Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes 

only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, 

Denver, CO 80225, 1–888–ASK–USGS

Digital files available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3245/

Suggested citation: Mest, S.C., and Crown, D.A., 2014, Geologic map of MTM –30247, 

–35247, and –40247 quadrangles, Reull Vallis region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey 

Scientific Investigations Map 3245, pamphlet 20 p., scale 1:1,000,000, 

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3245.

ISSN 2329-1311 (print)

ISSN 2329-132X (online)

DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3245

Printed on recycled paper

1

Planetary Science Institute

2

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Geologic Map of MTM –30247, –35247 and –40247 Quadrangles, Reull Vallis Region of Mars

By

 Scott C. Mest1,2 and David A. Crown1

2014

0 20 40 60 80 100 KILOMETERS

Planetographic latitude and east longitude coordinate system

Prepared for the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Pamphlet accompanies map

Atlas of Mars: MTM –30247, –35247, and –40247 Quadrangles

U.S. Department of the Interior Scientific Investigations Map 3245

U.S. Geological Survey

SCALE 1:1 000 000 (1 mm = 1 km ) AT 27.5° S. LATITUDE

TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION

Early Middle Late Early Middle Late Early Late

PERIODEpoch

SURFICIAL

DEPOSITS

NOACHIAN HESPERIAN AMAZONIAN

CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS

VALLIS

MATERIALS

PLAINS

MATERIALS

CRATER

MATERIALS

HIGHLAND

MATERIALS

CRATER COUNT

[The N(1), N(2), N(5) and N(16) crater density 

boundaries for the Martian epochs are adapted from 

Werner and Tanaka (2011); the boundaries are 

approximately defined due to geologic uncertainties]

No. craters per 1,000,000 km2

>1 km

diameter

>5 km

diameter

>16 km

diameter

>2 km

diameter

Age (Ga)

(Werner and

Tanaka, 2011)

200

100

25

16

11

3

1

1,575

787

200

125

86

24

7

7,859

3,930

998

624

427

122

33

38,630

19,315

4,907

3,067

2100

600

160

3.96

3.85

3.57

3.40

3.00

0.880

0.235

[Correlation based upon crater size-frequency distribution statistics (see table 1; Tanaka, 1986; Werner and Tanaka, 2011) and geologic relation (superposition, embayment, cross-cutting; see table 2)]

Npe

Ada

HNprl

HNGc HNFc

HNWVf

HNAc

HRVfo

HNFAe

AHc3

HNc2

HNc1

AHRVfy

Nm

HNpru

HDc

Npm

AHcf

HNGe

HDPe

HNpsu

HNpsl

Nh1

Ridge with degraded morphology

Ridge with pristine morphology

Topographic scarp—Barbs point downslope

Topographic rim of impact crater

Secondary craters

Knobby terrain

EXPLANATION OF MAP SYMBOLS

Valley with channel morphology

Valley with gully morphology

Contact—Long-dashed where approximately 

located; short-dashed where inferred. Internal 

contact defines stratigraphic relations between 

similar units from different features

Npe

Ada

HNprl

HNGc

HNFc

HNWVf

HNAc

HRVfo

HNFAe

AHc3

HNc2

HNc1

AHRVfy

Nm

HNpru

HDc

Npm

AHcf

HNGe

HDPe

HNpsu

HNpsl

Nh1

Nm

Borders highland massifs, crater rims, 

and vallis walls. Type areas: lat 39.9° 

S., long 110.3° E. (massif); lat 38.8° 

S., long 110.7° E. (crater) 

Forms floor of lower part of upper 

segment of Reull Vallis (formerly 

termed Segment 2 of Reull Vallis by 

Mest and Crown, 2001). Type area: lat 

39.6° S., long 110.4° E. 

Older Reull Vallis floor material—Smooth deposits incised with narrow 

sinuous channels and low-relief scarps parallel to canyon walls; some 

channels braided; some channels converge at a narrow (1- to 2-km-wide) 

canyon downcutting into main canyon of Reull Vallis 

Forms floors of canyons incised within 

Fitzroy/Avarua ejecta and upper part of 

upper segment of Reull Vallis 

(formerly termed Segment 2 of Reull 

Vallis by Mest and Crown, 2001). Type 

area: lat 38.5° S., long 111.4° E. 

Sedimentary material eroded from surrounding ejecta, highlands, 

and plains materials and emplaced by fluvial processes 

Waikato Vallis floor material—Smooth and mottled in low-resolution 

images; in high-resolution images, unit displays knobby and pitted 

texture 

Forms floor of Waikato Vallis. Type 

area: lat 33.1° S., long 113.6° E.

Sedimentary material from surrounding ridged plains materials 

emplaced by a combination of collapse and fluvial processes. Texture 

likely produced by small-scale deflation and fluvial redistribution; 

pits may result from partial collapse of volatile-rich material 

Ridged plains material, upper member—Appears mottled at all 

resolutions with large areas of low and high albedo surfaces. Most 

inter-ridge areas have relatively smooth and featureless surfaces except 

for presence of low-relief scarps and small sinuous channels. 

High-resolution images show inter-ridge areas contain dune features, 

accumulations of smooth materials in low areas, and small knobs adjacent 

to some ridges. Parts of deposit, especially near Waikato Vallis, contain 

numerous sinuous and in some cases braided channels, scarp-bounded 

mesas, and long (hundreds of kilometers) arcuate scarps. Contains a high 

density of wrinkle ridges that form rings and linear features that display 

two dominant trends—northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest. 

Ridges display pristine and degraded morphologies

Found in northern part of map area. 

Type areas: lat 28.8° S., long 112.8° E. 

(north); lat 33.4° S., long 112.2° E. 

(south) 

Previously interpreted as flood lavas, although no obvious flow 

fronts are visible. Likely sedimentary and (or) volcanic material 

modified by fluvial and eolian processes. Albedo variations and 

mottling due to emplacement of remobilized sediments and (or) 

volcanic materials (with no recognizable source vent) or erosion of 

overlying plains. Sinuous channels, scarps and scarp-bounded mesas 

fluvial in nature. Wrinkle ridges are mare-type features formed by 

contraction and faulting of plains materials; eroded and buried ridges 

exposed on floor and along margin of Waikato Vallis 

Ridged plains material, lower member—Displays smooth, mottled (in 

some places) surfaces that occur topographically lower than adjacent 

ridged plains material (upper member). Forms clusters of irregularly 

shaped, flat-topped polygons and knobs along and within Waikato Vallis. 

Some exposures contain fluvial channels 

Forms boundary along much of canyon 

of Waikato Vallis and occurs as inliers 

within Waikato Vallis. Type areas: lat 

32.0° S., long 113.3° E. (smooth); lat 

32.5° S., long 113.4° E. (chaos) 

Sedimentary and (or) volcanic material, likely ridged plains material, 

modified by collapse and fluvial erosion. Mottling caused by 

mantling of eolian and (or) fluvial sediments and (or) erosion of 

plains materials. Chaotic areas formed by collapse of plains 

materials 

Smooth plains material, upper member—Displays smooth surfaces in 

low-resolution images; in high-resolution images, unit displays low-relief 

scarps, low-relief ridges, small channels, and shallow pits. Smooth plains 

material (upper member) fills low-lying areas and embays highland 

massifs

Forms exposures primarily adjacent to 

upper segment of Reull Vallis; some 

exposures occur among highland 

materials. Type area: lat 36.5° S., long 

112.7° E. 

Consists of sediments deposited (1) within transient body of water, 

(2) by erosion of adjacent highlands and deposited via valley 

networks, and (or) (3) via mass wasting. Low-relief scarps and 

channels likely fluvial in nature. Pits suggest sublimation and 

collapse of volatile-rich material 

Smooth plains material, lower member—Generally smooth and 

relatively featureless and displays lower albedo than overlying upper 

member; contains few craters, and some exposures display layering

Forms lower wall/lower terraces 

along upper segment of Reull Vallis 

and is stratigraphically lower than 

upper member of smooth plains. Type 

area: lat 38.9° S., long 111.4° E. 

Consists of sediments deposited (1) within a transient body of water, 

(2) by erosion of adjacent highlands and deposited via valley 

networks, and (or) (3) via mass wasting. Exposed by formation of 

Reull Vallis canyon 

Forms much of plains of western 

Eridania Planitia in map area. Type 

area: lat 38.6° S., long 114.8° E.

Sedimentary material emplaced in fluvial or lacustrine environment; 

some water may have been transported through Waikato Vallis from 

north and ponded on surface of plains. Deposits appear easily eroded 

by wind to form yardang-like features and knobs and by runoff to 

form braided channels. Knobby texture east of crater Greg consistent 

with eroded ejecta; knobs are remnants of crater Greg ejecta deposit. 

Wrinkle ridges formed by faulting of plains material 

Etched plains material—Surface mottled in low-resolution images; in 

high-resolution images, mottling due to low albedo materials being eroded 

to form yardang-like features in some locations and being completely 

removed in other places to expose underlying higher albedo materials. 

Knobby texture found in plains east of crater Greg. Degraded wrinkle 

ridges in northern part of deposit. Braided channels found in southern part 

of deposit extending from contact with mottled plains material

Mottled plains material—Displays mottled albedo and smooth, knobby, 

and pitted textures. Some areas (adjacent to highland terrains) dissected 

by narrow channels. Plains in southeastern part of map area display 

knobby texture with small (tens of meters in diameter) knobs surrounded 

by relatively smooth plains

Fills low-lying areas around highland 

massifs and degraded craters. Type 

areas: lat 40.8° S., long 113.5° E. 

(smooth); lat 41.4° S., long 114.4° E. 

(knobby); lat 40.9° S., long 112.6° E. 

(pitted) 

Variety of textures suggests mottled plains material likely consists of 

sediments modified by different processes (fluvial, eolian, impacts) 

and (or) derived from different sources including (1) eroded from 

adjacent highland terrains, (2) deposited via mass wasting, (3) 

deposited by eolian processes, possibly related to regional mantling 

unit, and (4) ejected from nearby large (>20 km in diameter) 

degraded impact craters. Knobby texture may consist of remnants of 

distal ejecta deposit of 43-km-diameter degraded impact crater 

located ~47 km to southwest. Pitted areas due to 

collapse/modification of volatile-rich sediments 

Basin-rim unit—Forms continuous exposures of rugged terrain with 

expanses of smooth and knobby surfaces. In low-resolution images, 

highland massifs appear mountainous and rugged. In high-resolution 

images, surfaces appear rounded. Highland valleys generally found 

within highland plateau material

Found in southern part of map area. 

Type area: lat 39.8° S., long 111.8° E. 

Exposures consist of ancient crustal material uplifted during 

formation of impact basins (for example, Hellas) and craters 

subsequently modified by fluvial processes. Rounded nature due to 

mantling, possibly by eroded sediments and (or) regional mantling 

deposit 

Mountainous material—Consists of rugged, isolated knobs and massifs. 

In low-resolution images, these massifs appear mountainous and very 

rugged. In high-resolution images, surfaces appear rounded

Found throughout map area. Type 

area: lat 40.1° S., long 112.0° E.

Contains materials previously mapped as basin rim unit or 

mountainous material (Greeley and Guest, 1987; Mest and Crown, 

2001). Exposures consist of large blocks of ancient crustal material 

uplifted during formation of impact basins and craters. Rounded 

nature due to mantling, possibly by eroded sediments and (or) 

regional mantling deposit; peaks of some of steepest massifs show 

downslope removal of mantle via mass wasting 

Crater floor material—Displays pits, arcuate ridges, grooves 

(concentric to crater walls), and lobate margins along interior crater walls

Found on floors of most craters in map 

area regardless of preservation state. 

Type areas: lat 38.5° S., long 110.7° E. 

(pitted); lat 37.4° S., long 110.9° W. 

(lineated)

Deposits consisting of fluvial, eolian, and (or) mass wasted materials 

derived from crater rim and wall materials and (or) regional mantling 

deposit. Pits due to partially collapsed volatile-rich materials. 

Concentric rings likely due to coalescing materials mobilized 

downslope from crater rims or reflects erosional pattern. Previously 

mapped as smooth floor material (Greeley and Guest, 1987) 

Ejecta material, Dowa/Pál—Continuous deposit characterized by 

smooth areas that transition into pitted and etched surfaces with 

yardang-like features, which distinguish the deposit from underlying 

plains

Surrounds impact craters Dowa 

(diameter, 41.5 km; lat 31.7° S., long 

110.3° E.) and Pál (diameter, 78.7 km; 

lat 31.3° S., long 108.7° E.). Pál 

impact structure located entirely 

outside of map area. Type area: lat 

32.7° S., long 110.7° E.

Consists of ejecta emplaced by impact events of craters Dowa and 

Pál. Pitted and etched surface likely due to eolian modification of 

deposit 

Crater material, Dowa—Unit exhibits significant relief above 

surrounding materials, but some areas exhibit minor relief; interior walls 

exhibit terraces

Forms rim of crater Dowa (diameter, 

41.5 km; lat 31.7° S., long 110.3° E.). 

Type area: lat 35.4° S., long 112.2° E.

Materials emplaced during crater Dowa impact event; terraces 

formed by slumping of crater walls 

Ejecta material, Greg—Exposures characterized by smooth to 

hummocky surfaces throughout; some areas etched or contain lineations. 

In high-resolution images, (1) etched appearance west of Reull Vallis 

formed by yardangs with northwest-southeast orientation (radial to Greg) 

and (2) lineations in northern deposit oriented radial to Greg. Parts of 

northern deposit display lobate edges to north. Deposits north and south of 

Greg dissected by sinuous channels; deposits along Reull Vallis dissected 

by sinuous channels and box-like canyons that intersect Reull Vallis

Forms deposits located in south-central 

part of map area that surround crater 

Greg (diameter, 69.6 km; lat 38.6° S., 

long 113.0° E.). Deposits separated by 

ridges of mountainous material and 

Reull Vallis. Type area: lat 37.5° S., 

long 112.9° E.

Consists of ejecta emplaced by impact event of crater Greg. 

Yardangs indicate eolian erosion; lineations radial to Greg may be 

due to internal shear of deposit during emplacement process 

Crater material, Greg—Unit exhibits significant relief above 

surrounding materials; central peak on floor of Greg exhibits relief above 

floor materials. Interior walls and rim highly dissected by gullies; walls 

superposed by viscous flow features. Northern crater wall mantled with 

deposits that exhibit lobate fronts and southern wall contains alcoves 

filled with materials exhibiting herringbone texture

Forms rim and central peak of crater 

Greg (diameter, 69.6 km; lat 38.6° S., 

long 113.0° E.). Type area: lat 39.2° 

S., long 112.7° E.

Materials emplaced during crater Greg impact event. Materials 

mantling crater walls believed to be part of volatile-rich regional 

mantle deposit, portions of which have subsequently moved 

downslope to form viscous flow features and flows with herringbone 

texture 

Ejecta material, Fitzroy/Avarua—Continuous deposit characterized by 

smooth to irregular surface and lobate edges; dissected by sinuous, 

braided channels 

Surrounds impact craters Fitzroy 

(diameter, 38.3 km; lat 35.7° S., long 

112.0° E.) and Avarua (diameter, 47.4 

km; lat 35.9° S., long 109.7° E.). Type 

area: lat 35.7° S., long 111.2° E.

Consists of ejecta emplaced by the impact events of craters Fitzroy 

and Avarua 

Crater material, Fitzroy—Unit exhibits significant relief above 

surrounding materials; some areas exhibit minor relief. Interior walls and 

rim highly dissected by gullies; walls superposed by viscous flow 

features. Northern crater wall mantled with deposits that exhibit lobate 

fronts, and southern wall contains alcoves filled with materials exhibiting 

herringbone texture

Forms rim of crater Fitzroy (diameter, 

38.3 km; lat 35.7° S., long 112.0° E.). 

Type area: lat 35.4° S., long 112.2° E. 

Materials emplaced during crater Fitzroy impact event. Materials 

mantling crater walls believed to be part of volatile-rich regional 

mantle deposit, portions of which have subsequently moved 

downslope to form viscous flow features and flows with herringbone 

texture 

Crater material, Avarua—Unit exhibits significant relief above 

surrounding materials; some areas of the rim exhibit minor relief. Interior 

walls and rim highly dissected by gullies; walls superposed by viscous 

flow features. Northern crater wall mantled with deposits that exhibit 

lobate fronts, and southern wall contains alcoves filled with materials 

exhibiting herringbone texture

Forms rim of crater Avarua (diameter, 

47.4 km; lat 35.9° S., long 109.7° E.). 

Type area: lat 35.7° S., long 110.1° E.

Materials emplaced during crater Avarua impact event. Materials 

mantling crater walls believed to be part of volatile-rich regional 

mantle deposit, portions of which have subsequently moved 

downslope to form viscous flow features and flows with herringbone 

texture 

Crater material, well-preserved—Characterized by pronounced, 

continuous crater rim elevated relative to surrounding materials and by 

well-defined, continuous ejecta blanket. Ejecta deposits within plains 

adjacent to Waikato and Reull Vallis. In southern part of map area, 

displays single or double rampart morphologies

Found throughout map area. Type 

area: lat 35.6° S., long 114.8° E.

Forms crater deposits—including ejecta, rim, and some floor 

materials—that exhibit little degradation; some crater floors contain 

deposits emplaced by mass wasting, eolian activity, and (or) fluvial 

processes 

Crater material, moderately degraded—Characterized by crater rim 

that may exhibit only minor relief above surrounding materials and by 

discontinuous, poorly exposed ejecta

Found throughout map area. Type 

area: lat 36.6° S., long 110.4° E.

Forms crater deposits—including ejecta, rim, and some floor 

materials—that exhibit moderate degree of degradation; most crater 

floors contain deposits emplaced by mass wasting, eolian activity, 

and (or) fluvial processes 

Crater material, highly degraded—Characterized by degraded crater 

rim that may be discontinuous and exhibits little relief relative to 

surrounding materials; displays little to no discernible ejecta materials 

and smooth, relatively flat crater floors

Found throughout map area. Type 

area: lat 42.4° S., long 112.6° E.

Debris apron material—Massif-associated features have uniform or 

mottled albedo and lobate frontal morphologies and appear composed of 

multiple coalescing lobes. Crater-associated features are relatively small 

and display mottled albedo, featureless surfaces, and arcuate to lobate 

fronts. In high-resolution images, deposits show pits and lineations; 

lineations consist of ridge-and-furrow features and elongated pits

Younger Reull Vallis floor material—Displays lineations and chains of 

elongated pits parallel to canyon walls 

Deposits of unconsolidated material resulting from mass wasting of 

rugged highland massifs, crater rims, and vallis walls; mobility due 

to incorporation of water or ice or massive internal ice; pits may be 

from collapse of volatile-rich debris; elongated pits and lineations 

may indicate sorting of material within the flow or shearing of debris 

as it flowed 

Sedimentary material, eroded from surrounding plains materials and 

highland terrains, also consists of materials emplaced on canyon 

floor by mass wasting and (or) ice-rich flow. Lineations produced by 

differential shear of volatile- or ice-rich sediments as mass moved 

cross- and down-canyon 

VALLIS MATERIALS

PLAINS MATERIALS

HIGHLAND MATERIALS

SURFICIAL DEPOSITS

Forms crater deposits—including ejecta, rim, and some floor 

materials—that exhibit significant degradation. Ejecta and rim 

materials eroded or mantled by younger materials. Most crater floors 

contain deposits emplaced by mass wasting, eolian activity, and (or) 

fluvial processes

CRATER MATERIALS

Unit name and description Location and type areas

DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS

Unit

label

Interpretation

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm Nm

Nm Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Nh1

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

AHcf

HNc1

Npe

HNprl

HNprl

HNpru

HNprl

HNprl

HNprl

HNpru

HNprl

HNpru

HNprl

HNpru

HNprl

HNpru

HNpru

HNprl

HNpru

HNpru

HNpru

HNprl

HNpru HNpru

HNpru

AHcf

HNprl

HNpru

AHcf

HNc1

AHcf

HNc1

HNprl

HNprl

HNprl

HNprl

HNc1

AHcf

AHcf

HDc

HNpru

Npm

HNpru

AHcf

Npm

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

AHcf

HNc2

AHc3

HNc2

HNGc

HNGc

HNWVf

HNWVf

HNWVf

HNGe

HNGe

HNpsu

HNFc

HNWVf

HNAc

HNWVf

HNGe

HNGe

HRVfo

HNpsu

HRVfo

HNGe

AHRVfy

HNFAe HNFAe

HNFAe

HDPe

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3 AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

HNc2

HNc2

HNc2

HNc2

HNc2

HNc2

AHc3

AHc3

HDPe

HNc1

HNc1

HNc1

HNFAe

HNpsu

HNpsu

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

HNpsu

HNpsu

HNpsu

Nh1

Nh1

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

HNc2

HNc2

HNc2

HNc2

HNc2

HNc2

HNc2

HNc2

HNc2

HNc1

HNc1

HNc1

HNc1

HNc1

HNc1

HNc1

HNc1

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

HNpsl

HNpsl

HNpsl

HNpsl

HNpsl

HNpsl

HNpsu

HNpsl

HNpsu

HNpsu

HNpsl

Nm

HNpsu

HNpsu

Nh1

Nh1

Nh1 Nh1

HNpsl

Nm

HNpsu HNpsu

Nh1 Nh1

Nh1

Nh1

Nh1

Nh1

Nh1

Nh1

HNpsl

Npe

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

HNc1

HNc1

HNc1

HNc1

HNc1

HNc1

Nh1

Nh1

Nh1

Nh1

AHcf

AHcf

AHc3

AHc3

AHc3

HNc1

HNc1

Nm

Nm

HNpru

HNpru

HNpru

HNpru

HNprl

HNpru

Nm

HNpsu

HNGe

Npm

Npm

Npm

Npm

HRVfo

HRVfo

HRVfo

HRVfo

HNpsu HNpsu

Fitzroy

Avarua

Greg Lipik

Reull

Vallis

Reull

Vallis

Waikato

Vallis

ERIDANIA

PLANITIA

Cayon

Fancy

PROMETHEI

TERRA

HESPERIA

PLANUM

Dowa

114°

113°

113°

112°

112°

111°

111°

110°

110°

–28° –28°

–29° –29°

–30° –30°

–31° –31°

–32° –32°

–33° –33°

–34° –34°

–35° –35°

–36° –36°

–37° –37°

–38° –38°

–39° –39°

–40° –40°

–41° –41°

–42° –42°

Descriptions of nomenclature used on map are

listed at http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/

Prepared on behalf of the Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 

Solar System Exploration Division, Office of Space Science, National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Manuscript approved for publication April 11, 2013.

QUADRANGLE LOCATION

Photomosaic showing location of map area (hachured).

MC-01

MC-05

MC-06

MC-07

MC-12

MC-13 MC-14

MC-15

MC-20 MC-21 MC-22 MC-23

MC-27

MC-28

MC-29

MC-30

65°

30°

0°

-30°

-65°

60° 120°

60° 120°

0° 45° 90° 135° 180° 0°

-65°

-30°

30°

65°

-6,250 4,000 m

0 5 KILOMETERS 0 2 KILOMETERS

0 20 KILOMETERS 0 5 KILOMETERS

0 5 KILOMETERS

0 50 KILOMETERS

0 5 KILOMETERS

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0 5 KILOMETERS 0 5 KILOMETERS

0 30 KILOMETERS

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-1,487 3,687 METERS

0 2 KILOMETERS

0 100 KILOMETERS

Figure 2. A, THEMIS daytime IR mosaic (resolution, 100 m/pixel) and (B) MOLA 

colorized shaded-relief DEM (resolution, 128 m/pixel) of MTM –30247, –35247, 

and –40247 quadrangles, showing locations of several named features. Note 

orthogonal sets of wrinkle ridges (northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest), 

especially prominent in northern part of map area. See figure 1 for regional 

location.

Figure 3. A, Part of and close-ups (B–D) of CTX image 

P03_002109_1480_XN_32S246W showing channel north 

of Waikato Vallis incised in ridged plains of Hesperia 

Planum. This channel breaches crater a (diameter, 5.5 km) 

near bottom of image and intersects Waikato Vallis just 

south of this crater. Northern part of the channel is narrow 

and sections are braided (br). Southern part is wider, starts 

at a theater-headed alcove, and contains an interior valley 

(v). Northern and southern channels are separated by plains 

materials, but northern channel appears to terminate as a 

positive relief feature (arrows) in the plains in 3C. Wrinkle 

ridges (r in B, D) are dissected, suggesting that channel 

formation post-dates ridge formation. Secondary crater 

fields (s in 3B), likely emplaced by Dowa and (or) Pál 

impact events to the west, superpose channel and ridges, 

indicating one or both impacts post-date channel and ridge 

formation. See figure 1 for location. Image resolution is 

5.08 m/pixel; 3A centered at lat 30.4° S., long 113.5° E.

Figure 4. A, THEMIS daytime IR mosaic of Waikato Vallis incised in the ridged plains of Hesperia Planum. 

Canyon contains remnants of ridged plains material (lower member) exposed as chaotic clusters of blocks (bl), 

suggesting collapse of plains materials as volatiles were released, and streamlined features (s), suggesting surface 

flow down canyon to its terminus in craters Fancy and Cayon. Ejecta from crater Fitzroy (west of image) and a 

34-km-diameter crater (east of image), labeled ejecta, obscures the terminus of Waikato Vallis and its transition to 

Eridania Planitia to the south. Location of figure 5 is shown. See figure 1 for regional location. Image resolution is 

100 m/pixel; centered at lat 33.8° S., long 113.8° E. B, Close-up of floor of Waikato Vallis (HNWVf) in CTX image 

P06_003454_1467_XI_33S246W showing scours (arrows) that dissect a wrinkle ridge (r) within ridged plains 

material, upper member (HNpru), that crosses the canyon. Image resolution is 5.22 m/pixel; centered at lat 31.8° 

S., long 113.2° E. C, Part of CTX image B03_010640_1449_XN_35S246W showing a close-up of Waikato Vallis 

incised within ridged plains material, lower (HNprl) and upper (HNpru) members. Here, Waikato Vallis floor 

materials (HNWVf) contain numerous small craters, scarps, and channels. Wrinkle ridges (r) cross the canyon in 

some places and are incised with notches or scours (black arrows); canyon floor displays channels on downstream 

side of these ridges. Elongated pits (p) in adjacent plains and ejecta materials (HNc2) suggest that collapse of 

volatile-rich materials are partly involved in formation of Waikato Vallis, whereas small channels (ch) observed 

here and elsewhere along Waikato Vallis indicate water also contributed to the canyon via surface flow. Lobate 

debris aprons (Ada) suggest mass wasting of volatile-rich material from highland massifs, such as mountainous 

material (Nm), or along the bank of Waikato Vallis. Image resolution is 5.05 m/pixel; centered at lat 34.2° S., long 

113.8° E.

Figure 5. Mosaic of CTX images 

P17_007713_1442_XN_35S247W (left; resolution, 5.09 

m/pixel) and P04_002531_1438_XN_36S246W (right; 

resolution, 5.08 m/pixel) located within central part of map 

area. Upper right corner shows western part of Waikato Vallis 

terminating within craters Fancy and Cayon (see figure 4A for 

location) (HNc1

) and peaks of mountainous material (Nm); 

Waikato Vallis floor material (HNWVf) in this location 

surrounds blocks of ridged plains material, lower member 

(HNprl). Gaps in the rim of Fancy suggest water may have 

breached the rim (br) and eroded the adjacent Fitzroy/Avarua 

ejecta deposit (HNFAe), becoming channelized (white arrows) 

in the center of this image; channel is filled with older Reull 

Vallis floor material (HRVfo). Several smaller valleys (black 

arrows) dissect the rim of Fancy and Fitzroy/Avarua ejecta, 

indicating surface flow apparently unrelated to Waikato Vallis. 

See figure 4A for location. Image centered at lat 35.9° S., long 

113.1° E.

Figure 6. THEMIS daytime IR mosaic covering south-central part of map area 

showing portions of local highlands of Promethei Terra (PT) and the plains of Eridania 

Planitia (EP), crater Greg, upper segment of Reull Vallis (RV-U) where it heads within 

the plains, and transition to lower part of upper segment (RV-L). Locations of figures 7, 

8, 9, 11A, 11B, 13, 15B, 16A, and 17 are shown. See figure 1 for location. Image 

resolution is 100 m/pixel; centered at lat 38.3° S., long 112.6° E.

Figure 7. Mosaic of CTX images 

P03_002030_1419_XN_38S248W (left; resolution is 

5.06 m/pixel) and B01_010139_1411_XN_38S248W 

(right; resolution is 5.26 m/pixel) showing part of 

sinuous upper reach of Reull Vallis. Canyon displays 

terraced walls and channeled older Reull Vallis floor 

material (HRVfo); some channels are braided. Reull 

Vallis dissects Greg ejecta material (HNGe) and 

underlying smooth plains material, lower member 

(HNpsl). Several short theater-headed canyons (c) 

dissect HNGe and intersect Reull Vallis. These 

tributary canyons are found incised only within Greg 

ejecta and primarily along the northern and western 

wall of Reull Vallis, suggesting they may represent 

dewatering of volatile-rich Greg ejecta following its 

emplacement and (or) result from erosion of 

unconsolidated ejecta deposits. Location of figure 14 

is shown. See figure 6 for location. Image centered at 

lat 38.6° S., long 111.5° E.

Figure 8. Part of CTX image P15_006922_1413_XN_38S249W showing a close-up of a 

narrow (~1.5-km-wide) theater-headed canyon incised within the main canyon of Reull 

Vallis that marks the transition between morphologically distinct reaches of the upper 

segment of Reull Vallis. In this location, vallis floor materials also transition from mostly 

smooth older Reull Vallis floor materials (HRVfo), which contains braided channels (br) 

that intersect at the head of the incised interior canyon, to the lineated younger Reull 

Vallis floor materials (AHRVfy) that begin within the interior canyon. This image also 

shows the main canyon of Reull Vallis incised within adjacent upper and lower smooth 

plains materials (HNpsu and HNpsl, respectively), which form erosional terraces parallel 

to the canyon, deposits of debris apron material (Ada) along the canyon wall, and a 

nearby massif of mountainous material (Nm). See figure 6 for location. Image centered at 

lat 39.3° S., long 111.2° E. Figure 9. Part of CTX image 

P02_001885_1400_XN_40S249W showing part of upper 

reach of Reull Vallis and adjacent highlands of Promethei 

Terra. Canyon displays nearly constant width and straight 

walls and contains lineated younger Reull Vallis floor 

material (AHRVfy). Highland terrains consist of peaks of 

mountainous material (Nm), basin-rim unit (Nh1), and rims 

of degraded craters. Low-lying areas are covered with ejecta 

(for example, HNc2), smooth plains material, lower member 

(HNpsl), crater fill material (AHcf), and debris aprons (Ada). 

Some deposits are extensive and display lobate terminations, 

such as the massif-associated deposit in the center of the 

figure that surrounds several massifs of Nm, whereas others 

are limited in extent and show less evidence for flow, such 

as along south-facing wall of Reull Vallis and among 

highland massifs north of Reull Vallis, and may be akin to 

talus deposits or mass wasting of the regional mid-latitude 

mantle deposit (Mustard and others, 2001). Location of 

figure 15A is shown. See figure 6 for location. Image 

resolution is 5.06 m/pixel; centered at lat 39.8° S., long 

110.4° E.

Figure 10. THEMIS VIS image V17009007 showing 

Fitroy/Avarua ejecta material (HNFAe) and smooth 

plains material, upper member (HNpsu) dissected by a 

narrow flat-floored channel filled with older Reull Vallis 

floor material (HRVfo). Local slopes and orientations of 

islands of remnant ejecta and plains (bottom of image) 

and intersecting channels imply that water within the 

channel flowed to the south where it eventually 

terminates within smooth plains material adjacent to 

Reull Vallis. See figure 18 for location. Image 

resolution is 34.4 m/pixel; centered at lat 35.8° S., long 

111.1° E.

Figure 11. A, Part of CTX image P13_006144_1400_XN_40S245W showing etched plains material (Npe) adjacent to east rim 

of crater Greg. Plains and several degraded ridges (r) are superposed by knobs (k) that form clusters in some places and appear 

to be forming by degradation of a more continuous unit, possibly ejecta from Greg. A series of braided channels (ch) in the 

southern part of the image is incised within Npe and does not show knobs on the channel floor; rather, the channels erode 

around knobs. See figure 6 for location. Image resolution is 5.09 m/pixel; centered at lat 39.2° S., long 114.2° E. B, Part of 

CTX image P13_006289_1434_XN_36S245W showing eroded layers within the etched plains material (Npe) that gives 

portions of this deposit its mottled appearance. Low albedo material is being removed to expose high albedo material. Both 

materials have been sculpted to form an etched texture; presence of dust devil tracks (dark streaks) throughout unit indicate 

that this unit has been extensively modified by eolian processes. See figure 6 for location. Image resolution is 5.09 m/pixel; 

centered at lat 37.7° S., long 115.0° E.

Figure 12. A, THEMIS daytime IR mosaic covering southern part of map area showing 

local highland terrain surrounded by deposits of mottled plains material (Npm). 

Locations of figures 12B and 12C are shown. See figure 1 for location. Image 

resolution is 100 m/pixel; centered at lat 41.2° S., long 113.2° E. B, THEMIS VIS 

image V26431011 showing a close-up of the mottled plains (Npm) that displays a 

mottled surface throughout the deposit but displays a number of textures, including 

smooth (s), pitted and knobby (p/k), and rugged (r) textures observed in the northern 

part of this image. Smooth materials appear to embay pitted/knobby textured materials. 

Image resolution is 17.2 m/pixel; centered at lat 41.2° S., long 113.0° E. C, Part of CTX 

image P17_007858_1372_XN_42S245W showing knobby terrain (k) that superposes 

smooth (s) mottled plains material (Npm) and wrinkle ridges (r) in the southeastern part of the map area. Edges of clusters of knobby terrain appear lobate in form (dashed lines) and may be 

composed of eroded remnants of ejecta from a ~40-km-diameter crater located ~50 km to the west, similar to knobby terrain located east of crater Greg. Surfaces in the southern part of this 

image are mantled (m) by mid-latitude mantling deposit of Mustard and others (2001), and knobby terrain may be remnants of this mantle or consist of mantle over eroded ejecta deposits. 

Image resolution is 5.08 m/pixel; centered at lat 41.5° S., long 114.2° E.

Figure 13. Part of CTX image P03_002241_1405_XN_39S249W 

showing interior of a highly degraded highland crater (HNc1

) 

containing smooth crater floor material (AHcf) on its floor and a large 

deposit of debris apron material (Ada) along its western wall. Toe of 

debris apron (black arrows) is less lobate than some observed in this 

region, and portions appear steep. Surface of deposit contains pits 

elongated roughly perpendicular to inferred direction of flow. See 

figure 6 for location. Image resolution is 5.06 m/pixel; centered at lat 

38.8° S., long 110.7° E.

Figure 1. Regional MOLA colorized shaded-relief DEM (resolution, 128 m/pixel) showing physiographic provinces, vallis and mons features, and relevant 

craters Pál (P), Dowa (D), Avarua (A), Fitzroy (F), and Greg (G), as well as areas of MTM –30247, –35247, and –40247 quadrangles (red boxes) and 

locations of figures 2, 3A, 4A, 6, 12A, 18, and 21 (black boxes).

Figure 14. Part of HiRISE image 

PSP_010139_1410_RED showing a 

close-up of northern wall of upper 

reach of upper segment of Reull 

Vallis. Floor of Reull Vallis is 

covered with older Reull Vallis floor 

material (HRVfo) that is generally 

smooth in appearance except for a 

series of pits (p) elongated 

northwest-southeast and degraded 

ridges (r) observed in this image and 

channels observed elsewhere in the 

canyon (see figure 7). The adjacent 

plains are covered with ejecta from 

Greg (HNGe), southeast of this 

figure. Wall of Reull Vallis has been 

eroded by short, theater-headed 

tributary canyons (c), and northern 

wall contains a narrow exposure of 

debris apron material (Ada) along its 

base that exhibits lineations 

perpendicular to the canyon wall and 

a steep front (black arrows). See 

figure 7 for location. Image 

resolution is 50 cm/pixel; centered at 

lat 38.3° S., long 111.5° E.

Figure 15. Parts of (A) THEMIS VIS image V26481009 (resolution, 17.2 

m/pixel; centered at lat 40.2° S., long 110.6° E.; NASA/JPL/ASU; see 

figure 9 for location) and (B) CTX image P15_006777_1399_XI_40S248W 

(resolution, 5.07 m/pixel; centered at lat 37.4° S., long 110.9° E.; see figure 

6 for location) showing close-ups of crater fill material (AHcf) found in 

well-preserved impact craters (AHc3). The surface of the deposit in A is 

composed primarily of pits and knobs, however the eastern part of the 

deposit (black arrows) and much of the deposit in B (white dashed lines) 

display arcuate lineations oriented parallel to crater walls. These lineations 

suggest flow of unconsolidated volatile-rich material downslope toward the 

centers of these craters and (or) enhanced erosion at the contact between 

crater floor and rim materials.

Figure 16. A, Part of CTX image P04_002676_1413_XI_38S247W showing part of crater 

Greg, including its rim and central peak (HNGc), ejecta (HNGe) and its floor materials 

(AHcf). See figure 6 for location. Image resolution is 5.64 m/pixel; centered at lat 38.6° S., 

long 113.1° E. B, In MOC image M08-07937, the north-facing wall of Greg is incised with 

valleys (south-wall valleys, swv) that originate near the rim and terminate at the crater 

floor; these valleys are filled with materials with herringbone surface textures suggesting 

flow down valley. Image resolution is 2.78 m/pixel; centered at lat 39.1° S., long 113.1° E. 

C, In MOC image M18-00897, the south-facing wall of Greg is morphologically different, 

showing a thin mantle along the lower half of the wall that is dissected by narrow parallel 

valleys (north-wall valleys, nwv), and the upper half of the wall is superposed by a 

disaggregated mantle that forms viscous flow features (Mustard and others, 2001; Milliken 

and others, 2003; Berman and others, 2009). Image resolution is 4.17 m/pixel; centered at 

lat 38.2° S., long 113.2° E.

Figure 17. MOC image 

M04-01430 showing the region 

north of Reull Vallis and 

northwest of crater Greg. These 

plains show a lineated texture 

oriented northwest-southeast, 

roughly radial to Greg, and this 

material has been interpreted as 

Greg ejecta material (HNGe) 

that has been eroded by the 

wind to form yardang-like 

features. The ~600-m-diameter 

crater near the center of the 

image (arrow) has a freshlooking rim, but its ejecta 

deposit has also been modified 

and (or) removed. Part of the 

rim of crater Lipik forms the 

deposit of highly degraded 

crater material (HNc1) in the 

bottom half of the image. See 

figure 6 for location. Image 

resolution is 5.56 m/pixel; 

centered at lat 37.9° S., long 

111.4° E.

Figure 18. Part of THEMIS 

daytime IR mosaic 

(resolution, 100 m/pixel) 

showing craters Avarua 

(diameter, 50 km) and 

Fitzroy (diameter, 38.2 km). 

Much of the surrounding 

terrain is covered by ejecta 

materials from both craters 

(HNFAe), parts of which are 

dissected by sinuous 

channels (arrows). The 

locations of figures 10, 

19A, and 20 are shown. See 

figure 1 for location. Image 

centered at lat 35.7° S., 

long 110.9° E.

Figure 19. A, Mosaic of CTX images 

P03_002386_1444_XN_35S248W (left; resolution, 5.07 m/pixel) 

and P05_003164_1446_XI_35S248W (right; resolution, 5.14 

m/pixel) showing crater Fitzroy (HNFc) and the surrounding 

Fitzroy/Avarua ejecta (HNFAe). Crater floor materials (AHcf) in 

Fitzroy appear mottled and smooth at this resolution. Valleys incised 

in interior wall of Fitzroy—north-wall valleys (nwv; see figure 19B) 

and south-wall valleys (swv; see figure 19C)—are morphologically 

similar to those observed in Greg. Channels (ch) incised along 

south-facing flank of a massif of mountainous material (Nm) could 

have formed by dewatering of a volatile-rich mantle—Fitzroy ejecta 

or mid-latitude mantling material (Mustard and others, 2001; 

Milliken and others, 2003; Berman and others, 2009). See figure 18 

for location. Image centered at lat 35.5° S., long 112.0° E. B,

Southern part of MOC image M04-02881 showing the south-wall 

valleys (swv) incised in north-facing wall of Fitzroy crater material 

(HNFc); valleys are filled with sediments with platy to herringbone 

surface textures suggesting down-valley flow. Wider swv terminate 

at a smooth deposit along base of wall, which is incised by narrower 

valleys (white arrows) that extend from swv termini and terminate at 

contact with this deposit and crater floor material (AHcf). Image 

resolution is 2.78 m/pixel; centered at lat 35.9° S., long 112.0° E. C, 

Northern part of MOC image M04-02881 showing north-wall 

valleys (nwv) incised in mantling material along lower half of 

south-facing wall of Fitzroy crater material (HNFc). Viscous flow 

features formed along upper half of Fitzroy’s walls and are 

composed of disaggregated mantle materials that flowed down 

slope. Image centered at lat 35.5° S., long 111.9° E.

Figure 20. Mosaic of THEMIS 

VIS images V17034002 (left; 

resolution, 17.3 m/pixel) and 

V34728003 (right; resolution, 19.2 

m/pixel) showing eastern half of 

crater Avarua (HNAc) and a small 

part of surrounding 

Fitzroy/Avarua ejecta deposit 

(HNFAe). Interior wall of Avarua 

shows similar morphologies as 

Greg and Fitzroy but are 

somewhat muted due to impact of 

a large (diameter, 25 km) 

moderately degraded crater on 

Avarua’s south rim that distributed 

its ejecta (HNc2) across floor and 

wall of Avarua and surrounding 

terrain. Southern wall of Avarua 

displays valleys that extend from 

crater rim to floor and northern 

wall displays viscous flow 

features (vff), but they do not 

appear as developed as in Greg 

and Fitzroy. Crater floor materials 

(AHcf) in Avarua and southern rim 

crater appear smooth at this 

resolution. See figure 18 for 

location. Image centered at lat 

35.9° S., long 110.0° E.

Figure 21. Part of THEMIS daytime IR mosaic (resolution, 100 m/pixel) showing craters Pál (diameter, 

71.2 km) and Dowa (diameter, 40.8 km). Much of terrain surrounding these craters is covered by ejecta 

materials from both craters (HDPe), which appear heavily pock-marked with pits, lineations, and 

smooth-topped yardang-like mesas that all tend to be oriented radial to Pál or Dowa. Locations of figures 

22A and 23 are shown. See figure 1 for location. Image centered at lat 31.4° S., long 109.4° E.

Figure 22. A, Part of THEMIS VIS 

image V27392008 showing the 

western part of crater Dowa 

including its rim material (HDc), 

the surrounding Dowa/Pál ejecta 

deposit (HDPe), and relatively 

smooth crater floor material (AHcf) 

that covers the floor of Dowa. 

Western wall of Dowa displays a 

wide terrace that contains outcrops 

of blocky wall material superposed 

by smooth deposits and is dissected 

by valleys (white arrows). See 

figure 21 for location. Image 

resolution is 34.6 m/pixel; centered 

at lat 31.7° S., long 110.1° E. B,

Part of MOC image R17-00891 

showing a close-up of Dowa crater 

material (HDc). Outcrops of blocky 

wall material are superposed by a 

mantle (m) of smooth material that 

tends to form talus deposits (t) 

along bases of most slopes. Crater 

floor material (AHcf) along bottom 

of image displays pits (smalldiameter craters and (or) eolian 

modified depressions) in this part 

of Dowa. Image resolution is 2.95 

m/pixel; centered at lat 31.4° S., 

long 110.2° E.

Figure 23. Southern part of THEMIS 

VIS image V27392008 showing part 

of the Dowa/Pál ejecta deposit (HDPe) 

south of crater Dowa and southeast of 

crater Pál. Deposit shows knobby (k) 

textures in upper part of image and 

smooth textures in southern part of 

image. Much of deposit displays linear 

chains of pits (p) or smooth mesas (m) 

that both show a northwest-southeast 

orientation, which is roughly radial to 

crater Pál. These textures and the 

resulting trend of features suggest 

eolian modification of ejecta deposit 

that is reflected predominantly in 

internal structure of ejecta from crater 

Pál during its emplacement. See figure 

21 for location. Image resolution is 

2.95 m/pixel; image centered at lat 

32.6° S., long 109.9° E.

HESPERIA

PLANUM

PROMETHEI

TERRA

TYRRHENA

TERRA

TERRA

CIMMERIA

Tyrrhenus

Mons

Hadriacus

Mons

Dao Vallis

Niger Vallis

Harmakhis Vallis

Reull Vallis Reull Vallis

Waikato Vallis

Teviot

Vallis

ERIDANIA PLANITIA

Waikato Vallis

R e u l l

V

a l l i s

Dowa

Lipik Greg

Fitzroy

Avarua

ERIDANIA

PLANITIA

HESPERIA

PLANUM

Cayon

Fancy

Fancy

Cayon

Fitzroy

PT

PT

EP

RV-U

RV-U

RV-L

Greg

Lipik

Fancy

Cayon

Fitzroy

Dowa

Avarua

Pál

HNpru

HNWVf

HNpru

HNWVf

Nm

Ada

Ada

HNpru

HNWVf

HNpru

HNc2

HNprl

HNprl

HNprl

HNprl

HNc2

HNc2

HNFAe

HNFAe

HNpsu

Nm

HRVfo HNGe

HNGe

HNGe

HNGe

HNGe

HNpsl HRVfo HRVfo

AHRVfy

HNpsl

HNpsl

HNpsu

HNpsu

Nm

Ada

HNprl

HNWVf

HRVfo

Ada

Ada

HNc1

HNpsu

HRVfo

Nm

HNc1

AHcf

Ada

Nm

HNpsl

AHRVfy

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nm

Nh1

Nm

Ada

Ada

Ada

Ada

Nm

HNc2

Nh1

Nh1

Nh1

HNpsl

HNpsl

HNc2

HNc2

Nm

HNpsu

HNFAe

HNFAe

HNFAe

HRVfo

Npe

Npe

Npe

Npe

Nm

AHcf

Npm

AHc3

Nm

Npm

Nm

Npm

Npm

AHcf

Ada

HNc1

HRVfo

Ada

HNGe

AHcf

HNc2

HNFAe

HNFAe

AHcf

Nm

HNFc

Nm

HNFc

AHcf

HNFc

AHcf

AHcf

AHc3

HNAc

HNFAe

AHcf

HNc2

HDPe

HNFc

HNFAe

AHcf

HDc AHcf

HDPe

HDPe

HDc

HDc

HDPe

HNGe

HNc1

HNGe

HNFAe

HNFAe

HDPe

HDPe

HNGe

HNGc

HNGc

HNGc

AHcf

HNGc

AHcf

HNGc

HNGe

Ada

A B B

C

A

D C 4C

A B

3D

3C

3B

4A

12A

18

21

2

3A

14

–30247

–35247

–40247

15°S

20°S

30°S

40°S

50°S

90°E 100°E 110°E 120°E 130°E 140°E

15B

17

7

13

8 9

16A

11A

11B

15A

A B

A B

12C

12B

A B

19A

A B C

19C

19B

A 22B B

22A

23

10

20

16B

16C

A B C

C

4B

5

P D

A F

G 6

c

br

br

c

c

c

br

br

a

br

s

s

r

r

v

bl

s

s

bl

bl

ejecta

bl

r

r

ch

r

ch

ch

p

p

br

c

k

ch

k

k

r

r

r

p/k

r

s

s

r

k

r

s

k

k

k

r

k

k

m

m

m

r

c

p

swv

nwv

ch

vff

swv

swv

vff

nwv

m

k

p

t

m

m

t

t

t

vff

nwv

vff

swv

swv

d

m

nwv

vff

m