### 1 **Supplemental Data** for 

### Emissions Characterization of Outdoor Wood **- Fired Hydronic Heater Technologies**  John S. Kinsey, Abderrahmane Touati, Tiffany L. B. Yelverton, Johanna Aurell, Seung
- Hyun Cho , William P. Linak, and Brian K. Gullett

**S -**  **1. Appliance**  **and f**

**uel s**  **pecifications** As discussed in the main text, four different models of residential wood
- fired hydronic heaters (RWHHs) were tested in the program. Single
- to triple
- staged units, in updraft and downdraft combustion configurations, and using logs/spl it log cordw ood and pellets as fuel, were tested. Basic spec ifications for each unit are provided in Table S
- 1 wi th photos and schem atic s shown in Fig. S
- 1
. Three basic w ood fuels were also tested. Analyses of the se test fuel s are shown in Table S
- 2. **Table S -**  **1** Specifications of appliances tested. a Appliance A B C D Technology Single
- stage combustion Three
- stage combustion Two
- stage combustion Two
- stage combustion and gasification with heat storage Fuel Cordwood Cordwood Hardwood pellets Cordwood Heat c apacity, maximum output
- kW ( 10 3 BTU h - 1 ) 38 b (131) 5 0 b (172) 40 (137) 44 (150) Water c apacity
- liters 740 1700 160 120 a As supplied by the manufacturer unless otherwise specified. b Valu e based on maximum capacity from certification test ing using EPA Method 28 OWHH ( OMNI, 2007; OMNI, 2008 ; USEPA, 2012 ). **Table S -**  **2** Ultimate and proximate fuel analyses. Pr operties Test method a Red o ak Pi ne Pellets Higher heating value (kJ/kg) Calculation from fuel analysis 19510 21570 19830 Ash (%) AS TM D3174
- 07 1.46 0.44 0.52 Loss on drying (LOD) GLI Procedure S
- 200 22.52 9.68 7.24 Volatile matter (%) AS TM D3175
- 07 84.23 88.50 84.27 Fixed carbon (%) Calculation 14.31 11.06 14.11 Carbon (%) GLI Procedure ME
- 2 48.70 51.72 50.10 Chlorine (ppm ) GLI Procedure ME
- 4A 38 36 44 Hy drogen (%) GLI Procedure ME
- 2 5.96 6.57 5.86 Nitrogen (%) GLI Procedure ME
- 2 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Sulfur (%) GLI Procedure E 16
- 2 <0.05 <0.05 <0.5 a ASTM = ASTM International; GLI = Galbraith Laboratories, Inc., Knoxville, TN.

### 2

**Fig. S -**  **1.** Photos and d iagrams of the appliances tested in the study
. **Appliance B Appliance A** 

**Appliance C Appliance D** 

### 3

In certain tests, 4.5 % by weight of mixed refuse was fired with red oak cordw ood to simulate situations in 

### 1 which residential waste is co
- fired for ignition or disposal purposes. The mixed refuse was constructed by hand


### 2 selection of compon ents, weighing, and division into individual charges to assure consistency betw een tests. 

### 3 **S.2 Experimental a**  **pparatus** 

### 4 The experimental apparatus for the study is illustrated in Fig. S
- 2 . M easurements were conducted either 

### 5 outdoors or indoors depending on the parameter being measured. In addition, appropriate temperature and flow data 

### 6 were collected on the heated water recirculated to and from the appliance as well as the water
- to - wa ter heat 

### 7 exchanger connected to the building chilled water supply. For Appliance D, an additional water
- to - air heat 

### 8 exchanger w as added in series with the water/water heat exchanger used for the other units. See details in the main 

### 9 text. 

### 10

**Fig. S -**  **2.** Schematic of experimental apparatus used in the study. 

### 11 **S -**  **3 .**  **Heat dem and control s**  **ystem** 

### 12 13 The heat load demand w as simulated by extracting the R WHH outlet heat with a water/water heat exchanger 

### 14 coupled to the building chilled w ater supply (Fig. S
- 2) . The R WHH units were operated in a mode where hot water 

### 15 wa s continuously circulated through the water/water heat exchanger and the unit’s water jacket. The w ater flow 

### 16 system consists of tw o 25 mm outside diameter, oxygen barrier lines insulated with high density urethane. The same 

### 17 plumbing system was used for all four units tested. The inlet and outlet temperatures of both the chilled water and 

### 18 re - circulated hot w ater w ere monitored, as w ell as the chilled w ater flow rate. The heat load demand control system 

### 19 dete rmined the change between the chilled water outlet temperature and the chilled water inlet of the heat 

### 20 exchanger. The system controlled the heat removal by adjusting the chilled water flow rate through the use of the 

### 21 proportional valve. The heat load de man d control scheme is shown in Fig. S
- 3
. 

### 22

### 4 23 **Fig. S -**  **3 .**  Diagram of heat demand control system. 

### 24 **S -**  **4 .**  **Heat load p rofile**  

### 25 As discussed in the main text, t he heat load profile (Fig. S
- 4 ) that was used throughout the testing program was 

### 26 derived from the Energy
- 10 TM simulation program for heat demand developed by the U. S. National Renewable 

### 27 Energy Laboratory for a 232 m 2 hom e located in Syracuse, New York. In this simulation, an averaged hour
- per 

### 28 hour heat load for the first 2 weeks of January as determined over a period of the last 25 y ears (courtesy of 

### 29 Brookhaven National Laboratory) was used. The average daily heat load for the first two weeks in January is about 

### 30 827 MJ. 

### 31

**Fig. S -**  **4 .**  H eat load profile used in all R WHH tests. 

### 32 Pr opor ti onal Valve Fl ow

mete r

Data Ac quisiti on Sy st emHeatExchanger

OWH H Outlet W ate r Tem pe rature

OW HH Inlet Wa te r Tem pe rature Th ermocoupl e Thermo co uple Pr opor ti onal Valve Fl ow

mete r

Data Ac quisiti on Sy st emHeatExchanger

OWH H Outlet W ate r Tem pe rature

OW HH Inlet Wa te r Tem pe ratureHeatExchanger OWH H Outlet W ate r Tem pe rature

OW HH Inlet Wa te r Tem pe rature Th ermocoupl e Thermo co uple

**0 2**  **4 6**  **8 10**  **12 14** 

**266 267**  **267 268**  **268 269**  **269 270** 

**1 2**  **3 4**  **5 6**  **7 8**  **9 10**  **11 12**  **13 14**  **15 16**  **17 18**  **19 20**  **21 22**  **23 24** **H e** **a t** **L o** **a d** **( k** **W )** **A m** **b i** **e n** **t T** **e m** **p e** **r a** **t u** **r e** **( o** **K )** 

**Time of**  **D ay**  **(Hours) Temperature**  **Heat Load** 

### 5

**S -**  **5 .**  **Detailed experimental r esults**  

### 33 The specific experimen t al data used to generate Fig. 2, Fig. 3 , and Fig. 5 of the main text is shown in Tables 

### 34 S
- 3, S
- 4 , and S
- 5 , respectively. Also shown in these tables is the 1 σ error associated w ith each average value. 

### 35 Additional inform ation can also be found in the final report for the study (Gullett et al., 2012). Table S
- 6 also 

### 36 provides the detailed chemical c om position of the particles generated by Appliances A, B, and C. 

### 37 **Table S -**  **3.** 

### 38 Thermal performance data. a 

### 39 Appliance and fuel type Thermal efficiency (%) Boiler

efficiency (%) Com

bustion efficiency (%) Appliance A
- Oak 22 + 5.0 NA 74 + 3.0 Appliance A
- Oak+Refuse 31 + 2.2 NA 87 + 3.4 Appliance A
- Pine 29 + 1.8 NA 82 + 3.2 Appliance B
- Oak 30 + 3.2 NA 86 + 1.8 Appliance C
- Pellets 44 + 4.1 86 + 3.5 98 + 0.16 Appliance D
- Oak NA 83 + 0.71 90 + 0.79 a NA = not available. 

### 40 41 **Table S -**  **4 .**  

### 42 Em ission factors for gas
- phase air pollutants. a 

### 43 Appliance and fuel type Carbon dioxide

(g kg - 1 dry

fuel) Carbon monoxide (g kg - 1 dry

fuel) Total hydrocarbons

(g kg - 1 dry

fuel) Nitrous oxide (mg

kg - 1 dry fuel) Appliance A
Oak 1330 + 33.5 193 + 17.0 54.3 + 20.7 36.6 + 4.80 Appliance A
Oak + Refuse 1500 + 41.5 158 + 25.3 13.2 + 5.41 18.2 + 5.66 Appliance A
Pine 1530 + 176 189 + 39.0 33.6 6.35 + 1.76 Appliance B
Oak 1560 + 37.0 117 + 17.4 15.0 + 4.01 NA Appliance C
Pellets 1820 + 1.47 8.3 + 3.40 0.554 + 0.445 123 Appliance D
Oak 1520 + 77.0 140 + 37.0 14.2 + 4.34 59.6

a NA = not available. 

### 44 **Table S -**  **5 .**  

### 45 Em ission factors for particle
- phase air pollutants. 

### 46 Appliance and fuel type Total PM mass (g kg - 1 dry

fuel) Total PM number (particles kg - 1 dry

fuel) Appliance A
- Oak 24.8 + 2.05 1.44 x 10 14 + 3.76 x 10 13 Appliance A
- Oak+Refuse 24.3 + 2.96 1.07 x 10 14 + 5.42 x 10 13 Appliance A
- Pine 46.9 + 6.02 2.39 x 10 14 + 1.60 x 10 14 Appliance B
- Oak 4.55 + 2.47 4.61 x 10 13 + 4.45 x 10 13 Appliance C
- Pellets 0.312 + 0.183 8.50 x 10 10 Appliance D
- Oak 3.30 + 0.680 9.62 x 10 13 + 8.27 x 10 13 

### 47

### 6

**Table S -**  **6.** 

### 48 I norganic and organic particle composition. 

### 49 50 Elem ent Mass fraction b Appliance A Appliance B Appliance C K 0.0024 2 0.0279 0.140 Na 0.000107 0.001 10 0.0055 1 Si 0.00017 3 0.00275 0.0021 9 S 0.000147 0.00501 0.0423 Cl 0.000319 0.0064 8 0.0192 Ca 0 0 0.0023 1 Fe 0.00063 2 0.038 1 0.032 3 Cu 0.000688 0.028 8 0.024 9 Zn 0.0000776 0 0.00719 P 0 0 0.000482 O a 0.0013 3 0.037 7 0.0986 Total ash 0.0058 9 0.148 0.375 Organic carbon 0.92 5 0.801 0.250 Elem ental carbon 0.069 6 0.0511 0.375 **a** Assume s oxides. 

### 51 b Three significant figures. 

### 52 53 **S -**  **6 .**  **Supplemental data r eferences**  

### 54 55 Gullett,B., Dodder, R., Gilmour, I., Hays, M., Kinsey, J., Linak, W., Loughlin, D., Oudejans, L., Yelverton, T. , 

### 56 2012. Environmental, E nergy Market, and Health C harac terization of Wood
- Fired Hydronic Heater T echnologies. 

### 57 Report No. 12
- 15, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY. 

### 58 59 OMNI
- Test Laboratories, 2008. Certification Test Report, Central Boiler, Inc., Wood
- Fired Hydronic Heater. Report 

### 60 No. 072
- O
- 04
- 3, Beaverton, OR, July. 

### 61 62 OMNI
- Test Laboratories, 2007. Certification Test Report , Central Boiler, Inc., Wood
- Fired Hydron ic Heater . Report 

### 63 No. 117
- O
- 23
- 3, Beaverton, OR, December. 

### 64 65 USEPA , 2012. Test Method 28 OWHH for M easurement of P articulate E missio ns and H eating Efficiency of 

### 66 Outdoor Wood
- Fired Hydronic Heating A ppliances. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality 

### 67 Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/prelim/otm15.pdf (accessed 

### 68 24.08.12)
. 

### 69 70