# EUR-Lex - 52012SC0388 - EN

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# 52012SC0388

**COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER Obstacles to access by Andorra, Monaco and San Marino to the EU's Internal Market and Cooperation in other Areas Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS EU Relations with the Principality of Andorra, the Principality of Monaco and the Republic of San Marino Options for Closer Integration with the EU /* SWD/2012/0388 final */**

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OBSTACLES
TO ACCESS BY THE SMALL-SIZED COUNTRIES TO THE INTERNAL MARKET AND COOPERATION
IN OTHER AREAS

CONTENTS

1. Chapter One: Free
Movement of Persons and Visa-Free Travel

1.1. Visa-Free
Travel and Schengen

1.2. Free Movement
Of Persons, their Family Members, And Students

1.3. Free Movement
Of Persons in the EU’s Relations With Third Countries

2. Chapter Two:  Free
Movement of Services and Freedom of Establishment

2.1. Key Obstacles

2.2. Mutual
Recognition of Professional Qualifications

3. Chapter Three: Free
Movement of Goods

3.1. Andorra

3.2. Monaco

3.3. San Marino

4. Chapter Four: Free
Movement of Capital

4.1. Capital
Movements from the Small-Sized Countries into the EU

4.2. Capital
Movements from the EU into the Small-Sized Countries

4.3. How Free
Movement of Capital is dealt with in the EU’s Relations with Third Countries

5. Chapter Five: Cooperation
beyond the Four Freedoms

5.1. Cooperation
Agreements

5.2. Common Foreign and
Security Policy

5.3. Specific
Concerns of the Small-Sized Countries on Flanking and Horizontal Policies

5.4. Other Areas of
Cooperation

5.5. How Cooperation
Beyond the Four Freedoms is Dealt with in the EU’s Relations with its Close
Neighbours (EEA and Switzerland)

Purpose
and Content of this Staff Working Paper

This
Staff Working Paper is a factual description of the relations between the EU
and the Principality of Andorra, the Principality of Monaco and the Republic of
San Marino, and is based partly on information provided by these countries
regarding the obstacles they face in accessing the Internal Market. It is an
indicative guide to these relations, not an exhaustive analysis.

CHAPTER 1: FREE
MOVEMENT OF PERSONS AND VISA-FREE TRAVEL

This
chapter covers the free movement of persons, both for the purposes of short-term
(up to three months) entry, transit and stay (section 1.1.); and for employment
and long-term residence (section 1.2.). Finally, it summarises how the EU deals
with the free movement of persons in its relations with third countries
(section 1.3.).

1.1. Visa-Free Travel and Schengen

Situation of the small-sized countries

Citizens of the three small-sized countries (Andorra, San Marino and
Monaco) are third-country nationals. Nevertheless, they can enter and travel
through the EU without a visa. Indeed, by virtue of Council Regulation
539/2001,[1] nationals of the
small-sized countries may enter, transit through, and travel freely within the
Schengen zone for a period of up to three months within any six month period
without a visa. Although not yet full members of Schengen, Bulgaria, Cyprus and
Romania apply Regulation 539/2001. Nationals from the three small-sized
countries can therefore travel to these countries without a visa, under the
same conditions that apply in the Schengen zone. Ireland and the UK are not
members of Schengen and have their own entry requirements, but do not require a
visa from citizens of the three small-sized countries for stays of no more than
6 months as general visitor.

Andorra

As
Andorra is not part of the Schengen area, border controls are carried out at
its borders with the neighbouring Schengen states, France and Spain. However,
Andorra coordinates its visa requirements with the Schengen area and accepts
Schengen visas. For stays of EU citizens in Andorra of up to 90 days there is
freedom of circulation without a visa or permit. For stays longer than 90 days
a residence permit is required.

Monaco

Monaco is not a Contracting Party to the Schengen Convention.
However, by virtue of two bilateral agreements with France[2],
its territory is within the external borders of the Schengen area;
consequently, EU and Monaco nationals can travel freely without a visa
throughout the whole of the Schengen area, including Monaco. The agreements
provide for the necessary security safeguards and the establishment of controls
at Monaco’s external borders, which are carried out by the French authorities at the authorised external border crossing points
Monaco-Heliport and Monaco-Port. In addition, Monégasque
residence permits are equivalent to Schengen visas.

Unlike
San Marino and Andorra nationals, Monégasque nationals are not permitted to use
“EU” corridors at Schengen entry points. Monaco would appreciate if its
nationals could benefit from the same treatment.

San Marino

Although
San Marino is not a part of the Schengen area, no external border checks are
carried out at the crossing points between Italy and San Marino. San Marino
does not participate in other elements of the Schengen acquis, such as
police and judicial cooperation[3].

Use of EU corridors

A pragmatic approach has been agreed between the EU on the one hand,
and Andorra and San Marino on the other, on the facilitation of the entry of
their nationals into the Schengen area. The Council's Strategic Committee on
Immigration, Frontiers and Asylum (SCIFA) agreed in 2004 that citizens of
Andorra and San Marino may use “EU” corridors at Schengen entry points[4].
These measures are currently applied by the Schengen Member States on a
pragmatic, voluntary basis[5] and are not based on any
formal agreement with Andorra and San Marino.

Problems faced by the small-sized countries

1. Nationals of the small-sized countries need a residence permit for
stays in the EU Member States of over 3 months (please see under "free
movement of persons", below);

2. 
Contrary to the established practice mentioned
above (which does not apply to Monégasque nationals), nationals of Andorra and
San Marino are not always permitted to use the EU/EEA corridor at Schengen
entry points.

3. Nationals of the small-sized countries are sometimes asked to show a
visa at the airport (by the airline desk or immigration officials) when they
want to board a plane to return, via EU territory, to their home country from
outside Europe. This can cause inconvenience and delays.

1.2. Free Movement of Persons, their Family Members, and Students

Situation of the small-sized countries

Given
that citizens of the three small-sized countries are not EU citizens and cannot
benefit from all the rights that EU law provides for EU citizens, nationals of the
small-sized countries require a permit to work, study or reside in the EU
Member States. Currently, the conditions for obtaining a permit vary, depending
on the Member State and type of employment. Immigration is a competence shared
between the EU and the Member States. Admission of third-country nationals is
decided at national level, whereas some rights and conditions are harmonised at
EU level. Andorra and San Marino have cooperation agreements with the EU but their
scope as regards rights on movement of workers is limited to non-discrimination
as regards conditions of employment[6]. The Cooperation and
Customs Union Agreement with San Marino also provides for a legal basis for
implementing provisions to set up a limited set of social security coordination
rules between the EU Member States and San Marino[7].

Bilateral agreements

Andorra

Andorra
has concluded bilateral agreements with France, Spain and Portugal on the free
movement of persons. These agreements cover the right of residence and
professional establishment of their citizens including student mobility and
mutual recognition of professional qualifications, as well as social security
coordination. Andorran workers and students need a work and residence permit
(or simply a residence permit in the case of students).

Monaco

Monaco
has concluded a bilateral agreement with France on the free movement of persons
which provides that Monégasque nationals do not require a permit to work, study
or reside in France. Monaco also has bilateral agreements with France on social
security coordination and the mutual recognition of professional
qualifications. What is more, Monaco signed, on 12 February 1982, a general
social security Convention with Italy.

San Marino

San
Marino has concluded a bilateral agreement with Italy on the free movement of
persons [8]. This allows San Marino
nationals to work and reside in Italy.

Problems faced by the small-sized countries

Nationals
of the small-sized countries face the usual immigration procedures if they want
to work, reside, bring their families to or study in the EU. In particular,
their nationals have none of the following rights enjoyed by EU citizens[9]:

· 
Freedom of movement for employment purposes
throughout the EU; the experience of San Marino nationals[10]
shows that the complexity of procedures to obtain a residence permit is an
obstacle to obtaining employment in EU Member States. It is difficult to obtain
from businesses a prior declaration of employment, which is necessary in order
to apply for a stay permit. For stays over three months, a visa or residence
permit is required. This is granted on the basis of specific criteria, such as
the availability of sufficient economic means and accommodation;

· 
The right to stay in the EU after the end of
economic activity; for example, if a San Marino national is already in the EU
when his stay permit for the purposes of employment expires, he has to return
to San Marino to regularise his position;

The right of residence and pursuit of an
  economic activity for members of the family; 
 Free movement of persons for the purposes of
  education and research;
 Access to EU research funding;
 Social security coordination[11]
  and the mutual recognition of professional qualifications[12].

Conditions for EU nationals to work and reside in the small-sized
countries

Andorra

Frontier
workers, temporary workers, active residents and non-active residents who are nationals
of one of the neighbouring countries of Andorra, a Member State of the EU, or one
of the EEA EFTA countries, are given priority as regards immigration
authorisations. Nationals of other countries are subject to the immigration
requirements established by the international treaties in force in Andorra.

Authorisations
are granted subject to the quotas approved by the government. In the event of
acceptance, the requester receives an authorisation for one year, renewable
three times for a period of two years, which includes the right to have medical
insurance cover, family reunification from the end of the first year and access
to an employment agency in case of unemployment. From
the end of the seventh year, the renewal is granted for a period of ten years.

Anyone applying in order to obtain an
immigration authorisation for studies or to carry out research of scientific or
similar nature can reside in the country only during the duration of the
studies or research for which they have received this authorisation. A new law
on Foreign Investment entered into force July 19, 2012 and opens the liberal
professions to nationals of third countries provided that Andorrans have reciprocal
rights in those countries. Moreover, a new law
modifying the Law on Immigration (9/2012) was adopted in May 2012 and
establishes two requirements, both of which must be fulfilled by passive
residents:

- 
to invest an amount of 400.000 euros in the
country

- 
to reside in Andorra for at least 90 days per
annum

It also introduces two new categories of residence
permit:

A residence permit for professionals
  with an international projection that can be granted to foreign individuals
  with a main permanent residence in Andorra of at least 90 days per annum
  and who carry out a professional activity
 A residence permit by reason of
  scientific, cultural and sportive interest that can be granted to foreign
  individuals who have a good international reputation in the fields of
  science, culture and sports, and who have their main residence in Andorra
  at least 90 days per annum. The requester must deposit a sum of 30,000
  euros with the INAF (Andorra’s entity for banking supervision) as well as
  7,000 euros for each dependant (eg spouse, child). This money stays
  blocked without the payment of interest until the person’s departure.

Monaco

To enter and/or reside in Monaco

The agreement between Monaco and France
of 15 December 1997[13] provides inter alia  that:

· 
Any
person of foreign nationality who wishes to enter the territory of Monaco and
to stay there for a period not exceeding three months must possess a document
that would be required to enter France (passport, travel or identity document);

· 
French
nationals must simply be holders of a French national identity card.

European Economic Area (EEA) nationals,
including EU Member State citizens, do not require a visa to reside in Monaco.
However, to obtain a residence permit (carte de séjour), they must apply
to the Residents Section of the Directorate of Public Security and submit the necessary
documents.

To work in Monaco as an employee

As
Monégasque nationals are a minority in their own country, Monaco considers that
the job priority system is the only way for Monégasque nationals to live and
work in Monaco[14]. Foreign nationals
(including EU citizens) wanting to work as employed persons in Monaco require a
work permit and every change of job requires a new permit. An employer who
wishes to hire or re-hire a foreign national must obtain written authorisation
before the person starts work. This authorisation can be refused if priority
jobseekers, as defined by the law of Monaco, hold the same qualifications. Foreign
nationals require a job offer, in the form of an employment commitment from the
Employment Service, in order to obtain a residence permit.

Unemployment
Persons made redundant and residing in Monaco must register with the Employment
Service in order to receive unemployment benefits. Foreign nationals must
present themselves with a redundancy letter and a valid residence card.

San Marino

San
Marino immigration law makes no distinction between EU citizens and foreign
nationals. EU citizens and other foreign nationals may freely enter, circulate
and stay in San Marino for up to 20 days without a visa. For stays of between
21 and 90 days, a tourist permit is required. Beyond 90 days, a residence or
cohabitation permit (permis de séjour) is required. Holders of such a
permit have the same rights as San Marino citizens, except voting rights. They
can therefore look for and accept offers of employment, subject to registration
in the job seekers list. However, the laws of San Marino do not automatically
grant the right of family reunification to migrant workers and their families.

Residence
and cohabitation permits are not subject to a quota system but a special
authorisation to reside in San Marino is issued by the competent San Marino
authorities upon request. A quota system applies only to certain kinds of
temporary and seasonal jobs. These kinds of stay temporary and seasonal permits
(permis de séjour temporaire) are granted subject to quotas set annually
by the government based on real needs, after having heard the opinion of the
economic and social categories involved.

As
regards safety, social security and healthcare, the laws of San Marino provide
for the recognition of all the benefits provided for in the main EU legislative
acts. San Marino has also entered into specific Agreements with a number of
countries (Belgium, France, Italy and Switzerland).

The
EU-San Marino Cooperation and Customs Union Agreement establishes a regime free
of any discrimination between San Marino citizens and EU citizens as regards
work conditions, salaries and social security. It also provides for the right
to the aggregation of the periods of contribution accrued in different
contracting Parties. Foreign workers, including EU citizens, in possession of a
regular residence permit (frontier workers excluded) and who are employed enjoy
the same benefits guaranteed to San Marino employees. As regards the protection
of the rights of employees and self-employed persons to supplementary pension
schemes, San Marino has adopted a legislative measure (Law no.191 of 6 December
2011), which establishes a Supplementary Pension Fund (called FONDISS). All
workers, whether employees or self-employed persons, whether San Marino
nationals or foreigners, who are entered in the first-pillar pension fund
automatically join the Supplementary Pension Fund if they have not reached the
age of 50 when the above-mentioned law enters into force. However, this is
without prejudice to the right of the workers who are already 50 years of age
to join the fund on a voluntary basis.

Every
San Marino or foreign citizen who is registered with the national health and
social security service and resides in San Marino receives a health system
card, giving access to medical and health facilities.

1.3. Free Movement of Persons in the EU’s Relations with Third
Countries

As
a means of comparison, this section outlines how the free movement of persons
is dealt with in the EU's relations with other (non-EU) west European countries.

1) Schengen

Norway
and Iceland are Parties to the Schengen Agreement since 1996, and are part of
the Schengen area. When the Schengen acquis was integrated into the EU,
the special relationship with these countries was maintained[15].

Switzerland
and Liechtenstein are associated to the implementation, application and
development of the Schengen acquis and form part of the Schengen area[16].

2) Free Movement of Persons

European Economic Area (EEA)

The
Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA), provides for the free movement
of persons under identical conditions as within the EU. This includes the right
to entry, residence (Directive 2004/38/EC has been incorporated into the EEA
Agreement) and access to work as employed persons[17].
The EEA Agreement also provides for social security coordination and the mutual
recognition of qualifications. The EEA Agreement provides for the same
transitional arrangements as regards the free movement of workers as apply
within the EU for workers from Member States that have acceded recently to the
EU and to whom the scope of the EEA Agreement has been extended.

Free Movement of Persons Agreement with Switzerland

The
Free Movement of Persons Agreement (FMPA) with Switzerland provides for the
free movement of persons under broadly rather similar conditions as within the
EU. This includes the right to entry, residence, access to work as employed
persons and the right to stay in the territory of the Contracting Parties, as
well as provide cross-frontier services[18]. However,
Directive 2004/38[19] has not yet been
incorporated into the Agreement, so that the current legal situation closely
mirrors the state of EU law on the free movement of EU citizens as it existed
before that Directive was adopted. The Agreement also provides for social
security coordination and the mutual recognition of qualifications. Article 10 FMPA
contains transitional provisions, including a safeguard clause, that allow
Switzerland to apply quantitative limitations for employed and self-employed
workers, control on priority of workers integrated into the labour market and
wage and working conditions applicable to EU nationals during a transitional
period after the entry into force of the agreement and after extension of the
agreement to new EU Member States.

CHAPTER 2: FREE
MOVEMENT OF SERVICES AND FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT

The
small-sized countries face significant obstacles in the area of the free
movement of services and freedom of establishment. These freedoms are not
provided for in any of the agreements concluded by the EU with the small-sized
countries. While there are no restrictions on companies from the small-sized
countries establishing a business activity or investing in an EU Member State
when they operate in the EU from a subsidiary established as a company in a
Member State, such establishment may be subject to authorisation if no separate
legal person is created; indeed, there is no right of establishment for third
country legal persons (as for natural persons).

Once
established in one Member State, the entity in question is free to provide
services in all other Member States in conformity with EU and national law,
without discrimination[20]. However, in the case of
companies based in the small-sized countries, establishment in the EU may
increase their costs due to the need for an economic presence and associated
administrative procedures. A presence in the EU may also be necessary to meet
the requirements of EU legislation on consumer protection (eg after-sales
customer service based in the EU). These constraints may particularly
discourage small and micro-enterprises from doing business in the EU[21].

2.1. Key Obstacles

In
addition, key obstacles and specificities raised by the small-sized countries
are summarised below.

Andorra

Andorran citizens do not have access to the liberal professions in
the EU (lawyers, architects, engineers, doctors etc) and cannot establish
themselves as self-employed persons. The only exceptions are France, Spain and
Portugal, with which Andorra has signed bilateral agreements allowing their
nationals to establish themselves in Andorra for the purpose of exercising an
activity in the liberal professions (eg lawyers, architects, engineers,
doctors). Reciprocally, Andorrans benefit from the same rights in the
aforementioned three countries[22].

Andorra
has expressed its wish to obtain the freedom of establishment for Andorran
companies within the internal market to support its economic growth.
Nevertheless, Andorra has highlighted that it would like to open its own market
for establishment and services only gradually and on the basis of transitional
periods in order to enable a gradual process of adaptation in the various
sectors.

Andorra
would also like to become more integrated into the EU’s internal market for
transport services[23]. Andorran law is in this
area is already partly based on the EU acquis. Andorra has indicated that
multi-modal policies for transport are also compatible with Andorran interests.
Andorra has bilateral agreements with France, Spain and Portugal that regulate
the road transport of passengers and goods in the contracting Parties. Concerning
road cabotage, there is a trilateral agreement with France and Spain and
bilateral agreements with other countries. The Andorran government is also
studying the possibility of creating a heliport.

Driving licenses

Concerning
the recognition of driving licenses, currently Andorra recognizes and exchanges
driving licenses of the countries with which a bilateral  Agreement  has been
concluded. Andorra has expressed a wish to find a more general solution to this
problem considering the small number of Andorran driving licenses exchanged so
far.

Monaco

The
territory of Monaco is integrated into the EU Customs Union. Nevertheless, companies
of this country do not have access to the EU road haulage market[24].
The activities of these transport companies are limited and encounter many
difficulties in neighbouring countries, whereas Monaco does not impose any
restrictions on European transport companies. In the absence of an agreement on
that matter with the EU, bilateral agreements would need to be negotiated
separately with each of the Member States, which could be a cumbersome process.

In
the field of air transport, Monaco was a member of the Joint Aviation
Authorities (JAA) and has expressed a wish to join the European Safety Aviation
Agency (ESAA) as a European third country, in accordance to article 66 of the
ESAA rules establishing the Agency. The civil aviation is under the process of
standardization in order to meet the required criteria of the ESAA and Monaco
envisages the signing of an agreement with the Commission. Furthermore, Monaco
Civil Aviation was accredited by EASA in June 2011 in accordance with article
66 of the rules establishing the Agency.

Monaco
would like to conclude an agreement with the EU that would permit Monégasque
companies to have the same freedoms as European companies have in Europe
(France and Italy in particular) and Switzerland and allow Monégasque companies
and civil aviation to be recognised and/or accredited at European level in
matters of security and safety.

Regarding
financial services, Monaco became an official member of the SEPA in March  2009.
As Monaco is not an EU Member State, companies established in Monaco are not
allowed to provide services in the EU. For instance, financial services
including UCITS under Monégasque law, cannot be marketed in the EU or be
included in European products. Similarly, financial advice and portfolio
management cannot be supplied by providers established in Monaco for clients in
the EU.

San Marino

Financial services and related issues

San
Marino has identified several problems in the area of financial services and
related areas. Only some of these problems fall within EU competence, whereas
others relate to inter alia international financial rules and the
practices of private companies. Where they fall within EU competence, the
problems raised by San Marino concerning financial services and related issues
can only be partly solved in the framework of existing agreements.

Over
the past years, San Marino has undertaken a process, which is still ongoing, of
gradual adjustment of its economic and financial system to international and EU
standards. Cooperation has been strengthened both with international bodies
(IMF, OECD, Moneyval, the EU) and individual countries, in particular EU Member
States in the areas of anti-money laundering, corporate law, tax cooperation,
banking supervision and, more generally, banking and financial law. In
particular, in the revised Monetary Agreement with the EU, San Marino commits
itself to comply with the EU acquis on banking and financial matters
according to a specific timetable.

Obstacles in other areas

San
Marino has stated that its nationals and companies do not have the right to
provide services, including notary services, in the EU because there is no
agreement with the EU on the right of establishment or the cross-border
provision of services. San Marino has highlighted that, in this context, its
companies are not permitted to provide telecommunication services in the EU
under the same conditions as EU operators, mentioning in particular the EU
licence issuing regime which entails additional formalities and therefore costs
for its operators. San Marino also regrets that, as a non-Member State, it is
also excluded from EU policy initiatives aimed at improving telecoms services
in the EU Member States.

As
regards the transport of persons, San Marino is considering becoming a Party to
international agreements, including the Interbus Agreement[25].
The part of the acquis related to railway transport is not applicable to
San Marino, as no international railway connections exist. Moreover, San Marino
has expressed a possible interest in joining the European Aviation Safety
Agency (EASA).

2.2. Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualifications[26]

The
small-sized countries currently face obstacles because their professional
qualifications are not systematically recognised by the EU Member States. Under
the EU system, Directive 2005/36/EC aims to achieve the
mutual recognition of professional qualifications[27]
in order to realise the free movement of persons and services in the EU’s
internal market.

CHAPTER 3: FREE
MOVEMENT OF GOODS

Bilateral
trade in goods between the EU and the three small-sized countries is
facilitated by customs union agreements: Monaco has one with France and is part
of the customs territory of the EU; whereas San Marino and Andorra both have a
customs union agreement with the EU. However, the small-sized countries face
market access obstacles in the form of technical barriers to trade: in order to
be placed on the EU market, goods from these countries must meet the EU’s
internal market standards and rules, such as on product safety and consumer protection.

Companies
based in the small-sized countries may face obstacles to selling their goods in
the EU, even if the country where they are established has unilaterally taken
over the relevant EU acquis - the existence of an agreement with the EU is in
most cases still necessary, notably to recognise the legislation and its
implementation as meeting EU standards. What is more, even where a small-sized
country has an agreement with the EU, it needs to be updated to keep pace with
the evolution of EU legislation.

In
the case of Andorra and San Marino, standard customs procedures, including a
declaration, apply. These formalities may occasionally cause delays.

3.1. Andorra

To
date, the Customs Union Agreement concluded in 1990 between the Principality of
Andorra and the EEC, only covers industrial goods[28]
produced in Andorra or third country industrial products that are put into free
circulation there. The Agreement provides
for the elimination of customs duties, charges having equivalent effect and quantitative
restrictions in trade between the
two signatory parties, on the one
hand; and for the adoption by Andorra of the EU acquis on imports vis-à-vis third countries
in the customs union and the implementation of measures under the
trade policy applied by the EU to imports, on the
other hand.

The
Agreement also establishes a specific regime for agricultural products
(Chapters1-24 HS) not covered by the Customs Union. Andorran agricultural
products that meet the conditions set out in "Appendix origin" part of the
agreement are exempt from import duties when entering the EU. In return, Andorra provides
a tariff preference of 60% of the
autonomous rate applied to manufactured tobacco in the EU and will
not adopt a an import scheme more favourable
to goods from third countries than to
goods originating in the EU.

Andorra
considers the possibility of extending the scope of the customs union to cover
all Harmonized System (HS) chapters so as to include agricultural products
(whether or not processed) of HS Chapters 1-24 which are currently only free
from import duties when they originate in Andorra.

Furthermore
Andorra, signed on
15 May 1997 in Brussels a Protocol on veterinary matters, which has
led to tangible improvements in the conditions applicable to cross-border trade
in live animals and products of animal origin. Nevertheless, Andorra has
commented that some problems remain, including difficult and complicated
administrative formalities. Moreover, Andorra would like greater clarity
concerning the treatment of the exports of products of vegetable origin in the
EU territory after the adoption of the Law of Animal’s Health and Food Security
equivalent to EU legislation.

With a view to ensuring the smooth flow of bilateral trade, the EU
and Andorra concluded, in December 2010, a Protocol extending the scope of the
customs union agreement to customs security measures. This Protocol stipulates
that Andorra shall apply customs security measures that are equivalent to the
ones in force in the EU. In return, some of the
security measures - such as the obligation for traders to present pre-arrival and
pre-departure information to customs - are waived for trade between Andorra and
the EU.

3.2. Monaco

Having
regard to the 1963 Customs Convention between the Principality of Monaco and
France[29], Monaco is integrated
into the Community Customs territory since 1968[30].
The French authorities are responsible for customs inspection and clearance and
for the levying of customs duty for Monaco. Monaco has therefore to apply EU
customs law (Customs Code and related EU customs regulations such as the common
customs tariff on imports from third countries). Customs declarations are not
requested for the movement of goods between Monaco and the Member States of the
Union.

In
addition, the Franco-Monégasque agreements signed on 18 May 1963 and 26 May
2003 provide that value added tax is set and collected at Monaco on the same
basis and using the same rate as in France. The agreements created a shared
account of the tax levied in France and Monaco. Monaco is integrated into the
European System of VAT.

Preferential
trade agreements concluded by the EU with third countries may cause
questions/difficulty for goods originating in Monaco. The territorial scope of
those agreements is often the territory of the EU and not the territory of the
Customs Union. Therefore, Monaco not being part of the EU territory, certain
third countries refuse to grant preferential treatment to goods originating in
Monaco. In order to avoid this, such agreements should stipulate that the
preferential treatment applies to goods originating in the EU customs
territory, which includes Monaco.

Goods
originating or being in free circulation in Monaco benefit from the free
movement of goods inside the EU. They may however encounter obstacles on EU
territory, in particular where the EU has established specific rules
harmonizing the laws of the Member States (establishment of the internal
market). This explains why the Principality signed a bilateral agreement with
the EC in 2003 on the application of certain Community acts on the territory of
Monaco[31].

Export of live animals

Monaco
faces legal difficulties with the holding of international festivals involving
live animals that enter from the EU, such as the Festival International du
Cirque. According to EU rules, these animals should not be re-exported to
the EU because Monaco is a third country and does not have an agreement with
the EU in this area. The EU has such agreements with other small states[32].
Their key principles are as follows:

Imports from third countries into "small-sized
  countries" must go through a Border Inspection Post in a Member
  State, which is on the outer frontiers of the EU; 
 The small-sized countries apply all
  relevant provisions of EU legislation; 
 Exports from these small-sized countries to
  the EU are, on this basis, treated as intra-EU trade.

At present, Monaco would only be able to export live
animals to the EU via an existing Border Inspection
Post in France. The setting up of such a Post would require an arrangement with France and the formal recognition of
Monaco as an eligible third country.

Food security

Monégasque
companies face difficulties putting animal products or products of animal
origin on the EU market, despite Monaco having adopted legislation which is
designed to be equivalent to the EU acquis on food security. However, the EU
has neither reviewed the Monégasque legislation in detail, nor has it formally
agreed that its provisions are being enforced by a competent authority and
inspection services. Monaco currently does not participate in the key EU
instruments (EFSA and TRACES) that provide for food safety checks[33].
For the time being therefore, Monaco is not authorised to export food of animal
origin to the EU[34].

Another option that the Monégasque authorities wish to
explore is the conclusion of a sectoral agreement with the EU that would
integrate Monaco in the TRACES system (Trade Control and Expert System).

Chemical goods

As
regards the REACH Directive, Monégasque companies are unable to register the
chemical substances in the central database run by the European Chemistry
Agency (ECHA). This has created difficulties for Monégasque companies wishing
to market chemical products in the EU. In the absence of the establishment of a
registration process directly open to companies from Monaco (similar to that
available for companies of Liechtenstein, Norway and Iceland) access to the
REACH database and the EU internal market will remain problematic.

Waste

Monaco
has highlighted that the application of the EU legislation on waste management[35]
creates difficulties for Monégasque companies which would like to export waste
to France for treatment/disposal. In
application of the customs union with France, Monégasque companies could be
assimilated to French companies in order to have access to French eco-organisms
for the management of their waste.

Medicinal and cosmetic products

Monaco
has reported that Monégasque companies that produce medicinal products for
human and veterinary medicine, cosmetics and medical devices, have in some
cases experienced difficulties in placing them on the market in the EU. Monaco
has therefore raised concerns about possible conflicting interpretations of the
EU-Monaco Agreement of 4 December 2003 which covers trade in these products.

Convention CITES

Monaco
has raised the issue of EU legislation implementing the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) and
its effects on Monaco. Monaco is concerned that, in legal terms, the co-existence
of a dual customs system has led to discriminatory treatment and legal
uncertainty for Monaco and the companies established there.

3.3. San Marino

In
1991 the EU and San Marino concluded an agreement on customs union and
cooperation[36]. The previous status of
participating in the Community customs territory did not guarantee equivalent
treatment of Sammarinese goods from third countries; the new agreement
established a customs union for industrial and agricultural products, with
certain exceptions[37]. It is also important to
mention that the "Omnibus" decision[38] of the EC-San
Marino Cooperation Committee effectively gives San Marino an equivalent
position to Member States as far as trade in food, plants and animals is
concerned.

Customs Problems encountered by San Marino:

San
Marino has identified several customs-related problems. Only some of these
problems fall within EU competence, whereas others relate to inter alia
international customs rules and the practices of private companies. Where the problems
raised by San Marino concerning customs issues fall within EU competence, it
should be possible to solve them within the framework of the existing
agreement.

Technical harmonization

Regarding
the areas where European technical harmonization exists, San Marino operators
have to rely on representatives established in the Community territory, with
whom the technical documents of the San Marino producer are deposited. This
generates additional costs for San Marino operators compared to their Community
operators.

San
Marino companies encounter similar difficulties in marketing chemicals in the
EU as Monégasque companies. However, with a view to allowing hazardous
chemicals and pesticides to be imported into San Marino and placed on the
international market, and in line with the provisions adopted in this regard by
the EU, San Marino has recently designated the necessary national Authority
with the task of performing the administrative functions under the Rotterdam
Convention of 10 September 1998 concerning prior informed consent procedure for
certain chemicals. Indeed, these functions also apply to third countries
although they are not party to the Convention.

Regarding
the areas where no European technical harmonization exists, San Marino cannot
rely on the principle of mutual recognition by way of referral to national provisions[39].
San Marino goods are subject to additional preliminary controls and, in case of
dispute, legal problems may also arise due to the impossibility to invoke this
principle, as opposed to Community producers.

Organic agricultural products

San
Marino operators dealing with organic agricultural products encounter
difficulties when they export or re-export these products to EU countries since
they cannot certify them as organic in the same way as EU operators do. More
specifically, three categories of business encounter these difficulties:

- 
Businesses that import products from non-EU
countries and then place them on the EU market;

- 
Businesses that produce organic products in San
Marino and then export them to the EU;

- 
Businesses that process agricultural products
coming from non-EU countries and that export processed products to the EU.

With Regulation (EC) No 508/2012 of 20 June 2012, the European
Commission has already recognised two Italian accredited control bodies[40]
for San Marino for equivalency purposes, under Article 33, paragraph 3 of
Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 and Article 10 of Regulation (EC) No 1235/2008 with
regard to the following product categories:

- 
Unprocessed plant products (Suolo e Salute
S.r.l.)

- 
Processed agricultural products for use as food
(ICEA)

San Marino
intends to submit to the European Commission a request for inclusion in the
list of third countries referred to in Article 33, paragraph 2 of Regulation
(EC) No 834/2007 and in Articles 7, 8 and 9 of Regulation (EC) No 1235/2008.

To this end,
the San Marino has already incorporated into its legal system, via Delegated
Decree No 94 of 27 July 2012, EU legislation on the production and labelling of
organic products and, more specifically, the following EC Regulations, as well
as the relevant amending and implementing acts:

a) 
Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 of the Council of 28
June 2007;

b) 
Regulation (EC) No 889/2008 of 5 September 2008;

c) 
Regulation (EC) No 1235/2008 of the Commission
of 8 December 2008.

With a view to fully implementing the above-mentioned
legislation, it is also envisaged that Enforcement Regulations be issued by the
competent San Marino bodies.

Health sector related products, including  pharmaceuticals

Some difficulties with the movement of goods derive from the fact
that the San Marino health authorities are not accredited to carry out the
necessary controls and issue customs authorisations in relation to goods bound
for San Marino, since also in these areas San Marino cannot benefit from mutual
recognition. This problem involves trade in health sector related products,
including pharmaceuticals. Moreover, for the purpose of the mutual recognition
of experiments regarding these products (with the corresponding inclusion in
the EU Database on Clinical Trials – Eudract), it is necessary that San Marino
products be recognised by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Without this
recognition these products cannot be marketed in the EU[41].

Cosmetic products

With regard to cosmetic products, San Marino companies encounter
some difficulties. As provided for in Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, companies
intending to place their products on the European market may transmit the
relevant notification in electronic format to the European Commission through
the "Cosmetic Product Notification Portal (CPNP)". From 11 July 2013,
this procedure will completely replace the current national notification
through paper documents. Given that only companies having their production
and/or distribution site in the EU will have access to the CPNP system, San Marino
companies will have no access and will therefore only be able to operate in
Europe if they establish a registered office an EU Member State. San Marino is very
concerned about the potential impact on its economy if this problem is not
solved[42].

Value-added Tax (VAT) pre-financing

San
Marino has decided to remain outside the EU VAT area for the time being.
Companies from San Marino therefore encounter difficulties with the cost of
import VAT. Both San Marino operators and purchasers operating on the EU market
have to bear additional costs, which derive from the import VAT payment charged
on trade with EU Member States. However, in the event that the imported goods
are used for taxable activities of the importers, they may deduct the import
VAT in their regular VAT returns. Some Member States also allow postponed
accounting, which is a simplification allowing operators to account for the
import VAT in a VAT return instead of paying it to customs.

CHAPTER 4: FREE
MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL

This Chapter on the free movement of capital is included for the
sake of comprehensiveness, even though the small-sized countries experience
very few difficulties in this area. The free movement of capital[43]
is at the heart of the Single Market and is one of its 'four freedoms'. It
enables integrated, open, competitive and efficient European financial markets
and services. For citizens it means the ability to do many operations abroad,
such as opening bank accounts, buying shares in non-domestic companies,
investing where the best return is, and purchasing real estate. For companies
it principally means being able to invest in and own other European companies
and take an active part in their management[44].
Capital movements mean any one of the following when carried out on a cross-border
basis:

· 
Foreign direct investment (FDI), including investments which establish or maintain lasting
links between a provider of capital (investor) and an enterprise (in effect
setting up, taking-over, or acquiring an important stake in a company or
institution);

· 
Real estate investments or purchases;

· 
Securities investments (e.g. in shares, bonds, bills, unit trusts);

· 
Granting of loans and credits; and

· 
Other operations with financial institutions, including personal capital operations such as dowries, legacies,
endowments, etc.

4.1. Capital Movements from the Small-Sized Countries into the EU

As
a general rule, the EU places no restrictions on the free movement of capital
or payments from the small-sized countries or any other third state. Article 63
TFEU[45] fully liberalises
capital movements.  It states “within the framework of the provisions of this
Chapter, all restrictions on the movement of capital between Member States and
between Member States and third countries shall be prohibited”. Art. 63
specifies that the same prohibition applies to payments.

However,
some limitations, exceptions and safeguard measures are specified in Articles
64-66 TFEU. In particular, with respect to third countries, Article 64(1)
indicates that the extension of the freedom to third countries is not
unlimited.  The Member States have the right to maintain restrictions on
capital movements that existed as at 31 December 1993 in the fields indicated[46].
As for Art 64(2) and 64(3), they provide for a differentiated decision-making
process. Thus, Art 64(2) states that the “...European Parliament and the Council,
acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, shall adopt the
measures on the movement of capital to or from third countries involving direct
investment - including investment in real estate - establishment, the provision
of financial services or the admission of securities to capital markets and Art
64(3). The provisions of Chapter 4 TFEU (on capital and payments) are also
“without prejudice to the applicability of restrictions on the right of
establishment which are compatible with the Treaties” (Article 65(2) TFEU).
Please also see the appendix to this chapter for details on specific
exceptions. Freedom of establishment for natural and legal persons is dealt
with in other chapters.

Finally,
when movements of capital to or from third countries cause, or threaten to
cause, serious difficulties for the operation of EMU the Council may take
safeguard measures not exceeding six months under Article 66 TFEU.

What
is more, EU law allows for certain exceptions to the general rule on free
movement of capital. For example Art. 65 TFEU provides that the rules on the
free movement of capital are without prejudice to the right of Member States to
take certain measures or lay down certain procedures, in particular “to prevent
infringements of national law and regulations” or those “which are justified on
grounds of public policy or public security”. In addition, Art. 65(2) TFEU
states that “the provisions of this Chapter shall be without prejudice to the
applicability of restrictions on the right of establishment which are
compatible with the Treaties.

Andorra

Andorra has highlighted several specific concerns, related in
particular to establishing or investing in a business, buying real estate or
opening a bank account in the EU. From an EU perspective, these points seem
rather to be associated with other EU rules, such as on the freedom of
establishment (see Chapter 2) or be due to commercial decisions of private
companies. Therefore, they appear not to be restrictions on the free movement
of capital from Andorra into the EU. Andorra has also pointed out that Regulation 1889/2005
on controls of cash entering or leaving the EU applies to Andorra’s borders
with France and Spain. These controls are designed to guard against misuse of
the financial system and money laundering and
are not a restriction on the free movement of capital.

Monaco

Monaco
has indicated that it is not experiencing difficulties in this area. On request
of the Monaco authorities, France obtained a derogation from Regulation
1781/2006 on cross-border transfers, allowing transfers between France and
Monaco to be treated as domestic transfers.

San Marino

The
memorandum submitted to the EU by the San Marino authorities highlights several
specific concerns. Although these appear in the section on the free movement of
capital, from an EU perspective these relate mainly to the freedom to provide
financial services.

4.2. Capital Movements from the EU into the Small-Sized Countries

The
small-sized countries place certain restrictions or conditions on the movement
of capital from the EU. Broadly, these mainly apply to three categories: the
real estate sector; financial sector; and corporate sector.

Andorra

A new law on Foreign Investment entered
into force July 19, 2012 and opens to foreigners the sector of liberal
professions on the basis of reciprocity for Andorrans. Previously, the law on foreign investment of 2008[47]
had already streamlined and liberalised the investment regime. However, under
the new law, there will still be a prior authorisation requirement and investments
that would affect inter alia Andorra’s sovereignty, security, law
enforcement, environment, public health or general interest can be blocked[48].
Foreign investment will also have to fulfil certain criteria, such as the
improvement of the competitiveness, technological progress and diversification
of Andorra’s economy. The new law also foresees a liberalisation of the
investment regime as regards: i) investment in real estate; ii) economic rights
of non-nationals resident in Andorra; iii) the exercise by non-nationals of a
liberal profession.

In
general terms, the new legislation contains the following stipulations on
foreign investment:

Classes and forms

Foreign investments can be made in cash or non-cash contributions
and can be in any of the following forms: (a) direct investment, (b) portfolio
investment, (c) real estate investment and (d) other forms of investment.

Collections and payments

The collections and payments arising from foreign investments and
their liquidation must take place through banking entities authorised in
Andorra or banking entities registered in any of the countries not considered
non-cooperative in matters of prevention of money laundering and the financing
of terrorism, as defined by the Financial Action Task Force

(FATF).

Direct investments

Direct investments consisting of holdings in Andorran companies
include the formation of a company; subscription and acquisition of all or part
of the company shares or participations, the acquisition of subscription rights
over company shares or participations, debentures convertible into shares or participations,
or other analogous investments which by their nature grant the right to take up
a holding in the capital of the company, and any legal business in virtue of which
political rights are acquired.

Portfolio investments

Portfolio investments are free and not subject either to the duty of
application for prior authorisation or the duties of formalisation and
declaration envisaged in the Law.

Real estate investments

Prior authorisation from the ministry competent in matters of
foreign investment is required for investments in real estate to be made by
non-resident foreigners; Andorran companies with a majority of foreign holdings
in the share capital or voting rights[49]; and branches or other
types of permanent establishment in Andorra for non-residents. Prior
authorisation from the ministry competent in matters of foreign investment is
also required for investments in real estate to be made by legal entities of
foreign nationality, including public entities of foreign sovereignty. These
investments in real estate must necessarily be linked to the development of the
legal entity’s activity.

Other forms of investment

Investments classifiable as other forms of investment require prior
authorisation from the ministry competent in matters of foreign investment. The
requirement of prior authorisation is replaced by subsequent declaration to the
Register of Foreign Investments in the case of acquisitions mortis causa.

Monaco

According to the agreement between France and Monaco of 14 April
1945 on foreign exchange control, the foreign exchange regulations in force in
France automatically apply in the Principality of Monaco. According to article
L151-1 of the French Monetary and Financial Code, Monaco is part of French
territory for the purposes of foreign exchange and financial relations with
third countries.

Thus, as in France, there is no restriction on investments in Monaco
from EU countries, which have to be declared for statistical purposes only.
However, a prior approval from the French Ministry of Economy is requested for
activities within the scope of public authority, or within the scope of one of
the following fields:

- activities likely to disturb public order, public safety or national
defence interests;

- research, production or sale of weapons, munitions, explosive
powders or ingredients.

Investments subject to prior approval are listed in articles R153-1
to R153-5 of the French Monetary and Financial Code.

Lastly, Monaco law provides for an administrative
authorisation to do business and registration in the Directory of Commerce and
Industry at the time of incorporation of a new activity, whatever the field of
such activity.

Portfolio investments

There are no restriction on portfolio investments.

Real estate investments

There are no restriction on real estate investments.

Banking and financial sector

The Principality of Monaco and France
constitute a relatively homogenous market for banking activities. Indeed, under
the Franco-Monégasque Convention of 14 April 1945 and exchanges of letters with
France in 1963, 2001, 2005 and 2010, French rules for the organisation of the
banking sector are applicable in Monaco, and credit establishments located in
the Principality are placed under the jurisdiction of the French supervisory
authorities. Any investment in the banking sector is subject to prior approval
of the French supervisory authorities.

Financial activities in Monaco are governed by Law No. 1 338 of 7
September 2007 as implemented by Sovereign Order No. 1 284 of 10 September
2007, while collective investment undertakings are governed by Law No. 1 339 of
7 September 2007 and Sovereign Order No. 1 285 of 10 September 2007.

A
licence for the setting up of financial activities is issued by the independent
administrative authority instituted by Law No. 1 338, the Financial Activities
Audit Committee (Commission de Contrôle des Activités Financières,
CCAF).

San Marino

In
general, San Marino legislation permits the free movement of capital from and
to the EU. Residents in the EU (like other non-residents of San Marino) may
transfer and hold capital in San Marino[50]. However,
there are some restrictions and conditions on investment in San Marino, which
are summarised here by sector of activity.

Portfolio investment

In
general, there are no restrictions on portfolio investments in San Marino,
including on the establishment, acquisition or management of companies
incorporated under San Marino law by EU entities. However, despite the positive
assessment expressed by the Moneyval in September 2011, capital flows to and
from third countries are still subject to enhanced customer due diligence for
anti-money laundering purposes and banks established in San Marino must still
comply with specific reporting obligations to the Central Bank in relation to
cross-border payments made on behalf of their clients.

Financial sector

The
main piece of San Marino legislation on companies and banking, financial and
insurance services is Law no. 165 of 17 November 2005. This Law also
establishes the conditions to obtain authorisation for the exercise of reserved
activities in the banking, financial and insurance sectors. For most reserved
activities, the authorisation delivered by the supervisory authority must be
followed by a declaration of non-impediment by the Congress of State
(Government). The need for this declaration applies both to capital of national
and foreign origin. Access to the banking and financial market by foreign
financial intermediaries is subject to the conclusion of a cooperation
agreement between the San Marino Central Bank and the supervisory authority of
the foreign intermediary’s country of origin. San Marino insists that this is
not a constraint on the free movement of capital from the EU, because this
provision mirrors EU legislation in this area.

Real estate sector

The
acquisition of real estate by foreign citizens or entities is subject to the
authorisation by a state body, namely the Council of the Twelve.

4.3. How Free Movement of Capital is Dealt with in the EU’s
Relations with Third Countries

EEA Agreement

For
the EU, the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) is an important
multilateral agreement providing for the free movement of capital and payments.
Article 40 sets out this general principle: "Within the framework of the
provisions of this Agreement, there shall be no restrictions between the
Contracting Parties on the movement of capital belonging to persons resident in
EC Member States or EFTA States and no discrimination based on the nationality
or on the place of residence of the parties or on the place where such capital
is invested”. There are occasionally derogations or exceptions to this rule if
an EU or EEA EFTA State is in difficulties, or is seriously threatened with
difficulties, for example as regards its balance of payments[51].
For example, Iceland currently has capital controls in place as a result of the
financial crisis.

Other third countries

The
EU is committed to the use of bilateral investment dialogues and trade
agreements to ensure open investment. Trade agreements are increasingly linked
to a framework agreement covering the political elements of a partnership with
a third country[52]. The EU’s trade agreements
with third countries generally contain chapters on capital movements and
payments, with provisions ensuring that payments operations remain
unrestricted; that transactions related to direct investment remain free of
restrictions; and that temporary safeguard measures are only possible in the
case of serious difficulties for the operation of monetary and exchange rate
policy.

The
Lisbon Treaty provides that the EU has exclusive competence on foreign direct
investment (Article 207 TFEU).
This will allow the EU to negotiate and conclude comprehensive investment
agreements with third countries, previously a competence of the Member States.
On 7 July 2010 the Commission adopted a Communication entitled "Towards a comprehensive European
international investment policy" which outlines the
Commission's approach to future agreements.

The
replacement of the approximately 1200 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)
between Member States and third countries all over the world by EU agreements
will be a long term process and require a transition regime. On 7 July 2010 the
Commission adopted a proposal for a Regulation establishing
transitional arrangements for bilateral investment agreements between Member
States and third countries. The Regulation proposal is currently in
ordinary legislative procedure. It shall inter alia empower Member
States to amend BITs in order to remove incompatibilities with EU law.

APPENDIX

In
addition to those set out above, specific exceptions to the free movement of
capital and transitional provisions are also stipulated in[53]:

Declaration No. 7
  to the Treaty on European Union (1992) on Article 73(d) 
 Protocol Nr. 32
  to the Treaty on the European Union allows Denmark to maintain existing
  legislation which restricts the acquisition of second homes by
  non-nationals. 
 Protocol Nr. 6 to
  the Act of Accession 2003 allows Malta to restrict the acquisition of
  secondary residences. 
 Protocol Nr. 2 to
  the Act of Accession Finland 1994 allows for specific restrictions
  regarding the Åland islands, including e.g. the acquisition of real estate

The
Acts of Accession
foresee transitional measures (allowing some new Member States to keep certain
temporary restrictions in some areas, e.g. the acquisition of agricultural real
estate by non-nationals) .

CHAPTER 5:
COOPERATION BEYOND THE FOUR FREEDOMS

There
is potential to enhance cooperation with the small-sized countries (Andorra,
Monaco, San Marino) in support of a wide range of shared objectives in the
political, economic, environmental and cultural domains. This chapter reviews
some of the existing areas of cooperation between the EU and the small-sized
countries such as foreign policy and savings taxation; and highlights issues
that the small-sized countries see as problematic for their citizens and
companies.

5.1. Cooperation Agreements

Andorra

Of
the three small-sized countries, Andorra has concluded the most wide-ranging
Cooperation Agreement (2004) with the EU. The Agreement sets out the following
areas of possible cooperation: environment; communication; information and
culture; education, vocational training and youth; social and health issues;
trans-European networks and transport; and regional policy. Art. 8 provides
that the scope of the Agreement may be enlarged by mutual consent of the
contracting parties. However, in practice cooperation under the Agreement has
been limited.

San Marino

The
1991 Customs and Cooperation Agreement[54] between the
then EEC and San Marino covers cooperation in the areas of: economic
cooperation (focused on SMEs); environmental protection; tourism;
communication, information and culture. In practice, cooperation in these areas
has been limited. The Agreement also provides for non-discrimination in matters
of employment and social security coordination (see free movement of persons
chapter). Art. 19 provides that the scope of the Agreement may be enlarged by
mutual consent of the contracting parties. However, in practice, cooperation
under the Agreement has been limited. For example, there is no cooperation in
the field of tourism even though it could be beneficial for both sides.

Monaco

Monaco
does not have a agreement with the EU on cooperation, which is mainly carried
out on an ad hoc basis.

5.2. Common Foreign And Security Policy

Political dialogue

On
the whole, the EU entertains very good relations with the small-sized
countries. The small-sized countries have no official high-level political
dialogue with the EU, but their missions are accredited to the EU at Ambassador
level and senior members of their governments occasionally travel to Brussels
for meetings with their EU counterparts[55]. However, no
EU delegation is accredited to any of the small-sized countries[56].
The EU is represented in each country by one of its Member States[57].

Foreign Policy

There
is no agreement with the small-sized countries on their alignment to EU
positions and declarations, but generally they do align of their own accord on
a case-by-case basis.

As
regards cooperation between the EU and the small-sized countries in the
framework of international organisations, at the level of the Organization for
Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), in June 2010 the EU Presidency
(which was being held by Spain at that time) allowed the Permanent
Representations of San Marino and Andorra to the Organization based in Vienna
to regularly participate in the weekly political dialogue meetings, among
ambassadors of EU Member States and also of Canada, Switzerland, Liechtenstein
and Norway (like-minded countries). San Marino often supports the EU's
proposals for Declarations in the OSCE.

Furthermore,
there are contacts between several EU Delegations to international
organisations and the small-sized countries. At the UN in New York, the EU Delegation
meets on a monthly basis with the "Friends of the EU" group, of which
the small-sized countries are members. Cooperation in this area could be
developed further. The small-sized countries sent a positive signal in this
regard by voting in favour of the EU’s proposed UN General Assembly Resolution
on enhanced observer status at the UN in 2010. An agreement with the
small-sized countries could provide for more systematic cooperation and
exchange of information in major international organisations.

The
small-sized countries can make an important contribution to strengthening foreign
policy cooperation in Europe, such as between the Council of Europe and the EU
(focus of San Marino's Chairmanship of the Committee of Ministers of the
Council of Europe[58] from November 2006 to
May 2007). The forthcoming Andorran Chairmanship of the Council of Europe may
provide an early opportunity to explore ways to enhance cooperation between the
EU and the small-sized countries on upholding and strengthening democracy and
human rights in Europe.

5.3. Specific Concerns of the Small-Sized Countries on Flanking and
Horizontal Policies

Environment

Andorra (AD)

Environmental
cooperation between the EU and Andorra is covered by Article 2 of their
Cooperation Agreement. The potential areas of cooperation include climate
change, protection of nature and biodiversity, environment and health,
management of natural resources and waste management; with the aim of
reconciling the conservation of the Pyrenean environment with economic
development. Andorra has expressed an interest in closer cooperation with the
EU on environmental protection and is willing to align itself with the EU
environmental policies. Andorra pays particular
attention to environmental protection, notably in view of the importance of
tourism for the economy.

Andorra
has significant waste incineration capacity and is
interested to provide disposal services for municipal waste originating in
Spain, but the export of waste from the EU to third countries (other than
members of EFTA) for disposal[59] is prohibited by Regulation (EC) 1013/2006 on Shipments of Waste (WSR).

The
General Council of Andorra ratified, on December 14, 2004, the "Law
25/2004 on waste", which aims to be fully compatible with the laws of neighbouring
countries and of the EU. Periodically, the government approves modifications of
the relevant texts to adapt them to new European legislation.

Environmental impact: a draft law on strategic
environmental assessment of plans and programs and environmental assessment is
currently underway. The Andorran legislation on environmental issues is inspired by European standards. However, a major development in some areas would be necessary to allow for closer
integration of Andorra with the EU.

Monaco

As
regards environmental policy, there is no formalised environmental co-operation
between EU and Monaco, only some ad hoc co-ordination in the international
environmental forums (eg EU-Monaco cooperation to list Atlantic blue fin tuna
in CITES Convention in 2009/10). Monaco also faces similar problems as Andorra
with regard to the import and export of waste.

San Marino

Cooperation
in the field of environment, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and
tourism is covered by the Cooperation and Customs Union Agreement, signed on 16
December 1991.

San
Marino has described the difficulties it faces in exporting special and municipal
waste to the EU, due to the complex procedures provided for in Regulation (EC)
1013/2006 on Shipments of Waste (WSR) with which San Marino needs to comply,
including as regards the export of small quantities of waste to neighbouring
Italian regions. This poses particular problems for San Marino due to the small
size of its territory. The existing bilateral agreement with Italy allows San
Marino to export special and municipal waste to Italy pursuant to Art. 41(1)(c)
of the WSR Regulation, but such shipments are subject to a prior notification
and consent procedure[60] (which also applies to
waste shipments within the EU), which are particularly burdensome given the
geographical and demographic situation of San Marino, as well as its limited
quantities of exported waste.

Therefore,
San Marino would like to consider the possible application of a simplified
procedure. Article 30 of the WSR Regulation provides for the conclusion of
border-area agreements between EU Member States or between a Member State and
an EEA state, in order to render the notification procedure less stringent.
However, since San Marino is neither a member of the EU nor of the EEA, the
conclusion of such an agreement with the Italian Republic requires prior
notification and consent of the Commission, or a specific decision made by the
EU-San Marino Cooperation Committee, in the context of cooperation on matters
relating to environmental protection and improvement in accordance with Article
16 of the Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union between the European
Economic Community and the Republic of San Marino, signed at Brussels on 16
December 1991.

Education

Andorra,
Monaco and San Marino have raised the issue that in some EU Member States higher
university tuition fees apply to students from the small-sized countries than to
EU nationals. They would like the non-discrimination principle enshrined in the
EU Treaty to be extended to their students. However, it is worth mentioning
that even the nationals of acceding states (such as, currently, Croatian
nationals) do not enjoy this right. The non-discrimination principle will only apply
to Croatian students from the entry into force of its accession Treaty.

In
addition, all the three small-sized countries expressed an interest in several
of the components of the EU Lifelong Learning Programme[61],
an internal EU programme in which, as third countries, they are not eligible to
participate. The LLP programme is coming to an end in 2013 and a new programme
"Erasmus for all" for the 2014- 2020 period is currently under
discussion in the Council and the European Parliament. This future single
Programme for Education, Training, Youth and Sport will include an external
dimension, with activities open to cooperation with third countries within its
three key actions (learning mobility, cooperation and policy reform)[62].
It will not be necessary for the three small-sized countries to conclude an
agreement with the EU in order that their individuals, organisations and
relevant entities can benefit from these new opportunities under the future
programme.

Research Cooperation

The
small-sized countries have expressed an interest in being able to participate
in and access funding from the EU’s Research Framework Programme (FP). However,
Andorra has commented that the cost of participation is too high. The EU’s
Framework Programme is open to the participation of research entities from all
over the world, including those based in the small-sized countries. Such
participation is not conditional upon being an entity from an associated state.
The same approach is taken in the Commission proposal for the FP’s successor
programme for the period 2014-2020, which will be called Horizon 2020. This
will also cover innovation (currently managed by the Competitiveness and
Innovation Framework Programme).

The
legal base and criteria for becoming an associated state are outlined in Art.7
of the Commission’s proposal for a Regulation on Horizon 2020. The Commission’s
proposal contains a provision that limits the possibility of association to
very specific groups of third states, including to the EFTA countries
fulfilling certain criteria. However, the EEA Agreement stipulates that
cooperation in research and technological development shall normally take the
form of participation of the EEA/EFTA states in the research framework
programmes as  “Associated" countries. This means that each EEA EFTA
country has to contribute financially to the programme while any of its
research entities that are successful in calls for proposal are guaranteed
automatic funding. Therefore, there is a certain presumption that if the
small-sized countries were to become parties to the EEA Agreement, they would
be associated to the Framework programme even though they may not fulfil the
criteria set out in Art. 7.

Regional Policy, Social Affairs, Health Policy and Other Issues

Andorra

In
the area of regional policy, the
EU-Andorra Cooperation Agreement has facilitated cooperation between Spain, France and Andorra in
the context of the EU Regional Policy’s Operational
Programme of cross-border cooperation in the Pyrenees (2007-2013 budget: EUR
168 million). There is potential to deepen this cooperation, which could lead
to benefits for people living throughout the region. There are ongoing
negotiations on taking part in the SUDOE programme[63].

As
regards social and health matters, cooperation in those areas is foreseen under
the Article 5 of the Cooperation Agreement and proposes an exchange of experts,
cooperation between administrations, cooperation between business and training.
Andorra's adaptation to the EU's laws on consumer protection requires
significant legislative procedures. Andorra would like to align with the EU
intellectual property rules, but this requires the adoption of legislation.
Andorra is preparing a new law on statistics, based on the model of the
European legislation on good practices in statistics, and is interested to
cooperate with Eurostat.

San Marino

As
a non-EU country, San Marino cannot take part in the EU statistics agency,
Eurostat. Its officials cannot enrol in statistical training services organized
for that purpose, with negative repercussions on further training of people
employed in the public sector.

Monaco

Monaco’s
only fisherman faces the problem that he is not permitted to fish in the waters
surrounding Monaco because he is not a French or Italian national (and
therefore not an EU citizen).

5.4. Other Areas of Cooperation

Monetary Agreements

Monetary
agreements are the most important bilateral agreements (in two cases renewal of
existing agreements) signed recently by the three small-sized countries with
the EU, which have committed gradually to incorporate
relevant EU acquis[64] into their internal
legislation. The implementation of the acquis will be
closely monitored by the Commission and will serve to demonstrate the legal and
administrative capacity of the small-sized countries to deal with the acquis. The small-sized countries have accepted the exclusive competence of the Court of Justice of the EU for the settlement of
any disputes between the parties in relation to the agreements.

Agreements on Savings Taxation

The
EU has Agreements on Savings Taxation with the three small-sized countries,
which provide for measures equivalent to those laid down in Directive
2003/48/EC on taxation of savings income in the form of interest payments.
Within this framework, savings income in the form of interest payments made in
these states to beneficial owners who are individuals identified as residents
of a Member State of the EU have to be subject to a withholding tax levied by
paying agents established on their territory, whose revenue is mostly transferred
to the Member States of residence of the individual concerned.

Consultations
were held in 2009 with the competent authorities of Andorra, Monaco and San
Marino; during which they confirmed their availability to amend their
Agreements with the EU in line with the outcome of the Savings directive review
("level playing field"). Once a negotiating mandate has been adopted
as a result of the ongoing debate at Council level, these consultations will be
followed by formal negotiations to update the Agreements.

Anti-Fraud and Tax Information Exchange

The
Commission is also seeking from the Council a mandate to negotiate Anti-Fraud
and Tax Information Exchange Agreements with Andorra, Monaco and San Marino, on
the basis of the experience gained in the framework of similar negotiations
with Liechtenstein, taking into account international developments in this
area. The Commission is envisaging a two-pillar agreement including not only
anti-fraud measures but also comprehensive administrative tax cooperation.

5.5. How Cooperation Beyond the Four Freedoms is Dealt with in the EU’s
Relations with its Close Neighbours (EEA and Switzerland)

European Economic Area

The
EEA is the most advanced economic arrangement that the EU has with third
countries. In this context, the EU holds a regular political dialogue with
Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. The main forum for this dialogue is the
biannual EEA Council, which brings together the Foreign Minister of the EU
Member State holding the rotating presidency and the Foreign Ministers of the
EEA EFTA countries. In addition, political dialogue
takes place twice per year with the following working parties: COMAG/MaMa,
COEST, COMEM/MOG, COAFR, COWEB, COMEP and COSCE.

The
EEA EFTA countries apply, are associated with, or cooperate with the EU on the
EU’s horizontal and flanking policies (eg research and technological
development, information services, enterprise policy, education, environment,
social policies, consumer protection, statistics and company law). The
following areas are excluded from the scope of the agreement: foreign and
security policy; the common agricultural, fisheries and transport policies; EU
budget; regional policy; justice and home affairs; taxation and economic and
monetary policy. The EEA EFTA countries also participate in EU Agencies and are
associated to EU Programmes.

Swiss Confederation

Switzerland
has very close relations with the EU on the basis of more than one hundred
bilateral agreements on sectoral matters (eg land transport, air transport, research,
education, media and culture etc) many of which are without the scope of the
internal market. Switzerland has incorporated the EU acquis in a number of
non-internal market areas, either on the basis of an agreement with the EU or
autonomously. The country cooperates closely with EU Agencies and is associated
to some EU Programmes (eg 7th Research Framework Programme, MEDIA,
Lifelong Learning and Youth in Action programmes[65]).
The EU signed a bilateral savings tax agreement[66]
with Switzerland in 2004. Switzerland does not have a formalised political
dialogue with the EU. As regards foreign policy, it tries to keep a profile as
a neutral, mediator country, and it does not have an alignment agreement with
the EU.

- * *

[1]               Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001
of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in
possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose
nationals are exempt from that requirement (OJ L 81, 21.3.2001, p. 1).

[2]               Two agreements in the form of exchanges of letters
between Monaco and France, signed the 15 December 1997, adapted the section of
the Convention on Good Neighbourly Relations of 18 May 1963 on the entry, stay
and establishment of foreigners in Monaco to the provisions of the Convention
on the Implementation of the Schengen Agreement.

[3]               Report of the Presidency on EU Relations with the
Principality of Andorra, the Republic of San Marino and the Principality of
Monaco, 14 June 2011, doc. 11466/11.

[4]               Presidency Note to the Council's
Strategic Committee on Immigration, Frontiers and
Asylum (SCIFA), no. 13020/04, Brussels,
1 October 2004.

[5]           The Presidency note states that they are
applied “without prejudice to the application of the regime

of external border controls of third country
nationals to the citizens of these countries”.

[6]               Article 5 of the Cooperation
Agreement with Andorra, and Article 20 of the Cooperation and Customs Union
Agreement with San Marino.

[7]               On 30 March 2012 the Commission adopted a Proposal
for a Council Decision on the position to be taken by the European Union within
the Cooperation Committee established by the Agreement on Cooperation and
Customs Union between the European Economic Community and their Member States,
of the one part, and the Republic of San Marino, of the other part, with regard
to the adoption of provisions on the coordination of social security systems (COM(2012)
157 final). During the EPSCO Council of 4 October 2012, the Council reached a
political agreement on this proposal. Once it is adopted, the discussions will
start with San Marino in view of the adoption of the Decision of the
Cooperation Committee and only then these provisions will enter into force.

[8]               Bilateral Agreement on Amity and Good Neighbourhood
of 31 March 1939 (law of 6 June 1939, no.1320 (1)).

[9]               Unless specified otherwise, provided by Directive
2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on
the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside
freely within the territory of the Member States (OJ L158, 30.4.2004, p. 77)..

[10]         Source: ‘List of Problems encountered by San Marino and
deriving from its status as a non-EU Member State’, 2011, p.7.

[11]             Within the EU, the relevant legislation is Regulation
883/2004 on the Coordination of Social Security Systems. The social security
systems of the three countries are not coordinated with the security systems of
the Member States; however, as the case may be, nationals of the three states
can benefit from coordination between the legislation of Member States
(Regulation (EU) No 1231/2010 of the European Parliament an of the Council of
24 November 2010 extending Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 and Regulation (EC) No
987/2009 to nationals of third countries who are not already covered by these
Regulations solely on the ground of their nationality (OJ L344, 29.12.2010, p.
1 ).

[12]             Within the EU, Directive 2005/36/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of
professional qualifications (OJ L255, 30.9.2005, p. 22) confers  on persons having
acquired their professional qualifications in a Member State the right, under
the conditions laid down in the Directive,  to have access to the same
profession and pursue it in another Member State with the same rights as
nationals.

[13]             Exchange of letters dated 15 December 1997 between the Monaco
and French authorities modifying certain provisions of the France-Monaco
Convention on Neighbourly Relations of 18 May 1963.

[14]             Monégasque nationals account
for only 21.6% of residents and
over 80% of workers employed in Monaco reside outside Monaco.

[15]             Article 6 of Protocol No 19 on
the Schengen acquis integrated into the framework of the European Union.

[16]             Agreement with Switzerland of 26 October 2004 (OJ L53,
27.2.2008, p. 52) and Protocol on the accession of Liechtenstein to this
agreement of  (OJ L83, 26.3.2008, p. 3).

[17]             Liechtenstein may apply
quantitative restrictions on new residence permits for economically active and
economically non-active persons. This arrangement will be reviewed every five
years.

[18]             Under the conditions stipulated
in Article 17 of the Agreement.

[19]             Directive 2004/38/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of
citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within
the territory of the Member States (OJ L158, 30.4.2004, p. 77).

[20]             Although, as for EU nationals and companies, depending
on the kind of service this may be subject to certain safeguards, such as pro
forma registration with a professional body.

[21]                    As regards natural persons, nationals
of the small-sized countries need a permit to reside and work (be it as a
worker or a self-employed person) in an EU Member State (see Chapter on free
movement of persons). In practice, immigration law may therefore constitute a
barrier to the provision of services by companies or persons established in the
small-sized countries.

[22]                    Article 7 Trilateral agreement; Law
6/2008 of 15th May on the exercise of liberal professions and professional
associations (Llei 6/2008, del 15 de maig, d’exercici de professions
liberals i de col·legis i associacions professionals).

[23]             Memorandum on relations between
Andorra and the EU, p.4.

[24]              Regulation
(EC) No 1072/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October
2009 on common rules for access to the international road haulage market
(recast) (OJ L300, 14.11.2009, p.72).

[25]             Taking into account the current situation of San Marino,
characterised by the existence of a number of bilateral agreements with EU
Member States.

[26]             Situation in the EEA: Directive 2005/36/EC on the
recognition of professional qualifications has been incorporated into the EEA
Agreement, with some adaptations and exceptions. Joint EEA Committee Decision 142/2007.

[27]             EU law distinguishes between professional and academic
qualifications, the latter not being an EU competence.

[28]             Chapters 25 to 97 of the Harmonized Commodity
Description and Coding System (HS).

[29]             Convention douanière entre la Principauté de
Monaco et la République française (OS n°3038 du 19 août 1963), Journal officiel
de la République française du 27.09.1963, p. 8679.

[30]             Monaco was integrated in the Community Customs
territory by Regulation (EEC) No 1496/68 of the Council of 27 September 1968 on
the definition of the customs territory of the Community and this was recalled
in subsequent  Regulations, the latest one being Regulation (EU) No 450/2008 of
the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April 2008 laying down the
Modernized Customs Code (OJ L 145, 4/6/2008).

[31]             Agreement between the European Community and the
Principality of Monaco on the application of certain Community acts on the
territory of the Principality of Monaco -  OJ L 334 of 19/12/2003.

[32]             The EU has such agreements with Andorra, San
Marino and the Færø Islands.

[33]             Members of EFSA are 27 EU member states, Norway and
Iceland. Countries involved in TRACES are all EU member states, European Free
Trade Association (EFTA) countries and Switzerland.

[34]             The reason for that is the absence of Monaco on the
positive list of eligible countries laid down in Commission Regulation 206/2010
(meat), Decision 2005/432 (meat products),  605/2010 (milk products) or
Regulation 798/2008 (egg products).

[35]             Regulation (EC) N° 2006/1013 of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 14 June 2006, Directive (EC) N° 96/2002 on waste
electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) modified by Directive (EC) n°
108/2003 of 8 December 2003.

[36]          The 1991
Agreement sets up a joint Cooperation Committee with Commission and member
states representatives on the one side and Sammarinese officials on the other.
This Committee is responsible for administrating the agreement and ensuring
that it is properly implemented.

[37]             Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union between the
European Economic Community and the Republic of San Marino, Official Journal
of the European Communities, L 84, of 28.03.2002, pp. 43-52; The Agreement
contained provisions that were not under the Community competence, thus it had
to be ratified by national parliaments as well. In order to enable the customs
union, an interim agreement was concluded with the Commission: Council Decision
92/561/EEC of 27 November 1992 on the conclusion of an interim Agreement on
trade and customs union between the European Economic Community and the
Republic of San Marino, Official Journal of the European Communities, L 359,
09.12.1992, p. 13; The 1991 agreement finally entered into force in 2002.

[38]          ‘Omnibus’ Decision No 1/2010 of the
EU-San Marino Cooperation Committee of 29 March 2010 establishing various
implementing measures for the Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union
between the European Economic Community and the Republic of San Marino (OJ ref:
L 156/13, 23.06.2010).

[39]             San Marino does not participate in the European
standard organizations as European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and European Committee for Electro-technical Standardization (CENELEC).

[40]             Suolo e Salute S.r.l. and Istituto
Certificazione Etica e Ambientale-ICEA.

[41]          The San
Marino Ministry of Health plans to communicate information on the updating of
the legislation in force on this matter to the EU, based on the meeting of the
EU-San Marino Cooperation Committee of 20 October 2011.

[42]          In the meantime San Marino had already
fully incorporated Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 on the basis of Law No 16 of 27
January 2011 on the production of and trade in cosmetic products.

[43]          In the
absence of a definition in the Treaty of 'movement of capital' the Court of
Justice of the EU has recognised the nomenclature annexed to the Council
Directive 88/361/EEC as having indicative value.

[44]             http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/capital/index_en.htm

[45]             The Treaty principle of free movement of capital has
direct effect, i.e. it does not need any implementing legislation at Member
States’ level. Art. 63 TFEU directly
confers rights on individuals, on which they can rely on before national
courts. Source:
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/capital/framework/secondary_legislation_en.htm

[46]             In respect of restrictions existing under national law
in Bulgaria, Estonia and Hungary, the relevant date is 31 December 1999.

[47]             Law on foreign investments in
the Principality of Andorra, adopted 8 April 2008.

[48]             The process will be speeded up from a maximum of two
months to one month.

[49]             i.e. equal to or greater than 50%.

[50]             Equally, residents of San Marino may transfer and hold
capital abroad. Moreover, in both cases the legislation of San Marino allows
the opening of accounts in a currency other than the euro.

[51]             See Article 43.4 of the EEA Agreement.

[52]             Such as Partnership and Cooperation
Agreements and European Neighbourhood Policy
Agreements.

[53]             Source:
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/capital/framework/protocols_en.htm

[54]             Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union between the
European Economic Community and the Republic of San Marino (1991).

[55]             For example, the Foreign Ministers of Andorra and San
Marino visited Brussels in, respectively, January and July 2012.

[56]             By way of comparison, the EU's delegation in Bern is
accredited to neighbouring Liechtenstein.

[57]             In Andorra and Monaco, this is on a six-monthly
rotating basis. Italy, as the only EU Member State to have an embassy in San
Marino, represents the EU there.

[58]             This was one of the main objectives agreed upon by the
third summit of the Heads of State and Government of the Council of Europe
(Warsaw, 16-17 may 2005).

[59]             EFTA countries are excluded, where special provisions
for these countries are included in the Regulation.

[60]             Under Article 42 of the Regulation.

[61]             Established by the Decision 1720/2006 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 15 November 2006 establishing an action
programme in the field of life long learning (LLP programme).

[62]             These actions should support development, regional
integration, knowledge exchanges and modernisation processes through
partnerships between Union and third countries' higher education institutions
as well as in the youth sector; notably for peer learning, joint educational
projects and promoting regional cooperation, in particular with neighbourhood
countries.

[63]             The South-East Europe Territorial Cooperation Programme
(SUDOE) supports regional development through the ERDF (European Regional
Development Fund).

[64]             As set out in the Annex to each
Agreement.

[65]             Agreement between the European
Union and the Swiss Confederation establishing the terms and conditions for the
participation of the Swiss Confederation in the ‘Youth in Action’ programme and
in the action programme in the field of lifelong learning (2007-2013).

[66]             Agreement between the European Community and the Swiss
Confederation providing for measures equivalent to those laid down in Council
Directive 2003/48/EC on taxation of savings income in the form of interest
payments.