?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

600

550

450

450

450

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

550

550

550

550

550

550

600

550

550

550

550

550

550

550

550

550

550

600

600

600

600

600

600

600

600

600

600

600

600

600

600

600

600

650

650

650

650

650

650

600

600

650

650

700

700

700

700

3867

3868

3869

3870

3871

3872

3873

3874

3875

3876

3877

3878

3879

3880

3881

3882000mN

YERMO ROAD

POWERLINE ROAD

5

39 5

40 5

41 5

43 5

44 5

45 5

46 5

47 5

48 5

49 5

50 5

51 5

52

116°32'30" 5

38000mE 5

40 5

41 5

43 5

44 5

45 5

46 5

47 5

48 5

49

The

Knob

5

53 554 555 5

56 5

58 5

59

3868

3869

3870

3871

3872

3874

3875

3876

3877

3878

3879

3880

3881

3882

3867000mN

5

60000mE

POWERLINE ROAD

Clews Ridge

116°22'30" 116°20'00"

35°05'00" 5

51 5

52 5

53 5

54 5

55 5

56 5

58 5

59 5

60

7010000

FEET

116°20'00"

34°56'10"

116°22'30"

7040000 FEET

116°27'30"

116°27'00"

116°30'00"

116°30'00"

116°35'00" 116°32'30"

35°02'30" 35°02'30"

35°00'00"

35°00'00"

34°57'30"

34°56'10"

34°57'30"

7 050 000 FEET

2190000

FEET

35°05'00"

116°35'00"

Camp Cady

ARROWHEAD TRAIL

ARROWHEAD TRAIL

DUNN ROAD

CADY ROAD

AFTON

CANYON

ROAD

2200000

FEET

B u w a l d a R i d g e

Afton Canyon

Cave

Mountain

C A D Y

M O U N T A I N S

A L V O R D

M

O

U

N

TA I N

FIELD ROAD

Field

Field Siding

(historical)

Shoreline hill

(informal)

75

75

4

5

65

12

45 

25

90

20

50

85

90 90

90

25

77

72

90

80 80

70 70 75

75

10

75

75

75

0

8

22 15

8

15

15 

75 75 

75

90 

90 

30

65 85

7 6

15

65 65

75

80

80

9

7 10 5

5

60

65 87 80

90

85

20

15

15

65

65

75

35

82

85

90

65

45

90

90 90

90

90

90 90 15 10

5

85

85 85

80

90

75

28

85

65

58 25

8

5

90

10

90

70 85

0

8

20

20

20

11 60

75

70

0

15

10

65

65 45

45

88

75

75

85

85

85 45

45

90 90 90 65

7

2

75

85

90

90

85 80

65

75

80

80 20

0

0

0 85

65

80

90

90

90

80

80

75

85

65

90

85

Qia

Qvg

Ql7

QTcg

Tbrg Qye

Ql6/Qia

Ql7

Unconformities

Qalg

Qmr

Qalg

Qmr

Tgg

Qyfmr Qiea

Qiea

Qyfmr

QTcg

Br

buried soils 

Manix tephra

Buwalda Ridge

Photo 24. View to southeast of strath terraces capped by Mojave River gravel (Qyfmr) near the head of 

Afton Canyon. Straths are inset into various units, including unit Tgg forming skyline and plutonic rocks 

(Br) in middle ground. Also inset below deposits of Lake Manix overlying units Qiea and QTcg. Mojave 

River (Qyfmr) and railroad bridge in right middle ground (photo index number 06‒77).

Photo 1. View northeast from bluffs north of Mojave River looking across Manix Wash to Buwalda 

Ridge. Interbedded lacustrine and alluvial beds of the informally defined Manix formation in 

foreground. Qye, eolian deposits; Qmr, Mojave River formation; Tbrg, fanglomerate of Buwalda 

Ridge. Photograph courtesy of Charles G. Oviatt, Kansas State University, 2006.

Photo 42. View to northwest showing sequence of lacustrine, alluvial, and playa deposits 

exposed at station M10‒86. Manix fault runs between Buwalda Ridge on skyline and 

dissected deposits in front of it. Unit Ql7 overlies thin Ql6 over Qia, resting on erosional 

unconformity. Beneath unconformity is weakly consolidated sand and pebble gravel of 

unit Qalg, which here rests on a slight angular unconformity cut on unit Qmr. At base of 

unit Qalg are lenses of ashy sediment, analyzed in the next drainage west at station 

M10‒94 (table 2), thought to be early Pleistocene in age (see pamphlet text). Station 

M10‒86 (photo index number 10‒198). 

Photo 49. View west along south margin of Buwalda Ridge showing unit 

Tbrg cut by inactive strand of Manix fault in photo center. Channel of 

Mojave River on left (unit Qfmr). Near former threshold of Cady and Afton 

subbasins—see photo number 25 (photo index number 07‒204).

Photograph 55. View to east of playa and distal-fan deposits of unit Qmr near western end 

of Buwalda Ridge in Cady subbasin. In upper left, resistant pale-colored bed marks 

approximate contact of overlying unit Qalg as herein mapped (photo index number 09‒278).

Ql8

Qyay

Qia

Qia

Ql8

Ql8+Qyao Ql8

Ql8+Qia7

Ql7

Qya+Qia6

Qia7/Ql7

Ql6/

Qia

Qya+

Qia6

Qya+

Qia6

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7 Qia7

Qia7

Qia6

Qia7

Qia7

Ql7

Ql6

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7a

Ql7a

Ql7a

Ql7b

Ql7b

Ql7b

Ql7b

Ql7b

Ql7b

Ql7b

Ql7

Ql7 Ql8

Qya

Ql8

Ql8

Ql8

Ql8

Ql7 Ql7+Ql8

Qia7/Ql7

Qiea/

QTcg

Qiea/

QTcg

Ql7+Ql8

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql8

Ql7 Ql7

Ql7?

Ql8

Ql8

Ql8

Ql8

Qye/

QTvg

Tvs

Tqg

Qia

Qia+Qyea

Qia+Qye

QTvg

Ql8

Ql8 Ql8

Ql8

Ql7

Ql8+Ql7 Ql7

Ql7

Ql8

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7 Ql7

Ql7

Qfmr

Qmr

Ql7

Qof

Ql7

Ql8

d

d

d

d

Ql8

Ql7?

Ql8

Qya

Tvs

Ql8?

Ql8?

Ql8

Ql8

Ql8

Ql8

Ql7?

Ql7?

Ql8

Qye/

Ql8

Ql7 Ql8

Ql8

Ql8/Ql7

Ql8/

Ql7

Ql8/

Ql7

Ql8/Ql7

Qia7/Ql7/Ql6

Ql8

Ql8

Qya

Qya

Qya

Qya

Ql

Ql8

Ql8o

Ql8o

Ql8o

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7 Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7 Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql8/

Qia7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql7

Ql6

Ql6

Ql6

Ql6

Ql6

Ql6

Ql6

Ql6

Qya/

Ql6

Qya

Qof

Qp

Qp

Qof

Qof

Ql6

Ql4

Qalg

Ql7/

Qalg

Ql4

Qyfmr

Qyaf

Qyaf

Qysl

Qyf

Qyf

Qyfmr

Qif

Qyfmr

Qyfmr

Qyfmr

Qya

Qya

Qyfmr

Qyfmr+Qyao

Qyao+

Qyay

Qyao+

Qyfmr

Qyfmr

Qyfmr

Qyfmr

Qvg/Qmr

Qyfmr

Qyfmr/Qvg

Ql7/Qvg

Ql7/Qvg

Qyao/ Qyfmr/Qmr

Qyao/

Qyfmr

Qyfmr

Qyay/

Qyfmr

Qyfmr+

Qya

Qyfmr

Qyfmr

Qmr

Qmr

Qye/

Qmr

Qmr

Qyfmr

Qya

Qyfmr

Qyfmr

Qof/Ta

Qia6/Qof

Qof?/Ta

Qia7/Ql7/Qalg

Qfmr

Qye/

Qyao

Qfmr

Qfmr

Qyfmr

Qvg/Ta

Qyfmr/Qvg/

Qalg

Qyfmr/Qof

Qyfmr

Qyf

Qya

Qyay

Qyay+

Qyao

Qyay

Qyay

QTgu

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qye

Qyay

Qyay+

Ql8

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay+

Qye

Qyay+Qye

Qyay+Qye

Ql6+

Qia6

Qyay+Qye

Qyay+

Qye

Qyay

Qyay

Ta

Ta Ta

Qyay

Qyay Qyfmr/Ta

Qyay

Qyay

QTalg

QTalg+Qia+Qya

QTalg+Qia+Qya

Tbrg

Tbrg

Tbrg

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qya/Qvg

Qyao/

Tgg

Qyay

Qyay

Qalg

Qalg/Tgg

Qyay

Qyay Qye/

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyao+Qyay

Qyao+Qyay

Qyay

Qyay+Qyao

Qyay+

Qyao

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyay

Qyao Qyeao Qyao/Ql8/Ql7

Qyeao

Qyao

Qyao+Ql8

Qoa+Qiea

Qoa+Qiea

Qoa+Qia

Qia+Qya

Qyao+Ql8

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao/Ql7

Qyao

Qyao/Ql8

Qyao/Ql8

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qoa

Qyao

Qyao

Qvg

Tvs

Tvs

Qvg

Ql8o/ Qvg

Qia7

Ql8o/

Qia7

Qyao

Qvg

Qyao

Qyao/Ql7

Qyao/

Ql7

Qyea/Ql7

Qyeao

Qyeao

Qyeao

Qyeao+

Qyeay

Qyeao+

Qyeay Ql7/

Ql6

Ql8/Ql7/

Ql6

Qyeao+

Qyeay Qyeao+

Qyeay

Qye+

QTcg

Qyeao+Qyeay

Qyea+

Qyfmr

Qye+

Qvg

Qye+

Qvg

Qye+

Qvg

Qyea+

Qyfmr

Qyeay+

Qyeao

Qyao

Qyao/Qia

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qyao

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia

Qia7

Qia7

Qia7

Ql8/Qia7

Qia7

Qia7

Qai7

Qia7

Qia7

Qia7

Qia7

Qia7

Qia7+Ql8

Qia7+Ql8

Qia7

Qia7

Qia7

Qia7

Qia7

Qia7

Ql7+Qia Qia7

Qia7

Qia7

Qia7

Qia6

Qia6

Qia6

Qia6

Qia6

Qia6

Qia6

Qoa

Qoa Qalg

Qalg

Qalg

Qalg

Ql7/Qalg

Qiea/QTalg

Qyao/Qalg

Qvg

Qvg

Tgg

Qia/Qoa

Tgg

Qvg

Qalg

Qvg Qvg

Qyea/Qvg

Qvg

Qvg

Qyao/Qvg

Qvg

Qvg

Qvg

Qvg

Qvg

Qvg

QTgu QTgu

QTgu

QTgu

QTgu

QTgu

QTgu

+Qye

QTgu

Qye

Qye

Qye

Qye+Qyao

Qye+

Qyao

QTgu

QTgu

QTalg

QTalg

QTalg

Qia/

QTalg

QTcg

Qyfmr/QTcg

QTcg

QTcg

QTcg

(Qia7+Ql7)

/Qia

QTcg

QTcg

QTcg

QTcg

Qmr

Qye

Qye Qye

Qye

Qye

Qye

Qye Qye/Tgg

Qye/Tgg?

Qye

Qye

Qye

QyeQvg

Qyao/

Qye

Qye

Qyea/

QTalg

Qye

Qye

Qye/Qia7

Qye Ql6/ Qvg

Qvg

Ql/Qalg

Qye Qye

Qye

Qye/Ql7

Qye

Qye

Qye/Qyfmr

Qye

Qye+

Qya

Qye+

Qya

Qye

Qye

Tvs

Tvs

Qya+Qia

Ql7–Ql4

Ql7–Ql4

Tvs

Qye Qye

Qyea

Qyea

Qyea

Qyea

Qyea

Qyao/

Tgg?

Qyea

Qyea/Ql8

Ql8/

Qiea

Ql8/

(Qiea+Ql7)

Qyea

Qyea

Qyea

Qyeay

Qyeay

Qyeay

Qyeao

Qyeao

Qyeao

Qyeao Qyeao

Qyeao

Qiea

Qiea Qiea

Tvs

Br

Br

Br+Qya

Br+

Qya

Br

Br

Br

Tvs

Br

Tvs+Br

Tvs+Br

Tvs+Br

Br

Br

Br

Qyao

Qyao/Qye

Qyao/Qye

Qyao/Qia7

Qia7+Ql7 Qia7+Ql7

Qyao/Ql8

Qyao/Qvg

Qyao/Qvg

Qyao/

Qyfmr

Qyao/

Qyfmr

Qyao/

Qyfmr

QTvg

Qye/Qia/

QTalg

Qye/Ql8

Qye/Qvg

Qia/Qvg

Qye/Qvg Qye/Qvg

Qyfmr/Qvg

Ql7/Ql6

/Ql4

Ql7/

Ql5?

/Ql4

Qyfmr/

Qvg

Qyay+Qye

Qyay+Qye

Qyay+Qye

Ql7+

Ql8

Ql7+

Ql8

Ql7+Ql8

Ql7+Ql8

Ql7

+Ql8

Qyay+Qye

Ql8/Qvg

Ql8/Ql7/Qvg

Ql8/Qvg

Qyay+Qye

Qyay+Qye

Qya+Qye

Qya+Qye

Qyay+

Qye

Qyay+

Qye

Qyay+

Qye

Qyay+Qye

Qyay+Qye

Qyay+

Qyao

Qyay+

Qyao

Ql7/Qia

Qyao+

Qyay

Qya+Qye

Qya+

Qye Qya+

Qye

Qya+

Qye

Qya+

Ql8

Qya+

Qye

Qya+

Qye

Qya+

Qye

Ql8/

Qia7

Ql8/Qia7

Qia7/Ql7b

Qia7/Ql7

Qia7/Ql7

Qia7/QTalg

Qia7/Ql7

Ql8/Qia7

Ql8/Qia7

Qia6-4/

Ql4

Ql8/Qia7

Ql8/Qia7

Ql8/

Qia7

Ql8/

Ql7

Qia7/

Ql7

Qia7/Ql7

Qia7/

Ql7

Qia7/

Ql7

Qia7/Ql7

Qia6-5/

Ql5/Ql4

Qia7/Ql7

Qia6-5/

Ql5/Ql4

Qia6-4 Qia6-4

Qia7

+Ql7

Qya+Qia6

Qia6/Ql6/Qia

Qia6/Ql6

Qia6/Ql6

Qia6/Ql6

Qia/

QTcg

Qia6/Ql6

Qia7+Ql7

Qia7

+Ql7

(Qye+Qyay)/QTalg

(Qye+Qyay) /QTalg

Ql8/

Ql7

Ql8/Ql7/

Ql6

Ql8/Ql7/

Ql6

Br

?

JR04D–105

JR05CM–107

M04–29b

M08–108

M08–110

M09–5

M08–112

M08–113

M08–130

M08–124

M08–141

M08–60c

M07–151

M04–77

M04–76

M04–75

M05–07

M05–06

M10–94

M12–29

M10–59

M06–59

JR04D–105

JR05CM–107

M05–19

M05–20 M05–28

M05–21

JR04D–1

M06–170

M04–32

M06–41

M06–35

M06–143

M06–44

M06–145

M06–156

M06–51

M06–48

M06–50

JR04CM–87 JR04CM–88

M06–06 M06–161

M06–160

M05–61

M06–20

JR04D–68

JR05CM–157

M06–116

M05–62

M06–135

M05–71

M07–145

M06–142

M05–25 M05–22

M05–65

M05–26

JR04CM–93 M05–23

JR05D–198

JR04D–95

JR04CM–78

JR04CM–77

M06–62 JR05CM–168

M08–64

JR04D–99

JR05CM–162 JR04D–98

JR05CM–161

M06–17

JR05D–94

JR06D–202

JR06D–206

M06–184

M07–159

M05–52E, F

M07–11

M05–54

M05–53

M06–05

M06–04

M06–190

M07–147

DI–1 M06–100

DI–2

DI–3

DI–4

M06–70

M06–74

M05–60

M05–59

M05–58

JR06D–223

JR06D–220 JR06D–221

M11–107 M10–3A

M07–29

M07–62

M07–36A

M09–06

M07–57

M06–81

M07–66

M07–98

M06–104

M07–117

M07–144

M09–127

M06–91

M07–101

M07–128

M08–55

M10–90

M08–100

M08–70

M08–44

M08–45

M08–76

M08–164

M08–163

M09–83 M09–66

M09–28

M09–29

M09–58

M04–23

M09–25

M08–161

M08–165

M09–76

M07–131

M08–58

M07–134

M08–172

Cady Mountains

Newberry

 Mtns.

Alvord

Mountain

Calico 

Mountains Cady Mountains

Mountain

Approximate

boundary of

mapped area

Coyote Lake

 playa

Troy

Lake

playa

Mojave River

15

15

River

Yermo

Newberry

Springs

Cady

 subbasin

Troy Lake

subbasin

Manix

Dunn

CORE (45-m core in

thickest part of

lacustrine deposits)

Afton C

on

Coyote Lake

subbasin

Harvard

Hill

Buwalda

Ridge Afton subbasin

MF

MF

PF

DLF

CADY FAULT

TCAF

CALICO

FAULT

557 m

557 m

40

40

543 m

557 m

543 m

543 m

543 m

557 m

Wash

543 m

Modern playa

Projected 558-m lake level—Dashed where

buried; dotted where entirely eroded.

Hachures show island

Quaternary fault—Dotted where concealed

Interstate route marker

543-m highstand—Dashed where buried;

dotted where entirely eroded. Hachures

show island

EXPLANATION

40

0 5 10 KILOMETERS

0 5 10 MILES

FORT IRWIN MILITARY RESERVATION

HARVARD HILL

YERMO

MINNEOLA NEWBERRY SPRINGS

HIDDEN VALLEY WEST HIDDEN VALLEY EAST

HECTOR

COYOTE LAKE ALVORD MOUNTAIN WEST ALVORD MOUNTAIN EAST DUNN CAVE MOUNTAIN

MANIX

TROY LAKE SLEEPING BEAUTY

LANE

MOUNTAIN

NEBO

DAGGETT

Base from the U.S. Geological Survey National Elevation dataset, accessed 2012 at http://ned.usgs.gov.

116°52’30”

35°

35°07’30”

34°45'

34°52’30”

116°45' 116°37’30” 116°30' 116°22’30”

SAN GABRIEL

MTNS.

SAN BERNARDINO

MTNS.

Harper

Lake

LAKE MANIX

LAKE

MOJAVE

Overflow to

Death Valley

TO LAS

VEGAS

NEEDLES

117°30' 117°00' 116°30' 116°00'

35°00'

35°30'

34°30'

115°30'

San Bernardino

Victorville

Barstow

Baker

Troy

Lake

Coyote

Lake

Cronese

Lakes

Silver

Lake

playa

Soda

Lake

playa

late Pleistocene

Mojave River fan

Mojave River

fan

Mojave River

Deep

Creek

Afton

Canyon

Victorville

basin

Area of 

fig. 2 

Kelso

Wash

West

Fork

Map

area

Yermo

Dunn

EXPLANATION

Dry lake (playa)

Late Pleistocene lake

Late and middle Pleistocene clastic wedges

Mojave River watershed boundary

National military reservation and preserve

boundary

15 Interstate route marker

0 10 20 30 KILOMETERS

0 10 20 30 MILES

Mojave National Preserve boundary modified from the U.S. National Park Service, accessed 2014 at http://www.nps.gov/moja/index.htm.

Fort Irwin Military Reservation boundary approximated from U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps.

CALI

NEVADA

FORNIA

15

15

40

MOJAVE

NATIONAL

PRESERVE

FORT IRWIN

MILITARY RESERVATION

Pacific Ocean

CALIFORNIA NEVADA

ARIZONA

MEXICO

122° 112°

37°

32°

Mojave River

watershed

Figure 1. Mojave River drainage basin in southern California (modified from Enzel and others, 2003). During historic 

high-precipitation years, most recently in early 2005 and late 2010, storms in the headwaters of the San Bernardino Mountains 

generated riverflow into Silver Lake playa and Cronese Lakes. Red line shows approximate map area.

Figure 2. Index map superimposed on digital orthophoto map showing Pleistocene Lake Manix, surficial geologic map area (red dashed line), and boundaries of 7.5' USGS quadrangles. 

Green line is the 543-meters above sea level (masl) highstand level that depicts the minimum extent of Lake Manix during the late Pleistocene; western margin is not known due to progradation during highstands and later burial by Mojave River alluvium. Purple line is the 558-m lake limit projected from highest unfaulted shoreline features recognized during mapping (Reheis

and Redwine, 2008). CMF, Cave Mountain fault; DLF, Dolores Lake fault; MF, Manix fault; PF, Pisgah fault; TCAF, Tin Can Alley fault. 

Photo 43. View to east showing sequence of lacustrine and alluvial deposits south of Mojave 

River near Afton Canyon and eastern margin of Afton subbasin. Unit Ql7 (green mud) caps 

right skyline; overlies weakly consolidated alluvial-fan gravel of unit Qia, in turn conformably 

overlying unit Qvg (light brown, forming steep slopes in middle ground). Qvg rests unconformably on pinkish deposits of unit QTcg in left middle ground (photo index number 05‒84).

85

8

EXPLANATION

Contact—Dashed where approximately located, dotted where concealed; queriedwhere identity or existance questionable

Gradational contact—Gradual or continuous lithologic change from one geologic 

unit to another

Fault—Dashed where approximately located; dotted where concealed. Question mark 

where queried. Red arrows show strike and dip of beds adjacent to fault 

Beach ridges—Elongate ridges of beach deposits (sand and gravel) deposited by 

storm waves roughly parallel to the paleoshoreline

Scarp on fault—Hachures on downthrown side

Inclined bedding—Showing strike and dip

Station point with number (when layer is turned on)—See tables for detailed 

information

M09–25

BEDROCK 

UNITS

Holocene

Pleistocene

late

Pleistocene

middle 

Pleistocene

early 

Pleistocene

Pliocene

Miocene

QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

JURASSIC

Ql8

Ql Ql7

Ql6

Ql4

Ql5

Ql8o

Qye Qyea

Lacustrine 

Deposits

Qfmr

Qysl

Qyf

Qif

Qof

Qp

Qmr

Qyaf

Qya

Qia

Qiea

Qoa Qalg

QTalg

Qvg

QTvg

Tbrg

Tgg

Ta

QTgu

QTcg

Tqg

Qia7

Qia6

Qia5

Qia4

Ql7b

Ql7a

Qyay

Qyao

Qyeay

Qyeao Qyfmr

Fluvial Deposits Alluvial-Fan Deposits

Playa and

Distal-Fan 

Deposits

Eolian and Mixed

Eolian-Alluvial

Deposits

Unconformity

Unconformity

?

Tvs

Br

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

v v v v

v v v v v v v

v v v v v v v

v v v v v v v

v v v v v v v

v v v v v v v

v v v

UNCONSOLIDATED SURFICIAL DEPOSITS

d

Man-Made

Deposits

2.6 Ma

12 ka

126 ka

780 ka

Present

5.3 Ma

CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS

[Angled boxes represent estimated range of age uncertainty; query indicates additional age uncertainty. 

This map report follows the currently accepted age of 2.6 million years (Ma) for the Pliocene-Pleistocene

boundary (Geological Society of America, 2012); v symbol indicates stratigraphic position of the Manix tephra]

d

Ql

Ql8

Ql8o

Ql7

Ql7b

Ql7a

Ql6

Ql5

Ql4

Qfmr

Qyfmr

Qysl

Qyf

Qyaf

Qif

Qof

Tqg

Qya

Qyay

Qyao

Qia

Qia7

Qia6

Qia5

Qia4

Qoa

Qalg

Qvg

QTgu

QTalg

QTcg

QTvg

Tbrg

Tgg

Qp

Qmr

Ta

Qye

Qyea

Qyeay

Qyeao

Qiea

Tvs

Br

LIST OF MAP UNITS

[Unit names are locally queried where identification is uncertain. Ages of alluvial and eolian deposits are 

classified as young, intermediate, and old based on surface micro-topography, pattern and degree of channel 

dissection of alluvial-fan surfaces, degree of soil development, desert pavement development, and intensity of 

rock varnish developed on surface clasts (Miller and others, 2009). Units so classified based on field observations are extended into additional areas through interpretation of aerial photographs. Correlations with locally 

dated deposits provide age control for these deposits (Bedford, 2003; Miller and others, 2010). This map report 

follows the currently accepted age of 2.6 Ma for the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary (Geological Society of 

America, 2012), and thus revises the age of some units such as the informal Mojave River formation.

Due to the addition of a shaded relief base, colors on the List of Map Units, the Correlation of Map 

Units, and the Combined Map Units may not exactly match unit colors on the map]

UNCONSOLIDATED SURFICIAL DEPOSITS

Man-Made Deposits

Disturbed areas (modern)

Lacustrine Deposits

Lacustrine deposits, undivided (late and middle Pleistocene)

Lacustrine deposits, unit 8 (late Pleistocene)

Lacustrine deposits, older unit 8 (late Pleistocene)

Lacustrine deposits, unit 7 (early late Pleistocene and middle Pleistocene)

Lacustrine deposits, unit 7b (early late Pleistocene and late middle Pleistocene)

Lacustrine deposits, unit 7a (middle Pleistocene)

Lacustrine deposits, unit 6 (middle Pleistocene)

Lacustrine deposits, unit 5 (middle Pleistocene)—Shown in sections on sheet 2 only

Lacustrine deposits, unit 4 (middle Pleistocene)

Fluvial Deposits

Active channel of the Mojave River (late Holocene)

Mojave River fluvial deposits (Holocene and late Pleistocene)

Young slackwater deposits (Holocene)

Young fluvial deposits (Holocene and late Pleistocene)

Alluvial deposits of paleovalley fill (Holocene and late Pleistocene)

Intermediate fluvial deposits (late Pleistocene)

Older fluvial deposits (middle Pleistocene)

Quartz-rich conglomerate (Miocene)

Alluvial-Fan Deposits

Young alluvial-fan deposits, undivided (Holocene and late Pleistocene)

Young alluvial-fan deposits, younger subunit (late Holocene)

Young alluvial-fan deposits, older subunit (Holocene and late Pleistocene)

Intermediate alluvial-fan deposits, undivided (early late Pleistocene and middle 

Pleistocene)

Alluvial-fan deposits, unit 7 (late Pleistocene) 

Alluvial-fan deposits, unit 6 (middle Pleistocene)

Alluvial-fan deposits, unit 5 (middle Pleistocene)—Shown in sections on sheet 2 only

Alluvial-fan deposits, unit 4 (middle Pleistocene)—Shown in sections on sheet 2 only

Older alluvial-fan deposits (middle and early Pleistocene)

Arkosic-lithic fanglomerate (middle and early Pleistocene) 

Younger volcanic fanglomerate (middle and early Pleistocene) 

Fanglomerate, undifferentiated (early Pleistocene? and Pliocene?)

Older arkosic-lithic fanglomerate (early Pleistocene? and Pliocene) 

Fanglomerate of Cave Mountain (early Pleistocene? and Pliocene)

Older volcanic fanglomerate (early Pleistocene? and Pliocene?)

Fanglomerate of Buwalda Ridge (Pliocene)

Granitic fanglomerate (Pliocene and late Miocene?)

Playa and Distal-Fan Deposits

Playa and distal-fan deposits (middle Pleistocene)

Mojave River formation (informal) (middle and early Pleistocene)

Playa and distal alluvial-fan deposits (Pliocene) 

Eolian Deposits

Young eolian deposits (Holocene and late Pleistocene) 

Young mixed eolian and alluvial-fan deposits, undivided (Holocene and late 

Pleistocene)

Young mixed eolian and alluvial-fan deposits, younger subunit (late Holocene)

Young mixed eolian and alluvial-fan deposits, older subunit (Holocene and late 

Pleistocene)

Older mixed eolian and alluvial-fan deposits (late and middle Pleistocene)

BEDROCK UNITS

Volcanic and sedimentary rocks, undivided (Miocene)

Plutonic rocks (Jurassic?)

COMBINED AND FRACTIONAL MAP UNIT SYMBOLS

[Combined map symbols (for example, Qyao+Qyay) are used where two Quaternary map units are 

interspersed at such a small scale that separating map units was impractical. The first unit listed is considered 

dominant in the area; the second unit must occur in at least 20 percent of the area to be listed. Fractional map 

symbols (for example, Qia7/Ql7) are used where a thin veneer of a younger unit (Qia7) overlies an older unit 

(Ql7), especially common for alluvial-fan deposits interbedded with lacustrine sediment and for eolian deposits. 

Unit names are locally queried where identification is uncertain. Dashes between units indicate all units 

stratigraphically between the two listed may be present; for example Ql7-Ql4 means that units Ql7, Ql6, Ql5, 

and Ql4 are all present.

Most combined map units are depicted using the dominant unit color and a label. However, some 

combined units are shown using a pattern in addition to the color of the dominant unit to enhance visual clarity. 

Some units have a combination of more than one unit for a veneer or fraction. In those instances, the pattern for 

the dominant veneer was used over the dominant or oldest fraction or combination. Please see unit labels on 

map sheet 1]

Combined Map Units with Patterns

[Not all combined units have patterns]

Qyay+Qyao

Qyay+Qye

Qyao+Qyay

Fractional Map Units

Thin veneer of Ql8 over older units—Units include: Ql8/(Qiea+Ql7), Ql8/Qia7, 

Ql8/Qiea, Ql8/Ql7, Ql8/Ql7/Ql6, Ql8/Ql7/Qvg, and Ql8/Qvg

Thin veneer of Ql8o over Qai7

Thin veneer of Ql7 over older units—Units include: Ql7/QTalg, Ql7/Qalg, 

Ql7/Qia, Ql7/Ql5?/Ql4, Ql7/Ql6, Ql7/Ql6/Ql4, and Ql7/Qvg

Thin veneer of Ql6 over older units—Units include: Ql6/Qia and Ql6/Qvg

Thin veneer of Ql over Qalg

Thin veneer of Qyfmr over older units—Units include: Qyfmr/QTcg, Qyfmr/Qof, 

Qyfmr/Qvg, Qyfmr/Qvg/Qalg, Qyfmr/Ta

Thin veneer of Qof exists over older units—Units include: Qof/Ta and Qof?/Ta

Thin veneer of Qya exists over older units—Units include: Qya/Ql6, Qya/Qvg, 

and Qya/ Qyfmr

Thin veneer of Qyay over Qyfmr

Thin veneer of Qyao exists over older units—Units include: Qyao/Talg, 

Qyao/Qia, Qyao, Qia7, Qyao/Ql7, Qyao/Ql8, Qyao/Ql8/Ql7, Qyao/Qvg, 

Qyao/Qye, Qyao/Qyfmr, Qyao/Qyfmr/Qmr, Qyao/Tgg, and Qyao/Tgg?

Thin veneer of Qia exists over older units—Units include: Qia/QTalg, Qia/QTcg, 

Qia/Qoa, and Qia/Qvg

Thin veneer of Qia7 over older units—Units include: Qia7/QTalg, Qia7/Ql7, 

Qia7/Ql7/Qalg, Qia7/Ql7/Ql6, and Qia7/Ql7b

Thin veneer of Qia6 exists over older units—Units include: Qia6-5/Ql5/Ql4, 

Qia6-4/Ql4, Qia6-4/Ql4/Qalg, Qia6/Ql6, Qia6/Ql6/Qia, and Qia6/Qof

Thin veneer of Qalg exists over Tgg

Thin veneer of Qvg exists over older units—Units include: Qvg/Qmr and Qvg/Ta

Thin veneer of Qye over older units—Units include: Qye/Qtvg, Qye/Qia/QTalg, 

Qye/Qia7, Qye/Ql7, Qye/Ql8, Qye/Qmr, Qye/Qvg, Qye/Qyao, Qye/Qyay, 

Qye/Qyfmr, Qye/Tgg, and Qye/Tgg?

Thin veneer of Qyea over older units—Units include: Qyea/QTalg, Qyea/Ql7, 

Qyea/Ql8, and Qyea/Qvg

Thin veneer of Qyeao over older units—Units include: Qyeao/Ql7 and 

Qyeao/Ql8

Thin veneer of Qiea exists over older units—Units include: Qiea/QTalg and 

Qiea/QTcg

Qia7+Ql7

Qyao+Ql8

Qia7+Ql8

MANIX

FAULT

1/ 2

1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET

1 .5 0 1 KILOMETER

Topographic base modified from U.S. Geological Survey US Topo 1:24,000 Alvord Mountain East, Dunn, Cave 

Mountain, Manix, Hidden Valley West, and Hidden Valley East, Calif., 2012

North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)

Projection and 1 000-meter grid: Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 11S

10 000-foot ticks: California Coordinate System of 1983 (zone 5)

Orthographic image derived from National Agriculture Imagery Program, California,

(NAIP, https://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/apfoapp?area=home&subject=prog&topic=nai), accessed 2012 

10-meter contours and shaded relief (used in mapped area only) from U.S. Geological Survey 10-meter National 

Elevation Dataset Digital Elevation Model (NED, http://nationalmap.gov/elevation.html), accessed 2012.

CONTOUR INTERVAL 50 METERS (MAPPED AREA ONLY)

NORTH AMERICAN VERTICAL DATUM OF 1988 HIDDEN

VALLEY

WEST

HIDDEN

VALLEY

EAST

ALVORD DUNN

MOUNTAIN

EAST

CAVE

MOUNTAIN

MANIX

35°

35°07’30”

34°52’30”

116°37’30” 116°30' 116°22’30” 116°15’

LOCATION OF MAP AREA

LOCATION OF MAP AREA

Map Area

CALIF.

APPROXIMATE MEAN

DECLINATION, 2014 TRUE NORTH

MAGNETIC NORTH

12°

CAVE

MOUNTAIN

FAULT

15 

15 

15 

15 

Map of Surficial Geology and Stratigraphy of Pleistocene Lake Manix, San Bernardino County, California

By

Marith C. Reheis,1

 Joanna R. Redwine,2 Elmira Wan,1 John P. McGeehin,1 and D. Paco VanSistine1

2014 

Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not 

imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also 

contains copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted 

items must be secured from the copyright owner.

This database, identified as SIM 3312, has been approved for release and publication by 

the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although this database has been subjected to 

rigorous review and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the 

data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, it is released on condition 

that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government may be held liable for any damages 

resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use.

Publishing support provided by: 

Denver Publishing Service Center

Manuscript approved for publication October 11, 2014

For more information concerning this publication, contact:

Center Director, USGS Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center

Box 25046, Mail Stop 980

Denver, CO 80225

(303) 236-5344

Or visit the Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center Web site at:

http://gec.cr.usgs.gov/

This and other USGS information products are available at

http://store.usgs.gov/ 

U.S. Geological Survey

Box 25286, Denver Federal Center

Denver, CO 80225

To learn about the USGS and its information products visit

http://www.usgs.gov/ 

1-888-ASK-USGS

This report is available at:

http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3312

ISSN 2329-132X (online)

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3312

Suggested citation: Reheis, M.C., Redwine, J.R, Wan, Elmira, McGeehin, 

J.P., and VanSistine, D.P., 2014, Surficial Geology and Stratigraphy of 

Pleistocene Lake Manix, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. 

Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3312, 46 p., 2 sheets,

scale 1:24,000, http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3312.

SCALE 1:24 000

1

U.S. Geological Survey

2

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

MANIX

FAULT

Mapping in eastern one-third of area by J.R. Redwine; 

mapping in western two-thirds by M.C. Reheis. 

Digital cartography and GIS database by D. Paco Van Sistine.

Edit and cartographic layout by L.J. Binder

Denver Publishing Service Center

North Afton beach ridge

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Map 3312

Sheet 1 of 2

Pamphlet accompanies map