United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

Pacific

Northwest

Region

Okanogan-Wenatchee 

National Forest

Methow Valley, Chelan, and 

Tonasket Ranger Districts

Chelan, Okanogan, 

Whatcom, and Skagit 

Counties, Washington

February 2013

Pack and Saddle Stock

Outfitter-Guide Special

Use Permit Issuance

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Summary
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs 

and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion. age, disability, 

political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases 

apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for 

communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should 

contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of 

discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten 

Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 

720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
SUMMARY
Changes Between Draft and Final Environment Impact Statement

Revised the Purpose and Need to add a Forest Plan Amendment addressing 

campsites within 200 feet of meadows, streams, lakes, and key interest areas.

Incorporated information from revised 2012 Needs Assessment.

Revised the Proposed Action to add a Forest Plan amendment to MA15B-21L to 

allow the pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides to use existing campsites within 

200 feet of meadows, streams, lakes, and key interest areas.

Updated the Public Involvement section to add information about release and 

review of the Draft EIS.

As a result of comments on the DEIS, added a Significant Issue pertaining to the 

number of service days and barren core limitations in Alternative 2.

As a result of comments on the DEIS, added an Other Issue pertaining to the 

economic impact of the pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides.

Added Alternative 4 to address DEIS comments over service days and barren 

core

Added Forest Plan amendments to Alternatives 2 and 3 to address campsites 

within 200 feet of meadows, streams, lakes, and key interest areas.

Updated the visitor use information.

Added environmental analysis of Alternative 4

Added environmental analysis of forest plan amendment concerning camps 

within 200 feet of meadows, streams, lakes, and key interest areas.

Added an Economic and Social Analysis.

Made numerous, minor editorial and spelling corrections.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-1 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Pack and Saddle Stock

Outfitter-Guide 

Special Use Permit Issuance

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Summary, February 2013

Introduction

Pack and saddle stock outfitters have been operating throughout the analysis area for the past 

20 to 50 years. Some operated under 5-year term permits, while other operated under shortterm permits (lasting less than one year). All the 5-year permits expired around 10 years ago, 

and since that time, all the businesses have been issued short-term permits annually to allow 

them to continue operations while the environmental analysis of the proposal to issue 10-year 

permits was completed. 

This document displays the analysis of issuing 10-year term pack and saddle stock outfitterguide special use permits to these businesses or to other suitable businesses if those listed stop 

operations. The current combined number of actual service days for all existing short-term 

permits represents around 3% of the overall outfitted and non-outfitted visitor days (defined as 

one person for one day) across the analysis area, and approximately 15% of all pack and saddle 

stock use. The analysis area is shown on the Vicinity Map, page Summary-2 and the Analysis 

Area Map, page Summary-3. 

The Forest Service has prepared this Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) in compliance 

with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and other relevant Federal and State laws 

and regulations. This FEIS discloses the direct, indirect, and cumulative environmental effects 

that would result from implementing the proposed action and alternatives to the proposed 

action. The Record of Decision, which is the decision document associated with the FIES, is a 

separate document, written after completion of the FEIS.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter

-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-2 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter

-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-3 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-4 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Purpose and Need for the Proposed Action

The purpose and need is the objectives of the analysis. It provides the underlying reasons for 

the Forest Service in developing the Proposed Action. The purpose and need for action of this 

analysis is three-fold: 

respond to special use permit applications from current pack and saddle stock outfitterguides,

protect wilderness character in the Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness Areas 

while providing necessary pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide commercial services,

reconcile inconsistencies between forest plan standards and guidelines for barren core (see 

Glossary) in wilderness with party size limitations (currently 12 people and 18 head of 

stock), and the non-degradation policy and the prohibition on camps within 200 feet of 

meadows, streams, lakes, and special interest areas. 

Respond to Permit Applications

Previously-issued term special use permits for the outfitter-guides listed at the beginning of this 

chapter have expired and each of the outfitter-guides has submitted an application for 10-year 

term permits. Part of the purpose and need for action is to respond to these applications. 

The Forest Service Special Uses Handbook (FSH 2709.11, USDA Forest Service 2004a) specifies 

the steps to follow for proposals (applications) that have been accepted. Section 12.5 states a 

“proposal is considered a proposed action for the purposes of NEPA when it is accepted as a 

formal written application”. The Forest Plans either give priority to authorizations that provide 

a public service (Okanogan Forest Plan, page 4-47), or where there is a demonstrated public 

need or demand for recreation service (Wenatchee Forest Plan, page E-11). The Okanogan 

Forest Plan encourages the use of recreation service partnerships and special use authorizations 

where they are compatible with the goals of the management area (Okanogan Forest Plan, 

pages 4-38 to 4-39). The Wenatchee Forest Plan also recognizes that outfitter-guides provide 

valuable recreational opportunities for the segment of the public who do not have the expertise, 

equipment or physical capabilities to enjoy these experiences on their own (Wenatchee Forest 

Plan, page E-11).

Protect Wilderness Character While Allowing Minimum Commercial Services

FSH 2709.11 also includes the requirement to address the need for and role of outfitters in the 

Forest Plan. The Wilderness Act prohibits commercial services except “to the extent necessary 

for activities which are proper for realizing the recreational or other wilderness purposes of the 

areas.”

The Forest Service completed the analysis for both the need and extent necessary, and 

documented the findings in a paper titled “Determination of Need and Extent Necessary for 

Commercial Services (Outfitters and Guides) in the Pasayten Wilderness and Lake ChelanSawtooth Wilderness”, April 2012 (USDA Forest Service, 2012). This paper is referred to as the 

“2012 Needs Assessment” in this document. The following information is summarized from the 

Needs Assessment. Refer to Appendix B for the full document. 

The 2012 Needs Assessment found there is a need for pack and saddle stock outfitter guides in 

wilderness. The criteria used for the evaluation included:
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-5 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Is the activity allowed in wilderness?

Does the activity educate clients about the wilderness resource?

Does the activity promote solitude, or primitive and unconfined recreation?

Does the activity provide a public purpose, and does the level of skill, knowledge, 

equipment, and safety required for the activity support the need for commercial 

services?

Pack and saddle stock use is an appropriate mode of transportation in wilderness, since it does 

not include any mechanized or motorized equipment. Outfitter-guides teach their clients about 

wilderness directly in conversations about wilderness, and indirectly through demonstrating 

how to travel and stay in the wilderness without modern conveniences. Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides trips promote solitude by taking clients to remote locations within wilderness, 

and letting them experience primitive and unconfined recreation. The outfitters also serve a 

public purpose by offering trips for recreation, scenic viewing, and historic use to the public. 

Their services are needed by an element of the public due to the fact that many people are not 

skilled in stock handling, do not own stock and equipment, do not have the knowledge of stock 

handling techniques that minimize resource damage, and would be endangering their lives of 

the lives of others because of the hazards associated with stock.

The minimum amount of commercial services needed to provide for recreation is not a number 

that can be precisely calculated. Rather, several factors are considered to establish a range of 

service days that would provide the minimum extent of commercial service. The factors include

the:

need for commercial services, 

historic number of service days,

proportional relationship between outfitter and non-outfitted use levels,

current resource conditions and impacts from recreation use on wilderness character,

wilderness capacity, and 

anticipated changes in overall number of recreationists and need for outfitter guides.

Considering all the factors, the minimum extent of pack and saddle stock commercial services in 

the Pasayten ranges from approximately 1,735 to 2,170 service days. In the Lake ChelanSawtooth, the range is approximately 660 to 825 (Needs Assessment, 2012).

Reconcile Inconsistencies Between Forest Plan Wilderness Standards and Guidelines

Currently both the Okanogan and Wenatchee Forest Plans have inconsistent management 

direction regarding party sizes and maximum vegetation loss (barren core) sizes. There is also 

inconsistency between campsite proximity to meadows, streams, lakes, and special interest 

areas and the non-degradation policy (USDA, 1989a and USDA, 1990). 

Wilderness standards and guidelines allow for a party size of 12 people and 18 head of stock 

(standard and guideline MA 15B-21N in the Okanogan Forest Plan, and Table IV-15, page IV-77, 

Wenatchee Forest Plan), yet campsites can have no more than 400 to 1,000 square feet of 

vegetation loss or barren core, depending on the Management Area or Wilderness Recreation 

Opportunity Spectrum Class (MA 15B-22b, Okanogan Forest Plan, and Table IV-5, page IV-77, 

Wenatchee Forest Plan). It is physically impracticable to fit pack and saddle stock outfitterguide camps with 12 people and 18 head of stock inside areas of from 400 to 1,000 square feet 
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-6 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

of bare mineral soil. There is a need to make campsite barren core standards and guidelines and 

party size allowances compatible for pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides in wilderness in 

order to provide the necessary pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide commercial services.

Currently, the Okanogan Forest Plan includes a standard and guideline that prohibits camping 

within 200 feet slope distance from meadows, lakes, streams, and key interest areas in the 

Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth wilderness areas (MA15B-21L). The Wenatchee Forest plan 

does not include standards and guidelines restricting camping near these features. The 

established network of campsites includes approximately 500 sites in the Pasayten and 135 in 

the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness. The pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides regularly use 

approximately 75 of those in the Pasayten and 24 in the Methow Valley Ranger District side of 

the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth, or a total of 99 within the area subject to the Okanogan Forest Plan 

requirement. Approximately 86 of these are within the 200-foot buffer around meadows, 

streams, lakes, and key interest points. The remaining 13 campsites would not be an adequate 

number for the pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide operations. As with the need to amend 

the barren core standards and guidelines, an amendment of MA15B-21 L is needed in order to 

provide the necessary pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide commercial services. Refer to 

Appendix A for a list of campsites, and which are within the buffer.

When the Forest Plans were adopted in 1989 and 1990, standards regarding acceptable 

campsite impacts were incorporated. Those standards were based on the science and literature 

available at the time, with the awareness that there were some long-standing existing campsites 

that exceeded the Forest Plans standards for acceptable size and were located close to 

meadows, streams, lakes, and key interest areas. These same campsites still exist and are 

currently used by both outfitter-guides and the non-outfitted public. 

In the time between when the Forest Plans were published and the present (over two decades), 

substantial research on recreation impacts in wilderness has been conducted, and the results 

have consistently suggested that using existing, stable campsites is preferable to creating new 

campsites and degrading the wilderness character (Cole and Hall, 1992). Many of the sites that 

were not within standards at the time the plan was adopted are in improved or stable condition, 

although they remain outside Forest Plan standards. Refer to Figures A-1 and A-2 for details 

about each camp.

Even though wilderness condition has been on an upward or stable trend since designation, 

groups of 12 people and 18 head of stock perpetuate camps with a barren core in some areas. 

Generally, groups of 12 people and 18 head of stock could perpetuate barren cores in excess of 

the forest plan standards and guidelines. Amendment of the Forest Plans is a mechanism to 

create compatibility between barren core standards and party size allowances for pack and 

saddle stock outfitter-guide camps in wilderness that would not increase current levels of barren 

core and would allow these needed commercial services to continue.

The Forest Service also encourages people to use existing campsites to avoid wilderness 

degradation by controlling campsite density and keeping the wilderness condition on the 

current upward or stable trend. As with the amendment for barren core, amending the 

Okanogan Forest Plan to allow outfitter-guides to use existing campsites is a mechanism to 

prevent wilderness degradation from creation of new campsites.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-7 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Proposed Action

The proposed action is developed early in the process to authorize, recommend, or implement 

an action to meet stated purposes, needs, and goals based on the best known information. The 

original proposed action included in the DEIS and used for public scoping was modified. The 

Forest Service Handbook was revised after scoping and the number of service days in the 

proposed action was modified to meet current handbook direction for determining service days 

(FSH 2709.11, Chapter 40). In addition, a forest plan amendment was added that would allow 

the outfitters to use existing campsites within 200 feet of meadows, lakes, streams, and key 

interest areas. Refer to the Alternatives Considered but Eliminated section in Chapter 2 for the 

rational for eliminating the original proposed action. The original proposed action was 

eliminated from further consideration (see Alternatives Considered but Eliminated in Chapter 2). 

The modified proposed action became Alternative 2 in this FEIS. It is described in detail in 

Chapter 2. 

The Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Supervisor proposes to issue ten-year, term special 

use permits to the following pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide companies in the Pasayten 

Wilderness, Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness, Sawtooth Backcountry, North Cascades, Middle 

Methow, Bear/Ramsey/Volstead, and Alta Lake areas following completion of the analysis 

process (likely spring 2011):

Cascade Wilderness Outfitters

Deli Llama Wilderness Adventures

Early Winters Outfitting

North Cascade Outfitters

North Cascade Safaris

Sawtooth Outfitters

Permits could also be issued to other acceptable businesses if any of the above businesses cease 

operations, or have permits revoked, as long as the maximum annual service days presented 

below are not exceeded.

A maximum of 4,620 annual priority use service days would be assigned to the outfitters, or 

replacements. A service day is defined as one outfitter-guide client for one day. Each ten-year 

permit would include a specific number of priority use service days that would equal the highest 

amount of actual use each has had in the five years prior to the issuance date. Any days not 

assigned would be held in a pool that could be accessed by the outfitter-guides to cover days 

that exceed the number of assigned days (FSH 2709.11). 

Permit areas include all MA 15B areas in the Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness 

Areas on the Okanogan National Forest, and the portion of the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth 

Wilderness on the Wenatchee National Forest allocated to Transition, Primitive, and SemiPrimitive, and the North Cascades, Sawtooth Backcountry, Bear/Ramsey/Volstead, Middle 

Methow, and Alta Lake areas. These areas are shown on Map 1-3 in the Map Section of this 

document.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-8 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

The proposed action includes assigned site locations within wilderness for existing assigned 

camps at Bald Mountain, Sheep Mountain, Crow Lake, Beaver Creek, and Whistler. Assigned 

sites are locations authorized for exclusive occupancy and use for which a fee is paid by the 

permit holder (also called ‘designated’ or ‘reserved’ sites). All sites listed above are in the 

Pasayten Wilderness (refer to Map 3.2-1 in the Map Section of this document). Assigned sites 

are primarily used for guided horseback trips with cooked meals and most or all camping gear 

provided. Outfitter-guides can set up camps at these locations for the entire season. All camp 

equipment except hitch rails, corrals, and tent poles are removed from the campsite at season 

end and not cached over winter. Camp locations for all other trips are limited to existing camp 

locations. Equipment and supplies are not left at these locations for more than 24 hours when 

camp is not occupied. Assigned site locations allow better monitoring because use impacts 

would be solely from outfitter-guide activity. Additional assigned sites could be designated at 

existing campsites to allow for closer monitoring and subsequent modification of use to address 

resource concerns and assist in outfitter-guide operations if needed in the future.

The proposed action also includes assigned sites for base camps at the Andrews Creek, Billygoat, 

Slate Creek, and Crater Creek trailheads (Methow Valley Ranger District); Fish Creek camp 

(Chelan Ranger District). These locations are outside wilderness. Each location has corrals, 

watering troughs, and other improvements necessary to protect resources. All assigned camps 

and base camps are shown on Maps 3.2-1 and 3.2-2 in the Map Section of this document.

Forest Plan Amendments

The following standard and guideline would be added to the Okanogan and Wenatchee Forest 

Plans. It would pertain only to pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide operations in wilderness.

Pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides shall not be allowed to increase the existing 

amount of barren core (bare, mineral soil) in established campsites. In campsites where 

the existing amount of barren core exceeds 5,250 square feet, pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides shall not use more than 5,250 square feet of the barren core. All pack 

and saddle stock outfitter-guides shall use the same delineated, 5,250 square-foot area 

for each camp and shall not use any area outside of the delineated 5,250 square-foot 

area.

Standard and guideline MA15B-21L would be reworded as follows:

Campsites should be located at least 200 feet slope distance from meadows, lakes, 

streams, and key interest areas, except existing campsites used by pack and saddle 

stock outfitter-guides. Camping may be restricted or prohibited in certain areas to 

protect wilderness values.

Public Involvement

In the late 1990s, the Methow Valley Ranger District started receiving comments and concerns 

from a few individuals and groups about pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide activities in the 

Pasayten Wilderness. Field observations from some people indicated that recreation activities 

in general, and outfitter-guide activities in particular, did not meet Forest Plan standards and 

guidelines. In response to the concerns, the District developed a “Wilderness Recreation, Stock, 
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-9 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

and Outfitter Use Strategy and Action Plan”, signed by the Forest Supervisor on April 24, 2000

(USDA Forest Service 2000e). This plan, and subsequent accomplishment reports and action 

plans were mailed to everyone who expressed concern or interest in the topic, inviting further 

comments on the situation.

A scoping letter requesting comments on the proposed action to issue pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guide special use permits was mailed to persons and organizations on the District 

mailing list on November 15, 2000. The proposed action included a non-significant amendment 

to standard and guideline MA15B-22B to allow outfitter campsites in wilderness to exceed 400 

square feet of vegetation loss. A total of 110 letters were received in response to the 

Wilderness Action Plan and the scoping letter.

Following publication of a notice of intent to file an environmental impact statement in the 

Federal Register on June 22, 2005, an updated scoping letter was mailed on June 23, 2005 to 

those who provided input on the Wilderness Action Plan or responded to the November 15, 

2000 scoping letter, in addition to those on the Tonasket, Chelan, and Methow Valley Ranger 

District mailing lists. The proposal had changed to increase the number of service days, and to 

eliminate the Forest Plan amendment. Eleven letters were received in response to the scoping 

letter and Notice of Intent.

The proposed action was altered when the revised Forest Service Handbook 2709.11 was 

published, giving specific direction on calculating service days. An updated Notice of Intent was 

published in the Federal Register on July 21, 2010, correcting the estimated publication date and 

number of service days, and including specifics about the proposed forest plan amendment. A 

letter was also sent on July 30, 2010 to those on the project mailing list updating the DEIS 

release date, and explaining the proposed forest plan amendment.

The DEIS was distributed to approximately 200 people and organizations on August 31, 2010. 

The original 45-day comment period was extended to 60 days to accommodate requests for 

additional review time. Two hundred and fifty-eight comment letters were received. All 

comments were addressed in the FEIS, and additional analysis was added where needed. 

Alternative 4 was added to respond to concerns about the barren core limitations in Alternative 

2, and to a concern that the number of service days in Alternative 2 would not be enough for 

the pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides if the demand for their services rebounded to levels 

seen ten years ago. The Forest Service also determined that an amendment of the standard and 

guideline prohibiting camping within 200 feet of meadows, lakes, streams, would be needed to 

implement the proposed action.

The Issue Tracking Form in the analysis file summarizes and responds to each comment. All 

letters are included in the analysis file.

Government-to-government letters were mailed to the Yakama Indian Nation and the 

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation in June, 2005, requesting consultation on the 

proposal. Neither tribe identified concerns about the proposal. Consultation with the US Fish 

and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service was completed, and both 

agencies issued concurrence letters. Consultation with the State Historic Preservation Office 

was not required because the proposed action and alternatives would be excluded from caseby-case review by the Programmatic Agreement.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-10 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Issues

Issues are points of concern about environmental effects that may occur as a result of 

implementing the proposed action. Issues provide focus for the analysis of environmental 

effects and influence alternative development, including development of mitigation measures.

Significant Issues are used to formulate alternatives to the proposed action, prescribe mitigation 

measures, and analyze environmental effects. They are used to compare the alternatives in the 

Comparison of Alternatives Table in Chapter 2. Key Issues are referred to by the Council on 

Environmental Quality (CEQ) as significant because of the potential extent of their geographic 

distribution, duration of their effects, or intensity of interest or resource conflict, if not 

mitigated or otherwise addressed. Key Issues were identified by the Interdisciplinary (ID) Team 

and approved by the Responsible Official.

In addition to “Significant Issues,” “other” issues were raised. They were considered as this 

project was developed, analyzed and may have generated mitigation measures. However, they 

are less focused on the elements of the Purpose and Need and did not influence formulation of 

alternatives. They are addressed in the effects analysis (Chapter 3).

Finally some issues were; 1) outside the scope of the proposed action, 2) already decided by law 

or regulation, Forest Plan, or other higher level decision, 3) irrelevant to the decision to be 

made, or 4) conjectural and not supported by scientific or factual evidence. The Council on 

Environmental Quality NEPA regulations require identification and elimination from detailed 

study the issues which are not significant or which have been covered by prior environmental 

review (Sec. 1506.3). A summary of all public issues and their disposition is available in the 

project analysis file.

SIGNIFICANT ISSUES

Significant Issue 1: Current and proposed pack and saddle outfitted use does not comply with 

some Forest Plan wilderness standards and guidelines or with the Wilderness Act because the 

party size and amount of use perpetuates large camps and degrades the condition of the 

wilderness.

Some respondents considered conditions in the Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness 

Areas to be out of compliance with Forest Plan standards and guidelines and the Wilderness Act. 

Some felt that problems were created by the amount of pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide 

activity. Some were concerned about the number of hiker encounters with pack strings. Others 

commented on the size of the areas of vegetation loss and bare compacted soil, number of trees 

with exposed roots in campsites, number of trees damaged by recreation activities, and other 

standards and guidelines. Some comments described conflict between different user groups, 

and between outfitted and non-outfitted groups. Some expressed concern about wilderness 

degradation.
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Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

The effects are measured by:

qualitative discussion about compliance with the Wilderness Act in terms of the qualities 

that make up wilderness character: untrammeled, undeveloped, natural, and opportunities 

for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation. 

qualitative discussions about the standards and guidelines, focusing on those not being met, 

and the effect the proposed Forest Plan amendment will have on wilderness character. 

These effects were analyzed, and are disclosed in the Wilderness section of Chapter 3.

Significant Issue 2: Current and proposed pack and saddle stock outfitted use could degrade 

wetlands and habitat for native plant species when pack and saddle stock trample wetland 

and riparian vegetation and graze in wetlands and other areas.

People expressed concern about the effect pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides are having on 

plants; that the current number of service days was leading to damaged wetlands. People were

concerned that stock grazing was leading to changes in plant communities and loss of vegetative 

cover in wetlands and other areas. Some expressed concern about the effects of livestock 

manure and urine on plant species; these people generally felt that the proposed number of 

service days was too high.

The effects are measured by:

estimated number of acres of wetland within 500 feet of pack and saddle stock camps;

qualitative discussion about the effects of activities on the wetlands;

effects determination statements for threatened, endangered, and sensitive plant species;

qualitative discussion of the effects of grazing on plant composition.

These effects were analyzed, and are disclosed in the Botany section of Chapter 3.

Significant Issue 3: Current and proposed pack and saddle stock outfitted use could degrade 

some habitat for threatened, endangered, or sensitive wildlife species through increased 

encounters between people and animals, or through habitat degradation.

Comments expressed concern over the outfitter-guide effects on wildlife, specifically 

threatened, endangered, or sensitive species. These people generally felt that the proposed

number of service days was too high.

The effects are measured by:

effects determination statements for threatened and endangered wildlife species;

The effects are disclosed in the Wildlife section of Chapter 3 and in a Wildlife Biological 

Assessment (BA) completed for the analysis.

Significant Issue 4: Current and proposed pack and saddle stock outfitted use could degrade 

water quality and aquatic resources when pack and saddle stock cross streams on trails, or 

access water sources and damage riparian vegetation, break down stream banks, and degrade 

water quality.
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Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Concern was expressed about the effects of outfitter-guide activities, specifically impacts from 

stock on water quality and aquatic resources. It was suggested that the number of service days 

be reduced to minimize impacts.

The effects on water quality and riparian habitat are measured by: 

effects determination statements from Biological Assessment for threatened and 

endangered fish species;

quantitative estimates of the square feet of riparian areas affected by pack and saddle stock 

activities;

qualitative discussion of compliance with Northwest Forest Plan Aquatic Conservation 

Strategy (ACS) and PACFISH Riparian Management (RMO) Objectives;

qualitative discussion on compliance with state water quality standards and the Clean Water 

Act;

effects of loose grazing on riparian areas, streams, and lakes,

qualitative discussion about stream sedimentation;

qualitative discussion of sediment from trails

qualitative discussion of fecal coliform levels.

The effects were analyzed, and are disclosed in the Hydrology and Aquatics sections of Chapter 

3 and in the Aquatic Biological Assessment completed for this analysis.

Significant Issue 5: The barren core limitations in Alternative 2 would not be large enough for 

a party of 12 people and 18 head of stock, and the number of service days in that alternative 

would not allow the businesses to respond to increases in demand for pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guide services. 

The current pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides, in addition to numerous individuals and 

organizations, expressed concern over the barren core limitations and number of service days in 

Alternative 2 in the DEIS. They felt that a larger barren core was needed. They also felt that the 

number of service days in Alternative 2 would not allow them to respond to demand for their 

services if that demand increased to the level seen ten years ago. 

The effects on outfitter-guide operations were measured by:

quantitative discussion on existing barren core in outfitter camps, and the amount of 

area needed for a party of 12 people and 18 head of stock

qualitative discussion on the impacts to the businesses from the number of service days.

Alternative 4 was added to this FEIS to address these concerns. The environmental and social 

impacts of the alternative are included in Chapter 3.

OTHER ISSUES

In addition to resources associated with the Significant Issues, the public identified other 

concerns about the effects of the proposed action on a variety of other resources. These 

concerns were addressed through mitigation measures, or found to be unaffected by the 

proposed action or alternatives, and were not used in alternative formulation. The effects on 

them are described in Chapter 3 of this document. The issues include:
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Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

1. Pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides could introduce noxious weeds into currently 

weed-free areas, such as wilderness, in stock manure. Mitigation measures were added 

to avoid introduction and spread of invasive species, and to require the pack and saddle 

stock outfitter-guides to participate in the species identification, mapping, surveying and 

control

2. Pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides could degrade air quality with smoke from 

campfires. An analysis of smoke from outfitter-guide campfires found that it would not 

degrade air quality, or violate the Clean Air Act. The analysis is included in Chapter 3. 

3. Firewood gathering by outfitter-guides could degrade the environment by removing 

down woody debris and limiting or eliminating this habitat component. A mitigation 

measure was added that would prohibit outfitter-guides from using downed wood larger 

than 12 inches in riparian areas. Another mitigation measure would prohibit outfitters 

from cutting snags for firewood. The terrestrial wildlife analysis found that firewood 

gathering (of downed wood) would not limit habitat for species needed downed wood.

4. Reducing the number of service days allowed could lead to some existing pack and 

saddle stock outfitters going out of business because of reduced revenues. This was 

addressed in Alternative 4.

5. Pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides could degrade the experience of other recreation 

users outside of wilderness by perpetuating conflicts between outfitted and nonoutfitted user groups, increasing the number of people recreating in any given area, and 

adding to conflicts between user groups. These concerns were analyzed in the 

Recreation section in Chapter 3. Infrequent conflicts between user groups have been 

reported in the past.

6. Pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide activities could lead to soil damage and 

displacement in meadows and other areas by stock trampling, grazing, and crossing wet 

areas. Mitigation measures were added to avoid or minimize impacts to soil and 

vegetation. Impacts to soil are included in the Soil section of Chapter 3.

7. Pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide grazing could exceed Forest Plan standards and 

guidelines pertaining to forage utilization when stock are allowed to graze unconfined 

around campsites. The range analysis found that forage utilization standards are not 

being exceeded. This is included in the Range section of Chapter 3.

8. Pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides are important to the local economy. An 

economic analysis was added to the FEIS. The results are included in the Economic and 

Social Analysis section of Chapter 3.

Alternatives Considered in Detail

Alternative 1 is the No Action alternative. The Proposed Action is Alternative 2. Alternative 3 

was developed to respond to the issues and would reduce annual service days to 3,125 and not 

include additional assigned sites. Alternative 4 was developed to respond to comments 

regarding barren core and party size that were received in response to the DEIS.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-14 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

ALTERNATIVE 1--NO ACTION

Objective

Eliminate pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide recreation use within the analysis area. 

Description

This alternative would not issue special use permits to pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides. 

There would be no commercial pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide operations within the 

analysis area.

Mitigation and Monitoring

No specific mitigation or monitoring would occur that is not already prescribed by the Forest 

Plans.

ALTERNATIVE 2

Objectives

Alternative 2 would:

Provide pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide services in the analysis area, which includes 

the Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness Areas, North Cascades, Sawtooth 

Backcountry, Middle Methow, Bear/Ramsey/Volstead, and Alta Lake analysis area sub-units 

on the Methow Valley, Tonasket, and Chelan Ranger Districts. 

Resolve inconsistencies between Forest Plan standards and guidelines by amending the 

Okanogan and Wenatchee Forest Plans to allow larger wilderness campsite barren cores to 

accommodate the established party size (12 people and 18 head of stock), and by allowing 

outfitter-guides to use existing camps within 200 feet of meadows, streams, lakes, and key 

interest areas while managing the Wilderness areas to maintain wilderness character.

Provide enough service days in the Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth wildernesses to fall 

within the range of service days needed to meet the minimum extent necessary to provide 

commercial services for wilderness appropriate activities.

Authorize the highest amount of actual use service days of the existing pack and saddle 

stock outfitter-guides over the past five years and create a pool of days that will give an 

opportunity for pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides to develop a modest amount of 

growth (25%). This follows Forest Service Handbook 2709.11, Chapter 40 direction for 

determining service days (US Forest Service, 2008a). 

Description

This alternative would issue 10-year term special use permits for pack and saddle stock outfitterguides on the Methow, Chelan, and Tonasket Ranger Districts. Assigned sites (camps and base 

camps) would allow closer monitoring and modification of operations to reduce the size of the 

barren core and address other resource concerns. Assigned camp sites would be used for most 

full-service camps. Appendix A includes a list of all authorized campsites. A total of 4,620 
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-15 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

annual service days would be divided among the outfitters, or replacements who meet term 

permit requirements. The outfitters would have a total of 270 animal unit months for 

authorized grazing.

The service days would be distributed among the different portions of the analysis area, with 

each business receiving approximately the same proportion of service days it had in the past, 

compared to all pack and saddle stock outfitters. Figure 2-1 shows the distribution in the 

different areas. When the 10-year permits are issued, the number of service days allocated to 

each outfitter would be determined by adding the highest actual use in the past 5 years, plus 

25%. Any unallocated service days would be held in pool for outfitters to access on a year-toyear basis if and when demand exceeds individually allocated service days. The number of 

allocated service days would be adjusted at the 5-year mark in the 10-year permits using the 

same technique, without exceeding 4,620.

Figure S-1. Alternative 2: Number of Service Days by Area and Total

Area Total Service Days

Pasayten Wilderness 2,000

Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness 720

(240 on Methow Valley)

(480 on Chelan)

North Cascades 200

Sawtooth Backcountry 400

(140 on Methow Valley)

(260 on Chelan)

Bear/Ramsey 100

North Cascades

(Day Rides)

450

Alta Lake

(Day Rides)

750

Middle Methow 0

Total 4,620

The day rides in the North Cascades and Alta Lake areas are horse riding or hiking with pack 

support for a portion of, or an entire day. Rides range from a half-hour to all day, with the 

majority lasting one hour. Day rides generally leave from private land adjacent to NFS land, and 

occur on trails seldom used by non-outfitted hikers or horseback riders.

The rest of the service days are for overnight camping. Five camp locations would be assigned 

to the horse and mule packers to allow closer monitoring. In the Pasayten Wilderness assigned 

sites (see Map 1-4 in the Map Section of this document) would include camps at Bald Mountain, 

Sheep Mountain, and Beaver Creek, Crow Lake, and Whistler. Assigned sites would be used for 

full-service trips. Outfitters would be allowed to set up camps at these locations, and leave 

them for the entire season. All camp equipment except hitch rails, corrals, and tent poles would 

be removed from the camp at the end of the season, and would not be cached over the winter. 

Camp locations for all other trips would be limited to existing pre-approved locations (refer to 

Appendix A for the majority of consistently used campsites). Camping equipment and supplies 

could not be left in these locations for more than 24 hours when the camp is not occupied.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-16 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Existing base camps Andrews Creek, Billygoat, Crater Creek, and Slate Creek trailheads and at 

the Fish Creek Camp would also be assigned as described above. Each location would have 

corrals, livestock watering troughs, and other improvements necessary to protect resources. 

These base camps would provide places where outfitter-guides can keep pack and saddle stock 

during times of high use, and as starting locations where clients meet outfitters.

Forest Plan Amendments

A non-significant amendment would make standards for outfitter-guide campsites more 

compatible with party size limitations and provide for non-degradation of wilderness conditions 

as required in Okanogan Forest Plan (USDA Forest Service 1989b) (MA15B-21D, page 4-91). For 

the Wenatchee Forest Plan (USDA Forest Service 1990) the amendment would improve the

compatibility of outfitter-guide campsites with some ‘limits of acceptable change’ indicators 

(Table IV-15, page IV-77). The amendment would only apply to pack and saddle stock outfitterguides in the Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness Areas. The following standard and 

guideline would be added as standard and guideline MA15B-21BB to the Okanogan Forest Plan 

and to Table IV-15 on page IV-77 of the Wenatchee Forest Plan:

Pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides shall not be allowed to increase the existing 

amount of barren core (bare, mineral soil) in established campsites. In campsites where 

the existing amount of barren core exceeds 5,250 square feet, outfitter-guides shall not 

use more than 5,250 square feet of the barren core. All pack and saddle stock outfitterguides shall use the same delineated, 5,250 square-foot area for each camp and shall 

not use any area outside of the delineated 5,250 square-foot area.

The Okanogan Forest Plan currently does not allow vegetation loss to exceed 400 square feet 

(MA15B-22B). The Wenatchee Forest Plan allows vegetation loss of up to 1,000 square feet 

(Table IV-15, page IV-77). Due to historical use, including large party-sizes and livestock grazing, 

some existing camps exceed 5,250 square feet. Continued use and short growing seasons have 

perpetuated some of these camps even though livestock grazing is no longer occurring and party 

size is now limited. It is physically impracticable to fit camps with 12 people and 18 head of 

stock inside areas of 400 to 1,000 square feet. Using computations (see Appendix C), 5,250 

square feet was identified as an area in which 12 people and 18 head of stock could reasonably 

camp. This amendment would require outfitter-guides to identify the portion of the impacted 

area for consistent use. This would be included in the Camp Management Plan for each 

campsite. Areas outside of the designated area would not be used, allowing recovery to 

proceed. This amendment would improve the overall trend of non-degradation of wilderness 

conditions. 

Another non-significant amendment to the Okanogan Forest Plan would allow pack and saddle 

stock outfitter-guides to use existing campsites within 200 feet of meadows, lakes, streams and 

key interest areas in the Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth wilderness areas to avoid 

degradation of wilderness character and resources. The Wenatchee Forest Plan (USDA Forest 

Service 1990) does not have a standard and guideline restricting camping near these features. 

The Okanogan Forest Plan (USDA Forest Service 1989b) includes the following standard and 

guideline: 
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-17 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

MA15B-21L - Campsites should be located at least 200 feet slope distance from 

meadows, lakes, streams, and key interest areas. Camping may be restricted or 

prohibited in certain areas to protect wilderness values.

There are approximately 75 established campsites regularly used by the pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides in the Pasayten Wilderness, and approximately 24 in the Okanogan portion of 

the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness. Of these 99 existing campsites, 86 fall within 200 feet of 

meadows, streams or lakes or key interest areas. This amendment responds to public 

comments regarding inconsistency with Forest Plan Standards and Guidelines and would allow 

the pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides to use the established campsites in this 200-foot 

zone. The second sentence of the existing standard and guideline would not be amended and 

would still apply to outfitter-guide activities. This amendment would prevent degradation of 

wilderness conditions. The standard and guideline would be amended as follows:

MA15B-21L Campsites should be located at least 200 feet slope distance from 

meadows, lakes, streams, and key interest areas, except for established campsites used 

by pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides. Camping may be restricted or prohibited in 

certain areas to protect wilderness values.

Based on direction found in the Forest Service Manual 1926.51 (USDA Forest Service 2006a), 

these are non-significant amendments to both Forest Plans for the following reasons:

The amendments apply only to outfitter-guide use areas in the Pasayten Wilderness and the 

Lake-Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness (Okanogan Forest Plan Management Area 15B and 

Wenatchee Forest Plan Management Prescription W-1, primitive and semi-primitive 

wilderness classes). There are no established campsites designated for use by the pack and 

saddle stock outfitter in the Transition wilderness class. 

The amendment applies only to pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides and not to other 

users of wilderness. Outfitter-guide use is 10% of overall use in the Pasayten Wilderness 

and 2% of overall use in the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness. 

The amendment is designed to avoid degradation of wilderness conditions and limit 

acceptable change; some existing impacts would diminish over time.

No management area boundaries would change.

Therefore amendments are not significant because they are minor changes that do not 

significantly alter the multiple use goals and objectives for long-term land and resource 

management.

ALTERNATIVE 3

Objectives

Alternative 3 would:

Provide pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide services in the analysis area, which includes 

the Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness Areas, North Cascades, Sawtooth 

Backcountry, Middle Methow, Bear/Ramsey/Volstead, and Alta Lake analysis area sub-units 

on the Methow Valley, Tonasket, and Chelan Ranger Districts. 
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-18 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Reduce the number of service days to respond to concerns over botany, wetlands, aquatic 

habitat, wilderness character, and terrestrial wildlife.

Reduce the number of service days to address concerns about water quality, wilderness, 

riparian habitat, wildlife, wetlands, and native plant species. 

Resolve inconsistencies between Forest Plan standards and guidelines by amending the 

Okanogan and Wenatchee Forest Plans to reduce maximum party size to 12 heartbeats, 

allow large enough campsite barren cores to accommodate the reduced party size, and by 

allowing outfitter-guides to use existing camps within 200 feet of dry meadows, but 

prohibiting camping within 200 feet of wetlands, streams, lakes, and key interest areas.

Authorize the average number of used service days over the past five years, plus 25% for a 

modest amount of growth. 

Description

This alternative would issue 10-year, term special use permits for outfitter-guides in wilderness 

and the backcountry on portions of three Ranger Districts. A total of 2,660 service days would 

be divided between the outfitters, or replacements for these outfitters who meet requirements 

for term permits. The outfitters would have a total of 150 animal unit months for authorized 

grazing.

The service days would be distributed among the different portions of the analysis area, with 

each business receiving approximately the same proportion of service days it had in the past, 

compared to all pack and saddle stock outfitters. Figure 2-2 shows the distribution in the 

different areas. When the 10-year permits are issued, the number of service days allocated to 

each outfitter would be determined averaging the amount of actual use in the past 5 years. Any 

unallocated service days would be held in pool for outfitters to access on a year-to-year basis if 

and when demand exceeds individually allocated service days. The number of allocated service 

days would be adjusted at the 5-year mark in the 10-year permits using the same technique, 

without exceeding 2,660.

Figure S-2. Alternative 3: Number of Service Days by Area and Total

Area Total Service Days

Pasayten Wilderness 1,000

Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness 320

(100 on Methow Valley)

(220 on Chelan)

North Cascades 180

Sawtooth Backcountry 160

(70 on Methow Valley)

(90 on Chelan)

Bear/Ramsey 50

North Cascades

(day rides)

360

Alta Lake

(day rides)

590

Middle Methow 0

Total 2,660
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-19 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

The day rides in the North Cascades and Alta Lake areas are horse riding or hiking with pack 

support for a portion of, or an entire day. Rides range from a half-hour to all day, with the 

majority lasting one hour. Day rides generally leave from private land adjacent to NFS land, and 

occur on trails seldom used by non-outfitted hikers or horseback riders.

The rest of the service days would be for overnight camping. Sheep Mountain, Crow Lake, and 

Whistler camps would be assigned sites in the Pasayten Wilderness. The pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides would not be allowed to use Bald Mountain and Beaver Creek camps because of 

their proximity to wetlands. Two additional existing campsites would be chosen and designated 

as assigned sites to replace Bald Mountain and Beaver Creek camps. Assigned sites would be 

used for full-service trips. Outfitters would be allowed to set up camps at these locations, and 

leave them for the entire season. All camp equipment except hitch rails, corrals, and tent poles 

would be removed from the camp at the end of the season, and would not be cached over the 

winter. Camp locations for all other trips would be limited to existing pre-approved locations 

(refer to Appendix A for the majority of consistently used campsites). Camping equipment and 

supplies could not be left in these locations for more than 24 hours when the camp is not 

occupied.

Existing sites for base camps at the Andrews Creek, Billygoat, Crater Creek, and Slate Creek 

trailheads, and at Fish Creek would be assigned as described above. Each location would have 

corrals, livestock watering troughs, and other improvements necessary to protect resources. 

These base camps would provide places where outfitter-guides can keep pack and saddle stock 

during times of high use, and as starting locations where clients meet the outfitters.

Forest Plan Amendments

A non-significant amendment to the Forest Plans would designate a reasonable amount of 

barren core in pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide camps in order to allow these needed 

commercial services to continue. For this alternative the following standards and guidelines 

would be added to the Okanogan and Wenatchee Forest Plans. These standard and guidelines 

would pertain only to pack and saddle outfitter-guide operations in the Pasayten and Lake 

Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness Areas. The Okanogan Forest Plan would be amended by adding 

the following to MA15B-21N and the Forest Plan would be amended by adding the following to 

the party size limitation on page IV-74:

Pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides shall have a maximum party size of 12 (combination 

of people and stock).

The Okanogan Forest Plan would be amended by adding the following to MA15B-22B and the 

Wenatchee Forest Plan would be amended by adding the following to Table IV-15, page IV-77:

Pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides shall not be allowed to increase the existing 

amount of barren core (bare, mineral soil) in established campsites. In campsites where 

the existing amount of barren core exceeds 2,800 square feet, outfitter-guides shall not 

use more than 2,800 square feet of the barren core. All pack and saddle stock outfitterguides shall use the same delineated, 2,800 square-foot area for each camp and shall 

not use any area outside of the delineated 2,800 square-foot area.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-20 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Another non-significant amendment to the Okanogan Forest Plan would allow pack and saddle 

stock outfitter-guides to use existing campsites within 200 feet of dry wetlands, but prohibit 

camping within 200 feet of wetlands, lakes, streams and key interest areas in the Pasayten and 

Lake Chelan-Sawtooth wilderness areas. The Wenatchee Forest Plan (USDA Forest Service 1990) 

does not have a standard and guideline restricting camping near these features and 

inconsistencies with this Forest Plan standard and guideline. The Okanogan Forest Plan (USDA 

Forest Service 1989b) includes the following standard and guideline (MA 15B-21L). 

Campsites should be located at least 200 feet slope distance from meadows, lakes, 

streams, and key interest areas. Camping may be restricted or prohibited in certain 

areas to protect wilderness values.

There are approximately 75 established campsites regularly used by the pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides in the Pasayten Wilderness, and approximately 24 in the Okanogan portion of 

the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness. Of these, 86 fall within 200 feet of meadows, streams, 

lakes, or key interest areas. “Meadow” is a vegetation description that applies to a broad range 

of conditions, from dry, open fields to wetlands (including wet meadows). Prohibiting camping 

within 200 feet of wetlands, streams, lakes, or key interest areas responds to concerns raised 

during the public review of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement about impacts to these 

features. There are 46 established campsites that are within 200 feet of wetlands, streams, 

lakes, and key interest areas, and pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides use would not be 

authorized in these. There would be 53 campsites available for pack and saddle stock use. The 

amended standard and guideline would read as follows:

MA15B-21L Campsites should be located at least 200 feet slope distance from dry 

meadows, wetlands, lakes, streams, and key interest areas, except for established 

campsites used by pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides within 200 feet of dry 

meadows. Camping may be restricted or prohibited in certain areas to protect 

wilderness values.

Based on direction found in the Forest Service Manual 1926.51 (USDA Forest Service 2006a), 

these are non-significant amendments to both Forest Plans for the following reasons:

The amendments apply only to outfitter-guide use areas in the Pasayten Wilderness and the 

Lake-Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness (Okanogan Forest Plan Management Area 15B and 

Wenatchee Forest Plan, WI-1 primitive and semi-primitive wilderness classes). There are no 

established campsites designated for use by the pack and saddle stock outfitter in the 

Transition wilderness class. 

The amendments apply only to pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides and not to other users 

of wilderness. Outfitter-guide use is 10% of overall use in the Pasayten Wilderness and 2% 

of overall use in the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness. 

The amendments are designed to avoid degradation of wilderness conditions and limit 

acceptable change; some existing impacts would diminish over time.

No management area boundaries would change.

Therefore the amendments are not significant because they are minor changes that do not 

significantly alter the multiple use goals and objectives for long-term land and resource 

management.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-21 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

ALTERNATIVE 4

Objectives

Alternative 4 would:

Provide pack and saddle stock outfitter-guide services in the analysis area, which includes 

the Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth wilderness areas, North Cascades, Sawtooth 

Backcountry, Middle Methow, Bear/Ramsey/Volstead, and Alta Lake analysis area sub-units 

on the Methow Valley, Tonasket, and Chelan Ranger Districts. 

Resolve inconsistencies between Forest Plan standards and guidelines by amending the 

Okanogan and Wenatchee Forest Plans to allow large enough campsite barren cores to 

accommodate the established party size (12 people and 18 head of stock), and by allowing 

outfitter-guides to use existing camps within 200 feet of meadows, streams, lakes, and key 

interest areas, while managing the Wilderness Areas to maintain wilderness character.

Increase service days in the Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth wildernesses to meet the 

upper range of the minimum extent necessary determination. 

Establish a number of authorized service days that matches the highest amount used by the 

outfitters over the past ten years plus 25%. Assign service days to permits following 

handbook direction (highest actual use levels in the past five years), and create a pool of 

days with the remaining service days that will give an opportunity for pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides businesses to meet the demand for services seen in the early 2000s. 

Description

This alternative would issue 10-year term special use permits for pack and saddle stock outfitterguides on the Methow, Chelan, and Tonasket Ranger Districts. Assigned sites (camps and base 

camps) would allow closer monitoring and modification of operations to reduce the size of the 

barren core and address other resource concerns. Assigned camp sites would be used for most 

full-service camps. Drop and progressive camp locations would not be specified. A total of 

6,700 annual service days would be divided among the outfitters, or replacements who meet 

term permit requirements, and a pool of priority use service days. The outfitters would have a 

total of 390 animal unit months for authorized grazing.

The service days would be distributed among the different portions of the analysis area, with 

each business receiving approximately the same proportion of service days it had in the past, 

compared to all pack and saddle stock outfitters. Figure 2-3 shows the distribution in the 

different areas. When the 10-year permits are issued, the number of service days allocated to 

each outfitter would be determined by adding the highest actual use in the past 5 years, plus 

25%. Any unallocated service days would be held in pool for outfitters to access on a year-toyear basis if and when demand exceeds individually allocated service days. The number of 

allocated service days would be adjusted at the 5-year mark in the 10-year permits using the 

same technique, without exceeding 6,700.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-22 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Figure S-3. Alternative 4: Number of Service Days by Area and Total

Area Total Service Days

Pasayten Wilderness 2,170

Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness 825

North Cascades 200

Sawtooth Backcountry 805

Bear/Ramsey 100

North Cascades

(Day Rides)

1,150

Alta Lake

(Day Rides)

1,450

Middle Methow 0

Total 6,700

The day rides in the North Cascades and Alta Lake areas are horse riding or hiking with pack 

support for a portion of or an entire day. Rides range from a half-hour to all day, with the 

majority lasting one hour. Day rides generally leave from private land adjacent to NFS land, and 

occur on trails seldom used by non-outfitted hikers or horseback riders.

The rest of the service days are for overnight camping. Five camp locations would be assigned 

to the horse and mule packers to allow closer monitoring. In the Pasayten Wilderness assigned 

sites (see Map 1-4 in the Map Section of this document) include camps at Bald Mountain, Sheep 

Mountain, and Beaver Creek, Crow Lake, and Whistler. Assigned sites would be used for fullservice trips. Outfitters would be allowed to set up camps at these locations, and leave them for 

the entire season. All camp equipment except hitch rails, corrals, and tent poles would be 

removed from the camp at the end of the season, and would not be cached over the winter. 

Camp locations for all other trips would be limited to existing pre-approved locations (refer to 

Appendix A for the majority of consistently used campsites). Camping equipment and supplies 

could not be left in these locations for more than 24 hours when the camp is not occupied.

Existing base camps Andrews Creek, Billygoat, Crater Creek, and Slate Creek trailheads and at 

the Fish Creek Camp would be assigned as described above. Each location would have corrals, 

livestock watering troughs, and other improvements necessary to protect resources. These base 

camps would provide places where outfitter-guides could keep pack and saddle stock during 

times of high use, and as starting locations where clients meet outfitters.

Forest Plan Amendments

A non-significant amendment would make standards for outfitter-guide campsites more 

compatible with party size limitations and provide for non-degradation of wilderness conditions 

as required in Okanogan Forest Plan (USDA Forest Service 1989b) (MA15B-21D, page 4-91). For 

the Wenatchee Forest Plan (USDA Forest Service 1990) the amendment would improve the 

compatibility of outfitter-guide campsites with some ‘limits of acceptable change’ indicators 

(Table IV-15, page IV-77). The amendment would only apply to pack and saddle stock outfitterguides in the Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness Areas. The Okanogan Forest Plan 

would be amended by adding the following to MA15B-22B and the Wenatchee Forest Plan 

would be amended by adding the following to Table IV-15, page IV-77:
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-23 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides are allowed to use existing barren core in 

established campsites, but shall not be allowed to increase the amount of barren core 

(bare, mineral soil. 

The Okanogan Forest Plan currently does not allow vegetation loss to exceed 400 square feet 

(MA15B-22B). The Wenatchee Forest Plan allows vegetation loss of up to 1,000 square feet 

(Table IV-15, page IV-77). Due to historical use, including large party-sizes and livestock grazing, 

many existing camps exceed these levels. Continued use and short growing seasons have 

perpetuated barren core in some of these camps even though livestock grazing is no longer 

occurring and party size is now limited. It is physically impracticable to fit camps with 12 people 

and 18 head of stock inside areas of 400 to 1,000 square feet. The existing amount of barren 

core in campsites currently used by the outfitters is large enough to accommodate the party 

size. All campsites with more than 5,250 square feet of barren core would have a Camp 

Management Plan to track the barren core and ensure it is not increasing. This amendment 

would continue the overall trend of non-degradation of wilderness conditions, specifically 

related to campsite conditions.

Another non-significant amendment to the Okanogan Forest Plan would allow pack and saddle 

stock outfitter-guides to use existing campsites within 200 feet of meadows, lakes, streams and 

key interest areas in the Pasayten and Lake Chelan-Sawtooth wilderness areas to avoid 

degradation of wilderness character and resources. The Wenatchee Forest Plan (USDA Forest 

Service 1990) does not have a standard and guideline restricting camping near these features. 

The Okanogan Forest Plan (USDA Forest Service 1989b) includes the following standard and 

guideline (MA 15B-21L). 

Campsites should be located at least 200 feet slope distance from meadows, lakes, 

streams, and key interest areas. Camping may be restricted or prohibited in certain 

areas to protect wilderness values.

There are approximately 75 established campsites regularly used by the pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides in the Pasayten Wilderness, and approximately 24 in the Okanogan portion of 

the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness. Of these 99 existing campsites, 86 fall within 200 feet of 

meadows, streams or lakes or key interest areas. This amendment responds to public 

comments regarding inconsistency with Forest Plan Standards and Guidelines and would allow 

the pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides to use the established campsites in this 200-foot 

zone. The second sentence of the existing standard and guideline would not be amended and 

would still apply to outfitter-guide activities. This amendment would prevent degradation of 

wilderness conditions. The standard and guideline would be amended as follows:

MA15B-21K Campsites should be located at least 200 feet slope distance from 

meadows, lakes, streams, and key interest areas, except for established campsites used 

by pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides. Camping may be restricted or prohibited in 

certain areas to protect wilderness values.

Based on direction found in the Forest Service Manual 1926.51 (USDA Forest Service 2006a), 

these are non-significant amendments to both Forest Plans for the following reasons:

The amendments apply only to outfitter-guide use areas in the Pasayten Wilderness and the 

Lake-Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness (Okanogan Forest Plan Management Area 15B and 
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-24 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Wenatchee Forest Plan, WI-1 primitive and semi-primitive wilderness classes). There are no 

established campsites designated for use by the pack and saddle stock outfitter in the 

Transition wilderness class. 

The amendments applies only to pack and saddle stock outfitter-guides and not to other 

users of wilderness. Outfitter-guide use is 10% of overall use in the Pasayten Wilderness 

and 2% of overall use in the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness. 

The amendments are designed to avoid degradation of wilderness conditions and limit 

acceptable change; some existing impacts would diminish over time.

No management area boundaries would change.

Therefore the amendments are not significant because they are minor changes that do not 

significantly alter the multiple use goals and objectives for long-term land and resource 

management.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

Comparison of Alternatives

Figure S-4 provides a side-by-side description of each alternative and a summary of how each 

alternative responds to the Purpose and Need and each Significant Issue. See Chapter 1 for 

background on the issues, and Chapter 3 for a complete description of the effects and for the 

scientific basis for results in Figure 2-4.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-25 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Figure S-4: Comparison of Alternatives

Unit of 

Measure

Current Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

Total Number of Service 

Days 

Service Days 4,460 0 4,620 2,660 6,700

Total Number of Visitor 

Days (outfitted and 

private)

Visitor Days 168,300 163,840 168,460 166,500 170,540

Percent of Visitor Days 

Outfitted by Pack and 

Saddle Stock OutfitterGuides 

Percent 3% 0% 3% 2% 4%

Percent Change in Total 

Number of Visitor Days 

Compared to Current

Percent -3% +0.1% -1% +1%

Total Number of Pack 

and Saddle Stock Visitor 

Days

Visitor Days 28,880 24,420 29,040 27,080 31,136

Percent of Pack and 

Saddle Stock Visitor Days 

Outfitted

Percent 15% 0% 16% 10% 22%

Percent Change in Total 

Pack and Saddle Stock 

Visitor Days Compared 

Current

Percent -15% +0.6% -6% +8%

Percent Change in 

Service Days Compared 

to Current

Service Days -100% +4% -40% +50%

Forest Plan Amendment 

to Party Size

No Amendment No Amendment

(12 people/18 head of 

stock)

12 Heartbeats No Amendment

(12 people/18 head of 

stock)
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-26 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Unit of 

Measure

Current Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

Forest Plan Amendment 

to Camp Location

No Amendment Outfitters allowed to 

use established 

campsites within 200 

feet of meadows, lakes, 

streams, and special 

interest areas

Outfitters allowed to 

use established 

campsites within 200 

feet of meadows. 

Prohibited from using 

campsites within 200 

feet of wetlands,

streams, lakes, and 

special interest areas.

Outfitters allowed 

to use established 

campsites within 

200 feet of 

meadows, lakes, 

streams, and special 

interest areas

Forest Plan Amendment 

to Barren Core

No Amendment Outfitters would be 

allowed to use up to 

5,250 square feet of 

barren core. In camps 

with more, outfitters 

must reuse the same 

5,250 square feet each 

time. Outfitters would 

be prohibited from 

creating additional 

barren core in any 

camp. Excess barren 

core would be restored.

Outfitters would be 

allowed to use up to 

2,800 square feet of 

barren core. In camps 

with more, outfitters 

must reuse the same 

2,800 square feet each 

time. Outfitters would 

be prohibited from 

creating additional 

barren core in any 

camp. Excess barren 

core would be 

restored..

Outfitters would be 

allowed to use 

existing barren core 

in established 

campsites, but 

would be prohibited 

from creating 

additional barren 

core. 
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-27 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Purpose and Need Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

1. Respond to Permit 

Applications for outfitter-guide 

permits. 

Qualitative 

discussion

Would deny applications, 

and no pack and saddle 

stock outfitter-guide 

permits would be issued.

10-year permits would 

be issued with service 

day calculations 

consistent with FSH 

2709.11 – highest actual 

use in past 5 years plus 

25%.

10-year permits 

would be issued, but 

with 40% fewer 

service days 

compared to the 

current allowed use. 

10-year permits would 

be issued with enough 

service days to match 

the highest actual use

in the past 10 years 

plus 25%. 

2. Protect wilderness character 

in the Pasayten and Lake 

Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness 

Areas while providing 

necessary pack and saddle 

stock outfitter-guide 

commercial services.

Qualitative 

discussion

The wilderness character 

would be protected, but 

no pack and saddle stock 

commercial services 

would be provided for 

realizing recreational or 

other wilderness 

proposes. 

Wilderness character 

would be protected 

since impacts to 

opportunities for 

solitude would be minor 

and localized. The 

number of service days 

would be within the 

range of the minimum 

extent necessary for 

realizing the recreational 

purposes of the areas 

would be provided.

Wilderness character 

would be protected 

since impacts to 

opportunities for 

solitude would be 

minor and localized. 

Pack and saddle stock 

commercial services 

would be provided, 

but for less than the 

minimum amount 

necessary for 

realizing the 

recreational purposes 

of the areas.

Wilderness character 

would be protected 

since impacts to 

opportunities for 

solitude would be 

minor and localized. 

The upper range of 

the minimum amount 

of pack and saddle 

stock commercial 

services necessary for 

realizing the 

recreational purposes 

of the areas would be 

provided.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-28 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Purpose and Need Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

3. Make standards and 

guidelines for campsite barren 

core in wilderness compatible 

with party size for pack and 

saddle stock outfitter-guides.

Qualitative 

discussion

Forest Plans would not be 

amended, but there 

would be no pack and 

saddle stock outfitterguide activities.

Forest Plan amendment 

would allow up outfitterguides to use up to 5,250 

square feet of barren 

core in existing camps 

that exceed that size. In 

established campsites,

barren core would not 

be allowed to increase. 

This would be 

compatible with a party 

size of 12 and 18, 

although use patterns at 

campsites with over 

5,250 square feet would 

be modified. 

Forest Plan 

amendment would 

allow up outfitterguides to use up to 

2,800 square feet of 

barren core in 

existing camps that 

exceed that size. In 

established 

campsites, barren 

core would not be 

allowed to increase. 

This would be 

compatible with a 

party size of 12 

heartbeats, although 

use patterns at 

campsites with over 

2,800 square feet 

would be modified. 

Forest Plan 

amendment would 

allow up outfitterguides to use existing 

barren core in 

established campsites, 

but not increase the 

amount of barren 

core. This would be 

fully compatible with a 

party size of 12 people 

and 18 stock. 
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-29 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Significant Issue Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

1. Current and proposed pack 

and saddle outfitted use does 

not comply with some Forest 

Plan wilderness standards and 

guidelines or with the 

Wilderness Act because the 

party size and amount of use 

perpetuates large camps and 

degrades the condition of the 

wilderness.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-30 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Significant Issue Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

a) Compliance with the 

Wilderness Act in terms of the 

qualities that make up 

wilderness character: 

untrammeled, undeveloped, 

natural, and opportunities for 

solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation.

Qualitative 

discussion

Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides would 

not operate in

wilderness. There would 

be a 32% reduction in 

the number of pack and 

saddle stock users in the 

Pasayten and a 6% 

reduction in the Lake 

Chelan-Sawtooth. The 

untrammeled and 

undeveloped qualities of 

wilderness character 

would be unaffected. 

There would be minor, 

localized beneficial 

impacts to the natural 

quality since fewer pack 

and saddle stock would 

be grazing, and 

potentially damaging 

stream banks at 

watering sites. 

Opportunities for 

solitude would also be 

beneficially impacted on 

a local, minor level with 

the reduced number of 

pack and saddle stock 

users.

There would be 

approximately 4% more 

pack and saddle stock 

users in the Pasayten, 

and no increase in the 

Lake Chelan-Sawtooth 

compared to current 

numbers. The 

untrammeled and 

undeveloped qualities 

would be unaffected. 

The natural quality of 

the Pasayten and Lake 

Chelan-Sawtooth 

wilderness areas would 

continue to receive 

minor, localized 

impacts. Opportunities 

for solitude would have 

minor, localized, 

negative impacts due 

to encounters and 

campsite size and 

location.

There would be a 14% 

decrease in the number 

of pack and saddle stock 

users in the Pasayten, 

and a 3% decrease in the 

Lake Chelan-Sawtooth. 

The untrammeled and 

undeveloped qualities 

would be unaffected. 

The natural quality 

would continue to have 

minor, localized impacts 

from stock grazing, and 

damage to stream banks 

at watering spots. 

Opportunities for 

solitude would improve 

slightly because of the 

decrease in pack and 

saddle stock users, but 

the increase would be 

small enough to likely go 

unnoticed by most 

users. 

There would be 

approximately 6% more 

pack and saddle stock 

users in the Pasayten, 

and a 1% increase in 

the Lake ChelanSawtooth compared to 

current numbers. The 

untrammeled and 

undeveloped qualities 

would be unaffected. 

The natural quality of 

the Pasayten and Lake 

Chelan-Sawtooth 

wilderness areas would 

continue to receive 

minor, localized 

impacts. Opportunities 

for solitude would have 

minor, localized, 

negative impacts due to 

encounters and 

campsite size and 

location.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-31 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Significant Issue Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

b)Compliance with Wilderness 

Management Tool (nondegradation policy)

Qualitative 

discussion

There would be no pack 

and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides. The 

elimination would 

reduce use at some 

existing sites, and lead 

to some natural 

restoration of barren 

core areas not used by 

the non-outfitted pack 

and saddle stock parties.

Pasayten and Lake 

Chelan-Sawtooth 

would continue on an 

improving trend, with 

no degradation. Forest 

Plan amendments 

would limit the amount 

of barren core 

outfitters can use, 

allowing natural 

restoration to occur in 

camps with existing 

barren cores exceeding 

5,250 square feet, and 

allow use of existing 

campsites within 200 

feet of meadows, lakes, 

streams and key 

interest areas. No new 

campsites would be 

created. Mitigation 

measures would insure 

that outfitter-guides do 

not further degrade the 

condition of the 

wilderness.

Pasayten and Lake 

Chelan-Sawtooth would 

continue on an 

improving trend, with no 

degradation. Forest 

Plan amendments would 

limit the amount of 

barren core outfitters 

can use, allowing natural 

restoration to occur in 

camps with existing 

barren cores exceeding 

2,800 square feet. The 

reduced party size 

would help reduce size 

of barren core in 

campsites. Prohibiting 

camping in camps within 

200 feet of wetlands, 

lakes, streams, and key 

interest areas would 

prevent continuing 

impacts to these 

campsites from 

outfitter-guides. 

Mitigation measures 

would insure that 

outfitter-guides do not 

further degrade the 

condition of the 

wilderness.

Pasayten and Lake 

Chelan-Sawtooth would 

continue on an 

improving trend, with 

no degradation. Forest 

Plan amendments 

would allow outfitters 

to use existing barren 

core in established 

campsites, but prohibit 

creation of additional 

barren core. Use of 

existing camps within 

200 feet of meadows, 

lakes, streams and key 

interest areas would be 

allowed. No new 

campsites would be 

Mitigation measures 

would insure that 

outfitter-guides do not 

further degrade the 

condition of the 

wilderness.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-32 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Significant Issue Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

c) Compliance with standards 

and guidelines, and the effect 

the proposed Forest Plan 

amendments will have on 

wilderness character

Qualitative 

discussion

No permits would be 

issued for pack and 

saddle stock outfitterguides, so compliance 

with standards and 

guidelines would not be 

applicable. 

Outfitter-guide 

activities would comply

with amended 

standards and 

guidelines. The forest 

plan amendments

would have minor, 

localized impacts on 

the opportunities for 

solitude by authorizing 

larger areas of barren 

core in outfitter camps

compared to existing 

standards. The 

outfitters would be

prohibited from 

creating new camps, or 

increasing the size of 

existing barren cores, 

so the result will be a 

slight decrease in the 

amount of barren core 

at large, established 

camps. The second 

forest plan amendment 

would allow outfitters 

to use established 

campsites within 200 

feet of meadows, lakes, 

streams, and key 

interest areas. 

Outfitter-guide activities 

would comply with 

amended standards and 

guidelines. The Forest 

Plan amendments would 

have minor, localized 

impacts on the 

opportunities for 

solitude by authorizing 

larger areas of barren 

core in outfitter camps 

compared to existing 

standards. The 

outfitters would be 

prohibited from creating 

new camps, or 

increasing the size of 

existing barren cores, so 

the result will a larger 

decrease in the amount 

of barren core at large, 

established camps, 

compared to Alternative 

2. They would be 

prohibited from using 

campsites within 200 

feet of wetlands, lakes, 

streams, or key interest 

areas, which would 

reduce the number of 

campsites available. 

This would degrade 

wilderness character in 

isolated areas. 

Outfitter-guide 

activities would comply 

with amended 

standards and 

guidelines. The forest 

plan amendments 

would have minor, 

localized impacts on the 

opportunities for 

solitude by authorizing 

larger areas of barren 

core in outfitter camps 

compared to existing 

standards. The 

outfitters would be 

prohibited from 

creating new camps, or 

increasing the size of 

existing barren cores. 

The existing amount of 

barren core would 

remain. The second 

forest plan amendment 

would allow outfitters 

to use established 

campsites within 200 

feet of meadows, lakes, 

streams, and key 

interest areas. This 

would avoid the 

necessity to create new 

camps, which would 

degrade wilderness 

character.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-33 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Significant Issue Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

d)Total Number of Service 

Days in Pasayten Wilderness 

and total number of visitor 

days (outfitted and private) 

Service Days

Visitor Days

0 Service Days

16,900 Visitor Days

2,000 Service Days

18,900 Visitor Days

1,000 Service Days

17,900 Visitor Days

2,170 Service Days

19,070 Visitor Days

e) Total Number of Pack and 

Saddle Stock Visitor Days in 

Pasayten Wilderness 

(outfitted and private) and 

percent outfitted

Visitor Days

Percent 

Outfitted

3,810 Pack & Saddle 

Visitor Days

0% outfitted

5,810 Pack & Saddle 

Visitor Days

34% outfitted

4,810 Pack & Saddle 

Visitor Days

21% outfitted

5,966 Pack & Saddle 

Visitor Days

36% outfitted

d)Total Number of Service 

Days in Lake Chelan-Sawtooth 

Wilderness and total number 

of visitor days (outfitted and 

private)

Service Days

Visitor Days

0 Service Days

35,885 Visitor Days

720 Service Days

36,605 Visitor Days

320 Service Days

36,205 Visitor Days

825 Service Days

36,710 Visitor Days

d)Total Number of Service 

Days in Pasayten Wilderness 

and total number of visitor 

days (outfitted and private)

Visitor Days

Percent 

Outfitted

12,095 Pack and Saddle 

Visitor Days

0 outfitted

12,815 Pack and Saddle 

Visitor Days

6% outfitted

12,415 Pack and Saddle 

Visitor Days

3% outfitted

12,920 Pack and Saddle 

Visitor Days

6% outfitted

2. Current outfitted use could 

degrade wetlands and habitat 

for native plant species.

a) wetland within 500 feet of 

pack and saddle stock camps, 

and percentage of total 

wetlands in analysis area

Estimated 

number of 

acres and 

percent of 

total

86

1%

86

1%

25.2

0.3%

86

1%
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-34 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Significant Issue Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

b) effects of activities on 

wetlands

Qualitative 

discussion

Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides would 

have no impacts on 

wetlands. 10% 

reduction in pack and 

saddle stock would 

reduce localized impacts 

of grazing and trampling 

of vegetation in and 

around campsites. The 

damage to vegetation 

would continue to be 

isolated in context of all 

the wetlands in the 

analysis area.

Localized impacts to 

the 87 acres of 

wetlands would 

continue, but 

mitigation measures 

would minimize 

impacts from outfitterguides. Outfitter-guide 

activities would meet 

the Aquatic 

Conservation Strategy 

Objectives, and the 

Riparian Management 

Objectives, so isolated 

impacts to wetlands 

would be within 

standards.

Localized impacts to the 

25.2 acres of wetlands 

would continue, but 

mitigation measures 

would minimize impacts 

from outfitter-guides. 

Outfitter-guide activities 

would meet the Aquatic 

Conservation Strategy 

Objectives, and the 

Riparian Management 

Objectives, so isolated 

impacts to wetlands 

would be within 

standards.

Localized impacts to the 

87 acres of wetlands 

would continue, but 

mitigation measures 

would minimize 

impacts from outfitterguides. Outfitter-guide 

activities would meet 

the Aquatic 

Conservation Strategy 

Objectives, and the 

Riparian Management 

Objectives, so isolated 

impacts to wetlands 

would be within 

standards.

c) Determination statements 

for threatened endangered 

and sensitive plant species

Determination 

rating

“No effect” on any listed 

plant species. “No 

impact” on any sensitive 

plant species.

“No effect” on any 

listed plant species. 

“May impact 

individuals, but not 

likely to cause a trend 

toward Federal listing 

or a loss of population 

viability” on sensitive 

species. 

“No effect” on any listed 

plant species. “May 

impact individuals, but 

not likely to cause a 

trend toward Federal 

listing or a loss of 

population viability” on 

sensitive species.

“No effect” on any 

listed plant species. 

“May impact 

individuals, but not 

likely to cause a trend 

toward Federal listing 

or a loss of population 

viability” on sensitive 

species.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-35 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Significant Issue Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

d) Effects of stock grazing on 

plant composition

Qualitative 

discussion

No grazing from 

outfitter stock, so no 

impacts on plant 

composition. The 

number of pack and 

saddle stock visitor days

would be reduced by 

15%. Pack and saddle 

stock grazing in and 

around campsites would 

not result in further 

modification of plant 

succession due to the 

limited amount of area 

where the animals 

graze, and the small 

number of animals 

compared to past use.

The number of pack 

and saddle stock visitor 

days would be virtually 

the same as the 

existing, 29,040 visitor 

days. Outfitter-guide 

pack and saddle stock 

grazing in and around 

campsites would not 

result in further 

modification of plant 

succession due to the 

limited amount of area 

where the animals 

graze, and the small 

number of animals 

compared to past use.

The number of pack and 

saddle stock visitor days 

would be reduced by 

6%. Outfitter-guide pack 

and saddle stock grazing 

in and around campsites 

would not result in 

further modification of 

plant succession due to 

the limited amount of 

area where the animals 

graze, and the small 

number of animals 

compared to past use.

The number of pack 

and saddle stock visitor 

days would increase 

8%. Outfitter-guide 

pack and saddle stock 

grazing in and around 

campsites would not 

result in further 

modification of plant 

succession due to the 

limited amount of area 

where the animals 

graze, and the small 

number of animals 

compared to past use.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-36 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Significant Issue Unit of Measure Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

3. Current outfitted use could 

degrade some habitat for 

threatened, endangered or 

sensitive wildlife species 

through increased encounters 

with people or through habitat 

degradation.

a) Determination statements 

from Biological Assessment 

for threatened, endangered 

or sensitive wildlife species

Determination 

rating

“No Effect” on any 

listed species.

“May affect, not likely 

to adversely affect” 

gray wolf, grizzly bear, 

lynx, northern spotted 

owl. “No effect” on all 

other listed species. 

“May impact 

individuals, but not 

likely to cause a trend 

toward Federal listing 

or a loss of population 

viability” great gray 

owl. “No impact” on all 

other listed species.

“May affect, not likely to 

adversely affect” gray 

wolf, grizzly bear, lynx, 

northern spotted owl. 

“No effect” on all other 

listed species. “May 

impact individuals, but 

not likely to cause a 

trend toward Federal 

listing or a loss of 

population viability” 

great gray owl. “No 

impact” on all other 

listed species.

“May affect, not likely 

to adversely affect” 

gray wolf, grizzly bear, 

lynx, northern spotted 

owl. “No effect” on all 

other listed species. 

“May impact 

individuals, but not 

likely to cause a trend 

toward Federal listing 

or a loss of population 

viability” great gray 

owl. “No impact” on all 

other listed species.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-37 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Significant Issue Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

4. Current pack and saddle 

stock outfitted use could 

degrade water quality and 

aquatic resources.

a) Determination 

Statements from 

Biological Assessment for 

threatened, endangered, 

and sensitive fish species.

Determination 

rating

“No effect” on any listed 

species. “No impact” on 

sensitive species.

“May affect, not likely to 

adversely affect” bull 

trout, steelhead, and 

spring Chinook. “No 

effect” on all other listed 

species. “No impact” on 

sensitive species.

“May affect, not likely to 

adversely affect” bull 

trout, steelhead, and 

spring Chinook. “No 

effect” on all other listed 

species. “No impact” on 

sensitive species.

“May affect, not likely to 

adversely affect” bull 

trout, steelhead, and 

spring Chinook. “No 

effect” on all other listed 

species. “No impact” on 

sensitive species.

b) Compliance with 

Northwest Forest Plan 

Aquatic Conservation 

Strategy (ACS) and 

PACFISH Riparian 

Management Objectives 

(RMO)

Qualitative 

discussion

No permits would be 

issued for pack and 

saddle stock outfitterguides, so compliance 

with ACS and RMOs 

would not be applicable. 

Alternative would comply 

with the ACS and RMOs. 

Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guide activities 

would not retard or 

prevent attainment of 

ACSOs or RMOs. Impacts 

to water quality, 

streambank stability, 

vegetation, and aquatic 

habitat would be minor 

and localized.

Alternative would 

comply with the ACS and 

RMOs. Pack and saddle 

stock outfitter-guide 

activities would not 

retard or prevent 

attainment of ACSOs or 

RMOs. Impacts to water 

quality, streambank 

stability, vegetation, and 

aquatic habitat would be 

minor and localized.

Alternative would comply 

with the ACS and RMOs. 

Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guide activities 

would not retard or 

prevent attainment of 

ACSOs or RMOs. Impacts 

to water quality, 

streambank stability, 

vegetation, and aquatic 

habitat would be minor 

and localized..

c) Compliance with state 

water quality standards 

and the Clean Water Act

Qualitative 

discussion

No permits would be 

issued for pack and 

saddle stock outfitterguides, so compliance 

with Clean Water Act

would not be applicable

Alternative would comply 

with the Clean Water Act. 

Pack and saddle stock

outfitter-guide activities 

would not alter water 

temperature or quality. 

No 303d listed waterways 

near outfitter-guide 

activities.

Alternative would 

comply with the Clean 

Water Act. Pack and 

saddle stock outfitterguide activities would 

not alter water 

temperature or quality. 

No 303d listed 

waterways near 

outfitter-guide activities.

Alternative would comply 

with the Clean Water Act. 

Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guide activities 

would not alter water 

temperature or quality. 

No 303d listed waterways 

near outfitter-guide 

activities.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-38 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Significant Issue Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

d) Effects of loose grazing 

on riparian areas, streams 

and lakes 

Qualitative 

discussion

Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides would 

have no effect on 

riparian areas, streams, 

or lakes.

Loose grazing would 

disperse impacts, and 

minimize effects on 

riparian areas, streams, 

and lakes.

Loose grazing would 

disperse impacts, and 

minimize effects on 

riparian areas, streams, 

and lakes.

Loose grazing would 

disperse impacts, and 

minimize effects on 

riparian areas, streams, 

and lakes.

e)Stream sedimentation 

from stock grazing.

Qualitative 

discussion

No outfitter stock 

grazing, so no effect on 

stream sedimentation. 

pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guide stock 

grazing. 

Stream sedimentation 

from stock grazing and 

use would be low. It 

would not be detectable 

compared to ongoing 

channel and hill slope 

erosion, except at the 

point of disturbance in 

the stream channel. 

There would be no 

detectable difference in 

stream sedimentation 

between alternatives 

across the analysis area. 

Stream turbidity is not 

expected to change under 

any of the alternatives, 

because the suspended 

sediment would not 

change.

Stream sedimentation 

from stock grazing and 

use would be low. It 

would not be detectable 

compared to ongoing 

channel and hill slope 

erosion, except at the 

point of disturbance in 

the stream channel. 

There would be no 

detectable difference in 

stream sedimentation 

between alternatives 

across the analysis area. 

Stream turbidity is not 

expected to change 

under any of the 

alternatives, because 

the suspended sediment 

would not change.

Stream sedimentation 

from stock grazing and 

use would be low. It 

would not be detectable 

compared to ongoing 

channel and hill slope 

erosion, except at the 

point of disturbance in 

the stream channel. 

There would be no 

detectable difference in 

stream sedimentation 

between alternatives 

across the analysis area. 

Stream turbidity is not 

expected to change under 

any of the alternatives, 

because the suspended 

sediment would not 

change.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-39 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Significant Issue Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

g) Localized impacts 

where trails cross streams 

or where camps are 

located near water

Qualitative 

discussion

No impacts from pack 

and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides at trail 

stream crossings or 

camps near water. 

Overall 15% reduction in 

pack and saddle stock 

use would reduce 

impacts, however 

localized impacts to 

stream banks and other 

water features, including 

damage to riparian 

vegetation and 

reduction in water 

quality would occur 

from non-outfitted use. 

The isolated, localized 

impacts would not 

adversely affect riparian 

habitat conditions or 

water quality beyond 

the immediate areas. 

There would be a 4% 

increase in pack and 

saddle stock outfitterguide service days 

compared to current 

number, but only a 0.6% 

increase in all pack and 

saddle stock use. Small

increase would not 

change conditions from 

current conditions. 

There would localized 

impacts to stream banks 

and other water features, 

including damage to 

riparian vegetation and 

reduction in water 

quality. The isolated, 

localized impacts would 

not adversely affect 

riparian habitat 

conditions or water 

quality beyond the 

immediate areas. 

The 40% reduction in 

the number of pack and 

saddle stock service days 

would reduce impacts

from outfitters. There 

would be an overall 

reduction in pack and 

saddle stock use of 6%. 

Impacts to stream banks 

and other water 

features, including 

damage to riparian 

vegetation and 

reduction in water 

quality would be 

reduced. The isolated, 

localized impacts would 

not adversely affect 

riparian habitat 

conditions or water 

quality beyond the 

immediate areas. 

The 50% increase in pack 

and saddle stock visitor 

days would increase 

localized impacts to 

stream banks and other 

water features, including 

damage to riparian 

vegetation and reduction 

in water quality compared 

to the existing condition 

or Alternative 2. There 

would be an overall 8% 

increase in pack and 

saddle stock use. The 

isolated, localized impacts 

would not adversely 

affect riparian habitat 

conditions or water 

quality beyond the 

immediate areas. 

h. Fecal coliform levels Qualitative 

discussion

Outfitters would not 

operate, so stock would 

not contribute to 

background fecal 

coliform levels. Nonoutfitted recreationists 

and stock, in addition to 

wildlife would result in 

fecal coliform in all 

waterways.

Short-term increases in 

fecal coliform levels at 

trail crossings and 

watering spots when 

stock are present. Fecal 

coliform would be quickly 

dissipated by rapidly 

moving water in streams. 

Clean Water Act 

standards for surface 

water would not be 

violated.

Short-term increases in 

fecal coliform levels at 

trail crossings and 

watering spots when 

stock are present . Fecal 

coliform would be 

quickly dissipated by 

rapidly moving water in 

streams. Clean Water 

Act standards for surface 

water would not be 

violated.. 

Short-term increases in 

fecal coliform levels at 

trail crossings and 

watering spots when 

stock are present . Fecal 

coliform would be quickly 

dissipated by rapidly 

moving water in streams. 

Clean Water Act 

standards for surface 

water would not be 

violated..
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-40 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Significant Issue Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

5. Barren core limitations in 

Alternative 2 would not be 

large enough for a party of 

12 people and 18 head of 

stock, and the number of 

service days in that 

alternative would not allow 

the businesses to respond 

to increases in demand for 

pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guide services. 

a) amount of area 

needed for a party of 12 

people and 18 head of 

stock

Qualitative 

discussion

No pack and saddle 

stock outfitter-guides 

would operate on 

National Forest System 

Land.

Approximately 95% of 

campsites used by 

outfitter-guides have less 

than 5,250 square feet of 

barren core. The 8 

campsites exceeding 

5,250 are some of the 

most frequently used 

sites, including 3 assigned 

sites. Altering use 

patterns in the large 

camps could be difficult 

and reduce the quality of 

the camping experience 

for the clients.

Approximately 85% of 

the campsites used by 

the outfitter-guides have 

less than 2,800 square 

feet of barren core. All 

the campsites most 

regularly used, including 

all the assigned sites, 

have more than 2,800 

square feet of barren 

core. The reduced 

party size in Alternative 

3 would help prevent 

creation of additional 

barren core.

Outfitters would be able 

to use existing barren 

core in established 

campsites. This would 

allow enough room for 12 

people and 18 head of 

stock in every camp 

without changing the use 

patterns, or impacting the 

quality of the camping 

experience for clients.

b) impacts to the 

businesses from the 

number of service days

Qualitative 

discussion

No pack and saddle 

stock outfitter-guides 

would operate on 

National Forest System 

Land.

Each outfitter would have 

enough days to match the 

highest actual use in the 

past 5 years plus 25%. If 

demand increases to 

levels seen 10 years ago, 

the outfitters would not 

be able to meet the 

demand.

Each outfitter would 

have the number of 

service days equal to the 

average amount of 

annual use in the past 5 

years. This would be a 

40% reduction 

compared to current, 

and would substantially 

reduce business profits. .

Each outfitter would have 

enough service days to 

match the highest annual 

use in the past 10 years 

plus 25%. If demand 

increases to levels seen 

10 years ago, the 

outfitters would be able 

to meet those demands, 

increasing profits.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-41 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Other Issues Unit of Measure Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides could 

introduce noxious weeds 

into currently weed-free 

areas, such as wilderness, in 

stock manure.

Qualitative 

discussion

There would be no 

outfitter-guide pack 

and saddle stock that 

could potentially 

introduce weeds. The 

requirement for 

certified weed-free 

hay at Wilderness 

trailheads began in 

2007, and everywhere 

on National Forest 

System Land in 2009 

which substantially 

reduced the 

possibility of weeds 

being spread by nonoutfitted pack and 

saddle stock users. 

Outfitters would help 

identify and locate 

newly established weed 

populations, aiding in 

early treatment. The 

requirement for certified 

weed-free hay at 

Wilderness trailheads 

began in 2007, and 

everywhere on National 

Forest System Land in 

2009 which substantially 

reduced the possibility 

of weeds being spread 

by non-outfitted pack 

and saddle stock users.

Outfitters would help 

identify and locate 

newly established weed

populations, aiding in 

early treatment. The 

requirement for certified 

weed-free hay at 

Wilderness trailheads 

began in 2007, and 

everywhere on National 

Forest System Land in 

2009 which substantially 

reduced the possibility 

of weeds being spread 

by non-outfitted pack 

and saddle stock users.

Outfitters would help 

identify and locate 

newly established weed 

populations, aiding in 

early treatment. The 

requirement for 

certified weed-free hay 

at Wilderness 

trailheads began in 

2007, and everywhere 

on National Forest 

System Land in 2009 

which substantially 

reduced the possibility 

of weeds being spread 

by non-outfitted pack 

and saddle stock users.

Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides could 

degrade air quality with 

smoke from campfires.

Qualitative 

discussion

The Pasayten 

Wilderness is the only 

Class I Airshed in 

analysis area. There 

would be no pack and 

saddle stock outfitterguide campfires, 

therefore no impact 

on air quality. 

The Pasayten Wilderness 

is the only Class I 

Airshed in analysis area. 

It is unlikely that smoke 

from campfires would 

degrade air quality. 

Campfires are built with 

dry fuel, and burn 

rapidly, ventilating 

upwards. In addition, 

there would not be a 

large enough 

concentration of smoke 

given the dispersed 

location of campsites. 

The Pasayten Wilderness 

is the only Class I 

Airshed in analysis area. 

It is unlikely that smoke 

from campfires would 

degrade air quality. 

Campfires are built with 

dry fuel, and burn 

rapidly, ventilating 

upwards. In addition, 

there would not be a 

large enough 

concentration of smoke 

given the dispersed 

location of campsites.

The Pasayten 

Wilderness is the only 

Class I Airshed in 

analysis area. It is 

unlikely that smoke 

from campfires would 

degrade air quality. 

Campfires are built with 

dry fuel, and burn 

rapidly, ventilating 

upwards. In addition, 

there would not be a 

large enough 

concentration of smoke 

given the dispersed 

location of campsites.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-42 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Other Issues Unit of Measure Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

Firewood gathering by pack 

and saddle stock outfitterguides could degrade the 

environment by removing 

down woody debris and 

limiting or eliminating this 

habitat component.

Qualitative 

discussion

No firewood would be 

gathered by pack and 

saddle stock outfitterguides. Non-outfitted 

recreationists would 

continue gathering 

firewood on less than 

one tenth of one 

percent of the analysis 

area. There would be 

some loss of habitat, but 

abundant habitat exists 

away from these 

isolated spots.

Less than one tenth of 

one percent of the 

analysis area would be 

affected by firewood 

gathering. There would 

be some loss of habitat, 

but abundant habitat 

exists away from these 

isolated spots.

Less than one tenth of 

one percent of the 

analysis area would be 

affected by firewood 

gathering. There would 

be some loss of habitat, 

but abundant habitat 

exists away from these 

isolated spots.

Less than one tenth of 

one percent of the 

analysis area would be 

affected by firewood 

gathering. There would 

be some loss of habitat, 

but abundant habitat 

exists away from these 

isolated spots.

Reducing the number of 

service days allowed could 

lead to some existing pack 

and saddle stock outfitters 

going out of business 

because of reduced 

revenues.

Qualitative 

discussion

No pack and saddle 

stock outfitter-guide 

permits would be 

issued, so the existing 

companies would no 

longer be able to offer 

trips into the 

backcountry or 

wilderness. Most would 

likely go out of business.

Enough service days 

would be authorized to 

allow the existing 

businesses, or suitable 

replacements, to 

continue roughly the 

same amount of 

revenue as they have 

over the past 5 years, 

with an additional 25% 

available for a modest 

amount of growth.

The reduction in 

allowable service days 

and party size could 

force some businesses

to close because of 

increased operating 

costs, and decreased 

opportunities to 

generate revenue.

The number of 

authorized service days 

would allow the 

existing businesses, or 

suitable replacements, 

to increase business to 

approximately 25% 

over levels from 

experienced 10 years 

ago. This alternative 

could lead to increased 

revenues if demand 

increases over current 

levels. 
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-43 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Other Issues Unit of Measure Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides could 

degrade the experience of 

other recreation users 

outside wilderness.

Qualitative 

discussion

There would be no pack 

and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides, so no 

impact on the 

experience of other 

recreation users outside 

wilderness

Approximately 2% of 

the recreation use in 

the analysis area 

outside wilderness 

would be associated 

with outfitted pack and 

saddle stock use. Some 

conflict exists between 

outfitted and nonoutfitted users, but the 

relatively small amount 

of outfitted use 

compared to nonoutfitted use minimizes 

the frequency of 

conflict and contact. 

Approximately 1% of 

the recreation use in 

the analysis area 

outside wilderness 

would be associated 

with outfitted pack and 

saddle stock use. Some 

conflict exists between 

outfitted and nonoutfitted users, but the 

relatively small amount 

of outfitted use 

compared to nonoutfitted use minimizes 

the frequency of 

conflict and contact.

Approximately 3% of 

the recreation use in 

the analysis area 

outside wilderness 

would be associated 

with outfitted pack and 

saddle stock use. Some 

conflict exists between 

outfitted and nonoutfitted users, but the 

relatively small amount 

of outfitted use 

compared to nonoutfitted use minimizes 

the frequency of 

conflict and contact.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-44 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Other Issues Unit of 

Measure

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guide activities 

could lead to soil damage 

and displacement in 

meadows and other areas 

by stock trampling, grazing, 

and crossing wet areas.

Qualitative 

discussion

Most existing detrimental 

soil damage occurred

prior to implementation 

of the Forest Plans. 

There would be no 

impact to soils from pack 

and saddle stock 

outfitter-guide activities. 

There would be 

approximately 15% fewer 

pack and saddle stock in 

the analysis area with this 

alternative, but the 

existing areas of damage 

would continue to be 

used by non-outfitted 

pack and saddle stock, so 

the amount of area with 

damaged soil would likely 

not change. The vast 

majority of the analysis 

area is completely 

unaffected by recreation 

activities, so the isolated 

areas of soil damage are 

not resulting in 

unacceptable amounts of 

detrimental soil damage.

Most existing 

detrimental soil 

damage occurred prior 

to implementation of 

the Forest Plans. Pack 

and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides would 

continue to use 

campsites, trails, and 

grazing areas. There 

would be a small 

reduction in total 

barren core with the 

5,250 square foot 

limitation on barren 

core, but when viewed 

at a landscape scale 

this reduction would be 

inconsequential. Soil in 

and around campsites, 

at stock watering areas, 

and trail crossings 

would continue to be 

compacted and 

displaced by outfitterguides, but the vast 

majority of the analysis 

area is completely 

unaffected by 

recreation activities, so 

the isolated areas of 

soil damage are not 

resulting in 

unacceptable amounts 

of detrimental soil 

damage.

Most existing 

detrimental soil 

damage occurred prior 

to implementation of 

the Forest Plans. Pack 

and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides would 

continue to use 

campsites, trails, and 

grazing areas. There 

would be a small 

reduction in total 

barren core with the 

2,800 square foot 

limitation on barren 

core, but when viewed 

at a landscape scale 

this reduction would be 

inconsequential. Soil in 

and around campsites, 

at stock watering areas, 

and trail crossings 

would continue to be 

compacted and 

displaced by outfitterguides, but the vast 

majority of the analysis 

area is completely 

unaffected by 

recreation activities, so 

the isolated areas of 

soil damage are not 

resulting in 

unacceptable amounts 

of detrimental soil 

damage.

Most existing 

detrimental soil damage 

occurred prior to 

implementation of the 

Forest Plans. Pack and 

saddle stock outfitterguides would continue 

to use campsites, trails, 

and grazing areas. There 

would no increase in 

barren core as a result of 

outfitter-guide activities. 

Soil in and around 

campsites, at stock 

watering areas, and trail 

crossings would 

continue to be 

compacted and 

displaced by outfitterguides, but the vast 

majority of the analysis 

area is completely 

unaffected by recreation 

activities, so the isolated 

areas of soil damage are 

not resulting in 

unacceptable amounts 

of detrimental soil 

damage.
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-45 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

Other Issues Unit of Measure Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guide grazing could 

exceed Forest Plan 

standards and guidelines 

pertaining to forage 

utilization.

Qualitative 

discussion

There would be no 

outfitter-guide stock 

forage use with this 

alternative. Nonoutfitted stock would 

continue to graze 

around campsites. 

Stock forage utilization 

would be well within 

allowable use standards 

and consistent with all 

standards and 

guidelines. There would 

continue to be localized 

areas of concentrated 

use associated with 

camps. With the closing 

of the wilderness 

livestock permits, forage 

use and resource 

impacts are still very far 

below the use and 

impacts under the old 

grazing allotment 

stocking rates.

Outfitter-guide stock 

forage utilization would 

be well within allowable 

use standards and 

consistent with all 

standards and 

guidelines. There would 

be localized areas of 

concentrated use 

associated with camps. 

With the closing of the 

wilderness livestock 

permits, even with 

outfitter-guide grazing, 

the forage use and 

resource impacts are 

still very far below the 

use and impacts under 

the old grazing 

allotment stocking rates.

Outfitter-guide stock 

forage utilization would 

be well within allowable 

use standards and 

consistent with all 

standards and 

guidelines. There would 

be localized areas of 

concentrated use 

associated with camps. 

With the closing of the 

wilderness livestock 

permits, even with 

outfitter-guide grazing, 

the forage use and 

resource impacts are 

still very far below the 

use and impacts under 

the old grazing 

allotment stocking rates.

Outfitter-guide stock 

forage utilization 

would be well within 

allowable use 

standards and 

consistent with all 

standards and 

guidelines. There 

would be localized 

areas of concentrated 

use associated with 

camps. With the 

closing of the 

wilderness livestock 

permits, even with 

outfitter-guide 

grazing, the forage 

use and resource 

impacts are still very 

far below the use and 

impacts under the old 

grazing allotment 

stocking rates.

Pack and saddle stock 

outfitter-guides are 

important to the local 

economy. 

Number of Jobs

Labor Income

Total Sales

0

$0

$0

27.6 jobs

$922,451

$1,340,359

15.9 jobs

$531,108

$771,722

40 jobs

$1,337,753

$1,943,811
Pack and Saddle Stock Outfitter-Guide Permit FEIS Summary-46 February 2013

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest

PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE

The Preferred Alternative is Alternative 4.