21**  **40:17 41:4 50:7,13 52:13**  **52:19,20 53:2 53:5,18 62:5**  **63:15 64:16 65:10,18 66:1**  **66:4,10,12,13 66:15 68:15,17**  **68:21 69:11,15 69:19,20 72:7**  **72:14,18 73:14 73:17 74:2**  **79:5,10,11,13 80:3,17 81:1,6**  **88:10,12,22 90:6 91:2,22**  **98:16** stands **70:6** Stanford's **95:6** start**4:16,17 44:1 109:8**  started **102:9** starting **16:10** state **10:14 25:17 29:8,22**  **36:1 67:20 81:22 82:14,21**  **85:9 106:13** state's **29:10** state-of-the-art **15:2,12** stated**22:8 31:14 44:2**  **85:18** statement **10:15** statements **6:3 9:17**  states **3:8 17:19 23:20 24:14**  **25:6 31:3,7 36:14 40:16,16**  **50:9 56:7 63:19 67:5,11** 

**67:16,17,19 68:8 69:18**  **70:8 72:16 76:14,17 77:12**  **77:16 78:2,5 78:14 79:21**  **81:3 86:21 87:6,20 88:20**  **97:10,16 98:15 105:19**  static **16:7** Station **83:3** statute **73:10,16** staying **39:22** steep **70:16** steeply **64:5** stem**32:18** step **32:22 47:8** step-down **55:6** steps **27:15 90:9** stick**96:18** stimulated **108:22** stop **100:17** stopped **108:12** stopping **18:19** StopSpraying... **92:21** strategies **35:2** stratosphere **96:7,19** stratospheric **94:11** streamline **10:18** stress **97:22** stretch **93:18 94:4**  stretching **93:16** strictest**98:17** strides **76:18** stringency **8:13 12:16 14:19**  **15:10,19 16:8 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 135 26:2,18 88:13**  **91:20** stringent**26:21 33:7 35:15**  **40:21 63:15 64:19 66:15**  **72:9 81:2 89:9 92:3**  strive **38:12** stroke **98:13 99:1**  strong **18:18 21:1 29:13**  **33:8 35:13 38:1 39:21**  **40:19 50:15 51:7 72:18**  **75:2** stronger **39:11 68:5 75:9**  strongly**22:8 26:20 38:15**  **46:9 70:15 71:3 75:12**  strontium **85:4** structure **107:19** studies **17:9 42:21 56:13,18**  **56:20 57:8 60:4 104:20**  study **17:7 28:4 50:16 58:10**  **59:6 61:6,7,8 90:5 96:20**  **103:15,20 104:7**  studying **26:18** subject **19:1 25:12 36:19**  **48:12 68:13** submissions **8:20** submit **6:15 7:3 9:8,9 17:7 20:8**  **69:21 100:13 100:19** 

submitted **17:6** submitting **54:6 55:15 66:19**  **75:16** subsequent **59:13** Subsequently **102:14** subsonic **103:14** substances **94:20** substantial **33:21** substantiated **31:22** substantive **79:7** succeeded **80:1** success **40:5 108:18**  successful **39:3** succession **10:14** sudden **98:7** Sue **67:6 75:22** sufficiently **33:4 66:15 81:2**  **89:9 92:3** suggest **107:8** suggested **105:11** suggestions **109:18** suggests **14:7** sulfate **99:20** sulfates **94:21 94:22 97:5,7**  **103:17 108:8** sulfur **58:15,16 96:17,18**  sulfur-doped **46:5** sulfuric **94:21** sum**46:20** summarized **68:6** summer**30:6**

Sumter**41:15** sun **99:13,14,21** sunlight **94:9** sunshine **102:5** super-heated **105:20** supplemental **9:8** supply **91:10 104:9**  support **13:12 25:6 31:9,18**  **35:7 52:22 68:2,2,2,14,16**  supported **51:4** supporters **70:9** supporting **6:9 20:1**  supports **22:8 24:4,18 25:5**  **27:17 33:6 34:5 38:15**  **67:21 68:10 71:3**  supposed **92:22** supposedly **101:5** sure **54:20** surface **60:15** surprise **95:10** surprising **107:19** surprisingly **82:15** survive **106:22** sustainability **37:19** sustainable **19:11 22:19 52:2 70:11**  **107:15** swiftly **75:12** syndrome **104:19** system **19:7**

**38:22 48:6 51:22 89:6,9**  **92:2 97:11 108:19**  systems **51:21 98:10** T table **6:16 9:21 10:8,12 67:4**  take **18:1 22:13 26:16 27:15**  **41:11 47:8 69:9,16 73:9**  **73:21 75:3 76:18 77:8**  **78:2 79:17,18 79:22 85:10**  **87:18 98:20 100:18**  taken **76:20 81:14 90:9**  **100:2 106:11** takeoff **13:15** takeoffs **56:5** takes **15:13,18 52:10**  talk**36:19 58:18 84:8**  talked **54:15 57:12 60:13**  tanks **47:4** target **88:8** targets **15:18 51:12 98:8**  technical **12:1 12:11 19:20**  **90:17** technically **90:20** techniques **37:4** technological **14:16 52:8 90:3**  technologies

**14:17 15:3,12 18:6 33:14**  **34:17 37:14 51:20**  technology **16:12 19:2,9 20:4 33:11**  **37:2 39:8 40:1 50:16 65:2,3**  **66:7 72:11 74:1,3,3 75:2**  **89:21,22 90:20 108:22 109:4**  technology-fol... **27:1 33:2 73:15 88:18**  technology-fo... **26:22 33:2 66:2 73:14**  **80:18** tell**48:20 59:3** telling **55:6 84:11**  tells **63:3** temperature **60:7,10,21 62:20 93:9,20**  temperatures **60:16 70:20 103:6**  tens **94:7** term**35:5 84:18 90:17**  terms **60:7** terrestrial**46:1** territories**23:20** terrorist**48:2** Terry **83:6** test **82:22 100:11**  tested **82:19 85:3**  testifier **10:1** testifiers **10:8 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 136 11:1**  testify **6:15,19 17:20 23:11**  **29:2 49:11 54:5 67:13**  **76:7** testimony**9:8,9 9:19,22 10:7**  **10:13,22 12:4 24:1 28:3**  **29:18 55:15 67:18**  testing**47:6 82:9 84:16 85:11**  tests **100:13** tetraethyl**44:18** thank**4:7,15 5:6 7:9 11:12,17**  **17:13 23:7,10 28:12,13,17,22**  **29:1 36:2,3,3,5 36:5 41:10,12**  **48:10,11,22 49:1,1,4,11**  **54:4,8 61:21 62:3 66:21**  **67:1,1,8,9,12 70:1,3 75:15**  **75:18,19 76:1 76:2,5,6 81:7**  **81:10 86:4,5 92:10,12**  **101:19,20,21 109:13,17**  **110:2,4** Thanks **11:18** theory **109:2** thermal **105:21** thick**97:4** thing **58:20 60:22 61:5,15**  things **44:18 59:2 86:18**  think**39:14 43:7 49:4 54:19**  **60:14,20 93:3**

**102:11 108:4** third **12:18 21:10 27:12**  **32:6 98:14** thorium **96:6** thoroughly **98:19** thoughtful **28:13 92:12 109:18**  thoughts **67:2 75:20**  thousands **81:15 93:18 94:4**  **101:2** threat**29:21 41:17 43:11**  threatened **62:15** threatening **30:2** threatens **30:6** threats **68:7** three **10:7 15:21 25:22 80:11**  **99:6 105:3** three-letter **101:16** thrived **50:10** tier **69:18,20** tiered **15:15** tighter **99:18** tightly **108:12** time**4:7 7:2 10:3 10:7,20 13:20**  **14:22 15:1 31:21 36:2**  **38:17 50:18 64:12,16 65:10**  **73:19 75:3,5 79:13 81:3,7**  **98:15 110:2** time-lapse **100:22** timeframe**73:22** timekeeper**9:22**

timekeepers **9:21** timely**35:22** times **9:22 39:13 44:5 58:16**  **96:15,17 98:1** timing **12:16 15:22 26:1,15**  Tiny **94:13** tip **83:16** tissue **99:3** titanium **97:5 103:17**  title**4:9 55:11** today**4:8,16 5:8 6:14,17 9:7**  **11:1,4,9 17:14 29:2,13 30:15**  **31:9 41:11 43:22 44:18**  **51:3 54:5 57:19 67:13,18**  **70:2,6 81:12 86:6 88:16**  **92:15 109:16 109:18 110:2**  today's **4:6,10 5:22 6:21 8:17**  **9:15 10:6 50:18 70:12**  **92:22** told **82:2,4,21 84:8 96:13**  tons **18:12 37:1 39:2 77:3**  **89:15 94:8** top **97:18** topic **17:15** total **63:22 66:16 72:12**  **77:6,12 87:9,9 90:19**  touch **27:2** tourism**45:22** toxic**42:10 58:8**

**95:1,21 104:19** toxicity**98:20 105:2**  trace **58:14 93:3 105:10**  traced **83:17** track**9:22 50:16 51:8**  Tracy **59:8** trade**49:15 50:12**  trade-secret **42:10** traffic **19:7 37:3 38:8 51:22**  **63:16 65:22 66:8 74:11**  trailing**47:19** trails **81:14,21 93:18,19 94:3**  transcripts **8:22 9:3**  Transferred **17:8** transgenerati... **59:5,19** transitioned **44:13** translates **50:21** transparency **16:19** transport **39:1** transportation **2:12 11:15,21 25:11,14 32:6**  **32:9,10,12,16 38:21,22 87:7**  **87:8** transporting **36:21** trap **45:19 60:2** trapped **54:15** trapping **93:8** trash **91:9** travel**39:17**

**54:1 75:7 84:4 108:9**  treaty**22:11 108:5**  trees **105:1** tremendous **33:15 86:22** tremors **98:6** trend**21:12** tri-iodide**46:7** triggers **72:1** trillion **58:13** trip **102:1** triple **63:14 77:18**  trips **90:12** troposphere **104:14** troubled **102:9** trucks **32:8 58:17 76:21**  **87:2** truer**30:15** truly**46:17** Tuesday **1:11** tumors **97:12** turbofan **89:22** turn **6:20 7:7 75:21**  turns **43:16** twice **30:13** two **13:17 17:9 20:17 38:18**  **39:18 45:7,8 92:14**  type **13:20 14:20** type-certified **15:17** types **14:18,21 15:13,20 16:3**  **26:17 34:4,12 41:7 66:4**  typically **58:7 Public Meeting**  **August 11, 2015 Washington, D.C.** 

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wait **64:17 79:21** wake **109:9** Wallace **106:18** want **59:4 75:22 109:19,22**  wanted **81:19 102:14**  warfare **95:9** warm **60:1** warmer**93:8** warming **30:20 43:21 54:16**  **60:19 61:3 62:15,18 77:22**  **94:10 96:5 107:13 109:2**  warming-indu... **79:20** warning **42:16** Washington **1:22** watching **102:12 102:13**  water **13:2 30:5 42:16,18 84:12**  **93:6 94:15 99:7,15 100:1**  **102:22 103:15 105:20 106:2,2**  way **10:12,21 25:9 37:7 48:2**  **48:21 52:3 59:10,11,21**  **61:16 72:4 73:9 80:18**  ways **38:1** weak **80:4** weapons **95:10** weather **62:22 70:20 83:22**  **96:3 103:5 105:15,16,18**  **106:7,17,19 107:18,20** **Public Meeting August 11, 2015**  **Washington, D.C.**

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 138 108:2,6,21,21**  **109:3,10** website **7:5 9:4,4 83:13**  weeks **28:4** weight **68:19** welcome**4:6 88:11**  welcomes**20:7** welfare **1:5 4:13 5:15 24:6,10**  **31:13,21 42:8 62:13 64:9**  **68:1 71:17 87:16 102:21**  well-considered **75:4** well-documen... **71:20** well-established **53:17** well-mixed **20:15 31:20** wells-to-wheel **33:20** went **108:4** whales **104:22** white **2:18 28:18 29:1,5 36:3**  **84:6 93:15** widely **14:17** widespread **71:1** wildfire **30:10** wildfires **30:17** willfully **93:12** William **1:19** Williams **2:5 4:18,18**  winds **100:15** wing **90:1,11** winglets **18:7 27:10 90:10,16**  **92:7** winter **30:3** wish **6:14 41:10** witness **9:17**

witnessed **81:17** witnesses **6:2 10:14 11:13**  witnessing **84:14** Wolf**3:5 49:8 62:1,1**  wonder**43:6** wondering **106:7** word**43:4** wording **42:9** words **64:2 65:5** work **17:14 28:10 38:8**  **81:4 91:1,12 91:13 92:8**  worked **50:8 95:9 102:3**  working **12:8 19:18 35:2**  **40:7 53:13 66:20 70:14**  **83:14** works **50:4 70:10 86:9**  world **30:8 40:14 43:6**  **63:12 68:9 70:12 75:9**  **77:15 86:2,14 88:3 94:1**  **95:19 107:16 109:11**  world's **30:21 36:12 71:9**  **76:11,13 78:4 78:6**  worldwide **41:20 85:21 101:2**  worried**43:9** worst **63:2 70:19 76:12**  worthy **104:10**

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1999 **97:17** 1st **5:12 11:8** 2 2 **2:17 18:10 21:4 36:22**  **51:4 54:12,22 71:15 88:7**  **89:18 90:18** 2-foot **30:12** 2.2 **89:16** 2.4 **70:9** 2.5 **54:12** 20 **18:15** 20,000 **91:11** 2000 **18:16** 20004 **1:22** 2000s **60:14,14** 2002 **100:18** 2004 **104:5** 2005 **51:17 87:22 92:4**  2006 **95:7** 2007 **31:14 32:2** 2008 **12:10 29:18 31:16**  **51:11 65:20 78:10 89:3**  2009 **12:10 17:7 24:12,14 51:14**  **68:3,4 102:5** 2010 **89:12 90:5 96:13 97:2,8**  **103:9,20** 2011 **91:8 98:13 101:2**  2012 **55:3 57:3 58:10 78:13**  2013 **13:9 44:11 59:8 77:3**  **78:13 97:17** 2014 **18:16 68:6** 2015 **1:11 5:12 7:2,11 11:8** **Public Meeting August 11, 2015**  **Washington, D.C.**

**1-800-FOR-DEPO Alderson Reporting Company**  **Page 139 58:11 64:13**  **87:12 89:16,20 100:3**  2016 **8:8 14:18 15:2,12 25:1**  **40:12 53:8,9 65:2 72:11**  **80:4** 2018 **69:18** 2019 **16:10** 2020 **14:8,20 16:3,5,12**  **18:22 19:1 20:6 26:16**  **51:14,15 89:10 92:4**  2022 **69:15** 2023 **16:5 26:17** 2024 **14:21** 2025 **58:12 87:22 108:6**  2029 **55:1** 2030 **14:9,16 63:5 64:22**  **65:3 72:12 89:16,20**  2035 **87:12** 2050 **46:2 51:17 77:18**  20s **97:18** 21 **100:3 107:15** 21-degree **99:12** 23 **18:14 21:8 39:2**  231 **7:14,17 8:3 22:6 24:18,20**  **25:4 32:3 35:20 53:18**  **65:17 67:22 71:22 72:19**  **73:17,21 74:6 79:1 87:17**  **89:5 91:15** 231's **73:7** 231(a) **5:16 24:7 24:12** 

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