Alpine Geophysics, LLC 

Memo 

To: Priscilla Ligh 

From: Dennis McNally 

CC: 

Date: March 4, 2010 (finalized March 29, 2010)* 

Re: Hawaii BART/RP Supplemental Modeling Results 

This memo outlines the modeled impacts for the Subject-to-BART, Reasonable Progress (RP), and the 

combined impacts for facilities with both Subject-to-BART and RP sources as identified by the Hawaii 

Department of Health, Clean Air Branch (CAB). The list of facilities is presented in Table 1. The 

CALMET/CALPUFF modeling approach was identical to the Subject to BART modeling1

. 

This modeling extended the Subject-to-BART modeling analysis by looking at the Haleakala (HALE1 

and HACR1) and Hawaii Volcanoes (HAVO1) IMPROVE sites. The Subject-to-BART report followed 

the Subject- to-BART and RP Prioritization Modeling Protocol for the State of Hawaii, November 30, 

2009, and presented results only at the discrete receptor grids within the Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes 

Class 1 areas. The modeling parameters for the IMPROVE monitor sites are listed in Tables 2 through 7. 

Parameters for HALE1 and HAVO1 are primarily from the Federal Land Managers’ Air Quality Related 

Values Workgroup (FLAG) Phase I Report – Revised (FLAG, 2008). Parameters for HACR1 were 

provided by CAB.

Tables for each of BART eligible sources are presented. For each facility the top 8 visibility impacts 

(Δdv) are presented for both Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes class 1 areas (the same values presented in 

the Subject-to-BART modeling report), and at the IMPROVE monitors. Values where the visibility 

impacts for the top 1-7 impacts (higher that 98th percentile) exceed the 0.5 Δdv threshold are shaded 

yellow. Values where the visibilities for the 8th high (the 98th percentile) exceed the threshold are shaded 

red. Tables for each BART eligible source are presented in Tables 8-15. 

For the RP sources, the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system was applied for both the Class 1 discrete 

receptors and the IMPROVE monitor sites. Results for each of the RP sources are presented in Tables 16-

23. 

 

1

 “Subject-to-Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) Modeling for the State of Hawaii: Application of the CALPUFF 

Modeling System” Prepared by Alpine Geophysics, LLC, Prepared for Hawaii Department of Health, Environmental 

Management Division, Clean Air Branch, March, 2010. 

1 
For facilities that have both BART eligible and RP sources it was desired to look at the combined 

impacts. This combination was performed by combining the BART eligible and RP source concentration 

files using the CALSUM processor. Then using POSTUTIL to perform the HNO3/NO3 partitioning on 

the summed file, then using CALPOST to calculate the visibility impacts. Results for each of the 

facilities with both BART eligible and RP sources are presented in Tables 24-28. 

Table 1 BART-eligible /RP-eligible Sources identified by Clean Air Branch. 

Facilities BART-eligible RP-eligible 

Chevron Refinery X

Tesoro Refinery X X

HECO – Kahe X X

HECO – Waiau X X

HC&S Puunene X X

MECO – Kahului X X

HELCO – Kanoelehua Hill X

Hu Honua Bioenergy, LLC -

Pepeekeo 

(formerly Hilo Coast) 

X 

Kauai Utilities – Port Allen1 X 

HECO-Honolulu Generating Station X 

HELCO – Puna Generating Station X 

HELCO – Shipman X 

1

 The Kauai Utilities – Port Allen plant was excluded from the CALPUFF analysis based on the Q/D 

screening analysis. 

Table 2. IMPROVE Site Coordinates 

Site Code State Lat Long Elev (m) 

Haleakala 

Crater HACR1 HI 20.7585 -156.2479 2158 

Haleakala NP HALE1 HI 20.8086 -156.2823 1153 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes NP HAVO1 HI 19.4309 -155.2579 1258 

2 
Table 3. Background Extinction Coefficients (20% Best Days). 

Background Extinction Coefficients (20% Best Days) 

Class I Area 

(NH4)2SO4

μg/m3 

NH4NO3 

Μg/m3

OM

μg/m3

EC

μg/m3

Soil

μg/m3

CM 

μg/m3 

Sea Salt

μg/m3

Rayleigh

Mm-1

Haleakala 

National Park 

(HALE1) 

2000-2004 0.05 0.04 0.24 0.01 0.11 1.59 0.13 10

Haleakala 

National Park 

(HACR1) 

2007-2008 

0.031 0.023 0.024 0.002 0.048 0.330 0.098 9.000

Hawaii 

Volcanoes 

National Park 

(HAVO1) 

2000-2004 0.03 0.04 0.27 0.01 0.06 0.64 0.11 10

Table 4. Background Extinction Coefficients (Annual Average Days). 

Background Extinction Coefficients (Annual Average Days) 

Class I Area 

(NH4)2SO4

μg/m3 

NH4NO3 

Μg/m3

OM

μg/m3

EC

μg/m3

Soil

μg/m3

CM 

μg/m3 

Sea Salt

μg/m3

Rayleigh

Mm-1

Haleakala 

National Park 

(HALE1) 

2000-2004 0.12 0.10 0.57 0.02 0.23 2.93 0.25 10

Haleakala 

National Park 

(HACR1) 

2007-2008 

0.115 0.100 0.239 0.020 0.231 1.276 0.165 9.000

Hawaii 

Volcanoes 

National Park 

(HAVO1) 

2000-2004 0..12 0.10 0.45 0.02 0.16 1.42 0..29 10

3 
Table 5. Monthly fL(RH) – Large (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 Relative Humidity Adjustment Factor. 

Class I Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Haleakala 

National Park 

(HALE1 & 

HACR1) 

2.34 2.27 2.25 2.20 2.13 2.09 2.16 2.14 2.10 2.19 2.33 2.30

Hawaii Volcanoes 

National Park 

(HAVO1) 

2.56 2.45 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.45 2.53 2.59 2.55 2.57 2.78 2.55

Table 6. Monthly fS(RH) – Small (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 Relative Humidity Adjustment Factor. 

Class I Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Haleakala 

National Park 

 (HALE 1 & 

HACR1) 

2.98 2.85 2.81 2.72 2.60 2.53 2.65 2.63 2.56 2.69 2.95 2.89

Hawaii Volcanoes 

National Park 

(HAVO1) 

3.35 3.10 3.14 3.13 3.14 3.11 3.24 3.42 3.34 3.38 3.76 3.34

Table 7. Monthly fSS(RH) – Sea Salt Relative Humidity Adjustment Factor. 

Class I Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Haleakala 

National Park 

(HALE 1 & 

HACR1)) 

3.52 3.43 3.40 3.35 3.25 3.18 3.29 3.27 3.22 3.33 3.52 3.47

Hawaii Volcanoes 

National Park 

(HAVO1) 

3.80 3.68 3.71 3.72 3.72 3.69 3.79 3.83 3.79 3.83 4.08 3.80

4 
Table 8. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HC&S Puunene 

BART Eligible sources operating on either bagasse or coal. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th

percentile (Top 1-7) are shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) 

are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HC&S Puunene (Bagasse) 1 0.119 0.029 0.127 0.018 0.102

HC&S Puunene (Bagasse) 2 0.102 0.024 0.077 0.013 0.094

HC&S Puunene (Bagasse) 3 0.101 0.017 0.076 0.008 0.082

HC&S Puunene (Bagasse) 4 0.090 0.011 0.066 0.007 0.063

HC&S Puunene (Bagasse) 5 0.061 0.010 0.063 0.006 0.063

HC&S Puunene (Bagasse) 6 0.060 0.010 0.055 0.005 0.058

HC&S Puunene (Bagasse) 7 0.059 0.009 0.046 0.005 0.056

HC&S Puunene (Bagasse) 8 0.059 0.008 0.046 0.004 0.051

HC&S Puunene (Coal) 1 0.236 0.094 0.204 0.065 0.251

HC&S Puunene (Coal) 2 0.224 0.092 0.200 0.060 0.209

HC&S Puunene (Coal) 3 0.184 0.090 0.167 0.055 0.166

HC&S Puunene (Coal) 4 0.181 0.089 0.165 0.045 0.162

HC&S Puunene (Coal) 5 0.170 0.073 0.147 0.043 0.159

HC&S Puunene (Coal) 6 0.150 0.073 0.129 0.025 0.154

HC&S Puunene (Coal) 7 0.140 0.053 0.120 0.025 0.145

HC&S Puunene (Coal) 8 0.133 0.039 0.119 0.025 0.131

Table 9. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the Chevron 

Refinery BART Eligible sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are 

shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

Chevron Refinery 1 0.208 0.055 0.212 0.032 0.243

Chevron Refinery 2 0.135 0.032 0.145 0.019 0.158

Chevron Refinery 3 0.083 0.025 0.094 0.016 0.097

Chevron Refinery 4 0.082 0.019 0.085 0.014 0.096

Chevron Refinery 5 0.060 0.019 0.044 0.014 0.058

Chevron Refinery 6 0.031 0.017 0.038 0.013 0.036

Chevron Refinery 7 0.029 0.017 0.029 0.011 0.034

Chevron Refinery 8 0.021 0.016 0.024 0.011 0.024

5 
Table 10. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the Tesoro 

Refinery BART Eligible sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are 

shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

Tesoro Refinery 1 0.237 0.062 0.242 0.035 0.276

Tesoro Refinery 2 0.173 0.038 0.186 0.022 0.201

Tesoro Refinery 3 0.099 0.033 0.105 0.020 0.115

Tesoro Refinery 4 0.092 0.027 0.102 0.019 0.106

Tesoro Refinery 5 0.079 0.023 0.056 0.016 0.074

Tesoro Refinery 6 0.040 0.019 0.051 0.015 0.047

Tesoro Refinery 7 0.027 0.019 0.029 0.014 0.032

Tesoro Refinery 8 0.025 0.017 0.027 0.014 0.029

Table 11. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the Ho Honua 

Bioenergy - Pepeekeo BART Eligible sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile 

(Top 1-7) are shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded 

red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

Hu Honua Bioenergy –

Pepeekeo 1 0.444 1.660 0.450 0.809 0.517

Hu Honua Bioenergy –

Pepeekeo 2 0.444 1.102 0.342 0.663 0.431

Hu Honua Bioenergy –

Pepeekeo 3 0.404 1.067 0.308 0.464 0.362

Hu Honua Bioenergy –

Pepeekeo 4 0.398 0.689 0.278 0.457 0.354

Hu Honua Bioenergy –

Pepeekeo 5 0.376 0.651 0.258 0.430 0.324

Hu Honua Bioenergy –

Pepeekeo 6 0.373 0.552 0.257 0.392 0.306

Hu Honua Bioenergy –

Pepeekeo 7 0.364 0.551 0.253 0.380 0.304

Hu Honua Bioenergy –

Pepeekeo 8 0.323 0.540 0.240 0.364 0.300

6 
Table 12. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the MECO - 

Kahului BART Eligible sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are 

shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

MECO - Kahului 1 0.566 0.250 0.507 0.157 0.616

MECO - Kahului 2 0.467 0.250 0.431 0.155 0.478

MECO - Kahului 3 0.447 0.240 0.335 0.138 0.371

MECO - Kahului 4 0.363 0.238 0.333 0.109 0.353

MECO - Kahului 5 0.345 0.183 0.316 0.102 0.333

MECO - Kahului 6 0.298 0.163 0.305 0.078 0.258

MECO - Kahului 7 0.289 0.163 0.290 0.071 0.252

MECO - Kahului 8 0.232 0.108 0.227 0.069 0.247

Table 13. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HELCO 

Kanoelehua Hill BART Eligible sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-

7) are shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HELCO Kanoelehua Hill 1 1.132 4.681 0.947 1.791 1.177

HELCO Kanoelehua Hill 2 1.023 4.088 0.824 1.779 0.971

HELCO Kanoelehua Hill 3 0.872 2.967 0.664 1.668 0.809

HELCO Kanoelehua Hill 4 0.865 2.879 0.630 1.517 0.798

HELCO Kanoelehua Hill 5 0.856 2.759 0.591 1.505 0.780

HELCO Kanoelehua Hill 6 0.846 2.448 0.581 1.490 0.735

HELCO Kanoelehua Hill 7 0.812 2.403 0.554 1.375 0.683

HELCO Kanoelehua Hill 8 0.808 2.334 0.547 1.351 0.648

7 
Table 14. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HECO - Waiau 

BART Eligible sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are shaded 

yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HECO - Waiau 1 0.573 0.211 0.620 0.165 0.664

HECO - Waiau 2 0.512 0.131 0.518 0.102 0.596

HECO - Waiau 3 0.251 0.117 0.257 0.080 0.288

HECO - Waiau 4 0.248 0.111 0.225 0.057 0.232

HECO - Waiau 5 0.211 0.092 0.175 0.057 0.223

HECO - Waiau 6 0.193 0.071 0.168 0.041 0.211

HECO - Waiau 7 0.103 0.039 0.130 0.036 0.119

HECO - Waiau 8 0.083 0.038 0.089 0.026 0.089

Table 15. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HECO - Kahe 

BART Eligible sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are shaded 

yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HECO - Kahe 1 1.277 0.299 1.318 0.179 1.474

HECO - Kahe 2 1.153 0.286 1.255 0.177 1.330

HECO - Kahe 3 0.707 0.222 0.797 0.170 0.815

HECO - Kahe 4 0.686 0.198 0.683 0.159 0.760

HECO - Kahe 5 0.656 0.196 0.473 0.125 0.625

HECO - Kahe 6 0.381 0.162 0.329 0.101 0.400

HECO - Kahe 7 0.240 0.142 0.317 0.094 0.278

HECO - Kahe 8 0.221 0.132 0.262 0.068 0.255

8 
Table 16. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HC&S Puunene 

RP sources operating on either bagasse or coal. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile 

(Top 1-7) are shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded 

red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HC&S Puunene RP (Bagasse) 1 0.076 0.017 0.083 0.011 0.069

HC&S Puunene RP (Bagasse) 2 0.068 0.014 0.050 0.007 0.061

HC&S Puunene RP (Bagasse) 3 0.066 0.009 0.049 0.004 0.053

HC&S Puunene RP (Bagasse) 4 0.060 0.006 0.044 0.004 0.040

HC&S Puunene RP (Bagasse) 5 0.040 0.006 0.041 0.003 0.039

HC&S Puunene RP (Bagasse) 6 0.040 0.005 0.034 0.003 0.037

HC&S Puunene RP (Bagasse) 7 0.039 0.005 0.029 0.003 0.036

HC&S Puunene RP (Bagasse) 8 0.037 0.004 0.029 0.003 0.034

HC&S Puunene RP (Coal) 1 0.345 0.151 0.302 0.094 0.369

HC&S Puunene RP (Coal) 2 0.226 0.143 0.214 0.089 0.237

HC&S Puunene RP (Coal) 3 0.221 0.127 0.208 0.083 0.217

HC&S Puunene RP (Coal) 4 0.212 0.126 0.191 0.070 0.214

HC&S Puunene RP (Coal) 5 0.207 0.115 0.184 0.068 0.199

HC&S Puunene RP (Coal) 6 0.190 0.114 0.180 0.039 0.171

HC&S Puunene RP (Coal) 7 0.174 0.082 0.160 0.037 0.170

HC&S Puunene RP (Coal) 8 0.159 0.058 0.139 0.037 0.165

Table 17. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the Tesoro 

Refinery RP sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are shaded 

yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

Tesoro Refinery RP 1 0.099 0.025 0.101 0.014 0.116

Tesoro Refinery RP 2 0.076 0.016 0.082 0.010 0.089

Tesoro Refinery RP 3 0.042 0.014 0.043 0.009 0.049

Tesoro Refinery RP 4 0.039 0.012 0.043 0.008 0.043

Tesoro Refinery RP 5 0.037 0.009 0.027 0.007 0.036

Tesoro Refinery RP 6 0.021 0.008 0.026 0.007 0.024

Tesoro Refinery RP 7 0.013 0.008 0.014 0.006 0.014

Tesoro Refinery RP 8 0.012 0.008 0.012 0.006 0.013

9 
Table 18. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the MECO - 

Kahului RP sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are shaded 

yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

MECO - Kahului RP 1 1.008 0.449 0.911 0.290 1.099

MECO - Kahului RP 2 0.873 0.439 0.749 0.276 0.934

MECO - Kahului RP 3 0.837 0.436 0.724 0.241 0.681

MECO - Kahului RP 4 0.663 0.426 0.632 0.196 0.632

MECO - Kahului RP 5 0.617 0.329 0.564 0.184 0.566

MECO - Kahului RP 6 0.594 0.292 0.550 0.140 0.503

MECO - Kahului RP 7 0.495 0.288 0.526 0.129 0.492

MECO - Kahului RP 8 0.454 0.201 0.424 0.128 0.446

Table 19. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HELCO – 

Puna Generating RP sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are 

shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HELCO – Puna Generating RP 1 0.531 2.714 0.436 1.416 0.544

HELCO – Puna Generating RP 2 0.415 2.347 0.390 1.230 0.464

HELCO – Puna Generating RP 3 0.394 2.319 0.280 1.150 0.354

HELCO – Puna Generating RP 4 0.371 1.954 0.271 0.962 0.348

HELCO – Puna Generating RP 5 0.368 1.750 0.269 0.956 0.322

HELCO – Puna Generating RP 6 0.363 1.689 0.263 0.952 0.313

HELCO – Puna Generating RP 7 0.360 1.642 0.250 0.840 0.310

HELCO – Puna Generating RP 8 0.358 1.594 0.244 0.827 0.299

10 
Table 20. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HELCO – 

Shipman RP sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are shaded 

yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HELCO – Shipman RP 1 0.417 1.696 0.342 0.569 0.428

HELCO – Shipman RP 2 0.405 1.526 0.309 0.545 0.366

HELCO – Shipman RP 3 0.348 1.129 0.265 0.535 0.336

HELCO – Shipman RP 4 0.343 0.931 0.252 0.514 0.317

HELCO – Shipman RP 5 0.342 0.864 0.237 0.498 0.310

HELCO – Shipman RP 6 0.328 0.830 0.227 0.492 0.289

HELCO – Shipman RP 7 0.322 0.790 0.220 0.486 0.277

HELCO – Shipman RP 8 0.321 0.777 0.217 0.477 0.269

Table 21. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HECO – 

Honolulu RP sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are shaded 

yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HECO – Honolulu RP 1 0.300 0.090 0.318 0.071 0.349

HECO – Honolulu RP 2 0.297 0.085 0.299 0.050 0.345

HECO – Honolulu RP 3 0.141 0.065 0.147 0.049 0.143

HECO – Honolulu RP 4 0.124 0.053 0.126 0.031 0.142

HECO – Honolulu RP 5 0.122 0.051 0.099 0.028 0.131

HECO – Honolulu RP 6 0.069 0.041 0.072 0.025 0.065

HECO – Honolulu RP 7 0.056 0.030 0.049 0.024 0.064

HECO – Honolulu RP 8 0.051 0.024 0.048 0.022 0.049

11 
Table 22. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HECO - Waiau 

RP sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are shaded yellow. 

Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HECO - Waiau RP 1 0.683 0.258 0.742 0.201 0.791

HECO - Waiau RP 2 0.607 0.152 0.613 0.120 0.705

HECO - Waiau RP 3 0.350 0.138 0.288 0.092 0.328

HECO - Waiau RP 4 0.327 0.135 0.278 0.066 0.323

HECO - Waiau RP 5 0.278 0.101 0.261 0.064 0.315

HECO - Waiau RP 6 0.238 0.076 0.234 0.042 0.274

HECO - Waiau RP 7 0.166 0.045 0.209 0.041 0.192

HECO - Waiau RP 8 0.110 0.041 0.099 0.027 0.096

Table 23. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HECO - Kahe 

RP sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are shaded yellow. 

Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HECO - Kahe RP 1 0.255 0.066 0.273 0.040 0.296

HECO - Kahe RP 2 0.253 0.060 0.264 0.039 0.294

HECO - Kahe RP 3 0.158 0.046 0.165 0.038 0.184

HECO - Kahe RP 4 0.118 0.044 0.135 0.036 0.137

HECO - Kahe RP 5 0.111 0.042 0.084 0.028 0.108

HECO - Kahe RP 6 0.058 0.039 0.069 0.025 0.067

HECO - Kahe RP 7 0.047 0.037 0.054 0.022 0.054

HECO - Kahe RP 8 0.045 0.030 0.047 0.017 0.052

12 
Table 24. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HC&S Puunene 

combined BART eligible and RP sources operating on either bagasse or coal. Visibility impacts over 

0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 1-7) are shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th

percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HC&S Puunene combined 

(bagasse) 1 0.194 0.046 0.209 0.029 0.170

HC&S Puunene combined 

(bagasse) 2 0.167 0.038 0.126 0.020 0.154

HC&S Puunene combined 

(bagasse) 3 0.167 0.026 0.125 0.013 0.135

HC&S Puunene combined 

(bagasse) 4 0.150 0.017 0.110 0.011 0.103

HC&S Puunene combined 

(bagasse) 5 0.100 0.016 0.103 0.008 0.101

HC&S Puunene combined 

(bagasse) 6 0.100 0.014 0.089 0.008 0.094

HC&S Puunene combined 

(bagasse) 7 0.098 0.013 0.075 0.008 0.088

HC&S Puunene combined 

(bagasse) 8 0.096 0.013 0.074 0.007 0.088

HC&S Puunene combined 

(coal) 1 0.573 0.244 0.500 0.153 0.611

HC&S Puunene combined 

(coal) 2 0.445 0.232 0.404 0.153 0.440

HC&S Puunene combined 

(coal) 3 0.387 0.218 0.373 0.138 0.372

HC&S Puunene combined 

(coal) 4 0.382 0.214 0.354 0.114 0.368

HC&S Puunene combined 

(coal) 5 0.371 0.188 0.328 0.111 0.355

HC&S Puunene combined 

(coal) 6 0.358 0.186 0.307 0.063 0.333

HC&S Puunene combined 

(coal) 7 0.311 0.134 0.277 0.062 0.314

HC&S Puunene combined 

(coal) 8 0.286 0.096 0.257 0.061 0.292

13 
Table 25. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the Tesoro 

Refinery combined BART eligible and RP sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th

percentile (Top 1-7) are shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) 

are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

Tesoro Refinery combined 1 0.334 0.086 0.341 0.050 0.389

Tesoro Refinery combined 2 0.248 0.054 0.266 0.032 0.288

Tesoro Refinery combined 3 0.141 0.047 0.147 0.029 0.163

Tesoro Refinery combined 4 0.129 0.039 0.145 0.027 0.149

Tesoro Refinery combined 5 0.118 0.032 0.083 0.023 0.110

Tesoro Refinery combined 6 0.061 0.028 0.077 0.022 0.071

Tesoro Refinery combined 7 0.039 0.027 0.043 0.020 0.045

Tesoro Refinery combined 8 0.037 0.025 0.039 0.019 0.043

Table 26. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the MECO - 

Kahului combined BART eligible and RP sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th

percentile (Top 1-7) are shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) 

are shaded red.

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

MECO - Kahului combined 1 1.526 0.689 1.380 0.443 1.658

MECO - Kahului combined 2 1.302 0.679 1.142 0.427 1.367

MECO - Kahului combined 3 1.240 0.667 1.037 0.376 1.028

MECO - Kahului combined 4 1.003 0.655 0.929 0.304 0.965

MECO - Kahului combined 5 0.945 0.507 0.866 0.285 0.882

MECO - Kahului combined 6 0.861 0.452 0.853 0.217 0.749

MECO - Kahului combined 7 0.772 0.447 0.804 0.198 0.733

MECO - Kahului combined 8 0.677 0.308 0.642 0.197 0.683

14 
Table 27. Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HECO – Waiau 

combined BART eligible and RP sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile (Top 

1-7) are shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded red. 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HECO – Waiau combined 1 1.217 0.463 1.317 0.362 1.403

HECO – Waiau combined 2 1.090 0.281 1.101 0.220 1.262

HECO – Waiau combined 3 0.592 0.252 0.538 0.171 0.602

HECO – Waiau combined 4 0.531 0.244 0.496 0.123 0.540

HECO – Waiau combined 5 0.519 0.192 0.425 0.121 0.533

HECO – Waiau combined 6 0.425 0.147 0.405 0.083 0.490

HECO – Waiau combined 7 0.267 0.082 0.336 0.076 0.309

HECO – Waiau combined 8 0.191 0.079 0.187 0.054 0.184

Table 28. . Top 8 visibility impacts (Δdv) at Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes for the HECO – 

Kahe combined BART eligible and RP sources. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv over 98th percentile 

(Top 1-7) are shaded yellow. Visibility impacts over 0.5 Δdv for 98th percentile (8th high) are shaded 

red 

Source High 

Haleakala 

Discrete 

Hawaii 

Volcanoes

Discrete 

HALE1 

Monitor 

HAVO1 

Monitor 

HACR1 

Monitor 

Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv Δdv 

HECO – Kahe combined 1 1.503 0.357 1.552 0.216 1.733

HECO – Kahe combined 2 1.379 0.350 1.497 0.213 1.588

HECO – Kahe combined 3 0.816 0.266 0.920 0.210 0.940

HECO – Kahe combined 4 0.805 0.239 0.838 0.197 0.931

HECO – Kahe combined 5 0.788 0.239 0.553 0.153 0.727

HECO – Kahe combined 6 0.408 0.200 0.352 0.123 0.429

HECO – Kahe combined 7 0.266 0.178 0.350 0.119 0.307

HECO – Kahe combined 8 0.264 0.162 0.318 0.084 0.305

15