IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

2024 WY 84

APRIL TERM, A.D. 2024

August 6, 2024

AMY V. ROMERO,

Appellant

(Petitioner),

v.

STATE OF WYOMING ex rel., 

WYOMING DEPARTMENT OF 

TRANSPORTATION,

Appellee

(Respondent).

S-24-0002

Appeal from the District Court of Carbon County

The Honorable Dawnessa A. Snyder, Judge

Representing Appellant:

R. Michael Vang, R. Michael Vang P.C., Laramie, Wyoming.

Representing Appellee:

Bridget Hill, Wyoming Attorney General; Christina McCabe, Deputy Attorney 

General; Michael T. Kahler, Senior Assistant Attorney General; MacKenzie A. 

Sewell, Assistant Attorney General.

Before FOX, C.J., and BOOMGAARDEN, GRAY, FENN, and JAROSH, JJ.

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. 

Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, Cheyenne, 

Wyoming 82002, of typographical or other formal errors so correction may be made before final 

publication in the permanent volume.
1

JAROSH, Justice.

[¶1] Amy Romero was arrested for driving while under the influence of alcohol (DWUI). 

She appeals the district court’s order upholding the Office of Administrative Hearings’ 

(OAH) suspension of her driver’s license pursuant to Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 31-6-102(e)

(LexisNexis 2023). Ms. Romero asserts on appeal a police officer unlawfully arrested her 

by placing her in the back of his patrol car during his investigation, and as a result the 

evidence obtained thereafter was improper. We affirm.

ISSUE

[¶2] Ms. Romero states the issue as whether the OAH erred by suspending her driver’s 

license because she was unlawfully arrested without probable cause when Officer Phillips 

placed her in the back of his patrol car and the evidence obtained during the illegal seizure 

should have been suppressed. 

[¶3] The following issue is dispositive of Ms. Romero’s appeal: 

Was the OAH’s conclusion that Officer Phillips lawfully detained Ms. 

Romero in the back of his patrol car for a DWUI investigation in accordance 

with the law and supported by substantial evidence?

FACTS

[¶4] On January 6, 2023, Rawlins Police Department Officer George Phillips noticed a 

pickup truck stuck in a snowbank and blocking a lane of travel. Upon arrival at the scene, 

he heard a man “aggressively yelling” at a female to stay with him. Officer Phillips called 

dispatch to report a motorist assist and parked his patrol car. After exiting his car, he 

encountered a woman, later identified as Ms. Romero, walking toward his vehicle and he 

asked, “What’s up?” When Ms. Romero responded, Officer Phillips smelled a “very strong 

overwhelming odor of alcohol.” 

[¶5] Officer Phillips continued past Ms. Romero and toward the pickup, where he 

observed a male, later identified as Joseph Romero. After asking Mr. Romero to approach, 

Officer Phillips asked who was driving the truck, and Ms. Romero stated she was. Officer 

Phillips radioed for cover and then asked Mr. Romero for identification and Ms. Romero 

for her driver’s license. Mr. Romero responded, “Why do you need mine?” while Ms. 

Romero stated she did not have her purse. Officer Phillips then asked Mr. Romero if Ms. 

Romero was driving. Mr. Romero responded, “Yes,” and Ms. Romero stated, “I am 

driving, yes.” According to Officer Phillips, “it was apparent [the Romeros had] been 

drinking alcohol that night.”
2

[¶6] Officer Phillips was unsure if the individuals were in a domestic dispute considering 

the yelling he initially heard, so he asked Ms. Romero to speak with him by his patrol car 

and told Mr. Romero to remain by the pickup. After separating Mr. and Ms. Romero, 

Officer Phillips asked Ms. Romero how much she had had to drink. He repeated his 

question multiple times, and each time Ms. Romero failed to answer directly:

Officer Phillips: How much alcohol have you had today?

Ms. Romero: What does that mean?

Officer Phillips: How much alcohol have you “drinken?” 

Ms. Romero: What does that mean?

Officer Phillips: What do you mean, “what does that mean?”

Ms. Romero: What’s that mean?

Officer Phillips: How many drinks have you had?

Ms. Romero: In hours or 25 seconds or ... Phillips.

Officer Phillips: How much have you had to drink before you 

started driving?

Ms. Romero: We’ll just do the tests; it’s fine. 

Officer Phillips: What’s that?

Ms. Romero: We’ll do all the tests; we’ll figure it out.

Officer Phillips believed Ms. Romero did not want to directly answer his questions.

[¶7] As Officer Phillips questioned Ms. Romero, Mr. Romero disregarded Officer 

Phillips’ instruction to stand by the pickup truck and began to walk toward the patrol car. 

When Officer Phillips told Mr. Romero, “Can you stay back there by your truck for me?” 

Mr. Romero said, “Nah I’m good right here,” to which Officer Phillips responded, “No 

you’re not, go back there.” 

[¶8] When Mr. Romero did not return to his truck, Officer Phillips again told Mr. 

Romero to go back to the pickup and walked him back there. He radioed again for backup, 

stating, “Somebody try and get here because I’m trying to keep them separated.” Shortly 

after Mr. Romero returned to his pickup and Officer Phillips returned to attend to Ms. 

Romero by his patrol car, Mr. Romero stated, “[I am] a United States Marine, man; we got 

stuck. [Inaudible].” Ms. Romero shouted at Mr. Romero to “settle, babe, settle,” and Mr. 

Romero responded, “No; I’m about to reach my limit.” Ms. Romero then told Mr. Romero,

“Be careful,” and Officer Phillips asked Mr. Romero, “What limit are you talking about?” 

Ms. Romero immediately interjected, “Nothing!” 

[¶9] At this point, Officer Phillips felt Mr. Romero was “about to become physically 

violent,” so to try to deescalate the situation he told Ms. Romero to sit in the back of his 

patrol car. Ms. Romero initially declined to get in the car, after which Officer Phillips 

repeated his instruction multiple times. Mr. Romero briefly paced sideways and then 

approached Officer Phillips and Ms. Romero again. When Mr. Romero reached the front 
3

of the patrol car, Ms. Romero stated, “Babe, babe, stop, babe; alright, we’ll just sit in the 

car.” Ms. Romero got into the back of the patrol car, and Officer Phillips closed the door. 

He then again walked Mr. Romero back to the pickup and told him to turn around. When 

Mr. Romero refused and Officer Phillips attempted to turn him around, Mr. Romero said, 

“I will wreck you,” and pushed Officer Phillips away, leading the two to fall to the ground

in a physical altercation. After another officer arrived as backup and helped Officer 

Phillips subdue Mr. Romero, they arrested him for interference and placed him in the other 

officer’s patrol car. 

[¶10] Approximately five minutes later, Officer Phillips returned to his patrol car and told 

Ms. Romero, “We have to go to a dry environment to do your field sobriety test, OK?” 

Ms. Romero did not object and instead responded, “OK.” Officer Phillips explained they 

were going to the Carbon County jail’s sally port, which was “dry and warm and a flat 

surface.” Officer Phillips transported Ms. Romero to the sally port, where she performed 

poorly on standard field sobriety tests, including failing to understand or obey instructions.

Officer Phillips arrested Ms. Romero for DWUI. Ms. Romero consented to breath testing, 

which indicated a blood alcohol content of .22%. 

[¶11] On January 9, 2023, the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) sent 

Ms. Romero a Notice of Suspension of her driver’s license based on her chemical test for 

blood alcohol content of 0.08% or greater. The notice informed Ms. Romero WYDOT was 

suspending her license for ninety days beginning on February 5, 2023, and that she was 

disqualified from holding a commercial driver’s license for one year. Ms. Romero timely 

requested a contested case hearing with the OAH. On March 16, 2023, Ms. Romero 

submitted her Motion to Vacate and Rescind License Suspension (Motion to Vacate), 

asserting Officer Phillips unlawfully arrested her when he placed her in the back of his 

patrol car. Ms. Romero’s contested case evidentiary hearing was set for April 4, 2023. 

Without objection, WYDOT submitted its certified record as an exhibit, but did not 

otherwise appear. Ms. Romero agreed to rely solely on her Motion to Vacate in lieu of live 

argument and entered the video from Officer Phillips’ body camera as an exhibit. Neither 

party submitted any other evidence or argument. 

[¶12] On April 13, 2023, the OAH issued its Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, 

Decision and Order Upholding Administrative Per Se Suspension (OAH Order), and stated 

in its conclusions of law:

23. This Office finds and concludes the evidence 

establishes that [O]fficer Phillips had sufficient reasonable, 

articulable suspicion sufficient to justify his detaining Licensee 

for a DWUI investigation, including his placing Licensee into 

his patrol vehicle and transporting Licensee to the Carbon 

County Jail/sally port for the purpose of administering SFSTs 
4

[standard field sobriety tests], based upon the totality of all 

facts and circumstances then known to the officer as follows:

a. The officer’s observation and investigation 

into a vehicle stuck in a snowbank which was blocking a lane 

of travel, and upon his arrival, hearing a male voice 

aggressively yelling at a female and not knowing whether or 

not there was a domestic physical or only a verbal argument 

taking place.

b. The officer’s observation of both Licensee 

and her husband exhibiting signs of having been drinking 

alcohol and the strong odor of alcohol coming from Licensee’s 

breath as he was speaking to her and Licensee admitting that 

she had been the driver of the vehicle that was stuck in the 

snowbank.

c. Licensee agreeing to submit to SFSTs and the 

officer having to place her into his patrol vehicle so that he 

could deescalate the situation with Licensee’s uncooperative 

and threatening husband resulting in the officer having to then 

transport Licensee to the jail to continue his investigation and 

ultimate arrest of Licensee.

[¶13] Ms. Romero petitioned the district court for review of the OAH Order, and it 

affirmed. This appeal followed. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶14] “We accord no deference to a district court decision reviewing an administrative 

agency order.” Vasco v. State, Dep’t of Transp., 2011 WY 100, ¶ 9, 253 P.3d 515, 517 

(Wyo. 2011) (citing Batten v. Wyo. Dep’t of Transp. Drivers’ License Div., 2007 WY 173, 

¶ 6, 170 P.3d 1236, 1239 (Wyo. 2007)). “Instead, we review the case as if it came directly 

from the administrative agency.” Id. The Wyoming Administrative Procedure Act governs 

our review:

(c) To the extent necessary to make a decision and when 

presented, the reviewing court shall decide all relevant 

questions of law, interpret constitutional and statutory 

provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability of the 

terms of an agency action. In making the following 

determinations, the court shall review the whole record or 

those parts of it cited by a party and due account shall be taken 

of the rule of prejudicial error. The reviewing court shall:

(i) Compel agency action unlawfully withheld or 

unreasonably delayed; and
5

(ii) Hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings 

and conclusions found to be:

(A) Arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion 

or otherwise not in accordance with law;

(B) Contrary to constitutional right, power, 

privilege or immunity;

(C) In excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority 

or limitations or lacking statutory right;

(D) Without observance of procedure required 

by law; or

(E) Unsupported by substantial evidence in a 

case reviewed on the record of an agency hearing provided by 

statute.

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 16-3-114 (LexisNexis 2023).

[¶15] When reviewing an agency’s factual findings under § 16-3-114(c)(ii)(E), we apply 

the substantial evidence standard. McCallister v. State ex rel. Dep’t of Workforce Servs., 

Workers’ Comp. Div., 2022 WY 66, ¶ 8, 510 P.3d 1051, 1054 (Wyo. 2022). “Findings of 

fact are supported by substantial evidence if there is relevant evidence in the record which 

‘a reasonable mind might accept in support of the agency’s conclusion.’” Id. (quoting Dale 

v. S&S Builders, LLC, 2008 WY 84, ¶ 11, 188 P.3d 554, 561 (Wyo. 2008)). This Court 

must determine whether there is substantial evidence to support the agency’s decision by 

considering “whether that conclusion was contrary to the overwhelming weight of the 

evidence in the record as a whole.” Dale, ¶ 22, 188 P.3d at 561. We defer to the 

administrative agency’s factual findings unless they are clearly contrary to the 

overwhelming weight of the evidence in the record. Camacho v. State ex rel. Dep’t of 

Workforce Servs., Workers’ Comp. Div., 2019 WY 92, ¶ 23, 448 P.3d 834, 843 (Wyo. 

2019). 

[¶16] “‘We review an agency’s conclusions of law de novo [ ] and will affirm only if the 

agency’s conclusions are in accordance with the law.’” McCallister, ¶ 8, 510 P.3d at 1054-

55 (quoting Middlemass v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div., 2011 WY 

118, ¶ 13, 259 P.3d 1161, 1164 (Wyo. 2011) (other citations omitted)). 

DISCUSSION

[¶17] Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 31-6-103(b) (LexisNexis 2023) limits the OAH’s scope of review 

in driver’s license suspension cases to the following:

[W]hether a peace officer had probable cause to believe the 

arrested person had been driving or was in actual physical 

control of a motor vehicle upon a public street or highway in 
6

this state in violation of W.S. 31-5-233(b) or any other law 

prohibiting driving under the influence as defined by W.S. 31-

5-233(a)(v), whether the person was placed under arrest, or if 

a test was administered, whether the test results indicated that 

the person had an alcohol concentration of eight onehundredths of one percent (0.08%) or more, and whether, 

except for the persons described in this act who are incapable 

of cooperating with the administration of the test, he had been 

given the advisements required by W.S. 31-6-102(a)(ii).

[¶18] Ms. Romero does not take issue with the initial stages of her interaction with Officer 

Phillips. Rather, Ms. Romero claims the encounter became unlawful when Officer Phillips 

required her to sit in the back of his locked patrol car, which she argues was an arrest 

without probable cause. She asserts because of this unlawful arrest, the OAH should have 

suppressed evidence obtained after Ms. Romero entered the car, including her poor 

performance on the field sobriety tests and the results of her breath test, and vacated and 

rescinded WYDOT’s proposed suspension of her driver’s license. Therefore, Ms. 

Romero’s challenge is to the OAH’s determination “the arresting officer lawfully 

contacted, investigated, and arrested” her under § 31-6-103(b). As explained below, we 

do not agree Officer Phillips unlawfully arrested Ms. Romero when he placed her in the 

patrol car. Instead, he conducted a proper investigative detention in accordance with 

constitutional protections.

[¶19] The United States Constitution and the Wyoming Constitution prohibit 

“unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV; Wyo. Const. art. 1, § 4. 

Under both constitutions, warrantless searches and seizures are per se unreasonable unless 

they are justified by probable cause or established exceptions. Morris v. State, 908 P.2d 

931, 935 (Wyo. 1995). One exception to the warrant requirement for seizing a person is 

the Terry doctrine, which permits “investigative detentions”—limited warrantless 

seizures/detentions of citizens for purposes of performing an investigation. To justify an 

investigative detention, an officer must show “‘specific and articulable facts and rational 

inferences which give rise to a[n] [objectively] reasonable suspicion that a person has 

committed or may be committing a crime[.]’” Flood v. State, 2007 WY 167, ¶ 14, 169 

P.3d 538, 543-44 (Wyo. 2007) (quoting Custer v. State, 2006 WY 72, ¶ 13, 135 P.3d 620, 

624 (Wyo. 2006), and citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 

(1968) (other citation omitted)).1 An arrest, on the other hand, requires probable cause that 

1 The case before us does not involve a “Terry stop,” as the Romeros’ vehicle was already disabled in the 

roadway when Officer Phillips arrived. Nonetheless, the analysis under Terry generally applies if the 

consensual encounter during an initial accident response becomes a situation where a reasonable person 

would not feel free to decline an officer’s assistance or otherwise terminate an encounter. See, e.g., United 

States v. Angulo-Fernandez, 53 F.3d 1177, 1179-80 (10th Cir. 1995); Shaw v. State, 2009 WY 18, ¶ 24, 

201 P.3d 1108, 1113 (Wyo. 2009).
7

a person has committed a crime. Id. at ¶ 14, 169 P.3d at 544 (citing Custer, ¶ 13, 135 P.3d 

at 625) (other citation omitted). 

[¶20] Reasonable suspicion is simply “a particularized and objective basis” for suspecting 

a particular person of criminal activity. Speten v. State, 2008 WY 63, ¶ 4, 185 P.3d 25, 28 

(Wyo. 2008) (citations omitted). The totality of the circumstances, rather than isolated 

facts, are considered in determining whether an investigative detention is supported by 

reasonable suspicion. See Guandong v. State, 2022 WY 83, ¶ 21, 512 P.3d 648, 652 (Wyo. 

2022). When reviewing the totality of the circumstances, we consider common sense and 

ordinary human experience and defer to a law enforcement officer’s ability to distinguish 

between innocent and suspicious actions. Vogt v. State ex rel. Dep’t of Transp., 2013 WY 

123, ¶ 18, 310 P.3d 899, 906 (Wyo. 2013) (citations omitted). A person’s appearance, 

odor, behavior in answering questions, ability to retrieve information, and performance on 

field sobriety tests are all things that can factor into an officer’s objective determination of 

signs of impairment. See, e.g., Smith v. State ex rel. Wyo. Dep’t of Transp., 11 P.3d 931, 

937 (Wyo. 2000); see also United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 274-75, 122 S.Ct. 744, 

151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002). Finally, in considering all the circumstances, the question is not 

whether there is a possible innocent explanation for each of the factors, but whether taken 

together they give rise to reasonable suspicion that criminal activity may be occurring. See 

Garvin v. State, 2007 WY 190, ¶ 16, 172 P.3d 725, 729-30 (Wyo. 2007).

[¶21] “Because we are reviewing an administrative agency’s rulings on a constitutional 

question, we apply the substantial evidence standard to the OAH’s findings of fact.”

2

 

Batten, ¶ 12, 170 P.3d at 1241 (citing Bradshaw v. Wyo. Dep’t of Transp. Drivers’ License 

Div., 2006 WY 70, ¶ 11, 135 P.3d 612, 616 (Wyo. 2006)). The OAH’s ultimate conclusion 

that Ms. Romero was detained consistent with constitutional protections is reviewed de 

novo. Moulton v. State, 2006 WY 152, ¶ 13, 148 P.3d 38, 42 (Wyo. 2006) (“The question 

of whether an unreasonable search or seizure occurred in violation of constitutional rights 

presents a question of law and is reviewed de novo.”). 

[¶22] To determine the nature of Ms. Romero’s detention when she was placed in Officer 

Phillips’ patrol car, the encounter between Officer Phillips and Ms. Romero must be 

examined from the outset considering all the surrounding circumstances, including Mr. 

Romero’s behavior. See, e.g., Flood, ¶ 18, 169 P.3d at 546-47 (considering the passenger’s 

nervousness during a traffic stop as a factor in determining whether the totality of the 

circumstances justified the officer’s detention of the driver). The initial encounter with the 

Romeros began as a voluntary one when Officer Phillips observed their vehicle stuck in a 

2

 “Our application of the substantial evidence standard of review to the agency’s factual findings 

distinguishes administrative cases from criminal cases where we review the district court’s findings of fact 

regarding a claim of an illegal search or seizure under the clearly erroneous standard.” Batten, ¶ 12 n. 3, 

170 P.3d at 1241 n.3 (citing Moulton v. State, 2006 WY 152, ¶ 13, 148 P.3d 38, 42 (Wyo. 2006)).
8

snowbank and radioed for a “motorist assist” before he exited his patrol car. The OAH 

found and concluded, based upon the totality of all facts and circumstances then known to 

him, Officer Phillips developed reasonable articulable suspicion sufficient to justify 

detaining Ms. Romero “for a DWUI investigation, including his placing [her] into his patrol 

vehicle and transporting [her] to the Carbon County Jail/sally port for the purpose of 

administering SFSTs[.]” The record contains substantial evidence to support the OAH 

findings that Officer Phillips had reasonable articulable suspicion to detain Ms. Romero. 

[¶23] When Officer Phillips initially came upon the Romeros’ stuck pickup, he heard a 

man yelling at a female and worried a domestic disturbance was occurring. After exiting 

his patrol vehicle, Officer Phillips almost immediately encountered Ms. Romero and 

“smelled a very strong overwhelming odor of alcohol.” During subsequent discussions 

confirming Ms. Romero was the driver of the disabled truck, Officer Phillips noticed both 

Mr. and Ms. Romero showed signs of alcohol impairment in their speech. Officer Phillips 

then separated Mr. and Ms. Romero, and asked Ms. Romero multiple times how much she 

had to drink. By this point, and although it is not an issue on appeal, Officer Phillips’ 

voluntary encounter with Ms. Romero had become an investigative detention based upon 

his reasonable suspicion she was driving while intoxicated. Flood, ¶ 14, 169 P.3d at 543-

44; see, e.g., Shaw, ¶ 24, 201 P.3d at 1113 (finding a consensual encounter after a trooper 

stopped to render aid to a driver stuck in snow became a traffic stop or investigative 

detention once the driver could not produce his driver’s license); Clay v. State, 2016 WY 

55, ¶¶ 21-22, 372 P.3d 195, 199 (Wyo. 2016) (finding reasonable suspicion the driver was 

intoxicated allowed an investigative detention to extend beyond the scope of the initial 

stop). When Ms. Romero answered Officer Phillips’ questions, she was unresponsive and 

evasive, with her last answers being, “just do the tests; it’s fine,” followed by, “we’ll do all 

the tests; we’ll figure it out.” Ms. Romero’s responses justified extending the investigative 

detention both because they provided additional evidence supporting a suspicion she was 

intoxicated, and because she volunteered to do field sobriety tests.3 Batten, ¶ 11, 170 P.3d 

at 1241 (stating an officer may expand an investigative detention if the person consents to 

the expansion).

[¶24] As Ms. Romero was talking with Officer Phillips, Mr. Romero approached, 

prompting Officer Phillips to walk him away from Ms. Romero and radio for help a second 

time. When Officer Phillips tried to continue his investigation and Mr. Romero became 

agitated, Ms. Romero asked Mr. Romero to “settle,” to which he replied, “No; I’m about 

to reach my limit.” This prompted immediate reactions from both Ms. Romero (“Be 

careful”) and Officer Phillips (“What limit are you talking about?”). At this point, Officer 

Phillips began telling Ms. Romero to sit in the back of his patrol car due to his belief that 

Mr. Romero was about to become physically violent. Although Ms. Romero initially 

refused to get in the car, Mr. Romero started to walk toward them, prompting Ms. Romero 

3 Ms. Romero states on appeal that she withdrew her consent to do field sobriety tests. There is no evidence 

in the record to support this assertion, including the videotape of her encounter with Officer Phillips.
9

to state, “Babe, babe, stop, babe; alright, we’ll just sit in the car.” Once Ms. Romero got 

in the back of the car and Officer Phillips closed the door, Ms. Romero was locked inside. 

It is at this point that Ms. Romero alleges Officer Phillips’ conduct amounted to a de facto 

and unlawful arrest. 

[¶25] While the OAH did not address this contention directly, its conclusion that Officer 

Phillips had sufficient reasonable suspicion to detain Ms. Romero in his patrol car as part 

of an investigation indicates it did not consider Ms. Romero under arrest at that time. 

Under the circumstances of this case, we agree that placing Ms. Romero in the back of the 

car did not transform Officer Phillips’ investigative detention into a de facto arrest.

[¶26] “If a police-citizen encounter exceeds the limits of a Terry [investigative] stop, the 

detention becomes an arrest that must be supported by probable cause.” United States v. 

Neff, 300 F.3d 1217, 1221 (10th Cir. 2002) (citing United States v. Perdue, 8 F.3d 1455, 

1462 (10th Cir. 1993)). For example, “‘[t]he use of firearms, handcuffs, and other forceful 

techniques’ generally exceed the scope of an investigative detention and enter the realm of 

an arrest.” Cortez v. McCauley, 478 F.3d 1108, 1116 (10th Cir. 2007) (quoting United 

States v. Melendez-Garcia, 28 F.3d 1046, 1052 (10th Cir. 1994)). Such forceful techniques 

could, under certain circumstances, include locking an individual in the back of a patrol 

car. See, e.g., Cortez, 478 F.3d at 1116 (ruling seizing, handcuffing, Mirandizing, and 

placing an individual in the back of a locked patrol car was a custodial arrest). However,

the use of forceful or intrusive techniques during an investigation is not always tantamount 

to an arrest. In some instances “[d]uring an investigative stop, ‘officers may take steps 

reasonably necessary to protect their personal safety.’” Fender v. State, 2003 WY 96, ¶ 17, 

74 P.3d 1220, 1227 (Wyo. 2003) (explaining the use of handcuffs during an investigative 

stop may be appropriate to protect an officer and others from possible danger); see, e.g., 

Brown v. State, 944 P.2d 1168, 1171-74 (Wyo. 1997) (holding a potential threat to officer 

safety justified officers drawing their weapons and ordering the driver and passenger to 

exit a vehicle and drop to their knees, which did not rise to the level of an arrest); see also 

Cortez, 478 F.3d at 1123 (reasoning that placing an individual in the back of a locked patrol 

car without handcuffing or Mirandizing her, and allowing her to use a cell phone, was part 

of an investigatory detention, not an arrest). As a result, there is no “bright line” rule or

“litmus test” regarding whether or when an investigative detention becomes a de facto 

arrest. United States v. White, 584 F.3d 935, 952 (10th Cir. 2009) (citing Florida v. Royer, 

460 U.S. 491, 506, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983); Neff, 300 F.3d at 1220). Rather, 

“‘common sense and ordinary human experience must govern over rigid criteria.’” Neff, 

300 F.3d at 1220 (quoting United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 685, 105 S.Ct. 1568, 84 

L.Ed.2d. 605 (1985)). 

[¶27] In this case, while it was intrusive to place Ms. Romero in the back of a locked patrol 

car, it was objectively reasonable under the totality of the circumstances. Specifically, it 

was reasonable for Officer Phillips to be concerned about his and Ms. Romero’s safety 

considering Mr. Romero’s conduct and statements. It was also reasonable for him to 
10

conclude Mr. Romero was about to become physically violent, a concern that played out a 

short time later. See, e.g., Flood, ¶ 18, 169 P.3d at 544 (holding a trooper was justified, 

“for the sake of safety, in asking [the driver and the passenger] to step back to his car while 

he wrote their tickets”); Fender, ¶ 17, 74 P.3d at 1227; Brown, 944 P.2d at 1171-74. Mr. 

Romero repeatedly ignored Officer Phillips’ instructions to keep a safe distance. Mr. 

Romero also rebuked Ms. Romero’s attempt to calm him down, responding, “No; I’m 

about to reach my limit.” Shortly after Officer Phillips asked him, “What limit are you 

talking about?” Mr. Romero approached the patrol car, prompting Ms. Romero to again try 

to calm him down and then abruptly get in the patrol car. In addition, Officer Phillips’ 

placement of Ms. Romero in the back of his patrol car was no more intrusive than necessary 

under the circumstances. Officer Phillips did not handcuff Ms. Romero, Mirandize her, or 

even physically place her in the patrol car—she got into the car after Officer Phillips’ 

repeated instructions once Mr. Romero started to approach. Cortez, 478 F.3d at 1123. 

Although she was in the back of the patrol car—which was justified for her safety and that 

of Officer Phillips—a reasonable person in Ms. Romero’s circumstances would have 

understood she was not under arrest. See United States v. Griffin, 7 F.3d 1512, 1518 (10th

Cir. 1993) (relevant inquiry to determining whether a person is under arrest is “how a 

reasonable person in the suspect’s position would have understood [her] situation”) (citing 

Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 442, 104 S. Ct. 3138, 3151, 82 L. Ed. 2d 317 (1984)).

[¶28] Finally, Ms. Romero asserts the record does not support a conclusion that Officer 

Phillips had a sufficient basis to detain her in the back of the patrol car while he managed 

Mr. Romero.4 “An investigative detention must be temporary, lasting no longer than 

necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop, and the scope of the detention must be 

carefully tailored to its underlying justification.” Batten, ¶ 11, 170 P.3d at 1241 (citing

O’Boyle v. State, 2005 WY 83, ¶ 47, 117 P.3d 401, 414 (Wyo. 2005)). The OAH concluded 

Officer Phillips had a “reasonable[] articulable suspicion to justify . . . detaining [Ms. 

Romero] for a DWUI investigation” by placing her in the back of his patrol car and taking 

her to the sally port for testing. To reach that conclusion, the OAH necessarily found Ms. 

Romero’s detention in the patrol car was no longer than necessary to effectuate the purpose 

of the encounter considering the circumstances that transpired immediately after she was 

placed in the car (the physical altercation with and arrest of Mr. Romero). There is 

substantial evidence in the record to support the OAH’s findings and conclusions that 

Officer Phillips properly detained Ms. Romero in the patrol car. She waited in the patrol 

car for less than nine minutes before Officer Phillips returned to the car and started to drive 

her to the sally port for the field sobriety testing she volunteered to complete. During that 

time, Officer Phillips was involved in a physical altercation with Mr. Romero, who Officer 

Phillips feared wanted to hurt him, Ms. Romero, or both. The altercation began when Mr. 

Romero confirmed that fear by exclaiming, “I will wreck you.” Thereafter, Officer Phillips 

spent a few minutes assisting in the arrest of Mr. Romero, recovering from the altercation, 

4 Ms. Romero does not assert that it was improper to extend the detention by transporting her to the sally 

port to conduct field sobriety tests there.
11

and briefing other officers on what happened before returning to his patrol car and Ms. 

Romero. Considering Mr. Romero’s conduct and Officer Phillips’ concerns for his own 

and Ms. Romero’s safety, the detention in the patrol car was no longer than necessary and 

justified under the circumstances. 

[¶29] Ms. Romero’s placement in the back of Officer Phillips’ patrol car did not transform 

his investigative detention of her into a de facto arrest. Our finding that Ms. Romero’s 

detention did not rise to the level of an arrest obviates the need to examine whether Officer 

Phillips had probable cause to arrest her at the point in time when she entered the patrol 

car. 

CONCLUSION

[¶30] We conclude the OAH’s factual findings that Officer Phillips had reasonable 

suspicion Ms. Romero was driving while intoxicated are supported by substantial evidence 

and its ultimate legal conclusion that she was lawfully detained in the back of his patrol car 

is in accordance with the law. 

[¶31] Affirmed.