NBSIR 74-582

FY 1973 Progress Report on Design Criteria

and Metliodology for Construction of Low-Rise

Buildings to Better Resist Typhoons and

Hurricanes

N. J. Raufaste and R. D. Marshall

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

July 2, 1973

Prepared for The Office of Science and Technology

Agency for International Development

Department of State

Washington, D. C. 20234

Under a Participating Agency Service

Agreement (PASA)

No. TA (CE) 04-73
i

I

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NBSIR 74-582

FY 1973 PROGRESS REPORT ON DESIGN CRITERIA

AND METHODOLOGY FOR CONSTRUCTION OF LOW-RISE

BUILDINGS TO BETTER RESIST TYPHOONS AND

HURRICANES

N. J. Raufaste and R. D. Marshall

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

July 2, 1973

Prepared for The Office of Science and Technology

Agency for International Development

Department of State Washington, D. C. 20234

Under a Participating Agency Service

Agreement (PASA)

No. TA (CE) 04-73

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts. Director
1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 1

INTRODUCTION 1

A. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS FOR FISCAL YEAR 1973 2 Field Trip 2 Tokyo, Japan 3 Manila, Philippines 3 Dacca, Bangladesh ^ Garston, Watford, England 13

Sydney, Australia 1^ Melbourne, Australia 1^ NBS Fiscal Year 1973 Equipment Purchases 15

Identification of Related Documents 16

B. PROJECTED ACTIVITIES FOR FISCAL YEAR 1974 16

Transfer of Information 16

Visit to Northern Caribbean Islands 17 Purchase of Equipment in Fiscal Year 1974 17

Identification of Field Test Sites 17 Climatological Analysis of Data 18

Wind Tunnel Studies 18

C. PRELIMINARY FISCAL YEAR 1974 PROJECT SCHEDULE 19

APPENDIX A: ORGANIZATIONS AND FACILITIES VISITED DURING THE APRIL 1973 FIELD TRIP 22

APPENDIX B: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DATA RELEVANT TO THE NBS/USAID WIND

PROJECT 26
SI CONVERSION FACTORS

This report describes measurements in metric units. It is recommended that the reader

assume the responsibility for applying the appropriate conversion to English units. The

United States of America, as a signatory to the General Conference of Weights and Measures

(which gave official status to the metric SI system of units) , recognizes the International

Standard (SI) unit of measurement.

Length

. 1 meter (m) = 3.281 feet (ft)

1 kilometer (km) = 0.622 mile (mi)

Velocity

. . 1 meter per second (m/s) = 3.281 feet per second (ft/s) or 2.237 mile per hour (mi/hr)
FISCAL YEAR 1973 PROJECT STATUS REPORT

DESIGN CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY

FOR CONSTRUCTION OF LOW-RISE BUILDINGS

TO BETTER RESIST TYPHOONS AND HURRICANES

by

N. J. Raufaste

R. D. Marshall

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

ABSTRACT

This report presents the major accomplishments and the initial phase of a three-year project

to provide engineering technical assistance to the Agency for International Development (AID)

for the development of design criteria for low-rise buildings to better withstand extreme

winds. This phase represents a 3 month level of effort. During this period, the Center for

Building Technology project staff members commenced six introductory tasks. These tasks will

set the pace for the second fiscal year level of effort. The tasks included: (1) initiate

dialogue with organizations and institutes in developing countries; (2) establish a Philippine advisory committee; (3) conduct on-site visits to developing countries to identify

local professional candidates for short-term consultating; (4) conduct on-site visits to developed countries to collect information from research centers; (5) purchase initial wind

tunnel and full-scale field test instrumentation; and (6) commence library search of related

subject documents.

INTRODUCTION

Statistics show that Luzon Island, Philippines experience the highest annual frequency

of extreme winds in the world. Approximately 50 percent of the Philippine population live

within this area. In view of the climatology for this geographic area and the variety of

problems created by the rapidly spiraling population (36.7 million people estimated by the

1970 census with an annual growth rate of 3.0 percent)"*", the loss of life and property can

be expected to increase in the years ahead. Of the sixty eight major typhoons reported by

the Philippine Weather Bureau during 1965-1971, ten had wind speeds in excess of 60 m/s .

Post disaster reports indicate millions of dollars of property is damaged annually and hundreds of lives are lost due to these typhoons. For example, in 1970 the Philippines experienced four typhoons causing over 1000 deaths and over $45 million damage to property, including damage to approximately 9000 public school classrooms. It is estimated that over

300,000 school children were affected by the storms.

In addition to the Philippines , other heavily populated geographic areas experience

extreme winds; they include the Indian Ocean countries, the northern Caribbean Islands, and

the southeastern United States. Frequency distributions' of extreme winds for these geographic areas indicate that the northern Philippines experiences a mean annual crossing frequency (per 5° square of latitude and longitude) of 5 tropical cyclones (wind speeds greater

than 17.5 m/s); the second geographical area experiences an annual frequency of 1.2 tropical

storms per 5° square while the third and fourth experience 1.0 and 1.5 respectively.

.esearch Study of the Socio-Economic Aspects of Low-Cost Housing in the Philippines , Progress Report . Sycip, Gones, Valayo and Co., March 1972.

^Ibid.

1
While research into the effects of winds on buildings and other structures is being

conducted in developed countries, very little of this research is being conducted on lowrise buildings and practically no research is being performed on low-rise buildings in

developing countries. The developing countries are at a particular disadvantage since their

economies usually do not permit a rebuilding of damaged structures after each storm. It is

estimated that 85 percent of some developing country residents live in temporary houses made

out of material found along the roadside or discarded by another person.

To assist the developing countries in these areas, AID requested the National Bureau

of Standards to develop design criteria for low-rise, low-cost structures to better withstand extreme winds. AID also requested that such assistance be structured to improve the

local technical expertise and research capabilities as well as to establish wind research

capability in organizations and institutes in the participating countries.

As a preliminary step to this study, an AID/NBS research effort entitled, "The Design,

Siting and Construction of Low-Cost Housing and Community Buildings to Better Withstand

Earthquakes and Windstorms" clearly pointed out that improvements in the collection and

analysis of climatological design data, strength of structural elements, building siting and

its geometry, and information regarding structural connection details is needed. Such information gaps are seriously affecting building designs in many of the developing countries.

The results and recommendations of the above study were considered in the planning of this

study

.

To date, approximately 60 different individuals were contacted in person to discuss this

research to collect information relevant to the project, to help organize a Philippine

advisory committee and to identify appropriate short-term consultants.

The next section of this report presents a summary of progress during fiscal year 1973.

This is followed by a discussion of the progress and plans for fiscal year 1974.

Two appendices are included:

• Appendix A: List of individuals and organizations contacted during FY' 73 field

visits, and

• Appendix B: A bibliography relevant to NBS/USAID wind project.

A. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS FOR FISCAL YEAR 1973

Field Trip

Philippines, Bangladesh and Jamaica were selected by USAID and NBS for participation in

this study. The selection was based upon their need for assistance as well as on their

potential for implementing and transferring the research results to their respective geographic areas. Japan, Australia and England representing developed countries were selected

to collect information from research institutes about their experiences with similar research

projects

.

The events associated with this trip may be viewed as 2 separate aspects. The first was concerned with introducing the study to appropriate local individuals. These individuals were encouraged to interact with the NBS personnel so to better delineate the purpose of the

research, to assess their capabilities and to answer their questions.

The second task was concerned with assessing the expertise of individuals and their

organization's capability in high wind research in the participating developing countries.

"Distribution of Extreme Winds Over Oceans", Journal of the Waterways, Harbors and Coastal

Engineering Division, By Herbert C. S. Thorn, February 1973.

2
On the surface, it might appear that the selected developing countries do not possess

the capabilities or expertise to perforin this type of research. This is not true. They are, however, lacking in appropriate technical guidance and funding for necessary equipment and

facilities . .

A summary of the activities performed in each country and specifically at the local

organizational level is discussed below:

1. Tokyo, Japan ' '. ,!,. ^ •, '

, ;.

a . U.S. Embassy ,

'

• ^ , <

Mr. Richard H. Zorn II, Assistant to Dr. Robert W. Hiatt, Scientific Counselor

was visited at the American Embassy. Mr. Zorn was interested in the project and

offered to act as liaison to identify, Japanese researchers with appropriate

credentials for participation in this research. He requested copies of all relevant correspondence so he would be informed of the project status.

b . Ministry of Construction, Public Works Research Institute

This institute is involved with several wipd, research ; activities . The individuals

listed under Appendix A part l.b were briefed in detail on the objectives of our research. This meeting provided the opportunity to discuss the wind research

project with other qualified individuals, and to identify a future potential

source with which to share information. The general discussions with the Public

Works officials centered around collecting similar information and a discussion

of their experiences in Manila. It would be desirable- to interact with the Institute. If such is agreeable with The Agency for International Development, Washington, D. C. , (AID/W) a formal. invitation should be addressed to the Institute

identifying one individual for his participation in the forthcoming organizational

meeting/workshop would be desirable. -

2. Manila, Philippines :

a. USAID Mission

The Assistant and Deputy Assistant Directors , for Capital; Development (see Appendix

A part 2. a) were visited on several occasions to discuss the joint research involvement and areas of responsibility. Mr. Larson believed that the University

is the most logical organizational group to serve as the focal point in interacting

between NBS and the local Philippine agencies and organizations. This judgment is

based upon the University's expertise and capabilities including their sensitivity

to administrative aspects associated with this project. Mr. Larson felt the newly

formed Philippine Advisory Committee has potential for raising the necessary funds

for their level of activities. The AID Mission, would serve in a consultant capacity to this project and provide assistance to this committee as the need arises.

b . University of the Philippines

A meeting was scheduled with individuals from the , College of Architecture and

Engineering (see Appendix A, part 2.b) to review the research project, to discuss

their participation and assess their laboratory capability and equipment inventory. A list of equipment for wind tunnel; tests and field instrumentation was developed during discussions with the Civil Engineering Department and the Computer Center staffs.

The University of Philippines (UP) wind tunnel facility and associated instrumentation were evaluated for conducting building aerodynamic studies. The

tunnel is a closed return system. with a drive motor located directly above the

test section. The test section is 1 . 22 meters . square and 3.70 meters long. The

fan diameter is 1.5 meters and produces a maximum wind speed of 30 m/s . Corner

fillets in the tunnel are removable and provide a means for adjusting the pressure

gradient. While the tunnel is quite small (by current standards) for modeling

3
atmosfherlc flows, it is probably sufficient if the growth rate of the boundary

layer is stimulated or augmented. The tunnel is housed in a building having a large uncommitted floor area and the facility is used only on rare occasions.

Wirh the exception of some general-purpose equipment in the Department of Electrical Engineering, instrumentation necessary for wind tunnel studies is non- existent .

The University operates an IBM 360, Model 40 Computer with a memory capacity

of 64,000 words. Mass storage is provided by two 2311 disk drives. Four tape

drives are available; one is a 7-track and the others are 9-track. No plotting

facilities or A-D conversion are available. Two line printers are used, each with

a capability of printing 1200 lines per minute. CPU rates are approximately $70

per hour for commercial work and $35 per hour for academic work.

c . Philippine Weather Bureau

With the Weather Bureau Officials, (see Appendix A part 2.c) the research projects

scope of work was reviewed and questions answered. The Bureau presently records

winds at about 200 weather stations (50 synoptic stations, 150 climatological

stations ; 4 are a combination radar/synoptic station) . The Weather Bureau suggested that Catanduanes Island (an island east of Luzon) is a promising candidate

site for full-scale building tests since this island has a very high mean annual

frequency of tropical storms.

d. National Housing Corporation (NHC)

NHC was organized in 1968 with funding from the government and private banks to mass produce building components. To data several hundred single family houses

have been built, most constructed of porous concrete panels (1.00 x 2.40 m) and

galvanized iron roofing (see fig. 1). Gen. G. V. Tobias, Executive Vice President of NHC, is very interested in the project since it could directly affect his

plans for providing several thousand future homes. He offered his facilities for

use as a test structure and office space for NBS staff.

e. People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC)

This Corporation is directly oriented toward providing housing for the low-income

citizen. Its funding is almost solely from the Government which ultimately reduces

the selling price of developed lots. Lieutenant Colonel Rebueno, representing

PHHC, stated that he would follow any decisions made by the Advisory Committee and

would adopt improved design criteria for housing to better withstand high winds.

f. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)

Dr. Senn, Chief, Typhoon Research Committee, is interested in this subject because

of his aim and objectives as Chairman of the ECAFE Typhoon Research Committee.

ECAFE is interested in the improvement of communications, flood and typhoon warning and the transfer of information to the otheir countries engaged in Typhoon Research (Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Philippines, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia). His area of participation would be to transfer results of our research activities to the Typhoon Research Committee as they develop. In this manner, NBS/AID would

have the benefit of additional comments and criticisms. If his assistance is re- quested, it should be done on an informal basis. In this respect. Dr. Senn would

be more flexible in his interaction with the wind project.

g. Land and Housing Development Corporation (LHDC)

LHDC is a privately financed housing development organization providing homes primarily to low-middle and middle income families. A visit was made to one of their

sites near Manila, where this corporation is constructing homes (see figs. 2 and

3) using convential building construction techniques and materials (concrete block

and galvanized iron roofing). Col. A. R. Sanchez, Vice President (Operations),

offered one of his houses as a test building.

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h . Other Philippine Organizations (Refer tp Appendix A parts 2.h-o)

These organizations were invited by the University to attend an organizational

meeting on April 27, 1973 at the Weather Bureau. At this time the research project was presented by the NBS team in detail to all the attendees. A question and answer period followed. After the presentation, an advisory committee was formed

for the coordination of all Philippine activities associated with this research.

The committee consisted of the groups listed in Appendix A parts 2.a-o. Dr. Tabujara was elected Chairman and General Tobias as Vice Chairman. In addition,

a subcommittee was formed consisting of 5 committee members. The subcommittee's

objectives are to schedule activities and establish estimates of the human and

financial resources required for the Advisory Committees' recommended level of

activity in this project. Colonel A. R. Kabiling of the National Housing Corporation, was elected Chairman of the subcommittee. A general feeling prevailed among

all the attendees at the end of the meeting that there is deep Philippine interest

in the project.

3. Dacca, Bangladesh

a. USAID Mission and U.S. Embassy

The persons listed in Appendix A, parts 3. a and b were visited on several separate

occasions to describe the research project. The Mission and Embassy look forward

to receiving results from the project.

Almost daily, stories from the field reported high wind damage in which homes

and personal belongings have been swept away and people have been killed by flying

debris. In Bangladesh the situation is almost beyond belief. This desperately

poor and hungry country of 80 million people living in an area the size of Wisconsin have no method to seek government emergency housing relief (such as provided

by our Office of Emergency Preparedness, HUD). Thus, as one might expect USAID 's major concern is to provide assistance today to help reduce today's problems.

Their activities are not geared to long range assistance. However, the AID Mission

in Bangladesh agreed that thip research project is certainly an important step

toward the development of improving their housing plan.

The AID office offered any as-slstance we may need for future contacts or coordination of activities. They can provide effective indigenous advice from

their professional staff should such be necessary.

b. CARE, Incorporated '

In Bangladesh, CARE, Inc. is concerned with developing low-cost wind resistant

structures. In this respect their involvement in Bangladesh currently centers

around providing three different building concepts; a ^ome shaped house, a quonset

shaped structure and a soil stabilized block house. The former design approach

(see fig. 4) has not been put into production due to the local cultural non- acceptance of dome shaped buildings. At its present site it is used as a community

health station. This structure is composed of 5 separate pieces. When joined

together they form a decahedron shaped structure. The second design concept and

latest design approach involves a precast on site building using three layers of

polyester resin reinforced with jute (see fig. 5). This structure may be designed in incremental lengths of approximately one meter. This house also may be

constructed with a veranda at one or both ends. The house shown in the figure is

5.4 m long (6 - 0.90 m sections per side) with an enclosed length of 4.5 m. The

windows and doors are formed while in the mold. As evident from the photograph,

this design is based upon joining 0.90 m half arch sections together at the top

to form an arch and then to the ground or a low brick wall by thin metal rods

(see fig. 6). The soil stabilized block house concept (cinva-ram) uses abonf6 percent of cement for soil stabilization. One hundred forty-eight houses were recently constructed using the cinva-ram method in a village 70 km west of Dacca

(see fig. 7). Since these houses are relatively new, little data is available

as to their success in resisting high winds.

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Of the three building designs the quonset type building appears to offer the

greatest potential for providing low-cost locally acceptable housing to the Bangalis.

c . Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Dr. Fazlur Khan, partner in Skidmore , Owings and Tlerrill, Architects (SOM)

,

Chicago, identified Dr. Jamilur Choudhury as a candidate with whom to contract on

a short term basis to provide a "transfer of knowledge" link between activities in

the Philippines and the Indian Ocean countries. A meeting was scheduled with Dr. Choudhury and the project was discussed in detail. Dr. Choudhury then scheduled

a briefing with Dr. Islam who is in charge of the University's wind tunnel activities.

The wind tunnel in the Mechanical Engineering Department is an open return

type with a test section of 0.25 m square and 0.60 m long. The maximum wind speed

is 50 m/s. A new test section is scheduled to be constructed in the near future

with speed of 70 m/s. This tunnel will be a closed return system with the drive

motor located on the same plane as the test section. The university has a very

minimal computer capability.

Both Drs . Choudhury and Islam are very interested in this project because

they are performing similar, but less sophisticated research.

A proposal was received from Dr. Choudhury for review by NBS.

d. Shaheedulla and Associates - Consulting Structural Engineers

A meeting was held with Mr. Shaheedulla, a private structural engineer in Dacca,

(also referred by Dr. Fazlur Khan) , who was presented a description of the project

and was requested to indicate his degree of interest. He provided NBS with some

ideas for reducing wind loads on buildings through use of barriers and tie-downs

and a history of high winds in Bangladesh. Mr. Shaheedulla has experience in

medium rise structures. He is being considered for a short term contract award.

e . Building Research Institute

This institute consists of a 3 man staff, 1 draftsman and 2 engineers. Mr. Hossian, Chief Engineer, was briefed and showed an interest in this study. To

date, no information has been received from Mr. Hossian. BRI's capabilities are limited both in funding and human resources

.

4. Garston, Watford, England

a . Building Research Establishment

Meetings were conducted with personnel noted in Appendix A, part 4. a. Each individual was briefed about the project and their assistance was requested in

furnishing NBS with any related "lessons learned" information, e.g.

• how to design, install and use wind tunnel equipment to perform

1:50 scale modeling,

• what simulation methods are the most reliable,

• what would be done differently if BRE had to perform similar tests over,

• what are BRE recommendations for this study, and

• provide NBS with related research reports, etc. Most of the BRE model studies are performed at Bristol University using a 1:250

scale. The tunnel most used for this type modeling at BRE is about 2 m wide by

1 m high by 6.5 m in length. The wind speed in this tunnel ranges from 0.75 to 5.0 m/s. Their second tunnel, an environmental tunnel, is an open return system

with dimensions of 2.50 m by 1.80 m by 4.90 m long and produces a maximum wind

speed of 10 m/s. The environmental tunnel, however, has no room for development

of a boundary layer such as is required in our scale modeling activities.

13
5. Sydney, Australia

a. University of Sydney, Department of Civil Engineering

Wind-tunnel modeling techniques were discussed with Dr. B. J. Vickery. The

tunnel used for wind studies at the University of Sydney is an open-return type

with the fan installed at the intake. The working section is 1.80 m high, 2.50 m wide and 15 m long. The ceiling is nonad j ustable and consists of perforated

hardboard . This, coupled with the upstream fan position, results in a negligible

pressure gradient and eliminates the problem of flow distortion caused by tunnel

leakage. The cost of the tunnel, excluding the propellor and drive motor, was

less than $3,500 Australian ($5,200 U.S.). Instrumentation consists of hot-wire

anemometers, a digital correlator-probability analyzer, a sampling multimeter and

dynamic mounts for aeroelastic studies.

The problem of establishing a suitable boundary layer in the UP tunnel was discussed. It was Dr. Vickery's opinion that, while the existing tunnel in the

Philippines would probably be satisfactory for the studies envisioned for the next

three years, serious consideration should be given to the construction of a larger

facility patterned after University of Sydney facility. It was also his opinion

that special-purpose analyzers offer a cheaper means of processing wind tunnel

data then can be accomplished with digital computers.

6. Melbourne, Australia

a . Monash University, Department of Mechanical Engineering

The Department of Mechanical Engineering operates a closed- return tunnel with a 2-meter square test section and a length of 15 meters. This tunnel is rather

unique in that two models can be installed simultaneously, one model being placed

in the pre-contraction section and one in the normal working section. Support

equipment is quite similar to that used at the University of Sydney with the ex- ception that random data are recorded and converted to digital form for computer

processing. However, they intend to make more use of special-purpose analyzers

in the future.

The facility is under the direction of Dr. W. H. Melbourne who is also conducting

studies on full-scale structures. A number of useful suggestions were offered by

Dr. Melbourne concerning wind tunnel and full-scale instrumentation. Of particular note were his comments concerning the training of personnel to conduct model

studies of buildings. He feels that training of one or two UP staff members could

best be accomplished by having them visit an operating facility for two or three

weeks and take an active part in testing and data analysis.

b . Division of Building Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research

Organization (CSIRO)

The scope and objectives of the AID/NBS Philippine project were discussed with

senior staff members of DBR. While no wind-load research programs are currently

contemplated by DBR, they expressed much interest in the project and offered a number of suggestions on the structural aspects of the study.

The Light Timber Framing Code has recently been revised and new recommendations for structural connections have been made on the basis of tropical storm

damage at Townsville , Queensland this past year. Several documents were obtained

from DBR, including a copy of a report by Mr. Ian Langlands concerning the establishment of the Building Research Service at the University of the Philippines.

Unfortunately it was not possible to meet with Mr. Langlands during this visit.

14
NBS Fiscal Year 1973 Equipment Purchases

Equipment required to conduct the research program can be conveniently divided into

three categories as follows:

1. Equipment for the instrumentation of full-scale buildings

2. Wind tunnel test equipment

3. Data reduction and analysis equipment

Equipment under category (1) is essentially a duplication of field test equipment purchased

by NBS for remote and unattended acquisition of wind load data at remote field sites. Some

equipment requires modification for operation in tropical climates and typhoon winds accom- panied with intense rainfall. It is anticipated that up to three separate systems will be

in operation during FY74 and that one of these systems will be deployed before the end of

the current typhoon season. The basic components of a typical system are as follows:

• Anemometer and wind direction vane,

• Pressure transducers (10)

,

• Logic and signal conditioning unit,

• Time code generator,

• Analog tape recorder,

• Power supply,

• Equipment enclosure, and

• Meteorological tower.

With the exception of the time code generator and analog tape recorder, the above items,

sufficient for one system, were purchased during FY73.

Equipment under category (2) will be used in conjunction with the wind tunnel facility

at the University of the Philippines. The primary components are as follows:

• Hot wire anemometers (2)

,

• Pressure transducers (10)

,

• Manometer,

• Digital voltmeter,

• Oscilloscope

,

• Pitot probes , and

• Test chamber.

These items, excluding the manometer and digital voltmeter, were purchased in FY73. While

these equipment items are primarily intended for wind tunnel testing, the digital voltmeter,

oscilloscope and test chamber will also be used to service and calibrate equipment listed

under categories (1) and (3)

.

Equipment under category (3) will be used to analyze both full-scale and wind tunnel

data and consists of the following major items.

• Signal correlator and probability analyzer,

• Stripchart recorder,

• X-Y plotter,

• Time code generator/reader, and

• Analog tape recorder.

Only the first of these items was purchased during FY73, the remaining items having a lower

priority on the time schedule proposed for FY 74.

As previously mentioned, to avoid duplication and to better integrate new equipment

with that already available at the University of the Philippines, procurement of equipment

was not initiated until after completion of a site visit in April. Delivery of most of the

items purchased in FY73 is anticipated in July.

15
Identification of Related Documents

The collection of related documents addressing the effects of extreme winds on low-rise v structures serves two main purposes. First, it offers the opportunity to study the current ' state-of-the-art of extreme winds. And second these documents serve as a basis to transfer i information to local Philippine agencies and organizations. In other words , the collection { of wind related documents will be disseminated to the participating Philippine agencies and

organizations as additions to their libraries. In addition, a bibliography of the Phili- ] ppine documents will be sent to the other participating developing countries. j

As a background to this task item, a short narrative of related activities is presen- i ted below. Shortly after award of contract, a meeting was conducted with NBS staff members

to identify in-house related documents. These NBS staff members, in turn, gathered together

a series of manuscripts, technical notes, and documents from various sources. For example;

data collection activities have been initiated with the Department of State and in particu- ; lar the United States Agency for International Developments' library. Also, the libraries ; of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Forest Products Laboratory,

j Portland Cement Association, the National Technical Information Service and universities i are currently being requested to furnish wind related data. Additional documents are being i received from the Building Research Establishment in Watford, England through a colaborative ! research program on wind loads on buildings.

j B. PROJECTED ACTIVITIES FOR FISCAL YEAR 1974 !

i The following section presents activities anticipated to be conducted during fiscal j year 1974. I

Transfer of Information i

To ensure effective transfer of research results to other developing countries, short- ; term contracts will be awarded to local individuals in Bangladesh, a northern Caribbean

country and with other groups as required. The individuals selected will have a working

knowledge of their countries' housing problems and climatological conditions. It is expected that the consultants will collect and analyze information leading to the preparation of I two reports dealing with the resistance of low-cost housing and other low-rise buildings j exposed to extreme winds. These reports will address a broad range of low-rise, non-tourist 1 type buildings, (e.g. housing, schools, community centers, etc.)

| consultants at an organizational ; topics will include items such as: ;

1 respective geographic area. j

ic area) low-cost housing

both in the design (e.g.

etc.) and construction

The first series of reports will be presented by the

workshop meeting in Manila during the fall of 1973. The

1. Extreme wind related problems as found in their

2. An outline of each country's (and respective geograph

and low-rise building related problems and data gaps, structural systems, connection details, design loads,

phases

.

3. Related socio-economic considerations as they affect the design of structures.

In addition to the results arising from the above information exchange, NBS will assess

the effectiveness of the project to date in accomplishing its goals; evaluate the effectiveness and direction of the Philippine advisory committee; and redirect individuals as needed.

This opportunity will permit NBS to alter activities and reschedule tasks as required.

The second series of reports will be prepared shortly after the consultants return from

the Manila meeting. These reports will address the topics discussed during the meeting and

will elaborate on problems associated with extreme wind loading of low-cost / low-rise buildings for the consultant's geographic area. An example of topics to be included are the

following

:

16
1. Identification of housing trends and their design problems.

2. Influence of socio-economic considerations on housing patterns.

3. Survey and analysis of housing needs for the next ten years.

4. Collection and tabulation of available climatological data on extreme winds.

5. Collection and tabulation of wind damage statistics.

6. The applicability of alternative solutions for mitigating losses from high winds.

7. Definition of possible low-cost building design problem areas unique to each

consultant's geographic area.

The NBS received correspondence from Dr. Choudhury and Mr. Shaheedulla expressing an interest in providing consulting services. These individuals are currently under review for

a contract award.

Visit to Northern Caribbean Islands

Meetings with the Bureau of Standards, Society of Architects, Ministry of Public Works,

the Ministry of Housing and the University of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica are scheduled. In order to maximize the transfer of information to Caribbean developing countries , it is planned that individuals and organizations in Haiti and the Dominican Republic

with the appropriate qualifications be invited to attend the meeting in the Philippines.

Purchase of Equipment for Fiscal Year 1974

Typical components of instrumentation systems required for the research project have

been itemized in an earlier section of this report. Components to be purchased and assem- bled in FY74 will satisfy requirements for wind tunnel testing and data analysis and will

provide for three complete field instrumentation systems. It is possible that more than one full-scale structure can be served by a single data acquisition system.

Identification of Field Test Sites

The Philippine Advisory Committee, with the concurrence of NBS, will select 3 or 4 field sites for instrumenting full scale buildings. It is expected that several sites will

be discussed for consideration during the international meeting before narrowing the choice

down to 3 or 4.

The identification of suitable field test sites depends upon a number of factors, including the frequency of tropical storms and typhoons, the type of terrain (wind exposure),

the structure's availability, and its accessibility. In addition, commercial power must

be available (other than during storm conditions when power outrages must be expected to occur) and the sites should be reasonably secure from flooding due to runoff or storm surge.

Obviously, some economy can be realized by instrumenting existing structures that

satisfy the above requirements and that are geometrically and structurally similar to those

housing systems which merit detailed study. On the other hand, structures erected specifically for this research program and located on Philippine Weather Bureau sites would allow

for supplementary wind data, regular equipment maintenance and equipment security.

As a result of the field visit to the Philippines in April 1973, the NBS study team

was able to assess the National Housing Corporation Plant north of Manila as a candidate

test site. The reasons for considering this site are as follows:

1. Several innovative housing systems have been erected on the plant grounds and

have been offered for use as test structures.

2. The site substantially satisfies the requirements or factors for site selection

as listed above.

17
3. The site is reasonably close to the University of the Philippines which v.ill allow for periodic monitoring and maintenance by university personnel.

4. A field trip to the site to observe actual wind monitoring and testing will be

arranged during the course of the international meeting scheduled in Manila later

this year.

Based on discussions with Philippine Weather Bureau personnel, a second candidate site has

been identified near Virac, Catanduanes (about 380 km Southeast of Manila). The mean annual

crossing frequency of tropical storms in the Catanduanes area is relatively high. This island is also the site of a well-equiped weather station. If this site is selected, a housing system will have to be erected at the weather bureau site near the municipality of Virac.

It is hoped that selection of other sites will be made during the next six months after

a more thorough analysis of climatological data has been completed. The choice of housing

systems to be erected and instrumented will probably be deferred until after the fall meeting.

Climatological Analysis of Data

As discussed in the previous subsection, final selection of test sites must be based,

in part, upon the probability of extreme winds occurring at the site. Also, the development

of maps showing distributions of extreme winds over the Philippines is one of the goals of

the research program.

Basically, this involves the tabulation of annual peak winds for a number of selected

weather stations and the fitting of the resulting data series with appropriate extreme value

probability distributions. Fortunately, considerable work has already been done on this

problem by the Philippine Weather Bureau and distributions for various mean recurrence intervals are available. While subsequent studies may show that distributions other than the

commonly used Type I provide a better fit, existing information is certainly suitable for

site selection. Computer programs for establishing parameters of annual extreme winds and mean speeds corresponding to given mean recurrence intervals have been developed at NBS and

will be used in the project. The Philippine Weather Bureau is now in the process of digitizing annual extreme wind speeds for all stations and it is anticipated that work on new distributions will be well under way in FY74. These records are based upon approximately

20 years of data which is generally considered adequate for the degree of statistical con- fidence required.

Wind Tunnel Studies

So that instrumentation can be properly positioned on full-scale structures to yield

the most useful test data, it is advantageous to conduct preliminary wind tunnel studies on models of the test sites.

The model studies will be conducted at a scale between 1:75 or 1:100 in the University

of the Philippines (UP) wind tunnel facility. The simulation of the atmospheric boundary

layer will be the most critical and most difficult part of this task, requiring a trial and error procedure by persons having extensive experience in this type of work. This can best

be accomplished by using a wind tunnel in the United States having dimensions and geometry

similar to the UP facility. Once the technique is established to model the mean velocity

profile and the scale and intensity of turbulence, it should be relatively simple to establish a similar flow in the UP tunnel. A survey of research centers indicates that Colorado

State University is well qualified to carry out, under the technical supervision of NBS,

this preliminary phase of wind tunnel testing.

The UP tunnel has a 1.22 x 1.22 m test section with a useable length of 3.70 meters.

While this is satisf actor-y for most model tests anticipated during the program, serious

thought may be required to evaluate the need to construct a new facility specifically designed for building research problems. This could contribute substantially to the establishment of a regional center for wind research in the Philippines. On the basis of a visit to the new wind tunnel now operating at the University of Sydney, it is believed that a tunnel

could be constructed at the University of Philippine 's for approximately $8,000. This investment, at least in part, could probably be recovered during the course of the current

18
program due to the simplification of modeling techniques and would allow future investigations into more complex areas such as aeroelastic response problems.

C. PRELIMINARY FISCAL YEAR 1974 PROJECT SCHEDULE

The following table presents a summary of the major activities scheduled for FY74.

These items are presented for illustration purposes and should not be considered as complete

or inflexible. As activities are initiated the table may be adjusted to reflect appropriate

changes

.

19

APPENPIX A

ORGANIZATIONS AND FACILITIES VISITED DURING

THE APRIL 1973 FIELD TRIP

21
APPENDIX A ORGANIZATIONS AND FACILITIES VISITED DURING

THE APRIL 1973 FIELD TRIP

During the initial field trip to Japan, Philippines, Bangladesh, England and Australia,

contacts were made with many individuals. Among those contacted were the following:

1. Tokyo, Japan

a. U.S. Embassy

Mr. Richard H. Zorn II, Second Secretary, Deputy Scientific Counselor

b. Ministry of Construction, Public Works Research Institut'e Mr. Mitsuru Nagao , Director

Dr. Tadayoshi Okubo, Head, Structure and Bridge Section, Chiba

Mr. Tatsuo Kawagoe , Director, Akabane Branch

Mr. Eiichi Kuribayashi, Chief, Earthquake Engineering Section,

Mr. Hiroshi Yoshimura, Director, Planning Division

Mr. Saburo Matsuno, Chief, Planning Section

Dr. Masami Fukuoka, Professor of Civil Engineering, University

2 . Manila, Republic of the Philippines

a. USAID Mission

Mr. William C. Larson, Assistant Director for Capital Development

Mr. Thomas E. Johnson, Deputy Assistant Director for Capital Development

b. University of the Philippines, Quezon City

Dr. Alfredo L. Juinio, Dean College of Engineering

Dr. Aurelio T. Juguilon, Dean College of Architecture

Dr. Ernesto G. Tabujara, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering

Mr. Angel A. Alejandrino, Professor of Engineering

Mr. Geronimo V. Manahan, Professor of Architecture

Dr. Josef ina M. Ramos, Architect

c. Philippine Weather Bureau, Quezon City

Dr. Roman L. Kintanar , Director

Mr. Catalino P. Arafiles, Weather Specialist

Mr. Wellington A. Minoza, Weather Specialist

Mr. Hugo dela Cruz, Climatologist

Mr. Manuel Bonjoc, Weather Specialist

d. National Housing Corporation (NHC) , Caloocan City

Major General G. V. Tobias, Executive Vice President

Col. Alejandro R. Kabiling, Vice President for Operations

e. Peoples Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC)

Lt . Col. Manuel Rebueno, Head Engineer, Planning and Survey Department

f. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)

Dr. Sudhindra Nath Senn, Chief, Typhoon Research Committee Secretariat

g. Land and Housing Development Corporation (LHDC) , Quezon City

Col. Alberto R. Sanchez, Vice President (Operations)

h. Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) Mr. Jose P. Orola , Chief, Engineering Department

Mr. Modesto Soriano, Assistant Division Chief, Engineering Department

i. Social Security Systems (SSS)

Mr, Miguel V. Paala, Chief Real Estate Department

Branch

Chiba Branch

of Tokyo

22
A. R. Floras and Associates, Consultants

Mr. Ambrosio R. Floras, President, Philippine Standards Association

k. Concio and Associates

Mr. Cesar H. Concio, Architect

1. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

Mr. Andres Hizon, President

m. Philippine Association of Civil Engineers

Mr. Cesar A. Caliwara, President

Mr. Octavio A. Kalalo , Vice President

n. Bureau of Public Works (BPW) Mr. Rosalio A. Mallonga, Chief Structural Engineer

o. National Science Development Board (NSDB) Mrs. Magdalena Templa, Chief, Division of Engineering, Industry and Trade

Mr. Romec Corduba

3. Dacca, Bangladesh

a. USAID Mission and U.S. Embassy

Mr. David Mandel , Chief Capital Development Division

Mr. Dave Wilson, AID Coordinator

Mr. Edward A. Glaeser, AID Coordinator

Mr. Roy Haftorson, Chief Engineer

Mr. S. A. F. Rahman, Engineer

Mr. Marvin Brenner, Administrative Officer

Mr. Piere H. Jabbour, Budget and Fiscal Officer

b. CARE, Incorporated

Mr. George Taylor, Director

Mr. William Woudenberg, Designer

c. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Dr. Obaidul Islam, Associate Professor Mechanical Engineer

Dr. Jamilur R. Choudhury, Associate Professor Civil Engineering

d. Shaheedulla and Associates

Mr. S. M. Shaheedulla, Consulting Engineer

e. Building Research Institute

Mr. Hossian, Chief Engineer, Housing

Mr. Zahiruddin, Chief, Architect Building Department

4. Garston, Watford, England

a. Building Research Establishment, Department of the Environment

Dr. S. Bate, Chief Division of Structural Engineering

Dr. Keith J. Eaton, Senior Research Officer

Dr. J. B. Menzies , Section Head

Dr. Nick Cook, Wind Tunnel Analyst

Mr. J. R. Mayne, Wind Research Officer

5 . Sydney, Australia

a. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW

Dr. B. J. Vickery, Department of Civil Engineering

23
Melbourne, Australia

Monash University, Clayton, Victoria

Dr. W. H. Melbourne, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. R. Harden, Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Division of Building Research, CSIRO, Highett, Victoria

Dr. R. W. R. Muncey, Chief

Dr. F. A. Blakey, Assistant Chief . ^. Mr. N. H. Cloot , Research Officer >!•*

Mr. G. F. Reardon , Research Officer '

V j 'J jt,; ia'-iMJ c

24
APPENDIX B BIBLIOGRAPHY RELEVANT TO THE NBS/USAID

WIND PROJECT

25
APPENDIX B

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DATA RELEVANT TO THE NBS/USAID WIND PROJECT

The following bibliography is a preliminary list of related documents collected through

FY73.

Cook, N. J., "On Simulating the Lower Third of the Urban Adiabatic Boundary Layer in a Wind

Tunnel," University of Bristol Report No. NJC 7301.

Teraplin, R. J., "Interim Progress Note on Simulation of Earth's Surface Winds by Artificially

Thickened Wind Tunnel Boundary Layers," NAE Report LTR-LA-22, February 1969.

Standen, N. M. , "A Spire Array for Generating Thick Turbulent Shear Layers for Natural Wind

Simulation in Wind Tunnels," NAE Report LTR-LA-94, May 1972.

Melbourne, W. H., "Comparison of Pressure Measurements Made on a Large Isolated Building in

Full and Model Scale," Paper No. 11-8, Proceedings of International Conference, Wind Effects

on Buildings, Tokyo, 1971.

Standen, N. M. , Daleliesh , W. A., and Templin, R. J., "A Wind Tunnel and Full-Scale Study

of Turbulent Wind Pressures on a Tall Building," Paper No. 11-3, Proceedings of International

Conference, Wind Effects on Buildings, Tokyo, 1971.

Australian Standard CA-38-1971, SSA, Light Timber Framing Code

Bickford, J. M. , "The Design of Single and Double Storey Hurricane Resistant Buildings,"

No. 18, Long Civil Engineering Course, Royal School of Military Engineering, Chatham, Kent,

May 19 72.

Newberry, C. W. , "A Study of Wind Pressures on Buildings as Revealed by Cyclones in Mauritius,

Building Research Note No. B225, September 1960.

Mackey, S., Finney, C. and Okubo, T. , "The Typhoons of October and November 1970," UNESCO

Report No. 2387, Paris, May 1971.

Thom, H. C. S., "Distribution of Extreme Winds Over Oceans," Paper No. 9556, Journal of the

Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division, ASCE, February 1973.

Langlands , Ian, "Report on Assignment as Consultant on Building Research to the Institute of

Planning of the University of the Philippines Special Fund Project," Manila, May 1972.

Davenport, A. G. and Dalegliesh, W. A., "A Preliminary Appraisal of Wind Loading Concepts of

the 1970 Canadian National Building Code," Paper No. 111-5, Proceedings of International

Conference, Wind Effects on Buildings, 1971.

Kintanar , Roman l, , "An Analysis of Extreme Wind Speeds Over the Philippines," Regional

Seminar on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, Manila, November 1971.

British Standard Code of Practice CP3, Chapter V, Part 2, 1970. Wind Loads.

"Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures," Building Science Series 30, National Bureau of

Standards, Washington, D. C, November 1970.

American National Standard A58.1, Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures,

19 72.

Sycip, Gorres , Velayo and Co., "Research Study of the Socio-Economic Aspects of Low-Cost

Housing in the Philippines," Program Report to the National Bureau of Standards, May 1972.

26
Nayle, W. J., KeRetz, F. , "Pre- Investment Survey Report Housing Guaranty Program Chi Philippines 1972," March 1972.

Sommer , A., Mosley, W. H. , "East Bengal Cyclone of November 1970," The Lancet, Saturday May

13, 1972, pgs. 1029-1036.

27
NBS-lUA (REV. 7-73) us. DEPT. OF COMM. ). p U H 1. It. A T ION OK Kl-FOR r NO. 2. (.ov'i Accts:.loii BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA No. SHEitT NBSIR 74-582

3. Kc: ipicnt ' s Ac ccssuni N'i>.

4. titll: ,\.\o sbin n ll FY 73 Progress Report on Design Criteria and Methodology for

Construction of Low-Rise Buildings to Better Resist Typhoons

and Hurricanes

5, Publication Date October 1974

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S-)

Raufaste, N. J.; Marshall, R. D.

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBSIR 74-582

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Pro|ect/Task/Work Unit No. Center for Bldg. Tech.

11. Contract /Grant .No. RASA No. TA(CE) 04-73

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

United States Agency for International Development

Department of State

Washington, D.C. 20523

13. Type of Report & Period Covered Final FY 73

14, Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less (actual summary ol most si0iilicant inlormation. If document includes a signilicant bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

This report highlights the major accomplishments of the initial phase

of a three fiscal year project to provide engineering technical assistance to the Agency for International Development (AID) for the development of design criteria for low-cost/low-rise buildings to better withstand the effects of extreme winds. This phase represents approximately

a 3 month level of effort. During this period CBT project staff members

coinmenced six introductory tasks. These tasks will set the pace for the

second fiscal year level of effort. The tasks included: initiate dialogue with local orgainizations and institutes in developing countries,

establish a local Philippine advisory committee; conduct on-site visits

to developing countries to identify local professional candidates for

short term consultating; conduct on-site visits to developed countries

to collect information from research centers; purchase initial wind tunnel and full-scale field test instrumentation; and commence library

search of related subject documents.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word un/\ss a proper name; separated by semicolons) Cons truc ti on ; Design Criteria, Extreme winds ; Full-scale test

buildings; Housing; Instrumentation; Wind tunnel

18. AVAILABILITY [X^ Unlimited

1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

1

' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office

Wa.shington, D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. CI 3

1

1 Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

30

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74