BIRDS OF

CONSERVATION CONCERN

2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Division of Migratory Bird Management

Arlington, Virginia

December 2002
BIRDS OF CONSERVATION CONCERN 2002

Prepared by

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Division of Migratory Bird Management

Arlington, Virginia

Preferred citation:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Birds of conservation concern 2002. Division of

Migratory Bird Management, Arlington, Virginia. 99 pp. [Online version available at

<http://migratorybirds.fws.gov/reports/bcc2002.pdf>]
TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

INTRODUCTION .............................................................1

BACKGROUND ..............................................................3

Why Did We Create Lists at Different Geographic Scales? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

NABCI Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) .............................3

USFWS Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

National . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

What Bird Species Did We Consider? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

How Does BCC 2002 Compare to Previous Versions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

What Sources of Information Did We Use? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

PIF Assessment Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

USSCP Assessment Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

NAWCP Assessment Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

How Do Prioritization Methods Used by the Bird Conservation Plans Compare? ......7

What Selection Criteria Did We Use for Birds of Conservation Concern 2002 Lists? ...7

BCR Criteria .....................................................7

USFWS Region Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

National Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

THE BIRDS OF CONSERVATION CONCERN 2002 LISTS

BCR Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

USFWS Region Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

National List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

FIGURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The 1988 amendment to the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act mandates the U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service (USFWS) to “identify species, subspecies, and populations of all migratory

nongame birds that, without additional conservation actions, are likely to become candidates for

listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.” Birds of Conservation Concern 2002 (BCC

2002) is the most recent effort to carry out this mandate. The overall goal of this report is to

accurately identify the migratory and non-migratory bird species (beyond those already

designated as Federally threatened or endangered) that represent our highest conservation

priorities and draw attention to species in need of conservation action. The geographic scope of

this endeavor is the United States in its entirety, including island "territories" in the Pacific and

Caribbean. It is more comprehensive than previous versions. BCC 2002 encompasses three

distinct geographic scales–North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI) Bird

Conservation Regions (BCRs), USFWS Regions, and National–and is primarily derived from

assessment scores from three major bird conservation plans: Partners in Flight, the United States

Shorebird Conservation Plan, and the North American Waterbird Conservation Plan. 

Bird species considered for inclusion on lists in this report include nongame birds, gamebirds

without hunting seasons, subsistence-hunted nongame birds in Alaska; and Endangered Species

Act candidate, proposed endangered or threatened, and recently delisted species. Assessment

scores from all three bird conservation plans are based on several factors, including population

trends, threats, distribution, abundance, and area importance. These assessment scores serve as

the foundation on which we built the BCC 2002 lists. Although the different bird conservation

plans use somewhat different methods for determining the highest priority species, the scores

from each represent true conservation priorities for each of the three species groups (landbirds,

shorebirds, and waterbirds). We therefore view the conservation priorities within each plan as

approximately equivalent. After creating BCR lists, we developed specific criteria for including

species on USFWS Region and National lists. BCR lists include 8 to 48 species, USFWS

Region lists include 28 to 88 species, and the National list contains 131 species. In virtually all

cases, priority species make up 9 to 12 percent of all bird species in any given geographic unit. 

While all of the bird species included in BCC 2002 are priorities for conservation action, this list

makes no finding with regard to whether they warrant consideration for ESA listing. Our goal is

to prevent or remove the need for additional ESA bird listings by implementing proactive

management and conservation actions. We recommend that these lists be consulted in

accordance with Executive Order 13186, “Responsibilities of Federal Agencies To Protect

Migratory Birds.” This report should also be used to develop research, monitoring, and

management initiatives. BCC 2002 is intended to stimulate coordinated and collaborative

proactive conservation actions among Federal, State, and private partners. We hope that, by

focusing attention on these highest priority species, this report will promote greater study and

protection of the habitats and ecological communities upon which these species depend, thereby

ensuring the future of healthy avian populations and communities.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Primary responsibility for coordinating the completion of this project was shared by Steven R.

Sheffield and John L. Trapp, including compilation and analysis of assessment scores,

development of selection criteria, drafting and editing innumerable versions of the report, and

preparing the tables and appendices.

We are especially indebted to our USFWS Region collaborators–Tara Zimmerman (Region 1), 

Bill Howe (Region 2), Tom Will (Region 3), William Hunter (Region 4), Randy Dettmers

(Region 5), Stephanie L. Jones (Region 6), and Kenton D. Wohl (Region 7)–for providing

invaluable assistance in helping to develop selection criteria, finalizing BCR and USFWS

Region lists, and reviewing and commenting on several drafts of the report. This report could

not have been completed without the active participation of these individuals.

Essential support of various kinds was also provided by George T. Allen, Brad Andres, Suzanne

Fellows, Bob Ford, Michael Green, David Klute, Steve J. Lewis, Jim Mattson, Seth Mott, Maura

Naughton, Diane Pence, Terry Rich, Bob Russell, and Bettina Sparrowe. Additionally, Cynthia

M. Perry provided direction, guidance, and operational support throughout the duration of the

project.

Finally, we must offer special thanks to four individuals who played key roles in providing

access to the baseline data that were essential for preparing this report: Mike Carter and Arvind

Panjabi (formerly and currently with the Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, respectively) made

available information from the PIF database and responded to our many questions, and Stephen

Brown and Katherine Parsons (both with the Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences)

supplied priority scores from the United States Shorebird Conservation Plan and the North

American Waterbird Conservation Plan, respectively.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this document is to identify migratory and non-migratory birds of the United

States and its territories that are of conservation concern so as to stimulate coordinated and

proactive conservation actions among Federal, State, and private partners. The concerns may be

the result of population declines, naturally small ranges or population sizes, threats to habitat, or

other factors. The primary legal authority for Birds of Conservation Concern 2002 (BCC 2002)

is the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980 (FWCA), as amended; other authorities

include the Endangered Species Act, the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, and 16 U.S.C. § 701. 

The 1988 amendment (Public Law 100-653, Title VIII) to the FWCA requires the Secretary of

the Interior, through the USFWS, to “identify species, subspecies, and populations of all

migratory nongame birds that, without additional conservation actions, are likely to become

candidates for listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.” BCC 2002 is the most recent

effort by the USFWS to carry out this proactive conservation mandate. The overall goal of this

report is to accurately identify those species (beyond those already Federally listed as threatened

or endangered) in greatest need of conservation action at different geographic scales. 

A primary goal of the USFWS is to conserve avian diversity in North America (USFWS 1990). 

This goal includes reducing or removing threats that may necessitate consideration for listing

under the ESA. The underlying philosophy behind this report is that proactive bird conservation

is necessary at a time when human impacts are at an all-time high. We strongly believe that a

well-designed program that addresses resource management issues up front will prevent or

remove the need to consider listing species as threatened or endangered, and will promote and

conserve long-term avian diversity in the United States. In addition, proactive conservation

clearly is more cost-effective than the extensive recovery efforts required once a species is

Federally listed under the ESA. Our intent is for BCC 2002 to stimulate coordinated efforts by

Federal and State agencies, in collaboration with private organizations, to develop and

implement comprehensive and integrated approaches for the study, management, and protection

of non-ESA listed bird species deemed to be in the most need of additional conservation actions. 

While the inclusion of non-MBTA species is beyond the scope of the FWCA, the Service has an

incentive to encourage proactive management of these species by State agencies and other

partners to ensure that they never have to be listed as endangered or threatened.

Bird species assemblages, guilds, or communities have recently been promoted as indicators of

ecological integrity in a variety of habitats (Bradford et al. 1998, O’Connell et al. 1998,

Canterbury et al. 2000, O’Connell et al. 2000), and at-risk bird species are good measures of

ecosystem threats (Beissinger et al. 1996). Setting priorities in conservation is crucial because

funding is limited. Many systems for setting wildlife conservation priorities have been

proposed. Some have focused heavily on identifying and quantifying threats to endangered or

rare species (Master 1991, Wilcove et al. 1998). Others have focused on highlighting species

that deserve attention due to threats to their populations, widespread or long-term declines, or
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2

low potential for population recovery (Millsap et al. 1990). The Canadian Wildlife Service

developed a priority ranking system that focuses on conservation concerns and agency

responsibilities to assist in setting conservation priorities for landbird species (Dunn 1997, Dunn

et al. 1999). The mandate of the 1988 FWCA amendment requires a more proactive approach;

namely, to identify species that, without additional conservation actions, may become listed as

endangered or threatened under the ESA. BCC 2002 uses current conservation assessment

scores from three bird conservation plans: Partners in Flight (PIF; Pashley et al. 2000), the

United States Shorebird Conservation Plan (USSCP; Brown et al. 2000), and the North

American Waterbird Conservation Plan (NAWCP; North American Waterbird Conservation

Plan Steering Committee 2001). Species in need of additional conservation attention are

identified at three distinct geographic scales: North American Bird Conservation Initiative

(NABCI) Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs; U.S. NABCI Committee 2000a, 2000b, 2000c),

USFWS Regions, and National.

Assessment scores are based on several parameters including population trends, threats,

distribution, abundance, and area importance. PIF, a coalition of Federal and State government

agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private interests, developed species assessment

scores out of concern for the sharp declines in many North American neotropical migrant

songbirds (Pashley et al. 2000). The PIF approach has been peer-reviewed by an independent

body of avian biologists (Beissinger et al. 2000, Carter et al. 2000, Partners in Flight 2001). 

Similar coalitions have prepared and reviewed conservation assessment scores for shorebirds

(USSCP) at the National scale and in step-down regional shorebird conservation plans (Brown et

al. 2000), and for waterbirds (NAWCP) at the continental scale (North American Waterbird

Conservation Plan Steering Committee 2001). Additionally, we found it necessary to develop

conservation assessment scores for a few species not yet evaluated by any of the bird

conservation plans, such as Pacific Island landbirds. Taken together, these assessment scores

can be used to develop a comprehensive set of integrated bird conservation priorities; this

represents a unique conservation effort unmatched for any other major group of organisms in

North America. 
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

1

 Island "territories" and other affiliations of the United States considered in this

document include (a) American Samoa - an unincorporated and unorganized territory; (b) Baker

Island - an unincorporated territory administered by the USFWS as a National Wildlife Refuge

(NWR); (c) Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands - aligned through a covenant of

"political union"; (d) Guam - an unincorporated organized territory; (e) Howland Island - an

unincorporated territory administered by the USFWS as a NWR; (f) Jarvis Island - an

unincorporated territory administered by the USFWS as a NWR; (g) Johnston Atoll - an

unincorporated and unorganized territory under joint operational control of the Department of

Defense and USFWS (and administered as a NWR); (h) Kingman Reef - an unincorporated

territory administered by the USFWS as a NWR; (i) Midway Islands - an unincorporated

territory administered by the USFWS as a NWR; (j) Navassa Island - administered by the

USFWS as a NWR; (k) Palmyra Atoll - a privately-owned incorporated territory; (l)

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico - a commonwealth; (m) U.S. Virgin Islands - an unincorporated

organized territory; and (n) Wake Island - an unincorporated territory administered by the

Department of the Interior 

(Central Intelligence Agency 2001). 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3

BACKGROUND

Why Did We Create Lists at Different Geographic Scales?

Listing birds of conservation concern at three geographic scales maximizes the utility of the lists

for a variety of partner agencies and organizations. The different geographic scales, from

smallest to largest, are as follows:

NABCI Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs). We have adopted BCRs as the smallest and

ecologically most relevant of our geographic scales. BCRs have been endorsed by NABCI (U.S.

NABCI Committee 2000a, 2000b, 2000c) as the basic ecological units within which all-bird

conservation efforts will be planned and evaluated (Fig. 1). NABCI is an endeavor to increase

the effectiveness of bird conservation at the continental level and currently includes the United

States, Canada, and Mexico. Its goal is to deliver “the full spectrum of bird conservation

through regionally based, biologically driven, landscape-oriented partnerships” (U.S. NABCI

Committee 2000a). A published map of BCRs and accompanying written descriptions of each

are available (U.S. NABCI Committee 2000b, 2000c, 2002). The BCR lists will be most useful

to Federal land-managing agencies and their partners in their efforts to abide by the bird

conservation principles embodied in the four bilateral conventions implemented by the

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA); see Executive Order 13186 of January 10, 2001 (Clinton

2001). NABCI has recognized 35 BCRs that cover the contiguous 48 States, Alaska, and

Hawaii (http://www.nabci-us.org/bcrs.html). These BCRs are numbered 1 to 5, 9 to 37, and 67

(U.S. NABCI Committee 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2002). For purposes of this report, we created

two additional BCRs to encompass island “territories” of the United States1, BCR 68 for the
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4

Pacific Ocean and BCR 69 for the Caribbean. There are 37 BCR lists of priority species.

USFWS Regions. There are seven USFWS Regions

(http://offices.fws.gov/directory/listofficeregion.cfm), each encompassing multiple States in the

same geographic area (except Alaska, which is its own region). The USFWS Region lists will be

useful to USFWS administrators and biologists, other Federal and State agencies within a

Region, and their partners and cooperators. 

National. The National list encompasses the United States in its entirety, including island

"territories" in the Caribbean and Pacific2

. The National list should be viewed as a barometer of

the status of continental bird populations, providing an "early warning" of birds that may decline

to levels requiring ESA protection unless additional conservation measures are taken. The

National list will be most useful as an outreach tool for educating the public about the precarious

status of bird species in the United Status. It will also be useful for National bird conservation

planning. The National list should not be used to foster bird conservation at smaller geographic

scales; that is the purpose of the BCR and USFWS Region lists. Although there are other lists of

this nature, such as the recent National Audubon Society (2001) and PIF (Carter et al. 1996,

Pashley et al. 2000:12-14) Watch Lists, and the discontinued Blue List published by the National

Audubon Society (Tate 1986), none of them is as comprehensive as BCC 2002.

What Bird Species Did We Consider?

The various species groups considered for inclusion on BCC 2002 lists are described in Table 1. 

Our only deviation from the 1995 report in this regard was the consideration of non-MBTA

species. The major groups of species not considered in this assessment are (1) migratory

gamebirds for which hunting regulations are established (i.e., cooperatively managed by FederalState flyway councils); (2) species that are peripheral to the United States (i.e., <1 percent of the

rangewide population occurs in the United States); (3) species, subspecies, and populations

endangered or threatened (i.e., subject to the provisions of the ESA); (4) resident gamebirds (i.e.,

managed by State wildlife agencies); and (5) non-native species. 

Because the three bird conservation plans that we use here are all species-based, assessment

scores were available only for full species. However, where appropriate, subspecies and

populations are included in this assessment based on geographic range, Federal candidate status,

or available local data. Subspecies and populations are represented on lists at all three

geographic scales. 

In the spirit of all-bird conservation, we include species not specifically covered by the MBTA

when they are deemed to be conservation priorities. To avoid confusion, we clearly differentiate

between MBTA and non-MBTA bird species (see Table 3). A list of species protected by the

MBTA is found in Title 50, Part 10, of the Code of Federal Regulations. 
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 5

How Does BCC 2002 Compare to Previous Versions?

BCC 2002 is the latest product in a continuing effort to assess and prioritize bird species for

conservation purposes (USFWS 1982, 1987, 1995; and U.S. Department of the Interior 1990). It

is difficult to make meaningful comparisons among or between lists because of differences in the

way each succeeding report was prepared. In chronological order, these efforts produced lists

containing 28, 30, 77, and 124 species of conservation concern at a National scale in 1982, 1987,

1990, and 1995, respectively; by comparison, BCC 2002 includes 131 species at the National

scale. Do these figures reflect an actual decline in the conservation status of the Nation's

birdlife, or do they merely reflect improvements in our ability to accurately identify and

characterize species in real need of conservation attention? The truth probably lies somewhere

in the middle. The preparation of prioritized species lists should be viewed as an evolving

process, improving as our knowledge base increases, with each list reflecting the best available

information at the time of its publication.

BCC 2002 is fundamentally different from previous lists that attempted to identify birds of

concern. It derives primarily from conservation assessment scores from three different bird

conservation initiatives, whereas previous editions used a variety of different sources to

determine priorities (Table 2). Conservation assessment scores from the three initiatives were

not available in 1987 or 1995. Species on the 1995 list that do not appear in BCC 2002 did not

score high enough as a conservation priority for a particular geographic area. BCC 2002

includes three distinct geographic scales, whereas the 1987 list included one (National) and the

1995 list included two (National and USFWS Region). Birds of the Pacific Island “territories”

such as American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (see

footnote 2 for a complete list of Pacific Island “territories”) are included in the assessment for

the first time. Also unlike earlier versions, BCC 2002 includes ESA proposed endangered or

threatened and recently delisted species, Hawaiian and Pacific island endemics, and other species

not specifically covered by the MBTA.

Overall, we believe that the data supporting the priority lists in BCC 2002 are more quantitative

and comprehensive than those of previous lists. The data from the three bird conservation

initiatives are more standardized, include more geographic scales (including scales that are

important for local conservation efforts), incorporate a great deal of input from many bird

experts, and have wide acceptance among members of avian conservation and scientific

communities. We are confident that the methods used in BCC 2002 are the best available for

identifying avian conservation priorities as directed by the FWCA amendment of 1988.
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 6

What Sources of Information Did We Use?

PIF Assessment Scores. We used assessment scores from the PIF Species Assessment Database

(version 8.0, November 2000) housed at the Rocky Mountain (formerly Colorado) Bird

Observatory, which we believe were the best available data at the time this report was prepared. 

In this database, a panel of bird species experts has assigned each landbird species in the

continental United States scores ranging from 1 (lowest priority or degree of concern) to 5

(highest priority or degree of concern) for each of 7 factors: breeding distribution, non-breeding

distribution, relative abundance, threats in breeding season, threats in non-breeding season,

population trend, and area importance (AI). AI is the relative importance of a given area to a

species and its conservation, based on the abundance of the species in that area relative to all

other areas in which it occurs. The first six scores (excluding AI) can be assessed on the basis of

range-wide information, and their sum is referred to as the "global" assessment score for a

species; this score was used to develop the National list. All of these factors are defined and

discussed in detail in Panjabi et al. (2001). Factor scores for each species are summed to provide

an overall assessment of the relative need for conservation attention, with higher scores

reflecting higher degrees of concern. Both PIF breeding and wintering scores for landbirds were

used in assessing species for inclusion in the BCC 2002 report. We considered all landbird

species with summary scores $ 22. In consultation with experts, the USFWS prepared scores for

landbirds of Hawaii and Pacific island “territories” using the PIF scheme (see

http://migratorybirds.pacific.fws.gov/reports.htm). 

USSCP Assessment Scores. For shorebird species, we considered assessment scores from the

USSCP (Brown et al. 2000, Brown et al. 2001) to represent the best available data. The USSCP

assessment process uses the same seven factor scores (with slightly different criteria) as PIF, but

priorities are derived using a categorical (rather than a summation) approach (Brown et al. 2001). 

We considered all shorebird species in the USSCP "High Concern" and "Highly Imperiled"

categories potentially eligible for inclusion in BCC 2002 lists. A prioritization protocol for

shorebirds (in Brown et al. 2001) describes prioritization categories and their relationship to

factor scores.

NAWCP Assessment Scores. The NAWCP assessment process uses the same seven factors as

the PIF and USSCP plans, but with slightly different criteria. We used draft continental

assessment scores from the NAWCP plan (K. Parsons unpubl. data, North American Waterbird

Conservation Plan Steering Committee 2001), which we considered to be the best available data

for colonial waterbirds and seabirds. However, assessment scores were not available at the BCR

or USFWS Region scales at the time this report was prepared. Some waterbirds are included in

the PIF database, and these scores were reviewed and considered at the BCR scale. For other

waterbirds, draft NAWCP scores were reviewed and revised to develop BCR and USFWS

Region categorical rankings using a variety of information sources including Service expertise,

available data, and consultations with local experts. We considered all colonial waterbird

species in the NAWCP "High Concern" and "Highly Imperiled" categories potentially eligible
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 7

for inclusion in BCC 2002 lists. A prioritization protocol for colonial waterbirds is available as

an appendix to the NAWCP plan (North American Waterbird Conservation Plan Steering

Committee 2001).

How Do Prioritization Methodologies Used By the Bird Conservation Initiatives Compare?

The methods used by PIF to prioritize species differ from those used by the USSCP and the

NAWCP. In PIF, the sum total of the seven factor scores establishes a threshold value that

defines priority species. PIF uses a four-tiered system in which Tier I species, those with

summary scores >22, are considered highest priority.

Although USSCP and NAWCP use the same factors as PIF and score them in the same manner,

derivation of the scores is slightly different and priority species are not determined by a simple

summation of scores. Rather, priority species are identified by particular combinations of factor

scores which create prioritization categories ranging from “Highly Imperiled” to “Species Not at

Risk”. Prioritization categories are specifically described in the USSCP and NAWCP

conservation plans and associated World Wide Web sites (Brown et al. 2000, 2001; North

American Waterbird Conservation Plan Steering Committee 2001). 

Although the methods for determining the highest priority species are somewhat different among

the different initiatives, scoring reflects state-of-the-art conservation assessments for each of the

three species groups (landbirds, shorebirds, waterbirds); we therefore view the conservation

priorities within the three conservation plans as approximately equivalent. 

What Selection Criteria Did We Use For Birds of Conservation Concern 2002 Lists?

We here describe the criteria used to select species for consideration and inclusion on BCR,

USFWS Region, and National lists. At each scale, Service expertise and discretion refined the

pool of species under consideration from the three bird conservation initiatives–as well as those

selected for priority lists–to comply with the FWCA amendment of 1988. The term "species"

means species, subspecies, or populations unless otherwise indicated.

BCR Criteria. Landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds were evaluated for inclusion at the BCR

scale if they met at least one of the following criteria: 

(1) a PIF score of 22 or greater, with an AI score of 2 or greater [= Tier I]; or 

(2) a USSCP conservation category of "High Concern" or "Highly Imperiled" [= Tier I]; or 

(3) a draft NAWCP conservation category of "High Concern" or "Highly Imperiled" [= Tier I];

or
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 8

(4) proposed for listing as Federal ESA endangered or threatened; or 

(5) current designation as a Federal ESA candidate species; or

(6) recent delisting from the ESA (and subject to post-delisting monitoring).

An AI score of 2 or greater was used as a threshold below which a species was considered too

peripheral to a given BCR to rank as a priority. We considered landbird species with PIF scores

of 22 or 23, high scores (4 or 5) for AI, and low or moderate scores (<3) for population trends or

threats to be species of "high agency responsibility" (i.e., meriting continued monitoring rather

than direct conservation or management action). These species were generally not included in

the BCR lists unless additional information was available to indicate a need for conservation

action (e.g., local information or USFWS expert opinion). Corresponding discretion was used

for shorebirds and waterbirds. In a few cases, we added species to the BCR or USFWS Region

lists when Service expertise, supplemental information, or local data indicated a greater degree

of concern than that reflected by bird conservation initiative scoring. We automatically included

Federal ESA candidate, proposed endangered or threatened, and recently delisted species on

priority lists for all BCRs in which they occurred. We also considered subspecies and

populations where appropriate and where information on their status was available.

USFWS Region Criteria. Species were evaluated for inclusion in a given USFWS Region if they

met at least one of the following criteria:

(1) Tier I status in 50 percent or more of the BCRs in which it occurs in the Region; or

(2) proposed for listing as Federal ESA endangered or threatened; or 

(3) current designation as a Federal ESA candidate species; or

(4) recent delisting from the ESA (and subject to post-delisting monitoring).

A species was dropped from consideration if <1 percent of its overall range was within the

United States portion of a given USFWS Region. Subspecies and populations were also

considered where appropriate.
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 9

National Criteria. Species were evaluated for inclusion at the National level if they met at least

one of the following criteria:

(1) a PIF global score of 21 or greater (but with the exclusion of all peripheral species and

modification of scores for shorebirds and waterbirds, where appropriate); or

(2) priority status in 3 or more USFWS Regions; or

(3) priority status in (a) all USFWS Regions in which it occurs, or (b) over a majority of its

geographic range in the United States; or

(4) proposed for listing as Federal ESA endangered or threatened; or 

(5) current designation as a Federal ESA candidate species; or

(6) recent delisting from the ESA.

There are likely to be additions to the lists over the next several years. Newly designated

Federal candidate species, species proposed for listing, and species removed from the list of

endangered and threatened species will automatically be added at the appropriate geographic

scales effective the day of their designation or delisting, as published in the Federal Register.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 10

THE BIRDS OF CONSERVATION CONCERN 2002 LISTS

To maximize the usefulness of this report to multiple partners, the BCC 2002 lists are presented

in 45 separate and distinct tables, comprising 37 BCR lists (Tables 4 to 40), 7 USFWS Region

lists (Tables 41 to 47) and 1 National list (Table 48). Before perusing the BCC tables, users

should familiarize themselves with the stylized conventions used to denote Federal protective

status of the species that appear on the lists (Table 3). Summaries of the status of each species at

each of the three distinct geographic scales are provided in Appendices B and C, and a list of

scientific names of all species mentioned is found in Appendix D. 

BCR Lists

The number of species on individual BCR lists (Tables 4 to 40) ranges from 8 to 48, averaging

about 29. Lists are generally larger for BCRs in the southern United States, reflecting greater

species diversity at lower latitudes and the importance of these regions for wintering migrants. 

Island birds are at increased risk of becoming endangered. Thus, it is not surprising that two of

the island BCRs–Pacific (BCR 68) and Caribbean (BCR 69)–have relatively high proportions of

their native species represented as birds of concern (15 and 17 percent, respectively; Table 49). 

Nine percent of the bird species native to Hawaii (BCR 67) are identified as birds of concern, but

that region also has a disproportionately large number of bird species listed as either endangered

or threatened under the ESA; combining birds of concern with endangered or threatened species,

one finds that fully 23 percent of the native Hawaiian avifauna is at risk.

USFWS Region Lists

The number of species on individual USFWS Region lists (Tables 41 to 47) ranges from 28 to

87, averaging about 45. Following the trend seen in BCRs, USFWS Region lists of priority

species are larger in the southern United States. The birds on the USFWS Region lists represent

about 9 (range 6 to 14) percent of the species native to the respective Regions (Table 49); they

also represent about 11 (range 7 to 16) percent of the MBTA nongame species in those Regions.

National List

The total number of species on the National list (Table 48) is 131, which represents

approximately 12 percent of all native species and 16 percent of all MBTA nongame species

(Table 49). The National list includes disproportionately large numbers of species from the

orders Falconiformes (diurnal raptors), Charadriiformes (shorebirds, etc.), and Piciformes

(woodpeckers). Within the Charadriiformes–a large and diverse order that includes shorebirds,

gulls, terns, auks, and their allies–the families Charadriidae (plovers), Haematopodidae
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 11

(oystercatchers), Scolopacidae (sandpipers), and Alcidae (murres, murrelets, and auklets) are

represented on the list by greater numbers of species than expected. Among the Passeriformes–a

large and diverse order of perching birds–the families Parulidae (wood-warblers) and

Emberizidae (sparrows) and the subfamily Drepanidinae (Hawaiian honeycreepers) dominate the

list in terms of both actual and relative numbers.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 12

DISCUSSION

Of 122 species on the 1995 list, 94 are retained (including 60 at the National level, 26 at the

FWS Region level, and 8 at the BCR level) and 28 are deleted due to a lack of convincing

evidence that continued concern is warranted). Seventy species are added to the National list,

resulting in a net gain of 8 species and a current (2002) list of 131 species.

Of the 151 species on the Audubon WatchList (National Audubon Society 2002) that are not also 

(1) endangered or threatened or (2) hunted, 86 are on the BCC 2002 National list and 27 are on

FWS Region or BCR lists.

The selection criteria that we used identified 9 to 12 percent of all species at each geographic

scale to be in need of additional conservation attention. For example, the various BCC 2002 lists

represent, on average, 9 percent (range 6 to 17 percent) of all native bird species and 12 percent

(range 7 to 20 percent) of MBTA nongame species (Table 49). 

Nongame migratory birds protected by the MBTA, the primary focus of this effort, make up an

overwhelming proportion (88 to 96 percent) of the species on the BCC 2002 lists (Table 50), but

the proportional representation of non-MBTA species increases progressively at larger scales. 

The proportional representation of ESA candidate species also increases progressively at larger

scales. ESA-delisted and ESA-proposed species make up a progressively smaller proportion of

the species at larger scales. An overwhelming proportion (96 to 99 percent) of the taxa listed at

all scales are full species (Table 50). Subspecies and populations do not represent more than

about 4 percent of the taxa on any of the lists.

In the process of compiling prioritized lists of species for this report, we reviewed Breeding Bird

Survey (BBS) data for population trends of more than 200 species. In doing so, we noted a few

species that exhibited exceptionally sharp population declines (defined as > 2.5% annually), but

that otherwise failed to meet prescribed thresholds for BCC 2002 designation using the criteria

established for the BCR, USFWS Region, or National lists. 

An analysis of BBS data (Sauer et al. 2001) revealed 21 species with statistically significant (P <

0.1, N > 100) long-term (1966 - 2000) population declines of > 2.5 percent annually, both in the

United States and survey-wide. Of these 21 species, 13 qualified for the BCC 2002 National list

based on one or more criteria, and these species are denoted in Table 48. However, the

remaining eight species did not qualify for the National list: White-throated Swift (decline of 2.6

percent/year), Pinyon Jay (3.1), Verdin (3.7), Curve-billed Thrasher (2.7), Field Sparrow (3.1),

Lark Sparrow (3.5), Black-throated Sparrow (4.1), and Eastern Meadowlark (2.9). Most of these

species are widely distributed and relatively abundant, factors that probably account for their

failure to meet thresholds for inclusion on any of the BCC 2002 lists. Still, their population

declines are sharp, consistent, and long-term (amounting to a cumulative loss in excess of 50
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 13

percent since 1966), with little indication that populations are stabilizing. For this reason alone,

we believe that these species deserve close scrutiny. By way of comparison, we note that species

exhibiting similar characteristics (e.g., sharp population declines but still moderately abundant

and widespread) are treated as "birds of conservation importance" in Great Britain (Joint Nature

Conservation Committee 2002).

In examining assessment scores, we noticed that many species had scores of 3 for multiple

factors, an indication that accurate assessments of status were not possible because of a paucity

of data. These species tended to score just below the Tier I threshold for PIF, therefore not

qualifying as priority species. Most of these species belong to groups that generally are difficult

to survey or monitor due to their secretive nature or nocturnal activity patterns (e.g., marshbirds,

nighthawks and nightjars, and owls. These groups deserve greater attention, in most cases

requiring additional monitoring or life-history investigations to help determine their true

conservation status.

BCC 2002 can be used as a barometer of the condition of our country’s avifauna. Although there

are general patterns that can be inferred from this report, there is no single reason why any

species was found on any one of these lists; some are relatively common but are undergoing

sharp declines in population numbers, others are rare but may actually be increasing in numbers

in certain locations, and others may be both rare and declining. However, habitat loss due to

alteration or destruction continues to be the major reason for the declines of many species

(Askins et al. 1990, USFWS 1995, Samson et al. 1998, Askins 2000). 

Birds included in the BCC 2002 lists are deemed priorities for conservation actions and the list

will be consulted for actions taken on Federal and State lands, and for research, monitoring, and

management funding in accordance with Executive Order 13186 (“Responsibilities of Federal

Agencies To Protect Migratory Birds”). Our hope is that BCC 2002 will stimulate coordinated,

collaborative proactive conservation actions among Federal, State, and private partners.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 14

LITERATURE CITED

Askins, R. A. 2000. Restoring North America's birds: lessons from landscape ecology. Yale

University Press. 288 pp.

Askins, R. A., J. F. Lynch, and R. Greenberg. 1990. Population declines of migratory birds of

eastern North America. Current Ornithology 7:1057-1077.

Beissinger, S. R., J. M. Reed, J. M. Wunderle, Jr., S. K. Robinson, and D. M. Finch. 2000. 

Report of the AOU Conservation Committee on the Partners in Flight species prioritization plan. 

Auk 117:549-561.

Beissinger, S. R., E. C. Steadman, T. Wohlgenant, G. Blate, and S. Zack. 1996. Null models for

assessing ecosystem conservation priorities: threatened birds as titers of threatened ecosystems. 

Conservation Biology 10:1343-1352.

Bradford, D. F., S. E. Franson, G. R. T. Miller, A. C. Neagle, G. E. Canterbury, and D. T.

Heggem. 1998. Bird species assemblages as indicators of biotic integrity in Great Basin

rangeland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 49:1-22. 

Brown, S., C. Hickey, B. Gill, L. Gorman, C. Gratto-Trevor, S. Haig, B. Harrington, C. Hunter,

G. Morrison, G. Page, P. Sanzenbacher, S. Skagen, N. Warnock. 2000. National shorebird

conservation assessment: shorebird conservation status, conservation units, population estimates,

population targets, and species prioritization. Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences,

Manomet, Massachusetts. <http://www.Manomet.org/USSCP/files.htm>. Accessed August

2002.

Brown, S., C. Hickey, B. Harrington, B., and R. Gill (eds.). 2001. The United States Shorebird

Conservation Plan. 2nd edition. Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences, Manomet,

Massachusetts. 61 pp.

Canterbury, G. E., T. E. Martin, D. R. Petit, L. J. Petit, and D. F. Bradford. 2000. Bird

communities and habitat as ecological indicators of forest condition in regional monitoring. 

Conservation Biology 14:544-558.

Carter, M., G. Fenwick, C. Hunter, D. Pashley, D. Petit, J. Price, and J. Trapp. 1996. WatchList

1996–for the future. National Audubon Society Field Notes 50:238-240.

Carter, M. F., W. C. Hunter, D. N. Pashley, and K. V. Rosenberg. 2000. Setting conservation

priorities for landbirds in the United States: the Partners in Flight approach. Auk 117:541-548. 

<http://www.rmbo.org/pubs/downloads/pif.pdf>. Accessed August 2002.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 15

Central Intelligence Agency. 2001. The world factbook 2001. 

<http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html> Accessed August 2002.

Clinton, William J. 2001. Presidential Documents: Executive Order 13186 of January 10, 2001. 

Responsibilities of Federal agencies to protect migratory birds. Federal Register 66:3853-3856.

Dunn, E. H. 1997. Setting priorities for conservation, research and monitoring of Canada’s

landbirds. Canadian Wildlife Service Technical Report 293,

Dunn, E. H., D. J. T. Hussell, and D. A. Welsh. 1999. Priority-setting tool applied to Canada’s

landbirds based on concern and responsibility for species. Conservation Biology 13:1404-1415.

Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 2002. Birds of conservation importance–JNCC 1996.

<http://www.jncc.gov.uk/species/TablesforBirds.html> Accessed August 2002.

Master, L. L. 1991. Assessing threats and setting priorities for conservation. Conservation

Biology 5:559-563.

Millsap, B. A., J. A. Gore, D. E. Runde, and S. I. Cerulean. 1990. Setting priorities for the

conservation of fish and wildlife species in Florida. Wildlife Monographs 111:1-57.

National Audubon Society. 2001. WatchList.

<http://www.audubon.org/bird/watch/index.html>. Accessed August 2002 (revised October

2002).

National Audubon Society. 2002. Audubon WatchList 2002: an early warning system for bird

conservation. <http://www.audubon.org/bird/watch/index.html>. Accessed December 2002. 

North American Waterbird Conservation Plan Steering Committee. 2001 (October 23). Draft

two. North American Waterbird Conservation Plan. Volume 1. Seabirds and colonial

waterbirds. <http://www.nacwcp.org/planoct01.htm>. Accessed August 2002. [This document

is no longer available online. To order a copy of the waterbird plan, go to

<http://www.nawcp.org>.]

O’Connell, T. J., L. E. Jackson, and R. P. Brooks. 1998. A bird community index of biotic

integrity for the Mid-Atlantic Highlands. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 51:145-

156.

O’Connell, T. J., L. E. Jackson, and R. P. Brooks. 2000. Bird guilds as indicators of ecological

condition in the central Appalachians. Ecological Applications 10:1706-1721.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 16

Panjabi, A., C. Beardmore, P. Blancher, G. Butcher, M. Carter, D. Demarest, E. Dunn, C.

Hunter, D. Pashley, K. Rosenburg, T. Rich, and T. Will. 2001. The Partners in Flight handbook

on species assessment and prioritization. Version 1.1. Partners in Flight and Rocky Mountain

Bird Observatory. 26 pp. <http://www.rmbo.org/pubs/downloads/Handbook.pdf> Accessed

August 2002.

Pashley, D. N., C. J. Beardmore, J. A. Fitzgerald, R. P. Ford, W. C. Hunter, M. S. Morrison, and

K. V. Rosenberg. 2000. Partners in Flight: Conservation of the land birds of the United States. 

American Bird Conservancy, The Plains, Virginia. 92 pp.

Samson, F. B., F. L. Knopf, and W. R. Ostlie. 1998. Grasslands. Pp. 437-472 in Status and

trends of the nation's biological resources. Volume 2 (M. J. Mac et al., eds.). U.S. Department

of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

<http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/2000/grlands/grlands.htm> Accessed August 2002.

Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2001. The North American Breeding Bird Survey:

results and analysis 1966-2000. Version 2001.2. U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife

Research Center, Laurel, Maryland. <http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs> Accessed August

2002.

Tate, J., Jr. 1986. The Blue List for 1986. American Birds 40:227-236.

U.S. Department of the Interior. 1990. Report of the Secretary of the Interior to the Congress of

the United States on the Federal conservation of migratory nongame birds pursuant to Section 13

of Public Law 96-366, the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980, as revised. U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 61 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Nongame migratory bird species with unstable or

decreasing population trends in the United States. Office of Migratory Bird Management,

Washington, D.C. 24 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Migratory nongame birds of management concern in the

United States: the 1987 list. Office of Migratory Bird Management, Washington, DC. 25 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Conservation of avian diversity in North America. Office

of Migratory Bird Management, Arlington, Virginia. 22 pp.

<http://migratorybirds.fws.gov/reports/aviandiv.html> Accessed August 2002.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Migratory nongame birds of management concern in the

United States: the 1995 List. Office of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, Arlington, Virginia. 22 pp.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 17

U.S. NABCI Committee. 2000a. North American Bird Conservation Initiative: bringing it all

together. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia. 

<http://www.nabci-us.org/aboutnabci/fwsbroch.pdf> Accessed August 2002.

U.S. NABCI Committee. 2000b. North American Bird Conservation Initiative Bird

Conservation Regions map. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia. 

<http://www.nabci-us.org/aboutnabci/map.pdf> 

U.S. NABCI Committee. 2000c. Bird Conservation Region descriptions: A supplement to the

North American Bird Conservation Initiative Bird Conservation Regions map. U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia. 38 pp. <http://www.nabcius.org/aboutnabci/bcrdescrip.pdf> Accessed August 2002.

Wilcove, D. S., D. Rothstein, J. Dubow, A. Phillips, and E. Losos. 1998. Quantifying threats to

imperiled species in the United States. BioScience 48:607-615.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 18

Figure 1 -

Map of the

Bird

Conservation

Regions

(BCRs) of the

United States
19

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title

Introductory Tables

 1 Eligibility of Various Species Groups for BCC 2002 Consideration.

 2 Comparison of Data Sources, Participants, and Selection Process Used in Compiling

the 1995 and 2002 Lists.

 3 Stylized Conventions Used to Illustrate Federal Protective Status of Species in the

BCR, USFWS Region, and National Lists in BCC 2002.

BCR (Bird Conservation Region) BCC 2002 Lists:

 4 BCR 1 (Aleutian/Bering Sea Islands) BCC 2002 List.

 5 BCR 2 (Western Alaska) BCC 2002 List.

 6 BCR 3 (Arctic Plains and Mountains–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

 7 BCR 4 (Northwestern Interior Forest–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

 8 BCR 5 (Northern Pacific Forest–U.S. portions only) BCC 2002 List.

 9 BCR 9 (Great Basin) BCC 2002 List.

10 BCR 10 (Northern Rockies–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

11 BCR 11 (Prairie Potholes–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

12 BCR 12 (Boreal Hardwood Transition–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

13 BCR 13 (Lower Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Plain–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

14 BCR 14 (Atlantic Northern Forests–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

15 BCR 15 (Sierra Nevada) BCC 2002 List.

16 BCR 16 (Southern Rockies/Colorado Plateau) BCC 2002 List.

17 BCR 17 (Badlands and Prairies) BCC 2002 List.

18 BCR 18 (Shortgrass Prairie) BCC 2002 List.

19 BCR 19 (Central Mixed-Grass Prairie) BCC 2002 List.

20 BCR 20 (Edwards Plateau) BCC 2002 List.

21 BCR 21 (Oaks and Prairies) BCC 2002 List.

22 BCR 22 (Eastern Tallgrass Prairie) BCC 2002 List.

23 BCR 23 (Prairie Hardwood Transition) BCC 2002 List.

24 BCR 24 (Central Hardwoods) BCC 2002 List.

25 BCR 25 (West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas) BCC 2002 List.

26 BCR 26 ( Mississippi Alluvial Valley) BCC 2002 List.

27 BCR 27 (Southeastern Coastal Plain) BCC 2002 List.

28 BCR 28 (Appalachian Mountains) BCC 2002 List.

29 BCR 29 (Piedmont) BCC 2002 List.

30 BCR 30 (New England/Mid-Atlantic Coast) BCC 2002 List.

31 BCR 31 (Peninsular Florida) BCC 2002 List.

32 BCR 32 (Coastal California–US. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

33 BCR 33 (Sonoran and Mojave Deserts–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
20

34 BCR 34 (Sierra Madre Occidental–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

35 BCR 35 (Chihuahuan Desert–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

36 BCR 36 (Tamaulipan Brushlands–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

37 BCR 37 (Gulf Coastal Prairie) BCC 2002 List.

38 BCR 67 (Hawaii) BCC 2002 List.

39 BCR 68 (Pacific Islands–U.S. "Territories" only) BCC 2002 List.

40 BCR 69 (Caribbean Islands–Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands only) BCC 2002

List.

USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) Region BCC 2002 Lists:

41 USFWS Region 1 (Pacific Region) BCC 2002 List. 

42 USFWS Region 2 (Southwest Region) BCC 2002 List.

43 USFWS Region 3 (Great Lakes-Big Rivers Region) BCC 2002 List.

44 USFWS Region 4 (Southeast Region) BCC 2002 List.

45 USFWS Region 5 (Northeast Region) BCC 2002 List.

46 USFWS Region 6 (Mountain-Prairie Region) BCC 2002 List.

47 USFWS Region 7 (Alaska Region) BCC 2002 List..

National BCC 2002 List:

48 National (including Caribbean and Pacific Island "territories") BCC 2002 List.

Summary Tables:

49 BCC 2002 Species as a Proportion of the Total Avifauna in Various Regions.

50 Proportional Representation of Various Regulatory and Taxonomic Groups at

Different Geographic Scales.
21

Table 1. Eligibility of Various Species Groups for BCC 2002 Consideration.

Applicable Federal Authority Eligible Not Eligible

Migratory Bird Treaty Act "Nongame" and "other"

species (as variously defined

by bilateral migratory bird

conventions with Canada,

Mexico, Japan, and Russia)

Species peripheral to the U.S.

(e.g., population fragments

too small to be managed

capably)

"Gamebirds" (as defined by

50 CFR 20.11) for which

hunting seasons have not

recently been established

(e.g., most shorebirds)

"Gamebirds" (as defined by

50 CFR 20.11) for which

sport hunting seasons are

established

All subsistence-hunted

species in Alaska (except

"gamebirds" with established

sport hunting seasons)

Endangered Species Act Candidates, including

"resident gamebirds" (see

below)

Species, subspecies, and

populations designated as

Endangered or Threatened

(as listed at 50 CFR 17.11) Proposed Endangered or

Threatened (e.g., Mountain

Plover)

Recently delisted MBTA

species (e.g., Peregrine

Falcon)

Other MBTA species delisted

in the future

None Endemic Hawaiian

honeycreepers of the

subfamily Drepanididae (e.g.,

Hawaii Amakihi)

"Resident gamebirds"

(generally hunted and

managed by State wildlife

agencies), unless listed as

ESA Candidate (see above)

Other Pacific Island

endemics (e.g., Fiji

Shrikebill)

Non-native species
22

Other non-MBTA species

(e.g., bananaquits)

Table 2. Comparison of Data Sources, Participants, and Selection Process Used in Compiling

the 1995 and 2002 Lists.

1995 List 2002 List

DATA SOURCES:

Delphi exercise Conducted in 3 phases:

USFWS “experts,” American

Birds Regional Editors and

RMNBCs, and “area”

experts.

Not used (outdated method).

Preliminary information on

“degree of concern”

Preliminary rankings (Low,

Moderate, High) from Phase

I provided to Delphi

participants.

Not used (outdated method).

Blue List data Synopsis of 1972-1982 and

1986 lists provided to Delphi

participants.

Not used (source not updated

since 1986).

BBS data Synopsis of 1966-1991 and

1982-1991 trends provided to

Delphi participants, and

1966-1994 trends reviewed

by DMBM (not provided to

Delphi participants).

Survey-wide and U.S. trends

for 1966-2000 reviewed by

DMBM and used as one of

the criteria for the National

list; used as an inherent

component of PIF data.

CBC data Database (1959-1988)

reviewed and summarized by

DMBM (not provided to

Delphi participants).

Used as an inherent

component of PIF wintering

scores.

ESA “candidate” Status information

summarized and provided to

Delphi participants.

Status information reviewed

and summarized by DMBM

and provided to USFWS

Regional participants.
23

ESA “proposed” Not used. Status information reviewed

and summarized by DMBM

and provided to USFWS

Regional participants.

ESA “delisted” Not used. Status information reviewed

and summarized by DMBM

and provided to USFWS

Regional participants.

PIF BCR scores Not available. Scores obtained from RMBO

by DMBM and provided to

USFWS Regional

participants.

PIF USFWS Region scores Reviewed and summarized

by DMBM (not provided to

Delphi participants).

Not available.

PIF global scores Not used. Scores obtained from RMBO

by DMBM and used as one

of the criteria for the National

list.

PARTICIPANTS:

USFWS Regional Office Nongame Bird Coordinators

used in Phase II.

Nongame Bird Coordinators

and staffs engaged

throughout the review and

selection process.

USFWS “expert” panel Used in Phase I to generate

preliminary rankings of

concern.

Regional Nongame Bird

Coordinators and staffs

performed this function

throughout the review and

selection process.

Area “experts” Used in Phase III in Alaska,

Hawaii, and Puerto Rico/U.S.

Virgin Islands.

Used in Hawaii and the

Pacific Island trust territories.

Species “experts” Not used. Used for colonial waterbirds,

seabirds, and shorebirds.
24

Other “experts” American Birds Regional

Editors used in Phase II.

Not used (already part of the

conservation scoring process

for all three bird conservation

initiatives).

THE SELECTION PROCESS:

BCR criteria Not applicable (BCR lists not

prepared).

To qualify for BCR listing, a

species had to meet threshold

values for at least one of the

following criteria: (1) PIF,

(2) USSCP, (3) NAWCP, (4)

ESA “candidate,” or (5) ESA

“delisted” (see the text for

precise definitions of

thresholds for each of these

criteria).

USFWS Region criteria Once a species qualified for

the National list, it became

eligible for USFWS Regional

lists on the basis of the

following criteria: (1) Delphi,

(2) BBS, (3) PIF, or (4) ESA

“candidate.

To qualify for a USFWS

Regional list, a species had to

meet threshold values for at

least one of the following

criteria: (1) PIF, (2) USSCP,

(3) NAWCP, (4) ESA

“candidate,” (5) ESA

“delisted” (see the text for

precise definitions of

thresholds for each of these

criteria).

National criteria To qualify for the National

list, a species had to meet

threshold values for at least

one of the following criteria:

(1) Delphi, (2) BBS, (3)

CBC, (4) PIF, or (5) ESA

“candidate.”

To qualify for the National

list, a species had to meet

threshold values for at least

one of the following criteria:

(1) PIF, (2) USFWS Regional

priority in multiple regions,

(3) BBS, (4) ESA

“candidate,” or (5) ESA

“delisted” (see the text for

precise definitions of

thresholds for each of these

criteria).

Key to Acronyms:

BCR = Bird Conservation Region

BBS = Breeding Bird Survey
25

CBC = Christmas Bird Count

ESA = Endangered Species Act

NAWCP = North American Waterbird Conservation Plan

PIF = Partners in Flight

RMBO = Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory

RNMBCs = Regional Nongame Migratory Bird Coordinators

USSCP = US Shorebird Conservation Plan
26

Table 3. Stylized Conventions Used to Illustrate Federal Protective Status of Species in the

BCR, USFWS Regional, and National Lists in BCC 2002.

Federal Protective Status Description of Convention Example

ESA Proposed Threatened

or Endangered

Common name is underlined

with a single line

Mountain Plover

ESA Candidate Common name is underlined

with a wavy line

Elfin-woods Warbler

ESA Delisted Common name is italicized Peregrine Falcon

Protected by the MBTA Common name is depicted in

a normal font

Red-faced Cormorant

MBTA protection

uncertain

Common name is enclosed in

wavy brackets

{Polynesian Storm-Petrel}

Not protected by the MBTA Common name is enclosed in

straight brackets

[Elepaio]

MBTA protection

uncertain and ESA

Candidate

Common name is underlined

with a wavy line and

enclosed in wavy brackets

{Spotless Crake}

Non-MBTA and ESA

Candidate

Common name is underlined

with a wavy line and

enclosed in straight brackets

[Greater Sage-Grouse]
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

27

Table 4. BCR 1 (Aleutian/Bering Sea Islands) BCC 2002 List.

Red-faced Cormorant

Peregrine Falcon (resident pealei ssp. only)

Black Oystercatcher

Bar-tailed Godwit

Rock Sandpiper

Red-legged Kittiwake

Arctic Tern

Aleutian Tern

Marbled Murrelet

Kittlitz's Murrelet

Ancient Murrelet

Whiskered Auklet

McKay's Bunting
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

28

Table 5. BCR 2 (Western Alaska) BCC 2002 List.

Red-throated Loon

Yellow-billed Loon

Red-faced Cormorant

Peregrine Falcon

American Golden-Plover

Pacific Golden-Plover

Whimbrel

Bristle-thighed Curlew

Hudsonian Godwit

Bar-tailed Godwit

Marbled Godwit (beringiae ssp. only)

Black Turnstone

Surfbird

Rock Sandpiper

Short-billed Dowitcher

Arctic Tern

Aleutian Tern

Marbled Murrelet

Kittlitz's Murrelet

Ancient Murrelet

Arctic Warbler

Blackpoll Warbler

McKay's Bunting
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

29

Table 6. BCR 3 (Arctic Plains and Mountains–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

Yellow-billed Loon

Peregrine Falcon

American Golden-Plover

Whimbrel

Bar-tailed Godwit

Dunlin (arcticola ssp. only)

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Arctic Warbler

Smith's Longspur
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

30

Table 7. BCR 4 (Northwestern Interior Forest–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

American Golden-Plover

Whimbrel

Hudsonian Godwit

Surfbird

Rock Sandpiper

Short-billed Dowitcher

Arctic Warbler
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

31

Table 8. BCR 5 (Northern Pacific Forest–U.S. portions only) BCC 2002 List.

Yellow-billed Loon

Black-footed Albatross

Northern Goshawk (resident laingi ssp. only)

Peregrine Falcon (including resident pealei ssp. in Alaska)

Black Oystercatcher

Whimbrel

Long-billed Curlew

Marbled Godwit (beringiae ssp. only)

Black Turnstone

Surfbird

Red Knot

Rock Sandpiper

Short-billed Dowitcher

Caspian Tern

Arctic Tern

Aleutian Tern

Marbled Murrelet (except where listed as Threatened)

Kittlitz's Murrelet

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Flammulated Owl

Black Swift

Rufous Hummingbird

Lewis's Woodpecker

White-headed Woodpecker

Olive-sided Flycatcher

Horned Lark (strigata ssp. only)

Vesper Sparrow (affinis ssp. only)
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

32

Table 9. BCR 9 (Great Basin) BCC 2002 List.

Swainson's Hawk

Ferruginous Hawk

Golden Eagle

Peregrine Falcon

Prairie Falcon

[Greater Sage-Grouse (Columbia Basin population)]

Yellow Rail

American Golden-Plover

Snowy Plover

American Avocet

Solitary Sandpiper

Whimbrel

Long-billed Curlew

Marbled Godwit

Sanderling

Wilson's Phalarope

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Flammulated Owl

Burrowing Owl

Black Swift

Lewis's Woodpecker

Williamson's Sapsucker

White-headed Woodpecker

Loggerhead Shrike

Gray Vireo

Virginia's Warbler

Brewer's Sparrow

Sage Sparrow

Tricolored Blackbird
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

33

Table 10. BCR 10 (Northern Rockies–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

Swainson's Hawk

Ferruginous Hawk

Golden Eagle

Peregrine Falcon

Prairie Falcon

Yellow Rail

American Golden-Plover

Snowy Plover

Mountain Plover

Solitary Sandpiper

Upland Sandpiper

Whimbrel

Long-billed Curlew

Marbled Godwit

Sanderling

Wilson's Phalarope

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Flammulated Owl

Black Swift

Lewis's Woodpecker

Williamson's Sapsucker

Red-naped Sapsucker

White-headed Woodpecker

Loggerhead Shrike

Pygmy Nuthatch

Virginia's Warbler

Brewer's Sparrow

McCown's Longspur
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

34

Table 11. BCR 11 (Prairie Potholes–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

American Bittern

Northern Harrier

Swainson's Hawk

Ferruginous Hawk

Peregrine Falcon

Yellow Rail

Solitary Sandpiper

Willet

Upland Sandpiper

Long-billed Curlew

Hudsonian Godwit

Marbled Godwit

Sanderling

White-rumped Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Wilson's Phalarope

Black-billed Cuckoo

Burrowing Owl

Short-eared Owl

Red-headed Woodpecker

Loggerhead Shrike

Sprague's Pipit

Grasshopper Sparrow

Baird's Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow

McCown's Longspur

Chestnut-collared Longspur
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

35

Table 12. BCR 12 (Boreal Hardwood Transition–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

American Bittern

Peregrine Falcon

Yellow Rail

Upland Sandpiper

Whimbrel

Marbled Godwit

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Short-billed Dowitcher

Wilson's Phalarope

Common Tern (Great Lakes population)

Black Tern

Wood Thrush

Golden-winged Warbler

Cape May Warbler

Black-throated Blue Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Connecticut Warbler

Canada Warbler

Henslow's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Bobolink
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

36

Table 13. BCR 13 (Lower Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Plain–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

Upland Sandpiper

Whimbrel

Hudsonian Godwit

Marbled Godwit

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Common Tern

Black-billed Cuckoo

Whip-poor-will

Red-headed Woodpecker

Sedge Wren

Golden-winged Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Canada Warbler

Henslow's Sparrow

Bobolink
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

37

Table 14. BCR 14 (Atlantic Northern Forests–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

Yellow Rail

Whimbrel

Hudsonian Godwit

Purple Sandpiper

Common Tern

Razorbill

Olive-sided Flycatcher

Bicknell's Thrush

Wood Thrush

Chestnut-sided Warbler

Cape May Warbler

Bay-breasted Warbler

Blackpoll Warbler

Canada Warbler

Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

38

Table 15. BCR 15 (Sierra Nevada) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

Flammulated Owl

Spotted Owl (occidentalis ssp. only)

Black Swift

Rufous Hummingbird

Lewis's Woodpecker

Williamson's Sapsucker

White-headed Woodpecker

Olive-sided Flycatcher

Tricolored Blackbird
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

39

Table 16. BCR 16 (Southern Rockies/Colorado Plateau) BCC 2002 List.

Northern Harrier

Swainson's Hawk

Ferruginous Hawk

Golden Eagle

Peregrine Falcon

Prairie Falcon

[Gunnison Sage-Grouse]

Snowy Plover

Mountain Plover

Solitary Sandpiper

Marbled Godwit

Wilson's Phalarope

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Flammulated Owl

Burrowing Owl

Short-eared Owl

Black Swift

Lewis's Woodpecker

Williamson's Sapsucker

Gray Vireo

Pinyon Jay

Bendire's Thrasher

Crissal Thrasher

Sprague's Pipit

Virginia's Warbler

Black-throated Gray Warbler

Grace's Warbler

Sage Sparrow

Chestnut-collared Longspur
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

40

Table 17. BCR 17 (Badlands and Prairies) BCC 2002 List.

Ferruginous Hawk

Golden Eagle

Peregrine Falcon

Prairie Falcon

American Golden-Plover

Mountain Plover

Upland Sandpiper

Long-billed Curlew

Marbled Godwit

Sanderling

Wilson's Phalarope

Black-billed Cuckoo

Burrowing Owl

Short-eared Owl

Lewis's Woodpecker

Red-naped Sapsucker

Sprague's Pipit

Brewer's Sparrow

Grasshopper Sparrow

Baird's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

McCown's Longspur

Chestnut-collared Longspur

Dickcissel
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

41

Table 18. BCR 18 (Shortgrass Prairie) BCC 2002 List.

Northern Harrier

Ferruginous Hawk

Peregrine Falcon

Prairie Falcon

[Lesser Prairie-Chicken]

American Golden-Plover (USFWS Region 6 only)

Snowy Plover

Mountain Plover

Solitary Sandpiper

Long-billed Curlew

Buff-breasted Sandpiper (USFWS Region 6 only)

Burrowing Owl

Lewis's Woodpecker

Bell's Vireo

Sprague's Pipit

Cassin's Sparrow

Lark Bunting

McCown's Longspur

Chestnut-collared Longspur
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

42

Table 19. BCR 19 (Central Mixed-Grass Prairie) BCC 2002 List.

Little Blue Heron

Mississippi Kite

Northern Harrier

Swainson's Hawk

Peregrine Falcon

[Lesser Prairie-Chicken]

Black Rail

American Golden-Plover

Snowy Plover

Mountain Plover

Solitary Sandpiper

Long-billed Curlew

Hudsonian Godwit

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Wilson's Phalarope

Red-headed Woodpecker

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

Bell's Vireo

Sprague's Pipit

Cassin's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Harris's Sparrow

McCown's Longspur

Smith's Longspur

Chestnut-collared Longspur
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

43

Table 20. BCR 20 (Edwards Plateau) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

Mountain Plover

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Elf Owl

Ladder-backed Woodpecker

Loggerhead Shrike

Bell's Vireo

Gray Vireo

Sprague's Pipit

Prothonotary Warbler

Kentucky Warbler

Cassin's Sparrow

Rufous-crowned Sparrow

Field Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Harris's Sparrow

McCown's Longspur

Chestnut-collared Longspur

Varied Bunting

Painted Bunting

Orchard Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

44

Table 21. BCR 21 (Oaks and Prairies) BCC 2002 List.

Little Blue Heron

Northern Harrier

Peregrine Falcon

American Golden-Plover

Long-billed Curlew

Hudsonian Godwit

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Red-headed Woodpecker

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

Loggerhead Shrike

Bell's Vireo

Sprague's Pipit

Prothonotary Warbler

Worm-eating Warbler

Swainson's Warbler

Kentucky Warbler

Field Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Harris's Sparrow

Smith's Longspur

Chestnut-collared Longspur

Painted Bunting
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

45

Table 22. BCR 22 (Eastern Tallgrass Prairie) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

Black Rail

Greater Yellowlegs

Upland Sandpiper

Hudsonian Godwit

Marbled Godwit

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Short-billed Dowitcher

Wilson's Phalarope

Common Tern (Great Lakes population)

Black-billed Cuckoo

Short-eared Owl

Chuck-will's-widow

Whip-poor-will

Red-headed Woodpecker

Acadian Flycatcher

Loggerhead Shrike

Bell's Vireo

Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp. only)

Wood Thrush

Blue-winged Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Prothonotary Warbler

Worm-eating Warbler

Louisiana Waterthrush

Kentucky Warbler

Field Sparrow

Grasshopper Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Smith's Longspur

Dickcissel

Rusty Blackbird

Orchard Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

46

Table 23. BCR 23 (Prairie Hardwood Transition) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

Greater Yellowlegs

Upland Sandpiper

Hudsonian Godwit

Marbled Godwit

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Short-billed Dowitcher

Wilson's Phalarope

Common Tern (Great Lakes population)

Black Tern

Black-billed Cuckoo

Long-eared Owl

Short-eared Owl

Red-headed Woodpecker

Acadian Flycatcher

Loggerhead Shrike

Bell's Vireo

Sedge Wren

Wood Thrush

Blue-winged Warbler

Golden-winged Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Kentucky Warbler

Henslow's Sparrow

Dickcissel

Bobolink
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

47

Table 24. BCR 24 (Central Hardwoods) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Short-eared Owl

Whip-poor-will

Red-headed Woodpecker

Bell's Vireo

Bewick's Wren

Wood Thrush

Blue-winged Warbler

Prairie Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Worm-eating Warbler

Swainson's Warbler

Louisiana Waterthrush

Bachman's Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Smith's Longspur

Rusty Blackbird
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

48

Table 25. BCR 25 (West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas) BCC 2002 List.

Little Blue Heron

Swallow-tailed Kite

American Kestrel (resident paulus ssp. only)

Peregrine Falcon

Hudsonian Godwit

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Short-eared Owl

Chuck-will's-widow

Red-headed Woodpecker

Acadian Flycatcher

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

Bell's Vireo

Brown-headed Nuthatch

Bewick's Wren

Wood Thrush

Sprague's Pipit

Prairie Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Prothonotary Warbler

Worm-eating Warbler

Swainson's Warbler

Louisiana Waterthrush

Kentucky Warbler

Bachman's Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Harris's Sparrow

Smith's Longspur

Orchard Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

49

Table 26. BCR 26 (Mississippi Alluvial Valley) BCC 2002 List.

American White Pelican

Little Blue Heron

Swallow-tailed Kite

Mississippi Kite

Peregrine Falcon

Yellow Rail

Hudsonian Godwit

Marbled Godwit

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Short-eared Owl

Red-headed Woodpecker

Bell's Vireo

Sedge Wren

Wood Thrush

Northern Parula

Cerulean Warbler

Prothonotary Warbler

Swainson's Warbler

Henslow's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Smith's Longspur

Painted Bunting

Rusty Blackbird

Orchard Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

50

Table 27. BCR 27 (Southeastern Coastal Plain) BCC 2002 List.

Black-capped Petrel

Audubon's Shearwater

Little Blue Heron

Reddish Egret

Swallow-tailed Kite

Short-tailed Hawk

American Kestrel (resident paulus ssp. only)

Peregrine Falcon

Yellow Rail

Black Rail

Limpkin

Snowy Plover

Wilson's Plover

American Oystercatcher

Whimbrel

Marbled Godwit

Red Knot

Semipalmated Sandpiper

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Short-billed Dowitcher

Gull-billed Tern

Common Tern

Least Tern (except where Endangered)

Black Tern

Black Skimmer

Common Ground-Dove

Burrowing Owl

Chuck-will's-widow

Brown-headed Nuthatch

Bewick's Wren

Wood Thrush

Northern Parula

Black-throated Green Warbler

Prairie Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Swainson's Warbler

Bachman's Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow

Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow

Seaside Sparrow

Painted Bunting

Orchard Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

51

Table 28. BCR 28 (Appalachian Mountains) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

Upland Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Black-billed Cuckoo

Short-eared Owl

Northern Saw-whet Owl (breeding populations only)

Chuck-will's-widow

Whip-poor-will

Red-headed Woodpecker

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (breeding populations only)

Olive-sided Flycatcher

Acadian Flycatcher

Black-capped Chickadee (southern Blue Ridge populations only)

Bewick's Wren

Sedge Wren

Wood Thrush

Golden-winged Warbler

Prairie Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Prothonotary Warbler

Worm-eating Warbler

Swainson's Warbler

Louisiana Waterthrush

Kentucky Warbler

Bachman's Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Red Crossbill (southern Appalachian populations only)
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

52

Table 29. BCR 29 (Piedmont) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

Black Rail

Upland Sandpiper

Chuck-will's-widow

Whip-poor-will

Bewick's Wren

Wood Thrush

Prairie Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Prothonotary Warbler

Swainson's Warbler

Kentucky Warbler

Bachman's Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Rusty Blackbird
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

53

Table 30. BCR 30 (New England/Mid-Atlantic Coast) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

Black Rail

Wilson's Plover

American Oystercatcher

Upland Sandpiper

Whimbrel

Hudsonian Godwit

Marbled Godwit

Red Knot

Purple Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Common Tern

Least Tern

Black Skimmer

Razorbill

Short-eared Owl

Whip-poor-will

Red-headed Woodpecker

Sedge Wren

Marsh Wren

Wood Thrush

Blue-winged Warbler

Golden-winged Warbler

Prairie Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Worm-eating Warbler

Kentucky Warbler

Canada Warbler

Henslow's Sparrow

Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow

Seaside Sparrow

Baltimore Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

54

Table 31. BCR 31 (Peninsular Florida) BCC 2002 List.

Black-capped Petrel

Audubon's Shearwater

Magnificent Frigatebird

American Bittern

Little Blue Heron

Reddish Egret

White Ibis

Swallow-tailed Kite

Short-tailed Hawk

American Kestrel (resident paulus ssp. only)

Peregrine Falcon

Yellow Rail

Black Rail

Limpkin

Snowy Plover

Wilson's Plover

American Oystercatcher

Whimbrel

Marbled Godwit

Red Knot

Semipalmated Sandpiper

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Short-billed Dowitcher

Gull-billed Tern

Common Tern

Least Tern

Black Tern

Black Skimmer

White-crowned Pigeon

Common Ground-Dove

Mangrove Cuckoo

Smooth-billed Ani

Burrowing Owl

Chuck-will's-widow

Red-headed Woodpecker

Loggerhead Shrike

Black-whiskered Vireo

Brown-headed Nuthatch

Yellow Warbler (resident gundlachi ssp. only)

Yellow-throated Warbler

Prairie Warbler

Bachman's Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow

Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow

Seaside Sparrow

Painted Bunting
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

55

Table 32. BCR 32 (Coastal California–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

Black-footed Albatross

Ashy Storm-Petrel

Swainson's Hawk

Peregrine Falcon

Prairie Falcon

Black Rail

Mountain Plover

Black Oystercatcher

Whimbrel

Long-billed Curlew

Marbled Godwit

Black Turnstone

Red Knot

Short-billed Dowitcher

Gull-billed Tern

Elegant Tern

Black Skimmer

Xantus's Murrelet

Cassin's Auklet

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Flammulated Owl

Burrowing Owl

Spotted Owl (occidentalis ssp. only)

Black Swift

Lewis's Woodpecker

White-headed Woodpecker

Loggerhead Shrike (all except Endangered mearnsi ssp.)

Island Scrub-Jay

Cactus Wren

Le Conte's Thrasher

Common Yellowthroat (sinuosa ssp. only)

Spotted Towhee (clementae ssp. only)

Black-chinned Sparrow

Song Sparrow (graminea, maxillaris, pusillula, and samuelis ssp. only)

Tricolored Blackbird

Lawrence's Goldfinch
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

56

Table 33. BCR 33 (Sonoran and Mojave Deserts–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

Black Rail

Snowy Plover

Mountain Plover

Whimbrel

Long-billed Curlew

Marbled Godwit

Red Knot

Gull-billed Tern

Black Skimmer

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Elf Owl

Burrowing Owl

Gila Woodpecker

Gilded Flicker

Loggerhead Shrike

Bell's Vireo

Gray Vireo

Bendire's Thrasher

Crissal Thrasher

Le Conte's Thrasher

Yellow Warbler (sonorana ssp. only)

Rufous-winged Sparrow

Black-chinned Sparrow

Sage Sparrow

Lark Bunting

Tricolored Blackbird

Lawrence's Goldfinch
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

57

Table 34. BCR 34 (Sierra Madre Occidental–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

Northern Goshawk

Gray Hawk

Common Black-Hawk

Ferruginous Hawk

Peregrine Falcon

Snowy Plover

Mountain Plover

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Flammulated Owl

Whiskered Screech-Owl

Elf Owl

Broad-billed Hummingbird

Lucifer Hummingbird

Costa's Hummingbird

Elegant Trogon

Lewis's Woodpecker

Arizona Woodpecker

Gilded Flicker

Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet

Greater Pewee

Buff-breasted Flycatcher

Bell's Vireo

Gray Vireo

Bendire's Thrasher

Crissal Thrasher

Sprague's Pipit

Olive Warbler

Black-throated Gray Warbler

Grace's Warbler

Red-faced Warbler

Rufous-winged Sparrow

Botteri's Sparrow

Black-chinned Sparrow

Sage Sparrow

Lark Bunting

Grasshopper Sparrow

Baird's Sparrow

Chestnut-collared Longspur

Varied Bunting
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

58

Table 35. BCR 35 (Chihuahuan Desert–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 Lists.

Northern Harrier

Common Black-Hawk

Ferruginous Hawk

Peregrine Falcon

Snowy Plover

Mountain Plover

Long-billed Curlew

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Flammulated Owl

Elf Owl

Burrowing Owl

Lucifer Hummingbird

Loggerhead Shrike

Bell's Vireo

Gray Vireo

Bendire's Thrasher

Crissal Thrasher

Sprague's Pipit

Colima Warbler

Grace's Warbler

Red-faced Warbler

Cassin's Sparrow

Black-chinned Sparrow

Sage Sparrow

Lark Bunting

Baird's Sparrow

McCown's Longspur

Chestnut-collared Longspur

Varied Bunting

Painted Bunting

Hooded Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

59

Table 36. BCR 36 (Tamaulipan Brushlands–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

Northern Harrier

Harris's Hawk

Swainson's Hawk

Peregrine Falcon

Snowy Plover

Mountain Plover

Long-billed Curlew

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Gull-billed Tern

Red-billed Pigeon

Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl

Elf Owl

Burrowing Owl

Buff-bellied Hummingbird

Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet

Rose-throated Becard

Loggerhead Shrike

Bell's Vireo

Verdin

Cactus Wren

Curve-billed Thrasher

Sprague's Pipit

Tropical Parula

Cassin's Sparrow

Lark Bunting

Harris's Sparrow

McCown's Longspur

Chestnut-collared Longspur

Pyrrhuloxia

Varied Bunting

Painted Bunting

Dickcissel

Hooded Oriole

Altamira Oriole

Audubon's Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

60

Table 37. BCR 37 (Gulf Coastal Prairie–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.

American Bittern

Reddish Egret

White Ibis

Swallow-tailed Kite

Northern Harrier

White-tailed Hawk (Texas only)

Peregrine Falcon

Yellow Rail

Black Rail

American Golden-Plover

Snowy Plover

Wilson's Plover

American Oystercatcher

Whimbrel

Long-billed Curlew

Hudsonian Godwit

Marbled Godwit

Red Knot

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Short-billed Dowitcher

Gull-billed Tern

Least Tern

Black Tern

Black Skimmer

Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Texas only)

Short-eared Owl

Buff-bellied Hummingbird

Red-headed Woodpecker

Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet (Texas only)

Loggerhead Shrike

Bell's Vireo (Texas only)

Bewick's Wren

Sedge Wren

Sprague's Pipit

Tropical Parula (Texas only)

Prothonotary Warbler

Swainson's Warbler

Kentucky Warbler

Botteri's Sparrow (Texas only)

Grasshopper Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow

Seaside Sparrow

Painted Bunting

Hooded Oriole (Texas only)

Audubon's Oriole (Texas only)
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

61

Table 38. BCR 67 (Hawaii) BCC 2002 List.

Laysan Albatross

Black-footed Albatross

Christmas Shearwater

Band-rumped Storm-Petrel

Tristram's Storm-Petrel

Pacific Golden-Plover

Bristle-thighed Curlew

Blue-gray Noddy

Short-eared Owl

[Elepaio (all except Endangered ibidus ssp.)]

Omao

[Hawaii Amakihi]

[Oahu Amakihi]

[Kauai Amakihi]

[Anianiau]

[Akikiki]

[Maui Alauahio]

[Akekee]

[Iiwi]

[Apapane]
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

62

Table 39. BCR 68 (Pacific Islands–U.S. Territories only) BCC 2002 List.

Laysan Albatross

Black-footed Albatross

{Tahiti Petrel}

{Phoenix Petrel}

Herald Petrel

Christmas Shearwater

{Polynesian Storm-Petrel}

Lesser Frigatebird

{Buff-banded Rail}

{Spotless Crake}

{Purple Swamphen}

Pacific Golden-Plover

Bristle-thighed Curlew

Blue-gray Noddy

{White-throated Ground-Dove}

{Friendly Ground-Dove}

{Many-colored Fruit-Dove}

{Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove}

{Mariana Fruit-Dove}

[Blue-crowned Lorikeet]

{Long-tailed Koel}

{White-rumped Swiftlet}

[Rufous Fantail]

[Fiji Shrikebill]

[Bridled White-eye (rotensis ssp. only)]

[Golden White-eye]

[Micronesian Myzomela]

[Cardinal Myzomela]

[Wattled Honeyeater]

[Mao]

[Samoan Starling]
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

63

Table 40. BCR 69 (Caribbean Islands–Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands only) BCC 2002 List.

Audubon's Shearwater

White-tailed Tropicbird

Red-billed Tropicbird

Masked Booby

Brown Booby

Red-footed Booby

Magnificent Frigatebird

West Indian Whistling-Duck

White-cheeked Pintail

Masked Duck

Ruddy Duck (resident jamaicensis ssp. only)

Peregrine Falcon

Black Rail

Yellow-breasted Crake

Caribbean Coot

Limpkin

Snowy Plover

Wilson's Plover

American Oystercatcher

Semipalmated Sandpiper

Stilt Sandpiper

Least Tern

White-crowned Pigeon

Key West Quail-Dove

Bridled Quail-Dove

Short-eared Owl

Black Swift

Lesser Antillean Pewee

Puerto Rican Flycatcher

Puerto Rican Vireo

Bicknell's Thrush

Yellow Warbler (resident cruciana ssp. only)

Black-throated Blue Warbler

Adelaide's Warbler

Prairie Warbler

Elfin-woods Warbler

Worm-eating Warbler

Northern Waterthrush

Louisiana Waterthrush

Grasshopper Sparrow

Greater Antillean Oriole
1

 a = mainland U.S. portion of Region, b = Hawaiian Islands portion of Region, and c =

Pacific Island "trust territories."

NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

64

Table 41. USFWS Region 1 (Pacific Region)1 BCC 2002 List.

a b c

Black-footed Albatross X X X

{Tahiti Petrel} X

{Phoenix Petrel} X

{Polynesian Storm-Petrel} X

Ashy Storm-Petrel X

Band-rumped Storm-Petrel X

Tristram's Storm-Petrel X

Swainson's Hawk X

Peregrine Falcon X

Prairie Falcon X

Greater Sage-Grouse X

 (Columbia Basin population only)

Yellow Rail X

Black Rail X

{Spotless Crake} X

Pacific Golden-Plover X X

Snowy Plover X

 (except where Endangered)

Mountain Plover X

Black Oystercatcher X

Whimbrel X

Bristle-thighed Curlew X X

Long-billed Curlew X

Marbled Godwit X

Black Turnstone X

Red Knot X

Short-billed Dowitcher X

Gull-billed Tern X

Elegant Tern X

Blue-gray Noddy X

Black Skimmer X

Xantus's Murrelet X

{White-throated Ground-Dove} X

{Friendly Ground-Dove} X

{Many-colored Fruit-Dove} X

a b c

{Mariana Fruit-Dove} X

Yellow-billed Cuckoo X

Flammulated Owl X

Burrowing Owl X

Black Swift X

Lewis's Woodpecker X

Williamson's Sapsucker X

Red-naped Sapsucker X

White-headed Woodpecker X

Olive-sided Flycatcher X

Loggerhead Shrike X

 (except where Endangered)

Gray Vireo X

[Rufous Fantail] X

[Elepaio] X

 (except where Endangered)

[Fiji Shrikebill] X

Horned Lark (strigata ssp. only) X

Omao X

[Bridled White-eye (rotensis ssp. only)] X

[Golden White-eye] X

Crissal Thrasher X

Le Conte's Thrasher X

Brewer's Sparrow X

Tricolored Blackbird X

Lawrence's Goldfinch X

[Hawaii Amakihi] X

[Oahu Amakihi] X

[Kauai Amakihi] X

[Anianiau] X

[Akikiki] X

[Maui Alauahio] X

[Akekee] X

[Iiwi] X

[Apapane] X
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

65

Table 42. USFWS Region 2 (Southwest Region) BCC 2002 List.

Reddish Egret

Swallow-tailed Kite

Northern Harrier

Gray Hawk

Common Black-Hawk

White-tailed Hawk

Ferruginous Hawk

Peregrine Falcon

[Lesser Prairie-Chicken]

Yellow Rail

Black Rail

American Golden-Plover

Snowy Plover

Wilson's Plover

Mountain Plover

American Oystercatcher

Long-billed Curlew

Hudsonian Godwit

Red Knot

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Gull-billed Tern

Least Tern (except where Endangered)

Black Skimmer

Red-billed Pigeon

Yellow-billed Cuckoo (western BCRs only)

Flammulated Owl

Whiskered Screech-Owl

Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Texas only)

Elf Owl

Burrowing Owl

Broad-billed Hummingbird

Buff-bellied Hummingbird

Lucifer Hummingbird

Elegant Trogon

Lewis's Woodpecker

Red-headed Woodpecker

Arizona Woodpecker

Gilded Flicker

Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet

Greater Pewee

Buff-breasted Flycatcher

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

Rose-throated Becard

Loggerhead Shrike

Bell's Vireo

Gray Vireo

Brown-headed Nuthatch

Sedge Wren

Bendire's Thrasher

Crissal Thrasher

Le Conte's Thrasher

Sprague's Pipit

Olive Warbler

Colima Warbler

Tropical Parula

Black-throated Gray Warbler

Grace's Warbler

Prairie Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Prothonotary Warbler

Worm-eating Warbler

Swainson's Warbler

Louisiana Waterthrush

Kentucky Warbler

Red-faced Warbler

Rufous-winged Sparrow

Cassin's Sparrow

Bachman's Sparrow

Botteri's Sparrow

Black-chinned Sparrow

Sage Sparrow

Lark Bunting

Baird's Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow

Seaside Sparrow

(continued)
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

66

Table 42 (continued)

Harris's Sparrow

 McCown's Longspur

Smith's Longspur

Chestnut-collared Longspur

Varied Bunting

Painted Bunting

Hooded Oriole

Altamira Oriole

Audubon's Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

67

Table 43. USFWS Region 3 (Great Lakes-Big Rivers Region) BCC 2002 List.

American Bittern

Swainson's Hawk

Peregrine Falcon

Yellow Rail

Black Rail

Upland Sandpiper

Whimbrel

Hudsonian Godwit

Marbled Godwit

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Short-billed Dowitcher

Wilson's Phalarope

Common Tern (Great Lakes population)

Black Tern

Black-billed Cuckoo

Short-eared Owl

Chuck-will's-widow

Red-headed Woodpecker

Acadian Flycatcher

Loggerhead Shrike

Bell's Vireo

Bewick's Wren

Wood Thrush

Blue-winged Warbler

Golden-winged Warbler

Cape May Warbler

Black-throated Blue Warbler

Prairie Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Worm-eating Warbler

Swainson's Warbler

Louisiana Waterthrush

Kentucky Warbler

Connecticut Warbler

Canada Warbler

Bachman's Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow

Dickcissel

Bobolink

Rusty Blackbird
2

 a = mainland U.S. portion of Region, and b = Puerto Rico and/or U.S. Virgin Islands.

NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

68

Table 44. USFWS Region 4 (Southeast Region)2 BCC 2002 List.

a b

Black-capped Petrel X

Audubon's Shearwater X X

White-tailed Tropicbird X

Red-billed Tropicbird X

Masked Booby X

Brown Booby X

Red-footed Booby X

Magnificent Frigatebird X

Little Blue Heron X

Reddish Egret X

West Indian Whistling-Duck X

White-cheeked Pintail X

Masked Duck X

Ruddy Duck (resident jamaicensis ssp. only) X

Swallow-tailed Kite X

Short-tailed Hawk X

Peregrine Falcon X X

Yellow Rail X

Black Rail X X

Yellow-breasted Crake X

Caribbean Coot X

Limpkin X X

Snowy Plover X X

Wilson's Plover X X

American Oystercatcher X X

Whimbrel X

Long-billed Curlew X

Hudsonian Godwit X

Marbled Godwit X

Red Knot X

Semipalmated Sandpiper X

Stilt Sandpiper X X

Buff-breasted Sandpiper X

Gull-billed Tern X

Least Tern (except where endangered) XX

Black Skimmer X

a b

White-crowned Pigeon X X

Key West Quail-Dove X

Bridled Quail-Dove X

Mangrove Cuckoo X

Smooth-billed Ani X

Burrowing Owl X

Short-eared Owl X

Chuck-will's-widow X

Black Swift X

Red-headed Woodpecker X

Olive-sided Flycatcher X

Lesser Antillean Pewee X

Puerto Rican Flycatcher X

Puerto Rican Vireo X

Bell's Vireo X

Black-whiskered Vireo X

Brown-headed Nuthatch X

Bewick's Wren X

Bicknell's Thrush X

Wood Thrush X

Golden-winged Warbler X

Yellow Warbler (resident cruciana ssp. only) X

Black-throated Blue Warbler X

Adelaide's Warbler X

Prairie Warbler X X

Cerulean Warbler X

Elfin-woods Warbler X

Prothonotary Warbler X

Worm-eating Warbler X X

Swainson's Warbler X

Northern Waterthrush X

Louisiana Waterthrush X

Bachman's Sparrow X

Grasshopper Sparrow X

(continued)

Table 44 (continued)
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

69

a b

Henslow's Sparrow X

Le Conte's Sparrow X

Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow X

Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow X

Seaside Sparrow X

Smith's Longspur X

Painted Bunting X

Greater Antillean Oriole X
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

70

Table 45. USFWS Region 5 (Northeast Region) BCC 2002 List.

Peregrine Falcon

Yellow Rail

Black Rail

American Oystercatcher

Upland Sandpiper

Whimbrel

Hudsonian Godwit

Marbled Godwit

Red Knot

Purple Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Common Tern

Least Tern

Black Skimmer

Razorbill

Short-eared Owl

Whip-poor-will

Red-headed Woodpecker

Olive-sided Flycatcher

Loggerhead Shrike

Bewick's Wren

Sedge Wren

Bicknell's Thrush

Wood Thrush

Golden-winged Warbler

Prairie Warbler

Bay-breasted Warbler

Cerulean Warbler

Worm-eating Warbler

Swainson's Warbler

Kentucky Warbler

Canada Warbler

Henslow's Sparrow

Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow

Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow

Seaside Sparrow
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

71

Table 46. USFWS Region 6 (Mountain-Prairie Region) BCC 2002 List.

Northern Harrier

Swainson's Hawk

Ferruginous Hawk

Golden Eagle

Peregrine Falcon

Prairie Falcon

[Gunnison Sage-Grouse]

[Lesser Prairie-Chicken]

Yellow Rail

Black Rail

American Golden-Plover

Snowy Plover

Mountain Plover

Solitary Sandpiper

Upland Sandpiper

Long-billed Curlew

Marbled Godwit

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Wilson's Phalarope

Black-billed Cuckoo

Flammulated Owl

Burrowing Owl

Short-eared Owl

Lewis's Woodpecker

Red-headed Woodpecker

Williamson's Sapsucker

Red-naped Sapsucker

White-headed Woodpecker

Loggerhead Shrike

Bell's Vireo

Gray Vireo

Bewick's Wren

Sprague's Pipit

Virginia's Warbler

Cassin's Sparrow

Brewer's Sparrow

Grasshopper Sparrow

Baird's Sparrow

Henslow's Sparrow

Le Conte's Sparrow

Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow

McCown's Longspur

Chestnut-collared Longspur

Dickcissel

Bobolink
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

72

Table 47. USFWS Region 7 (Alaska Region) BCC 2002 List.

Yellow-billed Loon

Black-footed Albatross

Peregrine Falcon

American Golden-Plover

Pacific Golden-Plover

Black Oystercatcher

Whimbrel

Bristle-thighed Curlew

Hudsonian Godwit

Bar-tailed Godwit

Marbled Godwit

Black Turnstone

Surfbird

Rock Sandpiper

Dunlin

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Short-billed Dowitcher

Red-legged Kittiwake

Arctic Tern

Aleutian Tern

Marbled Murrelet

Kittlitz's Murrelet

Whiskered Auklet

Black Swift

Arctic Warbler

Blackpoll Warbler

Smith's Longspur

McKay's Bunting
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

73

Table 48. National (including Caribbean and Pacific Island "Territories") BCC 2002 List.

Yellow-billed Loon

Black-footed Albatross

Black-capped Petrel

{Phoenix Petrel}

Ashy Storm-Petrel

Band-rumped Storm-Petrel

Little Blue Heron*

Reddish Egret

Swallow-tailed Kite

Northern Harrier

Swainson’s Hawk

Ferruginous Hawk

Peregrine Falcon

Prairie Falcon

[Greater Sage-Grouse (Columbia

Basin population only)]

[Gunnison Sage-Grouse]

[Lesser Prairie-Chicken]

Yellow Rail

Black Rail

{Spotless Crake}

Limpkin

American Golden-Plover

Pacific Golden-Plover

Snowy Plover†

Wilson’s Plover

Mountain Plover

American Oystercatcher

Black Oystercatcher

Solitary Sandpiper

Upland Sandpiper

Whimbrel

Bristle-thighed Curlew

Long-billed Curlew

Hudsonian Godwit

Bar-tailed Godwit

Marbled Godwit

Black Turnstone

Surfbird

Red Knot

Rock Sandpiper

Stilt Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Short-billed Dowitcher

Wilson’s Phalarope

Red-legged Kittiwake

Gull-billed Tern

Common Tern

Least Tern‡

Aleutian Tern

Black Skimmer

Razorbill

Marbled Murrelet (Alaska

populations only)

Kittlitz’s Murrelet

Xantus’s Murrelet

Whiskered Auklet

{Friendly Ground-Dove}

{Many-colored Fruit-Dove}

Black-billed Cuckoo

Yellow-billed Cuckoo (western

populations only)

Flammulated Owl

Burrowing Owl

Short-eared Owl

Chuck-will’s Widow

Whip-poor-will

Black Swift

Rufous Hummingbird*

Lewis’s Woodpecker

Red-headed Woodpecker*

Williamson’s Sapsucker

Red-naped Sapsucker

White-headed Woodpecker

Olive-sided Flycatcher*

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

Loggerhead Shrike‡*

Bell’s Vireo‡*

Gray Vireo

Island Scrub-Jay

[Elepaio‡]

Horned Lark (strigata ssp. only)

Brown-headed Nuthatch

Bewick’s Wren (altus and

bewickii sspp. only)

Sedge Wren

Omao

Bicknell’s Thrush

Wood Thrush

[Bridled White-eye (rotensis ssp.

only)]

Bendire’s Thrasher

Crissal Thrasher

Le Conte’s Thrasher

Sprague’s Pipit

Golden-winged Warbler*

Grace's Warbler

Prairie Warbler

Cerulean Warbler*

Elfin-woods Warbler

Prothonotary Warbler

Worm-eating Warbler

Swainson’s Warbler

Louisiana Waterthrush

Kentucky Warbler

Canada Warbler

Rufous-winged Sparrow

Cassin’s Sparrow

Bachman’s Sparrow*

Brewer's Sparrow*

Black-chinned Sparrow

Grasshopper Sparrow‡*

Baird’s Sparrow

Henslow’s Sparrow*

Le Conte’s Sparrow

Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow

Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow

Seaside Sparrow

(continued)
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

74

Table 48 (continued)

Harris’s Sparrow

McCown’s Longspur

Smith’s Longspur

Chestnut-collared Longspur

McKay’s Bunting

Painted Bunting*

Dickcissel

Tricolored Blackbird

Lawrence’s Goldfinch

[Hawaii Amakihi]

[Oahu Amakihi]

[Kauai Amakihi]

[Anianiau (=Lesser Amakihi)]

[Akikiki (=Kauai Creeper)]

[Maui Alauahio (=Maui Creeper)]

[Akekee (=Kauai Akepa)]

[Iiwi]

[Apapane]

† except where Threatened.

‡ except where Endangered

* denotes species that met the rigorous criteria mentioned on p. 10 for statistically significant (P<0.1,

N>100), long-term (1966-2000) populations declines of >2.5 percent annually, both in the United States

and survey-wide, using BBS data.
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

75

Table 49. BCC 2002 Species as a Proportion of the Total Avifauna in Various Geographic Regions.

Region

BCC 2002

Species

Totals

BCC 2002 Species Totals

as a Proportion (Per Cent) of:

All

Native

Species*

MBTA

Nongame

Species*

USFWS 1 (mainland only) 37 6 (586) 7 (513)

USFWS 2 88 14 (627) 16 (543)

USFWS 3 43 9 (459) 11 (400)

USFWS 4 (mainland only) 48 9 (536) 10 (459)

USFWS 5 36 7 (510) 8 (428)

USFWS 6 46 9 (496) 11 (425)

USFWS 7 28 6 (429) 14 (202)

Hawaii (BCR 67) 20 9 (218) 13 (157)

Pacific Islands (BCR 68) 31 15 (213) -

Caribbean Islands (BCR 69) 42 17 (249) 20 (211)

National 131 12 (1064) 16 (780)

* Figures in parentheses represent regional species totals.
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.

76

Table 50. Proportional Representation of Various Regulatory and Taxonomic Groups at Different

Geographic Scales (all figures are percentages).

Regulatory and

Taxonomic

Groups

Geographic Scale

BCR

(n=990)

USFWS

(n=381)

National

(n=131)

 Regulatory:

MBTA 96.3 93.2 86.7

Non-MBTA 3.7 6.8 13.3

ESA Delisted 3.4 1.8 0.8

ESA Candidate 1.7 3.4 7.0

ESA Proposed 1.1 0.8 0.8

 Taxonomic:

Species 96.5 99.0 96.2

Subspecies 1.9 0.5 1.5

Population 1.6 0.5 2.3
76

LIST OF APPENDICES .

Appendix Title

A Definition of Acronyms.

B Summary of Species Occurrences on BCR, USFWS Region, and National Lists

in BCC 2002, Arranged Alphabetically by Common Group Name.

C Matrix of Species Occurrences on BCR, USFWS Region, and National Lists in

BCC 2002, Arranged Taxonomically.

D Index of Scientific Names of Species Appearing in the BCC 2002 Lists (Tables

4-48), Arranged Alphabetically by Common Group Name.
77

Appendix A. Definition of Acronyms.

Acronym Definition

AI Area Importance (an assessment factor)

BBS Breeding Bird Survey

BCC Birds of Conservation Concern

BCR Bird Conservation Region

ESA Endangered Species Act

FWCA Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act

MBTA Migratory Bird Treaty Act

NABCI North American Bird Conservation Initiative

NAWCP North American Waterbird Conservation Plan

NWR National Wildlife Refuge

PIF Partners in Flight

USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

USSCP United States Shorebird Conservation Plan
78

Appendix B. Summary of Species Occurrences on BCR, USFWS Region, and National Lists in

BCC 2002, Arranged Alphabetically by Common Group Name.

Name, Common BCRs USFWS Regions National

Akekee 67 1(b) X

Akikiki 67 1(b) X

Alauahio, Maui 67 1(b) X

Albatross, Black-footed 5, 32, 67, 68 1(a,b,c), 7 X

Albatross, Laysan 67, 68

Amakihi, Hawaii 67 1(b)

Amakihi, Kauai 67 1(b)

Amakihi, Oahu 67 1(b)

Ani, Smooth-billed 31 4(a)

Anianiau 67 1(b) X

Apapane 67 1(b) X

Auklet, Cassin's 32

Auklet, Whiskered 1 7 X

Avocet, American 9

Beardless-Tyrannulet, Northern 34, 36, 37 2

Becard, Rose-throated 36 2

Bittern, American 11, 12, 31, 37 3

Blackbird, Rusty 22, 24, 26, 29 3

Blackbird, Tricolored 9, 15, 32, 33 1(a) X

Black-Hawk, Common 34, 35 2

Bobolink 12, 13, 23 3, 6

Booby, Brown 69 4(b)

Booby, Masked 69 4(b)

Booby, Red-footed 69 4(b)

Bunting, Lark 18, 33, 34, 35, 36 2

Bunting, McKay's 1, 2 7 X

Bunting, Painted 20, 21, 26, 27, 31, 35, 36,

37

2, 4(a) X

Bunting, Varied 20, 34, 35, 36 2

Chickadee, Black-capped 28

Chuck-will's-widow 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31 3, 4(a) X

Coot, Caribbean 69 4(b)

Cormorant, Red-faced 1, 2

Crake, Spotless 68 1(c) X

Crake, Yellow-breasted 69 4b

Crossbill, Red 28

Cuckoo, Black-billed 11, 13, 17, 22, 23, 28 3, 6 X

Cuckoo, Mangrove 31 4(a)

Cuckoo, Yellow-billed 5, 9, 10, 16, 32, 33, 34, 35 1(a), 2 X

Curlew, Bristle-thighed 2, 67, 68 1(b,c), 7 X

Curlew, Long-billed 5, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 21, 

32, 33, 35, 36, 37

1(a), 2, 4(a), 6 X

Dickcissel 17, 22, 23, 36 3, 6 X
79

Dowitcher, Short-billed 2, 4, 5, 12, 22, 23, 27, 31,

32, 37

1(a), 3, 7 X

Duck, Masked 69 4(b)

Duck, Ruddy 69 4(b)

Dunlin 3 7

Eagle, Golden 9, 10, 16, 17 6

Egret, Reddish 27, 31, 37 2, 4(a) X

Elepaio 67 1(b) X

Falcon, Peregrine 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12,

13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,

20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,

27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,

34, 35, 36, 37, 69

1(a), 2, 3, 4(a,b), 5, 6, 7 X

Falcon, Prairie 9, 10, 16, 17, 18, 32 1(a), 6 X

Fantail, Rufous 68 1(c)

Flicker, Gilded 33, 34 2

Flycatcher, Acadian 22, 23, 25, 28 3

Flycatcher, Buff-breasted 34 2

Flycatcher, Olive-sided 5, 14, 15, 28 1(a), 4(a), 5 X

Flycatcher, Puerto Rican 69 4(b)

Flycatcher, Scissor-tailed 19, 21, 25 2 X

Frigatebird, Lesser 68

Frigatebird, Magnificent 31, 69 4(b)

Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned 68

Fruit-Dove, Many-colored 68 1(c) X

Fruit-Dove, Mariana 68 1(c)

Godwit, Bar-tailed 1, 2, 3 7 X

Godwit, Hudsonian 2, 4, 11, 13, 14, 19, 21, 22,

23, 25, 26, 30, 37

2, 3, 4(a), 5, 7 X

Godwit, Marbled 2, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 

17, 22, 23, 26, 27, 30, 31,

32, 33, 37

1(a), 3, 4(a), 5, 6, 7 X

Golden-Plover, American 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 17, 18, 19,

21, 37

2, 6, 7 X

Golden-Plover, Pacific 2, 67, 68 1(b,c), 7 X

Goldfinch, Lawrence's 32, 33 1(a) X

Goshawk, Northern 5, 34

Ground-Dove, Common 27, 31

Ground-Dove, Friendly 68 1(c) X

Ground-Dove, White-throated 68 1(c)

Harrier, Northern 11, 16, 18, 19, 21, 35, 36,

37

2, 6 X

Hawk, Ferruginous 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 34,

35

2, 6 X

Hawk, Gray 34 2

Hawk, Harris's 36

Hawk, Short-tailed 27, 31 4(a)
80

Hawk, Swainson's 9, 10, 11, 16, 19, 32, 36 1(a), 3, 6 X

Hawk, White-tailed 37 2

Heron, Little Blue 19, 21, 25, 26, 27, 31 4(a) X

Honeyeater, Wattled 68

Hummingbird, Broad-billed 34 2

Hummingbird, Buff-bellied 36, 37 2

Hummingbird, Costa's 34

Hummingbird, Lucifer 34, 35 2

Hummingbird, Rufous 5, 15 X

Ibis, White 31, 37

Iiwi 67 1(b) X

Jay, Pinyon 16

Kestrel, American 25, 27, 31

Kite, Mississippi 19, 26

Kite, Swallow-tailed 25, 26, 27, 31, 37 2, 4(a) X

Kittiwake, Red-legged 1 7 X

Knot, Red 5, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37 1(a), 2, 4(a), 5 X

Koel, Long-tailed 68

Lark, Horned 5 1(a) X

Limpkin 27, 31, 69 4(a,b) X

Longspur, Chestnut-collared 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,

34, 35, 36

2, 6 X

Longspur, McCown's 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 35,

36

2, 6 X

Longspur, Smith's 3, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26 2, 4(a), 7 X

Loon, Red-throated 2

Loon, Yellow-billed 2, 3, 5 7 X

Lorikeet, Blue-crowned 68

Mao 68

Murrelet, Ancient 1, 2

Murrelet, Kittlitz's 1, 2, 5 7 X

Murrelet, Marbled 1, 2, 5 7 X

Murrelet, Xantus's 32 1(a) X

Myzomela, Cardinal 68

Myzomela, Micronesian 68

Noddy, Blue-gray 67, 68 1(b, c)

Nuthatch, Brown-headed 25, 27, 31 2, 4(a) X

Nuthatch, Pygmy 10

Omao 67 1(b) X

Oriole, Altamira 36 2

Oriole, Audubon's 36, 37 2

Oriole, Baltimore 30

Oriole, Greater Antillean 69 4(b)

Oriole, Hooded 35, 36, 37 2

Oriole, Orchard 20, 22, 25, 26, 27

Owl, Burrowing 9, 11, 16, 17, 18, 27, 31,

32, 33, 35, 36

1, 2, 4, 6 X
81

Owl, Elf 20, 33, 34, 35, 36 2

Owl, Flammulated 5, 9, 10, 15, 16, 32, 34,35 1(a), 2, 6 X

Owl, Long-eared 23

Owl, Northern Saw-whet 28

Owl, Short-eared 11, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25,

26, 28, 30, 37, 67, 69

3, 4(a), 5, 6 X

Owl, Spotted 15, 32

Oystercatcher, American 27, 30, 31, 37, 69 2, 4(a,b), 5 X

Oystercatcher, Black 1, 5, 32 1(a), 7 X

Parula, Northern 26, 27

Parula, Tropical 36, 37 2

Pelican, American White 26

Petrel, Black-capped 27, 31 4(a) X

Petrel, Herald 68

Petrel, Phoenix 68 1(c) X

Petrel, Tahiti 68 1(c)

Pewee, Greater 34 2

Pewee, Lesser Antillean 69 4(b)

Phalarope, Wilson's 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19,

22, 23

3, 6 X

Pigeon, Red-billed 36 2

Pigeon, White-crowned 31, 69 4(a,b)

Pintail, White-cheeked 69 4(b)

Pipit, Sprague's 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,

25, 34, 35, 36, 37

2, 6 X

Plover, Mountain 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 32,

33, 34, 35, 36

1(a), 2, 6 X

Plover, Snowy 9, 10, 16, 18, 19, 27, 31,

33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 69

1(a), 2, 4(a,b), 6 X

Plover, Wilson's 27, 30, 31, 37, 69 2, 4(a,b) X

Prairie-Chicken, Lesser 18, 19 2, 6 X

Pygmy-Owl, Ferruginous 36, 37 2

Pyrrhuloxia 36

Quail-Dove, Bridled 69 4(b)

Quail-Dove, Key West 69 4(b)

Rail, Black 19, 22, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32,

33, 37, 69

1(a), 2, 3, 4(a,b), 5, 6 X

Rail, Buff-banded 68

Rail, Yellow 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 26, 27,

31, 37

1(a), 2, 3, 4(a), 5, 6 X

Razorbill 14, 30 5 X

Sage-Grouse, Greater 9 1 X

Sage-Grouse, Gunnison 16 6 X

Sanderling 9, 10, 11, 17

Sandpiper, Buff-breasted 3, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20,

21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,

28, 30, 31, 36, 37

2, 3, 4(a), 5, 6, 7 X
82

Sandpiper, Purple 14, 30 5

Sandpiper, Rock 1, 2, 4, 5 7 X

Sandpiper, Semipalmated 27, 31, 69 4(b)

Sandpiper, Solitary 9, 10, 11, 16, 18, 19 6 X

Sandpiper, Stilt 12, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,

31, 36, 37, 69

2, 3, 4(a,b) X

Sandpiper, Upland 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 22, 

23, 28, 29, 30

3, 5, 6 X

Sandpiper, White-rumped 11

Sapsucker, Red-naped 10, 17 1(a), 6 X

Sapsucker, Williamson's 9, 10, 15, 16 1(a), 6 X

Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied 28

Screech-Owl, Whiskered 34 2

Scrub-Jay, Island 32 X

Shearwater, Audubon's 27, 31, 69 4(a,b)

Shearwater, Christmas 67, 68

Shrike, Loggerhead 9, 10, 11, 20, 21, 22, 23,

31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37

1(a), 2, 3, 5, 6 X

Shrikebill, Fiji 68 1(c)

Skimmer, Black 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37 1(a), 2, 4(a), 5 X

Sparrow, Bachman's 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31 2, 3, 4(a) X

Sparrow, Baird's 11, 17, 34, 35 2, 6 X

Sparrow, Black-chinned 32, 33, 34, 35 2 X

Sparrow, Botteri's 34, 37 2

Sparrow, Brewer's 9, 10, 17 1(a), 6 X

Sparrow, Cassin's 18, 19, 20, 35, 36 2, 6 X

Sparrow, Field 20, 21, 22

Sparrow, Grasshopper 11, 17, 22, 34, 37, 69 4(b), 6 X

Sparrow, Harris's 19, 20, 21, 25, 36 2 X

Sparrow, Henslow's 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24,

25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,

37

2, 3, 4(a), 5, 6 X

Sparrow, Le Conte's 11, 12, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22,

24, 25, 26, 27, 37

2, 3, 4(a), 6 X

Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed 11, 14, 27, 31, 37 2, 3, 4(a), 5, 6 X

Sparrow, Rufous-crowned 20

Sparrow, Rufous-winged 33, 34 2 X

Sparrow, Sage 9, 16, 33, 34, 35 2

Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed 27, 30, 31 4(a), 5 X

Sparrow, Seaside 27, 30, 31, 37 2, 4(a), 5 X

Sparrow, Song 32

Sparrow, Vesper 5

Starling, Samoan 68

Storm-Petrel, Ashy 32 1(a) X

Storm-Petrel, Band-rumped 67 1(b) X

Storm-Petrel, Polynesian 68 1(c)

Storm-Petrel, Tristram's 67 1(b)
83

Surfbird 2, 4, 5 7 X

Swamphen, Purple 68

Swift, Black 5, 9, 10, 15, 16, 32, 69 1(a), 4b, 7 X

Swiftlet, White-rumped 68

Tern, Aleutian 1, 2, 5 7 X

Tern, Arctic 1, 2, 5 7

Tern, Black 12, 23, 27, 31, 37 3

Tern, Caspian 5

Tern, Common 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 27, 30,

31

3, 5 X

Tern, Elegant 32 1(a)

Tern, Gull-billed 27, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37 1, 2, 4(a) X

Tern, Least 27, 30, 31, 37, 69 2, 4(a,b), 5 X

Thrasher, Bendire's 16, 33, 34, 35 2 X

Thrasher, Crissal 16, 33, 34, 35 1(a), 2 X

Thrasher, Curve-billed 36

Thrasher, Le Conte's 32, 33 1(a), 2 X

Thrush, Bicknell's 14, 69 4(b), 5 X

Thrush, Wood 12, 14, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,

27, 28, 29, 30

3, 4(a), 5 X

Towhee, Spotted 32

Trogon, Elegant 34 2

Tropicbird, Red-billed 69 4(b)

Tropicbird, White-tailed 69 4(b)

Turnstone, Black 2, 5, 32 1(a), 7 X

Verdin 36

Vireo, Bell's 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,

25, 26, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37

2, 3, 4(a), 6 X

Vireo, Black-whiskered 31 4(a)

Vireo, Gray 9, 16, 20, 33, 34, 35 1(a), 2, 6 X

Vireo, Puerto Rican 69 4(b)

Warbler, Adelaide's 69 4(b)

Warbler, Arctic 2, 3, 4 7

Warbler, Bay-breasted 14 5

Warbler, Blackpoll 2, 14 7

Warbler, Black-throated Blue 12, 69 3, 4(b)

Warbler, Black-throated Gray 16, 34 2

Warbler, Black-throated Green 27

Warbler, Blue-winged 22, 23, 24, 30 3

Warbler, Canada 12, 13, 14, 30 3, 5 X

Warbler, Cape May 12, 14 3

Warbler, Cerulean 12, 13, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,

27, 28, 29, 30

2, 3, 4(a), 5 X

Warbler, Chestnut-sided 14

Warbler, Colima 35 2

Warbler, Connecticut 12 3

Warbler, Elfin-woods 69 4(b) X
84

Warbler, Golden-winged 12, 13, 23, 28, 30 3, 4(a), 5 X

Warbler, Grace's 16, 34, 35 2 X

Warbler, Kentucky 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29,

30, 37

2, 3, 5 X

Warbler, Olive 34 2

Warbler, Prairie 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,

69

2, 3, 4(a,b), 5 X

Warbler, Prothonotary 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29,

37

2, 4(a) X

Warbler, Red-faced 34, 35 2

Warbler, Swainson's 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,

37

2, 3, 4(a), 5 X

Warbler, Virginia's 9, 10, 16 6

Warbler, Worm-eating 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 69 2, 3, 4(a,b), 5 X

Warbler, Yellow 31, 33, 69 4(b)

Warbler, Yellow-throated 31

Waterthrush, Louisiana 22, 24, 25, 28, 69 2, 3, 4(b) X

Waterthrush, Northern 69 4(b)

Whimbrel 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 

27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37

1(a), 3, 4(a), 5, 7 X

Whip-poor-will 13, 22, 24, 28, 29, 30 5 X

Whistling-Duck, West Indian 69 4(b)

White-eye, Bridled 68 1(c) X

White-eye, Golden 68 1(c)

Willet 11

Woodpecker, Arizona 34 2

Woodpecker, Gila 33

Woodpecker, Ladder-backed 20

Woodpecker, Lewis's 5, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 32,

34

1(a), 2, 6 X

Woodpecker, Red-headed 11, 13, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24,

25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 37

2, 3, 4(a), 5, 6 X

Woodpecker, White-headed 5, 9, 10, 15, 32 1(a), 6 X

Wren, Bewick's 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 37 3, 4(a), 5, 6 X

Wren, Cactus 32, 36

Wren, Marsh 30

Wren, Sedge 13, 23, 26, 28, 30, 37 2, 5 X

Yellowlegs, Greater 22, 23

Yellowthroat, Common 32
Appendix C. Matrix of Species Occurrences on BCR, USFWS Region, and National Lists in BCC 2002, Arran

Species Name Bird Conservation Regions 

11111111 112 2222222223 3333333666 

12345901234567 890 1234567890 1234567789

Red-throated Loon xYellow-billed Loon xx x Laysan Albatross x xBlack-footed Albatross x x x x Black-capped Petrel xx Tahiti Petrel x Phoenix Petrel xHerald Petrel xChristmas Shearwater x xAudubon's Shearwater x x x Polynesian Storm-Petrel x Ashy Storm-Petrel xBand-rumped Storm-Petrel xTristram's Storm-Petrel x White-tailed Tropicbird x Red-billed Tropicbird x Masked Booby x Brown Booby x Red-footed Booby x American White Pelican xRed-faced Cormorant x xMagnificent Frigatebird x xLesser Frigatebird xAmerican Bittern xx x x Little Blue Heron x x xxx x Reddish Egret x x x White Ibis x xWest Indian Whistling-Duck x White-cheeked Pintail x 
Masked Duck x Ruddy Duck x Swallow-tailed Kite xxx x x Mississippi Kite x xNorthern Harrier x x xx x xxx Northern Goshawk x xGray Hawk x Common Black-Hawk xx Harris's Hawk xShort-tailed Hawk xx Swainson's Hawk xxx x x x x White-tailed Hawk x Ferruginous Hawk xxx xxx xx Golden Eagle xx xx American Kestrel xx xPeregrine Falcon x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Prairie Falcon xx xxx x Greater Sage-Grouse x Gunnison Sage-Grouse x Lesser Prairie-Chicken xx Yellow Rail xxxx x xx x x Black Rail x x x x x x x x x x Buff-banded Rail xSpotless Crake xYellow-breasted Crake x Purple Swamphen xCaribbean Coot x Limpkin x x x American Golden-Plover xxx xx xxx x x Pacific Golden-Plover x x x Snowy Plover x x x x x x x x x x x x x Wilson's Plover x x x x x Mountain Plover x xxxxx xxxxx American Oystercatcher x x x x x Black Oystercatcher x x x 
American Avocet xGreater Yellowlegs x xSolitary Sandpiper xxx x xx Willet xUpland Sandpiper xxxx x xx xxx Whimbrel xxxxxx xxx x x xxx x Bristle-thighed Curlew x x x Long-billed Curlew xxxx xxx x xx xxx Hudsonian Godwit x x x xx x xxx xx x x Bar-tailed Godwit xxx Marbled Godwit x xxxxxx xx xx xx x xxx x Black Turnstone x x x Surfbird x xx Red Knot x x xxxx x Sanderling xxx xSemipalmated Sandpiper xx x White-rumped Sandpiper xPurple Sandpiper xx Rock Sandpiper xx xx Dunlin x Stilt Sandpiper x x x x x x x x x x x Buff-breasted Sandpiper x xxx xxx xxxxxxxx x x xx Short-billed Dowitcher x xx x xx x xx x Wilson's Phalarope xxxx xx x xx Red-legged Kittiwake x Gull-billed Tern x xxx xx Elegant Tern x Caspian Tern xCommon Tern xxx xx x x x Arctic Tern xx x Least Tern x x x x x Aleutian Tern xx x Black Tern x xx x x Blue-gray Noddy x x Black Skimmer x xxxx x 
Razorbill x x Marbled Murrelet xx x Kittlitz's Murrelet xx x Xantus's Murrelet xAncient Murrelet x xCassin's Auklet xWhiskered Auklet x White-crowned Pigeon x x Red-billed Pigeon x Common Ground-Dove x xKey West Quail-Dove x Bridled Quail-Dove x White-throated Ground-Dove x Friendly Ground-Dove xMany-colored Fruit-Dove xCrimson-crowned Fruit-Dove xMariana Fruit-Dove x Blue-crowned Lorikeet xLong-tailed Koel xBlack-billed Cuckoo x x x xx x Yellow-billed Cuckoo xxx x xxxx Mangrove Cuckoo x Smooth-billed Ani x Flammulated Owl xxx xx x xx Whiskered Screech-Owl x Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl xx Elf Owl x xxxx Burrowing Owl x x xxx x xxx xx Spotted Owl x xLong-eared Owl xShort-eared Owl x xx xxxxx x x xx x Northern Saw-whet Owl xChuck-will's-widow x x xxx x Whip-poor-will x x x xxx Black Swift xxx xx x x 
White-rumped Swiftlet xBroad-billed Hummingbird x Buff-bellied Hummingbird xx Lucifer Hummingbird xx Costa's Hummingbird xRufous Hummingbird x x Elegant Trogon x Lewis's Woodpecker xxx xxxx x x Red-headed Woodpecker x x x xxxxxx x xx x Gila Woodpecker xWilliamson's Sapsucker xx xx Yellow-bellied Sapsucker xRed-naped Sapsucker x x Ladder-backed Woodpecker xArizona Woodpecker x White-headed Woodpecker xxx x x Gilded Flicker xx Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet x xx Olive-sided Flycatcher x xx x Greater Pewee x Lesser Andtillean Pewee x Acadian Flycatcher xx x x Buff-breasted Flycatcher x Puerto Rican Flycatcher x Scissor-tailed Flycatcher xx x Rose-throated Becard x Loggerhead Shrike xxx x xxx xxx xxx Puerto Rican Vireo x Bell's Vireo xxx xxxxxx xxxxx Gray Vireo x x x xxx Black-whiskered Vireo x Island Scrub-Jay x Pinyon Jay xRufous Fantail x Elepaio x
Fiji Shrikebill x Horned Lark x Black-capped Chickadee xVerdin xPygmy Nuthatch xBrown-headed Nuthatch xx x Cactus Wren x xBewick's Wren x xx xxx x Sedge Wren x x xxx x Marsh Wren xArctic Warbler xxx Omao xBicknell's Thrush x x Wood Thrush x x xxxxxxxxx Bridled White-eye xGolden White-eye x Mycronesian Myzomela xCardinal Myzomela xWattled Honeyeater xMao xBendire's Thrasher x xxx Curve-billed Thrasher xCrissal Thrasher x xxx Le Conte's Thrasher xx Samoan Starling xSprague's Pipit x xxxxxx x xxxx Olive Warbler x Blue-winged Warbler xxx x Golden-winged Warbler xx x x x Virginia's Warbler xx x Colima Warbler x Northern Parula x xTropical Parula xx Yellow Warbler xx x Chestnut-sided Warbler x
Cape May Warbler x x Black-throated Blue Warbler x x Black-throated Gray Warbler x xBlack-throated Green Warbler xYellow-throated Warbler xGrace's Warbler x xx Adelaide's Warbler x Prairie Warbler x x x x x x x x Bay-breasted Warbler x Blackpoll Warbler x x Cerulean Warbler xx xxxxxxxxx Elfin-woods Warbler xProthonotary Warbler xxx xx xx x Worm-eating Warbler x x x x x x x Swainson's Warbler x xxxxxx x Northern Waterthrush x Louisiana Waterthrush x xx x x Kentucky Warbler x xxx x xxx x Connecticut Warbler x Common Yellowthroat xCanada Warbler xxx x Red-faced Warbler xx Spotted Towhee xRufous-winged Sparrow xx Cassin's Sparrow xxx xx Bachman's Sparrow xx xxx x Botteri's Sparrow xx Rufous-crowned Sparrow xBrewer's Sparrow xx x Field Sparrow xxxBlack-chinned Sparrow xxxx Vesper Sparrow xSage Sparrow x x xxx Lark Bunting x xxxx Grasshopper Sparrow x x x x x x 
Baird's Sparrow x x xx Henslow's Sparrow xxx xxxxxxxxxx x x Le Conte's Sparrow xx x xx xx xxxx x Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow x x x x x Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow x xx Seaside Sparrow x xx x Song Sparrow xHarris's Sparrow xxx x x McCown's Longspur xx xxxx xx Smith's Longspur x x xx xxx Chestnut-collared Longspur x xxxxxx xxx McKay's Bunting x x Pyrrhuloxia xVaried Bunting x xxx Painted Bunting x x xx x xxx Dickcissel x xx x Bobolink xx x Tricolored Blackbird x x xx Rusty Blackbird xxx x Greater Antillean Oriole x Hooded Oriole xxx Altamira Oriole x Audubon's Oriole xx Orchard Oriole x x xxxBaltimore Oriole xLawrence's Goldfinch xx Red Crossbill xHawaii Amakihi xOahu Amakihi xKauai Amakihi xAnianiau xAkikiki xMaui Alauahio xAkekee x
Iiwi xApapane x

Number of Species 

13

2398

27

29

28

29

22

16

16

10

29

29

24

19

21

23

35

27

20

30

25

45

27

15

32

48

36

28

39

31

36

48

20

31

41
94

Appendix D. Index of Scientific Names of Species Appearing in the BCC 2002 Lists

(Tables 4-48), Arranged Alphabetically by Common Name.

Name, Common Scientific Name

Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris

Akikiki Oreomystis bairdi

Alauahio, Maui Paroreomyza maculata

Albatross, Black-footed Phoebastria nigripes

Albatross, Laysan Phoebastria immutalilis

Amakihi, Hawaii Hemignathus virens

Amakihi, Kauai Hemignathus kauaiensis

Amakihi, Oahu Hemignathus flavus

Ani, Smooth-billed Crotophaga ani

Anianiau Hemignathus parvus

Apapane Mimatione sanguinea

Auklet, Cassin's Ptychororamphus aleuticus

Auklet, Whiskered Aethia pygmaea

Avocet, American Recurvirostra americana

Beardless-Tyrannulet, Northern Camptostoma imberbe

Becard, Rose-throated Pachyramphus aglaiae

Bittern, American Botaurus lentiginosus

Blackbird, Rusty Euphagus carolinus

Blackbird, Tricolored Agelaius tricolor

Black-Hawk, Common Buteogallus anthracinus

Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus

Booby, Brown Sula leucogaster

Booby, Masked Sula dactylatra

Booby, Red-footed Sula sula

Bunting, Lark Calamospiza melanocorys

Bunting, McKay's Plectrophenax hyperboreus

Bunting, Painted Passerina ciris

Bunting, Varied Passerina versicolor

Chickadee, Black-capped Poecile atricapilla

Chuck-will's-widow Caprimulgus carolinensis

Coot, Caribbean Fulica caribaea

Cormorant, Red-faced Phalacrocorax urile

Crake, Spotless Porzana tabuensis

Crake, Yellow-breasted Porzana flaviventer

Crossbill, Red Loxia curvirostra

Cuckoo, Black-billed Coccyzus erythropthalmus

Cuckoo, Mangrove Coccyzus minor

Cuckoo, Yellow-billed Coccyzus americanus

Curlew, Bristle-thighed Numenius tahitiensis

Curlew, Long-billed Numenius americanus

Dickcissel Spiza americana

Dowitcher, Short-billed Limnodromus griseus

Duck, Masked Nomonyx dominica
95

Duck, Ruddy Oxyura jamaicensis

Dunlin Calidris alpina

Eagle, Golden Aquila chrysaetos

Egret, Reddish Egretta rufescens

Elepaio Chasiempis sandwichensis

Falcon, Peregrine Falco peregrinus

Falcon, Prairie Falco mexicanus

Fantail, Rufous Rhipidura rufifrons

Flicker, Gilded Colaptes chrysoides

Flycatcher, Acadian Empidonax virescens

Flycatcher, Buff-breasted Empidonax fulvifrons

Flycatcher, Olive-sided Contopus cooperi

Flycatcher, Puerto Rican Myiarchus antillarum

Flycatcher, Scissor-tailed Tyrannus forficatus

Frigatebird, Lesser Fregata ariel

Frigatebird, Magnificent Fregata magnificens

Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned Ptilinopus porphyraceus

Fruit-Dove, Many-colored Ptilinopus superbus

Fruit-Dove, Mariana Ptilinopus roseicapilla

Godwit, Bar-tailed Limosa lapponica

Godwit, Hudsonian Limosa haemastica

Godwit, Marbled Limosa fedoa

Golden-Plover, American Pluvialis dominica

Golden-Plover, Pacific Pluvialis fulva

Goldfinch, Lawrence's Carduelis lawrencei

Goshawk, Northern Accipiter gentilis

Ground-Dove, Common Columbina passerina

Ground-Dove, Friendly Gallicolumba stairi

Ground-Dove, White-throated Gallicolumba xanthonura

Harrier, Northern Circus cyaneus

Hawk, Ferruginous Buteo regalis

Hawk, Gray Asturina nitida

Hawk, Harris's Parabuteo unicinctus

Hawk, Short-tailed Buteo brachyurus

Hawk, Swainson's Buteo swainsoni

Hawk, White-tailed Buteo albicaudatus

Heron, Little Blue Egretta caerulea

Honeyeater, Wattled Foulehaio carunculata

Hummingbird, Broad-billed Cynanthus latirostris

Hummingbird, Buff-bellied Amazilia yucatensis

Hummingbird, Costa's Calypte costae

Hummingbird, Lucifer Calothorax lucifer

Hummingbird, Rufous Selasphorus rufus

Ibis, White Eudocimus albus

Iiwi Vestiaria coccinea

Jay, Pinyon Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus

Kestrel, American Falco sparverius
96

Kite, Mississippi Ictinia mississippiensis

Kite, Swallow-tailed Elanoides forficatus

Kittiwake, Red-legged Rissa brevirostris

Knot, Red Calidris canutus

Koel, Long-tailed Eudynamys taitensis

Lark, Horned Eremophila alpestris

Limpkin Aramus guarauna

Longspur, Chestnut-collared Calcarius ornatus

Longspur, McCown's Calcarius mccownii

Longspur, Smith's Calcarius pictus

Loon, Red-throated Gavia stellata

Loon, Yellow-billed Gavia adamsii

Lorikeet, Blue-crowned Vini australis

Mao Gymnomyza samoensis

Murrelet, Ancient Synthliboramphus antiquus

Murrelet, Kittlitz's Brachyramphus brevirostris

Murrelet, Marbled Brachyramphus marmoratus

Murrelet, Xantus's Synthliboramphus hypoleucus

Myzomela, Cardinal Myzomela cardinalis

Myzomela, Micronesian Myzomela rubrata

Noddy, Blue-gray Procelsterna cerulea

Nuthatch, Brown-headed Sitta pusilla

Nuthatch, Pygmy Sitta pygmaea

Omao Myadestes obscurus

Oriole, Altamira Icterus gularis

Oriole, Audubon's Icterus graduacauda

Oriole, Baltimore Icterus galbula

Oriole, Greater Antillean Icterus dominicensis

Oriole, Hooded Icterus cucullatus

Oriole, Orchard Icterus spurius

Owl, Burrowing Athene cunicularia

Owl, Elf Micrathene whitneyi

Owl, Flammulated Otus flammeolus

Owl, Long-eared Asio otus

Owl, Northern Saw-whet Aegolius acadicus

Owl, Short-eared Asio flammeus

Owl, Spotted Strix occidentalis

Oystercatcher, American Haematopus palliatus

Oystercatcher, Black Haematopus bachmani

Parula, Northern Parula americana

Parula, Tropical Parula pitiayumi

Pelican, American White Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

Petrel, Black-capped Pterodroma hasitata

Petrel, Herald Pterodroma arminjoniana

Petrel, Phoenix Pterodroma alba

Petrel, Tahiti Pterodroma rostrata

Pewee, Greater Contopus pertinax
97

Pewee, Lesser Antillean Contopus latirostris

Phalarope, Wilson's Phalaropus tricolor

Pigeon, Red-billed Columba flavirostris

Pigeon, White-crowned Columba leucocephala

Pintail, White-cheeked Anas bahamensis

Pipit, Sprague's Anthus spragueii

Plover, Mountain Charadrius montanus

Plover, Snowy Charadrius alexandrinus

Plover, Wilson's Charadrius wilsonia

Prairie-Chicken, Lesser Tympanuchus pallidicinctus

Pygmy-Owl, Ferruginous Glaucidium brasilianum

Pyrrhuloxia Cardinalis sinuatus

Quail-Dove, Bridled Geotrygon mystacea

Quail-Dove, Key West Geotrygon chrysia

Rail, Black Laterallus jamaicensis

Rail, Buff-banded Gallirallus philippensis

Rail, Yellow Coturnicops noveboracensis

Razorbill Alca torda

Sage-Grouse, Greater Centrocerus urophasianus

Sage-Grouse, Gunnison Centrocercus minimus

Sanderling Calidris alba

Sandpiper, Buff-breasted Tryngites subruficollis

Sandpiper, Purple Calidris maritima

Sandpiper, Rock Calidris ptilocnemis

Sandpiper, Semipalmated Calidris pusilla

Sandpiper, Solitary Tringa solitaria

Sandpiper, Stilt Calidris himantopus

Sandpiper, Upland Bartramia longicauda

Sandpiper, White-rumped Calidris fuscicollis

Sapsucker, Red-naped Sphyrapicus nuchalis

Sapsucker, Williamson's Sphyrapicus thyroideus

Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus varius

Screech-Owl, Whiskered Otus trichopsis

Scrub-Jay, Island Aphelocoma insularis

Shearwater, Audubon's Puffinus lherminieri

Shearwater, Christmas Puffinus nativitatis

Shrike, Loggerhead Lanius ludovicianus

Shrikebill, Fiji Clytorhynchus vitiensis

Skimmer, Black Pynchops niger

Sparrow, Bachman's Aimophila aestivalis

Sparrow, Baird's Ammodramus bairdii

Sparrow, Black-chinned Spizella atrogularis

Sparrow, Botteri's Aimophila botterii

Sparrow, Brewer's Spizella breweri

Sparrow, Cassin's Aimophila cassinii

Sparrow, Field Spizella pusilla

Sparrow, Grasshopper Ammodramus savannarum
98

Sparrow, Harris's Zonotrichia querula

Sparrow, Henslow's Ammodramus henslowii

Sparrow, Le Conte's Ammodramus leconteii

Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed Ammodramus nelsoni

Sparrow, Rufous-crowned Aimophila ruficeps

Sparrow, Rufous-winged Aimophila carpalis

Sparrow, Sage Amphispiza belli

Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Ammodramus caudacutus

Sparrow, Seaside Ammodramus maritimus

Sparrow, Song Melospiza melodia

Sparrow, Vesper Pooecetes gramineus

Starling, Samoan Aplonis atrifusca

Storm-Petrel, Ashy Oceanodroma homochroa

Storm-Petrel, Band-rumped Oceanodroma castro

Storm-Petrel, Polynesian Nesofregatta fuliginosa

Storm-Petrel, Tristram's Oceanodroma tristrami

Surfbird Aphriza virgata

Swamphen, Purple Porphyrio porphyrio

Swift, Black Crypseloides niger

Swiftlet, White-rumped Aerodramus spodiopygius

Tern, Caspian Sterna caspia

Tern, Aleutian Sterna aleutica

Tern, Arctic Sterna paradisaea

Tern, Black Chlidonias niger

Tern, Common Sterna hirundo

Tern, Elegant Sterna elegans

Tern, Gull-billed Sterna nilotica

Tern, Least Sterna antillarum

Thrasher, Bendire's Toxostoma bendirei

Thrasher, Crissal Toxostoma crissale

Thrasher, Curve-billed Toxostoma curvirostre

Thrasher, Le Conte's Toxostoma lecontei

Thrush, Bicknell's Catharus bicknelli

Thrush, Wood Hylocichla mustelina

Towhee, Spotted Pipilo maculatus

Trogon, Elegant Trogon elegans

Tropicbird, Red-billed Phaethon aethereus

Tropicbird, White-tailed Phaethon lepturus

Turnstone, Black Arenaria melanocephala

Verdin Auriparus flaviceps

Vireo, Bell's Vireo bellii

Vireo, Black-whiskered Vireo altiloquus

Vireo, Gray Vireo vicinior

Vireo, Puerto Rican Vireo latimeri

Warbler, Adelaide's Dendroica adelaidae

Warbler, Arctic Phylloscopus borealis

Warbler, Bay-breasted Dendroica castanea

Warbler, Blackpoll Dendroica striata
99

Warbler, Black-throated Blue Dendroica caerulescens

Warbler, Black-throated Gray Dendroica nigrescens

Warbler, Black-throated Green Dendroica virens

Warbler, Blue-winged Vermivora pinus

Warbler, Canada Wilsonia canadensis

Warbler, Cape May Dendroica tigrina

Warbler, Cerulean Dendroica cerulea

Warbler, Chestnut-sided Dendroica pensylvanica

Warbler, Colima Vermivora crissalis

Warbler, Connecticut Oporornis agilis

Warbler, Elfin-woods Dendroica angelae

Warbler, Golden-winged Vermivora chrysoptera

Warbler, Grace's Dendroica graciae

Warbler, Kentucky Oporornis formosus

Warbler, Olive Peucedramus taeniatus

Warbler, Prairie Dendroica discolor

Warbler, Prothonotary Protonotaria citrea

Warbler, Red-faced Cardellina rubrifrons

Warbler, Swainson's Limnothlypis swainsonii

Warbler, Virginia's Vermivora virginiae

Warbler, Worm-eating Helmitheros vermivorus

Warbler, Yellow Dendroica petechia

Warbler, Yellow-throated Dendroica dominica

Waterthrush, Louisiana Seiurus motacilla

Waterthrush, Northern Seiurus noveboracensis

Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus

Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus

Whistling-Duck, West Indian Dendrocygna arborea

White-eye, Bridled Zosterops conspicillatus

White-eye, Golden Cleptornis marchei

Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus

Woodpecker, Arizona Picoides arizonae

Woodpecker, Gila Melanerpes uropygialis

Woodpecker, Ladder-backed Picoides scalaris

Woodpecker, Lewis's Melanerpes lewis

Woodpecker, Red-headed Melanerpes erythrocephalus

Woodpecker, White-headed Picoides albolarvatus

Wren, Bewick's Thryothorus bewickii

Wren, Cactus Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus

Wren, Marsh Cistothorus palustris

Wren, Sedge Cistothorus platensis

Yellowlegs, Greater Tringa melanoleuca

Yellowthroat, Common Geothlypis trichas