LEAA Police

Equipment

Survey of 1972,

Volume VI

Body Armor and

Confiscated

Weapons

Law Enforcement

Equipment

Technology

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

COMMERCE

National Bureau of

Standards
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the 440 police departments throughout the United States who

contributed their time and knowledge to make this report possible. Special thanks go to the police departments whose officers and administrators helped the survey team during the developmental and testing phases of the work. In addition, we thank Jacob J. Diamond, Chief of the NBS Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory, for sharing

his knowledge. The support and assistance of Lester Shubin, NILECJ project monitor and consultant, is also gratefully acknowledged.

We thank the many members of the NBS Technical Analysis Division who provided

support: William L. O'Neal for his help in computerizing the sample selection and for helping to design and program the interactive recordkeeping system; Jenny L. Eldreth and P. Clare Reiser for maintaining the computerized recordkeeping system; Sandra J. Mumford for supervising the coding/editing of the questionnaires; June R. Cornog for her advice, support, and help with initial interviews; Diane R. Beall for the many typings

of the various versions of the questionnaires; Suellen Halpin, Mary L. Friend, Susan

E. Bergsman, and Dwight F. Doxey for making follow-up telephone calls; Lorraine S. Freeman for her administrative support; Karen Jackson for her help with questionnaire coding and recordkeeping; Cassandra Streeter and Janice Davis for their help

with recordkeeping; and Jo A. E. Copeland for typing the report. Michael R. Vogt

receives special thanks for his help in carrying out the computerized edit and tabulation

of the data. We also gratefully acknowledge the help of Robert J. Cunitz in editing and

reviewing the report.
Survey of 1972,

Volume VI

Body Armor and

Confiscated

Weapons

OF STANDAHD8

UBHARy

JUL 9. ] 197: NBS Special LEAA PoliCG

Publication Equipment^^^^

^^^^

by

G. B. Hare, P. A. Klaus, E. D. Bunten

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

prepared by

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

prepared for National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20531

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Issued Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

June 1977 \J O 'National bureau of standards, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory.

LEAA police equipment survey of 1972. (NBS special publication ; 480-1—480-7)

"CODEN: XNBSAV."

CONTENTS: v. 1. Ku, R., Bunten, E., Klaus, P. The need for standards, priorities for police equipment. —v. 2. Mumford, S. et al. Communications equipment and supplies. —v. 3. Klaus, P. and Bunten,

E. Sirens and emergency warning lights, [etc.]

1. Police—Equipment and supplies—Collected works. I. National

Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. IL Title. IIL

Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publication ; 480-1^80-7. QC100.U57 no. 480-1—480-7 [HV7936.E7] 602'.ls [363.2'028] 74-28442

National Bureau of Standards

Special Publication 480-6

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Pub). 480-6, 77 pages CODENXNBSAV

U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON:

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D C. 20402

(Order by SD Catalog No. C 13.10 : 480-6). Stock No. 003-003-01748-5 price $2.20

(Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing).
CONTENTS

Page

List of Tables IV Foreword VII Executive Summary IX

1. Introduction 1 1.1. Project Background 1 1.2. Sample Design 2

1.3. Questionnaire Administration 4

1.4. Development and Design of the Body Armor and Confiscated

Weapons DQ (Detailed Questionnaire) 5

1.5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups 5

2. Question by Question Discussion 7

2.1. Advice to the Reader 7

2.2. Discussion 8

2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents 8

2.2.2. Use of Body Armor and Other Ballistic Protection

Equipment 10

2.2.3. Availability of Data to Researchers Developing Body

Armor Standards 16

2.2.4. Confiscated Weapons 21

Appendix A. Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons Questionnaire

Appendix B. Data Tables

III
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories 3

Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type 3

Table 1.2-3. Number of departments selected to receive the » Detailed Questionnaire: Body armor and confiscated

weapons 3

Table 1.3-1. Number of departments returning acceptable Detailed

Questionnaires: Body armor and confiscated weapons 4

Table 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one-third of each

department by department type, and percent of total departments having each activity 6

Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means) 6

Table 1.5-3. Descriptive data by LEAA region (means) 7 Table i. Rank of primary respondent for body armor questionnaire,

by department type 9

Table ii. Years of experience in law enforcement of primary

respondent 9

Table 7-1. Percentages of departments in each department type

preferring visible, hidden, or no body armor in a

potentially explosive situation .-. 10

Table 7-2. Of the 246 departments preferring hidden body armor in potentially explosive situations, percentages giving

specified reason 11 Table 7-3. Of the 150 departments preferring visible body armor in potentially explosive situations, percentages giving

specified reason 11 Table 8. Percentages of departments in each department type which

would routinely use body armor for specified activity 12

Table 9-1. Percentages of responding departments using and planning

to use specified ballistic protective item 13

Table 9-2. Percentages of departments in each department type which

were using or were planning to use specified ballistic protective item 14

Table 9-3. Percentages of departments in each department type

currently using at least one of the ballistic protective items 14

Table 10-1. Percentages of departments in each department type

providing a comment about ballistic protective items

or body armor ^ 15

Table 10-2. Percentages of departments in each department type

which commented (Question 10) that their departments

had no body armor 15

Table 10-3. Of the 183 departments which listed a problem or made

a comment (other than "no problem"), percentages

citing specified comment 16

IV
Page

Table 1. Percentages of departments in each department type

maintaining records of the exact locations of wounds

sustained by officers 17

Table 2. Of the departments in each department type maintaining

detailed injury data ("yes" to Question 1), the

percentages including specified data in those records 18

Table 3. Of the departments in each department type maintaining

detailed injury data, the percentages willing to make

these records available to researchers 18

Table 4. Of the departments in each department type maintaining

detailed injury data, percentages keeping summaries

of those records 19

Table 5. Of the departments in each department type maintaining

summarized wound data, percentages including specified

data in those records 20

Table 6. Of the 147 departments maintaining summarized data on

officers' wounds, percentages wiUing to provide copies

of these data to researchers 20

Table 11A/ Percentages of responding departments in each department

12A-1. type which supplied numbers (including zero) of handguns

and shoulder weapons confiscated in 1971 (Question llA)

and 1970 (Question 12A) 22

Table 11 A/ Of the total numbers of confiscated weapons reported by

12A-2. the responding departments in 1971 and 1970, percentages

that were handguns and shoulder weapons 22

Table 11A/ Numbers of handguns and shoulder weapons reported by

12A-3. the departments which supplied numbers (including

zero) of weapons confiscated in 1971 (Question llA)

and 1970 (Question 12A) 23

Table IIB/ Percentages of departments in each department type which

12B-1. reported numbers (including zero) of weapons of mihtary

issue confiscated in 1971 (Question IIB) and 1970

Question 12B) 24

Table IIB/ Using mean number of weapons confiscated per department

12B-2. in each department type and mean number of weapons of

military issue per department in each department type,

percentages of handguns and shoulder weapons that were

originally of military issue 24

Table IIC/ Percentages of departments in each department type

12C-1. providing data about methods used to dispose of confiscated handguns in 1971 and 1970 25

Table llC-2. Of the departments indicating disposal methods,

percentage in each department type using specified

disposal method in 1971 26

Table llC-3. Of the total numbers of handguns reported to be disposed

of by each department type in 1971, percentages disposed

of by specified disposal method 26

Table 12C-3. Of the total numbers of handguns reported to be disposed

of by each department type in 1970, percentages disposed

of by specified disposal method 27

V
r

/
FOREWORD

The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) furnishes technical support to the National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) program to strengthen law enforcement and

criminal justice in the United States. LESL's function is to conduct research that will assist law enforcement and criminal justice agencies in the selection and procurement of quality equipment.

LESL is: (1) Subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing and evaluation

and (2) conducting research leading to the development of several series of documents,

including national voluntary equipment standards, user guidelines, state-of-the-art surveys and other reports.

This document is a law enforcement equipment report developed by LESL under

the sponsorship of NILECJ. Additional reports as well as other documents are being

issued under the LESL program in the areas of protective equipment, communications

equipment, security systems, weapons, emergency equipment, investigative aids,

vehicles and clothing.

Technical comments and suggestions concerning the subject matter of this report are invited from all interested parties. Comments should be addressed to the Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.

20234.

Jacob J. Diamond, Chief

Law Enforcement Standards

Laboratory

VII

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY

A. Background

° Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established in 1971 under the

sponsorship of the NILECJ Advanced Technology Division (ATD).

NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the National Bureau of Standards to develop and carry out a procedure to get information from the users of law

enforcement equipment.

° "User" information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities for LESL programs

and would provide some detailed information in support of the research to develop

standards and guidelines.

° In addition, gathering information from the users would help to make police

agencies aware of LESL and ATD.

° A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best procedure to collect user information.

° An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six Detailed Questionnaires

(DQs) were developed and administered. A separate report was prepared for each of these seven questionnaires.

B. Design of Questionnaires

° Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with NILECJ, LESL, and

cooperating police departments. Questionnaires were pretested at various times with

approximately 45 police departments.

° The EPQ was designed to provide information about priority needs for standards

for various types of equipment.

° In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of fuU- and part-time officers,

activities performed in the department, budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

° The six DQs (Alarms, Security and Surveillance Equipment; Communications

Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency

Warning Lights; Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars) were each

developed separately.

° The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in use, problems with

existing equipment, suggestions for improving equipment, needs for standards related to the equipment, etc. Although entitled Detailed Questionnaires, these questionnaires were designed to give an overview of the use of specific items of equipment.

C. Sample

° The population sampled was made up of all police departments listed in a computerized file and maintained by the LEAA Statistical Service.

° Courts, correctional institutions, forensic labs, special police agencies, etc., were

excluded.

° The sample was stratified by LEAA geographic region (10 regions) and by

department type (7 department types: state police; county pohce and sheriffs; city

departments with 1-9 officers; city departments with 10-49 officers; city departments

with 50 or more officers, excluding the 50 largest cities; the 50 largest U.S. cities by

population; and township departments).

IX

229-969 0-77-3
° Overall, approximately 10 percent of the 12,836 departments in the population were selected as respondents (see table 1.2-2).

° The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to every sample department

(1,386). Each Detailed Questionnaire was sent to all states, to aU of the 50 largest cities,

and to a randomly selected subsample of the main sample (about 530 departments

received each DQ).

° Thus, states and the 50 largest cities were asked to fiU in all 7 questionnaires.

Each of the remaining 1,286 departments was asked to fill in the EPQ and 2 of the DQs.

° The sample for the Body Armor DQ consisted of 529 departments Vssee table

1.2-31/4.

0. Questionnaire Administration

° Stringent control of administration was required.

° Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments asking cooperation.

° On June 1, 1972, questionnaire packages were mailed.

° In July 1972, foUow-up by self-return post card was begun.

° In August 1972, foUow-up by telephone was begun. Departments which had not returned questionnaires were called. Also, calls were made to clear up ambiguities in the returned questionnaires. About 1,300 calls were made. About 70 percent of the

sample departments were called at least once.

° Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a speciaUzed team to ensure

consistency; it was then keypunched and tabulated.

° Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation through January 7, 1973.

E. Rates of Return

° Eighty-three percent of the 1,386 departments returned usable EPQs.

° Eighty-three percent of the 529 departments returned usable Body Armor DQs.

° Between 81 and 85 percent of the other DQ subsamples returned usable

questionnaires.

° Highest rates of return (over 88%) were from states, the 50 largest cities, cities with 50 or more officers, and cities with 10-49 officers.

° Lowest rates of return were from counties and townships (less than 75%).

F. Characteristics of Responding Departments

° The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents (to the EPQ) were

serving traffic and criminal warrants (88%), traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and

intradepartmental communications (87%).

° All of the responding 50 largest cities said they provided inhouse training and

criminal investigations. This compared to 68 percent and 86 percent, respectively, of all responding departments.

° Only 13 percent of all respondents had crime laboratories. Seventy-three percent

of the 50 largest cities and 55 percent of the states had crime laboratories.

° About three-fifths of the departments in all department types were providing

emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60 percent of the cities with 50 or more officers

to 67 percent of the counties.

Overall, the reported equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent

of the total budgets reported.

° Among department types, there was a wide range of total equipment

expenditures, from a mean of about $10,000 for cities with 1-9 officers to a mean of almost $2.7 million for the 50 largest cities. One of the 50 largest cities reported an equipment budget of $40 million. Overall, the 50 largest cities reported a mean of 2,491 fuU-time sworn officers.

X
However, 1 of the 50 largest cities had 27 percent of all the full-time officers reported by

that department type and another had about 12 percent.

G. Presentation of Data

Data in this report are presented in two forms: text tables and full tables (app. B). Text tables do not always present a complete breakdown of the data.

All tables (text and fuU) present the data in unweighted form, i.e., numbers and

percentages of the responding departments from the sample for this questionnaire, not

figures that have been weighted to expand the data to the total population of poHce

departments in the U.S.

° The sample selected for this questionnaire was not proportional to the total population of police departments. If decisions are to be made which require estimates of population figures, the appropriate extrapolation must be performed (see app. B).

II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A. Characteristics of Respondents

The body armor questionnaire was gener£illy fUled in by high ranking officers—the

chiefs or sheriffs of smaller departments and sergeants, lieutenants, or captains in larger

departments.

° Most of the responding officers had been in law enforcement work for several

years; more than 80 percent had been in law enforcement work for 6 or more years.

B. Use of Body Armor

° Within every department type, half or more of the responding departments said

that body armor should be hidden when worn in "potentially explosive (crowd control)

situations."

° Departments in the 50 largest cities were least clear cut in their opinions—50

percent said body armor should be hidden in such a situation and 41 percent said it should be visible.

° The most common reasons for body armor to be hidden when worn in "potentially

explosive situations" were: Snipers are less Ukely to aim for vulnerable areas and body armor tends to incite crowds.

° Reasons for body armor to be visible in such situations were: Shows that officer is prepared, has a deterrent effect on crowd, and has psychological effect on officer and/or

crowd.

° The majority of responding departments said they would routinely use body armor

for sniper situations and "man with a gun" calls if an appropriate body armor were

available.

C. Use of Other Ballistic Protective Equipment

° Small percentages of the 440 responding departments were using or were planning

to use ballistic protective equipment other than body armor.

° Those responding departments which were using or planning to use other ballistic protective items were more likely to be using ballistic shields or ballistic helmets than

armored cars or patrol car armor.

° Fewer than 20 percent of the responding counties, townships, cities (1-9), and

cities (10-49) were using or planning to use each of those four ballistic protective items.

° About one-third of the responding 50 largest cities and cities (50+) were or would

be using hand-held ballistic shields.

° About one-fourth of the responding states were or would be using baUistic

helmets.

XI
° Almost one-third of the responding 50 largest cities were using or planning to use armored cars. Sixty-one percent of the 50 largest cities were using at least 1 of the 4 items of

ballistic protective equipment at the time of the survey. Only 36 percent of the

responding states and 28 percent of the cities (50+) were using any of the items. Twenty

percent or less of the responding departments in the other four department types were

using any of those items.

° The 50 largest city and city (50+) departments were the department types most

likely to make comments about or describe problems with body armor or bfdlistic protective equipment.

D. Availability of Data on Officers' Wounds

° The seven department types differed greatly in the percentages of departments

which kept detailed records on officer wounds and injuries by knife or gun.

° More than half of the responding states, 50 largest cities, cities (50+), and cities (10-49) said they kept such detailed records. High percentages of the departments in small department types said they had never had an officer killed or injured by knife or gun.

° Most of the responding departments which kept detailed records said those

records were detailed enough to determine the cahber and type of gun, the type of buUet used, and the distance from which the shot was fired.

° Only 7 percent of the responding departments which kept such detailed records

said they would not be wiUing to make these records available to researchers.

° Most of the 50 largest cities with records kept summaries of those detailed

records on officer injuries, and more than half of the departments in the other

department types kept summaries.

° These summaries tended to be as detailed as the records themselves.

E. Confiscated Weapons

° Data supplied in answer to questions about confiscated weapons were accepted as they were, and there were ambiguities which made these data unusable for estimating

total numbers of handguns confiscated in the U.S. by police departments.

° A majority of the responding departments in five of the six department types did

report numbers of weapons confiscated. However, only about one-third of the

responding states supplied those data.

° Responding counties said they confiscated nearly as many shoulder weapons as handguns in 1971 and 1970. City department types, however, reported about twice as many handguns as shoulder weapons confiscated.

The 51 largest city departments reported 2 to 3 times as many confiscated

handguns per department as did responding state departments. Responding states reported 9 to 12 times as many confiscated handguns per department as did city (50+)

departments.

° Responding states and 50 largest cities tended to actually destroy greater

proportions of their confiscated handguns, whereas smaller department types tended to report much higher proportions of confiscated handguns returned to owner or agent of owner.

XII
LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

Volume VI: Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons

G. Hare, E. Bunten, and P. Klaus

Institute for Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards , Washington, D.C. 20234

The report outlines the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the data from the LEAA

Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of 7 reports resulting from this nationwide

mail survey of a stratified random sample of police departments, the present report summarizes

the answers of 440 police departments concerning body armor and confiscated weapons;

preference for hidden or visible body armor; use of other ballistic protective equipment; routine operations where body armor would be most useful; current problems and failures with present equipment; needs for standards for the testing and assessment of penetration resistance of body

armor; and dispostion of confiscated weapons. The data are presented by all responding

departments and by seven department types. Key words: Ballistic protective equipment; body armor; confiscated weapons; police; police equipment; standards.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Project Background

During the past several years, law enforcement agencies in the United States have

become more aware of the importance of equipment in the performance of their duties.

Much of their equipment was originally designed for other uses and must be modified

before it can be used for police work. Other equipment items are used as given. No

standards have existed against which equipment performance could be measured nor were any standard test methods or procedures available. It has been difficult for agencies to compare the performance of equipment items. Recognizing this problem, the

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) of the Department of Justice

began a concentrated program in 1971, toward the improvement of law enforcement

equipment.

As the first step in its program, LEAA in cooperation with the Department of Commerce established a Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the National

Bureau of Standards (NBS). The broad goal of LESL is to develop performance

standards which can be promulgated by LEAA as voluntary aids for the selection of equipment by law enforcement agencies. Additionally, LESL is developing standard test methods and procedures, so that the relative performance of similar items may be

evaluated by departments themselves.

In order to provide equipment user information for the program, in 1971 the

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) of LEAA asked

the Behavioral Sciences Group of the Technical Analysis Division at NBS to gather

information from the users of law enforcement equipment about their specialized

equipment needs and problems. Although face-to-face interviews with a large sample of representatives from law enforcement agencies would have been desirable, time and

manpower constraii^ls led to the development of a nationwide mail sample survey

having two general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in the estabhshment of priorities for LESL's standards development activities; and (2) to obtain detailed information about

certain broad equipment categories in support of the research to develop standards and

guidelines in these areas.

1
This report fulfills part of the second general objective and the associated survey

questionnaire (see app. A) will be referred to as the Body Armor Detailed Questionnaire

(DQ). The remainder of the second objective is accomplished in the reports of the other

five DQs: Alarms, Security, and Surveillance Systems; Handguns and Handgun

Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights; Communications Equipment and

Supplies; and Patrol Cars. The first general objective (above) is accomplished in the

report on the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ).

'

1.2. Sample Design

Although the objective of ATD is to serve all types of law enforcement agencies,

this particular study was purposefully limited to police departments as the largest single

group of law enforcement agencies with identifiable equipment equipment needs. No

attempt was made to survey correctional institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or

special police agencies such as park police, harbor patrols, or university police. The

computerized directory of approximately 14,000 police agencies, compiled and

maintained by LEAA's Statistics Division, provided the population from which the

sample was drawn. Care was taken to exclude the double listings that existed for some

agencies. (Details of the selection process are given in app. B of the Equipment

Priorities Questionnaire.)

The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA geographic

region and department type by the mutual agreement of NBS and NILECJ. The

assignment of states to regions and the seven department types chosen for study are shown in table 1.2-1. The breakdown of the population of police departments by cross-strata is exhibited

in table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the table, there were no townships in regions 4, 6, 7,

8, 9, and 10. Almost 63 percent of the departments were city police, 43 percent having

1-9 full-time officers. County departments comprised about 24 percent of the population.

By region, the smallest (region 10) contained only 3.4 percent of the police departments,

while region 5, the largest, had 22.5 percent. The variation in the number of departments in a cell (region/department type combination) was even greater than that across the strata, i.e., the number of departments in each cell ranged from 0 to 1,470.

The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the sampling plan

discussed briefly below. All of the state departments and the 50 largest city departments were included in the sample and were asked to complete all 6 DQs, i.e., they were sent

the entire package of 7 questionnaires. For the remaining cells the variation in cell size presented a problem: If the same fraction of the entire population was to be selected

from the members of each cell, a constant sampling fraction small enough to make the

total sample manageable would yield too few sample units in small cells. To solve this problem, a fixed sample of 30 police departments/cell was chosen, wherever possible,

resulting in a different sampling fraction for each cell. A fixed sample size of 30

departments/cell was chosen to facilitate the equitable distribution of the 6 DQs. This

plan resulted in sending the Body Armor DQ to 529 departments.

The departments were selected randomly within each cell, from the total cell population, each department (other than the states and 50 largest cities) receiving 2 DQs. Thus, in cells having 30 sample units, the Body Armor DQ was mailed to 10

departments; cells having fewer sample units were allocated proportionally fewer Body

Armor DQs. Table 1.2.3 presents the total sample for the Body Armor DQ by region and

department type.

Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned a unique seven-digit

identification number, coding region, type,, and questionnaire assignment.

LEAA Polire Equipment Survey of 1972, Vol. I: The Need for Standards—Priorities for Police Equipment.

2
Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories

Department types LEAA geographic region

State police 1 = Conn., Maine, Mass., N.H., R.I., Vt. County police and sheriffs 2 = N.J., N.Y.

City with 1-9 officers 3 = Del., Md., Pa., Va., W. Va., D.C.

City with 10-49 officers 4 = Ala., Fla., Ga., Ky., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tenn.

City with 50 or more officers' 5 111., Ind., Mich., Ohio, Wis., Minn. The 50 largest U.S. cities^ 6 Ark., La., N. Mex., Okla., Tex. Township departments 7 Iowa, Kans., Mo., Nebr.

8 Colo., Mont., N. Dak., S. Dak., Utah, Wyo.

9 Ariz., Calif., Nev., Hawaii

10 Alaska, Idaho, Oreg., Wash.

Does not include the 50 largest cities. By population, U.S. 1970 census.

Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type

LEAA region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State 6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50 County 66 84 257 764 536 506 413 288 103 120 3,137

City (1-9 officers) 27 348 713 979 1,470 703 611 283 135 217 5,486

City (10-49 officers) 40 237 166 344 508 230 142 71 168 79 1,985 City (50-t- officers) 60 64 36 83 119 46 23 19 87 17 554

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township 629 349 362 234 1,574

Total 829 1,088 1,544 2,186 2,883 1,498 1,196 668 505 439 12,836

I

. . Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state police departments since there were 6 state departments which listed 2 police agencies without

reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six states as described in vol. I, app. B, p. B-2.

Table 1.2-3. Number of departments selected to receive the Detailed Questionnaire: Body armor and confiscated weapons

LEAA geographic region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State' 6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50 County 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

City (1-9 officers) 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 99

City (10-49 officers) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

City (50-1- officers) 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 10 6 90

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township- 10 10 10 10 40

Total 56 56 60 56 66 53 45 43 52 42 529

'Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 stale police departments since there were 6 stale departments which listed 2 police agencies

without reference to a comraon central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six stales. Township departments exist only in regions 1. 2. 3, and 5.

3
1.3. Questionnaire Administration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that stringent control would be

required in administering the questionnaires to ensure a high rate of response.

Computer-stored daily status records were input via a teletypewriter for each sample

department. In general, the following procedure was used:

(1) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed by the director of NILECJ, addressed to the head of the department. This letter introduced the survey

and requested cooperation.

(2) About 1 week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed.

(3) Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month were identified

by the computer and were sent a self-return post card requesting information as to the

status of the questionnaires. Departments not receiving the questionnaire package were

sent another; those not returning the post card were placed on a list for telephone

follow-up.

(4) About a month and a half later, departments with which no contact had been

made were called by telephone.

(5) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and either coded for keypunching or filed for telephone callback to supply missing data or to resolve

ambiguities.

Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response, and this effort was rewarded with an 83 percent response for the Body Armor DQ, and between 80

percent and 85 percent for each of the other questionnaires. In the course of the survey more than 70 percent of the sample departments were contacted at least once by

telephone. More than 1,300 phone calls were made by the survey team.

The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable Body Armor

DQs) is exhibited in table 1.3-1. The highest percentages of response were from the

states and larger cities (88-92%), while counties and townships had the poorest response

rates (under 75%).

Table 1.3-1. Number of departments returning acceptable

Detailed Questionnaires : Body armor and confiscated weapons

LEAA geographic region

Percent

total Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total sample

State' 4 2 5 8 6 5 3 6 2 3 44 88 County 5 10 6 5 6 7 8 9 9 9 74 74

City (1-9 officers) 6 9 10 10 7 5 8 9 7 7 78 79

City (10-49 officers) 10 8 7 7 9 9 10 10 10 9 89 89

City (50-f officers) 10 9 9 10 8 9 5 6 10 5 81 90

50 largest cities 1 3 4 7 9 8 3 1 8 2 46 92 Townships' 8 7 7 6 28 70

Total 44 48 48 47 51 43 37 41 46 35 440 83

Percent total sample 78 86 80 84 75 81 82 95 88 83 83

Questionnaires were actually mai led to 56 state police departmtmts since there vvere 6 Stales whiich listed 2 police agencies without reference to a common central agency. However. only one set o'f question was accepted from each of these six states. Township departments exist only in regions 1, 2, 3, and 5.

4
1 .4. Development and Design of the Body Armor DQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design (of all seven questionnaires) evolved over a 12-month period. During this time, the survey team consulted at length with

NILECJ equipment experts, LESL program managers, and equipment manufacturers.

In addition, the officers and administrators of about 40 police departments served as consultants and/or respondents for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires.

The Body Armor DQ, in its final form, is reproduced in appendix A. This DQ

asked respondents to describe situations which would require the use of body armor,

kinds of data maintained when officers were killed or wounded, and about other kinds of

ballistic protective devices used in their departments. A section asking about numbers

of weapons confiscated and methods of disposing of those weapons was added to this questionnaire at the request of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The questionnaire was limited to general topics because: (1) it was not possible, considering the scope of the present survey, to explore in a detailed manner specific information about all types

of body armor or other protective equipment in use, and (2) it was felt that the general

data gathered in the present effort would provide important direction for research in the

development of standards, the main objective of the survey.

1.5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups

The EPQ of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey requested data from each

department about population served, physical size of jurisdiction served, type of

jurisdiction, number of full- and part-time officers, approximate total, equipment, and

personnel budgets during 1971, and activities handled by the department.

Table 1.5-1 presents a partial tabulation, by department type, of the responses to a

checklist of 30 typical police activities by the respondents to the EPQ. (The EPQ

respondents include, but are not limited to, the respondents to the Body Armor DQ.

See sec. 1.2.) The activities most frequently checked by all departments were: (1) Serve

traffic and criminal warrants (88%), (2) traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and (3) communications for own department (87%). The activity with the most consistent level across all department types was that of emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60

percent (cities with 50+ officers) to 67 percent (counties).

Higher percentages of state and 50 largest city departments than of other

department types were handling certain of the 30 activities. For example, all of the 50

largest city departments responding, and 98 percent of the responding state departments

said that their departments provided police training for their own department. These

compare to 68 percent for all responding departments. All of the responding 50 largest

cities said that they handled criminal investigation in their own departments. This

compares to 86 percent of the total sample of departments. Although only 13 percent of the departments overall had crime laboratories, 73 percent of the 50 largest cities and 55

percent of the states had them.

Counties appeared to be the only department type with significant responsibilities

for custody and detention for more than 1 week. Seventy-eight percent of those departments had custody/detention up to 1 year, as compared with 22 percent of all responding departments.

Tables 1.5-2 and 1.5-3 present summaries of descriptive data by department type

and LEAA region, respectively. As can be seen from the column for "Annual equipment

budget" (table 1.5-2), there was a wide range of expenditures among different

department types: from a mean of about $10,000 for cities (1-9) to almost $2.7 million for the 50 largest cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent

of the annual total budgets.

The mean number of part-time officers was based on those respondents having

part-time officers in their departments. Of the 45 responding from the 50 largest cities,

5

229-969 O - 77 - 2
Table 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one -third of each department by department

type, and percent of total departments having each activity

Description oi activity otale County

t_.iiy t—iiy

(in

v-.iiy OU

largest Township 1 Olal

Serve traffic and criminal warrants 70 89 84 89 94 87 93 88

Traffic safety and traffic control 92 56 94 96 96 98 94 87 Communications for own department 94 86 76 95 94 96 70 87

Criminal investigation 66 86 71 95 97 100 79 86

Police training for own department 98 55 48 77 87 100 42 68 Custody/detention—less than 1 day 79 51 73 72 80 43 65

Breath-alcohol test 89 46 47 72 83 91 49 64 Emergency aid and rescue 62 67 62 63 60 67 62 63

Public building protection - 40 63 60 58 44 68 54

Service function - - 48 55 60 60 42 48 Animal control (dogcatcher) - - 58 63 42 - 37 44 Highway patrol 96 38 48 36 88 43 Maintenance of police buildings 51 36 34 41 48 47 40

Custody/detention—1 week or less - 73 36 46 49 38 Communications for other agency 66 56 40 - - 36

Serve civil process 88 - 32

Police training for other agency 77 - 42 84 24 Custody/detention—up to 1 year 78 - 22 Underwater recovery 34 42 - 42 19 Bomb disposal 45 - 82 17 Polygraph 62 36 90 17 Vehicle inspection 55 17 Crime laboratory 55 73 13 Narcotics laboratory analysis 43 62 11 Harbor patrol 7 Lab analysis for blood alcohol 34 53 7 Other 6 Coroner 5 Test for driver's license 34 3 Custody/detention—more than 1 year 3

Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means)

Number of Number of Annual Annual Department type Area Population fuU-time part-time Annual totcJ equipment personnel

(mi'') officers officers budget budget budget

50 largest 187 851,342 2,491 1,115 $43,268,865 $2,669,920 $34,712,818

State 62,580 3,936,410 889 18 16,377,358 2,304,339 12,020,572 County 1,518 130,254 60 25 1,089,919 58,539 859,984

City (50+) 31 83,334 132 26 1,733,340 173,099 1,407,177 City (10-49) 12 15,849 22 9 257,927 24,362 206,187

Township 28 13,228 14 8 175,654 20,854 141,675

City (1-9) 9 5,038 8 5 82,381 9,764 60,061

6
Table 1.5-3. Descriptive data hy LEAA region (means)

LEAA region

(mi') Area Population

Number of Number of full-time part-time

officers officers Annual total budget

Annual Annual equipment personnel

budget budget

12

34

56

789

10

1,096 3,691 2,652 5,738

2,379 6,346

4,218

3,580

750

648

158,112 240,781

245,733

340,996

448,174

271,386

112,094

83,023

372,094

104,877

96 365

216

151 283

16084

54

28169

18 97

7

118

179

946

9

$1,360,155

7,148,315 3,412,567

2,318,382

4,916,607

2,193,823

1,220,385 728,549

5,743,553

1,253,894

$135,130

148,172 435,153

248,600

431,478

160,363

121,001 77,081 728,801 82,198

$ 979,911

5,265,546

2,879,293

1,767,292 3,879,374

1,709,910 983,696

568,463

4,528,692

1,011,604

only 6 had part-time officers, including 1 city which had nearly 6,000. Thus, the mean

value of 1,115 for this department type is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that

the category part-time officers included officers described as auxiliary, volunteer,

reserve, school-crossing guard, dispatcher, summer, special agent, traffic supervisor, posse, and cadet. All of these classifications were counted in the part-time officer category since it has different meanings for different departments.

Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA region (table 1.5-3) were

considerably smaller than variations by department type. Regions 1 and 8 had smaller

budgets than the others, primarily because each had only 1 of the 50 largest cities.

2.1. Advice to the Reader

In reading section 2, certain points should be kept in mind:

(1) This report is not an evaluation of any of the equipment described or discussed

within it. It is a presentation of information and opinions of a stratified random sample

of police departments given in response to a specific set of questions. It does not, in any

way, reflect objective testing of any equipment by the National Bureau of Standards.

(2) The report reflects only what police departments are willing and able to say in response to a specific set of questions. In most cases, no attempt was made to verify the

accuracy of the information given or the level of sophistication of the respondent.

(3) Each discussion begins with the presentation of the question that appeared in the questionnaire, and in most cases the choices supplied, if any, set off in bold face

type. However, the reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire sent to sample departments (see app. A) and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact questions asked.

(3) The text tables that appear in section 2 are almost never the complete tables

that were tabulated for that question. Data categories for text tables may have been

collapsed from the full table, or certain categories of interest may have been singled out

for fuller discussion. Appendix B contains the complete tables from which the text tables were extracted. Text tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g.,

the text tables for Question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.). The tables in appendix B are also numbered the same as the question number, in the same manner.

In some cases, tables that appear in appendix B will not have been discussed at all in the text.

2. QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

7
(5) Data in the text of this report are usually presented by nearest whole percent

of the group under consideration. In appendix B, the data are usually presented by

number of respondents and percent. Because of statistical limitations imposed by the

sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be wary of assigning

importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when percentages are based

on the total number of respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10

percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular

department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(6) Data were always tabulated by each of the choices supphed, if any, in the

questionnaire. Any "other" choices written in by the respondents were also tabulated

and/or recorded verbatim. In most cases, the numbers of respondents giving a specific

"other" response do not reflect the numbers of respondents who might have marked

that choice if it had been one of those provided. Therefore, in most cases, this report

lists or gives examples of "other" responses, but does not present numbers or percents

of departments giving that response. For those questions for which choices were not provided in the questionnaire, coding categories were developed after approximately

one-fourth of the questionnaires had been returned.

(7) The following convention has been adopted in the report to designate the four

city department types:

City with 1-9 officers=city (1-9) City with 10-49 officers=(10-49)

City with 50 or more officers=city (50+)^

The 50 largest cities=50 largest^ In table headings this same convention has been used.

(8) Questions which asked departments to identify manufacturers of their

equipment were asked in this manner only to make the question clearer; not to evaluate

a manufacturer's product.

(9) In an attempt to make this report more readable, the main topics of the

questionnaire have been reordered in the report; the discussion of the findings does not foUow the order of the questions. To find the discussion of a particular question quickly,

consult the Contents or the List of Tables.

(10) When the subsample groups are discussed (e.g., "counties said..." or "cities

(1-9) said...") the reference is to the responding departments from one of the sample

strata. It is particularly important to note that when the text or tables refer to "all departments" or "all responding departments," the reference is to aU responding

departments from the sample described in section 1.2. This sample was not proportional

to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the

data in this report have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population. (See app. B, p. B-1.)

2.2. Discussion

2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents

a. Rank/Title of Respondents

AU of the questionnaires in the LEAA Police Equipment Survey were mailed to the chief (or highest official) of the department with a request that the questionnaires be

directed to the person or persons within the department who were felt to be best

qualified to answer the questions.

In general, the body armor questionnaire was filled in by officers with high rank.

In 68 percent of the city (1-9) departments the questionnaire was completed by the

Excluding the 50 largest LLS. cities.

.1 By population. 1970 U.S. Census.

8
chief; in township departments, 64 percent were filled in by the chief; and in city (10-49)

departments, 52 percent of the body armor questionnaires were filled in by the chief. As

the size of the city department increased, the percentage of chiefs completing this questionnaire decreased. In the larger cities, greater percentages of respondents were

sergeants, captains, and lieutenants. (See table i.) In county and state departments too, relatively high ranking officers filled in the

body armor questionnaire. In 46 percent of the state departments the questionnaire was

completed by either a captain or a lieutenant; in 57 percent of the county departments

the form was answered by the sheriff or undersheriff. In 16 percent of the state and 17 percent of the 50 largest city departments the

questionnaire was completed by a person with some title that was not a police rank.

Usually these respondents were administrative personnel.

b. Number of Years of Law Enforcement Experience of Respondent

In general, the respondents to the body armor questionnaire had been in law

enforcement work for several years when they answered the questionnaire. Forty-eight

percent of the 440 respondents said they had more than 15 years of experience in law

enforcement. Eighty-four percent of them had 6 or more years of experience. Only 3

percent of all respondents less than 2 years of such experience.

More than 80 percent of the respondents from states and the 3 largest city

department types had more than 10 years of experience in law enforcement. (See table

ii.)

Table i. Rank of primary respondent for body armor

questionnaire , by department type

'

Department type

City City City 50

Title/rank (1-9) (10-49) (50+) largest Township

Chief 68 52 22 7 64

Captain 4 13 16 15 4

Lieutenant 1 12 20 17 7 Sergeant 9 9 11 24 14 "Nonrank" title 6 1 10 17 7

Excluding county and state departments.

Table ii. Years of experience in law enforcement of primary respondent

Department type

Number of ye^rs of law enforcement City City City 50 experience State County (1-9) (10-49) (50+) largest Township

(Cumulative percentages)

More than 10 years 83 38 45 82 86 85 39 More than 20 years 46 19 22 33 42 41 4 More than 25 years 30 12 8 15 22 15 4

9
2.2.2. Use of Body Armor and Other Ballistic Protection Equipment

7. In your department' s opinion, if body armor is worn in a potentially explosive situation (a potential riot, for example, or in

controlling an " unfriendly" crowd), would it be better for the

body armor to be visible or to be hidden under the uniform?

Should be visible

Should be hidden

Should not be worn at all 7.b Why is that?

More than half (56%) of the responding departments said that when body armor is worn in a potentially explosive situation it should be hidden. About one-third felt it should be visible. Very few departments (3%) felt it should not be worn at all. The seven department types tended to be similar in their assessment of this use of body armor: Within every department type half or more of the responding departments

said body armor should be hidden in this sort of situation. Departments in the 50 largest

cities were least clear cut in their opinions—50 percent of these largest city departments

said it should be hidden and 41 percent said it should be visible. (See table 7-1.) Departments were asked to give a reason for their answers to Question 7. Using

these narrative responses, coding categories were developed and the responses were

tabulated in these categories.

The 2 most common reasons given by the 246 responding departments which said

body armor should be hidden were: Snipers are less likely to aim for vulnerable areas

(31%), and the sight of body armor tends to incite crowds (28%). About one-fourth of the

departments that favored hidden body armor gave no reason for that answer. Several of the departments which preferred hidden armor wrote comments about the effects of body armor on public opinion. Body armor, they said, presents the officer as the

aggressor rather than as a peace officer. In addition, some commented that visible body armor conceals the uniform, and thus the identity, of the officer. (See table 7-2.) The 150 responding departments which said body armor should be visible in a

potentially explosive situation generally referred to the positive effects of visible body

armor on the crowd: Shows that officers are prepared (25%), has a deterrent effect on a crowd (21%), has a psychological effect (13%), and show of force (9%). A smaller

percentage of the departments favoring visible body armor gave reasons which

expressed a belief that visible body armor would be more practical or comfortable:

Easier to put on and take off (9%), and more comfortable/maneuverable (5%). (See table

7-3.)

Table 7-1. Percentages of departments in each department type preferring

visible, hidden, or no body armor in a potentially explosive situation

Should Should Should Don't Department type be be not know/no

hidden visible be worn answer

Township 64 32 0 4

State 59 32 2 7

City (10-49) 58 34 2 5 County 57 28 5 10

City (1-9) 54 35 1 10

City (50-^) 53 37 2 7 50 largest 50 41 7 2

All respondents 56 34 3 7

10
Table 7-2. Of the 246 departments preferring hidden body armor in potentially explosive situations , percentages ' giving spec ified reason

Percent of respondents

'

preferring Reason hidden

[n=246]

Snipers are less likely to aim for 31 vulnerable areas

Sight of armor tends to incite crowds 28

Don't want others to know it's worn; element of surprise 9

Visibility of uniform is more important

than visibility of armor; identify

officer by uniform 2 So that unprotected officers will not become targets 2 Miscellaneous others 9 No answer 26

Percentages add to slightly more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed.

Table 7-3. Of the 150 departments preferring visible body armor in potentially explosive situations , percentages giving specified reason

Reason

Percent of respondents

preferring

visible [n=246]

Well equipped officer should show training. protection, and preparedness for crowd 25

Deterrent effect on crowd 21

Psychological effect 13 Ease of putting on and taking off equipment 9 Show of force 9

Comfort, less restrictions, maneuverability 5 Miscellaneous 14 No answer 20

Percentages add to slightly i

> than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed.

11
8. If body armor designed for the following activities were

available to you, for which of those listed below do you think such

body armor would be used routinely in your department? (Mark X

By Each Item That Applies.)

° Foot Patrol (concealed armor)

° Automobile Patrol (concealed armor)

° Detectives (concealed armor)

° Foot and/or Auto Patrol in High Crime Areas (concealed

armor)

° Sniper Situations

° " Man with a Gun" Calls

° Burglary Calls

° Robbery Calls

° Family Disturbance Calls

° Approaching a Suspicious Vehicle

° Other (Specify)

This question was designed to allow departments to speculate about the activities for which body armor would most likely be used if appropriate body armor for that

activity were available. The body armors available to poHce departments at the time of

this survey were clearly too heavy, too difficult to put on and take off, and in some

cases, required too much care in handling to allow them to be used in situations other

than those in which there was known danger of exposure to gunfire, such as sniper

situations. There have, however, been recent technological developments leading to

relatively lightweight, flexible, and comfortable body armor or bullet protective clothing

which might be usable in some of the situations described in Question 8. The two activities for which most responding departments said they would

routinely use an appropriate body armor were: sniper situations (80%) and "man with a gun" calls (70%). More than one-third of the responding departments also said they

Table 8. Percentages' of departments in each department type which would

routinely use body armor for specified activity

Department type

Activity 50

largest

City (50+) State

City

(10-49)

City

(1-9) County TownsI

Snipers 98 93 84 83 69 68 57 "Man with gun" 48 79 59 76 72 69 79

Robbery 22 42 9 29 42 47 54

Burglary 11 15 5 22 33 26 54

Patrol in high crime

(concealed) 26 16 2 19 26 16 14 Family disturbances 9 12 0 18 15 27 39

Suspicious vehicle 9 11 18 13 19 24 36 Auto patrol (concealed) 7 4 14 15 15 9 29

Detectives (concealed) 11 14 14 11 9 8 4 Foot patrol (concealed) 4 2 2 9 8 3 7 Other 41 22 23 8 5 15 4 No answer 0 0 0 2 6 8 7

1 Percentages add to more than 100 percent since mlulliple answers 'were allowed

12
would use body armor routinely for robbery calls (36%), if an appropriate armor were

available. Four other activities were each cited for routine body armor use by about onefifth of the departments: burglary calls (22%), patrol in high crime areas/concealed armor (18%), family disturbance calls (17%), and approaching a suspicious vehicle

(17%).

There were some department type differences. Fewer states cited robbery,

burglary, family disturbance, and foot patrol; these were more often mentioned by the

other department types. A smaller proportion of the 50 largest cities cited "man with a gun" calls than did counties, townships, and the other city department types. The 50

largest cities also more often listed some "other" activity.

Other activities mentioned included riots and/or civil disturbances, apprehension

of dangerous persons or barricaded criminals, and guarding VIPs. (See table 8.)

9. Which of the following types of ballistic protective items, if any, does your department now use or expect to use? (Mark X by

Each Item That Applies.)

Now Use Will be Using

Hand-held Ballistic Shields

Patrol Car Armor

Ballistic Helmets

Special Armored Cars

Taken as a group, only small percentages of the 440 responding departments were

using or were planning to use any of the listed ballistic protective items. (In this case, no answer was assumed to mean the department neither used nor planned to use the

item.) Departments were more likely to be using or planning to use ballistic shields or

ballistic helmets than armored cars or patrol car armor. (See table 9-1.) Among the seven department types, however, some department types had

relatively high percentages of departments using ballistic protective devices. Fewer than

20 percent of counties, townships, cities (1-9), and cities (10-49) were using or were

planning to use each of the ballistic items listed. But, about one-third of the 50 largest

city and city (50+) departments were or would be using hand-held ballistic shields. About one-fourth of the states were using or were planning to use ballistic helmets, and

almost one-third of the 50 largest cities were using or planning to use armored cars. (See

table 9-2.) The 50 largest city departments were much more likely to have been currently

using at least one of the listed ballistic protective items than the other department

types. It appears that use of these ballistic protective items was related to the size of the department. (See table 9-3.)

Table 9-1. Percentages' of responding departments using and

planning to use specified ballistic protective item

Now Plan No answer/

Ballistic protective item using to use none

BsJlistic helmet 12 6 82 Hand-held ballistic shield 10 7 83

Special armored car 4 2 94

Patrol car armor 2 1 97

Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed.

13

229-969 O - 77 - 4
Table 9-2. Percentages' of departments in each department type which were using or were planning to use specified ballistic protective item

Ballistic protective item

Patrol Department type Ballistic Hand-held Armored car helmets shields cars armor

50 largest 19 35 30 9

State 26 14 16 2 City (50+) 20 29 4 5

City (10-49) 19 19 0 3 Township 15 7 0 0 County 17 8 1 4 AU respondents 18 17 6 3

1 Percentages add to more than 100 percent since tnultiple answers were allowed.

Table 9-3. Percentages of departments in each department type

currently using at least one of the ballistic protective items

Departments using

Department type at least one item

50 largest 61

State 36

City (50-H) 28

City (10-49) 20 Township 11 County 11 City (1-9) 10 AU respondents 24

10. Do you have any comments about the use of, or problems

with, the use of body armor or balhstic protective items?

No choices were supplied for this question, and as is often the case with openended questions, many departments (46%) gave no answer. For an additional 12 percent,

the only comment supplied was that they had no problems with ballistic protective

equipment or body armor. The remaining 42 percent wrote a comment other than "No

Problems" or described a problem with such equipment. The two largest city

department types (50 largest and 50+ officers) were more likely to mention a problem

than the other department types. (See table 10-1.)

The body armor questionnaire did not ask whether the department was currently

using body armor, and many departments used Question 10 to volunteer that they were

not using body armor. Table 10-2 is presented only to show the flavor of those

responses, the data in this table cannot be used to estimate numbers of departments

using body armor. It shows approximately the same trend as table 10-1 and table 9-3, that the larger departments are more hkely to have baUistic protective devices.

Of the 183 responding departments which made a comment (other than "no

problem") or described a problem, the most common problem mentioned was that body

14
Table 10-1. Percentages of departments in each department type providing a comment about ballistic protective items or body armor

Problem No No

Department type or comment problem answer

50 largest 57 4 39

City (50+) 52 9 38

City (1049) 39 12 48 Township 36 11 54

State 39 11 50 County 36 14 50

City (1-9) 32 21 47 AU respondents 42 12 46

Table 10-2. Percentages of departments in each department type which commented (Question 10) thai

their departments had no body armor'

Respondents

Department type saying no body armor

Township 28 County 20

City (1-9) 17 City (10-49) 16

State 7 City (50+) 7 50 largest 0

All respondents [n-440] 13

1 Data based on narrative response; see discussion immediately preceding table 10-2.

armor was too heavy and bulky making it: Impractical for routine use (12%), restricting

maneuverability (10%), uncomfortable (5%), or causing fatigue (5%). About 8 percent of those making comments specifically suggested redesign to make body armor lighter or more flexible. These comments on the weight and bulk of body armor included

discussions of the difficulties of putting on and taking off the armor, the amount of time

required to "suit up," the problems of getting in and out of vehicles while wearing

armor, and the general problems of fatigue and buildup of body heat while wearing

armor. (See table 10-3.)

A few of the responding departments which made comments referred to the cost of body armor. The most common comment was that body armor was too expensive for the

department to provide it for all officers. About 10 percent of the responding departments which made comments said that body armor provided inadequate protection and/or provided a false sense of security.

15
Table 10-3. Of the 183 departments which listed a problem

or made a comment (other than "no problem"), percentage'

citing specified comment

Percent of respondents citing Comment problems/comments

[n=183]

Don't have body armor 32

Too heavy and bulky

Impractical for routine use 12

Restricts maneuverability 10 Uncomfortable 5 Causes fatigue/too hot 5

Inadequate protection/false security 10 Redesign to make lighter/comfortable/

flexible 8 Too expensive to provide for all officers 5 Comment about ceramic body armor 2

Percentages add to slightly more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed.

About one-fourth of the state and 50 largest city departments which made comments

mentioned this problem. The comments centered on the belief that body armor did not

protect against the fire power it was subjected to and on requests that body armor be

subjected to test procedures using rifles and various calibers of handguns. Further,

these departments said that officers seemed to believe that body armor protects better

than it actually has been shown to do and, therefore, took risks which sometimes

resulted in deaths or injuries.

2.2.3. Avaitability of Data for Researchers Developing

Body Armor Standards

The departments were asked a series of questions to find out the kinds of data

which might be available to researchers developing standards for body armor. The first question in the series was used to identify the departments which kept detailed death

and injury statistics. Questions 2 through 6 were then to be answered only by the

departments which kept detailed records.

1. When one of your officers is injured or killed (by knife or

gun), does your department keep records which are detailed

enough to determine the exact (within an inch or two) location on

the body at which the wound occurred?

Yes

No

Sometimes

There were large differences among the seven department types in their answers

to this question. These differences, however, appeared to be more related to the

incidence of officer injury by knife or gun than to departmental recordkeeping policies.

16
About one-third or more of the responding departments in the four smallest department

types volunteered that they had never had an officer killed. None of the SO largest city

departments made that statement. (See table 1.) A large majority (87%) of the 50 largest city departments said they kept detailed

records concerning officer's wounds as did more than half of the responding

departments in states, cities (50+), and cities (10-49).

Table 1. Percentages of departments in each department type maintaining records of the exact locations of wounds sustained by

officers (ordered by size of department based on average number

of officers')

Keep exact records?

No officer Department type Yes No Sometimes kiUed

50 largest 87 7 7 0

State 61 18 9 11 City (50+) 60 12 7 20 County 47 15 3 35

City (10-49) 53 11 2 31 Township 29 25 0 46

City (1-9) 37 19 1 40

All respondents 53 15 4 27

For deparlmenl type statistics, see table 1.5-2.

2. How about the weapons used? Are your records detailed

enough to determine:

Caliber and type of gun? Yes No Sometimes

Type of bullet used? Yes No Sometimes

Distance from which shot was fired Yes No Sometimes

Most of the 235 departments which said they maintained records concerning

officers' wounds ("Yes" to Question 1) said these records included information about the

caliber and type of gun which was used (92%) and the type of bullet used (86%). A

slightly smaller percentage (70%) said their records identified the distance from which

the shot was fired. Department type differences were not as great with respect to the kind of records

kept as they were with respect to whether records were kept or not. Of the responding

departments in each department type keeping detailed records, three-fourths or more in each department type* said the records identified caliber and type of gun and the type of

bullet used. '^Slightly higher percentages of the larger departments recorded these two

items than did counties and cities (1-9). Fewer of the departments which kept injury data said that they were always able

to determine distance from which the shot was fired (70%), as compared to caliber of gun (92%) and type of bullet used (86%) information. However, relatively higher

percentages of departments stated that they sometimes were able to determine this information (23%) than in the other two categories (67% and 9%, respectively). (See

table 2.)

4 Excluding townships for which no statement can be made. Fewer than 10 of the township departments said they kept records of officers' wounds.

17
Table 2. Of the departments in each department type maintaining detailed injury data ("Yes" to Question 1 ), the percentages including specified data in those records

Caliber and type Type of buUet Distance shot

of gun used fired from

Department type Yes Sometimes Yes Sometimes Yes Sometimes

State [n=27] 4 85 15 i o

City (50+) [n=49] 96 4 90 8 67 24

City (10-49) [n=47] 96 2 94 2 85 9 oU largest [n— 4UJ 95 5 OA 60 40 County [n=35] 83 6 77 9 60 26

City (1-9) [n=29] 79 17 79 10 72 14 Township* [n=8] * * * * *

All" respondents [n=235] 92 6 86 9 70 23

• Excluding township departments. Fevver than eight of the responding; townships maintained such records.

3. Would your department be willing to allow a researcher to

visit and study these records for research purposes?

Yes

No

Don' t Know

Only 7 percent of the 235 responding departments which maintained records

officers' wounds said that they would not be willing to make these records available to researchers. A higher percentage, however, said that they didn't know whether the

records could be made available or not. These "don't know" responses probably

represented two distinct factors. Some of the respondents said that permission would

have to be obtained from a particular official, that the respondent himself could not give

permission; and some respondents indicated that the records could only be made

available under certain conditions. (See table 3.) Respondents from state and 50 largest city departments were more likely to say

they don't know. This tendency was probably the result of the fact that fewer chiefs or department heads filled in the body armor questionnaire in these department types.

Table 3. Of the departments in each department type maintaining

detailed injury data ("Yes" to Question 1 ), the percentages willing to make these records available to researchers

Department type

Willing to make available?

Yes Don't know No No answer

City (10-49) 85 11 4 0 County 80 6 11 3

City (50+) 76 16 6 2

City (1-9) 72 24 3 0

50 largest 60 32 7 0

State 48 41 11 0 Township* * * *

All respondents [n=235] 72 20 7 1

• Excluding townships. Fewer than eight of the responding townships maintained such records.

18
4. Are any summaries of these statistics on death and injury to your officers kept by your department?

Yes

No (If " No" to Question 4, Go to Question 7)

Sometimes

More than 80 percent of the 50 largest cities which maintained statistics on

officers' injuries and deaths said that they kept summaries of those records. Between

about half and three-fifths of the departments in the other department types kept such

summaries.

A total of 147 departments, 33 percent of the 440 responding departments, said

that they kept summary statistics on death or injury to their officers ("Yes" to Question

1 and "Yes" or "Sometimes" to Question 4). (See table 4.)

Table 4. Of the departments in each department type maintaining detailed injury data ("Yes" to Question 1 ), percentages keeping summaries of those records

Maintain summaries?

Department type Yes No Sometimes

50 largest 82 15 2 State 63 37 0 County 60 34 6 City (50+) 55 39 2 City (10-49) 53 47 0

City (1-9) 48 48 3 Townships* * * * AU respondents [n=235] 60 37 2

Excluding townships. Fewer than eight of the responding townships maintained such records.

5. (If "Yes" or "Sometimes" to Question 4) Do these summaries

contain information about:

Exact (within an inch) location Yes No Sometimes

Caliber and type of gun? Yes No Sometimes

Type of bullet used? Yes No Sometimes

Distance from which shot was fired? Yes No Sometimes

Most of the 147 responding departments which maintained summary statistics on

death and injury to officers said those summaries contained information about caliber

and type of gun (90%), type of buUet used (82%), and the exact location of the wound

(78%). About two-thirds of those respondents also said their summaries listed the

distance from which the shot was fired. It appears that virtuaUy all of the departments

that compile such summaries hst those four pieces of information when they are available-the addition of "Yes" and "Sometimes" answers equals 100 percent in most

cases except for the distance from which the shot was fired category. (See table 5.)

19
Table 5. Of the departments in each department type maintaining summarized

wound data ("Yes" to Question 1 and "Yes" or " Sometimes" to Question 4), percentages including specified data in those records

Exact location Caliber and Type of bullet Distance shot

of wound type of gun used fired

Department type Yes Sometimes Yes Sometimes Yes Sometimes Yes Sometimes

City (10-49) [n=25] 92 4 100 0 100 0 96 4

State [n=17] 82 18 94 6 82 18 76 24

50 largest [n=34] 79 12 85 12 76 18 47 44

City (50+) [n=28] 75 14 89 4 82 11 61 25 County [n=23] 74 26 83 13 70 22 61 35

City (1-9) [n=15] 67 27 93 7 93 0 80 13 Townships* [n=5] * * * * * * *

Allrespondents [n=147] 78 16 90 7 82 12 67 27

^Excluding townships. Fewer than eight of the responding townships maintained summary reeords.

6. (If " Yes" or " Sometimes" to Question 4) Would your

department be willing to send copies of these summaries to the

research team that is writing standards for body armor?

Yes

No

Don' t Know (If " Don' t Know" ) Whom should we contact to obtain

such permission?

Name

Address

Only about one-tenth of the 147 departments that maintained summary statistics on officer's wounds said they would not be willing to send copies of these data to researchers. Sixty-one percent said they would be willing to provide copies, and 28

percent said some other person in the department would have to be contacted in order

to get permission to obtain those statistics. Nearly all of those who said "don't know"

provided the name of a person or agency to contact for obtaining permission. (See table

6.)

Table 6. Of the 147 departments maintaining summarized

data on officers' wounds ("Yes" to Question 1 and "Yes" or "Sometimes" to Question 4), percentage willing to provide

copies of these data to researchers

Percent of respondents

Provide data? with summarized data [n=147]

Yes 61

Don't know 28 No 11 No answer 1

20
2.2.4. Confiscated Weapons

Section II: Confiscated weapons was added to the body armor questionnaire at the

request of the U.S. Treasury Department. The Treasury Department was interested in the kinds and numbers of weapons confiscated by police departments; how poHce

disposed of confiscated weapons; and problems encountered, if any, in disposing of confiscated weapons. Although answers to questions such as these are of correlative

interest to current equipment research, they were not considered of primary importance

to the NILECJ standards development program. Therefore, although questions

concerning confiscated weapons were developed and included in this questionnaire,

these questions were developed too late to allow the same pretests that were carried out

for other questions in the survey. In addition, it was agreed by NILECJ and NBS that NBS would analyze data from this section "as returned," i.e., if Question llA-C and

12A-C contained ambiguous data, or lacked data, telephone calls would not be made to complete the data, as was the usual practice for other parts of the survey. The confiscated weapons section asked a series of three questions about weapons

confiscated in 2 separate years, 1970 and 1971:

(1) 11A/12A. About how many (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder weapons did your

department confiscate in 1971/1970?

(2) 11B/12B. Of the total number of (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder weapons you

confiscated in 1971/1970, about how many had originally been military issue ?

(3) 11C/12C. About how many of all handguns confiscated in 1971/1970 were

disposed of in each of the following ways? (Followed by choices.)

There are several points the reader should keep in mind when reading and

interpreting the responses to Questions llA-C and 12A-C. Although the questions were

designed so that it would be possible to directly relate the answers from one question to those of another question, it was not always possible to do so. For example, although it was expected that numbers of handguns confiscated (Questions llA and 12A) would

approximate the numbers of handguns disposed of (Questions IIC and 12C), this was

not always the case. Some departments provided numbers in answer to one of the

questions, but either checkmarked or left other questions blank. Other departments

indicated numbers of handguns confiscated in a given year, and then described aU

handguns disposed of in that year—a number that included the handguns confiscated over a period of several years. In addition, a large proportion of the responding

departments did not answer one or more of the questions. Therefore, estimates of total numbers of weapons confiscated in 1970 or 1971 based on these data might be subject

to considerable error. 11A/12A. About how many (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder

weapons did your department confiscate in 1971/1970?

Weapon Type Number Confiscated in 1971 /I'^JO

a. Handguns

b. Shoulder Weapons

Although a majority of the 440 responding departments supplied numbers

(including 0) of weapons confiscated in 1971 and 1970, there was 1 major department

type difference. Only about one-third of the state departments provided data for 1971

and even fewer (25%) reported numbers confiscated in 1970. More than 69 percent of the departments in every other department type reported numbers of handguns and

shoulder weapons confiscated in 1971, and more than 50 percent of those department

types supplied 1970 data. Nonresponding state departments often said "don't know,"

data not available, no records kept, or don't confiscate weapons.

In every department type, higher percentages of departments supplied data for 1971 (Question 11) than for 1970 (Question 12). There are two possible explanations for

21

229-969 O - 77 - 5
this finding: The 1971 data may have been more readily available since it was the more

recent, or some departments (particularly those which said zero) which answered

Question 11 (1971 data) may have felt it unnecessary to repeat their answers for Question 12. (See table 11A/12A-1.)

About three-fourths of the confiscated weapons reported by respondents were handguns in both 1971 and 1970. However, this proportion was heavily influenced by the

numbers of weapons reported by 50 largest city departments; more than 80 percent of

the confiscated weapons reported by the responding departments were reported by

departments in the 50 largest cities. Responding county departments, in contrast,

reported that in 1970, 54 percent of their confiscated weapons were handguns and 46

percent were shoulder weapons. (See table 11A/12A-2.)

Based on those departments which supplied data, it appears that number of weapons confiscated per department was directly related to the size of the department

type. The responding 50 largest cities reported 2 to 3 times as many confiscated

handguns per department as state departments. Responding states reported 9 to 12

times as many confiscated handguns per department as city (50+) departments. (See

table 11A/12A-3.)

Table 11A/12A-1. Percentages of responding departments in each department

type which supplied numbers (including zero) of handguns and shoulder weapons

confiscated in 1971 (Question llA)and 1970 (Question 12A)

Department type

Supplying 1971 numbers Supplying 1970 numbers

for handguns

for shoulderfor handgunsfor shoulder

City (1-9) [n=78] 97 85 83 76

City (10-49) [n=89] 94 83 85 76 Township [n=28] 89 79 68 68 County [n=74] 85 69 66 54

City (50+) [n=81] 79 79 72 70

50 largest [n=46] 72 72 72 72

States [n=44] 34 34 25 25

Table 11A/12A-2. Of the total numbers of confiscated weapons reported

by the responding departments in each department type' in 1971 and 1970,

percentages that were handguns and shoulder weapons

1971 figures 1970 figures

Department type Handguns Shoulder Handguns Shoulder

State 89 11 93 7 50 largest 76 24 76 24

City (1-9) 69 31 75 25

City (50-I-) 68 32 68 32

City (10-49) 64 36 66 34 Township 61 39 50 50 County 58 42 54 46

Table based on those departments reporting numbers.

22
Table 11A/12A-3. Numbers of handguns and shoulder weapons reported by the departments which

supplied numbers (including zero) of weapons confiscated in 1971 (Question 11 A) and 1970 (Question 12A)

Handguns

1971 figures 1 970 figures

Department Total no. No. depts. Mean no. per Total no. No. depts. Mean no. per type reported reporting department reported reporting department

50 largest 47,819 33 1,449 42,298 33 1,282 State 6,990 15 466 7,436 11 676

City (50+) 3,454 64 54 3,138 58 54

City (10-49) 644 84 8 464 76 6 County 473 63 7.5 286 49 6

City (1-9) 198 76 3 116 65 2 Township 38 25 1.5 23 19 1

Should er weapons

oU largest 1 A QQO oo Ann

State 862 14 62 7,436 11 53

City (50+) 1,629 64 25 3,138 57 26

City (10-49) 355 74 5 464 68 3 County 339 51 7 286 40 6

City (1-9) 91 66 1 116 59 1 Township 24 22 1 23 19 1

11B/12B. Of the total number of (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder

weapons you confiscated in 1971/1970, about how many had

been Military Issue

:

Weapon Type Issue in 1971 Number Military

a. Handguns

b. Shoulder Weapons

Slightly smaller percentages of the responding departments supplied information

about confiscated weapons of military issue than reported numbers of weapons

confiscated. (A department was counted as having answered if it gave a number or

stated "zero." Blanks could not be considered "zero" answers.) This higher nonresponse

rate might be attributed to the fact that some departments did not include military origin

in their records on confiscated weapons. (See table 11B/12B-1.)

As stated in the introduction to section 2.2.4, it is difficult to compare data

obtained from more than one question in this section of the questionnaire, since

different sets of responding departments answered each question. Therefore, to compare

total numbers of confiscated handguns and shoulder weapons with numbers of handguns

and shoulder weapons originally of military issue, average numbers per department

within each department type must be used to account for differences in numbers of respondents.

Based on these figures, it appears that only small proportions of the weapons

confiscated by the responding departments in 1970 and 1971 had originally been of

military issue. There did not appear to be any striking differences between the

proportions of handguns and shoulder weapons that had been of military origin. (See

table 11B/12B-2.)

23
Table 11B/12B-1. Percentages of departments in each department type which

reported numbers (including zero) of weapons of military issue confiscated in 1971 (Question 1 IB) and 1970 (Question 12B)

Department type

Supplying 1971 numbers Supplying 1970 numbers

Handguns Shoulder Handguns Shoulder

City (10-49) 84 78 73 70

79 74 64 63

City (50+) 65 65 59 60 County 64 53 50 46 Township 57 54 50 54

50 largest 39 37 37 33

State 23 25 14 14

Table 11B/12B-2. Using mean number of weapons confiscated per department in each department type and mean number of weapons

of military issue per department in each department type , percentages of handguns and shoulder weapons that were originally of military issue

Department type

Handguns Shoulder weapons

1971 1970 1971 1970

City (10-49) 9 3 8 3

City (1-9) 8 11 14 6 Township 7 8 9 25 County 4 10 1.5 8

City (50+) 2 3 5 5 50 largest 2 2 4 4

State 1.5 1 6 11

11C/12C. About how many of all handguns confiscated in

1971/1970 were disposed of in each of the following ways?

Number Disposal of Handguns in 1971

Turned Over to Another Agency for Disposal

(Specify)

Melted in a Furnace

Dumped in Deep Water

Crushed

Cut with Torches or Hacksaws

Given to Arms Museums or Other Authorized

Sample Collection

Issued to Sworn Officers for Use on Duty or Target

Range

Returned to Owner or Agent of Owner

Resold (Specify to Whom)

Other (Specify)

There were again large differences among the seven department types in the

percentages of responding departments indicating methods used to dispose of confiscated handguns. High percentages of the responding departments in the three

largest city departments did show disposal methods for both 1971 and 1970: 87 percent

24
and 83 percent of the 50 largest cities, 88 percent and 76 percent of cities (50+), and 80

percent and 74 percent of the cities (10-49). Only about one-third of the responding

townships provided 1971 disposal information, and 36-39 percent of townships, cities (1-

9), states, and counties provided 1970 disposal information. Note that a higher

percentage of the responding state departments provided 1971 disposal information

(55%) than provided information about total numbers of handguns confiscated in 1971

(34%), the only department type to do so. (See table 11C/12C-1.)

Responses to Questions IIC and 12C were tabulated in two ways: A frequency

count of departments whichever used the specified method to dispose of confiscated

handguns in the given year (indicated by a number of weapons disposed of in a specified

way or by a checkoff of a disposal method), and a tabulation of the actual numbers of handguns disposed of in a given way (based on those departments supplying numbers).

In terms of percentages of responding departments using a specified method of disposal, the methods used by the highest percentages of departments were those which

did not entail destruction of the handgun: return to owner or agent of owner, turn over

to other agency, issue to officer for use, arms museum/sample collection, resold, and

"other." (Other responses to this question referred almost exclusively to handguns being

held in the department pending trial or other disposition.) As wiU be discussed further

below, however, the numbers of handguns disposed of in these ways (with the exception

of return to owner) were relatively small. Table llC-2, below, presents the frequency

count of departments for 1971 only. See appendix B for 1970 figures.

Departments which reported that they at least sometimes turned confiscated

handguns over to another agency were usually referring to courts, sheriff departments,

or the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) Bureau of the Treasury Department.

The responding departments which gave actual numbers of handguns disposed of

in each category reported a total of 66,307 handguns disposed of in 1971 and a total of 38,763 handguns disposed of in 1970. The vast majority (over 80%) of both these totals were reported by departments in the 50 largest cities. (The reader is again cautioned

that these numbers should not be used to estimate total numbers of handguns disposed

of in these years because of high nonresponse rates. Tables llC-3 and 12C-3 are presented in order to show trends in the relative use of disposal methods by different

department types.

Using the reported numbers, it appears that the responding states and 50 largest

cities tended actually to destroy a greater proportion of their confiscated handguns than

the other department types. The methods most commonly used by states and 50 largest

Table 11C/12C-1. Percentages of departments in each department type providing data about methods used to dispose of confiscated handguns in 1971 and 1970

Reporting numhers or checking disposa I method

Department type 1971 1970

City (50+) 88 76

50 largest 87 83

City (10-49) 80 74 County 70 39

City (1-9) 60 38

State 55 39 Township 36 36

25
Table llC-2. Of the departments indicating disposal methods, percentage' in each department type' using specified disposal method in 1971

Department type

Citv Disposal method (_.ounty (10-49) \o\J-r) y State [n=52] [n=71] [n=71] [n=40] [n=47] [n=24]

Return to owner/owner's agent 67 56 52 50 45 8 Turn over to other agency 15 22 41 45 23 67

Issue to officers 21 25 25 37 19 12 "Other" 21 29 32 7 26 8 Arms museum/sample collection 8 25 13 20 11 12

Dump in deep water 4 11 14 20 4 4

Cut with torch/hacksaw 8 7 18 7 6 4

Melt in furnace 0 0 3 50 0 17 Crush 10 7 OQ 1 9 U Resold 4 3 7 17 6 8

Percentages add to more than 100 percetll since multiple answers were al lowed. Excluding townships in which orily 10 respondents answered.

Table llC-3. Of th e total numbers of handguns reported to be disposed of by each department type' in 1971 , percentages disposed of by specified disp osal method

Department type

50 City City City

Disposal method largest State (50+) (10-49) (1-9) County

[n=54,335] [n=7,483] [n =2,998] [n=732] [n=184] [n=554]

Melted in furnace 47 84 1 0 0 0 Dumped in water 18 0 7 10 * Crushed 6 0 7 3 8 6

Cut: torch/hacksaw 1 0 15 2 * 5

Return to owner 13 1 35 47 40 50 Turn over to agency 6 11 18 7 14 25

Issue to officer 1 1 3 6 14 4 Resold 4 0 2 * 7 0 Arms museum 1 3 1 12 5 1 Other 2 0 11 12 11 9

1 Excluding township. Less than 1 percent.

cities were melting in a furnace and dumping in deep water. The smaller department

types showed much higher proportions of their confiscated handguns as returned to owner.

Relatively small percentages of confiscated handguns were said to be resold. In some cases, this choice was accompanied by a comment indicating that confiscated

handguns were used as partial payment for the department's service revolvers.

26
Table 12C-3. Of the total numbers of handguns reported to he disposed of by each department type' in 1970, percentages disposed of by specified disposal method

Department type

50 City City City

Disposal method largest State (50+) (10-49) (1-9) County

[n=28,850] (n=7,236] [n=l,777] [n=437] [n=84] [n=359]

Melted in furnace 31 90 1 0 0 0 Dumped in water 16 0 4 10 0 1 Crushed 10 0 3 3 11 3 Cut: torch/hacksaw 2 0 7 3 6 6

Return to owner 20 2 39 47 44 56 Turn over to agency 9 6 17 9 1 27

Issue to officer 2 * 4 5 11 1 Resold 20 0 7 0 6 2 Arms museum * 2 2 6 4 0 Other 2 0 14 16 18 4

Excluding township. *Less than 1 percent.

13. What problems, if any, have you had in disposing of

confiscated weapons?

14. Other comments:

Only 14 percent of the responding departments had a comment in response to Question 13. These comments were very rarely problem statements, most of them

described the department's disposal procedure. The only problems mentioned had to do

with the legal questions concerning disposal of weapons, obtaining court orders, etc. Twenty-one percent of the responding departments made a comment for Question

14. These comments usually also described departmental policies, procedures, or recordkeeping, or discussed legal questions concerning disposal of weapons.

Some examples are shown below:

Our records do not reflect the information required in this section.

None—Sold on a bid basis to the highest bidder to be shipped out of the U.S.

F.S.A. 790/08 Guidelines are well defined.

No major problems in the past; however, we now have a new state law

which. . .requires us to turn all confiscated weapons over to the sheriff.

System of using those weapons which are serviceable saves the taxpayer and

allows us to have guns on hand to issue in event a gun is brought in for

repair.

Tighter control regarding the accessibility of cheap domestic and foreign

handguns.

A stricter court policy regarding cases involving handguns and a less liberal return of weapons once confiscated.

27

APPENDIX A

NBS-888

May 1972

0MB 41-F72030

Approval Expires June 30. 1973

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

DETAILED QUESTIONNAIRE; BODY ARMOR

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

Sponsored By:

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Behavioral Sciences Group

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558

NOTE: This questionnaire is included in this document as a supplement to the discussion in the text. It has no other intended use.

A-1
INTRODUCTION ; Many police departments have said that the body armor

they are now able to buy is not suited to police work. They have

described it as awkward, too heavy, and not protective enough for

their work. In order to write voluntary performance standards for

body armor, the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory is trying to find

out what police departments need.

PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE : This "detailed" questionnaire asks

you to tell us in what situations your officers might use body armor,

and under what circumstances you have had officers wounded or killed

where body armor might have prevented injury or death. YOUR answers

will be used to determine where further research and development is

needed.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Fill in the questionnaire completely. Even if you do not have

all the information you need "at your fingertips", please make

your best effort to supply every answer AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE.

2. Answer all questions for YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not attempt to

supply information that might exist in some other department.

3. The results of this questionnaire will be compiled by computer.

It is very important that you follow directions and answer every

question legibly and in the boxes and spaces provided.

4. No individual department will be identified in the report of this

survey; the results will be pviblished in tabulated form.

5. Additional instructions for filling in your answers appear after

some questions. Follow the directions given .

6. Please PRINT all comments or answers CLEARLY .

7. When this questionnaire has been completely filled in; place it,

with the other questionnaires sent to your department, in the

stamped, addressed envelope supplied. Return all of them to:

Technology Building, AllO

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 202 34

8. If you have any questions, write to the above address or call collect:

E . Bunten or P . Klaus

Phone: 301-921-3558

9. Remember that it is only by getting YOUR answers to these questions

that the Laboratory will know what police body armor should be

designed to withstand.

A-2
SECTION I: USE OF BODY ARMOR

1. When one of your officers is injured or killed (by knife or gun)

,

does your department keep records which are detailed enough to

determine the exact (within an inch or two) location on the body

at which the wound occurred?

(10) *** Yes

No

Sometimes

2. How about the weapons used? Are your records detailed enough to

determine?

(11) Caliber and type of gun? Yes No Sometimes

(12) Type of bullet used? Yes No Sometimes

(13) Distance from which shot Yes No Sometimes

was fired?

3. Would your department be willing to allow a researcher to visit and

study these records for research purposes?

(14) Yes

No

Don ' t Know

4. Are any SUMMARIES of these statistics on death and injury to your

officers kept by your department?

(15) Yes

No (IF "NO" TO QUESTION 4, GO TO QUESTION 7)

Sometimes

Numbers in parentheses are for computer use only.
5. (IF "YES" OR "SOMETIMES" TO QUESTION 4) Do these SUMMARIES

contain information about:

(16) Exact (within an inch) location Yes No Sometimes

(17) Caliber and type of gun? Yes No Sometimes

(18) Type of bullet used? Yes No Sometimes

(19) Distance from which shot was Yes No Sometimes

fired?

6. (IF "YES" OR "SOMETIMES" TO QUESTION 4) Would your department

be willing to send copies of these SUMMARIES to the research team

that is writing standards for body armor?

(20)

(IF "DON'T KNOW") Whom should we contact

to obtain such permission?

NAME:

ADDRESS:

7. In your department's opinion, if body armor is worn in a potentially explosive situation (a potential riot, for example,

or in controlling an "unfriendly" crowd) , would it be better for

the body armor to be visible or to be hidden under the uniform?

(21) Should be visible

Should be hidden

Should not be worn at all

(22-23) 7.B. Why is that?

A-4
8. If body armor designed for any of the following activities were available to you, for which of those listed below do you think such

body armor would be used routinely in your department?

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(24-34) Foot Patrol (concealed armor)

Automobile Patrol (concealed armor)

Detectives (concealed armor)

Foot and/or Auto Patrol in High Crime Areas (concealed armor)

Sniper situations

"Man with a Gun" Calls

Burglary Calls

Robbery Calls

Family Disturbance Calls

Approaching a Suspicious Vehicle

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

9. Which of the following types of ballistic protective items, if any,

does your department now use or expect to use? (MARK X BY EACH

ITEM THAT APPLIES)

NOW USE WILL BE USING

(35-36) Hand-held Ballistic Shields

(37-38) Patrolcar Armor

(39-40) Ballistic Helmets

(41-42) Special Armored Cars

A-5
10. Do you have any comments about the use of, or problems with the use of body armor or ballistic protective items?

(43-44)

A-6
SECTION II: CONFISCATED WEAPONS

These questions were added to the Police Equipment Survey at the

request of the U. S. Department of the Treasury. The Treasury

Department would like to find out what sorts of problems police

departments face in confiscating and disposing of weapons, what

kinds of weapons they are now confiscating, and how they dispose

of these weapons.

Remember that your department will NOT be identified to any agency

or in any report of this survey. YOUR ANSWERS WILL BE GROUPED

with the answers of other departments of the same type or the same geographic area. The data collected in this survey will NOT be

turned over to the Treasury Department until identifying information

has been removed from it.

A-7
11. A. About how many (a) handgxins, and (b) shoulder weapons did your

department confiscate in 1971?

WEAPON TYPE NUMBER CONFISCATED

IN 1971

(45-49) a. Handguns

(50-54) shoulder Weapons

11. B. Of the total number of (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder weapons

you confiscated in 1971 , about how many had originally been

MILITARY ISSUE?

NUMBER MILITARY

WEAPON TYPE ISSUED IN 1971

(55-59) a. Handguns

(60-64) Shoulder Weapons

11. C. About how many of all HANDGUNS confiscated in 1971 were disposed

of in each of the following ways?

NUMBER DISPOSAL OF HANDGUNS IN 1971

(65-69) Turned over to another agency for disposal

("70) (Specify)

(71-75) Melted in a Furnace

(76-80) Diomped in Deep Water

(10-14) Crushed

(15-19) ("lu-t- v^ith Torches or Hacksaws

(20-24) Given to Arms Museum or Other Authorized

Sample Collection

(25-29) Issued to Sworn Officers for Use on Duty or

Target Range

(30-34) Returned to Owner or Agent of Owner

(35-39) Resold (Specify to Whom)

(40)

(41-45) Other (Specify)

A-8
12. A. About how many (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder weapons did your

department confiscate in 1970?

NUMBER CONFISCATED

WEAPON TYPE IN 1970

(46-50) a. Handguns

(51-55) b. Shoulder Weapons

12. B. Of the total niambers of (a) handguns, and (b) shoulder weapons

you confiscated in 1970 , about how many had originally been

military issue?

NUMBER MILITARY

WEAPON TYPE ISSUE IN 1970

(56-60) a. Handguns

(61-65) b. Shoulder Weapons

12. C. About how many of all HANDGUNS confiscated in 1970 were

disposed of in each of the following ways?

NUMBER DISPOSAL OF HANDGUNS IN 1970

(66-70) Turned over to another agency for disposal (Specify)

(71)

(72-76) Melted in a Furnace

(10-14) Dumped in Deep Water

(15-19) Crushed

(20-24) Cut with Torches or Hacksaws

(25-29) Given to Arms Museum or Other Authorized Sample Collection

(30-34) Issued to Sworn Officers for Use on Duty or Target Range

(35-39) Returned to Owner or Agent of Owner

(40-44) Resold (Specify to Whom)

(45)

(46-50) Other (Specify)

A-9
13. What problems, if any, have you had in disposing of confiscated

weapons?

(51-52)

14. OTHER comments:

(53-54)

A-10
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: (All identifying information will be kept

confidential)

Name of Department:

Address:

Name of person who answered this questionnaire:

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement;

Telephone Nvimber:

Others who helped: 1. Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

2.

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

A-11

APPENDIX B

Data Tables

B.l. Advice to the Reader

(a) The data presented in the following tables resulted from the responses of a

stratified random sample (see sec. 1.2) of police departments in response to a specific

set of questions (see app. A). These data do not, in any way, reflect objective testing of any of the equipment by the National Bureau of Standards. The reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact

questions asked.

(b) Tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g., the tables for Question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.). The data are usually presented by

number of respondents and nearest whole percentage. Because of the statistical limitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be

wary of assigning importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when

percentages are based on all respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10

percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular

department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(c) These tables are based on the responding departments from the specific

sample selected for this questionnaire. This sample was not proportional to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the data in these

tables have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population.

(d) In order to extrapolate to the total population from the respondent data

presented in this report, use the following procedure: For each department type,

multiply the percentage of respondents of a particular department type giving the answer of interest (see B.2 Data Tables, app. B) by the total number of departments of that department type in the population (see table 1.2-2, sec. 1,2); add those seven

subtotals; and divide the total by the total number of police departments in the

population (table 1.2-2). The quotient of this division will be an estimate of the

percentage of all U.S. police departments that would choose the answer of interest.

B.2. Data Tables

B-1
^ cf o c 3- c o o o o o o o 3- o r-- o o o d--<CM-^d-00** o

Q. o a. •-«•-* to CM ^ o ^ 1-1 X. I

in CO .r^

O

O -1O o rvi o o o o o o d- o CM o o l/l :tPOCT>vD^oow^ (S z CVI z (M o O o z o z

tin o o o o rvj r~- CVI O O CM o o to r- o o o cMcvjcrcvirvj\0-H*fvi

O 1- W1 CM o 1- l/l in CM CVI CM o >- I/) UJ •H >- l/l Ul •H

(- Ul

M l- Ul »-t U. O h- n o o o o ^ (O O O O O w vD ® O O u. CD 1- -H—13-oorvjincM^ vO

1-1 cr HI . or >-i ^ iH u. < o o u. 1 <_) o

_i z _i z

UJ Ul K ~ (M vO O O O CM O —1 o o ^ o O .H O CM o o oc

—

O

O l/J « CM o O l/l s? (VI -H (M -1 ^ o

s: or s: or «-l >- Ul >- Ul t- cc o CO PO o o O rO CM ^ o o ro o O 0^ vO CO CM O K CC (-) ocMf^oin>oo^oto -H •1 o •-• <o O 1-1 (M ^ OO o u. o CJ U. o o u. z O U. 2

in o in o

(\l lOOO "H CO

OOO -4 o O -HOO o 0*{M—tcDCOf^OO-^

O

IT)

w o l/l -H CM CM o O CC -4

>- * UJ >- ^ Ul

llJ t- 1 o vo CM o o -H

O

OO .r^OO <t) -H —I

O

O a> UJ t- 1 o o^<-4Cj^invO\Df^^ a>

Q- 1-1

O

M • •—1 CO CL 1-1

O 1-1 • «-l CM (S

>-

O -H o >- o U. o

t-

— u. z t~

— U- 2 o o

»- t- z 2

Ijj UJ

s:(- CO ^ W

O

O

—1 O

OOO -HO 0< * 03 toO o (-

— vDr-*tood-*d-(0 o

q: I/) ^0 o q: i* <H CM .H o

<t CC

w <i CC CL >- 0^ UJ Q- >- c^ UJ Ul 1- 1 o fO fO -H O -H O O O O O o r- PO n CM o 30 UJ t- 1 o inrOCJ^OCO^rOPOvO <D o t-< .-H *-l IT) Q *-« —1 1-1 •H ^ ^ —1

f~ o — u. o o ~- U- O

u. z u. z o o

cf- o o o o o o o 1^ o vO o in o ^ o o d-(Minind-r--f^inw

O o to ^ -4 o

>^

1- 1-

2J to o o o o «H in o o in o ^ o ^ o ^ 00 o to \0 •H to

m in ^ oc =) . fO D • (M "H 1^ o o o o o z o z • • UJ

or

1-1 < o (VI tM in o (\j CM O O CM O O CO O vD O O o z OOiHr~OvDvO*t^ o

»e o z o

lU o UJ .-1

1—1 »- « O ^ W CM O to «-l o o ^ o o CO o r- o o J- <z ooinpotot>-t~\Dto *

in o Ul l/l o z z

C32

UJ 1—1 ct

•—*

t- C\JOO ^ PO CM »-*

O ^ COO CMO toO o a 1- tor^oocoooineof^in o

<r z ro o Ul 2 ^ «-! ^ »-( o

Ul 1/) i-H _i Ul l/l z _l £ UJ , _i _l S Ul o _l 1- Q. —1 O <M <M to CM CD to o in vD in o w in cj o o »-i _l 1- CL to(M-< c^co^^ln(Mlo o < or >- • ct- in d- to in J- ^ u or >- • ^IOCCr-f^v£)tOP0<M

t- < 1- o <t 1- o

tn Q. z o Q- z

UJ UJX UJ ^ o s Q o zo * l/l q: O Ul Ul a

_l

_l u.

1-4 o

tl. UJ o o X - 2 X Ul

t-l UJ 0^ o UJ tn q; u. I u. Q. UJ UJ o UJ u. X 1/1 l/l 1/1 l/l tJ Z '-' 1- UJ l/l o: CC oc or UJ

0.O XI- Z IC Ul z »- q: a: i/itn£i:«t<<<Qroc

UJ 1-1 o z < _l o _l 1- < 1-1 Ul UJ 7 ^ UJ i/ia:< ujuiujujoiij

u. (/) Z Lrt _l < 2 4 UJ t- U. CO 2 s: 1-

X » H ° 1/1 UI«IUJV>->->-SX o z n L/1 Ul CS 1- Ul fC t- >- (J ll. 1 < _i I/) i/» I/) 2 _l Ul >- l/l l/l o U. < Z Z l/l a 1- o<i»-u>-<t-ujoocirz _l 0) ^ O >- in o in o CC z _J

0. Ul t- S O 1-1 -<

OO Q- > D Q. CC 1/1 CO o: Ul UJ < < Q. CC

O ^ CM CM to o < 4

l/» i-itLs: _)»-i/i"3uiQ:>-iQ.i/)ujza:i-lQ t- I* 1/1 o in ^4 1 1 1 1 t- < UJ x<ioooi/)<>-i o q: Ul z I O Ul < t- z o o Ul • 1 ^ vO ^ vO o o

oc

OOOO < <IU Q.O >-i l/l

O l/> Q.

O 3 Z 5 ^ ac (MIOvD-HWOJCVllOZ *-

B-2
0)

a~ If) o in o o a OJ CM CM CM o

»—*

>—t I

i/i CO o 1^O CO 23 o O 2

rOO

O o

»- 1/1 03 o

>- l/l UJ »H

1- UJ "

UJ U. <.") t- o m lo o o o

a: H-l CC •-• • a- <' u. < o o

_J 2 Xo

t-H X3 UJ

q: ~ O (\J o o o o

I/)O I/) o O 5: a: q: >- UJ o *-££(_> 0^ O ^ CO CO o

<_> i-iO >-i • CO UJ (J u. O

tr

O U- 2

in o

Q.X

UJ o

UJ >-• ^ I

to ^ <\J fO CO CM o

I/) L/l ^ •-i o Z 1- 0^ cr •-1 UJ < >- * UJ

s: UJ 1 o o CM CM ^ CM K >- CL >-l o • »-( CO

CCQ >- (J

w u. o < O t- — u. 2

Q. CD o

UJ 1- Q UJ 2 I UJ a 1- t-

ra to fO o o z J) to -^ ^ (M o

>- o < cc -H

>-

O UJ UJ H- 1 O (J^ lD ^ O ^ CM CO

UJOQ >-< ^ i-i • CM

—" ^ CM

O i-<O

— LL o Q t- 2 < o o 2 _l O — r- IT) to »0

O o O m -I o

q: s >-

w o t- t-2 in CM <M ^ O ^

UJ a: • to ^

iL o O o o 2 2 T

>«: oZ

>- >-i m" 2 •H CO <r CM o o

<I vO o O UJ

UJ 2 1-< CO ^ "H

O a- _J I 1- • CM

l-i

K l/l o

k: •-" 2

or

— o

(-

QU

UJ <I l- to If) CM in ^ o

CC

X 2 in ^ o 3 UJ UJ 1/1 «H

-5 _i s: UJ 2 UJ -I t- a in d- CO to vD o

•-•I <. cc >- • to vD in vO a 1- O CM

in Q. 2

l-H UJ UJ 2 Q

1/1

M

or s: UJ q: U UJ

»-l hLl UJ

u.O (\.

O

Q

O UJ

cr 1- (r O X 3

>- 13

O o o Q

U. 2 O UJ O UJ J Q _l ^

UJQ 2 2 2 UJ 13 < O _J O

cr CD 2 < 1/1 UJ UJ I- UJ UJ UJ o q: UJ X UJ I (/I s; •-• O -2

:i

Q t- 2 H u. 1/1 l/l I/) O 1- u. O UJ 2 _l 0. UJ o 2 >- «l <

r-i l/> l/l UJ UJ o o o O o o a: >- 2 1/1 2 z

B-3
I

tno

o o o o o o

CO o o o o o -< ^ o o o

OJ o o o o

U1 O lO O o o

l/l UJ

UJ >-« ID hI CE •-•

_1

in o iT) o o o

vD O * O O O ^ O vO O O O

UJ

a: -• O l/l 5: ccUJ

vD O 3- O O O

o <\j o o o

O O CO O O

^ O 3- O O —

I

1^ * 3- o o *

vO CM

10 CM CM O O fVI ty 10 ct

o

l/l a:

>- d- UJ UJ »- I o

Q. »-l O t-t >- (J U.o

t-z

UJ

l/l

(Jv UJ

(J Ul

kC O CM O fM O

If) O »H O O

a> o o o 10

fO O l/l O O *H (J> CM <M

c^ o o o 10

rO CM K) O O -H 3^ CM CM

If) o (M o

O CM 3 O O

CM 3 d- O O O O

^ o

* * O 3 O Oi

CM CM

X

(0o

zD

ro ^ o o o

CD ^

a * (M o o o

<M

r- d- CT> o o o

If) ro o o o

<M

O J- >D o o o o

vC »H (M O

•H ID o o o If) <M 10

UJa

I/) o

a:o

vD O J- O O O

O o o o

If) O If) o o o

CO

10 o * o o o

CM

CO O CM O O O

(M O O O O

CM

oro

I/)

l/l 2

o

>- >- CM (M vO 0 0 0 0 vO d- 0^ 0 0 0 0 \0 K) 0 0 <-l 0

UJ

EN

l/l ^

CO 0

-H

CM 0

^

oc _i y UJ < _i t- 0. >o * 10 0 ^ If) 10 (T' 0 0 w CM If) If) to * 0 CM If) < CK >- 0 CM K) \£) «-! If) ft

<. t- 0 CM (M CM CM (M r. CL z Q Ul

UJ Q

z

O

UJ u. 0 X

0 I 0 Ul

1- 1- UJ US

>—

<

I Q

l/l 1- 0. l/l 01 X Ul l/l UJ z> >- l/l Q 1- l/» Q OC l/l Q

V 0 »- Ul K UJ UJ OC s. >-> Ul OC m s: 0 -I £ 0 0 u. s: 0

ti. 4 Q n 0 _l •I 0 OC H 0

z »- UJ :^ t- u :^ ll. l/l 1- Ul ^ — 3B < UJ cc Z CD UJ cr 2 < Ul (£ Z

0 Ul l/l £; <t l/l z < UJ * l/l £ 4

• • X CO or Ul 000 < -I U. Ul 0 0 0 < -I (J Ul 0 0 0 «t _l z UJ >- 2 l/l Z Z OD l/l 0 >- 2 1/12 2 CD 1/1 2 1- >- 2 l/l 2 2 OQ l/l < 0 CO _l _l < 0 _l

Q. 1^ < UJ < t- X «

CM l/l -i (- Q. in l/l »-

UJ < 0 >- 0

0 OC 0 1- t~ a

B-4
a> o o »^ o o c r--

o o o o ^ o o ^ o o lO o o

V l/l LU

I- LJ -•

IL O t1-1 CE -•

U. «I o

O O K) o o o

J- <\J * o o o

CC w w vD O O o

LiJ tr ~

O l/l

CO lO o o

fVJ CO O OVf (\J CO

l/l *H in o *-* in

in in in o <\i to

>0 ^ O w CM fO

3- w vD

>- 3- UJ I- I O

>-i O >-i CJ -I Ll.

0^ o (M o <\j t\i in in ^0

CO lO m o to to

t\j <\j o CM (\j

o in a> o fo to o

f\J rO o (\I CM in

in vO

M IT

z: < K a. ui u

I- Q

UJQ

o

to O <M O «M vO O

^ O O -H CO -H

ro in

-1 * <0 O CM vO O

r>- -HO

a fM o aj -H

•o in

to CO * o fM * o

-H I

• O

o

o o z

»- lij D O

hJ UI

_l _)

_l —

1-1 «I ^ I-UJQ

t£UJ l/l u Q I ce

u. o

L- O

O UJ o

z tr o o

< V

I

UJ

I

•• D

l/l UJ

UJ l/l >- n

cr l/l O 2

O

'.a.

UJ Ui S 3

2

UI l/l -I s: UJ

_i K a

<i q: V

<i I- CLUJc

o

^ CO CO o o o o

03 O

to ^ o c o ^

:» in

o> in o o

CM —1 w

w in in o o o —I

J- in

CD to O o o o o

^ o

in >o o o o CM CM to

CM O w O

CO o

—( to CT' O ^ CM <y ^ CM »-i ,H

CM to

CM CM O o o o

vfl CM Ol ^ vO o O O

to .H in

O o o o

vO to

vO O O d- CM ^ -1 t~- ^

z

t- UI u. o X

UJ X o UI o

s: t- I/) o u X Q

I/) t- a l/l l/l X UJ l/l >- l/l Q 1- l/l Q CC l/l Q - O »- UI CC UJ UI a: Zi 1-1 UI CC

l/l m s o _l s: o o u. s: o

UJ <t o •-• «J _l M o CC i-i (_) >- t- UI t- UI U. l/l t- UI X UJ CC z CO UJ IX. 2 <I UI CC z

u. o UJ l/l s: < l/l s. < UJ * l/l s: 4 •-1 X l/l (£ UI o o o < -I u UJ o o o < _l o UI o o o <. _l

•z. UI >- 2 l/l z z CD t/» o )- z \I\ z.z. m l/l z »- V 2 l/l z 2 B l/l o CD -J _j < o

Q. 4 UJ < (- I <

(M in _l t- t- l/l l/l 1-

UI < o >- o o

O IT »- t- t- o

B-5
0)

vD o o o o fM o o o

0.

m CO o o t-* <-t I I in <\J O o l/l l>- O -H o o (t> z 2 3 o 3 o O z O 2

t- tCJN ID o o o o r» cvi o o o

l/l in lO o 1- 1/1 o >- l/l UJ >- l/l UJ

1- UJ !-• UJ •-" U. ID t- ^ in o o K1 u. o t- d- ro lO o o o 1-1 Ct 1-1 <v :t 1-1 tr 1-1 cu

U. 4 U o u. < o o

_l z _l z

UJ UJ

oe

— to in C7> OJ CD

O

K

— vO vO

O (4 o O l/l r~ o O l/l r- ^ o

s: tr »-( s: tr

>- UJ >- UJ t- cc o >D ro oil Kl I- cr o r- lo CO o w

HO'-" 1-1

O

M • lO

<_) u. o u U. o o u_ z

in o in o

in (M oj in o tn a- o o o ,'- o l/l CO ^ o ON tr —4 0^ tr

>- 3- UJ >- * UJ

UJ (- 1 o O PO (0 in UJ t- 1 (J

O CM in o o

D. l-i

O 1-1 • in vD 0- »-t

O 1-1 • *

>- o -H Ll o >- o >-• u. o

^-

— u. z UJ (- LL z

l/l o 1/1

O

LlI t- UJ 1- X Z 1 X 2

t- Ul UJ

s: z: >- t— r>- rvi CO o * o >- (- CO (O * o o o Q c l/l ^ o Q tr 1/1 ^ o

<i tx. •Hn >i tr »)

1- Q- >-

a UJ t- OlV (J> UJ

m liJ t- 1 o 3-

w 0^ o i/i UJ 1 o —1 -H r- o o (J> in o CJ CM

a o ~- u. o a o — u. o

u. z z U. z < o < o

1- (-

»-i i-i

— i/i in ^ >-i vO (\1 vO o o —1 vO o ro o • 5> o > CO ^ o O >- «-l c 1- o 1- o t- z 0^ vO TO w OJ ^ (- 2 ec <\J o m K • in • <\j lO

£t o o (r

O o O LiJ 2 tij z

UJ

XX

_l o o

_1 cc

K >-• «I <X u UJ

l/l

O 0^ »H o o o U) CO -4 o o o

q:u in ^ o UJ ct a- o

UJ ce UJ «H

K UJ o >- M < <t vD Kl rO o o CO < < lO fO "-1 o o

u. »- • lO • CJ

ll. % (/I

O 3 tn o o o O 2

_l -1

_

O _l _l r < < Q O o

<I t- 1-O nO 0^ o t- <M o o ^ o I z vO ^ o z r- CM o

IS

U 1/1 —4 UJ in

bJ Z _i s: UJ z _i s: UJ > •- fv. _l 1- CL -^ O lO :± t^ H fl. _i 1- a o vD r~- o cj in < _l l/l < tr >- • <\1 f\J «-t _i in <r or >- • w a fO X _l UJ a 1- o CVJ rO -1 Ui •a o CO H l/l Q. z Q. z -so UJ 3 O UJ

l/l Q. o o

UJu cr UJ (T

V CD 3 m rs

CL 0.

££ t- »- O 2 X 2 X

UJO UJO • s: tr s: q:

l/l 1- < t- «

UJ (£ UJ tr UJ < 1/1 • 4 1/1 •I Q. UJ o 0. UJ

f- UJ a: UJ tr UJ a o Q

s: tc tr o ct o tr o

Ln o u- l/l 3 u. o UJ o

->-(/) >- >- l/l

1/1

QQ

UJ o _, U- o tr

>- _l o 1—1 ^ _i o 3 o 1 , 3 o 3

U.O UJ UJ

O < O UJ UJ

O

1-1 5 ce I/) 2 • • X tr 1/1 z 2 1/1 2 in O _l o _i

Q. z Q„

K 2 4

l/l 1/1 2 < 3l/l 1/1 Z 4 -

UJ UJ

OO •4 _J o UJ UJ

OO 4 _lO

a IT >- 2 Q 2 m 5 - IT >- 2 Q 2 (D

B-6
o o o

Q. vO <\l o

H) »H X

I/) o o d- z3 o O z

»-

in o o o

1- Ul 1^ ^ o

>- l/l UJ

1- UJ •-> u ID <\J o o to . u. «t <J o

_J z

Ul

IX ~ vO CO K) <\1 CJ o O l/l If) lO o 2 sr q: ^

IjJ >- UJ

a. (_) in (\J to l- o •-< • ro CM vO cc o u. o

Q. \D

O

UJQ

oc.

f\J o O CO o o 1/1 SB o

>- ON q:w

>- UJ

>- UJ t- 1 o O in

CD

a »-«

O >-" • vD

>-

u u. o

1— 1- ~- u. 2

Q. o

UJ 1-z

UJ

s. (£ y- <

* o o o

UJ cc l/l CJ o O <t a: «H

CL >- ON UJ

u. bJ t- 1 u CM o o

u.Q »—< ^ 1-1 • •H in o o w U. o

Ll z

a: o o

•• >- . w O ^ rvi vD o • 1- If) OJ o 9 >- '—<

»- o or z O ID to • to »H in -) o o az CJ z

UJ »-t _i

_l o 1-1 z X <

<\J ^ KlOO

O

a:

X o

UJ 1- UJ o«t

>- UJ < O ^ o o CJ u. o • (VI rH lO

u. in o o z z o oz in

<_> Qw »- <D lO ro ^ •£> o I Irt z in po o

Ul 1/1 _i s: UJ > < _l t- Q. 0^ to (^ <: 1- <I CE >- • CO o X Ifl < 1- o lO a z > UJ UJ

1/1 i/i

Q

UlbJ

>-

X

»-

CfO ILo

in in

bJ UJ s >-• -« K

H- <

ujz: s s: O 3

l/>l/>

1/1 » >- UJ

Ifl Z s: UJ <: »—1

>- 1— 2^ Ul UJ 2

U. QC Ul I/) < 1 <l Ul UJ o o < _l z >- z I/) z CO LO o _l

0.

I/) UJ o o a: 1-

<\l 1^ o o o o

Q. <0 lO o X in to o o o (O ,z o o z

c\j in CM o o o K 1/1 00 o

>- 1/1 UJ

1- Ul >-" U. O 1- lO -H

OO o

¥-) a. -> to

U. «I o o

_l z

Ul

(V. cc ~ in a> CM (M (M o

tO l/l in to o z s: tr UJ >- Ul

s: t- ct o 1^ CJ^ ^

t— •-.O •-" • CM ^

q: o u. o

Q. in o

UJ

w

Q3 to o o o o O 1/1 in o

>- ^4

>- 3- Ul

>- UJ t- 1 (J in CM o o o

CD Q- • CO CM o u. O

1- t-— u. z

Q. o

UJ f- ^ Z

UJ

1/1 s:

cc (-

— CO CO to o o o

UJ ££ as o

(J <. a: »-4 »—1

Q. >- UJ

u. UJ »- 1 o * -( o o

u.

Q (-1 -H • CM o O ~- iL o

u. z

cc3o>-o O ^ vD

OOO

1- -a to o

«—4

>- 1- cr H

H CM CM

OO in 3 CM 3 o O Z o z Oz<

to r- o o o o I sD to o

l- Ul

«aUJ < o o o o r>. o <M

1/1 o z z o

1/1 o

t- 1- o r-- CJ o o O

1/1 z vfl to o < Ul l/l l- _i s: Ul

«s _l »- Q. rvj \0 tn <H r4

m

K < cr >- • d- CO in

l/l < 1- o CM

Q. z

UJ Ul

UJI

1-

u.o — 1/1 ^ UJ • *-l< o s

I- s:3

1/1 1/1 UJ l/>

111 z

U. 4 w UJ UJ Z

a: UJ (/I Z <I • • <t 1/1 UJ O O < _l Z >- z 1/1 z m t/i t o _i

0. <i * 1/1 h- • UJ o

IT »-

B-7
I

o

o o o o o

\D <\J <\i

rO o -H o ^ 3- o -H o o rO o o lO o <M o o

>- l/l LJ

I- UJ i-i

Li. O >- >-:>-<

li. < o

cr (\j o o

ro 3^ o o

in fO oj o o

COO * o o vD (\J O O

1^ CT> a- O O

\D ro in O o

UJ

CK —

O 1/1 in —I * o o o

1^ ^ w o

(j\ * o o

CO

-H in o :t

<\l

t- CE O

i-i O >-i •H PO ^ O O CO

(\J CM

in <\j o o 00 CM CM

to CM to O O CO CM CM 1^ fO 1^ O ^

CM ^ o o O o o o O o o o o o o o o vO O ^ O

l/l a o o o o o 0^

cr -H —*

>- 3- lij UJ t- 1 to "H woo m in o O O o in in o o o o in o W O

a fl O CV) CM CM CVI CM CM CM

>- O -H u. O

1— Li_ z O

>-zijj 1- r-- o o o to o o O o to o o o o o to O

cr l/l o o o CO

<. q: •-i a. >- CT> UJ

UJ 1- 1 u O -H 3- 3 O in d- o -^ O o in o o o in CM -1 CVI O O —

<

-H O ~' u. o

z O

vD O O o lO o ro o o o CV) ^ o o —1 o in *

CVJ o CD o CVI o vD ro >- «H

>-

" z r- o vO O O fO O ro o ro vC in w o ro O CO w

I> ' • <M CM CVJ

^ O vD O O CM O CO O O

CO ^

vO O * O O

CM

• 3

C3 O

(E O <

o to o o vD O «-» O O J- o to O o to O 3- O O

l/l O

lil 1-1 >-z cc « o

li. d- z o •-• K <r

Il/l z

liJ o

s: o

I- l/l UJ UJ

s: M

o (r

l/l <

5: X s: O Z)

1/) UJ UJ

>- l/l UJ

U. X

z »e UJ l/l _l X UJ

_j r- a

«i q: >- • <t (- o

Q- z

in CO lo o w

o

a.

l/l UJ

< z O ft O I l/l _l I- UJ o

•1 >- z

I- i <

X

UJ

1/1 UJ

r- ^

UJ Z

s: < o <i _i

l/l Z CD

UJ

a.

l/l ui

UJ z

l/l s: <i UJ o o < _i

>- Z l/l Z CQ

•H ^ a) •H «-t

Q

UI

I/) 3

3

CD J Z

j: <

U. UJ O O < _l O >- Z I/) Z CD

in r- -H w

vD CM

cj> c^

<r lo

X Q

2 UJ

a:

s: >-i o u.

tru. l/l «t UJo

l/l z (- : _i < o

<t t- I

l/l l/l o -t

t- Q

: l/l UJ O

I/) UJ

s:

I- ^

UJ z

s: «i o < _i

l/l Z CQ

B-8
. uj

a

ffi q: in <

UJ tD

5: 2 Z

>-i liJ <

»- s: t- UJ »- l/l s; cc o <t o

in a. z

OCQ »-

O 1-1 a: K

in 3

UJ o

>- >- in

u. o

>-< _l t- — 3 < O I X

in

»- in

>- in iij

iij ti

U- ID »-

CK 1-1 u. < o

00000

ro o cj o o

(M o o * J- * ^ o o 0 l/l > UI

QH CJ

»-t 0 *-i • 0 Ll. 0 0 U> Z

in 0

Ui

h- > :± UJ X UJ >- 1 0 0 Q. •-I 0 ft • >- 0 U. 0 < H- — u_ z

UJ 0

I/) H- UJ Z

Ui

UJX CC l/l hCI. >- (T» UJ 0 UJ K- 1 0 0 »—• t-H • 0 u_ 0

u. z 0

I> aft I/) >-

I— Ui z

I/) ^

UJ 0 0 I z 0

if) •• UJ

UJ • 0 < 0

0. {/) 0 Q cr Z 1-20

UJ 2:

{/){/) a: UJ <

>- 0

I- >- 1-

QQ z 2^ ZOO UI l/l «t Z CD _j s: UJ

»-t _J CL ^ _i cr < q: >- • -I 0 < h- 0 0 »-» Q_ z 3 Ui 0 Ul Q

<D fO ^ O --I CO ^ CJ

»0 (M <\J

O

OO

(J< rO K)

OO IT

c\j o rO o o

<o 10 o o

00 <\J fO o o 10CJ

r»- o o

<\J <M *

IT) * 00OO ^ ^ CO O ' vD <M

^0 *-!O ' 03 *

ino

Qinu UJ

OO < _l o

>- Z Q Z ID ttvi 0 0 0 0 J- 0

a. iti to vO X

in c^ CO 0 0 0 0 —*

00 z CM

3E 0 0 2

t- ^ 0 0 0 0 (\j 0

1- in :» in 0 >- in UJ --f 1- UJ -

Ll ID I- cr ron 0 0 0

-4 CC t-i u. < 0 0

_l Z

UI

CC

— 10 CM 0 —1 (NJ * 0 0 in ae to If) 0 S CC

>- UJ

q:

u 0 to OJ 0 ^ (\J to -H

4—t 0 * to ^ <D 0 u. 0 0 U- z

in 0 2 3- CO t\J 0 (\1 <\i 0 0 in to in 0 -4 ON CC t- >- 3- LU

<t Ui 1- 1 0 0 CM (\1 0 C\J (\l cr Q. >-< 0 >-< • to in CO t- >- u '^ U. 0

1-1 ri. 1—

— U. z

in s: 0 x 1—

LU

Q 0 2 J U. UJ

KH ^

in 0 z (- in :t 0 m 0 0 3 3 CC 10 to in 0

_l < CC

CL UJ Q- >- 0^ UI X — X UJ I- 1 0 r- CM ^ -4 0 10 d- CO LJ h- —4^1—1 • fM :t 0 — Ll 0

>- 0 CC U. 2

_l CC UJ 0

_l 0 Q < z

>-• >- 3

t- _l z 0 z CO in to 0 to 3- 0

UJ z UJ (M in 0 1- UJ Q >- 0 i-i Q 1- a a z —1 (M 3- CVJ 0 (V to aU- I r> • 1^

<: Z 0 0

r> UJ 2 Z CD z

<t 0 Z 1-

ar 10 0 z a: CM 0^ tM 0 0 0 1^ 0 X •-• 0 10 m 0

_i UJ •H

in _i UI 1- 0 _i < vO 0 0 0 to Jtr DC • •H CM a 1- •-> in 0 0 z in 2

5: 0 «-< or >

<r Z UI

>- •-< CD Q »- ^ vD fO 0 CM 3- 0 0 ct 0 z to in 0

CD 0 1- UJ in _i 5: UJ

U. » CE _l t- Q. 0 vD ro a- •-• 0> P~ 0 •-< UI 0 < or >- • ir 3- ^ 3- _j s: < 1- 0 -H CM • Q_ CC CL 2 z s: < LlI 0 «r Q 1 X >- Z UI Q

•I 0 a cr 03 0 0

U. UI _l in I _l >-•»- < Z K- UJ 0 K t— ^ >-• 0 <.

1- CC Ul 2

<r _l CC Ui CC

Q. < UJ _i z 0

UJ 1- CD UI 3 CC Q t- 1- >-< Q UJ Z UI in Q UJ tCC UJ 03 >-< ft CD VZ) f- > X <t 0 0 UI »- s: >- Q. (U UJ UI 0 3

UJ CD CD 2 0 1- z < t- in z 0 >—* -— 1—4 z Q Q Q 2 l/l 0 -I _l _l ^ _l

0. o 3 r> 1— in z <

in 0 0 0 2 UJ < t- UI X I X 0 0 < _l 0 0 K in in in Q Q 2 tn »-

B-9
K) o O

O

OJO CM

Om rvim

<\J CM OJ CM X

0) ro o o O ^ O ^ O CVJ o I/) 0 in :± 0 CM in 0

2: • CM o Z O

^0

w ID in \D vO ^ in vD - iO ^ C\J •-I ro MP CM

>" l/) UJ >- 1/1 UJ K UJ HI K UJ

U- o >- in ^ «H ro in CM ^ ro in LlO »- ro 0 CM in CM CM

U- < o o li. < 0 C> -J -1. .

r** o o K) o ^ ^ fO r*" (Mv\J en A.I 1 _ ^ ^*

O Ul MP (\j ^ ^ ^ «H CM CM ITi >pdK CM CM ^ tt" 5;; ~| ^ rv t > cO ro o to Ln in t*- in h- ^ 0^ (_) 4-1 CM •H CM CM

>-<

O HH

M 0 •-I o u li- o ll 0 U- 2-

in o in 0 O fO o r*- fO ^ ^ o o tfi

m

CM <H CM ^ rvi Tr\ •0

CM CM

>- ^ s II . 1 vO ^ O CM in CO rO \D in II 1 <i CM in

Q + CM sO

ri ^

fO in Q

w 1 Q

.y

v£) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _

__ ^ lO

zl

«-i fO fO OJ ^ CM ^ 0^ LJ ^ ^ 0^ t- 1 O r*» ^ "H CM ro ^ in o UJ »- 1 0 in

a I-* «-l 1-4 • fO >->* *^ t u. z o 0

lO trt o in in 0^ 0^ in

_

•n ^ «H *-t «K CM ^ ~~ ^ r -H O ^ O ^ ^ ^ <M 0 CO <M 10 CM 10 CM D - • CM n o o 0 o z 0 2 * 0 0 ^ ^ <^ 0 0 w •H —1 CM CM c^ UJ

»-

1- 4 CM 0 0 CM CM 10 d- 0 <X 0

»- z

in

>-X 10 ^ li^ 0 to »H ro 0 2 CM »H CM .H CM

liJ in

_» s: UJ

-J »- D. CO CM r- 10 CJ^ »^ 0 0

r- 1 a. >- •-4 ^ 10 CM 10

1- 0

C9 Q- z 0

liJ 0

tiJ _» z

CO 0 Q ll X U- III Z Q

in

Q »- 0 U. 0 0

_lU 0 •-• -• 0

:> 3 UJ 0 I/) 1- q: oy- Ul t- 0 u

UJ I 0 a ^ 3 -• 1-

(ti i/i q: 0 «t 0 q: 0 z

Q. u. t- UJ 0 a tE Z 1/1 >- u.

-i UJ ly) ce 0 UJ t- U. H- 3 0 (fl in CE -• Ul U 0 •-• Z UJ Z Ul _l Ul X ll.i-iZO>l/H-<UJ -1 u.

in IL Z Q i-< Irt CD 0 < u. 0 •-< U »- 1- Ul <I CE U Ul

u. < a 3 0 Qc 0

t- a: < 0. UJ Ul u. ID »-

U CL

a u. » >• 0 z

in C3 Ul ll. U. »-

D U. _| Ul • z Ul 3 Qc 0 Ul a: Ul 0 0 QC 1/1 CD 0 0 a 0 z I a (E ^

a. -IX Ul Ul Ul < 3 0 Ul Ul z <

_i in OB in cc s X 0 >- t- I < 1- Ul UJ < 0 0 X in UJ h- _i

<3X UJ £ u I/) 0. 0 0 0

1^&o

UJoo

Ulm3oX

UJ in

_i s: Ul

_l

K Q. «i a >- < tQ.UlO

10(M10 o CD a* 10 CM ^ CM ^ tO \0 o CM in vO oz

(M

UJ

(/I zo

a.inUJ

CM CO 0^ CM 0^ vO CM to (VI 0

•-•

IT) ^ in to to to

vO CM CM vO 0

CM

CE »-

Ul z 0 1/1 UJ «x

i-> »-

Q in 1-

U. Ul z CE ir

U. <J) UJ 0 0 0 0 QC l- * 1- t- CL

<t z s: QC

Q t- CE z >- Ul 1-1 0

Ul 0 0 _) 0 in s: t- Ul X Ul 0. i-i UJ CE 0 X tc t- Q: QC 4

Ul 0 < <t CO CL 0

»- 0 3 _l Z QC £ UJ 0 UJ V t- 1-1 3 _l

QC CD ca >-• in s in z (B

Q. 0 in in QC 1 z 1- 01 Ul < u. 0 in 3 0 UJ _l 0 U. z u. Ul H :>

in 0 < 1/1 0 t- z 3 _i CE z z 3 z 0 _i 1- Ul < Ul < QC Si -1

1-1 1-1

X 0 a

X s: • X UJ z < > 3 la »- ll 0 UJ i/i 1- X <t 1- z _J >-• 1- J 0 0 in in UJ > 0 ED IB-10
o ooooo ooo o

I/) o o o o o o o o o o z o o z

•- o to o O

O PO o o ro

(- l/l to to

>- 10 UJ

UJ —1

Ll ID 1- o ^ o o o ^ o O -H lO

CC >-> •

li. < O o

_I z

UJ

q: ~ o o o o o o o o o o O l/l in o

5: cc

>- UJ

t- cc o O o o ^ o o o o C\I O >-i o u. o o u. z

If) o— o o o o o o o o o o

a? in in o

(jN a: •-t * UJ

hi 1- 1 u o o O

OO o —1 o CM

0.

O 1-1 • >- u U. o

»-— u. z o

t-z

1- o a o o o o o o o o

a? o o < a

Q. >- 0^ UJ

UJ >- 1 o o o o o o o o o Q l-l — u. o

u. z o

IT) in o o o o o o o o

in o

>-t- o o o o * . o o o z

t-

•XI

1-

i/i o o o o o o a o o o

*-* o o

>- o o o o o o o o s tl/) oz •ao t- O <X3 CO CO CO CD to <\J 1- z CJ o

UJ in

_i _l S UJ _i _l »- Q.

O --1 --i «-* -H to to < <t q: >- • •-t <t t- o

»- Q. z

<i UJo z

(TO

:i z o Z 1- 2

iij

O < 1-1

m 11 3 1-

>- UJ t- CC (- o

t- cc »- s: <I < 1-1 o o O i-« o O UJ I/) l/l I z 5: _i l/l t- X Z l/l CC 1-1 z 1-1 O CC Q < CO LJ Ul UJ in o z

_l t Q _l < U. I »- V CC CC -i 0. UJ o 1/1 O Q <I 3 < O CC CC Z 1-1 X O > CO 1-1 UJ K ^ X

I/)

m r>

U 0. -i UJ UJ

UJ UJ <I CO u. u. o z >- tS. K O l-< 10 Z «I » 1/1 o •-• t- z

~» 5: «t Ul to Q. >-

liJ I/) UJ >- _J

O 3 _I Q-

(/» < l/lX _l UJ -J UJ z z X CC Z l/( o o z 1/1 CO o UJ o O X CC 1/1 CC _l

0. 1-

a o >-

O UJ Z UJ z <

I/) CL s: t- UJ _l >-

X CC

X < IUJ UJ 4 1/1 Z I/) »- o I- _l o a a: Q X O O £L O S O CD

cj^ 3^ ^ C7^ ^ 3- cr vo Ja C\J -^ in in in to to lO I

in OJ CO * »o CM in in -^

O -H CM 2 ^ <\j ^ ^ ^ o o o z

:* r-- -1 (D CO CM (J* o •a t- in CJ C^ 3- —1 CJ ID

>- l/l Ul CM

t- Ul

n

U- 10 CM to in CM in oj in o 3^ * CJ^

O

n CC

M ^ :t CJ -H -1 to

U- < O <D

_l Z

UJ

QC ~ CM * vD to {J> in CM rj CJ o o o in w c^ 1^ .1 ^ .1 CJ

s: CC to

>- UJ

»- CC o CM to -H lO in :t CM o tJ^ 00 o d O n • •1 •1 .H to <H

m o u. o CM l- o u. z z in o X UJ

<j s:

1-1 1- I CC 3 < a> in -^ cr to vD fvi (j> CO to CO CJ Ul

0. l/l •1 <i

—1 (O 1^ ?M CM

w —1 o

CC UJ 0^ tc to o o V Ul

u. UJ t- 1 u CO to o r~ ^ CO o vD >o CM CJ to

CC D. •ion • •1 <1 •1 r>- vD CM (M --I «1 - 3 >- U -H U. o Cll D O 1- z O >- o

>- 1- z Z O i-« UJ

1- 5: >- t- CO in (J> vo 0^ CM to CJ in ffi in <o UJ -1 cc in a? CM 1^ to * —1

-1 Ul < C£ to

CD Z CL >- Ch Ul < 1-1 LxJ 1 o CM h- o d- -O ^ rO r\J /I d- in o

_l tQ t—« ^ 1—1 • CM in /I CM to

w iT) -I o o — u. o CM < o u. z > q: o Q

Ul UJ a l/l Ul D to CO vC CO CT^ v£) * in CO

O

a; •HvOxOrjd-OVICM-H CJ Ul V to

l/l CDK

Ul z CJ vO CM o .H a> in o CO .1 r-

•-•

Q

D • in in

w lo (M to

t- _J o o <M

1-1 =) o z > O

>-i I

t-O CC < o

CJ ^ * CM ^ 0^ in o CD toOO

10 CE a? •1 ll CO in .H CJ to z < UJ CM

1- i >- < >0 r- vD CJ J- o CO o o O Q • to fVJ

O

_lO in o

_» CD z O

U.

Xu

UJ r> X l/> 1- in <M o CD

OO CM \0 vD to <o z ae .1 CO r- CM to n o

IL Z UJ in to O 11 _t z: Ul I _J 1- 0- to CM ^O c^ ^ to vO o m o V t- < <c >- • CJ in d- in o cr in r~- r- w in H < i- o tO to lO < O 0. z •4 o Ul

CC >-

Q o

u. oQ Q oc cr

a

UJ S ooo Z O s" s: s: (0 _l CC CC cr 2 in Ul M UJ •I < •! tl _i _i

l/l CD _i

u

UJ C3

QQ _l < n

QQ _l _l Ul

O in o I

UJ <t < _l CC _j UJ

CC t- UJ UJ < l- -I Ul > O l/l O O Ul <t < 1/1 «I o

s: -• z z o a. UJ z u z C _J o o z CC O «I OL

«t o o o o < n 2 in CD in ^

UJ o »- t- o _i in

a 3 z V in .... r3uj«rioj_ioin «t Q o _i _i •• < a: 3 < J 1- -1 O I o o in n «t o <t in <t m

CD »- cctruiccQCii

u >- Ul t-h->ooinx>- Q

X z

U. U. in < < n »- CC >- o o n O z CL Q. 1- 08 X Q: n < CC V «I n in o O 10 UJ X _l UJ -1 O CC t- _i

a. i-ouJt->ia. ocD«i o: Ul in 4

(O in

O »- I- o I 11 Z CC (D S a I Ul t— UJ O 3 u o Z < 3 O < Q. 1- r> O

O U. < C3 0. in S CD (T u. 4 o o

B-11
0 h- r- 0 0 0^ h- 0 0 0 0 0 vD 1^ 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 1^ 0 0 \D 0

Q. 0 <C 0 fl-i 0 CO 0 «-* *-< w X

cn 0 CM (M 0 0 fM tVJ CO 0 0 CM 0 0 * CM 00 fO -H CM 0 0 0 CM <o 0 0 CM 0 0 J* CM CO z <M CM CM cv CM CM CM CM 0 0 z c <\i 0 0 <y- ^ 0 0 CM 0 0 in ^ 0 1^ CM CVl 0 0 0 ^0 3- CM 0 0 to J- 0

t- in (M in 0 CO 0 r-i 1^ 0 CM vO 0

>- l/l UJ •H

»- Ul •-• u 0 l- (M 0 0 h- CM 0 -I 0 0 cr CM (O -4 <-! 0 0 * CM •ss CM CM 0 0 CT> CM

i-i CE •-' CM 10 rO a- -^ CM

b. <t 0 0

-I z

Ul

0^ 0 0^ 0 0 CM -H 0 0 0 0 in -H 0 in in 0 0 0 0 CM CM c^ 0 0 in 0 0 l/l 0 CO 0 0 CO 0

5: 0: «-4 «-< >- Ul

1- a: 0 in 00 0 0 0 »-4 KS 0 0 CM .a- 0 0 CM CM r-- 0 0 c^ ^ « 0 • in to >£! CO in CO CO ^ 0 u z

in 0 z CO -H 0 CM CM ^ 0 CM 0 CM CO vO 0 0 f-- ^ 0 CM 0 0 0 "H 0 CM fi vO 0

tlJ 0 1-^ 0 vD 0 *H CO 0

"5: a» a: ^ »-l

w

»- >- J- Ul

cr UJ >- 1 u 0 0 0 CM in in

w 0 0 CM o> in 0^ ^0 0 0 CM r- in 0 0 0 0 CM CM in 1 a »-4 0 * • in CO CO in CO CO a >- <_) U. 0

Ul 1—

w li. z 0

t-z

r> Ul 0

>- 1- ro in o> 0 w in 0 0 CT> 0 CM * 0 CO 0* 0^ 0 a> 0 0 ^ CT> 0 to in 0

l/l a? 0 0 in 0 w r-- 0

I/) < cr *H •H UJ Q. V 0^ UJ 0 UJ 1 u fVI J1 0 CM * CO 0 in 0 CO in 0 fO CO 0 -H lo 0 ^ CO Q 0 t-1 »-i • in 1^ m r- ^ in 0 ~' u. 0

>- 0 z

<t

u. in in in 0 K) in 0 0 in 0 (o 0 in (j> in 0 to * a- 0 0 0 in 0 to r» in 0

.—1 \D 0 1^ 0 vO 0 0

«-« in 1-

3- J- ^ 0 CM 0^ in in 0 CM ^ ^ 0 CM <c to in (— 0 0 CM ^ _^ LJ -> • in J- •H in 1- 0 0

*^LJ> * 0 0 cj vD r~ 0 CM 0 —1 0 CM 0 CM * »4 0 CM lo 0 ft in 0 CM 1^ 0

Ui J* «£l 0 0 CM in 0 0

^- Ul «H

—( 0 »-4 vo 0 in 0 0^ 10 0 in 0 »4 * 0 CM in 0 ^ * to in in CM in 0 <H CO 10 a 1- • CM K5 CM cvi l/) 0 u Z

k-« »-

t/)

t-t _i. »- 0 r- oj 0 ^ a- in 0 rvj »-l (M 0 —1

c^ in 0 CM vD CM 0 in * 0 3 CM CM 0 -H vO in 0 « z »H ^ vJ3 0 h- 0 0 0

bj in •H <-l w~t -i s; Ui u. _l I- 0. <o <\J ^ 0 vD * CM fH .-H in 0 vD 0 0 CM CO 0 \0 vO 0> CM 0^ 0 vi3 vo "H 0 0 <.ai>- • 3- K) in CO CM Ct in 3 CM in CM in CO in to fu < »- 0 CM to ^ to a-

(/) Q. z

Ul

Q. 0

>- n.

1-

u Z Q

_i

Ul 0 X

-J 0 l/l 0 bJ I/) U. Ql <_> a. X 0 IS <t CS bJ 111 1- z 0 z 0 in z 0 0 z 0 X in •-• q: -< cc t- "to: i-i a

t- cc >-l 1/1 Ul in Ui Ul in UiQ in Ul •0- 0 3 fsl s: 13 isj Ul 3 IM

tl. CC Obi < UJ Ul (T z Ul UJ a: z Ul Ul Ul ir z 0 UJ Ul q: z

in CO in CD 0 3 < 1/1 CO 0 XX 1/1 CD 0 a s: in CD 0 » X 3 D 0 ^ q: 0 CC 3 0 ^ q; QC 3 0 ^ q; u 0 _t Ui z Z UJ -1 Ul z Z Ul U _l Ui z z Ui -1 Ul z z Ul

•-I 3 bJ -J 3 _l z < I < » _i z k: «t I ft * _l z ^ < X » _1 Z :^ <t I I 0 i/> Ui 0 "-• 0 z <t _l 1- 0 0 >-i 0 z «* _l 1- 1- 0 1-1 0 z < _i i- _IOi-tOZ<JI- i 2: z X z i z Z 03 0 in _l z X Z 3 Z £D 0 in in z i z 3 z CD 0 in < Z a Z 3 Z CD 0 in 0 1 0 _i -1 _i

0.

Q < QC < <t

l/l z 1- 1- -1 t- Ui • Ui < 0 < 0 4 0 CL 0 0 tr X i~ 0. CO in VB-12
O

O "-H o

Q. 2k X o o ro o in z z • O z o z

sO ^0

(/I \D

>- l/l UJ > i/i UJ

»- UJ i-t

K UJ t-H U_ O »- OJ J- CO 00 Ij. (.0 t-

•H ^ <M

u. «x o o u_ <r (J o

_J _i z

UJ UJ

0^ "H 1/1 f\J CO cc

O l/l CM

>- UJ 1 1 ID (\J CM ro ^ l-V f % o CM O Ll. f * 1 O U.

If) o ll)

O

"Z. LiJ

ffi (\I

O

O o

!? CM

>- 5" s II ^ 11 . •

Ld 1 o ^ f\J o o UJ

w

^» s * ** o w Ll Q 3 K- ^ Ll. O 2 O UJ ^ UJ

l/l Q- LU

LiJ 3 O 3 ro ^ CO o Q O SO PI

Ll) UJ rv >- CT* UJ 1 . ^ —. 1 .

>. ijj UJ h— 1 O CM rO o CO U. 1 it o < O O ^ Ll o z 1 1 ^ ll. —J

KH

O

-*

l/j JL lO ^3 C? ST O

LU ^ X O ^ O CD Z

liJ Ul UJ I/) • > 1- O o > K o O

•-» 2 o 2 o z O 3J

lii t-

»- CC O <

a: 0.

0. UJQ o

>-• IL

I- o

1/1 M CC _l UJ

_l CD

<I s

CDD

l/l »- Ul o

CL t-

<£> UJ 2 (/> I 3 o o ^ OJ lO

—I 2

Ul I/) _i s: UJ

_l I- Q- < cr >- <t VQ.UJQ o f\j rvj 3-

vD --1 <M ^ in

_l 1- £3

_l _j o »- UJ

u. o UJ

Ul •• I >

Ul 0. Ul I/) o I X in 1/1 m

Ul 3 u tc < 1

U. Of i t- 1/1 o UJ o o O 1/1 »- I 2 •-• cc Ul o y- r UJ _l O Ul O l/l r _J 5: _i cr u. 1 o o <i cc UJ o o I H CO < X s: » s I a: >- — o » Q QC o < 2 2 Ul _l < <

l/> _1 Ul o _» z <: X _i ij) 1 < o 1- 1 o t-t »-< a. o Q cc _l o <

in 1-2 1- _l UJ t- • Ul <a <t < CL o X 0. CD tn (-

K UJ o s: Ul tt- ac o <

cc a.

a. UJo u

i-> ll. \- o

i/i

1-1 QC -I UJ

_l CD < s

CD 3z

iLo _«

in »- UJ o

Q. t-

(5 Ul z in o o o »-

u.u

Ul

Ul a. X X

t- Ul

u. ae o o X ui o in

>- o X— o

UJ 1/1 _1 S UJ

_l I- CL < tr >- < tDO

a.in

<M

O ^ O ^ O -H C\J O

—1 f-- o o o in in o o 00 c\j

tvj in 03

UJ

X

in in

i-t in 3 M cc _l o X _j s: t oc

•-I CD «l IX Q CC

_l <

_l UIO < X _l »- I o O Q cc (-2 1- < < X Q.

1/1 DC

<t in o

IUl o

s: UJ

-I (X UJ o X s

QC

-I UJ < Q- cQ in

B-13
I/) oQ4

COo UJ Z I/) o o 0 K

un 1 X

»- UJ X UJ O l/l 11 :d X^ 3 — O 3<

s:

s:

UJ

U. tD Ice •-<

Ll. < <_) a — o ui o Ll

If) o o a:

>- UJ

>~ I o

»-i

O »-l

l_> ^ u.

I/) a:

V UJ

t- I o

t-H t-l O ~- U.

li. o

Ul

t-4

»-

l/l

UJ 1/1 _i s: UJ 4 cr >- 4 fQ.

UJO

•H ^ o o CO

fO ro tvi o o a- (\j

•-I 'H (\J o o ^

to ID

O

O <\1 00

ajino'ooo^—I (M

CO rH d- o

ioc\jr-ooo^ to

(\i a- CO

C\J ^ :t

O

coinoooj-^iT) -H

r-< «-l ^ ^

•H ^ If) 0^

-H -1 * r-

-^*lf>OKllf>lf) P«1 —I ^ »^ If) o

•H -<

J 1^

\D c o c\i

vO*lf)OWf^lO <D ^ K> (VJ O —1 00 If) r\J rH ^ J- O Ifl If) .-< OU If) —1 00 *

:dIS

»—I o

>- z

q:4 >- 5 4

1/1 UJ

l/l oz o

i-< cr

l/l UJ

UJ cc z

ffj o «o ^ cc

_i UJ Z Z UJ

_I Z ^ 4 1

-•

O Z 4 _l I- » Z D Z CD O

r\j ^ ^ 0 X

rj uj CO

C\J :s0 z K

CO -dr CT* 0

r- l/l ^ fO 2 >- ul UJ

UJ h- liJ *~ u. 0 ^ f\l C\J

J CC *^ |—1 Ql * <\J *^

U- <I (w) —' z \UJ UJ

\D 0^ CO 0 ? fC ^ 1UJ ^ 0 ^ < *^

r— 0 U- z

I/) in 0

*^

—J

© *\l •-4 CO 0

r) ^ :T 5^o >- J UJ

uJ y- 1 0 J ^ fO

H-t 0 M * CO o 0 w u. 0

r—

w u. z 0

Ui

QO cr* "H r) r*- 0

CO ul (\J (\| ^

*^

u. >- (J^ Ul o UJ 1— 1 CJ fO f\J CO Q l-l i-4 • 1^

LU 0 — U-u. z 0

UJ ^ J If) 0 0

jC ^

ID * <\j r)

l/l 0 0z

_i^O

(£.

cvj »-H r*- 0 0

fO to

Cr UI O < ^ in ro - •

u. l/l o

UJ

1/1

Ui f\j Ul vo z 10 ^ 0

UJ (/) 1 IE UJ

r— _J h- Q. ~L "T! [!? ^ ^ l1 * LO c\J 0 O

CD a. Ul0

"Z. UJ

5!Oo UJ

>- 0 1/> z S Ul ^^ ^1 ^51 Ul Ui CD 0 > £ 0 0 X CQ Q_ H— 0 0

0^ 0 (fi o

Ui * Ui o Ul Ui _J o I/) 0 z ^

t/) 0 0 In 0 Z Ql 'i^ —1

Q_ ^

t/1 in * < »-

UJ Ui 0 0 -J 0 o cr >- 2 2 CO

B-14
o o o o o o o o o o o

0. K) cc -1 ro

»—1 X

I/) o o o ro o o *-t o CO ro zX o o 2

tfk. o cr CO ro in CO o in rO

I/) 1- l/l CM t\J T-l ro

z: >- t/l Ul LJ 1- UJ 1-1 »- U. O 1- o CO in vD (\1 -D a- (\J o cr 1^

i-iH CC >-< • ro

u. < o o

UJ _l 2

->

*—1

I-o

UJ Ul

l- cc ~ C\J in ^ cr r- <\i o d- o cr o O l/l <\l ro o

q: s cc Q. >- Ul

t- cc o in rvi <J> to

O ro

U MOM •

t-i

U U- o

y- o Ll 2

u\ If) o

•-4

—

_l

_l<

CO

— vO o to o O -1 in

1/1 d- ro

a. 0^ cc o >- d- Ul

UJ 1- 1 o <\i <\) in o OJ ro o o

tr Q- l-l

O l-H • o >- o -^ U. o

s: H- 2

cc o

<tK2

>- UJ Q s: o t-

— CO o 03 OD

O 03 o <\i CM

03 CC 1/1 in CM »H < cc »H

>- Ul o Ul 1- 1 o CM o CV) CJ

O CM

O ro XI CO

Q

M »-l t-l

w OJ UJ

Jl u. 2 o

UJX

1- o JO o o in r- o I in lo >- >- •H 2 o O o o <VJ O in o CO z> • ro

I/) o o 5 o 2

UJ

_l

03O

q:a. vO rvi CO cr

1/1 to

cc s: Ul O Ui 1- _j < CM -< lo in to

CD t- • CO u. o l/l o o cc 2 a

i/ia 3 o

UJ Irt 1- in in

O CO inO CO <\1 <\J o 2 •H ro ro t- z Ul 1/1 UJ _i s: UJ t- s: _l CL o fVi o CT ^ fO o> in o

<t £r >- • in in OJ o o <t o CO

CO (J Q- 2

Ul o Q

(- 1-< 2 »- UJ 4 in s t- Ul hS- 01 _l 2 o m o _i Ul Ul Ul O UJ < 2 <a Q _i s: in t- < l/l o Ul CO !• >- o QC 1- > 2 CC •-• O 2 X O Ul -

o o O O X o < K LL 3 o cc < s: UJ Ul

s: 13 o cc < CL in 1- -I cc in 2

UJ U.

O l-l * 1- >~ cc UJ CC <_) « u. o Z) UJ

=» o O 1- >— t/l »- CL l/l o UJ Ul >- (c s: £C < 2 d < UJ s r> t- o t- »- Ul QB cc t- < X Vfl 3 U. cc cc _i »-* 1-1 o i—t- <

Ul >-< »—<

UJ Ul u- cc tC

X UJ o Q- =>l/) • • Q. CO 2 > U- CL 13 ID _J >- o < O 2 l/l V- >- o O l-l CD Q

>- o CC cc t- yi UJ Ul _l <t o 1-

0. -I -I Ul _l Ul -I 2 _i t- in 1- CD Ul o O Ul UJ =) 3 o > o Ul _i < 2 CC 2 2 Q Ul I/) CD OD 

CD 3 OD cc CL •a 3 Ul to o o o

CC z QB oB oB UJ 00

X C5 l/l

w U. 1-1 2 Q in o >- >- < 2 cc Ul cc UJ _i in 5^ s: Ul CC _i o a. > > Ul > «S •> o O Q <t Ul O <« UJ Ul UJ <x w U1 « < I <I s: <t u. o U- < U. C3 u cc > 2 X ^

Ul Ul Ul Ul UJ o 2 Ul Ul 4 t- o o oe I X X X 1- X o 1-

B-15
o o o o o «-!

OOOOO <-4 Q- cc o CM

»—« X

l/l Irt o o o o O rO CM

O o o O

O nO z CM CM 3 o o z K

(MOO C\J JO CMO o o ^ o J- 1— L/l 1^ ^ O >- LO UJ

1— UJ "-c u. CD »— o o (\j

X (\J rO o o o CMO

cr H-i K) ! u. < o o

_1 z Q

UJ

*—

cCO UJ

l/l q: ^ O f\J vO ^ O o c^ o o o O

O -H

»-<

O L/l aft o 1^ OJ

u. 5" cc

>- Ul o t— cc u * o Oil in o o o o o

<_> *—*O "-i • CO vO o Li. o

lA o u_ z z lO o o

CL

UJ UJ

h— !Z

—" ^ o o o c\j

O fO o K) o o o ^ O vD

<a L/l aft o o o a: cr •-i (/) UJ >- 3- UJ *^ o UJ 1 o * O O O <\l O fO cr o o o -^ o

Ll. 0. o »-« • CD CO

>- o W U> o o o h- ^ u_ z o I o

L/l »— 1— z z 08 UJ

UJ

l/> o o o o o ro o in o o o o o in h- Z cc lO aft o CO

ce «I cr

«t IS Q- >- CJ^ LJ

0.

Q UJ 1 ^ o o o o O CM CO vO o o o OO CM UJ Z Q • a <I o — Ll o X U. z

ct o o

>- o

in o lo ^ ^ o 0^ o o T-*O o o o

aft o ro

D z >- UJ

l/l > z K)O <\JO o ^ o OO CM Z Z) • in CM o o o c c o z < a: UJ UJ 3

l/l cr Z

UJ CT ^ vD o CM in o CM CM CM D rO >—4 ^ o lO in

_i U- UJ O >— o in lO \D a- ro J- CVi to

O •-i to I >- • CM

I/) L/l o z z

Ul OD G

UJ

Q (X

tl. <\j

—1 (\j cj in vo o J- o o •H

O ^ z aft CO o CM UJ LO * _i ^ UJ

l/l —1 H- Q.

O c» CO •-" Kl »0 CO o CM a- -1 in Z <I cr >- vC w ru CM CVl o

Q. z a UJ z Q

«IX

RO SN o

cc

l/l 2 V UJ o UJ o z NJ CL < <l £ Q

Ul

Ul UJ 3 _1 o

UJ Ul UJ 3 _l

t- CO 1— 00 o < UJ <x 4 UJ < X

in

t— _l < •-< l/l »- zt- _1

<I ll »- o -a o o <

z> cc 3 l/l > CL cc 3 L/l =» o o O •-• «I LO < o O •-< < L/l CD Z Ll D Ul z u- a < ^ 2 t- cr 3 • ^ z t- cr

Ul ol/l z o o o

(- o z o O

cc 2 o o o

t- o z o

L(1 2 o UJ !«; UlO Ul 5£ < z r> UJ 2 t- <t cr z O LlI z t- < cr 2 LO o LB > z t- < _f > Z I- « a o < 4 O O <t O _l < 3 <I «* o O <I O _J 01 Z ID 2 O Q Q Z CD 1- O 10 Z Q Q Q z en

UJ < o I o

C3 I >- l/l (-

B-16
o 0. Ld « •H ID CC (\J cr X X < LJ in o

(/) 00 a- 00 in tr 03

ro cv; z UJ s 3 O X > ID O z o «x z 1- 1- o

1- tn ^ o l/l UJ

V t/l UJ •H >- 1/) llJ to cr

t- UJ »-i >- LU •-" < UJ o

U. <i> 1- a> Aj U.

O t- or CD UJ ^

u. <t <J o CO CO u. < o > r> 3- in _i z 3- (\l < z

>o

IlI q:

— 00 (M o cr

—

O l/l o o in UJ

tr «-l s: cr o cr in

>- ioJ >-

u <r UJ 3- >— o 3 CT- rO 0^ t— cc o cr CD

0^ •-1

O

H ID <\l <Z> ^ 1-1

O

n UJ S lO in »H O Lj. o * vO o u u. > z> in O U- z If) Z o u. < z Z IT) O 11 IT) O

»/) »- Z <£ 0 U

Q. LO

<t 1-1 UJ u 1 zo

cr o

UJo in

_i z 3 o O CL X <

t/1 UJ

33 crUJQ Q _l Z Z)

<I

OX• l/l inz o

z> z

ir> < Dz in

«i z X Z5

is ~ Q

<t Z w <;X

cr S UJ o tc X 5:D

I- Z

r>O -I

CD «t

UJ

—

CO t\. s: w z z

Ui

n

<I UJ

15 t-1 o o X in S 1-1 UUJ z

i/i o o o X

I- z>o

ll. >- o— Q

—- 3 vO o

J) ae ^ rO o

cr

>- 3- UJ

t- 1 o 3 in

1-1

O 1—<

3- in 1 1

vO fO 0^

u. z o

CJ^ '^ o

in SR o

cr •H

>- 0^ UJ

t- 1 o CO —4

1-1 o cr CZ3 O ~' Ll O CM

Ll z o

tC CMO

as in 3- o

>-t-z ro cr (M

r- Ki

O o 3- K> CO u z o

CO ^ o

UJ

t-<x

O C\J OJ

1— cr vO in

in o cr aj CO z

»- o z ae CM o

UJ in —1

_i s: UJ

_1 1- Q- 03 < cr >- -1 cr o

<i t— o CO

ex. z cr CO UJ in ^

UJ

in <t z o 0 in

Q_ 1-1 < u. UJ z 1 o

<_) crUJ in Q Z

_1O 3 Q. O <I X UJ

-- cr

23 UJ w a

_i

Q 3 2 O

<tX

l/l <

l/l UJ

0^ cr cr p- o

>- 3-

u < UJ CO

1- 1 u cr CD ' O 1-1 UJ s: 3- o -t u. > w Ll < Z O

in UJ

cr 10 cr CO >- cr UJ < UJ vO to

1- 1 o CD

l-l UJ s: <M o z> Ll <. z

Si

Ui

inzo

a.in o

a.<

ill

in cc z u

rs

Q

10 _i a 3 z o « X I in

l/l o z z UI

>• ID cr ^ in ID K « UJ in vD o in Z cr CD z z n UI s: <: o > Z3 X ID (J z a — z

cr

d

—

X

>- U. z o LiJ <i UI ID cc

O 1^

s: cr t- < u o in UJ <x CC CD 3 03 t- LJ s- vD « o sr l/l > vO v£) I 3 <: z 3- z

t-

=> UI O CO cn <s « o; I- Ul z UI o =» lu in 10 cc o in t- < _i s: UI < UI

_l >- Q- cc

m

cr 1 cc > UJ 5" in •£> UJ ~ <t 1- r> Z> >n in CD fV. Q. <a Z

s: UIO z cr•I

•X z

UJ •-> >

<X UJ

IDK< o o X l/l i 1-1 u. UI z

l/l o in o u z X o

»- r>o <

IL >- UJ o IS — Q

1—1

UJ 1/1 cr • • Q in Z UJ

<X z 3 C3 o ID _l

OL

Q r> U) z o

UJ «I

X o cc X l/l

B-17
O o o o o n

O 3-O o o o o vD o

0. in

O in 3- o

»-i «-( I

l/lO o o O

O CO in o o o o o lO CO ^ CM o a O 2 2< O * (\1 <\1 C\J o 3- -H o r- o o

UJ t- l/l CM <M o to 3- o

1- >- l/l Ul •-t ^

<I (- Ul

M o U. ID 1- 00 Kl (\J

O ^ ^ \D r-- CM in o to o tJ- vD

l/l l-H CC >-i • »-l 3- U. <I <_> o 1 , J 2o

<J

l/l Ul 2 a -~ in ^ (M in -1

O in o in o o o o o o O l/l o to o

CL 5: ir »—< < V Ul

Ul t- q: o vD t\J 3- lO

O 3- o o o

s. l-H o •-• • in *-* to in CM CO O li. o

a. o u. 2

Ul in o Q —

_JDO

0^ I —

O

w o o to o CO o o o O o

l/l l/l <n o CM o o tr z CO >- J- Ul

t—1

UJ 1- 1 u in o .-(

O

O CM o o o CO

l/l

a >-l o >-< • GO vO 03 o 2 >- u -^ U- o

UJ :d 1- u. 2

»- (B o

<t , O 1- 2 2

l/l <X UJ

i-t

X s: U. »-

— o>

w o o o o o o o o o 3- o z Q CE l/l r~ o (M o o Ul < a. —4 w o CL V Ul

l/l Ul 1- 1 o (\j —*

OOOO /I CO CO o OO 3 00 Ul Q ^ .H t—< • 0 in r~ o l-l o — u. o

>- u. 2

>- o

l/l q;

z. <a o (- « _i ^ •H *H

O <D o to -1 to o o o to o

UJ \£1 CM o in 3- o

s:

K

a: »- 2 Kl «-t

O vH CM c o o CM 3-

iijD

n • CM to ro o o o o

_im o 2 3 -~ < o r\. I u 2

Ul

I/) '> ~ l/l ^ vO CT- CO

O in in r- o CM CO 0^

O

CD »-t ID <V1 o CM in

O

UJ

>- £r

Qa UJ

O Kl vO -J3 1^ * <r) .H CM ro o .H

—1

vO 3- 2 < 1- • CM

<r

K (/I l/l o 2 2 - _l <t in *-t 2 u.

r> o

<fl 2 O UJ >- t- vD CM in "H a> o O C\J to o ^ o 3- o 2 UJ o 2 v£ o ro o

<t

m 2 Ul l/l <-4 I UJ _i z: Ul

>- r> _l

K Q. ^ cr ro \0 to o CM in o d- o — _i o <i (r V • CO CM CM CD 3- vO in 3- < _i Ul I K O (\J J- CM --4 3-

<j /y Q_ 2 U. Ul

U. •-•Q

O 13

*-A CK (T UJ O

03

s:Q o l/l o in 3 < a. 2 a. 2 2 X Ul O Ul O M Q. IM 0. _l >- <t 4 < 2 Q UJ Ul Q Ui UJ

t— < UJ i _l UJa _j o s 1— 03 t- m 1- < Ul < < Ul < X l- »- _J l/l t- t- _j UJ o l/l z in <i t-t X X (_) <£ o o <

l- cr * l/l > a. ct:a in >

y- o o >-• <r l/l < o o t-t 4 in

U- 3 2 0.

Q UJ 2 U.Q o o • 2 1- ce X • 5^ z 1- q: — m o o o o o o o o

UJ in z tO 2 <J a. z 1- <J 2 u

(/I 2 O Ui UJO Ul 2 3UJ 2 t- «I OS 2 l/l O Ul 2 >- < CC z L/l • O ID > 2 1- <. _l _i > Z l- <t Q. Q < < O O < O _l < 3 <I <4 o o < o _l <

1/1 2 19 2 Q

QQ 2 mO CD 2 QQ

Q 2 DD

B-18
ro o

a. ro vD o a Ul

«-( ID OC lO to

X

ro I <X UJ o w

t/) r\J I/) CC CD z z UJ y 3 o 3 > 3 o z o < Z »-

\D o

1- l/l vD to o in Ul

>- 1/1 U) «-* >- in Ul ID CC CM •-I K UJ >-• K Ul n < UJ

U- ID t- cr cf to U. ID 1- tC CD

or »-i CO COn ce •-• Ul 5t u. < o o CM 1^ u. «t o > O CM --1 _J 2 _i « z

Ul Ul K — vD o CC

—

O l/l in o o in Ul

s: or •-4 s o; ID CC (\J >- Ul >- UJ < UJ -t to

If) 1- CC o o cn I- CC o CC CD z 1-1 O >-i • If) 1^ <\j z 1-c O •-> UJ s: •H ^ o U ll. o o O IL > 3

0- o u. «I Z < in o in o

Ul Ul 3 "*

<r IE Ui .—.

<M CO o Ul ,

a 1/1 in o Q t/l Ul

_i _l c^ CC ID CC

>- d- Ul

V * Ul < Ul »-( '-i

O UJ 1 o toO Ul 1- 1 u CC CD

X CL l-i

O 1-1 • X Q. >->

O i-i Ul

X

Ul r- >- o -« u. o in h- >- o ^ u. > O 1- — u. z — u. •I z ~- —* o o m 1- ay t- ^ .. z z w .. 2 Z

UJ Ml Ul

O UJ s:

O UJ z r) Q t- w 0< o Z 3 C3 (- .—. < l/l LU l/l (M o < 1/1 Ul CC in Ul

1/1 1- < CC l/l 1- <a CC ID tC r~ (M •>-<< CL >- UJ » «s CL >- (JN Ul 1 Ul (\j ^

l/l o UJ 1- 1 o d- l/l o UJ y- 1 o CC CD Z >- I/) Q l-l »-l t-t • Z >- 1/1 o i-t >-« UJ S o a: M (J — u. o r> QC M u — u.

to < 11. u. z 10 <t u. IL. < z Q t- Z o ah- z o 2 >-< O z >-« o

<t _iu < _l <J x>-« X •-• £ 1/1 s: in ~ Z O z

<t z o lO

O «r z o Ul

— liJ Q- >-—

U D- ID CC CO ^

UJ «I UJ <r t- <t UJ

li. CC UJ z <\1 vC CO U. CD UJ z CC CD • • O X • lO d- o i UJ s: >- o o >- o > Z3

cr _i c£ <_) z CC _J CC o < z

(iJ _l UJ Ul -I Ul m d o CD < O

s: z _i S Z _l 3 1-1 3 3 •-• O ZOO Z ID O

>-i

X in in o >-i I

_i q: 1/) vD o _i CC in Ul

«I o Ul et o Ul to CC o in

t- 00 1- t- OB >- < UI »-i in o o <x .-1 o O C3 < tC CD K < 1/1 t- • ro •-4 < in 1- UJ s: (o I z l/) o I z in > rD UJ D z UJ z> <t z I > O T >- ID K Z Q 1- Z O < Z «I z

U. Z «I u. s: <t O I O X

t- <M <t> o 1- • • O Q z \D lO o • • O Q z Ul O X UJ Ul t/l O X Ul Ul L/1 ID CC r- in t- 3 -I s: UJ t- 15 _i 5: Ul •X UJ ^ vD in _l K Q. m 1- in _i 1- a CC m

OC ID 1/1 <C CC

V • lO CM tr 3 l/l <t CC >- Ul S' OJ ^

Ul o >-• •4 t- o d- Ul

O "-i «i 1- > o m m a z CD CO Q. < z s < >- UJ s: <i >- Ul O CC Q 3 CC Q Z • <I z - <

H- »- < >-< <f 1^ l-l O' _J C^ _l

UJ •-• UJ .-* > s: > s: < z < z

C3 U. ID (-1 U. O O O Q O Q I UJ a X Ul CC 3 UJ 3 1- UJ

<xm < CD Ul o s UJ u s:

1/1 1/1 o t/l in in 3 in o -> z z o — z z X u. o X U. o

t- Z _l Q. 1- z u Q. o < < ^ o o <r

U. (J 3 UJ U.

U «I Ul o t- m O 0^ w 3 o « - 3 Ui o < Ul l/l CC UJ in CC • • >- t/1 z Ul in Z UJ

CD z Q in z OQ o IB _l o ID _l n Q < il ^ CL Q 3

l/l z o 1- in Z O

UJ I o UJ •IX o a: I l/l CC I in

B-19
Q.X

inz Q o Z

ttm

V- l/) lij 1— Ul

u. IS 1- en u. «I o o

_l z

LJ

cco as

5: CE

>- bJ

t- ce (J oo u! z

in o

1/1 q: >- kJ

UJ 1- 1 O

Q. o »-< • >- o U. o

h-

u. z o

t-Z

UJ

5:1- «

ae < ce

>- UJ

LiJ o Q u IL. o

LL z o

2ft oo . o o o o o OD I O O C\J O O CT o , O O <-f O O ^

<OCVJ-HOvO o I O (\J "-^ O ID , -I O O O O CT> CO

0.

t-i I

I/) zo z

1-

l/l

V 1/1 UJ

1- Ul •-< u. o tU. <t <J o

_l

UJ

oc

—

rO l/l ae a- s ce >- UJ t- cc o O *~l

<_) U- o

0- o u. z

>- in o

1-»-

I/) z z UJ

—*

s: l/l

l£>K c^ ce

Q q: >- UJ Z >s UJ >- 1 o < a D. >-l O >-l • X UJ >- O U. o Q 1- z

_l

O

_l >- 1-

«t CD z

UJ

Ll. to 5: o o — o QC l/l X < CC z y- >- Ul < UJ UJ t- 1 <J

s:Q >-l ^ •

fv. <J

— u. o

-J u. z o >- < o X < o

1- a.

if) o z

CD o 1 3 >- O ll. >- • • _l o z Q _l • O O >- o o I U- o o z 2

LJ UJ UJ y X

1— o

_i UJ 1 u. cc: l/l o u.

ooooo ooooo ro .H CM <\i (\j to

O

Q.X

in o O Ul

«t 2

pO o o o o o Oil ^- ^ in fM -I , o CO in ro

CM CM (\J

O rO o o t~~ CM ro in

(D in o to ^ CM

ino

iHio*eOco rOincMt^'^ rO ^ -4 -HCMin -^

CM a^cMovOto (j^cor-into cm c^ ^ ^ ^ ro c^ in

-H (Ni (\i in <Ni CO ^^ocoinin ^coocM^

t—1 f-H ^ fs)

ioo**vO -^c^invo^o *

CM -< d- CM * ^ O ^ OM rO in<T>-HrO<M CO —t CM -O

ooOCMin.* d-^incM^ <M rH lO ,H 00

r^d-OrJ- CMCMCOCOOO o

5d--Ho-H iorocMro<^ *

10

l/l UlQo

Ul

z>o

Ul

(C

u. z

UJ l/l _i s: UJ

_l >- D.

«x cc >- <I t- a

UJo

l/l 2O

Q.

inUl

t~^i-^,-(wcMoo>0 o

i--ro3-^ocM^o o H ro ^ rl/l zo

UJ Ul X _lm

Ul 4

I- _j < <-t o < 3 l/l => O >-< < I/) Z U. Q ^ Z t- CC o o o

VO Z U l/l O Ul it _l z t- < cc z <t Z I- «t t- O O <I O _l o Q Q Q Z DO It- o

«*O

Q

i-i UJ o in r o •-I Q.

l/l

O H-t X Q 3

Ul

in a: H UJ Z X

Ul

s: -I

CC

•*

Q.UJ z Q i-t

UJ o

in UJ o t- X <

y- o

l/l U. 1-1 o u. — zoo o ^ C^

UJ in

_i z: UJ

_l I- CL

<r ccV

<f I- o

0.in

Ul

cc

<Ncoor^c^ in^of^^ ^ ^ ^ CM in ""^

rHvDCMrOCT^ Olinr^ -Hxc ocuronjcvi 1^ in cm r-

>-oz l/l o

UlX Ul < M < 1/1 f-l ^ QC Z

cc £C o o o

UJ UJ UJ •4X

X o t—X 1- »- l/l 1- < <I o cc cc o z

cc

X 1/1 4

Ul UJ Ul UJ

-IU Z o r> a X CC _l -< -c t- U. EE U O

tc o u. o

cc < o o s: o o

Ul 1-n Ul h- > z z Ul _l o o X l/l 0. 1- CI Q I- 3 ^ Ul Q Q Q Ul S cC Q Z Q l/l UJ Ul Ul X 3 l/l Ul CC _i a _i z 1- a. in l/l r> 3 o Ul <

oc _l s 3 1- s: l/l 1- inX >- UJ 3 cc n (K 1/1 UJ u l- o

1-

Q

O

U < >-i cc cc o 1-

B-20
D.

*-* X

l/l zo z

tt- CD

>-

W Ul

UI>-<

u.O 1-

ir >-" u. <t o o

_l z

UJ

ce

—

O I/) s cc >• Ul z q: o o <-< • o Ll o a O U z

UJ in o

y-

— <o

in

u. 1/1 zo >- ;f Ul o UJ (- t u

Cl

O t-t •

l/l >- -H U- o

¥- z

13 o

U5 t- Q Z Z UJ < I/) X z 1-

—H o tr LO _l Q- >a cc _l < Q. >- ON Ul < LU Ul t- 1 u a l-t • U. o — u. O o u. li. z o o z cc < U) S CO

3E =5 ae o z >- I

_1 zo o O K o z

CD <_) <i <: -— —

<i r\. — 01

<r >- Ul • < l-

<t «H • • ID l/l o o z z —« o s

1- o

_l U1 _l

tr o »- Ul Li. z m Ul l/l S liJ _J r UJ 3 X _l I- Q. z t- <I < 1- o

_i iL r- O- z < o <I> UJ

Z5Q

tX O (J •• < < o

Ul o

UlX

=. z t-

<t >-< Ul

u. o o cc X Ul 3 Q Ol Ul

UJ I/) u.

I/) o o O CL X lO Q

t- i-l Ul Q l/l U. O O Ul Q. — o: in Ul i-i Ul

I/) zo

a.in

Ul

vDorooo cinoo'X) o

(M -I CO o

»H iH

n (N

(M

n vD o

<M CO in

CN

cr Ul Ki i« o TO t- in 1/1 CO 00 O ^ fNl

in ro in ] <\j <M , CM <M *

r-- o o fo (M mO d- rO

in ^- C\J

1^ I*! o d lo CO in -CN

<N vO

O CN

ID —I

CO ^ * o o —» >n o to

n o

CM -H CM -H

M

U5O(Md-00 OCvCCMOCD

c^ ro (\j 1^ -=3' '-I CM

jj., >£)

OOO

CN CD

CO CM

vO

to .H ^ O

O

CM J3O

O

O

r-1 a- ^

CM ^

CM CN ro CO

<H o r-- r») ul v£) en (N ^ o o ON CN rH CO OJ »-l

iLl ID

Ul Ul Z 3

:> Q. U. UJ

Q

QQ UJ Ul Ul I

h- CL l/l _l 5: 3 U 3 QC S Q O

t/1O 3 Ul < M

l/l i-i 0 o

<r I X I- v 3

I/) «I UJX tr IJ o

ceo

I- 3

Ul 1 l/l I- z>

1-1 s

l/l t- s:

<J <

I- l/l o cc cc Ul UJ Ul

_l o z

_l i-H 3 O ll. o

ll- o o

UJ t-

_l o

CL tQ

T- Ul < Q Z Q

lo Ul ce _i (T 3 3 O Ul

l/l 1- I/)

X

l/l Ul Ul Ii-i ce cc o

B-21
CO

OOOO

O (\J

O o o o o o O

(I) o o o o o c\j o o o o o i>

X

in o o

in in o (\1 O o * r- (M o OJ O O O J- o cj- o o

t- l/l o CM o 1- l/l CM o

a> >- l/l

u >- 1/1 Ul

1-1 1- Ul t-» t- UJ 1-1 u CD 1- O O (\l CO <M »H lO O O O CM O —1 vD U. O 1- CO fVl o z ce 1-1 • tn lO 1-1 q: (-1 • (J^ CM (M

t-t

u < o o u. < o o CM ^ h-

_i 2 _l 2 CM rO in

a in

UJ<o UI UJ

U)

K ~ (M c\j d- <\l f~- <\l o o o o o o o o o o tr ~ CO CM o »-* O l/l t-- -< o ro o O l/l vD to o u s a •-1 s: q: iH

n. z >- Ul o >- Ul o o (X. o CO t\J Kl <M vD <\J CO o o o o o 3- --4 1^ t- cr o CO in

r- o O 1-1 • in CO in CM 00 1—1 C 1-1 • ro (O CM o <J u o 1-1 o u o ^ l/l O U 2 o u 2 fO 2 in o r> o o —'

Q.< o

Ul UJ Ui

in o oj o to ^ CO o O CM

OOO o l/l (- »^ ifl

O < l/l n o CM o 2 < l/l vfl to o o cr •H o o c^ cr •-1

l/l Ul >- UJ Ql l/l >- :t Ul

»-«

D Ul »- 1 o •X)

O (\J o rO

w 1^ CO

O CM o ^ o to 0^ <r 1-1 Ul »- 1 o ^ * (D

li. _j Q- 1—1 O 1-1 • r- CO t-t 00 Ulu Q. 1-1O 1-1 • to CJ' >- o U o "< 2 >- O u. o CM vO o o 1— — u. 2 O t- 2 o X o cr o o

LA 1— UJ th- 2 Q l/l z

08 Ul _l 2 Ul

kJ s: rs o s: S l/l 1- po o in o o fO cy» o O O O O O o O CL t- in in

O

t- 2 cr l/l CD o CM o X < l/l r- CM o

ce Z> <t ct •H l/l Ul < cr .-1 •I IB Q. >- a> Ul 3 >- c^ Ul

Q.Q Ul y- 1 o in o c3 o Oil CO o o o o o UJ 1- 1 o O CO UJ a )-* ^ 1-1 • in —1 r~ CD ir 1-* ^ i-< • •H fO in Q a o ^ u. o — UJ O — Ij. o iH T-t X Ll. 'Z Q u. 2

ce o Q _J o

1— 2 Z) o rj <t o o X» l/l D < "-1 oj .-1 ro ^ in O »H lO O O O CM o I/) o

vD »-i ^ o in a- o 2 D in o Q 2 V 3 2

UJ t- ID < K

l/l > 2 (Js ^ <VJ

w ^ o -H CM

OOC

—1 * O 2 (S 2 n ro 2 1/1 CO d- Kl O o c <£ 2 o O <M CM in a o 2 X 3 u z < ID

UJ Ul

—

Q

«I 2

l/l «t

o: 2 X

UJ 1 in »H J- vo ^ ^ o in in in o <M o o lO

O

Q 00 .-H ^ »-l o CJ in o Z ll.O

_i U- Ul 1-1 <t o UJ o o oX V

l/l o2

-~ Ul

03D

—

O z . <Xz3o

CO

u

iHioinvDr~^DvO *

1-1 »H CM CM

OO CO

1- -< 1-1 in CM i£! to 1-1 o in o •H

O CMO

EN o

1-1 vO lO o

_l s: Ul

_l 1— CL 1-1 \0 to "-1 vD * (3^ o lo o * O

O o

<I cr >- 1-1 CM -1 CM -1 * CO J- «i 1- O to CM iH

CL 2

UlQ

a

Ul <

K- _l < 1-1 O < 3 l/l > O •-• < l/l 2 0. Q 2 t- cr o o o

l/l 2 l/l O

CL CC < O

Ul

Ul UJ S _l

aj Ul «t I- _i < •-< o <. 3 l/l > O 1-1 < l/l 2 Ll Q

:^ 2 I- CC O O O

Ul ifl 2 tU 2 O tr 2 IO 2 o

1/1 2 O Ul

O Ul < 2 •D UJ 2 I- «I CC 2 in Q Ul 2 1- < cr 2 1/1 O ID > 2 1- < _i _l > 2 1- a

CM 0.

Q < O

O 4 O _l < 3 < <t

O

O < o _i <

in 2 ID 2 QQQ 2 m »-O ID 2 QQa 2 CD

UJ < o X o a QC X i~ L/1

DC 3 Ul o as X s:

I- 2

r>o _i

CQ < < 3

t- o u

I- «t

QC •• Ul ~

mrii s o 2 0^ < Z

Ul 1-1 >

<X UJ

ID t-

<x o u X Ifl S 1-i

ll. UJ z

1/1 o o o X

I- oo u >- o

Ul l/l -I s; Ul

_J I- CL < Ct >-

<I ICLUlQ

vO to

to CO

d- in

to

1-1 in • vO to o o 2 lO vD

in r-i

Ul

1/1 2O

a.

1/1

l/l 2Oa<

UJ

in cr 2 Ul O Q

ID _l Q 3 2 O

<t

X

X Ifl

B-22
a. iij »-4 ID or ^ I < LJ CM <\1 in or CD z3O < z

l1- 1/1 UJ

>- 1/1 UJ ID (T K UJ "-I <I liJ U. ID t- cr m

UJ ^

u. < o > z> CO o t z u

tr -~ o in Ui o o ce o a* p~ >- kJ < UJ ^ o

1- cc o CC CD

•-I o t UJ 5: (J U- > o If) <\J O li. < z

in o o

UI

i/1 < z u un UJ O L/) cc

Q_ >- UJ < LiJ < li_ UJ t- 1 o CC CD • • LJ 2 Q. i-« o »»4 UI ^ vD ro X O >- u. :> 3

h- iL < z

or

O

UI ly) Q Z Z

-1

O UJ 3 Q. O < 1- X liJ cc I/)

u

lO i <I a: (3 a: CO :t Q. >- ut 4 LiJ ^ cc UJ h- 1 (J cc tn • • CD UJ o :—I

UJ 5:

Li- > 3

_l Li. < 2 Q 3 O ^ O < X

Ul

l/lQ

UJ 3 <r o cr ^ o o 1- < UI cc OJ D l/l z cc CD • • 3 UJ ^ IT) vD

<l 3 o > 3 X O < Z Q ^ z

<t < « X

>- U- z o UJ

<J UI 'o cc o o

<£ UI o o

UI < a: CD 3 CD UJ 5" vO tn O 5" if) > 3 X 3 <r z \0

2! »-3 UJ O O

CD <I < cr »- UJ z o > UJ U) o cc vD < _i s: UI <£ UJ CO CO

-J 1- CL CC CD < (X >- U) ^ OJ IT Ui <I h- :> 3 in

CO f^. CL <. z -t S O UJ 3 1^ Q Z (T- «H

«* Z

UJ I-t >< UI< o o X lyi

Ll

UJ z

I/) o tn o o z X o

1- 3 Q- O 4

ll. >- Ui o "S w Q

UJ i/) CL iA Z UJ < z 3 a o iD _l CM CL O 3

•H l/l z o

UJ < X

C3 cr

X L/1 o o o o o o o o o o O vO o

tl. llJ LO o if) o

1-4 X

l/l o o o o o ^ LO o o o o O fO CO

O z CM CM

:z o

0^ z

1- zo r~- CM J" rvj o K) ^ p~ o r~- o o O

UJ r— L/1 rO <\i C\J fO iD o

1— >- L/1 UI

H- LJ •—t

U. CO ^—

O (\J o f\l OJ \D LO CM

O fO o to

l/> »—* cc • • CM

Ll <I

O o

U- _l z zoo

(Jl LlI z CC C\J

O OJ vO OJ nO u) o o o m o o O 1/) O \0 r) o

Q. !^ CC —*

<t >- Ld

LiJ CC CJ CO OvJ CO CM lD OJ Jit 0''

O J- o o O CO •—J !5 »—* O —« • •H CM CO O Ll o i o u. z

LU LflO

O1 O 3OX «H •H

O C\l •H •-» *—*

*-t

O

O o cc o

--H to o CM o z Qfl >- UJ

»—<

Lu I— 1 OO f\j CM 1-1 o o O if) l/l D- •—t O t—• • \0 CO \D CM CO

Q z i_) 1 Ll o

LlJ 3 ^ tj_ z

f—O

Q iZ

c_> Z z

uJ

*^

X

Li- ro o o o rO o o o o >^ o Z Q CM o rO O o UI •~* o 3 CL >- CT^ LU

</l uJ H- 1 O

O C\J o o CM '"O •—4 0 0 0 o ^ CO 3 3 >—t t—< • CM r*- O o Ll o

>- LL z

>• o

u)Zo hQ. *^

<t _J o r~ 1 < •H Ln o vO o o o o O o

UJ to o m o

>-

1—

r- z rO LO o o o o c o

UI 3 3 • CM O o o 1 o z 3 —*

*t

O f^t X UJ z

UI

t/j !> in ^ \o -d" o o Ln OJ

O OiO rO

IE • o o

LU

>- HQ Od UI <\l ^ r** \0 CM *H

O <-«O

J Z 4 H- • o z z * 1 Z 5" Ll 3 O

tD Z O UI >- K* r) r~ OJ vo fo

m o CM ^ CM

O ^ O ri o Z LU o Z CM o tn o z UI X UJ _i ^ UI

>- 3 _J Q_ OVJ o lO o o ^ o ^ o o

_JG <I Ql >- • rO <\t ro cr

<I _1 UI o <\l .—4 CM *^

>- < cr CL z z u_ lU

li_O

O

CC cc UI o

CO

5^O

O

O lyi 3 4 CC z CC z Z X Ul o UJ o

fsJ NJ CL 1 >- < ^ z O UJ UJ o Ul UJ 1— <I LU _J LU X _i o s; CO h~ CD >— Ul 4 <t LU <

K— h- _l l/l 1- »- _J UI o \f\ <I • Z \f) <I l-l X X <_) <r o o <t OC 3 I/) > CL tr i L/> > o O <I Ln < o O t-t d in

U_ 3 Z Ll

Q UJ Z Ll C^ o o • ^ z t— CC s • ^ z »- o o o O o o o o

UI l/l z o z o a: z »- o z <_) • l/l z o LU ^ UJ o LU ^

CD Z 3 LU Z *— <f ct z O LU Z I- < CC z Ln Q _l > Z 1- J OJ Q- Q < <f o o < O «l < 3 < < o o < O -1 <

.-H 2 ii> Z Q

Q CZl Z CD

O iS> Z Q CDQ Z CD Ui < o X

O

B-23
<N

0) o X

~1 II

(NJ LO • • o > 3 o _ 'J Lu

wn 1 1 > L/1 LU CD 0^ ^ tiJ *-i ^— Ul »—•

Li.

O o Li_

O t- tr CD

i-H tt: t-i i-H or t-H Ld 5: u *i o cS ^

_J . . Lu

in ^ ^ rr

j_

_

II inU) ^ ^ o (\J cO In t— o

1-^ o ^ Q ^ O Ll> O III Q. O Lj_ < 2 < LO O <I in o

llJ LlI

P;LJ

_ LjJ O .

4, . , II

JL ^ O CO o r- 1 O • • X o X o

rT>

OW Li_ 1 w _^ w 2

UJ

O Lu SI ^ "5 ^ t3 aw CO ^ i/i Lu 4r „ A \ _ 1 . ^ 1 ~T

Irt AJ rvi * • • o J-H ^ Y i-* I » —' ll ^ 5

(J Ur> S ^ U ~ s 2 ^

J~ ^ O

Q r— Z ^ O

<I 1 o <I _JO

X 5" L/1 ^ _ ^ ir> ^ ^ 1^. ?

llJ " t 1 n 1 1 ^ w (jj Q_ 0^

O

If) Ll a; Ixl IJL CU ct ^

LU 5^ > 3

IV 1 *v fv 1 rv 1 i It 1 i 1 II

Ji^ -r "i:

ffi ^ o m ^ Q ^ Z —1 5 2 —1 ^^ M ^O 22 o 2o

*"* _l l/i -J _J Ct L^

<IO

_O vD

J. • • ^ ^ ^

CO fr— <c ^

LU 5" CO IT) U) > 3

uJ Lu ^

?^ ^ ^ ^ s?

I— ^ D

Li_ ^ ^ LL ^ *i O X o o O X LlJ 1 r n

11

O

X UJ ^ II

crt (—)

r— Z) 11 in

—

—* "3 ^ -T r~ • • ) Ui y~ — 1 1

(\J

n rO

5! ^ >~

a _J QAn *^

—'

LlJ ^ »—t

II

—1 ^ ^ _ ^ ^ _

ul ^ 1 X *w Lu u- X LlI ^ ^ ^ --n 1 1 f \ ^

l/l L/1 ^ tjO LD o • ^ o »— ^* X Li. X Li- h- O^ -J^ ^ ^ H\ to O t9

Ll_O 3 , Li.

O ^ O HPQ O 0^ —' 3 O —' 3 LU O ^ Lu

II .. £ J

LiJ • • >- ^ *i;

t/1 ^ LlJ

"Z. l/i CD o CD 1 1 O

CJ QQ 3 < Q 3

tyi 2 O 2 O

Ul < X o Ul <L

X o X t/^ 1— a: X l/l

B-24
ooooo ooooo oo rO —1 :t <\J I X

in o o o o c o o

:i-ooooo:j- (I)

V l/l LJ

I- UJ 1-1

IJ- o •-

or >-< Lu <: o

rO o ^00

ro ID

—<

>- l/l bJ

(- UJ •-> U. CD th-i CC 1-. Ll < <_)

OO

—t O

O »D

m

LU o CX! O LA

>- (i 1 I— o ^

LU ^y Ll o

If) o

bJ

a?

>- ^ LU

LU ^— 1 u

Q_O

X lU >- J, ^ LiQ Q —' Li_ _JI >-

«^ £D

u

l/l

QQX (Y 1- >- UJ < LJ ^- 1 o

s:Q «-« o — ll_ o

-1 Ll_ o >- <r o X <f o 3 O O 2 »-l CD »-* o

<: 3o Li_ t- • • _i O O _J o o >- c o X u_ o ^

lU LU llJ s: X =3O

LU

<c u_o o UJ

Q_X 1-

I/) o <I

-t <: t- D LU l/l

O

\DrOrocO\D -Hooj CO,—I

ro ^ ^ <\j in to rjcjcoino f^cMcvj ino^

^orvit^o inr-pooo

csi -H r-t ^ ^ ^o

•H »H ^ ^ ^ ^ ,

C?d-ir-ioO tOfOlO—li-l

UJ? rv ^ cc o ro ro "-I

1-1

O I-I vD o u. O

in o J o o -

>- ^ S

Ul t- 1 O o o o O fVJ Q_ >-< C M CJ

>- (J -1 u. o

t-

— li. o

>-

in

Q_ >-O Ul

Ui h- 1 O * o w o o Q •o (J — U- o

u. z o

in fo o «H ro vO

in ro >

»-2 ^ (M o «-t CVJ 3- o o o ^ in O (\J o

to UJ< (C OJ d- o ro in O o

Ul u.

I- o <U Q

>-< Ul Q I/) 2 O

1-1

a

1/1 0 ti 1 Q 3

Ul

h- Ul 2 3

Ul

O

Itr o

<i —I

Q-Ul 2 O I-I

Ul

Q

cn Ul

Ll I-I o u.

a

UlQ

UJLO2o

Q.

1/1

O o 1^

O to ^ ^

lo lo CO in

CM C\l <M

lo o in

in

<~<i \0 3- ro ^

>^ * CO »-l

>-o2 l/l

Q

Ul 3 Ul

IS < ISI < l/l l-H :^ tr 2

cru o o

Ul Ul Ul < I X o 1- X 1- 1- 1/1 t- <r <i \ 3 o tr tr O 2 3 1/1 4 Ul UJ UJ

tr lU _1

O 2 O 3 tl. X tr -1 1-1 i

1- u. EE

OO

O ll. o

tr o ll. tr <i Q OS- o o

1- r> Ul 1- > 2 2 UJ -J o O I-I I-I Q X 1/1 Q. 1- t3

1- 3 s; Ul

Q

QO Ul i-< <tO 2 Q l/l Ul Ul Ul X 3 1/1 UJ CC _l tr -I 2 1- Q- l/l 1/1 Z) 3 O UJ <i Ct _l s: 1- s lyi h- 1/1 X »- 3 Ul tr Z) or 1/1 Ul Ul 1— o

1- S Q

O o < 1-1 tr ct o t1/1

1/1 UlQO

Ulo

Ul

Ul l/l _J S Ul _j t- a « cr >- < ICLUJQ

in t\i <M <-< (B

•X3 CM

in v£)

O ro ro

CC -< (M

Q

l/l UJ • l_> tr UJ

UlX

tn o

T.3 tr 2 O

UJ oa4

Ul Ul

in 4 1-1 U 4 3 l/l > O I-I 4 1/1 2 U. Q ^ 2 I- tr o o o

IO 2 O 1/1 O Ul :^ _l 2 4 IT 2 4 2 1- 4 (- 4 O O 4 O _l O 2 (3 Q O 2 tn »-

B-25
Q. a?

1—4 Xz Q o z

1-

1- 1/1 >- 1/1 UJ

I- UJ 1- u. o t1-1 q: 1-1 IL < U o

_l z o kJ

(X.

— o Ln

•-t 5- UJ z »- ir o

|HM o •-• • o u. o Q o u. z

UJ in o

1-

<r

(_)

1/1

»-H Ll as

a- ce

O

V * UJ o UJ 1- 1 o a (-1 o >-• • >- o -< u. o z 1— — u. z o

1-

Q z Z UJ < 1/1 X 2 (-

—- O 1/1 _J Q. < tr _l < Q. >- UJ < LU 1- 1 J s Q ^ 1 • u. O — U- o O U- u. 2 o o

>-2 cr 5 CD

5" o -z I

_l z

t- < . r5 ^ o o O 1- <_) 03 O

<I er • • > « — — l/l < >- UJ • < (-

<I • • 10 l/l o o z 2

>-)

O 3

»-

O

_l

1/1 _l

CE

O

liJ U. Z m u Ln

S' IjJ _i s: UJ 3 X _l 1- Q. Z K <r >- o < t- o

_i u. ra z < O 0^ UJo u o •• a < Q

UJ o

UJX Z I- < UJ

tS> s. u_ o o q: X liJ sad.

UJ UJ l/l u.

1/1 o o O Q. X 1/1 Q

I- 1-1 UJ Q l/l U. O O U CL — CC 1/1 UJ 1-1 .. 3 Q

IDOOOO OlOCOC o

in K) o rOOOOO O-HOOvD o

^- po o -H 1^ in ^ o in in

CO 3- oj

l^ ^

in CT^ 3- in

in (\j o o ro lO

O C\JO rsj

ct> oo

CM CO rH

\D vO :± LO

in <M

rv) -ca- ^

UJ UJ UJ I o (-

I— < -a o z s

ce o 3 a

I- tl. UJ

UJ

Ct < Q

UJ> z z o -• >-•

Q

Q

QQ UJ UJ UJ UJ X Z 1- Q. 1/1 cr _i s 3 3 UJ 3 tr s; Q (J

in

CO

COCM

\C in o

\£) ^ ^D o c\j CM cvi o r- CM

—I -H

O o -I -0

oin-HC o^cMiC^

•H CM

O i-H

VOOOOO (MOCMOO

ffl f-- CM CM

I—i eg 00 CM

_^3-CMinvD C0CMO°°'-"

in d- fO CM

l/l

Q 3 UJ < ts)

1/1 H-l ^ cr z o o o < X 1-1 X I- )- l/l \ 3 (_> CC CC

1/1 <I UJ UJ UJ

UJ _) o z X CC _l •-• s u o o u. o

CC o u. o s: o o

t- 3 UJ tUJ _l o X l/l CL 1- Q

>- 3 s: UJ

-< S < CD Z C3 l/l « l/l UJ CC _l CC _l

l/l 3 3 O UJ <I t- S 1/1 I- 1/1 X I- D CC 1/1 UJ UJ I- O

(-> < >-i ac a: o tQ

UJ

l/l

Ul/l o

CL

UJ> X

l/l

I- l/l

V 1/1 UJ

I- UJ >-i u. o >- H CC »-i u. < u

UJ

trO 1/1 £ CCUJ O lj_ in o

1/1

CT- CC

>- J- UJ

I- I o 1-1 O >-i z

UJ lyi

_l t- Q.

<i

a >-

Kl

O

CM

O o o * o o in a)

CM o <M in O ^ -O -I *

to ro

to ^ U — ll. o

•H

OO CM ^ O O v£3 ^

<M CO

CM fM to

ro

fvi CM o

CM CO

OO vD (J> to CTO 3 CO

<M

O CM CM

m ro

to ^ o 1^

in

CM toto

vO r- o

-1 * z CC o:

<t

CC UJQ 1/1

l/l

O Z V

u. o CC CC z o OS 2 \ o o o CL O

QB <I CC t- OB < UJ UJ t1/1 l/l cr UJ l/l s Q •-< s: UJ in Q "a 2 ar 1/1 Id a: s; o UJ o u. o o

_i 3 UJ (J >— ll. 1-1 o CL <D Zl _l < o 1/1 »- l/l O UJ CD >- l_) -• _l CC CC <-) O CD l/l UJ :> < Q

Q.

O CC 1/1O l/l o

l/l CC Q. U- U- o CC o t_) U. >— 5: Q. o z a. a. a. O

<t UJ UJ o 1/1 l/l

X

X UJ _l UJ z a (J _i i-i

l/l CD CD •-• UJ

Q •a

a 2 z O 1-1 h- l/l >— iD » l/l o cr rc 15 o z >— UJ CC U. CC _l

lO a. 0. o o CL UJ Z _l o CD UJ UJ Z <

l/l l/l CC Irt > o u. o Q

X <I (- UJ O UJ t—4 < Q o CC >— _l o o K 2 C3 o X 2 Q. o to »-

B-26
X

zo

t- tn

>- i/i tij h- UJ •-• Ll O tCC Lu «I O

liJ cr— lf)0:^d•-^<\J<Mt\loo

o i/i iie r- o

>- 1x1 -CCO m ro o (\j<\jr~- <m 1 O "I • IT) CO O ll. o O Ll Z

If) o

Q.

ON ce

>- UJ

I- I (_> w O l-l (J -H U.o

O AJ ON

00

fO O (\1 O

~ O O O O lO

1/1 aft >- UJ

<J — u. o

Ll Z O

po in CO

3D O 3 O (M —1

•H to o cv) J

in

t- in o (M 1^ 00 a z r- o

LiJ l/l -I S. UJ _l K- CL o o to 00 < OL 00 to IT. <. o lO

D.

LlI O

t- _l

l/l Q CL o _l Z UJ Ul •• U1 tr <i o »- ^ UJ O l/l Q- «I or tr o

< o h- < o LO CL cc >-

l/l UJ l/l z 2 LO o O (J UJ

(- s •-• UJ Ul Q d 1-1 LU 1-1 >

z u. cc z uJ _i a « Z Ll X

UJ UJ u. z < o o 1-1 :d zoo Q- LO Z K LO l-l U LO O (J Q < LO o Q t- UJ o Z UJ UJ UJ lO U- o Z CL Z o l/l l/l LO « UJ X UJ LO 1-1 - o z o tr U. L/l cc l/l CL Z) a Q O •I UJ Z 1/1 UJ 5: l/l u in UJ Q > s LO o z

X UJ i-« l-l 1- >- s o UJ o

1- u _l o z Q < < lO oc _l •-1 LO 1-1 o I/) CD O o _J l-l CL <I (J 1— t- z o t- cc l/l Q- LJ LO 1-1 Z l/l LO o O LA O 1-1 l/l p-i 10 o _1 UJ UJ cc iC _l

d- a. Q. Z t- \ u. 1- UJ Q. o 5: 3 UJ z <

l/l «I « z Q -• _l LO CL O I cr t— UJ O O 1- o cc o t- _l o

r Z Q U1 o <J Q o O CD »-

B-27 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1977 O - 229-969

ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW PUBLICATIONS ON

NATIONAL CRIME AND RELATED SUBJECTS

Superintendent of Documents,

Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C. 20402

Dear Sir:

Please add my name to the announcement list of new publications to be issued on the above subjects (including this NBS series): Name

Company

Address

City State Zip Code

(Notification key N-351)




U.S. OEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau off Standards

Washington. D.C. 20234

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Penalty for Private Use. $300

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

COM-21B

SPECIAL FOURTH-CLASS RATE BOOK