NBSIR 78-1479

Thermodynamic Data for Waste

Incineration

Eugene S. Domalski, William H. Evans, and Thomas L. Jobe, Jr.

Chemical Thermodynamics Data Center

Chemical Thermodynamics Division

Center for Thermodynamics and Molecular Science

and the Office of Standard Reference Data

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D C. 20234 »

August 1978

\

j Prepared for: American Society for Mechanical Engineers

Research Committee on Industrial and Municipal Wastes

„ lited Engineering Center

0 ** >w York. N.Y.

160

.U.5L>

vn,.78-/V7?

H 70

NBSIR 78-1479

THERMODYNAMIC DATA FOR WASTE

INCINERATION

Eugene S. Domalski, William H. Evans, and Thomas L. Jobe, Jr.

Chemical Thermodynamics Data Center

Chemical Thermodynamics Division

Center for Thermodynamics and Molecular Science

and the Office of Standard Reference Data

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

August 1978

Prepared for: American Society for Mechanical Engineers

Research Committee on Industrial and Municipal Wastes

United Engineering Center

New York, N.Y.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Keeps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman. Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
.

>.'• • •. • '
PREFACE

Incinerators have continued to play an important part in reducing the

amount and modifying the type of waste discharged to the environment.

The ASME Research Committee on Industrial and Municipal Wastes was established in 1968. This committee recognized the need for greater

understanding of combustion fundamentals if engineers are to design

better incinerators to meet the challenge of improving the environment.

It, therefore, created a subcommittee on fundamental combustion studies.

The first report of the subcommittee, published in 1974, was entitled:

Combustion Fundamentals for Waste Incineration . The purpose of the

report was to help engineers make better calculations and thereby design

better incinerators. The report was divided into two parts. Part one covered theoretical engineering methods of calculation and tables of

equilibrium products of combustion with practical examples. Part two

included the scientific theory and tables of thermodynamic properties.

This is the second report of the subcommittee. The purpose of this

report is to provide engineers with thermodynamic data on materials

which are mixtures of various kinds and are often difficult to

describe using a single stoichiometric formula. These materials

(i.e., animals, foods, plants, polymers, wood species, etc.) are encountered perhaps more often by engineers engaged in the disposal of

municipal wastes than pure substances. The bulk of the data consist

of gross heating values and specific heats, and should be helpful in

combustion calculations.

The report is dedicated to all engineers involved in designing, procuring,

operating, and managing incinerators.
\

.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION v

UNITS AND DEFINITIONS vi

TABLE OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS 1

MATERIAL NAME - PROPERTY INDEX U7

REFERENCES 141

APPENDIX 151

iii

Introduct ion

The general purpose of this table of thermodynamic data of selected

materials is to make property information available to the engineering

community on chemical mixtures, polymers, composite materials, solid

wastes, and materials not easily identifiable by a single stoichiometric

formula. Workers in many sectors need this type of information:

construction engineers who require thermodynamic information on materials,

safety engineers assessing the hazard potential of chemicals, cryogenic

engineers involved in low temperature research, chemical engineers con- cerned with industrial unit processes, nutritionists interests in the

heating values of foods, and scientists who want thermodynamic data for

specific research projects.

The specific purpose of this table is to provide incinerator engineers

with appropriate thermodynamic data so that they can dispose of waste

materials in a more effective and environmentally acceptable manner. The effective disposal of waste materials is an important part of the

maintenance of a high quality environment and incineration offers the

most significant means of volume reduction for waste materials when

compared to other methods of disposal.

This table of thermodynamic data was prepared in the Chemical

Thermodynamics Data Center of the National Bureau of Standards and was administered through the NBS Office of Standard Reference Data over

the period 1 January 1975 to 31 December 1976. A total of 331 materials

have been compiled covering properties such as: specific heat, heat of

combustion, heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, heat of explosion,

vapor pressure, and explosion temperature. The information was obtained

from the master files of the NBS Chemical Thermodynamics Data Center, the

annual issues of the Bulletin of Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry,

intermittent examinations of the Chemical Abstracts Subject Indexes,

individual articles by various authors, and other general reference

sources.

The basic format of the table is alphabetical according to the

name of the material; similar materials, such as foods, polymers, woods,

and explosives are grouped under the broader classification. For each

material the following are given (1) the physical state, (2) information

as to the composition of the material, (3) the kind of thermodynamic

property reported, (4) the specific property values for the material,

and (5) citations to the reference list. An Index arranged by subject

and property is provided which will assist a user in finding a specific

material or property.

v
Units and Definlt ions

The notation in the tables for thermodynamic quantities follows,

in general, that in "Combustion Fundamentals for Waste Incineration"

[141]. In those tables values were reported on a molar basis. Here,

because of the lack of definite stoichiometric compositions for most

of the materials included, values of the thermodynamic quantities are given on a specific basis , for one gram of substance. Exceptions are

noted. The symbols used are briefly defined below; more extensive

discussions are given in [141]

.

T. The absolute temperature, on the International Practical

Temperature Scale. Values are given in kelvins (symbol K) . The

Celsius ("Centigrade") scale (symbol ®C) is used to indicate the

temperature or temperature range for many reported measurements.

It is defined as t(°C) = T(K) - 273.15. The Fahrenheit scale,

involved in a few measurements, is defined as t(°F) = 1.8t°C + 32.

Unless specifically indicated otherwise, all temperatures T

involved in equations are absolute temperature (T, K)

.

qv (gross). The specific isothermal gross heat of reaction at

the specified temperature and at constant volume. qv

(gross) is

equal to -AU/M, where AU is the molar change in internal energy

of the process and M is the molecular weight. Where possible, the

values of qv (or AU) have been converted to the standard state

(-AU°/M) [141]. Most of the data, though, are of such low

precision, because of sample variability or measurement method,

that this correction is impractical. For combustion reactions in

oxygen the products are taken as H20(l) , CC^Cg), ^(g) , HC1 (aq,

dilute) ,H2S0^ (aq, dilute). Other products are identified. Metallic

elements are assumed to form the oxide. For many of the

substances considered, the metallic elements are included in the

"ash" fraction; the values of qv (gross) may have been reported on

the "ash-free" basis, which assumes a neglibile heat effect from

the non-combustible material.

The numerical values are given In J/g and cal/g. The calorie

used is the thermochemical calorie, defined as 4.184 J. Values

originally reported in other units, such as BTU/lb, have been

systematically converted to J/g. Conversion factors are given in

the Physical Constant Table.

qv (net). The specific isothermal net heat of reaction at the specified

temperature and at constant volume. Differs from q (gross) in that

water formed is in the gaseous state.

vi
(net)

.

The specific Isothermal net heat of reaction at the

specified temperature and at constant pressure, qp(net) is equal

to -AH/M, where AH is the molar change in enthalpy of the process

and M is the molecular weight. Where possible, the values of qp (net)

have been converted to the standard state, (-AH°/M) [141). Most

of the data, though, are of such low precision, because of sample

variability or measurement method, that the correction is impractical.

Unless indicated otherwise, the products of combustion in oxygen

or of explosion are taken as C02 (g) » i^CKg) , ^(g); other

products are indicated. For explosion heats, the products are

not reported in many cases; in some cases, reactions have been

assumed, based on data for similar substances.

L^. The specific latent heat of fusion (AHfus /M) at a pressure of

1 atm (101325 Pa). The value is the heat absorbed (in J and cal)

when one gram of the substance goes from the solid state to the

liquid state. For a pure compound, the melting occurs at a single

temperature; for the complex materials considered here, the melting

process may take place over a temperature range.

L . The specific latent heat of transition (AHtrs /M) at a pressure

of 1 atm (10i325 Pa) . The value is the heat absorbed when one gram

of the substance goes from one solid phase to another solid phase.

For a pure compound, the transition occurs at a single temperature;

for the complex materials considered here, the transition process

may take place over @ temperature range.

L

y

. The specific latent heat of vaporization (AH^p/M) . The value

is the heat absorbed when one gram of the substance goes from the liquid

state to the gaseous state. If measured calorimetrically the value

will be for a definite temperature and pressure. If derived from the

vapor pressure equation through the relation d(lnP) /d(l/T) » -AH/R,

the value may be referred to a definite temperature and pressure,

depending upon the form of the equation. With the simple form

InP = A-B/T, the value refers to the midpoint of the temperature

range over which the equation is valid. The value thus obtained is

for one mole of gaseous species; the average molecular weight must

be obtained to calculate the specific heat of vaporization: L = AHV

/M.

V

vii
L The value

g

. The specific latent heat of sublimation (AH

gu^/M).

is the heat absorbed when one gram of the substance goes from the

solid state to the gaseous state . The same considerations apply

as for Lv

.

Heat of combustion . The change in the internal energy (-qv) or enthalpy (-q 1 nnf» pram of the substance is burned isothermally

at elevated oxygen pressure. Gross heat of combustion refers to a process in which the major products are CC^Cg), H20(l) , N2(g). Net

heat of combustion refers to H20(g) as a product.

In accurate work the observed heat is corrected for side reactions

and to a standard state in which all gases are at unit fugacity; for

most of the data reported here, the precision of the measurements

does not warrent such refinement.

Heat of explosion. The isothermal heat evolved during the explosive

decomposition of the substance. All gaseous products, including

water, are assumed to be at 1 atm pressure. The products are a complex mixture; in many cases, a quantitative description of the

reaction is not possibly [see ref. 77],

Specific heat . The change in enthalpy with temperature at constant

pressure (1 atm unless otherwise specified) for one gram of substance.

Cp * 0(H/H)/9T)p. At constant volume cv = (9(U/M)/3T).

Vapor pressure . The saturated equilibrium pressure over the liquid

substance at a given temperature. Values are expressed in pascals

(Pa N*m~2) and in Torr (Torr * 133.3224 Pa). The conventional

atmosphere is taken as 101325 Pa.

Sublimation Pressure . The saturated equilibrium pressure over the

solid substance at a given temperature. Values are expressed in

pascals (Pa = N*m”2) and in Torr (Torr » 133.3224 Pa). The

conventional atmosphere is taken as 101325 Pa.

in oxygen combustion in a calorimetric bomb

viii
Explosion temperature. A measure of the thermal stability of an explosive.

The values listed in [77] were determined by the following procedure:

,0 A 0.02-gm sample (O.Ql-g in the case of Initiatiors) of explosive,

loosely loaded in a No. 8 blasting cap, is Immersed for a short period

in a Wood’s metal bath. The temperature determined is that which produces

explosion, ignition or decomposition of the sample in 5 second." [77]

Heat content . The difference in enthalpy, for one gram of substance, between two temperatures, e ^T-^T(refl^’ T(ref) is the

reference temperature, usually 0 K, 273.15 K, or 298.15- K. It is specified

as q_, or q273 15 * an<^ ^298 or ^298 15°

^

other then the kelvin

scale is used, this Is indicated as °C, S F, or °R (Rankine , T°R = 1.8 T K)

.

Uncertainties . No attempt has been made to assess the over-all uncertainty

of the data included. For some substances, uncertainties are given for

the values; these represent the original authors’ estimates, and are usually

a measure of the reproducibility of their measurements. A large assigned

uncertainty usually indicates a variability of sample, not a low precision

of measurement.

Multiple sources of data . Occasionally, several references are found in

the literature which report the same thermodynamic property for a particular

material. The measured values are most often not equivalent and a selection

must be made as to which value is preferred. For some materials (such as coals), the values tabulated are typical values selected from a large number

of results for samples of a similar nature. The selection process is based

upon the personal and professional opinion of an evaluator after all of the

property information for a material has been collected and examined. Factors

which are taken into consideration are: (1) description of the method used

to carry out the measurements, (2) characterization of the material, (3)

number of measurements performed, (A) treatment of the experimental data,

(5) dispersion of the results, and (6) background or experience of the

laboratory personnel carrying out the measurements.

ix

ALLOY, HASTELLOY X ; solid; composition: carbon, 0.05-0.15%; chromium, 20.50-23.00%; cobalt,

0.05-2.50%; iron, 17.00-20.00%; manganese, 1.00% max.; molybdenum, 8.00-10.00%;

silicon, 1.00% max.; tungsten, 0. 2-1.0%; remainder nickel, 42.0-54.0%.

specific heat : 0-1100 °c

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.0924 + 4.438 x 10" 5 T -2.812 x 10" 9 T

2 + 1.030 x 10" n I

3 -1.885 x IQ"

14 T

4 + 1.38 x 10" 17 T

5

Cp(J g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.3866 + 1.8569 x IQ"

4 I ,, a -1.1765 x IQ'

8 T2 + 4.310 x 10"“ T3 -7.887 x IQ

-14

I

4 + 5.77 x 10" 17 I

5

heat content :

0 - 1100 °C

<T<, 273.2 (ca ’ 9 "’> = 0.0924T + 2.219 x 10' 5 T

2 -9.373 x 10" 9 T

3 + 2.575 x 10" ‘ T

4 -3.770 x 10" 15

T

5 + 2.30 x IQ"

10 T

6 27.1429

qT" q273.2 9 ^ = 0.3866T + 9.284 x 10' 5 T

2 -3.922 x 10' 8 I

3 + 1.0774 x 10" 11 T4 -1.5774 x 10” 14 T

5 + 9.62 x IQ" 18 T

6 - 113.5659

[35]

ALLOY, 80 NICKEL-20 CHROMIUM ; solid; composition: nickel, 77.4%; chromium, 19.52%; iron,

0.45%; maganese, 0.59%; silicon, 1.4%; carbon, 0.04%.

specific heat :

0 - 150 °C

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.0825 + 7.6 x 10" 5 T Cp( J g" 1 K" 1

) = 0.3452 + 3.18 x 10" 4 I 150 - 600 °C

Cp(ca1 g" 1 K"

1 ) - 0.0952 + 4.64 x 10" 5 I Cp(J g" f K"

1

) = 0.3983 + 1.941 x 10' 4 T

600 - 900 °C

Cp(cal g" 1 K" 1 ) = 0.1021 + 4.62 x 10' 5 T Cp(J g" ! K"

1

) = 0.4271 + 1.933 x 10" 4 T

[97]

1
*

ALLOY, TITANIUM, Ti-75A ; solid; composition: titanium, 99.75%; iron, 0.07%; oxygen,

0.131%; nitrogen, 0.048%; carbon, 0.06%; hydrogen, 0.0068%.

specific heat :

21 - 760 °C

Cp(cal q" 1 K"

1

) = 0.1384 - 9.1526 x 10' 5 T + 1.555 x 10' 7 T

2 Cp(J g' T K_1

) = 0.5791 - 3.8294 x 10" 4 T + 6.506 x 10" 7 T

2

[ 66 ]

ALLOY, TITANIUM, Ti - 1 5QA ; solid; composition: titanium, 95.65%; chromium, 2.71%; iron,

1.40%; oxygen, 0.105%; nitrogen, 0.076%; carbon, 0.05%; hydrogen, 0.0092%.

specific heat :

21 - 760 °C

Cp(cal q -1

K"

1

) = 0.1434 - 9.1526 x 10" 5 T + 1.555 x 10" 7 T

2 Cp(J g' T K'

1

) = 0.6000 - 3.8294 x 10" 4 T + 6.506 x 10' 7 T

2

[ 66 ]

ALLOY, ZIRCALOY-2 ; solid, composition: tin, 1.46%; iron, 0.130%; chromium, 0.080%;

nickel , 0.056%; carbon, 65 ppm; oxygen, 1489 ppm; nitrogen, 40 ppm; hydrogen,

11 ppm; copper, 20 ppm; tungsten, <20 ppm; aluminum, 40 ppm; silicon, 47 ppm;

hafnium; <125 ppm; remainder is zirconium.

specific heat :

0 - 635 °C

Cp(cal q" 1 K-1

) = 0.06153 + 2.3872 x 10’ 5 T Cp(J g M K"

1

) = 0.25744 + 9.9880 x 10" 5 T

635 - 810 °C

Cp(cal q' 1 K"

1

) = 0.08589

Cp(J g' 1 K*

1

) = 0.35936

975 - 1050 °C

Cp(cal q' 1 K'

1

) = 0.08548

Cp(J g' T K"

1 ) = 0.35765

[80]

heat of transition : temperature range: 810 - 975 °C, for the a - 6 transition

L. = 10.6 cal q" 1 Lj = 44.4 J g

_:f

[80]

2
ALLOY, ZIRCALOV-2 (LOW NICKEL) ; solid; composition: tin, 1.32%; Iron, 0.152%; chromium,

0.99%; nickel, 10 ppm; carbon, 150 ppm; oxygen, 1380 ppm; nitrogen, 36 ppm;

copper, 20 ppm; tungsten, <40 ppm; hafnium, 60 ppm; remainder Is zirconium.

specific heat :

0 - 570 °C

Cp(cal g” 1 K"

1

) = 0.06314 + 2.0726 x 10" 5 T

Cp(J g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.26418 + 8.6718 x 10' 5 T

600 - 810 °C

Cp(cal

g -1

K*

1 ) = 0.08571

Cp(J g" 1 K”

1

) = 0.35861

975 - 1050 °C

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.08548

Cp(J g" T K'

1 ) =0.35765

[80]

ANIMALS

BARNACLE, Bal anus carlosus ; solid; Invertebrate animal; crustacean of the order

Cirrlpedta.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are corrected for moisture and ash content.

q(gross) = 4520 cal g* 1 q^(gross) = 18912 J g

1

[73]

BEETLE, Tenebrlo molitor ; solid; an Insect of the order Coleoptera, having four wings

the outer pair being stiff cases which cover the others when they are folded.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor rected for moisture and ash content. .

q (gross) = 6314 ± 516 cal g~ 1

qJJ(gross) = 26418 ± 2159 J g' 1

[75]

BIVALVE, Mytilus californianus ; solid; Invertebrate animal composed of two parts which

open and shut, such as oysters and clams; mollusks.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 4600 cal g" 1

q^, (gross) = 19246 J g

1

[73]

3
ANIMALS

BLQQD, SHEEP ; solid; Protein and fat composition determined on ash-free dry-basis for

materials from bodies of 63 sheep; mean composition, protein, 98.80%; fat, 1.20%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 5873 cal g’ 1 q^(gross) = 24573 J g

For the % fat range 0.00 to 5.80:

q (gross) = (5854 + 15.83 (% fat)) cal q~ 1

qJJ(gross) = (24493 + 66.23 (% fat)) J g

1

For the % protein range 94.20 to 100.00:

q (gross) = (7435 - 15.83 (% protein)) cal g” 1 q^(gross) = (31108 - 66.23 (% protein)) J g

1

[124]

BRACHI0P0D, Glottidia pyramidata ; solid; a class of Molluscoida having bivalve shells.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 4397 ± 2140 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 18397 ± 8954 J g

1

[75]

CARCASS, SHEEP ; solid; Protein and fat composition determined on ash-free dry basis for carcasses of 63 sheep; mean composition, protein, 40.18%, fat, 59.82%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 7778 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 32543 J g

1

For the % fat range 33.32 to 81.69:

q (gross) = (5327 + 40.97 (% fat)) cal g~j

qj(gross) = (22288 + 171.42 (% fat)) J g' 1

For the % protein range 18.31 to 66.68:

q (gross) = (9424 - 40.97 (% protein)) cal g" 1 q^(gross) = (39430 - 171.42 (% protein)) J g" 1

[124]

4
ANIMALS

CATTLE ; solid; results apply to total body of cattle.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

For sample of 100% protein:

q (gross) = 5447 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 22790 J g

For sample of 100% fat:

q (gross) = 9499 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 39744 J g

1

[123]

CHITON, Katherina tunlcata; solid; Invertebrate animal; mollusk of the order PolvolacophoraT

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 4700 cal g’ 1 q^(gross) = 19665 J g

1

[73]

CILIATE, Tetrahymena pyrlformis ; solid; class of Protozoa characterized by presence of

cilia and found in any exposed body of water.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 5938 ± 207 cal g” 1

q^ (gross ) = 24845 ± 866 J g

[75]

CLADOCERA, Leptodora kindtu ; solid; a group of minute, chiefly fresh-water, entomostracan

crustaceans, often known as water fleas.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 5605 ± 584 cal g~ 1 qjj(gross) = 23451 ± 2443 J g _1

[75]

5
ANIMALS

CQPEPOD, Calanus hel golandicus ; solid; a large subclass of crustaceans mostly minute in

size found in both fresh and salt water.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 5400 ± 197 cal g” 1

qJJ(gross) = 22594 ± 824 J g

1

[75]

CQPEPOD, Trigriopus cal ifornicus ; solid; a large subclass of crustaceans mostly minute

in size and found in both fresh and salt water.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 5515 ± 277 cal g~j

q^Cgross) = 23075 ± 1159 J g

[75]

FLATMORM, Dugesia tigrina ; solid; a planarian worm of the phylum Platyhelmi nthes

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 6286 ± 338 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 26301 ± 1414 J g"

[75]

FLATWORM, TERRESTRIAL, Bipalium keuense ; solid; large worm found in the tropics, having

the head end expanded into a semicircular plate.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 5684 ± 124 cal

g

1

q^ (gross) = 23782 ± 519 J g

1

[75]

FLY, CADDIS, Pycnopsyche guttifer ; solid; insects having aquatic larvae, they are included

in the Neuroptera, or constitute the order Trichoptera; they have four membranous

wings densely hairy, vestigial mouth parts and many jointed antennas.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 5706 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 23874 J g

J

[75]

6
ANIMALS

FLY, CADDIS, Pycnopsyche lepido ; solid; Insects having aquatic larvae, they are Included

in the Neuroptera, or constitute the order Trichoptera, they are densely hairy,

have four membranous wings, vestigial mouth parts and many jointed antennae.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 5687 ± 530 cal g

~ 1 q^(gross) * 23794 ± 2218 J g' 1

[75]

GUPPIE, Lebistes reticulatus ; solid; a small top minnow of the Barbados, Trinidad and

Venezeula area; frequently kept as an aquarium fish.

gross heat of combustion ; assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 5823 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 24363 J g

1

[75]

HIDE, SHEEP ; solid; Protein and fat composition determined on ash-free dry basis for

material from bodies of 63 sheep; mean composition, protein, 74.052, fat,

25.95%. •

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 6473 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 27083 J g

1

For the % fat range 18.37 to 38.72:

q (gross) = (5458 + 38.47 (% fat)) cal g _1

qj(gross) = (22836 + 160.96 (% fat)) J g* 1

For the % protein range 61.28 to 81.63:

q (gross) = (9305 - 38.47 (% protein)) cal g

1

qjJ(gross) = (38932 - 160.96 (% protein)) J g’ 1

[ 124 ]

HYDRA, Hydra littoral is ; solid; small fresh-water hydrozoan polyps usually found attached

to submerged objects, the body Is a simple tabe with a mouth at one extremity.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 6034 ± 146 cal g" 1

q^ (gross ) = 25246 ± 611 J g

1

[75]

7
ANIMALS

HYDRA, GREEN, Chlorohydra viridissima ; solid; small fresh-water hydrozoan polyps which

contains chlorophyll chroma tophores , usually found attached to submerged objects,

the body is a simple tube with a mouth at one extremity.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 5729 ± 247 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 23970 ± 1033 J g _J

[75]

MITE, Tyroqlyphus lintneri ; solid; small arachnids which are parasitic in nature.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 5808 ± 446 cal g

1

qJJ(gross) = 24301 ± 1866 J g" 1

[75]

SHEEP, INGESTA-FREE BODY ; solid; protein and fat composition determined on ash-free dry

basis for bodies of 63 sheep; mean composition, protein, 43.33%, fat, 56.67%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 7661 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 32054 J g

For the % fat range 28.80 to 79.43:

q (gross) = (5379 + 40.25 (% fat)) cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = (22506 + 168.41 (% fat)) J g' 1

For the % protein range 20.57 to 71.20:

q (gross) = (9405 - 40.25 (% protein)) cal g~)

q)J(gross) = (39351 - 168.41 (% protein)) J g' 1

[124]

SHRIMP, BRINE, Artenia sp. (nauplu) ; solid; a brachiopod crustacean.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 6737 ± 863 cal g

1 q^(gross) = 28188 ± 3611 J g' 1
ANIMALS

SNAIL, Tequla funebralls ; solid; Invertebrate animal; gastropod mollusk.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) * 5080 cal g“ l q^(gross) = 21255 J g

1

[ 73 ]

SNAIL, AQUATIC, Succlnea oval Is ; solid; (without shell); a gastropod mollusk.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected to an ash free basis.

q (gross) * 5415 ± 6 cal g^J

q^(gross) = 22656 ± 25 J g“

[75]

SPITBUG, Phllenus leucophthalmus ; solid; a spittle Insect.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) * 6962 ±510 cal g” 1 q*(gross) = 29129 ± 2134 J g" 1

[75]

STARFISH ; solid; Plsaster ochraceus; Invertebrate animal; echlnoderm of the order

Asteroldea.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 2110 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 8828 J g

- '

[73]

9
ANIMALS

VISCERA, SHEEP ; solid; protein and fat composition determined on ash-free dry-basis for

viscera from bodies of 63 sheep; mean composition, protein, 33.50%, fat, 66.50%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) - 8011 cal g~ 1 q^(gross) = 33518 J g

1

For the % fat range 26.62 to 87.12:

q (gross) = (5428 + 38.81 (% fat)) cal g" 1 qj(gross) = (22711 + 162.38 (% fat)) J g' 1

For the % protein range 12.88 - 73.38:

q (gross) = (9312 - 38.81 (% protein)) cal g~j

(gross) = (38961 - 162.38 [% protein)) J g” 1

[124]

ASPHALT ; solid; mixture of paraffinic, aromatic, and heterocyclic hydrocarbons (containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur).

specific heat : Venezeulan distilled asphalt.

Softening Cp(ca1 g" 1 K'

1

) Point, °C 0°C 100°C 200°C 300°C

39.5 0.425 0.472 0.520 0.567

62.5 0.409 0.463 0.518 0.572

96.5 0.382 0.455 0.527 0.600

Softening CpfJ g” 1 k”

1

) Point, °C 0°C 100°C 200°C 300°C

39.5 1 .778 1.975 2.176 2.372

62.5 1 .711 1.937 2.167 2.393

96.5 1 .598 1.904 2.205 2.510

[94,95]

BIPHENYL , POLYCHLORINATED, CLOPHEN A30 ; liquid; 30% chlorine; product of Bayer-Leverkusen

Company; average molecular weight 190 ± 25.

heat of vaporization : 40° - 160 °C

I. = 96.45 cal g" 1

L

V = 403.5 J g~ T v

3

vapo r pressure: 40° - 160 °C

1 oy 1 0 P(Torr) = 10.05 - 4005 T~

1

log , 0 P( Pa ) - 12.17 - 4005 T

1

[59]

10
BIPHENYL, POLYCHLORINATED, CLOPHEN A40 ; liquid; 40% chlorine; product of BayerLeverkusen Company; average molecular weight 205 ± 20.

heat of vaporization : 40° - 160 °C

L = 92.29 cal g” 1

Ljj = 386.1 J g" 1

vapor pressure: 40° - 160 °C

log 10 P(Torr) = 10.15 - 4135 T'

1 log jo P ( Pa ) = 12.27 - 4135 T" 1

[59]

BIPHENYL, POLYCHLORINATED, CLOPHEN A50 ; liquid; 50% chlorine; product of Bayer-Leverkusen

Company; average molecular weight 225 ± 30.

heat of vaporization : 40° - 160 °C

l = 88.46 cai g” 1

Ljj = 370.1 J g' 1

vapor pressure : 40° - 160 °C

log jo P(Torr) = 10.15 - 4350 T”

1 log jo P ( Pa ) = 12.27 - 4350 T'

1

[59]

11
u-BRASS

solid; chemical composition in wt.%; (sample 1): copper, 79.75%; lead, 0.003%;

iron, 0.015%; nickel, 0.01%; zinc, 20.22%; (sample 2): copper, 70.42%; tin,

0.045%; lead, 0.05%; iron, 0.02%; nickel, 0.02%; zinc, 29.445%; (sample 3): copper, 65.18%; lead, 0.001%; iron, 0.002%; nickel, 0.002%; zinc, 34.815%.

specific heat:

Temperature, K Cp(cal g" 1

sample 1

298.15 0.0908

400 0.0940

500 0.1014

600 0.1005

700 0.1039

800 0.1056

sample 2

298.15 0.0905

400 0.0943

500 0.1114

600 0.1011

700 0.1045

800 0.1064

sample 3

298.15

' 0.0905

400 0.0941

500 0.1050

600 0.1016

700 0.1060

800 0.1091

K'

1 ) Cp(J g~ 1 K" 1

)

0.3798

0.3935

0.4243

0.4205

0.4347

0.4418

0.3787

0.3946

0.4661

0.4230

0.4372

0.4452

0.3787

0.3937

0.4393

0.4251

0.4435

0.4565

[126]

12
CELLULOID ; solid; (trade mark* Q Celanese Corp. of America); a solid solution of cellulose nitrate and camphor or other related plasticizers.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4224 cal q" 1 qj(gross) * 17673 J g

1

[115]

CEMENT HYDRATES ; solid; general formula; xCaO*yA1 20 3 *zCaSOi4 >mCaC0 3 «nH 20'(C sCa0, A=A1 2 0 3 , H»H 2 0, Cs*CaS04 , and Cc*CaC0 3 ).

heat of dehydration : gaseous water formed.

temp range, °C moles H 20 aH aH

lost (kcal gmol” 1

) (kJ gmol

1 )

C 3.97

AH

11 .0

120-200 4 48.9±0.2 204 . 5±0.8

210-290 3.5 10.2±0.2 42.7+0.8

C 2.97AH 5.96

260-350 4.5 76.9±1 .8 321.7+7.5

C

3.51

ACs 2.54

H30.4

65-145 23 21 3 . 9±3 .

895.0+13.0

C 3.14ACs 0.94

H 12.1

95-125 1.6 2.75+0.2 11.51i0.8

140-200 6 34.4±0.7 143.9i2.9

• 240-310 1.5 14.6±0.6 61.1i2.5

C3.53ACcH

8.1

70-170 2 19.7±2 82.4+8

250-320 5 31.0±0.5 129. 7 i2 . 1 .

C

l . 97

AH

1 2.9

120-160 5.9 2.4±0.7 10.0+2.9

230-325 4.8 76.0±5.8 318.0+24 .

C 2.19AH

9.3

45-100 3 12.9±2.7 54.0+11.3

125-190 1.5 14.6i2.3 61.1+9.6

250-300 3.5 6.0i0.7 25.1±2.9

C

1 .07

AH

6.3

120-190 2 11.2il.9 46.9+7.9

230-300 3 22.3i1 .0 93.3+4.2

C

1 .03

AH

3.98

240-340 2.8 43.7i2.7 182.8+11.3

[125]

13
CHARCOAL, WOOD ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 93.0%; hydrogen, 2.5%; nitrogen and

sulfur, 1.5%; moisture, 2%; proximate analysis: fixed carbon, 89%; ash, 1%;

volatile matter, 10%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

ash free and moisture free

q (gross) = 8300 cal g” 1

9^ (gross ) = 34727 J g

1

as received; "good commercial fuel"

q (gross) = 8050 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 33681 J g

[52]

C OAL, ANTHRACITE ; solid; Ultimate analysis of combustible, ash free and moisture free:

carbon, 94.39%; hydrogen, 1.77%; oxygen, 2.13%; nitorgen, 0.71%; sulfur, 1.00%;

proximate analysis: ash, 7.83%; moisture, 2.80%; volatile matter, 1.3%; loss on air drying, 1.5%.

g ross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

ash free and moisture free

q (gross) 8273 cal g' 1 q^(gross) = 34616 J g

as received

q (gross) = 7393 cal g -1 q^(gross) = 30931 J g

1

[47,48]

CHAl , SEMI-ANTHRACITL ; solid; Ultimate analysis of combustible, ash free and moisture

free: carbon, 92.15%; hydrogen, 3.76%; oxygen, 2.17%; nitrogen, 1.18%; sulfur,

0.74%; proximate analysis: ash, 11.50%; moisture, 3.38%; volatile matter, 10.0%

loss on air drying, 2.6%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

ash free and moisture free

q (gross) = 8593 cal g~ 1

qJJ(gross) = 35953 J g

1

as received

q (gruss) = 7314 cal g

1 q^(gross) = 30601 J g

1

[47,48]

14
COAL. BITUMINOUS (HIGH GRADE) ; solid; Ultimate analysis of combustible, ash free and

moisture free: carbon, 85.09%; hydrogen, 4.99%; oxygen, 6.99%; nitrogen, 1.80%;

sulfur, 1.13%; proximate analysis: ash, 2.79%; moisture, 2.18%; volatile matter,

33.4%; loss on air drying, 1.0%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

ash free and moisture free

q (gross) = 8667 cal g

1

qJJ(gross) = 36262 J g

1

as received

q (gross) = 8237 cal g” 1

q

v (gross) = 34462 J g

[47,48]

COAL, BITUMINOUS (MEDIUM GRADE) ; solid; (sample 1) Ultimate analysis of combustible, ash

free ana moisture free: carbon, 82.08%; hydrogen, 5.40%; oxygen, 5.98%; nitrogen,

I. 32%; sulfur, 5.22%; proximate analysis: ash, 12.97%; moisture, 4.99%; volatile

matter, 39.8%; loss on air drying, 1.3%; (sample 2) ultimate analysis of combustible, ash free and moisture free: carbon, 76.55%; hydrogen, 5.26%; oxygen,

II. 83%; nitrogen, 1.40%; sulfur, 4.96%; proximate analysis: ash, 23.38%; moisture, 17.30%; volatile matter, 44.6%; loss on air drying, 15.2%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

sample 1, ash free and moisture free

q (gross) = 8296 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 34709 J g

sample 1, as received

q (gross) = 6806 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 28475 J g

1

sample 2, ash free and moisture free

q (gross) = 7723 cal g" 1 qj(gross) = 32313 J g

1

sample 2, as received

q (gross) = 4581 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 19166 J g

1

[47,48]

15
C OAL,

COAL

COAL,

BITUMINOUS (LOW GRADE) ; solid; Ultimate analysis of combustible, ash free and moisture free: carbon, 76.11%; hydrogen, 4.03%; oxygen, 16.14%; nitrogen, 0.84%;

sulfur, 2.88%; proximate analysis: ash, 26.88%; moisture, 10.88%; volatile matter, 32.6%; loss on air drying, 5.4%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature,

ash free and moisture free

q (gross) = 691 5 cal g" 1

9y (gross ) « 28931 J g

1

as received

q (gross) = 4304 cal g~ 1 q^(gross) = 18008 J g

1

[47,48]

SEMI-BITUMINOUS ; solid; Ultimate analysis of combustible, ash free and moisture

free: carbon, 89.79%; hydrogen, 4.76%; oxygen, 2.47%; nitrogen, 2.00%; sulfur,

0.98%; proximate analysis: ash, 6.80%; moisture, 2.60%; volatile matter, 17.5%,

loss on air drying, 2.0%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

ash free and moisture free

q (gross) = 8811 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 36867 J g

as received

q (gross) = 7983 cal g" 1 q^(gross) - 33401 J g

[47,48]

SUB-BITUM INOUS ; solid; Ultimate analysis of combustible, ash free and moisture

free; carbon, 69.17%; hydrogen, 4.46%; oxygen, 24.35%; nitrogen, 1.66%; sulfur,

Q.36%; proximate analysis: ash, 3.71%; moisture, 18.41%; volatile matter, 44.3%;

loss on air drying, 10.0%.

gros s heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

ash free and moisture free

q (gross) = 6516 cal g~ J q^(gross) = 27265 J g

1

as received

q (gross) = 5076 cal g

1

q^ (gross ) = 21236 J g

1

[47,48]

16
V

\

COAL, CANNEL ; solid; Ultimate analysis of combustible, ash free and moisture free: car- bon, 82.59%; hydrogen, 7.13%; oxygen, 7.57%; nitrogen, 1.33%; sulfur, 1.38%; prox

imate analysis: ash, 10.49%; moisture, 2.36%; volatile matter, 55.5%; loss on air drying, 1.5%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

ash free and moisture free

q (gross) = 8784 cal g =1

q^(gross) = 36751 J g

1

as received

q (gross) = 7655 cal g' 1 q^(gross) = 32029 J g

[47,48]

COKE ; solid; Produced from the destructive distillation of gas-coal in gas retorts;

(sample 1, as received): fixed carbon, 59.56%; sulfur, 0.31%; moisture, 22.30%;

ash, 17.56%; volatile matter, 0.58%; (sample 1, dry): fixed carbon, 76.65%; sulfur, 0.40%; ash, 22.60%; volatile matter, 0.75%; (sample 2, as received): fixed

carbon, 67.89%; sulfur, 0.51%; ash, 4.45%; moisture, 26.80%; volatile matter,

0.86%; (sample 2, dry): fixed carbon, 92.75%; sulfur, 0.70%; ash, 6.08%; volatile matter, 1.17%; (dry represents sample as drawn from retort before quenching)

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

sample 1, as received

q (gross) s 4826 cal g" 1

q^ (gross) = 20192 J g

sample 1 , dry

q (gross) = 621 1 cal g

1 q^(gross) * 25988 J g

sample 2, as received

q (gross) = 5612 cal g~ 1 q^(gross) = 23479 J g

sample 2, dry

q (gross) = 7666 cal g

1 q^(gross) = 32076 J g

[47,50]

17
COKE ; solid; Produced from the destructive distillation of bituminous coal in beehive

ovens; (sample 1): fixed carbon, 91.43%; volatile carbon, 1.27%; sulfur, 0.51

ash, 6.09%; (sample 2): fixed carbon, 79.83%; volatile carbon, 1.05%; sulfur,

2.13%; ash, 15.75%; water, 1.22%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperatures; c.oirected

for moisture and ash content.

sample 1

q (gross) * 8011 cal g' 1 q^(gross) = 33520 J g

sample 2

q (gross) = 7718 cal g’ 1 qj(gross) = 32292 J g

1

[47]

COKE ; solid; Produced from the destructive distillation to red heat of petroleum; fixed

carbon, 98.05%; volatile carbon, 0.50%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 8063 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 33734 J g

1

[47]

COKE BREEZ E; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 94.79%; hydrogen, 1.51%; oxygen, 1.48%;

nitrogen, 1.19%; sulfur, 1.03%; proximate analysis: ash, 12.05%; moisture,

10.77%; volatile matter, 4.92%; loss on air drying, 10.1%.

gross h eat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

ash tree and moisture free

q (gross ) = 8038 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 33632 J g

1

as received

q (gross) = 6204 cal g

1 ^ (gross ) = 25958 J g

1

[47,51]

IKJWTIjERM A; liquid; (trademark © Dow Chemical Co.); a mixture of diphenyl and diphenyl

oxide.

specific heat :

50 •• 240 °C

Cp(cal <f

1 \C l ) = 0.16/ i 7.40 x 10" 4 T Cp(d g

’ K~

1 ) - 0.699 + 3.096 x 10" 3 T

[ 100 ]

18
EXPLOSIVES

AMATOL ; solid; an explosive mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) and trinitrotoluene (TNT).

Density of cast material, g cm" 3

: 80/20 AN/TNT, 1.46; 60/40 AN/TNT, 1.60; 50/50

AN/TNT, 1.59.

gross heat of combustion : 25 °C; calculated from the composition of the mixture.

80/20 AN/TNT

q (gross) = 1219 cal g

1

qJJ(gross) = 5100 J g" T

60/40 AN/TNT

q (gross) = 1811 cal

g -1

q^ (gross ) = 7577 J g' T

50/50 AN/TNT

q (gross) = 2107 calg" 1

qJJ(gross) = 8816 J g” 1

[77.132.134]

specific heat : for the temperature range 20° to 80 °C for 50/50 AN/TNT mixture.

c = 0.383 cal g -1 K

-1

c

p = 1.602 J g" 1 ^

1 P [77]

net heat of explosion : 25 °C; calculated from composition of the mixture;

assumed decomposition reactions of AN and TNT are given below; all products are gaseous unless otherwise Indicated.

80/20 AN/TNT

q (net) = 499 cal g" 1

q^ (net) = 2088 J g

1

60/40 AN/TNT

q (net) = 646 cal g" 1 qj(net) = 2703 J g

1

50/50 AN/TNT

q (net) = 719 cal g" 1 q^(net) = 3008 J g

[77.132.133.134]

decomposition reactions :

(AN)(solid) = 2 H 2 0 + N 2 + 0.5 0 2 (TNT) (sol id) = 1.25 C0 2 + 2.0 CO + 1.5 H 2 0 + 1.25 N 2 + 0.5 NH 3 + 0.5 H 2 + 3.75 C(solid)

explosion temperature after 5 seconds :

80/20 AN/TNT, 280 °C

60/40 AN/TNT, 270 °C

50/50 AN/TNT, 265 °C

19

[ 77 ]
EXPLOSIVES

BARAJOL; solid; barium nitrate, 75%; trinitrotoluene (TNI), 25%.

heat of fusion:

L f

-= 2.8 cal g

1

l

f

= 11.7 J g*

[77]

specific heat:

temperature (°C) C p ( ca 1 g~ 1 K"

1 ) Cp(.l g~ 1 K'

1

-75 0.152 0.636

0 0.147 0.615

25 0.180 0.753

50 0.229 0.958

75 0.280 1 .172

85 0.213 0.891

90 0.201 0.841

100 0.171 0.715

[77]

BARONAL; solid; barium nitrate, 50%; trinitrotoluene (TNT), 35%; aluminum, 15%; density

2.32 g cm" .

gross h eat of combustion : 25 °C; calculated from the composition of the mixture.

(| (gross) = 2367 cal g -1

‘ly (gross) = 9904 J g"'

[77,132 ,133,134 J

net he at of explosion : reaction products unspecified.

q (net) =1135 cal g” 1 q^(net) = 4749 J g~*

expl osion temperature after 5 seconds : Ignites at 345 °C.

[77]

BIACK POWDER; solid; potassium nitrate, 74%; sulfur, 10.4%; charcoal, 15.6%.

net, heat of explosion : 25 °C; calculated from composition of mixture; assumed

decomposition reaction below.

q (net.) = 649 cal

g

1 qj(net) = 2715 J g

1

[77, 1 32,1 3d, 134 J

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : Ignites at 427 °C.

decoin pos ition reaction :

KNO, (solid) i 0.25 S(solid) + C(solid) = 0.25 K 2 S0 3 (solid) + 0.25 K 2 C0 :1 (sol id) + 0.75 CO, (gas)

20
EXPLOSIVES

BLASTING GELATINE ; solid; gelatine with about 5% of an oxidizer, such as ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, or potassium chlorate, added.

net heat of combustion : unclear whether a gaseous oxidizer, such as air or oxygen,

took part in combustion in addition to oxidizer in gelatine; assume values refer

to room temperature, and one atm. pressure, and gaseous products.

q (net) = 570 cal g” 1 qp(net) = 2385 J g

1

[109]

CELLULOSE NITRATE ; solid; cellulose does not nitrate in a stoichiometric manner; the

degree of nitration is measured by the percent of nitrogen in the ester.

mononitrocellulose: [C 6H 9N0 7 ] x

; 6.76% nitrogen

dinitrocellulose: [C 6 H 8 N 2 0 9 ] x

; 11.11% nitrogen

trinitrocellulose: [CgH-^Oi Jx

; 14.14% nitrogen

Cellulose Nitrate, Grade B (Guncotton) C 6 H 7 26 N 2 74O 10 48

Cellulose Nitrate, Grade C (Type I) C 6H 7 36 N 2>670 10>27

Cellulose Nitrate, Grade C (Type II) C 6H 7 33 N 2>670 10 34 Cellulose Nitrate, Grade D (Pyroxylin) C 6 H 7>68 N 2 320 0#61,

[4]

gross heat of combustion : at 30 °C for [0.115 < N £ 0.135]; N = wt. fraction

nitrogen.

q (gross) = 4176.0 - 14126N cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 17472.4 - 59103N J g

1

specific heat :

298 - 390 K

Grade B (Guncotton) 13.4% nitrogen

Cp(cal g“ 1 K"

1

) = 0.0184 - 7.64 x 10" 4 T Cp(J g" 1 K'

1

) = 0.0770 - 3.197 x 10” 3 T Grade C (Type I) 13.1% nitrogen

Cp(cal g” 1 K'

1

) = 0.0201 - 7.86 x IQ”

4 T Cp(J g' 3 K”

1

) = 0.0841 - 3.289 x 10" 3 T

Grade C (Type II) 13.2% nitrogen

Cp(cal g" 1 K -1

) = 0.0241 - 7.91 x IQ”

4 T Cp(J g" ! K”

1

) = 0.1008 - 3.310 x 10" 3 T

G rade D (pyroxylin) 12.2% nitrogen

Cp(ca I g“ J K”

1

) = 0.0256 - 8.17 x 10” 4 T

_1

Cp(J g _t

K"

1

) = 0.1071 - 3.418 x 10” 3 T”

1

[5]

21
EXPLOSIVES

COMPOSITION B ; solid; cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), 60%; trinitrotoluene (TNT)

40%; wax alcohol ^1%; density, cast, 1.65 g cm" 3.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 2790 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 11673 J g

1

[77]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction products

unspecified.

q (net) = 1240 cal g’ 1 q^(net) - 5188 J g~*

heat of fusion : at 78 - 80 °C.

L

f

= 8.0 cal g" 1 Lj = 33.5 J g

1

[77]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : Decomposes at 278 °C.

[77]

specific heat :

temperature, °C

-75

0

25

50

75

85

90

100

Cp(cal g" 1 K" 1

)

0.235

0.220

0.254

0.305

0.376

0.354

0.341

0.312

Cp(J g" 1 K'

1 )

0.983

0.920

1 .063

1 .276

1.573

1 .481

1 .427

1.305

[77]

22
EXPLOSIVES

CYCLOTOL ; solid; an explosive mixture of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and trinitrotoluene (TNT); density of cast material (g cm” J ): 75/25 ROX/TNT, 1.71; 70/60

RDX/TNT, 1.71; 65/35 RDX/TNT, 1.75; 60/40 RDX/TNT, 1.68.

gross heat of combustion : 25 °C; calculated from the composition of the mixture.

75/25 RDX/TNT

q (gross) = 2609 cal

g -1

q^(gross) = 10916 J g

1

70/30 RDX/TNT

q (gross) = 2674 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 11188 J g

65/35 RDX/TNT

q (gross) = 2739 cal g~ 1

qJJ(gross) = 11460 J g

1

60/40 RDX/TNT

q (gross) = 2804 cal

g -1

q^ (gross ) = 11732 J g

1

[77 ,1 32 J 38]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; calculated from

the composition of the mixture; reaction products unspecified.

75/25 RDX/TNT

q (net) = 1231 calg-1

q^(net) = 5150 J g” 1

70/30 RDX/TNT

q (net) = 1222 cal q" 1

q^ (net) = 5113 J g" !

65/35 RDX/TNT

q (net) = 1212 calg" 1 q^(net) = 5071 J g

'

60/40 RDX/TNT

q (net) = 1202 calg-1 q^(net) = 5029 J g

1

[77]

23
EXPLOSIV ES

specific heat : 75/25 RDX/TNT

temperature, °C Cp(cal g" 1 K~

1 ) Cp(J g' 1

-75 0.220 0.920

0 0.225 0.941

25 0.254 1 .063

50 0.296 1 .238

75 0.352 1 .473

85 0.325 1 .360

90 0.332 1.389

100 0.351 1 .469

h eat of fusion : 75/25 RDX/TNT.

L f

= 5.0 cal g" 1 (T=?)

= 20.9 J g

1

[77]

[77]

expl osion temperature after 5 seconds :

70/30 RDX/TNT, decomposes 265 °C.

65/35 RDX/TNT, decomposes 270 °C.

60/40 RDX/TNT, decomposes 200 °C.

[77]

DBX ; solid; ammonium nitrate (AN), 21% cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), 21%; trinitrotoluene (TNT), 40%; aluminum, 18%; density 1.68 g cm

-3

.

g ross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature; calculated

from the composition of the mixture.

q (gross) = 3379 cal g

1

qJJ(gross) = 14138 J g

1

[77,132,134,136,138]

n et hea t of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net ) = 1 700 cal g" 1

qJJ(net) = 7113 J g“*

speci tic heat: -5 °C

Cp(oal q

1 K

1 ) -0.25

Cp(J g" 3 K~ 1 ) = 1.05

[77]

[77]

explosion i emperature after 5 seconds : Ignites at 400 °C.

[ 77 ]

24
EXPLOSIVES

H-6 ; solid, cyclotrimethylenetrinltraraine (RDX), 45%; trinitrotoluene (TNT), 30%; aluminum, 20%; D-2 wax, 5%; calcium chloride added, 0.5%; density; cast, 1.74 g cm"

3

.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 3972 cal g” 1

qJJ(gross) = 16619 J g

1

[77]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 923 cal g" 1

q^ (net) = 3362 J g

1

heat of fusion : at 78 °C.

L f

= 10.25 cal g" 1

l

rf

= 42.89 J g" 1

specific heat :

Cp(cal g' 1 K"

1

) = 0.269 (30 °C)

Cp(J g"* r 1 ) = 1.125 (30 °C)

Cp(cal g' 1 K"

1 ) = 0.268 (50 °C)

Cp(J g’l K"

1

) = 1.121 (50 °C)

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : 610 °C (minimum)

[77]

[77]

[77]

25
EXPLOSIVES

HBX

; solid; cyclotrimethylenetrini tramine (RDX), 40%; trinitrotoluene (TNT), 3» .; aluminum, 17%; D-2 wax, 5%; calcium chloride added, 0.5%; density, cast, 1.72

g cm" .

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 3882 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 16242 J g

[77]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 91 9 cal g" 1 q^(net) = 3845 J g

1

heat of fusion : at 78 °C.

L - 9.25 cal g" 1 L* = 38.70 J g

1

[77]

specific heat :

Cp(cal q' 1 K"

1

) = 0.249 (30 °C)

Cp(J g" ‘ K"

1 ) = 1.042 (30 °C)

Cp(cal g" 1 K" 1

) = 0.264 (50 °C)

Cp(J g" 1 K'

1

) = 1.105 (50 °C)

ex plosion temperature after 5 seconds : 480 °C

[77]

26
EXPLOSIVES

HBX-3 ; solid; cyclotrimethyl enetrini traralne (RDX), 31%; trinitrotoluene (TNT), 29%;

aluminum, 35%; D-2 wax, 5%; calcium chloride added, 0.5%; density, cast, 1.84

g cm" 3

.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4495 cal g" 1 q* (gross) = 18807 J g

1

[77]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 877 cal g” 1

qJJ(net) = 3669 J g

[77]

heat of fusion :

L f

= 9.30 cal g" 1 (T=?)

l

Tf

= 38.9 J g' T

[77]

specific heat :

30 - 50 °C.

Cp(cal g' 1 K"

1

) = 0.254

Cp(J g" T K"

1

) = 1.063

[77]

explosion temperatures after 5 seconds : 500 °C

.

[77]

HEX-24 ; solid; potassium perchlorate (17 microns), 32%; aluminum, atomized, (20 microns),

48%; cyclotrimethyl enetrini tramlne (RDX) (through 325 mesh), 16%; asphaltum

(through 100 mesh), 4%; density, 1.39 g cm

-3

.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4197 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 17560 J g

[77]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction products

unspecified.

q (net) = 1858 cal g” 1

qJJ(net) = 7774 J g" 1

[77]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : 520 °C.

27 [77]
EXPLOSIVES

HEX- 48; solid; potassium perchlorate, (17 microns), 32%; aluminum, flaked

(1 micron), 48%; cyclotrimethylenetrinitraiiiine (RDX) (through 325 mesh), 16%;

asphaltum (through 100 mesh), 4%; density, 0.69 g cm.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross ) = 41 1 9 cal g~ 1

qJJ(gross) = 17234 J g

1

[77]

net hea t of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 1735 cal q” 1

q^ (net) = 7259 J g" T

[77]

e xplosion temperature after 5 seconds : 545 °C.

[77]

HTA-3 ; solid; cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine(HMX) , 49%; trinitrotoluene (TNT), 29%;

aluminum, 22%; density, cast, 1.90 g cm" 3

.

gross heat of combustion : 25 °C; calculated from the composition of the mixture

q (gross) = 3785 cal g" 1

q^ (gross ) = 15836 J g

1

[ 74 , 132 , 134 , 138 ]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 1190 cal _q~ 1 q^(net) = 4979 J g"^

[77]

specific heat :

32 - 74 °C.

Cp(cal y" 1 K'

1 ) = 0.245

Cp( J g' 1 K'

1

) = 1.025

[77]

explosion tem peratur e a fter 5 seconds : Flames erratically at 370 °C.

[77]

28
EXPLOSIVES

MOX-1 ; solid; ammonium perchlorate, 35%; atomized aluminum, 26.2%; atomized magnesium,

26.2%; tetryl , 9.7%; calcium stearate, 1.9%; artificial graphite, 1.0%; density,

pressed, 2.0 g cm" 3

.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) * 4087 cal g" 1 q^(gross) * 17100 J g

1

[77]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 2087 cal g~ 1 q’(net) = 8732 J g“ T

explosion temperature after 5 seconds ; 285 °C

[77]

[77]

MQX-2B ; solid; ammonium perchlorate, 35%; atomized aluminum, 52.4%; cyclotrimethyl enetri

nitramine (RDX), 5.8%; trinitrotoluene (TNT), 3.9%; calcium stereate, 1.9%; a r t

i

ficial graphite, 1.0%; density, pressed, 2.0 g cm" 3

.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) * 4484 cal g" 1

qJJ (gross) 18761 J g

[77]

net heat of explosion ; assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 1472 cal q" 1 qj(net) = 6159 J g" T

[77]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : 375 °C

[77]

29
EXPLOSIVES

MQX-3B ; solid; potassium nitrate, 18%; atomized aluminum, 50%; cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), 29.1%; wax, 0.9%; trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2.0%; artificial graphite,

1.0%; calcium stearate 2.0% added; density, pressed, 2.0 g cm" 3

.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4331 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 18121 J g

[77]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 980 cal g" 1

qJJ(net) = 4100 J g

[77]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : 540 °C.

[77]

M0X-4B ; solid; barium nitrate, 18%; atomized aluminum, 50%; cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), 29.1%; wax, 0 .9%; trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2.0%; calcium stearate,

2.0% added; artificial graphite, 1.0% added; density, pressed, 2.0 g cm .

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4392 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 18376 J g

1

[77]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 709 cal g -1

qJJ(net) = 2966 J g^ 1

[77]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : 610 °C

[77]

30
•1

EXPLOSIVES

M0X-6B ; solid; atomized aluminum, 49.2%; cupric oxide, 19.7%; cyclotrlmethylenetrinitramine (RBX), 28.7%; wax, 0.9%; artificial graphite, 1.5%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4293 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 17962 J g

1

[77]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

qu (net) = 750 cal g” 1 q^(net) 3 3138 J g

1

[77]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : 510 °C

[77]

PB-RDX ; solid; cyclotrimethyl enetrlnltramlne (RDX), 90%; unmodified polystyrene, 8.5%;

dioctyl phthalate, 1.5%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) 3 3027 cal g" 1

q^ (gross) 3 12665 J g

1

[77]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) 3 983 cal g" 1 q^(net) = 4113 J g

1

[77]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : Smokes, 275 °C.

[ 77 ]
EXPLOSIVES

MINQL-2 ; solid; ammonium nitrate (AN); 40%; trinitrotoluene (TNT); 40%; aluminum, 20%;

density, 1 .65 g cm” 3

.

gross heat of combustion : 25 °C; calculated from the composition of the mixture.

q (gross) = 3166 cal g” 1 (gross ) = 13247 J g

1

[77,132,134]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 1620 cal g" 1

qJJ(net) = 6778 J g~ T

[77]

specific heat : at -5 °C

Cp = 0.30 cal g" 1 ^” 1 Cp = 1.26 J g^K” 1

[77]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : Ignites 435 °C.

[77]

0CT0L ; solid; an explosive mixture of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) and trinitrotoluene (TNT); density, cast, 70/30 HMX/TNT, 1.80 g cm’ 3

; 75/25 HMX/TNT,

1 .81 g cm' 3

.

gross heat of combustion : 25 °C; calculated from the composition of the mixture.

70/30 HMX/TNT

q (gross) = 2670 cal g’ 1 qj(gross) = 11171 J g

1

75/25 HMX/TNT

q (gross) = 2604 cal g' 1

q^ (gross ) = 10895 J g

1

[77,132,138]

32
EXPLOSIVES

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

70/30 HMX/TNT

q (net) = 1074 calg” 1 q^(net) = 4494 J g

*

75/25 HMX/TNT

q (net) = 1131 calg" 1 qj(net) = 4732 J g~ 5

[77]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds ;

70/30 HMX/TNT ; Flames erratically, 335 °C

75/25 HMX/TNT ; Flames erratically, 350 °C

[77]

heat of fusion ;

76.9/23.1 HMX/TNT

* 29.4 cal g" 1 (T=?)

L^ = 123.0 J g

1

[77]

specific heat ;

76.9/23.1 HMX/TNT

temperature range, °C Cp(cal g

-1 K"

1 ) Cp(J g" 1

-79 0.200 0.837

-80 to 80 0.240 1.004

30 to 74 0.245 1.025

90 to 150 0.323 1.351

)

[77]

33
EXPLOSIVES

PENTQLITE ; solid; an explosive mixture of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and pentaerythri tol

tetranitrate (PETN); 50/50 PETN/TNT ; density 1.65 g cm 3

.

gross heat of combustion : 25 °C; calculated from the composition of the mixture.

q (gross) = 2774 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 11606 J g

1

[77,132]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 1220 cal_q~ J q^(net) = 5104 J g"*

[77]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : decomposes, 220 °C.

[77]

POLYVINYL NITRATE ; solid; repeating unit: C 2 H 3 N0 3

.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 2960 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 12385 J g

[77]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 900 cal g’ 1 q^(net) = 3766 J g

[77]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : 265 °C

[ 77 ]
EXPLOSIVES

TORPEX ; solid; cyclotrimethyl enetrlnltramlne (RDX),_42%; trinitrotoluene (TNT), 40%;

aluminum, 18%; density, cast 1.76-1.81 g cm” 3

.

gross heat of combustion : 25 °C; calculated from composition of mixture.

q (gross) = 3727 cal g” 1

q^ (gross) * 15594 J g

1

[ 77 , 132 , 134 , 138 ]

net heat of explosion : assume values refdr to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 1800 cal g” 1

q^ (net) = 7531 J g" 1 un

specific heat : density, 1.82 g cm”

3

.

Cp(cal q' 1 K”

1

) * 0.22 (-5 °C)

Cp(J g”i K"

1

) = 0.92 (-5 °C)

Cp(cal q" 1 K M * 0.24 (15 °C)

Cp(J g‘ T K”

1

) * 1.00 (15 °C)

[77]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds : decomposes, 260 #C.

[ 77 ]

TRITONAL ; solid; an explosive mixture of 80% trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 20% aluminum (Al);

80/20 TNT/A1; density, cast, 1.72 g cm"

3

.

gross heat of combustion ; 25 °C; calculated from composition of mixture.

q (gross) » 4352 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 18209 J g

1

[ 77 , 132 , 134 ]

net heat of explosion ; assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 1770 ca1_g“

l q^(net) = 7406 J g"*

specific heat : density, 1 .74 g cm"

3

.

Cp(cal g~ 1 f

1 ) Cp(J g”I K"

1

) Cp(cal q

1 K

1

) Cp(J g” 1 K”

1

)

= 0.23 (-5 °C)

= 0.96 (-5 °C)

= 0.31 (20 °C)

= 1.30 (20 °C)

[ 77 ]

[ 77 ]

explosion temperature after 5 seconds ; decomposes 470 °C.

35

[ 77 ]
EXPLOSIVES

VELTEX NO. 448 ; solid; cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX), 70%; nitrocellulose

(13.15% N), 15%; nitroglycerine, 10. 7%; 2-nitrodi phenyl amine, 1.3%; triacetin,

3.0%; density, pressed, 1.72 g cm .

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) - 2359 cal q~ 1 q^(gross) = 9870 J g

-

*

[77]

net heat of explosion : assume values refer to room temperature; reaction

products unspecified.

q (net) = 1226 cal

g qJJ(net) = 5130 J g" T

[77]

F AT, WOOL ; solid; (Lanolin), main constituents are cholesterol esters of higher molecular

weight fatty acids.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature, and are cor- rected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 9741±3.5 cal g

~

q^(gross) = 40756±14.6 J g"

[124]

FOODS

ALMONDS, Prunus amygdalus ; solid; 4.4% moisture.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 3129 cal g’ 1

q^ (gross) = 13092 J g

1

[9]

BEANS, NAVY, WHITE, DRY, Phaseolus vulgaris ; solid; 11.2% moisture.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 3900 cal g

1 q^(gross) = 16320 J g

1

[9]

B EETS, Beta vulgar is; solid; 82.6% moisture.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 673 cal g" 1 q^gross) = 2816 J g

1

36

[ 9 ]
FOODS

CABBAGE, Brassica oleracea var. capitata ; solid; 94.6% moisture.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 210 cal q" 1

qJJ(gross) = 880 J g

1

[9]

CITRUS FRUIT, RINDS AND SEEDS ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon. 44.11%; hydrogen, 5.22%;

oxygen, 38.34%; nitrogen, 1.02%; sulfur, 0.11%; ash, 3.18% moisture, 8.02%;

proximate analysis as received: moisture, 8.02%; volatile matter, 71.46%; fixed

carbon, 17.34%; ash, 3.18%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

as received:

q (gross) = 949 cal g” 1

q^ (gross) = 3970 J g

1

air dried:

q (gross) = 4098 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 17146 J g* 1

[62,84]

COCONUT, Cocos nucifera ; solid; meat; 19.2% moisture.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 2712 cal g" 1 q^ (gross) = 11347 J g

1

[9]

CORN (MAIZE), GREEN, Zea mays ; solid; 76.0% moisture.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 1112 cal g" 1

q^ (gross ) s 4653 J g" T

[9]

COMPEAS, Vigna sinesis ; solid; 10.0% moisture.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4000 cal g' 1

qJJ(gross) = 16736 J g

[9]

37
FOODS

EGG ALBUMIN ; solid; a crystal 1 i zabl e protein; molecular weight about 33,800; from egg

white.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 5710 cal g" 1 (gross ) * 23891 J g

1

[9]

specific heat : temperature range: 0-25 °C; anhydrous.

Cp(cal g~ 1 K'

1

) = 0.267

Cp(J g" 1 K'

1

) = 1 .117

[116]

EGG YOLK ; solid; yellow, semi-solid material of an egg; specific gravity, 0.95: high

chloresterol content.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 5840 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 24435 J g

1

[9]

FAT, ANIMAL ; solid; mixture of glycerides of fatty acids.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9500 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 39750 J g

1

[9]

whole animal

q (gross) = 9499 cal g

1 q^(gross) = 39744 J g

1

[123]

FA T, BARLEY ; solid; ether extracted.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9070 cal g

1 q^(gross) = 37950 J g

1

38
FOODS

FAT, BEEF ; solid.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9500 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 39750 J g

[9]

fat obtained by ether extraction.

q (gross) = 9240 cal g

1

q^ (gross ) = 38660 J g

[9]

FAT, BUTTER ; solid; processed from cream of cow's milk; composed mainly of glycerides

(90%) of oleic, palmitic and stearic acids; remainder (10%) is made up of

glycerides of butyric, capric, capryllc and caproic acids. Saponification Number

210-230.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

qu (gross) = 9270 cal g" 1

q^ (gross) = 38785 J g

1

[9]

FAT, FRIED ; solid; Ultimate analysis; carbon, 73.14%; hydrogen, 11.54%; oxygen, 14.28%;

nitrogen, 0.43%; sulfur, 0.07%; ash, 0.00%; proximate analysis as received: moisture, 0.00%; volatile matter, 97.64%; fixed carbon, 2.36%; ash, 0.00%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9154 cal g" 1 q* (gross) = 38300 J g

1

[62]

FAT, LARD ; solid; purified internal fat of the hog; fatty acid composition (typical):

myristic 1 .1%; palmitic 30.4%; stearic 17.9%; oleic 41.2%; llnolelc 5.7%. Iodine

no. 46-66.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9590 cal g” 1

qJJ(gross) = 40120 J g

[9]

39
FOODS

FAT, MUTTON ; solid.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9510 cal g” 1 qj(gross) = 39790 J g

1

[9]

fat obtained by ether extraction

q (gross) = 9320 cal g" 1 qJJ(gross) = 39000 J g

[9]

FAT, PORK ; solid.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9500 cal g' 1

qJJ(gross) = 39750 J g

[9]

fat obtained by ether extraction

q (gross) = 9130 cal g’ 1

qJJ (gross) = 38200 J g

1

[9]

FAT, OAT, Avena sativa ; solid; ether extract.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9070 cal g" 1 qjj(gross) = 37950 J g

1

[9]

FAT, RYE, Secale cereal

; solid; ether extract.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9020 cal g' 1 q^(gross) a 37740 J g

1

[9]

40
FOODS

FAT, WHEAT, Trlticum aestivum ; solid; ether extract.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9070 cal g" 1

qj, (gross ) = 37950 J g

1

[9]

FLOUR, SOY BEAN, Soia hlspida .

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

4.17% moisture, 6.5% fat

q (gross) = 3716 cal g" 1 qj(gross) = 15548 J g

1

[9]

6.5% moisture, 3.3% fat

q (gross) = 3480 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 14560 J g

1

[9]

41
FOODS

FLOUR, WHEAT ; solid; the finely ground and bolted meal of wheat, triticum aestivum

density 0.73 g cm

-3

.

net heat of explosion : nonisothermal in air; temperature %250 °C.

q (net) = 185 calq" 1 q^(net) = 774 J g

- *

[76]

s pecific heat :

100 - 250 °C

Cp(cal g” 1 K” 1

) = 0.5

Cp(J g“ ! K" 1

) = 2.1

[76]

gross heat of combustion ; assume values refer to room temperature.

graham, whole grain ; 10.5% moisture

q (gross) = 4004 cal g” 1

qJJ(gross) = 16750 J g

1

[9]

standard patent ; 10.3% moisture

q (gross) = 4010 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 16780 J g

1

semol ina ; 7.57% moisture

q (gross) = 4160 cal g' 1 q^(gross) = 17405 J g

1

[9]

[9]

FOOD WASTES, VEGETABLE ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 49.06%; hydrogen, 6.62%;

oxygen, 37.55%; nitrogen, 1.68%; sulfur, 0.20%; ash, 4.8%; proximate analysis

as received: moisture, 78.29%; volatile matter, 17.10%; fixed carbon, 3.55%;

ash, 1.06%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) = 998 cal g,

1

qJJ(gross) = 4175 J g

1

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 4598 cal q” 1 qj(gross) = 19236 J g

[ 62 ]

42
FOODS

HOMINY ; from corn (maize), Zea mays ; 10.96% moisture.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 3986 cal g” 1 qJJ(gross) 16677 J g

[ 9 ]

MEAL, CORN (MAIZE) Zea mays ; 11.79% moisture.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q, (gross) - 3823 cal g~ ! qj(gross) = 15995 J g

1

[ 9 ]

MEAT, COOKED SCRAPS ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 59.59%; hydrogen, 9.47%;

oxygen, 24.65%; nitrogen, 1.02%; sulfur, 0.19%; ash, 5.08%; proximate

analysis as received: moisture, 38.74%; volatile matter, 56.34%; fixed

carbon, 1.81%; ash, 3.11%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature,

as received:

q if (gross) = 4238 cal g" 1 qj(gross) = 17731 J g

1

dry basis:

q (gross) = 6917 cal g" 1 qj(gross) = 28942 J g

1

[62]

OATS, Avena sativa ; solid; rolled; 8.66% moisture.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4560 cal g’ 1

q^ (gross) = 19080 J g

1 ” •

[ 9 ]

O IL, BARLEY ; liquid; oil from barley, Hordeum vulgare ; obtained by ether extraction.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9070 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 37950 J g

[ 9 ]

43
FOODS

OIL, COCONUT ; liquid; extracted from coconut meat. Cocos nucifera ; mixture of

glycerides of lauric (^48%) and myristic (^17.5%) acids; remainder made

up of glycerides of capyrlic, capric, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic

acids. Saponification Number 253-262.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9070 cal g -1

q^(gross) = 37950 J g

1

[9]

OIL, CORN (MAIZE) ; liquid; extracted from corn (maize), Zea mays ; typical analysis:

triglycerides 98.6%; unsaponifiable 1.4%; sitosteral 1%; fatty acid

composition: palmitic 2%; stearic 3.5%; oleic 46.3%; linoleic 42.0%.

Iodine value 117-130.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9280 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 38830 J g

1

[9]

OIL, COTTONSEED, HYDROGENATED ; liquid; yellow oil from various Goss ipyi urn species;

chief constituents are glycerides of palmitic (^21%); oleic (<v33%); stearic

(h.2%); and linoleic (%44%) acids; density Q. 91-0. 92 g cm” 3

; before measure- ment oil was heated at 100 °C for 3 to 6 hours at 2-3 mm of Hg to remove moisture; iodine no. was 6.5.

specific heat :

80° - 270 °C

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.5363 - 4.7376 x 10' 4 T + 1.2398 x 10“ 6 T

2 Cp(J g' 1 K”

1

) = 2.2439 - 1.9822 x 10' 3 T + 5.1875 x 10“ 6 T

2

[46]

OIL, OAT ; liquid; obtained from oats; Avena saliva ; obtained by ether extraction.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 8930 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 37365 J g

1

[ 9 ]

44
FOODS

OIL, OLIVE ; liquid; mixture of glycerides of several fatty acids; chiefly glycerides

of oleic acid, with lesser amounts of palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids.

Saponification Number 185-196.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9470 cal g' 1 q^(gross) * 39620 J g

1

[9]

vapor pressure : 245° - 310 °C

log 10 P(Torr) = 17.92 - 9430 T'J

log] 0 P ( Pa ) = 20.05 - 9430 T'

1

[45]

OIL, RYE ; liquid; oil extracted from rye grain, Secale cereale .

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9320 cal g~ l q^(gross) - 38990 J g

[9]

obtai ned by ether extraction :

q (gross) = 9200 cal g" 1 q^ (gross) = 38495 J g

[9]

OIL, SOYBEAN ; liquid; the bean of Soia hispida (Lequminosae) ; average composition:

proteins 40%; oils 18%; phosphatides 2%; remainder urease, raffinose,

stachyose, saponins, phytosterins, and isoflavone; density is 0.925 at

15 °C; saponification no. 189-193.5; iodine no. 122-134.

vapor pressure : 250° - 285 °C

log i0 P(Torr) = 18.30 - 9650 T'J

log t o P(Pa) = 20.42 - 9650 T"

1

[45J

specif ic heat : sample was heated at 100 °C for 3 to 6 hours under a pressure

of 2-3 mm of Hg to remove moisture.

Cp(cal g' 1 K"

1

) = 0.03911 + 2.858 x 10“ 3 T - 5.912 x 10"

6 f + 5.667 x 10'* ^

Cp(J g

-

^ K -1

) = 0.16362 + 1.1957 10' 2 T - 2.474 x 10" 5 T

2 + 2.371 x 10' 8 T8

[46]

45
FOODS

OIL, WHEAT ; liquid; from wheat grain, Triticum acestivum .

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9360 cal g" 1 qJJ(gross) = 39162 J g

[9]

oil obtained by ether extraction :

q (gross) = 9070 cal g’ 1

qJJ(gross) = 37950 J g

[9]

PECANS, Carya illinoensis ; solid, 4.30% moisture.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) * 3551 cal g' 1 qjj(gross) = 14857 J g

[9]

PEANUTS, Arachis hypogaea ; solid; 4.88% moisture.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 3040 cal g" 1 q^(gross) - 12720 J g

1

[9]

POTATO, WHITE ; solid; approximate analysis: moisture, 79.5%; carbohydrates 16.7%;

protein, 2%; fiber, 0.4%; ash, 0.8%; and fat, 0.1%.

gros s heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) 3 848 cal g' 1 q^(gross) = 3548 J g

[9]

specific heat : at 30 °C, with a moisture content (W) range of 0.23 to 0.83 wt. fraction.

(W > 0.50)

Cp( cal g~ 1 K"

1

) = 0.216 + 0.780 W Cp(J g~ 1 K"

1

) = 0.904 + 3.264 W

(0.50 > W > 0.20)

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.393 + 0.437 W Cp(J g' 1 K'

1 ) = 1 .644 + 1 .828 W

46

[ 55 ]
FOODS

RICE, Oryza sativa ; solid; white; polished; 12.9% moisture.

gross heat of combustion:

q (gross) = 3854 cal g* 1 (gross) = 16125 J g

1

assume values refer to room temperature.

[9]

WALNUTS, ENGLISH, Juglans regia ; solid; 3.97% moisture.

gross heat of combustion:

q (gross) = 3318 cal

g -1

q^(gross) = 13882 J g

assume values refer to room temperature.

[9]

WHEAT, Triticum aestivum; 8.5% moisture.

gross heat of combustion:

q(gross) = 4090 cal g -1

q^(gross) = 17115 J g

1

assume values refer to room temperature.

[9]

47
FUEL,, AVIATION ; liquid; petroleum fraction with B.P. range 175° - 350 °C (kerosine).

Military jet fuels labeled JP-3, JP-4, JP-5, etc. Commercial jet fuels

labeled as ASTM types A, A-l , or B.

net heat of combustion : A is the aniline point, in degrees Fahrenheit,

identifying the minimum equilibrium solution temperature for equal volumes of

aniline and sample. 6 is the API gravity defined as: API gravity (deg) = 141.5/

(sp. gr. 60/60 °F)-131.5. Tables are provided in ASTM Specification D 1405 to calculate q

p (net) if sulfur Impurities are known.

Aviation gasoline. Grades 100-130 and 115-145 : q(net) = (10027 + 0.0463 (A x G)) cal

g _1

qP(net) = (41954 + 0.1938 (A x G)) J g' !

Jet fuels:

JP-3

q (net) = (9973 + 0.0587 (A x G) ) cal g' 1 qp(net) = (41728 + 0.2456 (A x G)) J g

1

JP-4

q (net) = (9994 + 0.0587 (A x G)) cal g" 1 qjj(net) - (41815 x 0.2456 (A x G)) J g

JP-5

q (net) •= (9959 + 0.0587 (A x G)) cal g _1

qjj(net) = (41668 + 0.2456 (A x G)) J g

1

Kerosine, Jet A or A-l (see ASTM Speciation D 1655) :

q (net) = (9962 + 0.06072 (A x G)) cal g” 1 qP(net) = (41680 + 0.25407 (A x G)) J g

1

[ 2 ]

FUEL , GASOLINE ; liquid; a mixture of volatile hydrocarbons with boiling points ranging

from 140° to 390 °F (branched-chain paraffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics).

auto-ignition temperature :

octane rating temperature

°C °F

65 248 478

73 258 496

87 412 774

[ 72 ]

48
FUEL, KEROS INE ; liquid; mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points ranging from 180° to 300 °C; ultimate composition: carbon, 85.8%; hydrogen, 14.2%; sulfur, 58 ppm;

total paraffins, 30.9%; total naphthenes, 64.3%; total aromatics, 4.8%; density,

0.8019; g cm" 3 at 24 °C; API gravity, 43.5.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 11087 cal g

1

q^ (gross) = 46390 J g

*

[98]

GAS, NATURAL; gas; composition in mole percent; (sample A), N 2 = 15.6%, lie 0.84%,

C0 2 = 0.03%, CH 4

= 72.2%, C 2 H 6 = 6.5%, propane = 3.8%, n-butane * 0.66%,

isobutane = 0.28%, pentanes = 0.02%, hexanes = 0.01%, and heptanes = 0.01%.

(sample B), N 2 = 2.8%, He = 0.23%, C02 = 0.19%, CH 4 = 86.2%, C 2 H 6 = 6.2%,

propane = 2.7%, n-butane = 0.63%, Isobutane = 0.52%, pentanes = 0.32%, hexanes = 0.22%, and heptanes = 0.07%. (sample C), N 2 = 0.24%, He = 0.00%, C0 2 = 0.87%,

CH 4 = 94.7%, C 2 H 6 = 3.2%, propane = 0.67%, n-butane - 0.12%, isobutane = 0.06%,

pentanes = 0.06%, hexanes = 0.06%, and heptanes = 0.04%. (sample D), N 2 = 7.1%

He = 0.32%, C0 2 = 0.49%, CH 4 » 84.3%, C 2 H 6 = 5.2%, propane = 1.9%, n-butane = 0.31%, isobutane = 0.28%, pentanes = 0.04%, hexanes = 0.04%, and heptanes = 0.03%.

gross heat of combustion : at 60 °F (15.56 °C) and 1 atm (101325 Pa); where

5CF is standard cubic foot.

(sample A)

q (gross) = 958 Btu(SCF)

-1

_ q^(gross) = 35.7 x 10 6 J m

3

(sample B)

q (gross) = 1101 Btu(SCF)'^

qJJ(gross) = 41.0 x 10 6 J m

(sample C)

q (gross) = 1028 Btu(SCF)‘ iJ q^(gross) = 38.3 x 10 6 J m"

(sample D)

q (gross) = 999 Btu(SCF)

_1

_ a q^(gross) = 37.2 x 10 6 J m

compressibility factor, Z = PV/RT : at 60 °C (15.56 °C) and 1 atm (101325 Pa).

Z (sample A) = 0.9978

Z (sample B) = 0.9974

Z (sample C) = 0.9978

Z (sample D) = 0.9979

[56]

49
GLASS,

GLASS >

PYREX; solid (Corning 7740); Si0 2 80.66% s B 2 0 3 12.93%, Na 2 0 3.80%, AloO, 2 and K 2 0 0.46%.

heat content :

.373 - 850 K

qT“ q 273 8

( Ca1 9_1) = ~ 94 - 88 + 0-23251 + 4.39 x 10" 5 T

2 + 8.083 x 10 3 T

q T" q 273 8

9_1) = -396.98 + 0.9728T + 1.837 x 10' 4 T

2 + 3.382 x 104 T

[18]

specific heat :

173 - 293 K

Cp(cal o”

1 K'J

) = -0.245 + 2.63 x 10“ 3 T - 3.80 x 10' 6 T

2 Cp(J g" ! K"

1

) = -1.025 + 1.100 x 10" 2 T - 1.59 x 10~ 5 T

2

[ 10 ]

373 - 850 K

Cp(cal g” 1 K”

1 ) = 0.2325 + 8.78 x 10' 5 T - 8.083 x 10 3 T

-2

Cp(J g' 1 K' 1

) = 0.9728 + 3.674 x 10

-4

T - 3.382 x 10 4 T'

2

[18]

PYREX : liquid; (Corning 7740); S10 2 80.66%, B 2 0 3 12.93%, Na 2 0 3.80%, A1 2 0 3 K 2 0, 0.46%.

specific heat ; over temperature range 850 to 1200 K the specific heat

appears to be independent of temperature.

C p ( ca 1 g' 1 K~

1 ) = 0.3471

Cp(J g" 1 K m ) = 1.4523

heat content :

850 - 1200 K

qT“ q 273 8

(cal 9

* 1} = - 152 * 28 = °- 3471 T

q

T -q 273 .8 (J 9_1) = ‘ 637 - 14 + K4523 T

[18]

. 14 %,

-

-l

2.14%,

50
GLASS, SODA-LIME ; solid; (Lillie 1); Si0 2 73,59%, Na ? 0 16.65%, CaO 9.76%,

specific heat :

273 - 850 K

Cp(cal q" 1 K"

1 ) = 0.1347 + 1.932 x 10“ 4 T + 2.423 x 10 3 T" 2 Cp(J g“ T K" 1

) = 0.5636 + 8.083 x 10

-4

T + 1.0138 x 10 4 T~ 2

heat content :

273 - 850 K

qT” q 273 8

( cal 9

" lj = “36.37 + 0.1347 T + 9.66 x 10” 5 T

2 - 2.423 x IQ3 T"

1

qT" q273 8

(- J g

" lj = -152.17 + 0.5636T + 4.042 x 10" 4 T

2

- 1.0138 x 10“ 1

[ 18 ]

GLASS, SODA-LIME ; liquid; (Lillie 1); Si0 2 73.59%, Na 2 0 16.65%, CaO 9.76%.

specific heat : over the temperature range 850 to 1200 K, the specific

heat appears to be independent of temperature.

Cp(eal g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.3570

Cp(J g' 1 K"

1

) = 1.4937

heat content :

850 to 1200 K

qT“ q 273 8

= “ 68 • 81 + 0.3570 T

qT“ q 273 8 ^ 9

“664.46 + 1 .4937 T

[18]

GLASS, VYCOR ; solid; Si0 2 96.3%, B 2 0 3 2.9%, A1 2 0 3 0.4%, and other metal oxides 0.4%.

specific heat ; 0 - 306 °C, mean values

Cp(cal g” 1 K"

1 ) = 0.12393 + 1.4333 x 10‘ 4 T Cp(J g" 1 K"

1 ) = 0.51852 + 5.9969 x 10‘ 4 T

[ 14 ]
GRAPHITE;, ARTIFICIAL ; solid; National Carbon Co. spectroscopic grade.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C, average of 2 samples.

q (gross) - 7035.8 ± 2.4 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 32785 ± 10 J g” 1

[ 142 ]

GRAPHITE , BUCKINGHAM ; solid; 0.25% ash.

gross heat o f combustion : at 25 °C, corrected for ash content.

q (gross) = 7836.8 ± 2.0 J g” 1 q^(gross) = 32789 ± 8 J g” 1

[142]

GRAPHITE, CEYLON ; solid; 2.2% ash.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C, corrected for ash content.

q (gross) = 7825.0 ± 0.5 cal g" 3 q^(gross) = 32740 ± 2 J

g" 1

[142]

GRAPHITE, PY ROIYTl'C; solid; The total gas content is less than 1 ppm; [sample 1)

annealed at 2200 °C, having a density of 2^204 g ml

-1

; (sample 2) annealed

at 3000 °C, having a density of 2.265 g ml” 1

.

g ross heat of combustion : at 298 °K

(sample 1

q (gross) = 7844.9 ± 1.7 cal g

1 qJJ(gross) = 32823.1 ± 7.1 J g

1

(sample 2)

q (gross) - 7823.9 ± 3.0 cal g

1 q^(gross) - 32735.2 ± 12.6 J g" 1

[64]

GRAPHITE, TIC0NDER0GA ; solid; 0.33% ash.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C, corrected for ash content.

q (gross) = 7836.0 ± 1.0 cal g

3 q^(gross) = 32786 ± 4 J g

1

[142]

52
6REASE, APIEZON N ; solid; low vapor-pressure residues of paraffin of] distil iation

products.

specific heat : 1 to 20 K.

Cp - eA T

n

, where Cp Is In mJ g" 1 K and T is in K; values are valid to

± U. n

n

34

56

78

9

11

[69]

2.80019 x 10"?

-4.87887 x 10”*

3.81486 x 10" 3 -9.072917 x 10“ 4 9.76703 x 10" 5 -5.23844 x 10" 6 1.21072 x 10"?,

-3.12038 x 10

80 - 200 K

Cp(cal g" 1 K” 1

) = -1.4486 x 10” 2 + 2.3281 x 10" 3 T

- 8.0195 x 10” 6 T

2 + 1.8998 x 10

-8

T

3

Cp(J g _1

K”

1

) = -6.0609 x 10“ 2 + 9.7408 x 10“ 3 T . - 3.3554 x 10“ 5 T

2 + 7.9488 x IQ"8 T

3

[ 1 ]

In the temperature range 200-324 K, Cp Is anomalous; values are given below:

TOO Cp(cal g" 1 deg” 1

) Cp(J g” 1 d

200 0.2813 1.177

210 0.301 1.26

220 0.344 1.44

230 0.392 1.64

240 0.421 1.76

250 0.445 1.86

260 0.468 1.96

270 0.543 2.27

280 0.679 2.84

290 0.853 3.57

296 0.899 3.76

300 0.858 3.59

310 0.626 2.62

320 0.554 2.32

324 0.538 2.25

glass temperature : 236.5 ± 0.5 K or -36.7 ± 0.5 °C

[70]

53
GREASE, APIEZQN P ; solid; low vapor-pressure residues of paraffin oil distillation

products; average molecular weight 410 ± 70.

heat of vaporization : temperature range 40° to 160 °C.

L = 84.70 cal n~

J 1/ = 354.4 J g“ T

vapor pressure : temperature range 40° to 160 °C.

log] o P(Torr) = 13.91 - 7590 T~

1 log 10 P ( Pa ) = 16.03 - 7590 T"

1

[59]

GREASE, APIEZQN R ; solid; low vapor-pressure residues of paraffin oil distillation

products; average molecular weight 660 ± 100.

heat of vaporization : temperature range 40° to 160 °C.

L - 48.88 cal cf

1

L

V = 204.5 J g'i

v 3

vapor pressure : temperature range 40° to 160 °C.

1 og

0 P(Torr) = 12.54 - 7050 T

_1

log 10 P ( Pa ) = 14.66 - 7050 T'

1

[59]

GREASE, APIEZQN S ; solid; low vapor-pressure residues of paraffin oil distillation

products; average molecular weight 460 ± 60.

heat of vapo rization : temperature range 40° to 160 °C.

L - 70.08 calg 1

L

V

= 293.2 J g"l

v

3

vapor pressu re: temperature range 40° to 160 °C.

1 og

0 P(Torr) = 12.52 - 7045 T

-1 log j o P ( Pa ) = 14.64 - 7045 T"

1

[ 59]
GREASE, APIEZON T ; solid; low vapor-pressure residues of paraffin oil distillation

products; also contains an aluminum soap [1],

specific heat : specific heat Is anomalous between 205 and 320 K.

temperature (K) Cp(cal g" 1 K~

1 ) Cp(J

5 0.001035 0.0004330

50 0.07746 0.3241

100 0.1518 0.6351

150 0.2149 0.8991

200 0.2811 1.1761

220 0.362 1 .515

240 0.447 1 .870

260 0.498 2.084

280 0.526 2.201

300 0.517 2.163

320 0.5022 2.101

340 0.5180 2.167

350 0.5259 2.200

glass temperature: 209.5 t 1.0 K

-i

K"

1

)

[ 110]

[70]

INSULIN, BOVINE ZINC ; solid; the anhydrous material from beef pancreas made up of 16

amino acids arranged In two chains connected by sulfur bridges,

(Cso 8 H 752 0 i 50 N i 3 o s i 2 Zn ) • The ash content s 0.95%; zinc present (as ZnO) = 0.67%.

specific heat:

temperature (K) Cp(cal g” 1 K

-1

) Cp(J g" 1

10 0.00475 0.01987

100 0.1192 0.4987

200 0.2089 0.8740

250 0.2541 1.0632

298.15 0.2996 1 .2535

300 0.3014 1 .2611

[128]

55
IRON, CAST ; liquid; composition of cast iron: base iron (Fe), the compound cementite

(Fe 3 C), and alloying elements of graphite (C), and silicon (Si), and lesset

elements such as Mn, P, and S. A typical composition for ductile iron is

C = 3. 2-4. 2%, Si = 1.1-3. 5%, Mn = 0. 3-0.8%, P = 0.08%, S = 0.02%, and

remainder Fe.

heat content : The temperature range is 2600° to 2900 °F (^1400-1600 "C); T is in K; the equation applies to all cast iron and is the sum of individual

heat content equations where the lesser elements are ignored. X is weight

fraction of substance.

q

T

q

2 73

(cal g~ ] ) = (0.1758T - 1.08) X pe + (0.1758T - 2.98) X pe Q + (0.5002T + 830.2) X c + (0.2168T + 549.7) X $i

q T

-q 27 3 (J g" 1

) = (0.7357T - 4.53) X pe + (0.7357T - 12.47) X pe c + (2.0929T + 3473.5) X

c + (0.9072T + 2300.1) X

$

.

[63]

LEATHER ; solid; an animal skin or hide which has been permanently combined with a tanning agent; the tanning agent produces a transformation in the protein

composition of the skin rendering it resistant to putrefactive bacteria,

increasing its strength and abrasion resistance.

specific heat : 25 °C

moisture content, % Cp(cal g” 1 K

-1

) Cp(J g -1 K

_1

)

vegetable- tanned

0 0.3334 1 . 3949

1.15 0.3202 1.3397

1.32 0.3274 1.3698

2.59 0.3280 1.3724

3.85 0.3844 1.6083

6.20 0.3730 1.5606

7.83 0.3835 1 . 6046

9.31 0.3844 1 . 6083

10.81 0.4129 1.7276

chrome-tanned

0 0.3045 1.2740

1.98 0.2918 1.2209

3.69 0.3631 1.5192

7.59 0.3576 1.4962

9.39 0.3737 1.5636

11.07 0.3893 1.6288

13.46 0.3841 1.6071

14.96 0.4098 1.7146

chrome- re tanned

0 0.3404 1.4242

1.52 0.3287 1.3753

2.12 0.3266 1.3665

4.23 0.3448 1.4426

7.23 0.3458 1 . 4468

9.23 0.3474 1.4535

11.29 0.3606 1 . 5088

56

[ 78 ]
LIGNIN, LOBLOLLY PINE (Pinus Taeda L) WOOD ; solid; major (29.4% lignin [81]) non- carbohydrate constituent of wood; functions as a natural plastic binder for

cellulose fibers.

specific heat : 333 to 413 K; samples were oven-dried at 100 °C for 12 hours

before measurements were made.

Cp(cal q

-1 K"

1

) - 0.06133 + 7.7 x 10“ 4 T

Cp(J g“ r K"

1

) = 0.25660 + 3.22 x 10" 3 T

LIGNIN, HARDWOOD : solid; composition: carbon, 60%; hydrogen, 6%; oxygen, 34%;

empirical formula: C 10 H 12 042 * No general agreement prevails about the

structure of lignin. Studies show that a dloxyphenyl propyl grouping is an important part of the polymer.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

LIGNIN, SOFTWOOD : solid; composition: carbon, 64%; hydrogen, 6%; oxygen, 30%;

empirical formula: Ci 0 Hn 2 ° 3 „ 3 l no general agreement prevails about the

structure of lignin. Studies show that a dioxyphenyl propyl grouping is an important part of the polymer.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q w ( gross) = 6300 cal a" 1

q^( gross) = 26360 J g

1

[83]

q (gross)

q' (gross)

= 5900 cal g" 1 = 24685 J g

1

[ 101 , 102 ]

[ 101 , 102 ]

57
LIGNITE ; solid; lignite is also called Brown Coal; (sample 1) ultimate analysis: carbon,

68.32%; hydrogen, 4.00%; oxygen, 25.54%; nitrogen, 1.42%; sulfur, 0.72%;

proximate analysis: ash, 13.27%; moisture, 23.30%; volatile matter, 43.5%;

loss on air drying, 17.3%; (sample 2) ultimate analysis: carbon, 63.30%;

hydrogen, 3.32%; oxygen, 29.86%; nitrogen, 1.35%; sulfur, 2.17%; proximate

analysis: ash, 10.12%; moisture, 31.37%; volatile matter, 50.6%; loss on air

drying, 14.2%.

gross of heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(sample 1, ash free and moisture free)

q (gross) = 6132 cal g

1 q^(gross) = 25656 J g

(sample 1, as received)

q (gross) = 4503 cal g

1

q^( gross) = 18841 J g

1

(sample 2, ash free and moisture free)

q (gross) = 5353 cal g

1

q^ (gross) = 22399 J g

(sample 2, as received)

q (gross) - 3132 cal g

1 q^(gross) = 13104 J g

1

[47,48]

LUNAR MATERIAL; solid; (Sample 10057) Si0 2 , 36%; A1 2 0 3 , 11%; Ti02 , 12.5%; FeO, 20%;

Mg07 9.5%; CaO, 10%; Na 2 0, 0.59%; K2 0, 0.064%; Mn0 2 , 0.32%; Cr 2 0 3 , 0.95%;

vesicular basalt.

specific heat : 90 to 200 K

Cp ( ca 1 g

_1 K'

1

) = 0.04880 - 5,476 x 10'4 T o , + 9.030 x 10" 6 T

2 - 2.074 x 10‘ 8 T3

Cp( J g' 1 if

1

) = 0.20418 - 2.291 x 10" 3 T o 0 + 3.778 x 10' S r - 8.678 x 10" 8 T

3

200 to 350 K

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) = -0.03797 + 1.248 x 10' 3 T - 2.277 x 10" 6 T

2 + 1.743 x 10' 9 T

3

Cp(J g" 1 K'

1 ) = -0.15887 + 5,222 x 10" 3 T

q

- 9.527 x 10' 6 T

2 + 7.293 x 10" 9 T

3

[ 8 , 16 ]

58
LUNAR MATERIAL; solid; (Sample 10084) Si0 ? , 41.86%; TiO?, 7.56%; Al-,0^

T5754%; MnO, 0.21%; MgO, 7,82%; CaO, 12.08%; Na 2 0, 0.40%, KZ C,

0.11%; S, 0.15%; O2 O 3 , 0.32%; regolith soil.

13.55%; FeO,

< VJ 0/ , n A

• 1 j/», t 2 1

specific heat : 90 to 200 K

Cp(cal g

" 1 K'

1

) = 0.08584 - 1.343 x 10

" 3 T

+ 1.514 x 10" s J

2 - 3.620 x 10

'

8 T

3

Cp(J g

~

1 K"

1 ) = 0.35915 - 5.619 x 10

"

3 T , a + 6.335 x 10

~ 5 l

2

- 1.515 x 10

~ 7 T

3

200 to 350 K

Cp(cal g

” 1 K"

1

) = 0.03706 + 5.331 x 10

‘ 4 I _ n a - 1.273 x 10

"

7 T

2 - 3.131 x 10

“ 10 T

3

Cp(J g

' 1 K"

1

) = 0.15506 + 2.230 x !0

" 3 T a - 5.326 x 10

~ 7 T

2 - 1.310 x 10

" 9 T

3

[17]

MANURE, PIG ; solid; faeces from hogs; oven dried; 0% moisture.

gross heat of combustion ; assume values refer to room temperature.

q(gross) = 4280 cal g

" 1 q^(gross) = 17900 J g

[140]

NAPHTHA, ALASKA ; liquid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 86.3%; hydrogen, 13.7%; nitrogen,

0.3 ppm; sulfur, 99 ppm, total paraffins, 39^7%; total naphthenes, 39.6%;

total aromatics, 20.5%; density, 0.7703 g cm

”

3 at 24 °C; API gravity, 50.5.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 10841 cal g

" 1 q^(gross) = 45360 J g“*

[98]

NAPHTHA, AROMATIC ; liquid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 90.1%; hydrogen, 9.8%; sulfur,

760 ppm; total paraffins, 0.0%; total naphthenes, 0.0%; total aromatics, 83.1%;

total olefins, 16.9%; density, 0.8449; g cm

” 3 at 24 °C; API gravity, 34.5.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 10287 calq

” 1

qJJ(gross) = 43040 J g

*

L98]

59
NAPHTHA, HIGH BOILING ; liquid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 85.4%; hydrogen, 14.6%;

sulfur, 357 ppm; total paraffins, 59. 3% ; total naphthenes, 30.8%; total

aromatics, 9.9%; density, 0.7559; g cm" 3 at 24 °C; API gravity, 54.2.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 11217 ca^g’

1

qJJ(gross) = 46934 J g‘ r

[98]

NAPHTHA, JET ; liquid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 86.05%; hydrogen, 13.95%; sulfur,

132 ppm; total paraffins, 18.6%; total naphthenes, 69.8%; total aromatics,

10.6%; sulfur compounds, 1.0%; density, 0.7981; g cm"

3 at 24 °C; API

gravity, 44.4.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 11025 cala” 1 q^(gross) = 46129 J g~*

[98]

NAPHTHA, LOW BOILING ; liquid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 85.1%; hydrogen, 14.9%; sulfur,

376 ppm; total paraffins, 61.9%; total naphthenes, 30.6%; total aromatics, 7.6%;

density, 0.7559; g cm" 3 at 24 °C; API gravity, 59.9.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 11265 calg" 1 q^(gross) = 47132 J g" r

[98]

OIL, APIEZON C; liquid; low vapor-pressure residues of paraffin oil distillation

products; average molecular weight 450 ± 70.

heat of v aporization : 40° to 160 °C

L - 60.25 cal g" 1

l v

= 252.1 J g'*

v 3

vapor pressure : 40° to 160 °C

1oyio P(Torr) = 11.67 - 5925 T

1 log 10 P(Pa) = 13.79 - 5925 T"

1

[59]

60
OIL, APIEZON E ; liquid; low vapor-pressure residues of paraffin oil distillation

products; average molecular weight 290 ± 30.

heat of vaporization : 40° to 160 °C

L = 80.47 cal g

_1

L„ = 336.7 0 g" r v

3

vapor pressure : 40° to 160 °C

log 10 P(Torr) = 9.30 - 5100 T"

1

, logio P(Pa) = 11-42 - 5100 T"

1

[59]

OIL, CASTOR ; liquid, oil from seeds of the castor bean, Ricinus communis ; chief

constituent: glyceride of ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxyoleic acid) ; saponification

no. is 175-183; iodine no. Is 83 after heatino at 100 °C for 3 to 6 hours at

2-3 mm pressure; density is 0.945-0.965 § cm” 5 at 25 °C.

specific heat : 25° to 275 °C

Cp(cal g” 1 f

1

) = -1.265 + 0.01241 T - 2.8650 x 10" 5 T

2 + 2.264 x 10” 8 T

3 Cp(J g” r K”

1

) = -5.292 + 0.05192 T - 1.1987 x IQ'

4 T

2 + 9.474 x 1Q~ 8 T

3

[46]

61
OIL, CRUDE ; liquid; ADMEG, Zakum (export), specific gravity 60/60 °F = 0.8256, upper

pour point = -15 °C, wax content = 7.0 wt. %: Barrow Island, specific gravity

60/60 °F = 0.8399, upper pour point less than -50 °C, wax content less than

1 wt. %: Libyan (Tobruk export), specific gravity 60/60 °F = 0.8429, upper

pour point = 24 °C, wax content = 20.0 wt. %: Iranian Light (export), specific

gravity 60/60 °F = 0.8568, upper pour point = -21 °C, wax content = 7.0 wt. 1: Kuwait (export), specific gravity 60/60 °F = 0.8709, upper pour point = -32 °C, wax content s 5.5 wt. %: Iranian Heavy (export), specific gravity 60/60 °F = 0.8732, upper pour point = - 12 °C, wax content = 6.7 wt. %: Alaskan (North

Slope), specific gravity 60/60 °F = 0.8914, upper pour point = -1 °C, wax content = 6.5 wt. %.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 12400 - 21 OOd 2 cal g -1

qJJ(gross) = 51881.6 - 8786. 4d 2 J g" 1

where d is the specific gravity at 60/60 °F, equation assumes crude oil to

be water, ash, and sulfur free; combustion products are gaseous C0 2 and liquid

H 2 0.

q '(gross) = q (gross) - 0.01 q (gross)X + 22.5 (%S) cal g" 1

qj' (gross) = q^(gross) - 0.04

qJJ (gross)X + 94.1 (%S) J g

1

[130]

where qv

' (gross) is heat of combustion at constant volume of crude oil

yielding ash, gaseous C0 2

, S0 2 , and liquid H 2 0 as combustion products;

X = (%H 2 Q + %ash + %S)

isothermal compressibility : 10 5 bar = 1 Pa

ADMEG/Zakum/( export)

T(°C) = 4.44 15.56 37.78 60.00 76.67

elPa'M = 7.45 7.89 9.19 10.40 11.58

Barrow Island

T(°C) = 4.44 15.56 37.78 60.00 76.67

B(Pa

_1

) = 7.28 7.83 9.06 10.10 11.18

Libyan (Tobruk export)

T(°C) = 37.78 50.00 60.00 76.67

e<Pa‘

1 ) - 8.59 8.92 9.41 10.31

Iranian Light ( ex port

T(°C) = 4.44 15.56 37.78 60.00 76.67

6(Pa‘‘) = 6.71 7.14 8.26 9.62 10.66

Iranian Heavy ( export)

T(°C) = 4.44 15.56 37.78 60.00 76.67

6(Pa

_1

) - 6.37 6.90 8.04 9.11 10.10

62
Kuwait (export)

T(°C) = 4.44 15.56 37.78 60.00 76.67

BfPa'

1

) = 6.46 6.83 8.03 9.06 10.20

Alaskan (North Slope)

T(°C) - 4.44 15.56 37.78 60.00 76.67

B( Pa"

1

) = 6.18 6.22 7.25 8.26 9.11

[130]

specific heat : The equation provided is based on over 100 measurements made

at the National Bureau of Standards over the temperature range 0 to 204 °C.

The experimental results differ from the values calculated from this equation

by less than 2%, with a maximum deviation of 4%; oils from mixed base crudes

are in good agreement ; oils from paraffin base crudes are systematically

high by about 2%; oils from naphthene base crudes are systematical ly low

by about 2%.

d is the specific gravity at 60°/60 °F,

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) = (0.1811 + 8.1 x 10“ 4 T)/d**

Cp(J g" 1 K"

1

) = (0.7577 + 3.39 x 10’ 3 T)/d*

[130]

OIL, FUEL ; liquid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 86.9%; hydrogen, 13.1%; sulfur, 172 ppm;

'total paraffins, 29.8%; total naphthenes, 45.6%; total aromatics, 22.4%; sulfur

compounds, 1.3%; density, 0.8553; g cm" 3 at 24 °C; API gravity 33.0.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 9763 cal q” 1 (gross) = 40847 J g

1

[98]

OIL, GAS ; liquid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 86.5%; hydrogen, 13.4%; sulfur, 261 ppm;

nitrogen, 3 ppm; total paraffins, 38,8%; total naphthenes, 41.5%; total aromatics,

17.2%; sulfur compounds, 2.4%; density, 0.8415; g cm" 3 at 24 °C; API gravity,

35.3.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) s 10977 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 45927 J g"-

[ 98 ]

63
OIL, LEYBOLD F ; liquid; a mixture of hydrocarbons prepared by Leybold Koln; average

molecular weight 360 ± 50.

heat of vaporization : temperature range 40° to 160 °C.

L = 69.02 cal g

" 1

1/ = 288.8 J g'l

vapor pressure : temperature range 40° to 160 °C.

log 10 P(Torr) = 10.43 - 5430 T'

1 log 10 P(Pa) = 12.55 - 5430 T'

1

[59]

OIL, LEYBOLD H ; liquid; a mixture of hydrocarbons prepared by Leybold Koln; average

molecular weight 385 ± 40.

heat of vaporization : temperature range 40° to 160 °C.

L = 70.12 cal g

' 1

L

V

= 293.4 J g"l

v

a

vapor pressure : temperature range 40° to 160 °C.

log 10 PfTorr) = 11.82 - 5900 T

'

1 log 10 P(Pa) » 13.95 - 5900 T" ]

[59]

OIL, LINSEED ; liquid; (flaxseed oil); obtained from dried seeds of flax, Linum

usitatissiumum (Linaceae) ; chief constituents are glycerides of linoleic

(^61.53»), linolenic (^25.0%), palmitic (^5%), oleic (^5%), and stearic

(%3.5%) acids; iodine no. 172.1, density 0.930 - 0.938 g cm

-3

.

specific heat : sample was heated at 100 °C for 3 to 6 hours under a pressure

of 2-3 mm of Hg to remove moisture; equations valid 30 to 270 °C.

Cp(cal g

~

1 K_]

) = -0.4606 + 6.4288 x 10

"

3 T

- 1.4922 x 10

'

5 T

2 + 1.2492 x 10

' 8 T

3

Cp(J g

~ 1 K'

1 ) = -1.9272 + 2.6898 x 10

" 2 T

- 6.2434 x 10

‘

5 T

2 + 5.2267 x 10

" 8 T

3

[46]

OIL, LUBRICATING, P-10 ; liquid; chief ingredient is di- (2-ethyl hexyl ) sebacate

[C 22 H 50 O 4 ] > other ingredients are Plexol 201, rust inhibitor, and antioxidant.

vapor pressure: 20 - 108 °C

log, o P(Torr) = 7.23 - 4109 T

~

1

log,,, P ( Pa ) = 9.36 - 4109 T

" 1

[ 7 ]
OIL, NEATSFOOT ; liquid; pale yellow oil obtained by boiling the shin bones and feet

(hoofs removed) of cattle in water; oil is separated from fat obtained.

specific heat : 25 °C

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.5191

Cp(J g'l K'

1

) = 2.1719

[78]

OIL , PARAFFIN ; liquid; repeating unit: CHj 891 .

gross heat of combustion : 25 °C

q (gross) = 10984 cal q” 1

qJJ(gross) = 45957 J g“*

[24]

OIL, PERILLA ; liquid; obtained from seeds of Peril la ocimoides ; chief constituents are glycer.des of linoleic (<39%) linolenic (^46^) acids, with small amounts of

palmitic ('\£%) and oleic (8%) acids; density 0.93 - 0.94 g cm” 3

; before

measurement oil was heated at 100 °C for 3 to 6 hours at 2-3 mm of Hg to remove moisture; iodine no. 186.2.

specific heat : 6° to 270 °C

Cp(cal q~ 1 K"

1

) = 0.4082 - 2.410 x 10“ 4 T + 1.000 x 10" 6 T

2 Cp(J g'l K" 1

) - 1.7081 - 1.008 x 10' 3 I + 4.184 x 10“ 6 T

2

[46]

OIL, TUNG ; liquid; a yellow drying oil from the nuts of the trees Aleuri tes cordata

and Aleurites fordii ; glycerides of eleostearic (%80%); palmitic

stearic (^1%); and oleic (^15%) acids; density 0.936 - 0.942 g cm"

3

; before

measurement oil was heated at 100 °C for 3 to 6 hours at 2-3 mm of Hg pressure

to remove moisture; iodine no. 154.4.

specific heat : 20° to 200 °C

Cp(cal g” 1 K"

1

) = -0.6053 + 7.0447 x 10~ 3 T

- 1.5461 x 10“ 5 T

2 + 1.2178 x 1Q~ 8 T

3

Cp(J g" 1 K"

1

) = -2.5324 + 2.9475 x 10~ 2 T

- 6.4687 x 10' 5 T

2 + 5.0954 x 10" 8 T

3

[46]

65
PAPER, BROWN ; solid; Ultimate analysis in percent by weight; carbon, 44.90%; hydrogen,

6.08%; oxygen, 47.84%; nitrogen, 0.00%; sulfur, 0.11%; ash, 1.07%; proximate

analysis as received in percent by weight; moisture, 5.83%; volatile matter,

83.92%; fixed carbon, 9.24%; ash, 1.01%.

g ross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) = 4034 cal g" 1 (gross) = 16877 J g* 1

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 4284 cal

g

1

q^ (gross) = 17924 J g

1

[62]

PAPE R , CORRUGATED BOX ; solid; Ultimate analysis in percent by weight; carbon, 43.73%;

hydrogen, 5.70; oxygen, 44.93%; nitrogen, 0.09%; sulfur, 0.21%; ash, 5.34%;

proximate analysis as received in percent by weight; moisture, 5.20%; volatile

matter, 77.47%; fixed carbon, 12.27%; ash, 5.06%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) = 3915 cal q" 1

qJJ(gross) = 16382 J g

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 4130 cal g -1

q^ (gross ) = 17280 J g

1

[62]

PAPER, FOOD CARTONS ; solid; Ultimate analysis in percent by weight; carbon, 44.74%;

hydrogen, 6.10%; oxygen, 41.92%; nitrogen, 0.15%; sulfur, 0.16%; ash, 6.93%;

proximate analysis as received in percent by weight; moisture, 6.11%;

volatile matter, 75.59%; fixed carbon, 11.80%; ash, 6.50%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) = 4035 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 16882 J g

(dry basis)

q (gross) - 4297 cal g -1

qJJ(gross) = 17980 J g

1

[62]

66
PAPER, JUNK MAIL ; solid; Ultimate analysis in percent by weight; carbon, 3/. 8/*; nyarogen,

5.41%; oxygen, 42.74%; nitrogen, 0.17%; sulfur, 0.09%; ash, 13.72%; proximate

analysis as received in percent by weight; moisture, 4.56%; volatile matter,

73.32%; fixed carbon, 9.03%; ash, 13.09%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) = 3385 cal g” 1 (gross) = 14161 J g

1

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 3546 cal

q^(gross) = 14835 J g

1

[62]

PAPER, MAGAZINE ; solid; Ultimate analysis in percent by weight; carbon, 32.91%; hydrogen,

4.95%; oxygen, 38.55%; nitrogen, 0.07%; sulfur, 0.09%; ash, 23.43%; proximate

analysis as received in percent by weight; moisture, 4.11%; volatile matter,

66.39%; fixed carbon, 7.03%; ash, 22.47%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) = 2921 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 12221 J g

1

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 3046 cal q“ 2 q^(gross) = 12746 J g

[ 62 ]

PAPER, NEWSPRINT ; solid; Ultimate analysis in percent by weight; carbon, 49.14%; hydrogen,

6.10%; oxygen, 43.03%; nitrogen, 0.05%; sulfur, 0.16%; ash, 1.52%; proximate

analysis as received in percent by weight; moisture, 5.97%; volatile matter,

81.12%; fixed carbon, 11.48%; ash, 1.43%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) = 4433 cal g" 1

q^ (gross) = 18548 J g

1

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 4714 cal g.

1

q^ (gross ) = 19724 J g

1

[ 62 ]

67
PAPER, PLASTIC COATED ; solid; Ultimate analysis in percent by weight; carbon, 45.30%;

hydrogen, 6.17%; oxygen, 45.50%; nitrogen, 0.18%; sulfur, 0.08%; ash, 2.77%;

proximate analysis as received in percent by weight; moisture, 4.71%; volatile

matter, 84.20%; fixed carbon, 8.45%; ash, 2.64%.

gross heat of combustion ; assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) = 4081 cal g" 1

q^ (gross ) = 17075 J g^ 1

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 4282 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 17917 J g

[62]

PAPER, MAXED MILK CARTONS ; solid; Ultimate analysis in percent by weight; carbon,

59.18%; hydrogen, 9.25%; oxygen, 30.13%; nitrogen, 0.12%; sulfur, 0.10%;

ash, 1.22%; proximate analysis as received in percent by weight; moisture,

3.45%; volatile matter, 90.92%; fixed carbon, 4.46%; ash, 1.17%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) = 6297 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 26347 J g

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 6522 cal a

1

qJJ(gross) = 27289 J g

1

[62]

68
PEAT ; solid; highly organic soil containing partially decomposed vegetable matter and

having more than 50% combustible content.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

sample 1; air dried; moisture, 8.68%; volatile material; 50.92%; fixed carbon,

23.79%; ash, 16.61%; sulfur, 0.99%.

q (gross) = 4182 cal g" 1

q

v (gross) = 17496 J g

[47]

sample 2; brown fibrous; air dried; moisture, 6.34%; ash, 7.93%; sulfur, 0.69%.

q (gross) = 5161 cal g” 1 q^(gross) s 21594 J g“~

[53]

sample 3; black; air dried; moisture, 6.62%; ash, 24.44%; sulfur, 0.65%.

q (gross) * 3992 cal f

1 q^(gross) = 16703 J g

1

[53]

sample 4; brown; air dried; moisture, 12.10%; ash, 7.22%; sulfur, 0.83%.

q, (gross) = 4269 cal g" 1 (gross) s 17861 J g

1

[53]

PLANTS

ALGAE ; solid; chlorophyl-bearing organisms occurring in both salt and fresh water;

contain minerals, proteins, lipids, amino acids; a source of iodine.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are corrected for moisture and ash content.

Ulva rigida (green alga)

q (gross) = 3750 cal g“ 2 q^(gross) = 15690 J g" 1

Alaria nana (brown)

q (gross) - 3250 cal g” 1

9y(gross) = 13598 J g~'

Fucus dlstichus (brown)

q (gross) = 3430 cal g" 1

q^ (gross) = 14351 J g

1

[73]

69
PLANTS

GRASS, LAWN CLIPPINGS ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 43.65%; hydrogen, 6.74%;

oxygen, 33.33%; nitrogen, 4.22%; sulfur, 0.40%; ash, 6.19%; moisture,

5.47%; proximate analysis as received: moisture, 5.47%; volatile matter,

71.16%; fixed carbon, 17.18%; ash, 6.19%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(air dried at 80 °C)

q (gross) = 4369 cal g" 1

9^ (gross ) = 18277 J g

1

(as received)

q (gross) = 1144 cal g" 1

qj (gross) = 4787 J g" 1

[62,84]

HERBS, ALPINE TUNDRA ; solid; samples of 20 species of herbs were collected in the

alpine tundra of Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. Mean lipid content was 1.43 ± 0.1% of volatile- free dry weight. Samples ground and oven-dried

at 80 °C.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are corrected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 4601 ± 29 cal g"!

q^ (gross) = 19251 ± 121 J g

[61]

LEAVES, TREE, RIPE HARDWOOD MIXTURE ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 52.15%; hydrogen,

6.11%; oxygen, 30.34%; nitrogen, 6.99%; sulfur, 0.16%; ash, 4.25%; proximate

analysis as received: moisture, 9.97%; volatile matter, 66.92%; fixed carbon,

19.29%; ash, 3.82%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) = 4439 cal g" 1 qjj(gross) = 18571 J g

1

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 4930 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 20629 J g

1

[62]

70
PLANTS

MOSSES, ALPINE TUNDRA ; solid; samples of 7 species of mosses were collected in the

alpine tundra of Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. Mean lipid content was 1.0% of the volatile-free dry weight. Samples were ground and air-dried

at 80 °C.

gross heat of combustion ; assume values refer to room temperature, and are corrected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 4410 ± 70 cal g" 1

q^ (gross ) = 18450 + 293 J g' 1

[61J

PLANTS, FLOWER GARDEN ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 46.65%; hydrogen, 6.61%;

oxygen, 40.18%; nitrogen, 1.21%; sulfur, 0.26%; ash, 5.09%; proximate

analysis as received: moisture, 53.94%; volatile matter, 35.64%; fixed

carbon, 8.08%; ash, 2.34%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) = 2055 cal q -1

q^ (gross ) = 8599 J g“l

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 4462 cal g~

] q^(gross) = 18671 J g

1

[62]

PLANTS, VASCULAR AQUATIC ; solid; plants taken from Par Pond, U.S. AEC Savannah River

Plant, near Aiken, South Carolina; samples dried at 60 °C and pulverized to pass 40 mesh screen.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

Species Protein Content q (gross)

„ nr\r\ « ...4- \ V

Typha 1 at i folia

g (100 g dry wt.

)

4.0

v

~

4262 cal g' 1 17832 J g Hydrotrida carolinensis 10.5 4058 16979

Brasenia schreberi 10.9 4026 16845

Utricularia inflata 11.4 4023 16832

Nelumbo lutea 12.1 4227 17686

Myriophyllum heterophyllura 13.5 3961 16573

Eleocharis acicularis 14.1 4256 17807

Najas guadalupensis 14.4 3918 16393

Nymphaea odorata 14.6 4180 17489

Ceratophyllum demensum 17.1 3906 16343

Nuphar advena 21.6 4315 18054

[113]

71
PLANTS

SHRUBS, DECIDUOUS, ALPINE TUNDRA ; solid; samples of 9 species of shrubs were collected

in the alpine tundra of Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. Mean lipid content, was 1.97 ± 0.3% of the volatile-free dry weight. Samples were ground and oven- dried at 80 °C.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature, and are corrected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 4932 ± 33 cal g" 1

q^ (gross) = 20635 ± 138 J g’ 1

[61]

SHRUBS, EVERGREEN, ALPINE TUNDRA ; solid; samples of 11 species of shrubs were collected

in the alpine tundra of Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. Mean lipid content

is 3.72 ± 0.5% of the volatil e-free dry weight. Samples were ground and

oven-dried at 80 °C.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature, and are corrected for moisture and ash content.

q (gross) = 5098 ± 48 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 21330 ± 201 J g" 1

[61]

SHRUBS, EVERGREEN, CUTTINGS ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 48.51%; hydrogen,

6.54%; oxygen, 40.44%; nitrogen, 1.71%; sulfur, 0.19%; ash, 2.61%; proximate

analysis as received: moisture, 69.00%; volatile matter, 25.18%; fixed carbon,

5.01%; ash, 0.81%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross ) = 1 505 cal _g" 1 q^(gross) = 6299 J g" 1

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 4856 cal g"" 1 q^(gross) = 20318 J g

1

[62]

72
POLYMERS

BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER, GL-622 ; solid; composition: carbon 90.100%; hydrogen, 9.710%;

sulfur, 0.081%; oxygen, 0.14%; ash, 0.111%; styrene, 42.98%; phenyl-Bnaphthylamine 0.1%; polymerized at 50 °C.

specific heat :

Temperature (K) Cp(cal g""1 K"

1

) Cp(J g" 1 k"

5 0.00081 0.0034

50 0.076 0.318

100 0.136 0.569

150 0.190 0.794

200 0.244 1 .022

220 0.268 1 .122

255 0.405 1 .694

for temperature range

:

255 c‘ - 330 °K

Cp(cal g” 1 K'

1

) = 0.316 + 4.,37 x 10‘ 5 T + 1.195 x 10" 6 T

2 Cp(J g" 1 K'

1

) = 1.322 + 1.,83 x 10“ 4 T + 5.000 x 10" 6 T

2

[ 121 ]

BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER, X-454 ; solid; composition: carbon 88.869%; hydrogen,

1 0 . 872% ; sulfur, 0.056%; oxygen, 0.235%; ash, 0.18%; styrene, 8.58%;

phenyl-6-naphthylamine, 0.1%; polymerized at 5 °C.

specific heat :

Temperature (K) Cp(cal g” 1 K'

1

) Cp(J g -1 K

50 0.084 0.351

100 0.153 0.464

150 0.220 0.92

200 0.373 1 .56

250 0.423 1.77

300 0.464 1 .94

330 0.485 2.03

[ 122 ]

73
POLYMERS

BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER, X-478 ; solid; composition: carbon, 89.443%; hydrogen,

10.4008%; sulfur, 0.048%; oxygen, 0.15%; ash, 0.098%; styrene, 22.61%;

phenyl -8-naphthyl amine, 0.1%; polymerized at 5 °C.

specific heat :

Temperature (K) Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) Cp(J g" 1 K

15 0.016 0.067

50 0.081 0.338

100 0.147 0.617

150 0.209 0.874

195 0.262 1 .096

225 0.405 1 .693

225 to 330 °K

Cp(cal g" 1 K" 1

) = 0.3337 + 6.29 x 10' 5 T + 1.1205 x 10" 6 T

2 Cp(J g' 1 K' 1

) = 1.396 + 2.632 x 10" 4 T + 4.6882 x 10~ 6 T

2

[ 121 ]

BUTENE-1 -POLYSULFONE ; solid; repeating unit: C 4 H 8 0 2 S.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C

q (gross) = 5748.3 ± 3.8 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 24050.9 .! 15.9 J g _1

[28]

ci s -BUTENE- 2- POLYSULFONE ; solid; repeating unit: C 4 H

80 2 S.

gross heat of combu stion: at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 5744.6 i 2.6 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 24035.4 + 10.9 J g -1

[28]

tra ns -BUTENE -2- POLYSULFON E ; solid; repeating unit: C 4 H 80 2 S.

gros s heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 5745.7 i 2.5 cal g

1 q^(gross) - 24040.0 ± 10.5 J g

1

[ 28 ]

74
POLYMERS

iso-BUTENE PQLYSULFONE (_2 -methyl propene polysulfone) ; solid; repeating unit: C 4 H 80 2 S.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 C C.

q (gross) = 5753.2 ± 2.9 cal g“J

q^(gross) s 24071.4 ± 12.1 J g“

[28]

DELRIN; solid; (polyoxymethylene) ; E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co. trade name; crystallized

resin granules, 99.3%; unspecified organic additives 0.7%; repeating unit: CH :,0.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) - 4047.1 ±0.8 cal g"’ 1

q

V (gross) = 16933.3 ± 3.3 J g*

[30]

DICYANDIAMIDE (TECHNICAL) ; solid; elementary analysis; carbon, 28.97%; hydrogen, 4.44%;

nitrogen, 66.60%; formula C 2 H 4 N 4

.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

unhardened

q (gross) = 3735.4 ± 1.7 cal gTM 1 qj(gross) = 15628.9 ± 7.1 J g

hardened

q (gross) = 3762.4 ± 2.1 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 15741.9 ± 8.8 J g

[60]

DURETHAN 020 ; solid; a polyurethane from 1 ,4-butanediol and hexamethyldi isocyanate;

formula 022^ 22^ 4 ^ 2

°

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 6221.4 ± 1.9 cal g” 1 (gross) = 26030.3 ± 7.9 J g

[60]

EPILQX E61 a HARDENED ; solid; empirical formula CogH^nOg 5 ; the unhardened resin plus

phthalic anhydride.

g ross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 7233.9 ± 1.9 cal cT

1 (gross ) = 30266.6 ± 7.9 J g

[60]

75
POLYMERS

EPILOX EG1 , UNHARDENED ; solid; elementary analysis; carbon, 74.74%; hydrogen, 7.27%;

oxygen, 17.99%; a diepoxide from epichlorhydrin plus 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl-2,2‘-

propane; empirical formula C 3 iH 360 5>5 .

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 7867.0 ± 2.5 cal g”!

(gross ) - 32915.5 ± 10.5 J g"

[60]

LUCITE ; solid; (polymethylmethacrylate); (E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company trade name);

repeating unit C 5 H 80 2.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 6367.8 ± 2.3 cal

g -1

q^(gross) = 26642.9 ± 9.6 J g

1

[60]

specific heat : assume values refer to room temperature.

Cp(cal q

_

K _1

) = 0.343

Cp(J g" T K -1

) = 1.435

[43]

2

5-METHYLOLMELAMINE , HARDENE D; solid; elementary analysis; carbon, 34.19%; hydrogen,

5.27%; oxygen, 17.07%; nitrogen, 43.47%; empirical formula C n H 200 M N 12 ; a melamineformaldehyde polymer.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 3861.6 ± 1.3 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 16156.9 ± 5.4 J g

[60]

2,5-METHYLOLMELAMINE, UNHARDENED ; solid; elementary analysis; carbon, 32.70%; hydrogen,

5.53t; oxygen, 20.51%; nitrogen, 41.26%; empirical formula C 5t5 H 11 0 2 . 5 N 6 ; a

inel amine- formaldehyde polymer.

g ross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 3721.8 ± 1.2 cal g

1

q^ (gross ) = 15572.0 ± 5.0 J g

1

[60]

76
POLYMERS

NORYL RESIN III ; solid; composition: polystyrene = 47%; polyphenylene oxide = 47%

polybutadiene = 5%; and polyethylene = 1%.

heat of fusion: between 83 and 103 °C.

L f = 0.2 cal g” 1

l

rf

= 0.8 J

specific heat:

temperature, °C Cp(cal g” 1 K"

1 ) Cp(J g

'

-79 0.178 0.745

+4 0.242 1 .013

+25 0.228 1 .205

+50 0.316 1 .322

+100 0.393 1 .644

+151 0.439 1 .837

+209 0.483 2.021

+246 0.503 2.105

specific heat change at glass transition temperature:

temperature, °C ACp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) ACp(j g" J

-61 0.005 0.021

+141 0.044 0.184

[127]

77
POLYMERS

NYLON-6 ; solid; (poly-e-caprolactam); repeating unit: C 6 H nN0.

gross heat of combustion : at 20 °C.

slow condensation

q (gross) = 7575 cal g” 1 (net) = 31694 J g* 1

rapid condensation

q (gross) = 7587 cal g

1 q^(gross) = 31744 J g

1

Mirainid H: 25 °C

q (gross) = 7454.1 ± 2.8 cal g -1 q^(gross) = 31188.0 ± 11.7 J g -1

[ 23 ]

[23]

[60]

specific heat : 0 - 160 °C; amorphous Nylon-6.

Cp(cal g' 1 deg

-1

) = -0.085 + 1.5 x 10~ 3 T Cp(J g _t deg" M

= -0.356 + 6.3 x 10" 3 T

[33]

melti ng point: maximum melting temperature is 225 °C (498 K)

heat of fusion: at 225 °C.

L

f - 45 cal g

- 188 J g

J

-

gla ss transition temperatures : of monomer present.

depends upon prior treatment of polymer and amount

Physi cal Form Transition Percent

Temp. (°C) Monomer

Present

Flake 45-48 1.7

Undrawn filaments 37 4 Pre-mel L annealed 38 4 Mel t annealed 20 1

[ 33 ]

78
POLYMERS

NYLON-6 ; liquid; (poly-e-caprolactam); repeating unit: C 6 H nN0.

specific heat :

160° to 280 °C.

Cp(cal g -1

K"

1

) = 0.485 + 3.36 x 10“ 4 T

Cp(J g" 1 K_1

) = 2.029 + 1.406 x 10“ 3 T

[ 33 ]

79
POLYMERS

NYLON-6,6 ; solid; ( polyhexamethyl eneadi pamide) ; repeating unit

wt. is 11000.

0 ) 2 ^ 22 ^ 2 ^ 2 * average mol

gross heat of combustion : at 20 °C.

q (gross) = 7581 cal g" 1

q

V (gross) = 31719 J g

1

Ultramid A

q (gross) = 7543.8

q^ (gross ) = 31563.3

2.4 cal

L 10.0 J

[23]

[60]

specific heat : 0 °C to 280 °C

iperature, °C Cp(cal g” 1 K

_1

) Cp(J g" 1

1 Annealed

0 0.311 1 .301

20 0.333 1 .393

40 0.367 1.536

60 0.424 1.774

80 0.468 1.958

100 0.505 2.113

120 0.548 2.293

140 0.583 2.439

160 0.642 2.686

180 0.620 2.594

200 0.646 2.703

220 0.664 2.778

240 0.80 3.347

250 1.13 4.728

260 2.75 11 .51 270 1.3 5.439

280 0.75 3.138

Drawn

0 0.302 1 .264

20 0.345 1 .443

40 0.376 1.573

60 0.420 1.757

80 0.458 1 .916

100 0.479 2.004

120 0.503 2.105

140 0.528 2.209

160 0.542 2.268

180 0.560 2.343

200 0.582 2.435

220 0.567 2.372

240 0.676 2.828

250 1.55 6.485

260 6.5 27.20

270 1 .35 5.648

280 0.75 3.138

K’

1

)

80

[ 34 ]
POLYMERS

melting point :

Ribbon Undrawn

Filaments

Drawn

Filaments

Annealed

M.P. , °C 263 264 259 262

Melting 25 40 18 30

Range, °C

Heat of fusion:

Ribbon Drawn Filaments Annealed

L -(cal g" 1 ) 29.0

Lj(J 9" ?

) 121.3

29.5

165.3

33.3

139.3

[34]

NYLON-6, 10 ; solid; ribbon; (polyhexamethylenesebacamide) ; repeating unit: C 16H 30N 2 02;

average mol. wt. 9250.

specific heat : ribbon

Temperature, °C Cp(cal g” 1 K"

1 ) Cp(J g =1

0- 0.327 1.368

20 0.373 1 .561

40 0.420 1 .757

60 0.486 2.033

80 0.512 2.142

100 0.518 2.167

120 0.531 2.222

140 0.561 2.347

160 0.592 2.477

180 0.588 2.460

200 0.686 2.870

220 1.95 8.159

240 0.737 3.084

250 0.639 2.674

260 0.627 2.623

270 0.632 2.644

280 0.639 2.674

melting point :

M.P. = 225 °C; melting range 30°-40 °C

heat of fusion : ribbon

L f (cal g -1

) = 26.3

L^(J g"M = 110.0

81
POLYMERS

PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN, HARDENED (EDELKUNSTHARZ B) ; solid; empirical formula:

C i 3H

2 0 2

-

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 7554.3 ± 2.1 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 31607.2 + 8.8 J g

1

[60J

PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN, UNHARDENED ; solid; empirical formula C 14 H 14 0 3

.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 7204.2 ± 2.0 cal g _1

q^(gross) = 30142.4 ± 8.4 J g

[60]

POLYACENAPHTHYLENE ; solid; amorphous; repeating unit: C 12 H 8 ; degree of polymerization

% 600 units.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 9388.0 ± 2.0 cal

g

1 q^(gros^) = 39279.4 ± 8.4 J g

fc25]

POLYALLYLPHTHALATE ; solid; empirical formula C 14 H 14 0.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 6629.8 ± 2.1 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 27739.1 ± 8.8 J g

1

L60]

POLYBUTADIENE 41 °F ; solid; Analysis: carbon, 88.47%; hydrogen, 11.160%; sulfur, 0.083%

oxygen, 0.12%; ash, 0.34%; phenyl-B-naphthaylamine, 0.10%; Repeating unit:

c,A.

specific heat :

Temperature, K Cp(cal g' 1 K _1

) Cp(J g" 1 K"

1 )

50 0.08532 0.3570

100 0.15832 0.6624

150 0.22416 0.9379

200 0.359 1.50

250 0.433 1.81

300 0.471 1.97

330 0.4940 2.067

[108]

82
POLYMERS

POLYBUTADIENE 122 °F ; solid; Analysis: carbon, 88. 66$; hydrogen, 11.180%; sulfur, 0.150%;

• oxygen, 0.145%; ash, .097%; phenyl -e-naphthyl amine, 0.12%; repeating unit:

c 4 h 6

.

specific heat :

Temperature, K Cp(cal g” 1 K”

1

) Cp(J g~ 3

50 0.08640 0.3615

100 0.15777 0.6601

150 0.22299 0.9330

200 0.3967 1 .66

250 0.4326 1.81

300 0.4680 1 .958

330 0.4919 2.058

[108]

POLY-1 -BUTENE ; solid; isotactic; 34% crystallinity; repeating unit: C 4 H

8 ; degree of

polymerization -v 800 units.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

CLCgross) s 11109.4 ± 0.5 cal q” 1 qjj(gross) = 46481.7 ± 2.1 J g“ !

[25]

PQLY-iso-BUTENE ; (Sample 1) viscous liquid; molecular weight -v 4900; (Sample 2) amorphous

solid, rubberlike; molecular weight -v. 200000; 0.033% ash; (Sample 3) solid;

Opanol B 100; repeating unit: C 4 H 8.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C

Sample 1

q (gross) = 11179.8 ± 1.3 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 46776.3 ± 5.4 J g

*

Sample 2

q (gross) = 11175.8 ± 2.0 cal gf

3 q^(gross) = 46759.5 ± 8.3 J g" ;

Sample 3

q (gross) = 11179.1 ± 4.3 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 46773.4 ± 18.0 J g

1

[29]

[29]

[ 60 ]
POLYMERS

POLY-1 ,1 -DICHLOROETHYLENE (.polyvinyl idene chloride) ; solid; repeating unit: C,H,C1>;

purity 99.9 moi %.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 2515.1 ± 2.1 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 10523.2 ± 8.8 J g

[31]

POLY-1 ,1 -DIFLUOROETHYLENE (polyvinyl idene fluoride) ; solid; repeating unit: C 2 H 2 F 2 ; particle size 100 mesh.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 3529.1 ± 0.4 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 14765.8 ± 1.7 J g

1

[32]

P£ILY-2 > 6-DIMETHYLPHENYLENE ETHER ; solid; repeating unit: C

8 H 8 0; 20% crystallinity;

J degree of polymerization ^ 300 units.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 8273.2 ± 1.4 cal g -1

q

V (gross ) = 34615.1 ± 5.9 J g" 1

[25]

POLY- 4

,4' -PI OX YDI PHENYL-2, 2- PROPANE CARBONATE ; solid; anpirical formula C ]6 H llf 0 3

.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

PKU T 22

q (gross) - 7408.7 ± 2.1 cal g" 1

q

V (gross) = 30998.0 ± 8.8 J g

1

[60]

Lexan ; 20% crystallinity; degree of polymerization % 150 units.

q (gross) = 7392.9 ± 1.4 cal g" 1

q

v (gross) = 30931.9 ± 5.9 J g

1

[25]

Makrol on ; solid.

q (gross) = 7408.7 ± 2.0 cal

g -1 q^(gross) = 30998.0 ± 8.4 J g

1

[60]

84
POLYMERS

POLY-e-ENANTHOLACTAM ; solid; repeating unit: CtH 13N0.

gross heat of combustion : at 20 °C.

q (gross) = 7977.2 ± 5.5 cal g

1

qJJ(gross) = 33376.6 ± 23.0 J g' 1

[23]

POLYETHYLENE ; solid; NBS Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1475; linear polymer;

wt.-ave. molecular weight is 52000; methyl group content is 0.15 methyl groups

per 100 carbon atoms; ash content 0.002 percent; 111 ppm of anti-oxidant

[tetrakis-(methylene-3-(3‘ , 5

1 -di- tert- butyl -4' -hydroxphenyl ) propionate)

methane] added to polymer by manufacturer (E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co.);

density at 23 °C is 0.9784 g cm"

3

; degree of crystal 1 inity detd. to be 72

percent; repeating unit: C 2 H 4

.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

SRM 1475, crystallinity 72%;

q (gross) - 11073.7 ± 2.1 cal a*’

1

q^ (gross) = 46332.4 ± 8.8 J g”*

SRM 1475 modified by recrystallization under high pressure; crystallinity 96%.

q [gross-) = 11058.6 ± 2.0 cal g“ 3 q^(gross) = 46269.1 ± 8.1 J g"^

[40]

specific heat : SRM 1475

Temperature, K Cp(cal g" 1 K”

1

) Cp(J g" 1

10 0.0029 0.0123

100 0.1632 0.6829

200 0.2839 1.1877

250 0.3537 1 .4800

273.15 0.3936 1.6468

298.15 0.4376 1 .8308

320 0.4790 2.0040

360 0.5904 2.4702

[ 120]
POLYMERS

POLYETHYLENE ; solid; (sample 1) high pressure; molecular weight 18000-20000; crystallinity 50%; (sample 2) linear; Marlex; crystallinity 98%; (sample 3) low density;

(sample 4) high density, Mirathen H; repeating unit: C 2 H 4

.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

sample 1

q (gross) = 11093.6 ± 0.8 calg -1

q^(gross) = 46415.6 ± 3.3 J g~*

sample 2

q (gross) = 11080.9 ± 2.0 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 46362.5 ± 8.4 J g~*

sample 3

q (gross) = 11042.7 ± 3.5 cal

g _1

q^ (gross ) = 46202.7 ± 14.6 J g

1

sample 4

q (gross) = 11102.9 ± 4.6 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 46485.5 ± 19.2 J g

[29]

[30]

[60]

[60]

POLY-g-METHYL STYRENE ; solid; anionic; amorphous; samples with different degrees of

polymerization, %34000 units and 0,13000 units gave the same heat of combustion;

repeating unit: C 9 H 10 .

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 10111.8 ± 2.8 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 42307.8 ± 11.7 J g

1

[25]

%

86
POLYMERS

POLYPROPYLENE ; solid; repeating unit: C 3 H 6

.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

isotactic; 58% crystallinity

q (gross) = 11082.4 ± 2.2 cal q” 1 qjtgross) = 46368.8 ± 9.2 J g

-

?

[30]

degree of polymerization ^ 4000 units

q (gross) = 11080.5 ± 2.2 cal g -1 q^(gross) = 46360.8 ± 9.2 J g

*

[30]

Polypropylene V K1 66 3 untangled

q (gross) = 11021.2 ± 5.1 cal q* 1 qj(gross) = 46112.7 ± 21.3 J g

1

[60]

POLYSTYRENE : solid; repeating unit: C

8 H 8

.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

isotactic, 40% crystallinity

QwCgross) = 9909.9 ± 3.1 cal g" 1

q^ (gross ) = 41463.0 ± 13.0 J g' 1

isotactic, amorphous

q (gross) - 9918.5 ± 2.4 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 41499.0 ± 10.0 J g” 1

atactic, amorphous

q (gross) = 9921.2 ± 1.4 cal q“ 1 q^(gross) = 41510.3 ± 5.9 J g

1

[25]

polystyrol BM

q (gross) = 9922.4 ± 4.0 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 41515.3 ± 16.7 J g~ 1

[60]

polystyrol P70

q (gross) = 9900.5 ± 3.0 cal g” 1

q^ (gross ) = 41423.7 ± 12.6 J g" 1

[60]

87
POLYMERS

POLYUREA (POLYHARNSTOFF) ; solid; empirical formula is C 15H 180 4 N 4 ; a polymer of adipic

acid diamide plus (2,4-2 s 6)-toluene diisocyanate.

gross heat of combustion ; at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 5954.0 ± 1.7 cal g’ 1 q^(gross) = 24911.5 ± 7.1 J g

1

RESIN, ABS I ; solid; copolymer of styrene-acrylonitrile = 76%; and polybutadiene = 15%.

specific heat :

[60]

temperature (°C) cp(cal g” 1 K_1

cp(J g" 1 K"

1

-110

-56

+4

+25

+55

+107

+157

+204

0.184

0.240

0.311

0.338

0.373

0.492

0.518

0.541

0.770

1 .004

1.301

1 .414

1.561

2.059

2.167

2.264

specific heat change at glass transition temperature :

temperature (°C) ACp(cal g -1 K”

1

) ACp(J g’ 1 K

-85

+103

0.014

0.069

0.059

0.289

[127]

RILSAN ; solid; (poly-ll-aminodecanoic acid); empirical formula is C nH 21 0N.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 8840.3 ± 2.2 cal g" 1

q^ (gross) = 36987.8 ± 8.4 J g

1

[60]

88
POLYMERS

TEFLON ; solid; (polytetrafluoroethylene) ; repeating unit: C 4 F 4 ; density, 2.2 g cm"

3

.

gross heat of combustion in oxygen : at 25 °C; combustion products are gaseous

carbon dioxide and carbon tetra fluoride.

q (gross) 3 1196.7 ±'10.0 cal g” 1 q^(gross) - 5007.0 ± 42 J g” 1

gross heat of combustion in fluorine : 25 °C; combustion product is carbon

tetrafluoride.

q (gross) s 2478.8 ± 0.7 cal cT

1 q^(gross) = 10371.3 ± 3.1 J g

1

[105]

specific heat:

Temperature, K Cp(cal g“ ! K”

1

) Cp(J g" 1 K

50* .04821 .2017

100 .09218 .3857

150 .13380 .5598

200 .17706 .7408

250 .21076 .8818

270 .22768 .9526

280 .24187 1 .012

310 .24402 1.021

330 .24809 1 .038

360 .25669 1 .074

[106]

transition temperatures ;

293 K (20 °C)

303 K (30 °C)

[106]

beat of transition : for the temperature range 280 to 310 K.

I- * 8.72 cal g“’ 1

l

rf

3 36.5 J g"i

[106]

TROCKENLEIM ; solid; elementary analysis; carbon, 35.49%; hydrogen, 6.19%; oxygen, 30.91%;

nitrogen, 27.41%; a urea-formaldehyde resin; empirical formula C 3 H 6 0 2 N 2

.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q,.(.9 ross) = 3800.4 ± 2.0 cal g" 1 q^(gross) s 15900.9 ± 8.4 J g

1

[60]

89
POLYPEPTIDE, PHENYLALANINE ; solid; repeating unit: C 9 H 9 N0.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

benzene soluble

q (gross) = 7503.2 ± 6.0 cal g” 1 (gross ) = 31393.4 ± 25.1 J g" 1

benzene insoluble

q (gross) = 7479.1 ± 6.9 cal g" 1

q^ (gross ) = 31292.6 ± 28.9 J g" 1

[36]

POLYPEPTIDE, POLY-N-ETHYL-N-METHYL PROPIONAMIDE ; solid; density 1.4400 g cm'

3

; repeating

uniTi C 6 H 13 N0.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 8069.3 ± 1.0 cal g” 1

qJJ(gross) = 33762.0 ± 4.2 J g

1

[ 22 ]

POLYPETIDE, SARCOSINE ; solid; repeating unit: C 3 H 5 N0.

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) = 5626.4 ± 4.2 cal g” 1

qJJ(gross) = 23540.9 ± 17.6 J g' 1

[36]

POLYSACCHARIDES

CELLULOSE ; solid; repeating unit: C 6 H 100 5 , constitutes about 60 percent of the composition of wood; hydrolysis can reduce cellulose to a celloblose repeating unit,

C 1

H 220 1

* and ultimately to glucose, C 6 H 120 6

.

gross heat of combustion : at 30 °C.

from cotton 1 inters :

q (gross) = 4165.0 cal

g -1

qJJ(gross) = 17426.4 J g

1

from wood pulp :

q (gross) = 4172.0 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 17455.6 J g

1

[4]

90
POLYSACCHARIDES

ct-CELLULOSE, FROM LOBLOLLY PINE MOOD (Pinus taeda L.h solid; modification of cellulose

which has the highest degree of polymerization; chief constituent of paper pulp:

46.70% a-cellulose [81]; repeating unit: C 6Hi 00 5

.

specific heat : 60-140 °C; samples were oven-dried at 100 °C for 12 hours before

measurements were made.

Cp(cal g” 1 K"

1

) - -0.01708 + 9.9 x 1G“ 4 T Cp(J g" 1 K"

1

) - -0.07146 + 4.14 x 10” 3 T

[33]

CELLULOSE, HOLOCELLULOSE, FROM LOBLOLLY PINE WOP ; (Pinus taeda L.); solid; total waterinsoluble carbohydrate constituents of loblolly pine wood; 71.18% holocellulose

[81]; repeating unit: C 6 H 10 0 5

.

specific heat : 60-140 °C; samples were oven-dried at 100 °C for 12 hours before

measurements were made.

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) = -0.01724 + 9.9 x 10“ 4 T Cp(J g” ! K'

1

) - -0.07213 + 4.14 x 10" 3 T

[83]

CELLULOSE DIACETATE ; solid; repeating unit: C 10H 100 7 ; density = 1.36 g cm"

3 at 20 °C; 0.04%

ash.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) - 4446.2 cal g” 1 q^(gross) - 18602.9 J g

1

[90]

CELLULOSE TRIACETATE ; solid; repeating unit: C i2 H 160 8

.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) - 4511.5 cal g^

1 (gross) = 18876.1 J g

1

[90]

COTTON (THREAD) ; solid; staple fibers surrounding the seeds of various species of

Gossypium; absorbent cotton Is almost pure a-eellulose; CH, 0

Q oqj is elemental

analysis of thread used In combustion measurements .

‘ u ‘

gross heat of combustion : at 25 °C.

q (gross) * 4050 cal g“ 1 q^(gross) s 16945 J g

1

[ 6 ]

q (gross) = 4108 cal g“ 1

q^ (gross) s 17188 J g

1

[ 74 ]
POLYSACCHARIDES

DEXTRIN ; solid; general formula; C 6 H 100 5 ; partial hydrolysis product of starch containing

a variable number of glucose units; dextrin is obtained in several different

grades by heating starch for varying lengths of time over the temperature range

from 170° to 240°C.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4110 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 17196 J g

[9]

GLYCOGEN ; solid; general formula; C 6Hi 0 0 5 ; polysaccharide found in the liver and muscles

of man and animals; can be hydrolyzed to glucose.

gross heat of combustion ; assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4188 cal g* 1 q^(gross) = 17523 J g

[137]

INULIN ; solid; repeating unit: C 6 H 100 5 ; similar in physical appearance to starch except

upon complete hydrolysis yields fructose instead of glucose; inulin is the chief source of fructose.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) 3 4190 cal g -1

qJJ(gross) = 17531 J g

1

[ 20 ]

INULIN TRIACETATE; solid; repeating unit: C^H^Or; dried at 120 °C in vacuum over

P 2 0 5

.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4522 cal g" 1 qj(gross) = 18920 J g

1

[HI]

STARCH ; solid; general formula; C 6 H ]0 0 5 ; polysaccharide is widely distributed in the

vegetable kingdom and is stored in all grains and tubers.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4200 cal g” 1 qJJ(gross) = 17570 J g* 1

[9]

92
POLYSACCHARIDES

STARCH TRIACETATE ; solid; repeating unit: C 12H 160 8.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4499 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 18824 J g

1 [HU

XYLAN ; solid; repeating unit; C 5 H 80 4 ; polysaccharide which often occurs in association

with cellulose; xylose is the repeating unit; occurs in large amounts (20-40%)

in cereal straws and brans.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4242.8 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 17751 .9 J g

1

[ 21 ]

PORCELAIN ; solid; a mixture of clays, quartz, and feldspar, usually containing at least

25% aluminum. Sample 1: Si0 2 , 65.14%; A1 20 3 , 28.76%; Fe 2 0 3 , 1.08%; K 2 0, 3.61%;

MgO, 1.21%; sample 2: Si0 2 , 41.1%; A1 2 0 3 , 57.1%; Fe 2 0 3 , 0.3%; MgO, 0.5%; CaO,

traces.

specific heat : temperature range 0 - 1600 °C.

sample 1

Cp(cal g" 1 K* 1 ) - 0.10848 + 2.6497 x 10" 4 T - 7.7124 x 10" 8 T

2 Cp(J g“' K"

1

) - 0.45388 + 1.10863 x 10“ 3 T - 3.2269 x 10" 7 T

2

sample 2

Cp( cal g” 1 K"

1

) = 0.20698 + 1.1542 x 10" 4 T - 5.685 x 10' 9 T

2 Cp(J g“ T K"

1

) = 0.86600 + 4.8292 x 10“ 4 T - 3.2319 x 10' 8 T

2

[118]

PROPELLANT, OS/AP ; solid; oxygen-styrene copolymer was prepared by passing oxygen at 1 atm

through styrene for 24 hours in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile; the reaction

was completed by adding benzoyl peroxide and maintaining the solution at 50 °C for

another 24 hours until It became sufficiently viscous; (OS/AP) = (oxygen-styrene

copolymer) - ammonium perchlorate composite propellant.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q

v (gross)

copolymer (wt. %) cal g" 1 J g" 1

30 1109 ± 10 4640 ± 42

25 1168 ± 23 4887 ± 96

20 1301 ±8 5443 ± 33

93

[57]
PROPELLANT, PS/AP ; solid; inhibitor-free styrene was polymerized by benzoyl peroxide and

mixed with ammonium perchlorate; PS/AP = polystyrene-ammonium perchlorate composite propellant.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

%

(gross)

polystyrene (Wt. %) cal g"i

J g" l

30 1017 ± 15 4255 ± 63

25 1101 ± 10 4607 ± 42

20 1291 ± 5 5402 ± 21

[57]

PROPELLANT XI

; solid; double base propellant processed by water mixing nitrocellulose

with nitroglycerine and a stabilizer (such as: N, N'-diethyl-N, N'-diphenyl urea, or 2-nitrodiphenylamine)

specific heat : 283 to 343 K.

Cp(cal g" 1 K~

1

) = 0.118 + 6.60 x 10" 4 T Cp(J g"i K"

1

) = 0.494 + 2.761 x 10" 3 T

[15]

PROTEIN

BOVINE CHYM0TRYPSIN0GEN A; solid; the anhydrous material is a protein from beef pancreas

made up of 245 amino acids with molecular weight of 25646.

specific heat:

temperature (K) Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) Cp( J g" 1 K"

1

)

10 0.00448 0.01874

100 0.1120 0.4686

150 0.1696 0.7096

200 0.2153 0.9008

250 0.2617 1 .9050

298.15 0.3090 1 .2929

300 0.3109 1 . 3008

[128]

CASEIN, MILK ; solid; carbon 53%; hydrogen 7%; oxygen 22.65%; nitrogen 15.7%; sulfur 0.8%;

phosphorus 0.85%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 5670 ± 200 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 23700 ± 800 J g

1

[9]

94
PROTEIN

COLLAGEN ; solid; fibrous protein which comprises the major portion of the white fiber

in connective tissues of the animal body; chief amino acids present are: proline,

hydroxyproline, and glycine; converted to gelatine by boiling with water.

specific heat: 25 °C.

moisture content (wt. %) Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) Cp(J g" 1 K_1

)

0 0.3723 1 .5577

1.02 0.3490 1 .4602

1.96 0.3659 1.5309

4.56 0.4014 1 .6795

6.49 0.4061 1 .6991

17.03 0.4280 1 .7908

GELATINE; solid; a protein obtained from collagen by boi

[78]

ling skin, ligaments.

bones etc. with water; can absorb 5 to 10 times its weight of water.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

As received : ash content, 0.6%-0.8%; water content not determined.

q (gross) = 4400 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 18410 J g

Ash free and moisture free

q (gross) = 5150 ± 100 cal §~ J

q^ (gross) = 21550 ± 400 J g

[115]

95
PROTEIN

GLIADIN ; solid; also called prolomin; simple vegetable protein found in gluten; typical

composition: carbon, 52.7%; hydrogen, 6.9%; oxygen, 21.7%; nitrogen, 17.7%;

sulfur, 1 .0%.

gross heat of combustion :

variation with thermal denaturation temperature.

denaturation %

(gross)

temp. , °C cal g~ 1 J g" 1

30 5986.3 25046.7

35 5911.3 24732.9

50 5777.2 24171 .8

70 5809.3 24306.1

110 5852.8 24488.1

variation with concentration of aqueous alcohol

alcohoT % cal g"

q

y (gross)

1 J g’

40 5891 24648

50 5869 24556

60 5942 24861

70 6028 25221

[91]

used in extraction.

[91]

GLUTEN ; solid; mixture of proteins found In the seeds of cereal grains (wheat, corn (maize), etc.) which remains after washing the starch out of flour with water;

amino acids of glutens are: glutamic acid, leucine, proline, and arginine.

gross heat of combustion : variation with thermal denaturation temperature.

denaturation qu (gross)

temp., °C cal g _1J g” 1

30 5797.9 24258.4

35 5873.2 24573.5

50 5648.8 23634.6

70 5721 .1 23937.1

110 5779.6 24181 .8

[ 91 ]

96
PROTEIN

GLUTENIN ; solid; wheat protein soluble in dilute alkalies.

gross heat of combustion : variation with thermal denaturation tonperature.

denaturation q

v (gross)

temp., °C cal g" 1 J g" 1

30 5710.1 23891 .1 35 5730.3 23975.6

50 5583.1 23359.7

70 5654.0 23656.3

110 5699.9 23848.4

[91]

VITELLIN ; solid; globulin protein from egg yolk; typical composition; water 49.4%;

protein 16.3%; fat 31.9%; carbohydrate 0.7%; remainder includes small amounts of

elements such as: phosphorus, sulfur, iron, and calcium.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gros.s) = 5760 cal g” 1 q^(gross) - 24100 J g

WOOL PROTEIN ; solid; material is a keratin containing 14.3% of cystine, 3.9% of sulfur,

and 16.85% nitrogen.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature and are corrected for moisture and ash content.

q (.gross) * 5609 ± 2.3 cal g” 1

qj (gross) = 23468 ± 9.6 J g

1

[124]

97
REFUSE, MUNICIPAL ; solid; waste from the city of St. Louis; particle size of 1.5

inches and less, magnetic metal removed; (batch 1); from 210 samples collected

April 1972 through February 1973, unclassified material; with only magnetic

metal removed; moisture, 9.3-50.0%; sulfur, 0.01-0.40%; chlorine, 0.13-0.95%;

ash, 12.1-52.2%. (batch 2); from 99 samples collected November 1973 through

January 1974, classified material; heavy fraction of waste removed by air-density

separation; light fraction only; moisture, 11.1-66.3%; sulfur, 0.05-0.28%;

chlorine, 0.14-0.94%; ash, 7.6-21.4%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(batch 1)

minimum q (gross)

minimum q

v (gross)

maximum q

v (gross)

maximum q

v (gross)

average qJJ(gross)

average q^(gross)

(batch 2)

minimum q (gross)

minimum q

v (gross)

maximum q^gross)

maximum q

v (gross)

average q

v (gross)

average q^(gross)

[54]

= 1683 cal q~

= 7041 J g"i

= 4128 cal q’ 1 = 17270 J g

1 = 2597 cal g" 1 = 10867 J g

1

= 1275 cal

g

= 5333 J g"i

= 4221 cal q _1

= 17661 J g

1

= 2789 cal q -1

= 11669 J g

1

REFUSE, MUNICIPAL ; solid; waste from an English town; (sample 1) (on dry basis); paper,

29.6%; rags, 5.3%; vegetable matter, 5.1%; animal matter 1.3%; wood, etc., 3.5%;

coal, coke, cinders, 16.5%; metal, 4.9%; glass, pottery, and other non-combustible

matter, 23.7%; fines, passing 1/4 x 1/4" square mesh, 10.1%; moisture, 34.0%;

(sample 2) (on dry basis) paper, 4.8%, rags, 0.3%; vegetable matter 1.0%; animal

matter, 0.7%; wood, etc., 0.8%; coal, coke, cinders, 36.1%; metal 0.9%; glass

pottery, and other non-combustible material, 10.0%; fines, passing 1/4 x 1/4"

square mesh, 45.4%; moisture, 17.2%.

gross heat, of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature; dry basis.

sample 1

q (gross) = 3110 cal g q

v [gross) = 13012 J g

sample 2

q (gross) = 4060 cal g q

v (gross) = 16987 J g

[ 52 ]

98
RUBBER ; solid; (sample 1) latex, digested with water at 190 °C, extracted with water and

ethanol; soluble in ether; 0.02% ash; \ sample 2) latex, trypsin treated; )$%

ether soluble, 25% ether insoluble.

gross heat of combustion : 30 °C.

sample 1 , 0.02% ash

q (gross) = 10814 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 45247 J g“*

sample 2, 0.4% ash

q (gross) = 10753 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 44991 J g*

sample 2, 0.15% ash

q (gross) = 10784 cal g“ 3 q^(gross) = 45120 J

sample 2, ether soluble fraction, 0.1% ash

q (gross) = 10802 cal g“ 1 q^(gross) = 45196 J g“*

sample '2, ether insoluble fraction, 0.7% ash

q (gross) = 10746 cal g’ 1 q^(gross) * 44961 J g” 1

sample 2, ether insoluble fraction, 1.8% ash

q (gross) = 10627 cal g" 1

q^ (gross) = 44464 J g

*

[26]

RUBBER-SULFUR COMPOUNDS ; solid; repeating unit: E(C 5 H 8 ) x Sy]; x varies between 1 and 4; y varies between 0 and 3; maximum sulfur content

7^ 32%.

gross heat of combustion : at 30 °C 9 sulfur as gaseous S0 2.

q (gross) = 10791 - 9041 m cal g” 1

q^ (gross) = 45150 - 37828 m J g

1

m is grams of sulfur per gram of compound.

[26]

SANTOWAX R ; liquid; (trade mark, © Monsanto Co.); mixture of terphenyl hydrocarbons.

specific heat :

180 - 320 °C.

Cp(cal g

=

1

K"

1

) = 0.222 + 5.86 x 10‘ 4 T Cp(J g" 1 K'

1

) = 0.929 + 2.452 x 10~ 3 T

[ 100 ]

99
SEA WATER ; aqueous; a uniform solution of essentially constant composition containing

96.5% water and 3.5% ionized salts, related compounds, elements, and ionic

c<j>mplex<*s; sodium chloride is the chief salt constituent; other common ions are

K , Mg 2

, Ca 2, SO^ 2 ”, HC0 3 ~; salinity (S) is defined as the number of grams of

salt in one kilogram of sea water when bromides and iodides are converted to chlorides, the carbonates to oxides, organic matter destroyed, and the mass heated to 450 °C for 72 hours; S = 0.03 + 1.805 (chloride content).

specific heat :

Temperature, °C Cp(cal g -1K"

1

) Cp(J g" 1 K”

1

)

salinity, 0.0%

0 1 .0080 4.2175

20 0.9995 4.1819

50 0.9992 4.1807

100 1 .0076 4.2158

200 1.0747 4.4965

salinity, 3%

0 0.9601 4.0171

20 0.9606 4.0192

50 0.9638 4.0325

100' 0.9715 4.0648

200 1 .0254 4.2903

salinity, 6%

0 0.9198 3.8484

20 0.9257 3.8731

50 0.9313 3.8966

100 0.9387 3.9275

200 0.9833 4.1141

salinity, 9%

0 0.8874 3.7129

20 0.8944 3.7422

50 0.9009 3.7694

100 0.9079 3.7987

200 0.9450 3.9539

salinity, 12%

0 0.8637 3.6137

20 0.8670 3.6275

50 0.8729 2.6522

100 0.8791 3.6782

200 0.9096 3.8058

[104]

100
SHOE, LEATHER ; solid; ultimate analysis in percent by weight; carbon, 42.01%;

hydrogen, 5.32%; oxygen, 22.83%; nitrogen, 5.98%; sulfur, 1.00%; ash,

22.86%; proximate analysis as received in percent by weight; moisture,

7.46%; volatile matter, 57.12%; fixed carbon, 14.26%; ash, 21.16%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) * 4027 cal a"

1

q

v (gross) = 16847 J g

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 4351 cal g* 1 q^(gross) = 18203 J g

[62]

STEEL, ALLOY, NPL NO. 19 ; solid; composition: carbon, 0.315%; silicon, 0.20%;

manganese, 0.69%; sulfur, 0.036%; phosphorous, 0.039%; chromium, 1.09%;

nickel, 0.073%; molybdenum, 0.012%; copper, 0.066%; aluminum, 0.005%;

arsenic, 0.028%; remainder is iron; annealed at 860 °C; density, 7.842

g cm* 3 at 15 °C.

specific heat :

Temperature (°C) Cp(cal g" 1 K*

1 ) Cp(J g" 1

50 0.1153 .4824

127 0.1232 .5155

217 0.1277 .5343

316 0.1354 .5665

409 0.1471 .6155

[103]

STEEL, STAINLESS 347 ; solid; nickel, 11.1%; chromium, 18.3%; manganese, 1.30%;

silicon, 0.52%; carbon, 0.08%; remainder is iron.

specific heat :

0 to 900 °C

Cp(cal q* 1 K*

1

) = 0.1158 + 3.41 x ID*

5 T - 4.04 T*

1 Cp(J g~i K*

1

) = 0.4845 + 1.427 x 10" 4 T - 16.90 T* 1

[ 97 ]

101
STEEL, STAINLESS, 446 ; solid; nickel, 0,32%; chromium, 25.58%; manganese, 0.42%;

silicon, 0.68%; carbon, 0.23%; remainder is iron.

specific heat :

0 to 500 °C

Cp( cal q" 1 K'

1

) * 0.0785 + 1.074 x 10‘ 4 T Cp(J g‘ T K"

1

) = 0.3284 + 4.494 x 10" 4 T

600 to 900 °C

Cp(cal g' 1 K"

1

) = 0.1618 + 2209 x kT0 * 0078 ^"273 - 2 )

Cp(J g' 1 K" 1 ) = 0.6770 + 9242 x to"

0 - 0078 * 1 " 273 - 2 )

[97]

STEEL, STAINLESS ; solid; En-58C (sample 1): Cr 17.7%; N1 10.9%; Mn 1.73%; En-58B

(sample 2): Cr 17.8%; N1 8.05%; Mn 1.21%.

specific heat :

Sample 1 (En-58C)

60 - 1$0 K

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1 ) = -0.04976 + 1.7309 x 10‘ 3 T - 6.980 x 10" 6 T

2 + 1.043 x 10' 8 T

3 Cp(J g" ! K' 1

) = -0.20819 + 7.2421 x 10" 3 T - 2.9206 x 10" 5 T

2 + 4.364 x 10' 8 T

3

190 - 320 K

Cp(cal q' 1 K"

1 ) = 0.00635 + 8.4104 x 10" 4 T - 2.323 x 10‘ 6 T

2 + 2.377 x 10" 9 T3 Cp(J g" ! K"

1

) = 0.02658 + 3.5189 x 10‘ 3 T - 9.721 x 10" 6 T

2 + 9.946 x 10' 9 T

3

Sample 2 (En-58B)

60 - 190 K

Cp(cal g' 1 K’

1

) = -0.04950 + 1.6893 x 10~ 3 T - 6.596 x 10" 6 T

2 + 9.449 x 10" 9 T3 Cp(J g‘ ! K"

1

) = -0.20711 + 7.0680 x 10" 3 T - 2.7598 x 10

-5

T

2 + 3.9535 x 10' 8 T

3

190 - 320 K

-0.00345 + 9.5756 x 10" 4 T -0.01443 + 4.0064 x 10" 3 T 2.802 x 10' 6 T

2 + 3.032 x 10

-9

T

3 1.1725 x 10‘ 5 T

2 + 1.2686 x 10" 8 T

3

[13]

102
SULFITE LIQUOR, SPENT ; aqueous; calcium and magnesium base waste liquor from pulping of

wood by sulfite process; gaseous sulfur dioxide, 2-4% ; aqueous sulfite, 2 - 7 %:

aqueous sulfate, 2-5%; solids, 80-90%; also lignin sulfonate, Ca and Mg

compounds, and carbohydrates.

gross heat of combustion : assume value refers to room temperature.

55% solids non-neutral i zed spent liquor

q (gross) = 4500 - 4650 cal g” 1

q^ (gross ) = 18800 - 19500 J g" 1

fermented and stripped liquor

q (gross) = 4700 - 4875 cal g

1

q^ (gross ) = 19700 - 20400 J g" 1

[37]

TANNIN EXTRACT, CHESTNUT ; solid; dry powder obtained from concentrated solution produced

from treatment of chestnut chips with water.

specific heat :

25 °C

Cp(cal g' 1 K~

1

) = 0.2889

Cp(J g“l K~

1

) = 1.2088

[78]

TANNIN EXTRACT, QUEBRACHO ; solid; dry extract from a wood-derived tannin; tannin

obtained from Aspidosperma Quebracho and Quebracho Lorentzi imported as logs

from Argentina.

specific heat :

25 °C

Cp(cal g” 1 K”

1

) * 0.3152

Cp(J g" ! K'

1

) = 1.3188

[78]

103
TIRE; solid; typical compounding formulae for passenger tire treads.

Smoked sheet

Natural rubber

57.6%

SBR cis-polybutadiene

SBR 1712 - 46.8%

cis-Polybutadiene - 11.3

Reogen 1.2 - K-Stay G

- 2.3

Stearic acid 1 .4 0.9

Zinc oxide 2 1 .4 Agerite resin D 0.9 0.7

Agerite HP 0.3 0.2

Antozite 67S 2.3 1 .8 Microcrystal 1 ine wax 0.6 0.5

Phi 1 rich 5 2.9 3.2

HAF 28.8 - ISAF - 29.5

Sul fur 1 .4 0.8

Amax No. 1 0.3 - Amax - 0.7

Redax 0.3 -

*SBR is styrene-butadiene rubber

gross heat of decomposition : at 375 °C the mean value is for random samples

of black-sidewall tire tread: products are a liquid distillate with a heat of

combustion q

y = 4 x 10 4 J g~* (1 x 10 4 cal g’ 1

) and a combustible gas.

q (gross) = 0.7 x 10 2 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 3 x 10 2 J g” 1

gross heat of combustion : value for the tire residue remaining after heating

to 1000 °C.

q (gross) = 0.780 x 10 4 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 3.264 x 10 4 J g“*

[71]

|0PAZ; solid, an aluminum fluorosil icate occuring in igneous rocks and pegmatites, often

found in association with tin ores; A1 2 Si0 4 (F,0H) 2 ; natural colorless

orthorhombic crystals.

specific heat :

Temperature, K Cp(cal g" 1 K'

1 ) Cp(J g

1 K

80 0.022 0.092

100 0.043 0.180

200 0.126 0.527

300 0.185 0.774

400 0.217 0.908

[119]

104
VACUUM CLEANER CATCH ; solid; Ultimate analysis on dry basis in percent by weight;

carbon, 35.69%; hydrogen, 4.73%; oxygen, 20.08%; nitrogen, 6.26%, sulfur,

1.15%; ash, 32.09%; proximate analysis as received in percent by weight;

moisture, 5.47%; volatile matter, 55.68%; fixed carbon, 8.51%; ash, 30.34%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

(as received)

q (gross) = 3550 cal g

1 q^(gross) = 14854 J g

1

(dry basis)

q (gross) = 3756 cal g

*

qJJ(gross) = 15714 cal g~

[62]

VASELINE ; solid; semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons having a melting point range from

38 to 60 °C; colorless or pale yellow petroleum jelly.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 11050 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 46233 J g" 1

[ 112 ]

MAX, PARAFFIN ; solid; hard wax, freezing point 53-55 °C; density 0.902 g cm" 3

; repeating

unit: CH 2

.

gross heat of combustion : 25 °C

q (gross) = 11049 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 46229 J g" 1

[27]

M OOD

ASH; Fraxi n us excelsior ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 49.18%; hydrogen, 6.27%;

nitrogen, 0.07%; ash, 0.57%.

gross heat of combustion : 20 °C; air dried at 110 - 115 °C, ash free.

q (gross) = 4726 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 19774 J g

[89]

105
WOOD

ASH, WHITE; Fraxinus americana ; solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C; density 0.63 g cm"

3

.

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp( cal g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.327

Cp(J g" 1 K"

1

) = 1 .368

[139]

ASPEN, QUAKING; Populus tremuloides Michx ; solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C, density

0.42 g cm-3.

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp(cal g" 1 K

_

) = 0.329

Cp(J g" 1 K"

1

) = 1.377

[139]

BEECH; Fagus silvatiea; solid; Ultimate analysis; carbon, 49.06%; hydroqen, 6.11%; nitrogen.

0.09%; ash, 0.57%.

gross heat of combustion : 20 °C, air dried at 110 - 115 °C, ash free.

q (gross) = 4791 cal

g -1

q^ (gross) = 20046 J g

1

[89]

BEECH; Fagus atropunicea (Marsh) Sudworth ; solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C; density

0.75 g cnT 3

.

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp(cal g” 1 K"

1

) = 0.326

Cp(J g‘1 K"

1

) = 1 .364

[139]

106
WOOD

BIRCH; Betula alba ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 48.88%; hydrogen, 6.06%; nitrogen,

0.10%; ash, 0.29%.

gross heat of combustion : 20 °C, air dried at 110 - 115 °C, ash free.

q (gross) = 4775 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 19979 J g

1

C8a]

species not identified : 10.18% moisture.

q (gross) = 4224 cal q" 1

q^ (gross ) = 17672 J g

1

air dried one hour at 105 °C

q (gross) = 4703 cal g' 1 qj(gross) = 19677 J g* 1

[ 88]

CEDAR, RED; Junlperus virqiniana L. ; solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C; density 0.46 g cm" .

specific heat :

0 - 106- °C

Cp(cal q* 1 K"

1

) = 0.324

Cp(J g" 1 K"

1

) = 1.356

[139]

CHERRY ; solid; genus Prunus .

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

as received : 8.85% moisture.

q (gross) = 4370 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) « 18282 J g

1

air dried one hour at 105 °C

q (gross) = 4794 cal g" 1

q^ (gross) = 20058 J g

1

[88]

107
WOOD

CHESTNUT;____ Castanea dentata (Marsh) Borkh; solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C; density

r3r

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp( ca 1 g" 1 K' 1

) 3 0.317

Cp(J g" 1 K'

1

) = 1.326

[139]

C0C0B0LA NEGRA; Lecythls costariconsis Pittier ; solid; from Costa Rica; air dried at

105 - 110 °C; density 0.92 g cm

-3

.

Specific heat ;

0 - 106 °C

Cp(cal g" 1 f

1

) = 0.327

Cp(J g" 1 K"

1

) = 1.368

[139]

ELM, WHITE; Ulmus americana L. ; solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C; density 0.64 g cm

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp(cal g" 1 K’

1

) = 0.325

Cp(J g" ! K' 1

) = 1.360

[139]

FIR; Pinus silvestri S. ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 50.36%; hydrogen, 5.92%;

nitrogen, 0.05%; ash, 0.28%.

gross heat of combustion : 20 °C; air dried at 110 - 115 °C, ash free.

q (gross) 3 5038 cal q” 1 (gross ) 3 21079 J g

1

[89]

FIR, DOU GL AS; Pseudotsuga taxi folia (Lam.) Britt ; solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C,

density 0.48 gm cm" 3

.

Cp(cal q” 1 K"

1 ) = 0.327

Cp(J g“ ! K'

1

) = 1.368

[139]

108
WOOD

GUM, BLACK; Nyssa sylvatica Marsh ; solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C; density 0.52 g cm' 3

.

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp( ca 1 q" 1 K' 1

) = 0.325

Cp(J g" ! K"

1 ) = 1.360

[139]

HEMLOCK, WESTERN; Tsuqa heterophylla (Raf.) Sargent ; solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C;

density 0.45 g cm"^.

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp(cal g~ 1 K"

1

) = 0.322

Cp(J g' 1 K'

1

) = 1.347

[139]

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature; air dried.

q (gross) = 4792 cal g' 1

q^ (gross ) = 20050 J g

[84,85]

HICKORY ; solid; genus Carya .

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

as received : 10.30% moisture.

q (gross) = 4213 cal g" 1

q^ (gross ) = 17626 J g* 1

air dried one hour at 105 °C.

q (gross) = 4697 cal g" 1

q^ (gross) = 19652 J g

1

[ 88 ]

HORNBEAM; Carpinus betulus ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 48.99%; hydrogen, 6.20%;

nitrogen, 0.06%; ash, 0.50%.

gross heat of combustion : 20 °C, air dried 110 - 115 °C, ash free.

q (gross) = 4742 cal g" 1

q^ (gross ) = 19841 J g' 1

[89]

109
WOOD

MAI CHAMPAH ; Michel ia ; solid; from Thailand; air dried at 105 - 110 °C; density 0.32 g cm

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp(cal g' 1 K'

1 ) = 0.323

Cp(J g" 1 K_1

) = 1.351

[139]

MAPLE ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 50.40%; hydrogen, 5.90%; oxygen, 39.10%;

nitrogen, 0.50%; sulfur, 0.0%; ash, 4.10%; proximate analysis as received

in percent by weight; moisture, 0.0%; volatile matter, 76.1%; fixed carbon,

19.6%; ash, 4.3%; genus, Acer .

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

%( 9 r °ss) = 4553 cal g -1

(gross) = 19050 J g

1

[84, 85]

MAPLE, SUGAR; Acer saccharum Marsh ; solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C; density 0.66 g cm

-3

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp(cal g" 1 K'

1 ) = 0.327

Cp(J g" 1 K"

1

) = 1.368

[139]

OAK; Quereus pedunculata ; Ultimate analysis: solid; carbon, 50.16%; hydrogen, 6.02%;

nitrogen, 0.0$%; ash, 0.37%.

gross heat of combustion : 20 °C; air dried at 110 - 115 °C; ash free.

q (gross) = 4609 cal g” 1

qJJ(gross) = 19284 J g

species not identified ; room temperature; air dried one hour at 105 °C.

q (gross) = 4756 cal g” 1 q^(gross) = 19899 J g

[ 88 ]

no
WOOD

OAK, RED; Quercus rubra (L); solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C, density 0.62 g cm"

3

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp(cal q" 1 If"

1

) = 0.331

Cp( J g‘ ! K ) = 1.385

[139]

OAK, WHITE; Quercus alba (L) ; solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C, density 0.78 g cm'

3

.

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp(cal g" 1 K'

1

) = 0.325

Cp(J g" 1 K'

1

) =1 .360

[139]

PINE, LOBLOLLY; Pinus taeda L .; solid; unextracted specific gravity, 0.49 (oven

dry weight and green volume).

specific heat ; 60 - 140 °C; samples were oven-dried at 100 °C for 12 hours

before measurements were made.

Cp(cal g~ 1 K"

1

) = 0.01153 + 9.497 x 10" 4 T Cp(J g" 1 K'

1 ) = 0.04824 + 3.9735 x 10" 3 T

[82]

PINE, LOBLOLLY (Pinus taeda L.), EXTRACTIVES ; solid; residue obtained from alcoholbenzene extraction of loblolly pine wood; mean extractive content, 6.08% [81].

specific heat : 60 - 140 °C; samples were oven-dried at 100 °C for

12 hours before measurements were made.

C p ( cal g" 1 K"

1 ) = 0.06945 + 1.09 x 10" 3 T Cp(J g" 1 K"

1 ) = 0.29058 + 4.56 x 10“ 3 T

[83]

PI NE, LONGLEAF; Pinus palustris Mill ; solid; air dried at 105 - 110 °C, density

0.68 g cm

-3

.

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp(cal g' 1 K'

1 ) = 0.337

Cp(J g” 1 K'

1

) = 1.410

[139]

111
WOOD

PINE, PONDEROSA; Pinus ponderosa ; solid; samples were conditioned to moisture equilibrium

at 80 °F and 30% relative humidity; moisture content of wood ^6%.

g ross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4626 ± 38 cal g" 1 qJJ(gross) = 19355 ± 159 J g" 1

[86,87]

PINE, WHITE; Pinus strobus L .; solid; air-dried at 105 - 110 °C; density 0.25 g cm

-1

.

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

CpCcal g" 1 K" 1

) = 0.331

Cp(J g" 1 K”

1

) = 1.385

[139]

sawdust; proximate analysis, as delivered: moisture, 7.0%; volatile matter,

78.76%; fixed carbon, 14.10%; ash, 0.14%.

gross heat of combustion : air dried; assume values refer to room temperature.

q (gross) = 4592 cal g" 1

q^ (gross) = 19213 J g

1

[84,85]

• |

!

POPLAR ; solid; genus Populus .

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature.

as received :

10.69% H 2 0

q (gross) = 4290 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 17948 J g

air-dried one hour at 105 °C.

q (gross) = 4803 cal g” 1

v v q^(gross) 3 20096 J g

, [ 88 ]

112
WOOD

SPRUCE, BALSAM; Abies Lasiocarpa ; solid; Ultimate analysis: carbon, 51.41%; hydrogen,

6.41%; nitrogen, 1.44%; sulfur, 0.19%; ash, 3.07%; moisture, 3.67%; proximate

analysis as received: moisture, 74.35%; volatile matter, 20.20%; fixed carbon,

4.13%; ash, 0.82%.

gross heat of combustio n: assume values refer to room temperature.

air-dried at 80 °C :

q (gross) = 5304 cal g" 1 q^ (gross ) = 22191 J g"

as received :

q (gross) = 1360 cal g” ] q^(gross) = 5692 J g

^

[84]

SPRUCE, NORWAY; Pinus abies ; solid; carbon, 50.31%; hydrogen, 6.20%; nitrogen, 0.04%;

ash, 0.37%.

gross heat of combustion : at 20 °C; air-dried at 110 - 115 °C; ash free.

q (gross) = 5093 cal g" 1

qJJ(gross) = 21309 J g

1

[89]

SPRUCE, RED; Picea rubens Sargent ; solid; air-dried at 105 - 110 °C; density 0.39 g cm

specific heat :

0 - 106 °C

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.332

Cp(J g' 1 K"

1

) = 1.389

[139]

SPRUCE PINE; Pinus glabra Walt .; solid; samples were dried for 8 hours in a vacuum

oven at 103 °C.

s pecific heat :

60 to 140 °C

lp(cal g" 1 K _1

) = -0.0091 + 1.004 x 10" 3 T Cp(J g' 1 K _1

) = -0.0389 + 4.201 x 10' 3 T

[94]

113
WOOD

SPRUCE PINE, BARK; Pinus glabra Walt .; solid; bark specimens oven-dried at 152 °C.

specific heat :

60 to 140 °C

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.7859 - 3.0645 x 10" 3 T + 5.137 x 10" 6 T

2 Cp(J g" 1 K'

1

) = 3.2882 - 1.2822 x 10" 2 T + 2.1493 x 10' 5 T

2

[94]

WOOL ; solid; staple fibers obtained from the fleece of sheep (and also alpaca,

vicuna, and certain goats); protein chains (Keratin) bound together by

disulfide cross linkages; chief amino acids: cysteine and cystine, 15%;

glutamic acid, 16%; arginine, 10%; proline, 8%; leucine, 8%; sulfur

content of wool sample, 3.5%.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature;

dry basis, sulfur product aqueous H

2 S0 4

.

q (gross) = 5499 cal g” 1

q^ (gross ) = 23008 J g

1

[117]

WOOL ACETATE ; solid; salt formed from reaction of wool with acetic acid; 0.30% acetate

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature; sulfur

product aqueous H 2 S0 4.

q (gross) = 5490 cal g" 1 q^ (gross ) = 22970 J g

1

[117]

WOOL 6-NAPHTHALENE SULFONATE ; solid; salt formed from reaction of wool with

8-naphthalenesulfonic acid; 19.9% B-naphthal enesul fonate.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature; sulfur

product aqueous H 2 S0 4

.

q (gross) = 5482 cal g" 1 q^(gross) = 22937 J g

1

WOOL OXAIATE; solid; salt formed from reaction of wool with oxalic acid; 2.22% oxalate

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature; sulfur

product aqueous H 2 S0 4

.

q (gross) = 5360 cal g

1

q^ (gross ) = 22426 J g

1

[117]

114
WOOL PICRATE; solid; salt formed from reaction of wool witn picric acid; 18.4% picra e.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature; sulfur

product aqueous H 2 S0 4.

q (gross) = 5043 cal g’ 1

qJJ(gross) = 21100 J g

[117]

WOOL SULFATE ; solid; salt formed from reaction of wool with sulfuric acid, 2,21% sulfate.

gross heat of combustion ; assume values refer to room temperature, sulfur

product aqueous H 2 S0 4

.

q (gross) - 5347 cal g

]

qJJ(gross) = 22372 J g

1

[117]

WOOL p-TOLUENESULFONATE ; solid; salt formed from reaction of wool with p-toluenesulfonic acid; 6.6% p-toluenesul fonate.

gross heat of combustion : assume values refer to room temperature; sulfur

product aqueous H 2 S0 4.

q (gross) = 5458 cal g~ 1 q^(gross) = 22836 J g

1

ZEOLITE, SILVER A ; solid; synthetic ion-exchange resin; hydrated aluminum silicates

containing alkali or alkaline earth metals; 90% Ag + relative to Na +

.

specific heat : at 310 K; nearly all water eliminated by heating in N-, at

500 °C.

Cp(cal g" 1 K"

1

) = 0.205

Cp(J g" 1 K'

1 ) = 0.858

[ 96 ]

Z EOLITE, SODIUM A ; solid; synthetic ion-exchange resin; hydrated aluminum silicates

containing alkali or alkaline earth metals.

specific heat : at 310 K; nearly all water eliminated by heating in N 2 at 500 °C.

Cp(cal g' 1 K-1

) = 0.227

Cp(J g~ 1 K~

1 ) = 0.950

[ 96 ]

MATERIAL NAME AND PROPERTY INDEX

Acrylonitrile-styrene-polybutadiene copolymer, specific heat, 88

Alaska naphtha, heat of combustion, 54

Albumin, egg, heat of combustion, 38

Albumin, egg, specific heat, 38

Algae, heat of combustion, 69

Alloy, brass, specific heat, 12

Alloy, Hastelloy X, heat content, 1 Alloy, Hastelloy X, specific heat, 1 Alloy, 80 nickel-20 chromium, specific heat, 1 Alloy, titanium, Ti-75A, specific heat, 2 Alloy, titanium, Ti~150A, specific heat, 2 Alloy, Zircaloy-2, heat of transition, 2 Alloy, Zircaloy-2, specific heat, 2 Alloy, Zircaloy-2, (low nickel), specific heat, 3 Almonds, heat of combustion, 36

Animal (s), 3 Animal carcass, sheep, heat of combustion, 4

Animal fat, heat of combustion, 38

Animal fat, bovine, heat of combustion, 5,39

Animal fat, lard, heat of combustion, 39

Animal protein, bovine, heat of combustion, 5 Amatol, explosion temperature, 19

Amatol, heat of combustion, 19

Amatol, heat of explosion, 19

Amatol, specific heat, 19

Anthracite coal, heat of combustion, 14

Apiezon C oil, heat of vaporization, 60

Apiezon C oil, vapor pressure, 60

Apiezon E oil, heat of vaporization, 61 Apiezon E oil, vapor pressure, 61 Apiezon N grease, specific heat, 53

Apiezon P grease, heat of vaporization, 54

Apiezon P grease, vapor pressure, 54

Apiezon R grease, heat of vaporization, 54

Apiezon R grease, vapor pressure, 54

Apiezon S grease, heat of vaporization, 54

Apiezon S grease, vapor pressure, 54

Apiezon T grease, glass temperature, 55

Apiezon T grease, specific heat, 55

Aquatic plants, heat of combustion, 71 Aquatic snail, heat of combustion, 9 Arachnid(s) (see Animal (s)

)

Aromatic naphtha, heat of combustion, 59

Ash (tree), heat of combustion, 105

Ash, white (tree), specific heat, 106

Aspen, quaking, specific heat, 106

Asphalt, specific heat, 10

Automobile tire, heat of thermal decomposition, 104

Aviation fuel, heat of combustion, 48

Balsam spruce, heat of combustion, 113

Baratol , heat of fusion, 20

Baratol , specific heat, 20

Bark, spruce pine, specific heat, 114

Barley fat, heat of combustion, 38

Barnacle, heat of combustion, 3 Baronal , explosion temperature, 20

Baronal , heat of combustion, 20

Baronal, heat of explosion, 20

Basalt, vesicular, lunar, specific heat, 58

Beans, navy, heat of combustion, 36

117
Beech, heat of combustion, 106

Beech, specific heat, 106

Beef fat, heat of combustion, 5,39

Beetle, heat of combustion, 3 Beets, heat of combustion.

Biphenyl, polychlorinated,

polychlorinated,

polychlorinated,

polychlorinated,

polychlorinated.

Biphenyl

Bi phenyl

Biphenyl

Biphenyl

Bi phenyl

heat of vaporization,

vapor pressure, 10

heat of vaporization,

vapor pressure, 11 heat of vaporization,

36

Clophen A30,

Clophen A30,

Clophen A40,

Clophen A40,

Clophen A50,

polychlorinated, Clophen A50, vapor pressure, 11 Birch, heat of combustion, 107

Bituminous coal, heat of combustion, 15

Bivalve, heat of combustion, 3 Black gum (tree), specific heat, 104

Black powder, heat of explosion, 20

Blasting gelatine, heat of combustion, 21 Blood, sheep, heat of combustion, 4 Bovine animal fat, heat of combustion, 5,39

Bovine chymotrypsinogen A, specific heat, 97

Bovine protein, heat of combustion, 5 Bovine zinc insulin, specific heat, 55

Boxes, corrugated paper, heat of combustion, 66

Brachiopod, heat of combustion, 4 Brass, specific heat, 12

Brine shrimp, heat of combustion, 8

Brown coal, heat of combustion, 58

Brown paper, heat of combustion, 66

Butadiene-styrene copolymer, GL-622, specific heat, 73

Butadiene-styrene, copolymer, X-454, specific heat, 73

Butadiene-styrene copolymer, X-478, specific

Butene(iso) polysulfone, heat of combustion,

Butene-l-polysulfone, heat of combustion, 74

Butene-2-polysul fone, heat of combustion, 74

Butterfat, heat of combustion, 39

heat,

75

74

10

11

11

Cabbage, heat of combustion, 37

Caddis fly, heat of combustion, 6 Cannel coal, heat of combustion, 17

Carbohydrate(s) (see Polysaccharide(s))

Carcass, sheep, heat of combustion, 4

Cartons, food, heat of combustion, 66

Cartons, waxed milk, heat of combustion, 68

Casein, milk, heat of combustion, 94

Cast iron, heat content, 56

Castor oil, specific heat, 61 Cattle, heat of combustion, 5 Cedar, red, specific heat, 107

Celluloid, heat of combustion, 13

a-Cellulose, specific heat, 91 Cellulose, heat of combustion, 90

Cellulose diacetate, heat of combustion, 91 Cellulose nitrate, heat of combustion, 21 Cellulose nitrate, specific heat, 21 Cellulose triacetate, heat of combustion, 91 Cement hydrates, heat of dehydration, 13

Charcoal, wood, heat of combustion, 14

Cherry (tree), heat of combustion, 107

Chestnut (tree), specific heat, 108

Chestnut tannin extract, specific heat, 103

Chiton, heat of combustion, 5 Chromium-nickel alloy, specific heat, 1 Ciliate, heat of combustion, 5

118
Citrus fruit, rinds and seeds, heat of combustion, 37

Cladocera, heat of combustion, 5 Clam, heat of combustion, 3

Clophen A30, heat of vaporization, 10

Clophen A30, vapor pressure, 10

Clophen A40, heat of vaporization, 11 Clophen A40, vapor pressure, 11 Clophen A50, heat of vaporization, 11 Clophen A50, vapor pressure, 11 Coal, anthracite, heat of combustion, 14

Coal, bituminous, heat of combustion, 15,16

Coal, brown, heat of combustion, 58

Coal, cannel , heat of combustion, 17

Coal, semi -anthracite, heat of combustion, 14

Coal, semi-bituminous, heat of combustion, 16

Coal, sub-bituminous, heat of combustion, 16

Cocobola negra, specific heat, 108

Coconut meat, heat of combustion, 37

Coconut oil, heat of combustion, 44

Coke, heat of combustion, 17

Coke breeze, heat of combustion, 18

Collagen, specific heat, 95

Combustion, heat of (see Heat of combustion)

Composition B, RDX-TNT explosive, explosion temperature, 22

Composition B, RDX-TNT explosive, heat of combustion, 22

Composition B, RDX-TNT explosive, heat of explosion, 22

Composition B, RDX-TNT explosive, heat of fusion, 22

Composition B, RDX-TNT explosive, specific heat, 22

Compressibility, crude oil, 62

Compressibil ity, gas, natural, 49

Compressibil ity, natural gas, 49

Copepod, heat of combustion, 6 Corn (maize), green, heat of combustion, 37

Corn (maize) meal, heat of combustion, 43

Corn (maize) oil, heat of combustion, 44

Corrugated paper boxes, heat of combustion, 66

Cotton thread, heat of combustion, 91 Cottonseed oil, hydrogenated, specific heat, 44

Cowpeas, heat of combustion, 37

Crude oil, heat of combustion, 62

Crude oil, isothermal compressibility, 62

Crude oil, specific heat, 63

Crustacean (see Animal)

Cyclotol, explosion temperature, 24

Cyclotol, heat of combustion, 23

Cyclotol, heat of explosion, 23

Cyclotol, heat of fusion, 24

Cyclotol, specific heat, 24

DBX, explosion temperature, 24

DBX, heat of combustion, 24

DBX, heat of explosion, 24

DBX, specific heat, 24

Deciduous shrubs, alpine tundra, heat of combustion, 72

Delrin, heat of combustion, 75 . Dextrin, heat of combustion, 92

Diepoxide polymer, heat of combustion, 76

Dicyandiamide polymer, heat of combustion, 75

Distilled asphalt, Venezuelan, specific heat, 10

Douglas fir, specific heat, 108

Dowtherm A, specific heat, 18

Durethan U20, heat of combustion, 75

119
Edel kunstharz B, heat of combustion, 81 Egg albumin, heat of combustion, 38

Egg albumin, specific heat, 38

Egg yolk, heat of combustion, 38

Elm, white, specific heat, 108

English walnut meat, heat of combustion, 47

Enthalpy (see Heat)

Epilox EG- 1 , hardened, heat of combustion, 75

Epilox EG- 1 , unhardened, heat of combustion, 76

Evergreen shrubs, alpine tundra, heat of combustion.

Evergreen shrub cuttings, heat of combustion, 72

Explosion, heat of (see Heat of explosion)

Explosion temperature. Amatol, 19

Explosion temperature, Baronal , 20

Explosion temperature, black powder, 20

Explosion temperature, Cyclotol, 24

Explosion temperature, DBX, 24

Explosion temperature, H-6, 25

Explosion temperature, HBX-1, 26

Explosion temperature, HBX-3, 27

Explosion temperature, HEX-24, 27

Explosion temperature, HEX-48, 28

Explosion temperature, HTA-3, 28

Explosion temperature, Minol-2, 32

Explosion temperature, M0X-1 , 29

Explosion temperature, M0X-2B, 29

Explosion temperature, M0X-3B, 30

Explosion temperature, M0X-4B, 30

Explosion temperature, M0X-6B, 31 Explosion temperature, Octol , 33

Explosion temperature, PB-RDX, 31 Explosion temperature, Pentolite, 34

Explosion temperature, polyvinyl nitrate, 34

Explosion temperature, powder, black, 20

Explosion temperature, RDX-TNT Composition B, 22

Explosion temperature, Torpex, 35

Explosion temperature, Tritonal, 35

Expl osi ve(s ) , 19

72

Fat, animal, heat of combustion, 38

Fat, animal, bovine, heat of combustion, 5,39

Fat, animal, lard, heat of combustion, 39

Fat, barley, heat of combustion, 38

Fat, beef, heat of combustion, 5,39

Fat, butter, heat of combustion, 39

Fat, fried, heat of combustion, 39

Fat, lard, heat of combustion, 39

Fat, mutton, heat of combustion, 40

Fat, pork, heat of combustion, 40

Fat, sheep, heat of combustion, 40

Fat, vegetable, heat of combustion, 38-41

Fat, wool, heat of combustion, 36

Fir, Douglas, specific heat, 108

Fir, heat of combustion, 108

Fish, guppie, heat of combustion, 7 Flatworm, heat of combustion, 6 Flea, water, heat of combustion, 5 Flour, heat of explosion, 42

Flour, soybean, heat of combustion, 41 Flour, specific heat, 42

Flour, wheat, heat of combustion, 42

Flower garden plants, heat of combustion, 71 Fly, caddis, heat of combustion, 6,7

Food(s), 36

120
Food cartons, heat of combustion, 66

Food wastes, vegetable, heat of combustion, 42

Formaldehyde-melamine polymer, heat of combustion, 76

Formaldehyde-phenol resin, heat of combustion, 81

Formaldehyde-urea resin, heat of combustion, 89

Fruit, citrus, rinds and seeds, heat of combustion, 37

Fuel, aviation, heat of combustion, 48

Fuel, gasoline, auto-ignition temperature, 48

Fuel, jet, heat of combustion, 48

Fuel, oil, heat of combustion, 63

Fusion, heat of (see Heat of fusion)

Garbage (see Refuse)

Gas, natural , compressibility, 49

Gas, natural, heat of combustion, 49

Gas oil, heat of combustion, 63

Gasoline, auto-ignition temperature, 48

Gasoline, aviation, heat of combustion, 48

Gelatine, heat of combustion, 95

Gelatine, blasting, heat of combustion, 21 Glass, Pyrex, heat content, 50

Glass, Pyrex, specific heat, 50

Glass, soda-lime, heat content, 51 Glass, soda-lime, specific heat, 51 Glass temperature, Apiezon T grease, 55

Glass transition temperature, Nylon-6, 78

Glass, Vycor, specific heat, 52

Gliadin, heat of combustion, 96

Gluten, heat of combustion, 96

Glutenin, heat of-combustion, 97

Glycogen, heat of combustion, 92

Graphite, heat of combustion, 52

Grass, lawn clippings, heat of combustion, 70

Grease, Apiezon N, specific heat, 53

Grease, Apiezon P, heat of vaporization, 54

Grease, Apiezon P, vapor pressure, 54

Grease, Apiezon R, heat of vaporization, 54

Grease, Apiezon R, vapor pressure, 54

Grease, Apiezon S, heat of vaporization, 54

Grease, Apiezon S, vapor pressure, 54

Grease, Apiezon T, specific heat, 55

Green hydra, heat of combustion, 8

Gum, black, (tree) specific heat, 109

Gun cotton, specific heat, 21 Guppie, heat of combustion, 7

H-6, explosion temperature, 25

H-6, heat of combustion, 25

H-6, heat of explosion, 25

H-6, heat of fusion, 25

H-6, specific heat, 25

Hastelloy X, heat content, 1 Hastelloy X, specific heat, 1 HBX-1 , explosion temperature, 26

HBX-1 , heat of combustion, 26

HBX-1, heat of explosion, 26

HBX-1, heat of fusion, 26

HBX-1, specific heat, 26

HBX-3, explosion temperature, 27

HBX-3, heat of combustion, 27

HBX-3, heat of explosion, 27

HBX-3, heat of fusion, 27

HBX-3, specific heat, 27

121
Heat capacity (see Specific heat)

Heat content, cast iron, 56

Heat content, glass, Pyrex, 50

Heat content, glass, soda-lime, 51 Heat content. Haste! loy X, 1 Heat content, iron, cast, 56

Heat content, Pyrex glass, 50

Heat content, soda-lime glass, 51 Heat, specific (see Specific heat)

Heat of combustion, Alaska naphtha, 59

Heat of combustion, algae, 69

Heat of combustion, almonds, 36

Heat of combustion, animal carcass, sheep, 4 Heat of combustion, animal

Heat of combustion, animal

Heat of combustion, animal

Heat of combustion, animal

fat, bovine, 5,39

fat, lard, 39

protein, bovine, 5 sheep, 8

Heat of combustion, animal viscera sheep, 9 Heat of combustion. Amatol, 19

Heat of combustion, anthracite coal, 14

Heat of combustion, aquatic plants, 71 Heat of combustion, aquatic snail, 9

Heat of combustion, ash (wood), 105

Heat of combustion, aviation fuel, 48

Heat of combustion. Balsam spruce, 113

Heat of combustion, barley fat, 38

Heat of combustion, barley oil, 43

Heat of combustion, barnacle, 3 Heat of combustion, Baronal , 20

Heat of combustion, beans, navy, 36

Heat of combustion, beech, 106

Heat of combustion, beef fat, 5,39

Heat of combustion, beetle, 3 Heat of combustion, beets, 36

Heat of combustion, birch, 107

Heat of combustion, bituminous coal, 15

Heat of combustion, bivalve, 3 Heat of combustion, blasting gelatine, 21 Heat of combustion, blood, sheep, 4 Heat of combustion, boxes, corrugated paper, 66

Heat of combustion, brachiopod, 4 Heat of combustion, brine shrimp, 8

Heat of combustion, brown coal, 58

Heat of combustion, brown paper, 66

Heat of combustion, butene-l-polysulfone, 74

Heat of combustion, butene-2-polysulfone, 74

Heat of combustion, butene (iso) polysulfone, 75

Heat of combustion, butter fat, 39

Heat of combustion, cabbage, 37

Heat of combustion, caddis fly, 6 Heat of combustion, cannel coal, 17

Heat of combustion, cartons, food, 66

Heat of combustion, cartons, waxed milk, 68

Heat of combustion, casein, milk, 94

Heat of combustion, cattle, 5 Heat of combustion, celluloid, 13

Heat of combustion, cellulose, 90

Heat of combustion, cellulose diacetate, 91 Heat of combustion, cellulose nitrate, 21 Heat of combustion, cellulose triacetate, 91 Heat of combustion, charcoal, wood, 14

Heat of combustion, cherry (wood), 107

Heat of combustion, chiton, 5 Heat of combustion, ciliate, 5 122
Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

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Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

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Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

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Heat of combustion.

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Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combust'on.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

citrus fruit, rinds and seeds, 37

cladocera, 5 clam, 3 coal , anthracite, 14

coal, bituminous, 15

coal, brown, 58

coal , cannel , 17

coal, semi-anthracite, 14

coal, semi-bituminous, 16

coal, sub- bi tumi nous , 16

coconut meat, 37

coconuts oil, 44

coke, 17

coke breeze, 18

copepod, 6 corn (maize), green, 37 corn (maize) meal, 43 corn (maize) oil , 44

corrugated paper boxes, 66

cotton thread, 91 cowpeas, 37

Cyclotol , 23

DBX , 24

deciduous shrubs, alpine tundra, 72

Delrin, 75

Dextrin, 92

dicyandiamide polymer, 75

Durethan U20, 75

Edel kunstharz B, 81 egg albumin, 38

egg yolk, 38

English walnuts, 47

Epi lox EG- 1 , 75

evergreen shrubs, alpine tundra, 76

evergreen shrub cuttings, 72

fat, animal , 38

fat, beef, 5,39

fat, butter, 39

fat, fried, 39

fat, lard, 39

fat, mutton, 40

fat, pork, 40

fat, vegetable, 38-41

fat, wool , 36

fir, 108

flatworm, 6

flea, water, 5 flour, soybean, 41 flour, wheat, 42

flower garden plants, 71 fly, caddis, 6 food cartons, 66

food wastes, vegetable, 42

fruit, citrus, rinds and seeds, 37

fuel , aviation, 48

fuel , jet, 48

fuel oil, 63

gasoline, aviation, 48

gas , natural , 49

gas oil, 63

gelatine, 95

gliadin, 96

glycogen, 92

123
Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

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Heat of

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Heat of

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Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

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Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

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Heat of

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Heat of

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Heat of

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float of

Heat of

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Heat of

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combustion,

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gluten, 96

glutenin, 97

graphite, 52

grass, lawn clippings, 70

guppie, 7 green hydra, 8

H-6, 25

HBX-1, 26

HBX-3 , 27

hemlock, 109

herbs, alpine tundra, 70

HEX-24, 27

HEX-48, 28

hickory, 109

hide, sheep, 7 hominy, 43

hornbeam, 109

HTA-3 , 28

hydra, 7 inulin, 92

inulin triacetate, 92

isobutene polysulfone, 75

jet fuel , 48

jet naphtha, 60

JP-3, 48

JP-4, 48

JP-5, 48

kerosine, 49

lanolin, 36

lard, 39

leaves, tree, 70

Lexan, 84

lignin, 57

lignite, 58

magazine paper, 67

Makrolon, 84

manure, pig, 59

maple, 110

Marl ex, 86

meal , corn, 43

meat, cooked scraps, 43

melamine-formaldehyde polymer, 76

2,5-methylolmelamine, 76

2-methyl propene polysulfone, 75

milk cartons, waxed, 68

milk casein, 94

Minol-2, 32

Miramid H, 78

Mirathen H, 86

mite, 8

mosses, alpine tundra, 71 M0X-1 , 29

M0X-2B , 29

M0X-3B , 30

M0X-4B , 30

M0X-6B , 31 municipal refuse, 98

mutton fat, 40

naphtha, Alaska, 59

naphtha, aromatie, 59

naphtha, high boiling, 60

naphtha, jet, 60

naphtha, low boiling, 60

124 1
Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustiort,

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combos tion,

Heat of combustion,

i.eat of combustion,

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

natural gas, 49

navy beans, 36

newsprint, 67

nitrocellulose, 21 Norway spruce, 114

Nylon-6, 78

Nylon-6,6, 80

oak, 110

oat oil, 44

oats, rolled, 43

Octol , 32

oil , barl ey , 43

oil, coconut, 44

oil , corn (maize) , 44

oil , crude, 62

oil, fuel , 63

oil , gas , 63

oil, oat, 44

oil, ol ive, 45

oil , paraffin, 65

oil , rye, 45

oil , wheat, 46

ol ive oil , 45

Oppanol B 100, 53

oyster, 3 paper, brown, 66

paper, corrugated box, 66

paper, food cartons, 66

paper, junk mail , 67

paper, magazine, 67

paper, newsprint, 67

paper, plastic coated, 68

paraffin oil , 105

paraffin wax, 105

PB-RDX , 31 peanuts, 46

pecans, 46

peat, 69

Pentolite, 34

petroleum jelly, 105

phenylalanine polypeptide, 80

phenol -formaldehyde resin, 81

pine, Ponderosa, 112

pine, white, 112

keratin, 97

plants, vascular aquatic, 71 plastic-coated paper, 68

polyacenaphthylene, 81 polyallylphthalate, 81 poly-1 1-amlnodecanoic acid, 88

poly-l-butene, 83

poly-1 ,1-dichloroethylene, 84

poly-1 ,1-difluoroethylene, 84

policaprolactam, 78

polycarbonate, 84

poly-2, 6-dimethyl phenylene ether, 84

polydioxydi phenyl propane carbonate, 84

polyethylene, 85

puly- L -enantholactam, 85

polyhexamethyh ne adipamide, 80

polymethylmethacrylate, 76

Polyharnstoff , 88

polyisobutene, 83

125
Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Hea t of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Hea t of combustion

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion

Ilea t 0 f c om bus ti on. Heat of combustion

Heat of combustion

Hea t. of combustion

Ilea t. 0 f com bus t. i ori

Ilea t 0 f cornbu s 1 1 on , Ilea L 0 f combusi ton

Heat of combustion

Ilea t of combustion

Hea t 0 f combustion

polyisobutylene, 83

poly-N-ethyl -N-methyl propionamide, 90

polymethylstyrene, 86

polyoxymethylene, 75

polypeptide, poly-N-ethyl -N-methyl propionamide,

polypeptide, phenylalanine, 90

polypeptide, sarcosine, 90

polypropylene, 87

polystyrene, 87

polysul tones , 74

polytetrafluoroethylene, 89

polyurea, 88

polyurethane, 75

polyvinyl nitrate, 34

polyvinylidene chloride, 84

polyvinyl idene fluoride, 84

Ponderosa pine, 112

poplar, 112

pork fat, 40

potato, white, 46

prolomin, 96

propellant, (OS/AP), 93

propellant, (PS/AP), 94

propene, 2-methyl, polysulfone, 75

protein, bovine, 5 protein, wool , 97

RDX-TNT Composition B, 22

refuse, brown paper, 66

refuse, citrus fruit, rinds and seeds, 37

refuse, corrugated paper boxes, 66

refuse, evergreen shrub cuttings, 72

refuse, fat, fried, 39

refuse, flower garden plants, 71 refuse, food cartons, 66

refuse, grass, lawn clippings, 70

refuse, junk mail , 67

refuse, magazine paper, 67

refuse, meat, cooked scraps, 43

refuse, municipal, 98

refuse, newsprint, 67

refuse, paper, brown, 66

refuse, paper, corrugated box, 66

refuse, paper, food cartons, 66

refuse, paper, junk mail, 67

refuse, paper, magazine, 67

refuse, paper, plastic coated, 68

refuse, paper, waxed milk cartons, 68

refuse, plastic coated paper, 68

refuse, shoe, 101

refuse, tree leaves, 70

refuse, vacuum cleaner catch, 105

refuse, vegetable food wastes, 42

refuse, waxed milk cartons, 68

resin, phenol-formaldehyde, 81 rice, 47

Rilsan, 88

rolled oats, 43

rubber, 99

rubber-sul fur compounds, 99

rye oil, 45

sarcosine polypeptide, 90

semi-anthracite coal, 14

semi -bi tumi nous coal, 16

89

\

126
Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat ot combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Ileal of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat, of combustion,

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

Heat of combustion.

sheep blood, 4 sheep carcass, 4 sheep hide, 7 sheep viscera, 9

sheep whole body, 8

shoe, leather, 101

shrimp, brine, 8

shrubs, deciduous, alpine tundra,

shrubs, evergreen, alpine tundra,

shrubs, evergreen, cuttings, 72

snail , 9 snail , aquatic, 9

soybean flour, 41 spitbug, 9 spruce. Balsam, 113

spruce, Norway, 113

starch, 92

starch triacetate, 93

starfish, 9 sub-bituminous coal, 16

sulfite liquor, spent, 103

Teflon, 89

terrestrial flatworm, 6

Torpex, 35

tree leaves, 70

Tritonal , 35

Trockenleim, 89

Ultramid A, 80

urea-formaldehyde resin, 89 vacuum cleaner catch, 105

vascular aquatic plants, 71 vaseline, 105

vegetable fat, 34-41

vegetable food wastes, 42

Veltex, 36

viscera, animal, sheep, 9

VK166, 87

vi tell in, 97

walnuts, English, 47

water flea, 5 wax, paraffin, 105

waxed milk cartons, 68

wheat, 47

wheat flour, 42

wheat oil , 46

white pine, 112

wood, ash, 105

wood. Balsam spruce, 113

wood, beech, 106

wood, birch, 107

wood charcoal , 14

wood, cherry, 107

wood, fir, 108

wood, hickery, 109

wood, hornbeam, 109

wood, maple, 110

wood, Norway spruce, 112

wood, oak, 110

wood, Ponderosa fine, 112

wood, poplar, 11£

wood, white pine, 112

wool , 114

wool e-naphthalenesul fonate, 114

72

72

127
Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

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Heat of

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Heat of

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Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Hf at ot Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat o’-' Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

Heat of

combustion s wool fat, 36

combustion, wool acetate, 114

combustion, wool oxalate, 114

combustion, wool p-toluenesul fonate, 115

combustion, wool picrate, 115

combustion, wool protein, 97

combustion, wool sulfate, 115

combustion, xylan, 93

dehydration, cement hydrates, 13

explosion. Amatol , 1

explosion, Baronal, 20

explosion, black powder, 20

explosion, Cyclotol, 23

explosion, DBX, 24

explosion, flour, 42

explosion, H-6, 25

explosion, HBX-1 , 26

explosion, HBX-3, 27

explosion, HEX-24, 27

explosion, HEX-48, 28

explosion, HTA-3, 28

explosion, Minol-2, 32

explosion, M0X-1 , 29

explosion, M0X-2B, 29

explosion, M0X-3B, 30

explosion, M0X-4B, 30

explosion, M0X-6B, 31 explosion, Octol , 33

explosion, PB-RDX, 31 explosion, Pentolite, 34

explosion,' polyvinyl nitrate, 34

explosion, powder, black, 20

explosion, RDX-TNT Composition B, 22

explosion, Torpex, 33

explosion, Tritonal , 35

explosion, Veltex, 36

fusion, Baratol , 20

fusion, Cyclotol, 24

fusion, H-6, 25

fusion , HBX-1 , 26

fusion, HBX-3, 27

fusion, Noryl resin III, 77

fusion, Nylon-6, 78

fusion, nylon-6,6, 81 fusion, nylon-6,10, 81 fusion, Octol , 33

fusion, polyhexamethyl enesebacamide, 81 fusion, RDX-TNT Composition B, 22

thermal decomposition, tire, automobile, 1 transition. Teflon, 89

transition, tetrafl uoroethyl ene , 89

transition, Zircaloy-2, 2 vaporization, Apiezon C Api ezon Apiezon

Apiezon

Apiezon

Clophen

Cl ophen

Clophen

Leybold

Leybold

vapori zation

va ; ori zation

vaporization

vapori zation

vapor i zation

vaporization

vapori zation

vaporization

vapori zation

vapori zation

54

54

54

oil , 60

oil, 61 grease

grease,

grease,

A30, 10

A40, 11 A50, 11 F oil , 64

H oil, 64

polychlorinated biphenyl, 10

128
Hemlock, western, specific heat, 109

Herbs, alpine tundra, heat of combustion, 70

HEX-24, explosion temperature, 27

HEX-24, heat of combustion, 27

HEX-24, heat of explosion, 27

HEX-48, explosion temperature, 28

HEX-48, heat of combustion, 28

HEX-48, heat of explosion, 28

Hickory, heat of combustion, 109

Hide, sheep, heat of combustion, 7 Holocel lulose, specific heat, 91 Hominy, heat of combustion, 43

Hornbeam, heat of combustion, 109

HTA-3, explosion temperature, 28

HTA-3, heat of combustion, 28

HTA-3, heat of explosion, 28

HTA-3, specific heat, 28

Hydra, heat of combustion, 7 Hydra, green, heat of combustion, 8

Insect(s) (see Animal (s )

)

Insulin, bovine zinc, specific heat, 55

Inulin, heat of combustion, 92

Inulin triacetate, heat of combustion, 92

Iron, cast, heat content, 56

Isobutene polysulfone, heat of combustion, 75

Jet fuels, heat of combustion, 18

Jet naphtha, heat of combustion, 60

JP-3, heat of combustion, 48

JP-4 , heat of combustion, 48

JP-5, heat of combustion, 48

Junk mail, heat of combustion, 67

Kerotin, heat of combustion, 97

Kerosine, heat of combustion, 49

Lanolin, heat of combustion, 36

Lard, heat of combustion, 39

Lawn grass clippings, heat of combustion, 70

Leather, specific heat, 56

Leaves, tree, heat of combustion, 70

Lexan, heat of combustion, 84

Leybold F oil, heat of vaporization, 64

Leybold F oil, vapor pressure, 64

Leybold H oil, heat of vaporization, 64

Leybold H oil, vapor pressure, 64

Lignin, heat of combustion, 57

Lignin, specific heat, 57

Lignite, heat of combustion, 58

Linseed oil, specific heat, 64

Loblolly pine, extractives, specific heat. 111

Loblolly pine, specific heat. 111

Longleaf pine, specific heat. 111

Lubricating oil, vapor pressure, 64

Lucite, specific heat, 76

Lunar material, specific heat, 58,59

Magazine paper, heat of combustion, 67

Mai champah (tree), specific heat, 110

Maizj^ (see Corn)

Makrolon, heat of combustion, 84

Manure, pig, heat of combustion, 59

129
Maple, heat of combustion, 110

Maple, sugar (tree), specific heat, 110

Marlex, heat of combustion, 86

Meal, corn (maize), heat of combustion, 43

Meat, cooked scraps, heat of combustion, 43

Melamine-formaldehyde polymer, heat of combustion, 76

2,5-Methylolmelamine, heat of combustion, 76

2-methyl propene polysulfone, heat of combustion, 75

Milk casein, heat of combustion, 94

Milk cartons, waxed, heat of combustion, 68

Minol-2, explosion temperature, 32

Minol-2, heat of combustion, 32

Minol-2, heat of explosion, 32

Minol-2, specific heat, 32

Miramid H, heat of combustion, 78

Mirathen H, heat of combustion, 86

Mite, heat of combustion, 8

Mollusk (see Animal(s))

Mosses, alpine tundra, heat of combustion, 71 M0X-1 , explosion temperature, 29

M0X-1 , heat of combustion, 29

M0X-1 , heat of explosion, 29

M0X-2B, explosion temperature, 29

M0X-2B, heat of combustion, 29

M0X-2B, heat of explosion, 29

M0X-3B, explosion temperature, 30

M0X-3B, heat of combustion, 30

M0X-3B, heat of explosion, 30

M0X-4B, explosion temperature, 30

M0X-4B, heat of combustion, 30

M0X-4B, heat of explosion, 30

M0X-6B, explosion temperature, 31 M0X-6B, heat of combustion, 31 M0X-6B, heat of explosion, 31 Municipal refuse, heat of combustion, 98

Mutton fat, heat of combustion, 40

Naphtha, Alaska, heat of combustion, 59

Naphtha, aromatic, heat of combustion, 59

Naphtha, high boiling, heat of combustion, 60

Naphtha, jet, heat of combustion, 60

Naphtha, low boiling, heat of combustion, 60

Natural gas, compressibil ity, 49

Natural gas, heat of combustion, 49

Navy beans, heat of combustion, 36

Neatsfoot oil, specific heat, 65

Newsprint, heat of combustion, 67

Nickel -chromium alloy, specific heat, 1 Nitrocellulose, heat of combustion, 21 Nitrocellulose, specific heat, 21 Noryl resin III, heat of fusion, 77 Noryl resin III, specific heat, 77

Norway spruce, heat of combustion, 113

Nylon-6, glass transition temperature, 78

Nylon-6, heat of fusion, 78

Nylon-6, heat of combustion, 78

Nylon-6, specific heat, 78

Nylon-6,6, heat of combustion, 80

Nylon-6,6, heat of fusion, 81 Nylon-6, 6, specific heat, 80

Nylon-6,10, heat of fusion. 81 Nylon- 6,10, specific heat, 81

\ 130
Oak, heat of combustion, 110

Oak, red, specific heat. 111

Oak, white, specific heat. 111

Oat oil, heat of combustion, 44

Oats, rolled, heat of combustion, 43

Octol , explosion temperature, 33

Octol , heat of combustion, 32

Octol, heat of explosion, 33

Octol, heat of fusion, 33

Octol, specific heat, 33

Oil, Apiezon C, heat of vaporization, 60

Oil, Apiezon C, vapor pressure, 60

Oil, Apiezon E, heat of vaporization, 61

Oil, Apiezon E, vapor pressure, 61 Oil, barley, heat of combustion, 43

Oil, castor, specific heat, 61 Oil, coconut, heat of combustion, 44

Oil, corn (maize), heat of combustion, 44

Oil, cottonseed, hydrogenated, specific heat, 44

Oil, crude, heat of combustion, 62

Oil, crude, isothermal compressibility, 62

Oil, crude, specific heat, 63

Oil, fuel, heat of combustion, 63

Oil, gas, heat of combustion, 63

Oil, Leybold F, heat of vaporization, 64

Oil, Leybold F, vapor pressure, 64

Oil, Leybold H, heat of vaporization, 64

Oil, Leybold H, vapor pressure, 64

Oil, linseed, specific heat, 64

Oil, lubricating, vapor pressure, 64

Oil, neatsfoot, specific heat, 65

Oil, oat, heat of combustion, 44

Oil, olive, heat of combustion, 45

Oil, olive, vapor pressure, 45

Oil, paraffin, heat of combustion, 65

Oil, perilla, specific heat, 65

Oil, rye, heat of combustion, 45

Oil, soybean, specific heat, 45

Oil, soybean, vapor pressure, 45

Oil, tung, specific heat, 65

Oil, wheat, heat of combustion, 46

Olive oil, heat of combustion, 45

Olive oil, vapor pressure, 45

Oppanol 8100, heat of combustion, 83

OS/AP propellant, heat of combustion, 93

Oyster, heat of combustion, 3

Paper, brown, heat of combustion, 66

Paper, corrugated box, heat of combustion, 66

Paper, food cartons, heat of combustion, 66

Paper, junk mail, heat of combustion, 67

Paper, magazine, heat of combustion, 67

Paper, milk cartons, waxed, heat of combustion, 68

Paper, newsprint, heat of combustion, 67

Paper, plastic coated, heat of combustion, 68

Paper, waxed milk cartons, heat of combustion, 68

Paraffin oil, heat of combustion, 65

Paraffin wax, heat of combustion, 105

PB-RDX, explosion temperature, 31 PB-RDX, heat of combustion, 31 PB-RDX, heat of explosion, 31 Peanuts, heat of combustion, 46

Peat, heat of combustion, 69

131
Pecans, heat of combustion, 46

Pentolite, explosion temperature, 34

Pentolite, heat of combustion, 34

Pentolite, heat of explosion, 34

Perilla oil, specific heat, 65

Petroleum jelly, heat of combustion, 105

Phenol -formaldehyde resin, heat of combustion, 81 Phenylalanine polypeptide, heat of combustion, 90

Pig manure, heat of combustion, 59

Pine, Loblolly, extractives, specific heat. 111

Pine, Loblolly, wood, specific heat, 111

Pine, longleaf, specific heat. 111

Pine, Ponderosa, heat of combustion, 112

Pine, white, heat of combustion, 112

PKU T 22, heat of combustion, 84

Plastic coated paper, heat of combustion, 68

Plants, 69

Plants, vascular aquatic, heat of combustion, 71 Plastic(s) (see Polymer(s))

Plastic, celluloid, heat of combustion, 13

Polyacenaphthylene, heat of combustion, 81 Poly-1 1-aminodecanoic acid, heat of combustion, 88

Polyal lyl phthalate, heat of combustion, 81 Polybutadiene, specific heat, 81 Polybutadiene-acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer, specific heat, 88

Poly-l-butene, heat of combustion, 83

Polybutylene, heat of combustion, 83

Polycaprolactam, heat of combustion, 78

Polycarbonate, heat of combustion, 84

Polychlorinated biphenyl, Clophen A30, heat of vaporization, 10

Polychlorinated biphenyl, Clophen A30, vapor pressure, 10

Polychlorinated biphenyl, Clophen A40, heat of vaporization, 11 Polychlorinated biphenyl, Clophen A40, vapor pressure, 11 Polychlorinated biphenyl, Clophen A50, heat of vaporization, 11 Polychlorinated biphenyl, Clophen A50, vapor pressure, 11 Poly-1 ,1-dichloroethylene, heat of combustion, 84

Poly-1 ,1-difluoroethylene, heat of combustion, 84

Poly-2 ,6-dimethyl phenylene ether, heat of combustion, 84

Polydioxydi phenyl propane carbonate, heat of combustion, 84

Poly-e-enantholactam, heat of combustion, 85

Polyethylene, heat of combustion, 85

Polyethylene, specific heat, 85

Polyharnstoff , heat of combustion, 88

Polyhexamethyleneadipamide, heat of combustion, 80

Polyhexamethyleneadipamide, heat of fusion, 81 Polyhexamethyleneadipamide, specific heat, 80

Polyhexamethylenesebacamide, heat of fusion, 81 Polyhexamethylenesebacamide, specific heat, 81 Polyisobutene, heat of combustion, 83

Polyisobutylene, heat of combustion, 83

Polymer(s), 73

Polymethylmethacrylate, heat of combustion, 76

Polymethylmethacrylate, specific heat, 76

Polymethylstyrene, heat of combustion, 86

Poly-N-ethyl -N-methyl propionamide, heat of combustion, 90

Pol yoxymethyl ene , heat of combustion, 75

Polypeptide, phenylalanine, heat combustion, 90

Polypeptide, sarcosine, heat of combustion, 90

Polypropylene VK 166, heat combustion, 87

Po I y^a<-charide(s ) , 90

Po I ys tyrene , heat of combustion, 87

Polystyrol, heat of combustion, 87

Pol ysul tone , butene, heat of combustion, 74

132
Polytetrafluoroethylene, heat of combustion, 89

Polytetrafluoroethylene, specific heat, 89

Polyurea, heat of combustion, 88

Polyurethane, heat of combustion, 75

Polyvinyl idene chloride, heat of combustion, 84

Polyvinyl idene fluoride, heat of combustion, 84

Polyvinyl nitrate, explosion temperature, 34

Polyvinyl nitrate, heat of combustion, 34

Polyvinyl nitrate, heat of explosion, 34

Ponderosa pine, heat of combustion, 112

Poplar, heat of combustion, 112

Porcelain, specific heat, 93

Pork fat, heat of combustion, 40

Powder, black, heat of explosion, 20

Potato, white, heat of combustion, 46

Potato, white, specific heat, 46

Prolomin, heat of combustion, 96

Propellant OS/AP, heat of combustion, 93

Propellant PS/AP, heat of combustion', 93

Propellant X14, specific heat, 94

Propene 2 -methyl polysul fone, heat of combustion, 75

Protein, animal, bovine, heat of combustion, 5 Protein, collagen, specific heat, 95

Protein, wool, heat of combustion, 97

Protozoa (see Animal (s))

PS/AP propellant, heat of combustion, 94

Pyroxylin, specific heat, 21 Pyrex glass, heat content, 50

Pyrex glass, specific heat, 50

Quaking aspen, specific heat, 106

Quebracho tannin extract, specific heat, 103

Red cedar, specific heat, 107

Red spruce, specific heat, 113

Refuse, boxes, corrugated paper, heat of combustion, 66

Refuse, brown paper, heat of combustion, 66

Refuse, citrus fruit, rinds and seeds, heat of combustion, 37

Refuse, corrugated paper boxes, heat of combustion, 66

Refuse, evergreen shrub cuttings, heat of combustion, 72

Refuse, fat, fried, heat of combustion, 39

Refuse, flower garden plants, heat of combustion, 71 Refuse, food cartons, heat of combustion, 66

Refuse, food wastes, vegetable, heat of combustion, 42

Refuse, junk mail, heat of combustion, 67

Refuse, magazine paper, heat of combustion, 67

Refuse, meat, cooked scraps, heat of combustion, 43

Refuse, municipal, heat of combustion, 98

Refuse, newsprint, heat of combustion, 67

Refuse, paper, brown, heat of combustion, 66

Refuse, paper, corrugated box, heat of combustion, 66

Refuse, paper, food cartons, heat of combustion, 66

Refuse, paper, junk mail, heat of combustion, 67

Refuse, paper, magazine, heat of combustion, 67

Refuse, paper, milk cartons, waxed, heat of combustion, 68

Refuse, paper, newsprint, heat of combustion, 67

Refuse, paper, plastic coated, heat of combustion, 68

Refuse, paper, waxed milk cartons, heat of combustion, 68

Refuse, plastic coated paper, heat of combustion, 68

Refuse, shoe, leather, heat of combustion, 101

Refuse, tree leaves, heat of combustion, 70

Refuse, vacuum cleaner catch, heat of combustion, 105

Resin, ABS I, specific heat, 88

133
Resin, phenol -formaldehyde, heat of combustion, 81 Resin, urea-formaldehyde, heat of combustion, 89

Rice, heat of combustion, 47 Rolled oats, heat of combustion, 43

Rilsan, heat of combustion, 88

Rock, lunar, vesicular basalt, specific heat, 58

Rubber, heat of combustion, 99

Rubber-sulfur compounds, heat of combustion, 99

Rye oil, heat of combustion, 45

Santowax R, specific heat, 99

Sarcosine polypepide, heat of combustion, 90

Sea water, specific heat, 100

Semi-anthracite coal, heat of combustion, 14 Semi -bituminous coal, heat of combustion, 16

Sheep blood, heat of combustion, 4 Sheep carcass, heat of combustion, 4 Sheep hide, heat of combustion, 7 Sheep viscera, heat of combustion, 10

Sheep, whole body, heat of combustion, 8 Shoe, leather, heat of combustion, 101 Shrimp, brine, heat of combustion, 8 Shrubs, deciduous, alpine tundra, heat of combustion, 72 Shrubs, evergreen, alpine tundra, heat of combustion, 72

Shrubs, evergreen cuttings, heat of combustion, 72

Silver A Zeolite, specific heat, 115

Snail, heat of combustion, 9 Snail, aquatic, heat of combustion, 9 Soda-lime glass, heat content, 51 Soda-lime glass, specific heat, 51 Sodium A Zeolite, specific heat, 115

Soil, regolith, lunar, specific heat, 59 Soybean flour, heat of combustion, 41 Soybean oil, specific heat, 45

Soybean oil, vapor pressure, 45

Specific heat, ABSI Resin, 88

Specific heat, alloy steel, NPL No. 19, 101 Specific heat, alloy, titanium, Ti-75A, 2 Specific heat, alloy, titanium, Ti - 1 50A , 2 Specific heat. Amatol, 19

Specific heat, Apiezon N grease, 53

Specific heat, Apiezon T grease, 55

Specific heat, ash, white (wood), 106

Specific heat, aspen, quaking, 106

Specific heat, asphalt, 10

Specific heat, Baratol , 20

Specific heat, bark, spruce pine, 114

Specific heat, basalt, lunar, 58

Specific heat, beech, 106

Specific heat, black gum (wood), 109

Specific heat, bovine chymotrypsi nogen A, 94

Specific heat, bovine zinc insulin, 55 Specific heat, brass, 12 Specific heat, butadiene-styrene copolymer, GL-622, 73

Specific heat, butadiene-styrene copolymer, X-454, 73

Specific heat, butadiene-styrene copolymer, X-478, 74

Specific heat, castor oil, 61 Specific heat, cedar, red, 107

Specific heat, a-cellulose, 91 Specific heat, cellulose nitrate, 21 Specific heat, chestnut (wood), 108

Specific heat, chestnut tannin extract, 103

134
Specific heat, chromium-nickel alloy, 1 Specific heat, Cocobola Negra, 108

Specific heat, collagen, 98

Specific heat, cottonseed oil, hydrogenated, 44

Specific heat, crude oil, 63

Specific heat, Cyclotol, 24

Specific heat, DBX, 24

Specific heat, distilled asphalt, Venezuelan, 10

Specific heat, Douglas fir, 108

Specific heat, Dowtherm A, 18

Specific heat, egg albumin, 38

Specific heat, elm, white, 108

Specific heat, fir, Douglas, 108

Specific heat, flour, 42

Specific heat, glass, Pyrex, 50

Specific heat, glass, soda-lime, 51 Specific heat, glass, Vycor, 51 Specific heat, grease, Apiezon N, 53

Specific heat, grease, Apiezon T, 55

Specific heat, gum, black (wood), 109

Specific heat, gun cotton, 21 Specific heat, H-6, 25

Specific heat, Hastelloy X, 1 Specific heat, HBX-1, 26

Specific heat, HBX-3, 27

Specific heat, hemlock, western, 109

Specific heat, holocel lulose, 91 Specific heat, HTA-3, 28

Specific heat, insulin, bovine zinc, 55

Specific heat, leather, 56

Specific heat, lignin, 57

Specific heat, linseed oil, 64

Specific heat, loblolly pine extractives. 111

Specific heat, loblolly pine, 111

Specific heat, longleaf pine, 111

Specific heat, Lucite, 76

Specific heat, lunar material, 58

Specific heat, Mai champah (wood), 110

Specific heat, maple, sugar, 110

Specific heat, Minol-2, 32

Specific heat, neatsfoot oil, 65

Specific heat, nickel-chromium alloy, 1 Specific heat, nitrocellulose, 21 Specific heat, Noryl resin III, 77

Specific heat, Nylon-6, 78

Specific heat, Nylon-6,6, 80

Specific heat, Nylon-6,10, 81 Specific heat, oak. 111

Specific heat, Octol , 33

Specific heat, oil, castor, 61 Specific heat, oil, cottonseed, hydrogenated, 44

Specific heat, oil, crude, 63

Specific heat, oil, linseed, 64

Specific heat, oil, neatsfoot, 65

Specific heat, oil, perilla, 65

Specific heat, oil, soybean, 45

Specific heat, oil, tung, 65

Specific heat, perilla oil, 65

Specific heat, pine, longleaf. 111

Specific heat, polybutadiene, 82

Specific heat, polyethylene, 85

Specific heat, polyhexamethylenesebacamide, 81 Specific heat, polyhexamethyleneadipamide, 80

135
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heat, polymethylmethacrylate, 76

heat, polytetrafluoroethylene, 89

heat, porcelain, 93

heat, potato, white, 46

heat, propellant X- 1 4 , 94

heat, Pyrex glass, 50

heat, pyroxylin, 21 heat, quaking aspen, 106

heat, RDX-TNT composition B, 22

heat, red cedar, 107

heat, red oak, 111

heat, red spruce, 113

heat, Resin ABSI , 88

heat, Santowax R, 99

heat, sea water, 100

heat, silver A zeolite, 115

heat, soda-lime glass, 51 heat, sodium A zeolite, 115

heat, soil , lunar, 59

heat, soybean oil , 45

heat, spruce pine, 113

heat, spruce pine bark, 114

heat, spruce, red, 113

heat, stainless steel En-58C, 102

heat, stainless steel 347, 101

heat, stainless steel 446, 102

heat, steel, stainless En-58C, 102

heat, steel, stainless, 347, 101

heat, steel, stainless, 446, 102

heat, styrene-acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer,

heat, sugar maple, 110

heat, tannin extract, 103

heat, tannin extract, chestnut, 103

heat. Teflon, 89

heat, titanium alloy, Ti-75A, 2 heat, titanium alloy, T1-150A, 2 heat, topaz, 104

heat, Torpex, 35

heat, Tri tonal , 35

heat, tung oil, 65

heat, Vycor glass, 51 heat, western hemlock, 109

heat, white elm, 108

heat, white oak. 111

heat, wood, ash, 106

heat, wood, beech, 106

heat, wood, black gum, 109

heat, wood, chestnut, 108

heat, wood, cocobola negra, 108

heat, wood, Douglas fir, 108

heat, wood, loblolly pine. 111

heat, wood, longleaf pine. 111

heat, wood, Mai champah, 110

heat, wood, oak, 111

heat, wood, red cedar, 107

heat, wood, red spruce, 113

heat, wood, quaking aspen, 106

heat, wood, spruce pine, 113

heat, wood, sugar maple, 110

heat, wood, western hemlock, 109

heat, wood, white elm, 108

heat, X 1 4 propellant, 94

heat, zeolite, silver A, 115

88

136
Specific heat, zeolite, sodium A, 115

Specific heat, Zircaloy-2, 2 Spitbug, heat of combustion, 9 Spruce, balsam, heat of combustion, 113

Spruce, Norway, heat of combustion, 113

Spruce pine, specific heat, 113

Spruce pine bark, specific heat, 114

Spruce, red, specific heat, 113

Stainless steel En-58C, specific heat, 102

Stainless steel 347, specific heat, 101

Stainless steel 446, specific heat, 102

Starch, heat of combustion, 92

Starch triacetate, heat of combustion, 93

Starfish, heat of combustion, 9 Steel, alloy, NPL No 19, specific heat, 101

Steel, stainless En-58C, specific heat, 102

Steel, stainless, 347, specific heat, 101

Steel, stainless, 446, specific heat, 102

Styrene-acrylonitrile-polybutadiene copolymer, specific heat, 88

Styrene-butadiene copolymer, X-454, specific heat, 73

Styrene-butadiene copolymer, X-478, specific heat, 74

Styrene-butadiene copolymer, GL-622, specific heat, 73

Sub-bituminous coal, heat of combustion, 16

Suet (see fat, beef, and fat, mutton)

Sugar maple, specific heat, 110

Sulfite liquor, spent, heat of combustion, 103

Tannin extract, specific heat, 103

Tannin extract, chestnut, specific heat, 103

Teflon, heat of combustion, 89

Teflon, heat of transition, 89

Teflon, specific heat, 89

Terrestrial flatworm, heat of combustion, 6

Tetrafluoroethylene, heat of transition, 89

Ti-75A, titanium alloy, specific heat, 2 Ti-150A, titanium alloy, specific heat, 2 Tire, automobile, heat of thermal decomposition, 104

Titanium alloy Ti-75A, specific heat, 2 Titanium alloy, Ti-150A, specific heat, 2 Topaz, specific heat, 104

Torpex, explosion temperature, 35

Torpex, heat of combustion, 35

Torpex, heat of explosion, 35

Torpex, specific heat, 35

Transition, heat of (see Heat of transition)

Trash, municipal (see Refuse)

Tree(s) (see Wood)

Tree leaves, heat of combustion, 70

Tritonal, explosion temperature, 35

Tritonal , heat of combustion, 35

Tritonal, heat of explosion, 35

Tritonal, specific heat, 35

Trockenleim, heat of combustion, 89

Tung oil, specific heat, 65

Ultramid A, heat of combustion, 80

Urea-formal dehyde resin, heat of combustion, 89

Vacuum cleaner catch, heat of combustion, 105

Vapor pressure, Apiezon C oil, 60

Vapor pressure, Apiezon E oil, 61 Vapor pressure, Apiezon P grease, 54

Vapor pressure, Apiezon R grease, 54

137
Vapor pressure, Apiezon S grease, 54

Vapor pressure, Clophen A30, 10

Vapor pressure, Clophen A40, 11 Vapor pressure, Clophen A50, 11 Vapor pressure, Leybold F oil, 64

Vapor pressure, Leybold H oil, 64

Vapor pressure, lubricating oil, 64

Vapor pressure, oil, lubricating, 64

Vapor pressure, oil, olive, 45

Vapor pressure, oil, soybean, 45

Vapor pressure, olive oil, 45

Vapor pressure, polychlorinated biphenyl, 10

Vapor pressure, soybean oil, 45

Vaporization, heat of (see Heat of vaporization)

Vascular aquatic plants, heat of combustion, 71 Vaseline, heat of combustion, 105

Vegetable fat, heat of combustion, 38-41

Vegetable food wastes, heat of combustion, 42

Veltex, heat of combustion, 36

Veltex, heat of explosion, 36

Venezuelan distilled asphalt, specific heat, 10

Viscera, sheep, heat of combustion, 10

Vi tel 1 i n , heat of combustion, 97

VK166 polypropylene, heat of combustion, 87

Vycor glass, specific heat, 51

Walnuts, English, heat of combustion, 47

Water, sea, specific heat, 100

Water fleas, heat of combustion, 5 Wax, paraffin, heat of combustion, 105

Waxed milk cartons, heat of combustion, 68

Western hemlock, specific heat, 109

Wheat, heat of combustion, 47

Wheat flour, heat of combustion, 42

Wheat oil, heat of combustion, 46

White oak, specific heat. 111

White elm, specific heat, 108

White pine, heat of combustion, 112

Wood, ash, heat of combustion, 105

Wood, ash, white, specific heat, 106

Wood, aspen, quaking, specific heat, 106

Wood, beech, heat of combustion, 106

Wood, beech, specific heat, 106

Wood, birch, heat of combustion, 107

Wood, black gum, specific heat, 109

Wood, cedar, red, specific heat, 107

Wood charcoal, heat of combustion, 14

Wood, cherry, heat of combustion, 107

Wood, chestnut, specific heat, 108

Wood, Cocobola negra, specific heat, 108

Wood, Douglas fir, specific heat, 108

Wood, elm, white, Specific heat, 108

Wood, fir, heat of combustion, 108

Wood, fir, Douglas, specific heat, 108

Wood, gum, black, specific heat, 109

Wood, hemlock, western, specific heat, 109

Wood, hickory, heat of combustion, 109

Wood, hornbeam, heat of combustion, 109

Wood, loblolly pine, specific heat. 111 Wood, longledt pine, specific heat, 111

Wood, 11a i chainpah, specific heat, 1 1

Wood, maple, heat of combustion, 110

Wood, maple, sugar, specific heat, 110

138
Wood, oak, heat of combustion, 110

Wood, oak, specific heat, 110

Wood, pine, loblolly, specific heat, 111

Wood, pine, longleaf, specific heat. 111

Wood, pine, Ponderosa, heat of combustion, 112

Wood, Ponderosa pine, heat of combustion, 112

Wood, poplar, heat of combustion, 112

Wood, quaking aspen, specific heat, 106

Wood, red cedar, specific heat, 107

Wood, red spruce, specific heat, 113

Wood, spruce, balsam, heat of combustion, 113

Wood, spruce, Norway, heat of combustion, 113

Wood, spruce pine, specific heat, 113

Wood, spruce, red, specific heat, 113

Wood, sugar maple, specific heat, 110

Wood, western hemlock, specific heat, 109

Wood, white elm, specific heat, 108

Wood, white pine, heat of combustion, 112

Wool, heat of combustion, 114

Wool acetate, heat of combustion, 114

Wool fat, heat of combustion, 36

Wool, 0 -naphthalenesulfonate, heat of combustion, 114

Wool oxalate, heat of combustion, 114

Wool picrate, heat of combustion, 115

Wool protein, heat of combustion, 115

Wool sulfate, heat of combustion, 115

Wool p-toluenesulfonate, heat of combustion, 115

X14, propellant, specific heat, 94

Xylan, heat of combustion, 93

Yolk, egg, heat of combustion, 88

Zeolite, silver A, specific heat, 115

Zeolite, sodium A, specific heat, 115

Zircaloy-2, heat of transition, 2 Zircaloy-2, specific heat, 2

REFERENCES

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(2) 1968 Book of ASTM Standards with Related Material, Part 17,

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(19) Emery, A. G., and Benedict, F. G., Am. J. Physiol. 28

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(23) Kachinskaya, 0. N., Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. Mat. Mekh. Astron.

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(25) Joshi, R. M., and Zwolinski, B. J., Macromolecule 1^, 25-30 (1968).

(26) Jessup, R. S., and Cunxnings, A. D., J. Research NBS 13. 357-369 (1934).

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150
APPENDIX

The symbols indicated in this Appendix

are those adopted by the International Union

of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), 1969.

Symbols in parentheses are alternates,

accepted but not recommended by IUPAC. Also

indicated are other commonly used symbols and names of quantities not accepted by IUPAC.

Primary Symbols

T thermodynamic temperature (absolute

temperature)

t,e Celsius temperature

R molar gas constant

k Boltzmann constant

q»Q heat

w»W work

U,(E) internal energy

H enthalpy: H = U + pV

S entropy

A Helmholtz energy: A = U - TS

J Massieu function: J

= -A/T

G Gibbs energy: G = H - TS

NOTE: The Gibbs energy is frequently called

free energy, Gibbs free energy, or Gibbs

function. The commonly encountered term

free energy in American work on thermodynamics almost invariably refers to Gibbs energy.

This usage of the term free energy and the

symbol F are being discouraged by the IUPAC

because of confusion with the Helmholtz

energy and the common European usage of F for the latter.

Y Planck function: Y = -G/T

Z compressibil ity factor: Z = pV/nRT

C heat capacity

c specific heat capacity (heat capacity

divided by mass)

y , ( k ) heat capacity ratio: Cp/Cv

u Joul e-Thomson coefficient

thermal conductivity

thermal diffusivity: a = a/, Cp

h coefficient of heat transfer

a cubic expansion coefficient:

a = (3V/3T)

p /V

k isothermal compressibility:

k = -(3V/3p)

T /V

6 pressure coefficient: e = (ap/.J)

v

Ug chemical potential of substance B

X B absolute activity of substance B:

X B

= exp(y

g /RT

)

f.(p*) fugacity

n osmotic pressure

I ionic strength:

I = kz.m.z. 2 or I = %E

i c.z

i 2

a* activity, relative activity of

substance B

fD activity coefficient, mole fraction

basis

Yg activity coefficient, molality basis

yB activity coefficient, concentration

basis

$ osmotic coefficient

Selected Symbols for Other Quantities in

Thermodynamics

A,S area

V volume

t time

m mass

p density (mass divided by volume)

P pressure

A relative atomic mass (also called

"atomic weight")

M relative molecular mass (also called

r "molecular weight")

SYMBOLS FOR THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES

x,k

a

151
Avogadro constant

number of molecules

amount of substance

mole fraction of substance B:

X B

' VE

1 n1 mass fraction of substance B

volume fraction of substance B

molality of solute substance B (amount of B divided by the mass of

solvent)

concentration of substance B (amount

of B divided by the volume of the

solution)

mass concentration of substance B (mass of B divided by the volume of

the solution)

stoichiometric coefficient of substance B (negative for reactants,

positive for products). (The general

equation for a chemical reaction is - igVgB = 0,- [Example: for the reaction

H2O -* H2 + ^2 » H2 + %02 ~ H2O = 0]

extent of reaction: (d^ = dn

b /v

g

)

equilibrium constant

degree of dissociation

charge number of an Ion B (positive

for cations, negative for anions)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT - INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM (SI)

SI - BASE UNITS AND SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS

quantity name of unit symbol

1 ength metre m mass kilogram kg

time second s temperature kelvin K electric current ampere A luminous intensity candela cd

amount of substance mole mol

plane angle radian rad

solid angle steradian sr

mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains

as many elementary entities as there are carbon atoms in 0.012:

kilogram of carbon-12.

NOTE: The elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups

of such particles.

PREFIXES

DEFINITIONS OF THE SI BASE UNITS SI Symbol Prefix name Multiplication factor

metre:

kilogram:

second:

The metre is the length equal to

1 650 763.73 wavelengths In vacuum

of the radiation corresponding to

the transition between the levels

2p 10 and 5d s of the krypton-86

atom.

The kilogram is equal to the mass

of the international prototype of

the kilogram.

The second is the duration of

9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine

levels of the ground state of the

cesium-133 atom.

T tera IQ 12 G giga 10 9 M mega 106 k kilo 109

h hecto 10+2

da deka 10

+1

d deci 10’ 1 c centi 10" 2 m milli 10~ 3

u micro 10' 6

n nano 10‘ 9

P pico 10” 12 f femto 10’ 15

a atto 10’ 18

kelvin: The kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16

of the thermodynamic temperature

of the triple point of water. The

kelvin is used both for thermodynamic temperature and for thermodynamic temperature interval.

ampere: The ampere is that constant current

which, if maintained in two straight

parallel conductors of infinite

length, of negligible cross section,

and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum,

would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10" 7 new- ton per metre of length.

candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of a surface of 1/600 000

square metre of a black body at

the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101 325

newtons per square metre.

153
OTHER UNITS EXACTLY DEFINED IN TERMS OF SI UNITS (PARTIAL LISTING)

Quanti ty Name Symbol Defi ni tion

length inch in. 2.54 x 10' 2 m

mass pound (av.) lb 0.453 592 37 kg

force kilogram force kgf 9.806 65 N

pressure atmosphere atm 101 325 N-m"

2

pressure torr Torr (101 325/760) N-m

pressure millimetre of

mercury

mmHg 13.5951 x 980.665

x 10" 2 N‘m"

2

energy kilowatt-hour kWh 3.6 x 10 6 J

energy thermochemical

calorie***

ta,

th

4.184 J

energy IT calorie** Cal

IT 4.1868 J

energy IT British thermal

unit**

Bn,,! 1055.06 J*

temperature

(thermodynamic)

degree Rankine °R L/9 K****

temperature degree Celsius °C

temperature degree Fahrenheit °F 5/9 K******

volume 1 itre 1 10

-3 m

3

* The exact relationship is: 1 BtUjy = (4.1868/1.8) x 453.59237

** IT refers to International Tables (International Steam Tables). *** The thermochemical calorie is used in tables in this monograph.   [T( °R) = 1 . 8T ( K ) ] ; [T(°R) = t(°F) + 459.67]; [T(°R) = 1.8t(°C) + 491.67]. ** *** [t(°C) = T ( K ) - 273.15]. ****** [t( °F) = 1 .8t(°C) + 32].

Auxiliary Conversion Factors

1 J g"' = 0.429923 Btu

jT

(lb)"

1

1 ca 1 j -p g

* = 1.8 BtUj

T (lb)

'

154
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

The physical constants indicated below A more recent list of constants oir- are excerpted from a list recommended by the fering by small amounts from the above values,

National Bureau of Standards. The complete is under consideration by the Task Group on list is found in National Bureau of Standards Fundamental Constants of the Committee on Technical News Bulletin, October, 1963. Data for Science and Technology (International

Council on Scientific Unions). The new values

±Error limits are approximately 3 stan- are not significantly different from those with

dard deviations and apply to last digits of which this handbook was prepared. (See

the value. NBS Special Publications 344, March, 1971.)

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Constant Symbol Value Error Limit Units (SI)

Speed of light in vacuum c 2.997 925 3 x 10 8 m* s“

1

Elementary charge e 1 .602 10 7 10 19 C

Avogadro constant na 6.022 52 28 1

0

2 3 mol

1

Electron rest mass m

e 9.109 1 4 10“ 31 kg

Proton rest mass m

p 1.672 52 8 10- 27

kg

Neutron rest mass m

n

1 .674 82 8 10- 27

kg

Faraday constant F 9.648 70 16 10 4 mol

“ 1

Planck constant h 6.625 6 5 io

“ 314 J-s

Rydberg constant R

03 1.097 373 1 3 10“ 11 -

1

m

Bohr radius a

o 5.291 67 7 10" 11 m

Electron radius r

e 2.817 77 11 10“ 15 m

Gas constant R 8.314 3 12 10° J»K“

1 -mol

Normal volume perfect gas V o 2.241 36 30 10" 2 m

3 -mol

1

Boltzmann constant k 1 .380 54 18 10“ 23

J-K'

1

First radiation constant Cl 3.741 5 3 10“ 16 W°m 2

Second radiation constant c 2

1 .438 79 19 10“ 2 m-K

Wien displacement constant b 2.897 8 4 10“ 3 m « K

Stefan-Bol tzmann constant o 5.669 7 29 10“ 8

V -m K

Energy associated with -

10

, - 19 .3*(eV) -1 Electron volt eV 1.602 7 10

Frequency (electromagnetic) e/h 2.418 04 7 10 14 Hz • (eV)

" 1

Wavelength (electromagnetic) ch/e 1.239 81 4 10“ 6 eV *m

Wave number e/ch 8.065 73 23 10 8 m

1 *(eV)1

Kelvin e/k 1.160 49 16 10 4 K*(eV)“

1

155
SI DERIVED UNITS (PARTIAL LISTING)

Symbol Definition Other

for SI unit of SI unit Definitions

force newton N

, -2

m*kg *s

pressure pascal Pa m”

1

• kg *s -2

N *m~

2

energy joule J m

2 *kg *s -2

N*m

power watt W m

2 *kg*s

3 J-s"

1

electric charge coulomb C A*s

electric potential difference vol t V m

2 *kg-s~

j *A

-1 W-A"

1

electric resistance ohm ft m

2 >kg*s~

3 *A"

2 V-A"

1

electric conductance siemens S m"

2 *kg' 1 .s

3 *A 2 A-V"

1

electric capacitance farad F m~

2 -kg" 1 *s 4 ‘A 2 C-V* 1

magnetic flux weber Wb m

2 *kg

s"

2 *A"1 V-s

i nductance henry H m

2 *kg *s~

2 -A"

2 Wb-A’

1

magnetic flux density tesla T kg *s~

2 *A~1 Wb^m" 2

luminous flux 1 umen lm cd *sr

i 1 lumi nation lux lx m -cd*sr

frequency hertz Hz

-

s
ATOMIC WEIGHTS

The atomic weights indicated below are Atomic

those used in calculation of formula weights Name Symbol number

of the substances listed in the table. Since

the data were calculated more recent tables Fluorine F 9 of atomic weights (Pure and Applied Chemistry Francium Fr 87

21, 91-108 (1970); 30 , 639-649 (1972); 37, Gadolinium Gd 64

5^-603 (1974) ; 47, 75-95 (1976) have been Gallium Gd 31 recommended by the Commission on Atomic Germanium Ge 32

Weights of the International Union of Pure and Gold Au 79

Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The changes which Hafnium Hf 72 occur as a result of the new atomic weights are Hel i urn He 2 not significant for the purposes for which this Holmium Ho 67

handbook was prepared , and so no changes have Hydrogen H 1 been made in the tables. This keeps the values Indium In 49

consistent with those in "Combustion Fundamen- Iodine I 53

tals for Waste Incineration" [141]. Iridium Ir 77 Iron Fe 26

Elements and their new atomic weights. Krypton Kr 36

which occur most prominently In the tables of Lanthanum La 57 thermodynami

c

data contained in this report. Lead Pb 82 are: carbon. 12.011; and hydrogen, 1.0080. Lithium Li 3 Of lesser importance are: sulfur, 32.06; bro- Lutetium Lu 71 mine, 79.904; iodine. 126.9045, and boron. Magnesium Mg 12 10.81. Minor changes have also been made in Manganese Mn 25

the atomic weights of certain metals. Mendelevium Md 101 Mercury Hg 80

ATOMIC WEIGHTS (RELATIVE ATOMIC MASSES) OF Molybdenum Mo 42

THE ELEMENTS (1961) Neodymium Nd 60

Neon Ne 10

Atomi

c

Neptunium Np 93

Name Symbol number Atomic Weiqht Nickel Ni 28

Niobium Nb 41 Actinium Ac 89 Nitrogen N 7

Aluminum A1 13 26.9815 Nobel ium No 102

Americium Am 95 Osmi urn 0s 76

Antimony Sb 51 121.75 Oxygen 0 8

Argon Ar 18 39.948 Palladium Pd 46

Arsenic As 33 74.9216 Phosphorus P 15 Astatine At 85 Platinum Pt 78

Bari urn Ba 56 137.34 Plutonium Pu 94

Berkel i urn Bk 97 Polonium Po 84

Beryllium Be 4 9.0122 Potassium K 19

Bismuth Bi 83 208.980 Praseodymi urn Pr 59

Boron B

1 5 10.811 Promethium Pm 61 Bromine Br 35 79.909 Protactinium Pa 91 Cadmi urn Cd 48 112.40 Radium Ra 88

Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Radon Rn 86

Californium Cf 93 Rhenium Re 75

Carbon C 6 12.01115 Rhodium Rh 45

Cerium Ce .58 140.12 Rubidium Rb 37

Cesium Cs 55 132.905 Ruthenium Ru 44

Chlorine Cl 17 35.453 Samarium Sm 62

Chromium Cr 24 51.996 Scandium Sc 21 Cobalt Co 27 58.9332 Selenium Se 34

Copper Cu 29 63.54 Silicon Si 14 Curium Cm 96 Silver Ag 47

Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 Sodium Na 11 Einsteinium Es 99 Strontium Sr 38

Erbium Er 68 167.26 Sulfur S 16

Europium Eu 63 151.96 Tantalum Ta 73

Fermi urn Fm 100 Technetium Tc 43

Atomic Weight

18.9984

157.25

69.72

72.59

196.967

178.49

4.0026

164.930

1.00797

114.82

126.9044

192.2

55.847

83.80

138.91

207.19

6.939

174.97

24.312

54.9380

200.59

95.94

144.24

20.183

58.71

92.906

14.0067

190.2

15.9994

106.4

30.9738

195.09

39.102

140.907

186.2

102.905

85.47

101.07

150.35

44.956

78.96

28.086

107.870

22.9898

87.62

32.064

180.948

157
Name Symbol

Atomic

number Atomic Weight

Tel 1 urium Te 52 127.60

Terbium Tb 65 158.924

Thai 1 ium T1 81 204.37

Thorium Th 90 232.038

Thulium Tm 69 168.934

Tin Sn 50 118.69

Titanium Ti 22 47.90

Tungsten W 74 183.85

Uranium U 92 238.03

Vanadium V 23 50.942

Xenon Xe 54 131 .30

Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04

Yttrium Y 39 88.905

Zinc Zn 30 65.37

Zi rconium Zr 40 91 .22

158

I
NBS-114A (REV. I 1-77)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEiT

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO.

NBSIR 78** 1479

2. Gov’t Accession

No.

3. Recipient’s Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Thermodynamic Data for Waste Incineration

5. Publication Date August 1978

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

Eugene S. Domalski, William H. Evans and Thomas L. Jobe, Jr.

§. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C- 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 5435151

11. Contract/Grant No. G-125-5

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Research Committee on Industrial and Municipal Wastes

United Engineering Center

345 East 47th Street - New York. N.Y. 10017

13. Type of Report St Period

Covered

1 Jan. 1975 - 31 Dec.l9?6

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of moat significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

A table of thermodynamic data of 331 selected materials has been compiled tor

the purpose of providing engineers with information on materials which are not easily

identifiable by a stoichiometric formula. Examples of such materials are: foods,

wood species, oils, animals, plants, polymers, etc. The table is arranged alphabetically according to the names of the various materials, and whenever possible,

the chief components or all readily identifiable components are supplied. In

addition, the physical state, the kind of thermodynamic property, specific-property

values, and citations to a list of 142 references are furnished. In order to assist

the reader with finding a specific material or property, a material name and property

index has been put together. A section on Units and Definitions explains the various

thermodynamic properties being reported and the condition under which they apply.

An appendix supplies auxiliary information on symbols for thermodynamic quantities,

units, physical constants and atomic weights.

The table is oriented more toward engineers involved in the disposal of municipal

wastes than any other group; however, applications in other engineering and scientific

sectors can easily be made.

17. KEY WORDS (eix to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the firat letter of ffse first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons)

Heat of combustion; heat of explosion; miscellaneous materials; specific heat;

vapor pressure.

18. AVAILABILITY Unlimited

For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I ! Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Stock No. SN0Q3°Q03

PCI Ordfer From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGET

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

167

ft. Price

$ 8.00

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