113TH CONGRESS 2ND SESSION/SENATE DOCUMENT 113–23

NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH

SCHOOLS, 2014–2015

Resolved: The United States Federal

Government Should Substantially Increase

Its Non-Military Exploration and/or

Development of the Earth’s Oceans

NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH SCHOOLS, 2014–2015

Pursuant to 44 United States Code, Section 1333

Compiled by the Congressional Research Service

Library of Congress

U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, DC 2014
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44 U.S.C., SECTION 1333

CHAPTER 13--PARTICULAR REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS

Sec. 1333. National high school and college debate topics

(a) The Librarian of Congress shall prepare compilations of pertinent excerpts,

bibliographical references, and other appropriate materials relating to:

(1) the subject selected annually by the National University Extension Association as the national high school debate topic and

(2) the subject selected annually by the American Speech Association as the

national college debate topic.

In preparing the compilations the Librarian shall include materials which in his

judgment are representative of, and give equal emphasis to, the opposing points of

view on the respective topics.

(b) The compilations on the high school debate topics shall be printed as Senate

documents and the compilations on the college debate topics shall be printed as

House of Representative documents, the cost of which shall be charged to the

congressional allotment for printing and binding. Additional copies may be

printed in the quantities and distributed in the manner the Joint Committee

on Printing directs.

(P.L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Supp. III, Sec. 170 [Sec. 276a] (Dec. 30, 1963, Pub.

L. 88–246, Secs. 1, 2, 77 Stat. 802)

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CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................ V

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 3

SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 3

BACKGROUND AND EXISTING OCEAN POLICY ............................................ 4

EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT ............................................................... 5

ORGANIZATIONS AND THINK TANKS .......................................................... 5

ARTICLES, BOOKS, REPORTS, AND CONFERENCES ................................ 11

ECONOMIC ISSUES ....................................................................................... 11

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES .......................................................................... 11

POLITICAL ISSUES ........................................................................................ 18

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISSUES ...................................................... 19

SOCIAL ISSUES .............................................................................................. 24

U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS ............................................................. 24

ECONOMIC ISSUES ....................................................................................... 24

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES .......................................................................... 25

POLITICAL ISSUES ........................................................................................ 25

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISSUES ...................................................... 26

SOCIAL ISSUES .............................................................................................. 28

CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS ........................................................................ 28

FEDERALLY-FUNDED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ........................ 33

PRIVATELY-FUNDED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ......................... 34

SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................... 35

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Foreword

The 2014-2015 high school debate topic is: ‘‘Resolved: The United States

Federal Government Should Substantially Increase Its Non-Military Exploration

and/or Development of the Earth’s Oceans.’’

In compliance with 44 U.S.C., Section 1333, the Congressional Research

Service (CRS) of the Library of Congress prepared this bibliography to assist high

school debaters in researching the topic. This bibliography is intended to assist debaters in the identification of further references and resources on the topic. In selecting items for inclusion in this bibliography, CRS has sampled a wide spectrum

of opinions reflected in the current literature on this issue. No preference for any

policy is indicated by the selection or positioning of articles, books, or websites cited,

nor is CRS disapproval of any policy or article to be inferred from its omission.

The bibliography was prepared by Michelle Cadoree Bradley, Audrey

Crane-Hirsch, Denise Dempsey, Maria Kreiser, Sundeep Mahendra, and Elizabeth

Schiller, Reference Librarians and Science Reference Specialists in the Knowledge

Services Group of CRS and in the Science, Technology and Business Division of the

Library of Congress.

The project team leader was Jerry W. Mansfield, Information Research Specialist, Knowledge Services Group.

We wish the best to each debater as they research, prepare, and present

arguments on this year’s topic.

Mary B. Mazanec, Director

Congressional Research Service

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NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH SCHOOLS, 2014-2015

RESOLVED: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD

SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE ITS NON-MILITARY EXPLORATION AND/OR

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARTH’S OCEANS

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE 2014-2015

HIGH SCHOOL DEBATE TOPIC

Compiled by

Audrey Crane-Hirsch, Maria Kreiser, Sundeep Mahendra, and

Elizabeth Schiller, Reference Librarians in the Knowledge Service

Group of CRS and Michelle Cadoree Bradley and Denise

Dempsey, Reference Librarians and Science Reference Specialists in the

Science, Technology and Business Division of the Library of Congress

under the direction of project team leader Jerry W. Mansfield,

Information Research Specialist, Knowledge Services Group

September 2014

Introduction

The 2014-2015 high school debate topic is: “Resolved: The United States Federal

Government Should Substantially Increase Its Non-Military Exploration and/or Development of

the Earth’s Oceans.”

This selective bibliography with brief annotations is intended to assist debaters in

identifying resources and references on the national debate topic. It lists citations to books,

congressional publications, journal articles, organizations, and websites on the Internet. The

bibliography is divided into two broad sections, “Background and Existing Ocean Policy,” and

“Exploration and Development.” Included in the bibliography are organizations and think tanks,

articles, books, reports, conference proceedings, government publications, and congressional

hearings. Where applicable, articles, books, reports, conference proceedings, and government

publications are further divided into the sub-sections “economic issues,” “environmental issues,”

“political issues,” “social issues,” and “science and technology issues,” with links to websites

and documents. The bibliography concludes with selected federal and privately-funded research

and development sources.

Summary

The purpose of the bibliography is to provide students with a brief overview of

information related to the 2014-2015 high school debate topic.

This compilation is not intended to provide complete coverage of the topic. Further

research on the topic may be accomplished at high school, research, depository, and public

libraries.

In addition to those included in this bibliography, there are many more international

organizations, U.S. Government agencies, private think tanks, and non-governmental

organizations (NGOs) that provide information on the debate topic and sub-topics on their

websites. Debaters are encouraged to consult the Internet as well as library resources for their

research.

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Background and Existing Ocean Policy

Etzioni, Amitai. “Final Frontier vs. Fruitful Frontier: The Case for Increasing Ocean

Exploration.” Issues in Science and Technology (2014): 65-74.

Available online at: [http://issues.org/30-4/final-frontier-vs-fruitful-frontier-the-case-forincreasing-ocean-exploration/].

Editorial comparing the importance of ocean exploration in contrast to space exploration.

“Possible solutions to the world’s energy, food, environmental, and other problems are far more

likely to be found in nearby oceans than in distant space.”

Executive Office of the President. Executive Order 13547, “Stewardship of the Ocean, Our

Coasts, and the Great Lakes,” 75 Federal Register 43023, July 19, 2010.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/DCPD-201000608/pdf/DCPD201000608.pdf].

This Executive Order established a National Ocean Policy, based on recommendations of the

Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force.

Available online at: [http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/OPTF_FinalRecs.pdf].

Executive Office of the President. National Ocean Council. National Ocean Policy

Implementation Plan. Washington, DC: 2013.

Available online at:

http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/national_ocean_policy_implementation_plan.pdf].

The National Ocean Policy, created by Executive Order 13547, established the National Ocean

Council which consists of departments and offices from 27 federal agencies. The Council

developed the Plan over a two-year period with extensive public input from stakeholders. The

National Ocean Policy and Plan with help to spur economic growth, empower states and

communities, and save taxpayer dollars through better coordination that avoids conflicts.

Fluharty, David. “Recent Developments at the Federal Level in Ocean Policymaking in the

United States.” Coastal Management 40 (2): 209-221. 2012.

Article focusing on efforts to develop a comprehensive national ocean policy, and related policy

initiatives and issues.

McNutt, Marcia. “USGS Support for a National Ocean Policy: From the Coasts to Deep Ocean.”

Sea Technology 51, no. 1 (January 2010): 16-17.

Article on the work of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), part of an Interagency Task Force,

on research to provide science and information about coastal and ocean systems, and the

influence of the USGS on decision and policy making in various U.S. federal agencies.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Ocean Exploration Review Panel. Review

Panel Final Report: Ocean Exploration’s Second Decade. National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA). 2012.

Available online at: [http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/about/program-review/2012-12-12-final-oereview-report.pdf].

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This final report is a review of the implementation and evolution of the NOAA Ocean

Exploration Program [http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/about/what-we-do/programreview/welcome.html], a national program focused on exploring the world’s unknown ocean.

U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009,

Public Law 111-11.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ11/pdf/PLAW111publ11.pdf].

Title XII of this act includes the creation of programs for undersea research, undersea and coastal

mapping, and ocean conservation.

United States Commission on Ocean Policy. An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century Final

Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. 2014.

Available online at: [http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS59977].

A presentation of the Commission's final recommendations for a myriad of issues addressed by

its proposed new, coordinated, comprehensive national ocean policy. In conjunction with the

Pew Ocean Commission, under the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative

[http://www.jointoceancommission.org/].

Exploration and Development

Organizations and Think Tanks

American Wind Energy Association (AWEA).

Available online at: [http://www.awea.org/Issues/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=822].

The American Wind Energy Association “is the national trade association for the U.S. wind

industry.” Its “mission is to promote wind power growth through advocacy, communication and

education.”

The Arctic Institute.

Available online at: [http://www.thearcticinstitute.org/].

Think tank for Arctic policy issues. Research areas include climate science, geopolitics, law, oil

and gas.

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences.

Available online at: [https://www.bigelow.org/].

The Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences was founded in 1974 in Maine to undertake

fundamental research into the ecosystems of the world’s ocean and promote education of ocean

science. Research is organized around three core themes of Blue Biotechnology, Ocean

Biogeochemistry and Climate Change, and Ocean Health.

Conservation International.

Available online at: [http://www.conservation.org/what/pages/oceans.aspx].

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Global environmental organization dedicated to protection of nature, including fresh water and

oceans.

Consortium for Ocean Leadership.

Available online at: [http://oceanleadership.org/].

Collaborative organization of 100+ public and private ocean research and education institutions.

The organization manages ocean research and education programs in areas of scientific ocean

drilling, ocean observing, ocean exploration, and ocean partnerships.

Coral Reef Alliance.

Available online at: [http://coral.org/].

An alliance for protecting coral reefs.

Deep Sea Conservation Coalition.

Available online at: [http://www.savethehighseas.org/].

International alliance of 70+ organizations, founded to protect deep-sea ecosystems and

safeguard their long-term health and resilience.

Earthwatch Institute. Earth Institute.

Available online at: [http://earthwatch.org/scientific-research/our-research-areas/ocean-health].

The Earthwatch Institute's mission is: “To engage people worldwide in scientific field research

and education to promote the understanding and action necessary for a sustainable environment.”

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Fisheries & Aquaculture

Department. Available online at: [http://www.fao.org/fishery/en].

The mission of the FAO's Fisheries & Aquaculture department is “To strengthen global

governance and the managerial and technical capacities of members and to lead consensusbuilding towards improved conservation and utilization of aquatic resources.”

Florida Atlantic University. Harbor Branch Oceanic Institute.

Available online at: [http://www.fau.edu/hboi/].

The institute “drives innovation in ocean engineering, at-sea operations, drug discovery and

biotechnology from the oceans, coastal ecology and conservation, marine mammal research and

conservation, aquaculture, ocean observing systems and marine education.”

Greenpeace International. Greenpeace USA.

Available online at: [http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/].

International organization that campaigns on worldwide environmental issues. The Ocean

protection campaign focuses on protecting oceans via marine reserves that protect wildlife:

http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/oceans/.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Available online at: [http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm].

“The IPCC is a scientific body under the auspices of the United Nations (UN). It reviews and

assesses the most recent scientific, technical and socio-economic information produced

worldwide relevant to the understanding of climate change.”

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International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).

Available online at: [http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/marine/].

IUCN's “mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve

the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable

and ecologically sustainable.”

Joint Ocean Commission Initiative.

Available online at [http://www.jointoceancommission.org/].

“The Joint Initiative is committed to providing constructive assistance to all entities—federal,

state, and local governments, as well as nongovernmental, academic, and private sector

interests— and is dedicated to moving our nation toward a better coordinated national ocean

policy, with an improved governance framework and enhanced management tools to carry out

that policy.”

Marine Conservation Institute.

Available online at: [http://www.marine-conservation.org/].

Headquartered in Seattle, WA, Marine Conservation Institute has several program areas centered

on three broad conservation themes: identify vulnerable marine ecosystems, advocate for healthy

oceans, and protect wild places.

Marine Science & Technology Foundation.

Available online at: [http://mstfoundation.org/].

MSTF is a private nonprofit foundation for advancing technology in oceanographic research.

Microbial life beneath the sea floor exploration tool and project funded by MSTF can be found

here: http://mstfoundation.org/story/DEBI-SELECT

Marine Technology Society.

Available online at: [https://www.mtsociety.org/].

International organization composed of members of academia, government and industry to

promote awareness, understanding, advancement and application of marine technology. MTS

Journal is the flagship publication.

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.

Available online at: [http://www.mbari.org/].

MBARI is a nonprofit oceanographic research center located in Moss Landing, California that

addresses issues of global and social relevance through the themes of: ocean visualization,

ecosystem dynamics, ocean biogeochemistry, and exploration.

National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE).

Available online at: [http://www.ncseonline.org/].

The National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE) is a not-for-profit organization

dedicated to improving the scientific basis for environmental decision making.

National Geographic Society.

Available online at: [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/].

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Nonprofit scientific and educational institutions with interests in geography, archaeology and

natural science, and environmental conservation.

National Ocean Policy Coalition (NOPC).

Available online at: [http://oceanpolicy.com/].

“The National Ocean Policy Coalition is a national organization focused on developing a

national ocean policy that considers the following interests: energy, mining, agriculture,

chemicals, construction, manufacturing, shipping, transportation, ports, commercial and

recreational fishing, and boating.”

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Hawaii Undersea Research

Laboratory.

Available online at: [http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/].

Research topics include deep-water marine processes, ecosystems, fisheries, and environmental

impact measurements associated with innovative ocean energy technologies (e.g., ocean thermal

energy conversion, cold water cooling, and undersea energy transmission between the islands

originating from renewable sources such as wind farms).

National Research Council (NRC).

Available online at: [http://dels.nas.edu/osb].

“The National Research Council’s mission is to improve government decision making and public

policy, increase public understanding, and promote the acquisition and dissemination of

knowledge in matters involving science, engineering, technology, and health.”

National Science Foundation (NSF).

Available online at: [http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=oce].

The National Science Foundation’s Division of Ocean Sciences “supports research,

infrastructure, and education to advance understanding of all aspects of the global oceans and

ocean basins, including their interactions with people and the integrated Earth system.”

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC).

Available online at: [http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/default.asp].

“NRDC works to safeguard the earth — its people, its plants and animals, and the natural

systems on which all life depends.”

The Nature Conservancy.

Available online at:

[http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/oceanscoasts/index.htm?intc=nature.tnav.how.list].

The Nature Conservancy’s mission is to “conserve the lands and waters on which all life

depends.” The Conservancy's scientists and policy experts “focus on the need for improved

overall governance, policies and management of our oceans at all scales, from individual sites, to

regional, national and multinational levels balancing development and conservation needs.”

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (IAEA-OA-ICC).

Available online at: [http://www.iaea.org/ocean-acidification/page.php?page=2181].

“The project works to communicate, promote and facilitate a series of over-arching activities in

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science, capacity building and communication intended to serve the scientific community, policy

makers, the general public, media and other stakeholders.”

Ocean Futures Society.

Available online at: [http://www.oceanfutures.org/].

Global organization emphasizes the exploration of the ocean, using videos and books to illustrate

the critical connection between humanity and nature, and the importance of the ocean for the

survival of all life on the planet.

Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition (OREC).

Available online at: [http://www.oceanrenewable.com/].

OREC is a “national trade association exclusively dedicated to promoting marine and

hydrokinetic energy technologies from clean, renewable ocean resources.”

Oceana.

Available online at: [http://oceana.org/en].

World’s largest ocean conservation and advocacy organization. Specific campaign goals are

created to achieve measurable results through targeted campaigns to produce clear policy

changes within 3-5 year timeframes. Efforts focus on preventing collapse of fish populations and

other sea life caused by industrial fishing and pollution.

Resources for the Future.

Available online at: [http://www.rff.org/Pages/default.aspx].

“Resources for the Future improves environmental and natural resource policymaking worldwide

through objective social science research of the highest caliber.”

The Safina Center.

Available online at: [http://safinacenter.org/].

“The Safina Center studies how the ocean is changing and what these changes mean for wildlife

and people.” The center “works to create a more knowledgeable constituency for conservation.”

Schmidt Ocean Institute.

Available online at: [http://www.schmidtocean.org/].

Research facility that supports applications of modern technology to understand the oceans.

Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR).

Available online at: [http://www.scor-int.org/].

“SCOR activities focus on promoting international cooperation in planning and conducting

oceanographic research, and solving methodological and conceptual problems that hinder

research. Scientists from thirty-two nations have formed national SCOR committees to interact

with international SCOR.”

Seaflow.

Available online at: [http://baynature.org/organization/seaflow/].

A nonprofit project “to build an international movement dedicated to protecting humans, whales,

dolphins and all marine life from active sonars and other ocean lethal ocean noise pollution.”

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Seasteading Institute.

Available online at: [http://www.seasteading.org/].

Think tank that advances the movement for ocean-based structures and cities.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

Available online at: [http://www.unep.org/].

The United Nations Environment Programme “is the voice for the environment within the United

Nations system. UNEP acts as a catalyst, advocate, educator and facilitator to promote the wise

use and sustainable development of the global environment.”

University of Calgary. Arctic Institute of North America.

Available online at: [http://arctic.ucalgary.ca/].

Their mission is “to advance the study of the North American and circumpolar Arctic through

the natural and social sciences, the arts and humanities and to acquire, preserve and disseminate

information on physical, environmental and social conditions in the North.”

University of California, San Diego. Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

Available online at: [https://scripps.ucsd.edu/].

According to the website, Scripps is one of the “oldest, largest, and most important centers for

ocean, earth and atmospheric science research, education, and public service in the world.”

Wild Oceans.

Available online at: [http://wildoceans.org].

Nonprofit organization with a mission of “keeping the oceans wild to preserve fishing

opportunities for the future.”

World Ocean Council (WOC).

Available online at: [http://www.oceancouncil.org/site/].

“The World Ocean Council brings together the multi-sectoral ocean business community to

catalyze global leadership and collaboration in ocean sustainability and ‘Corporate Ocean

Responsibility’.”

WWF (World Wildlife Federation).

Available online at: [http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/].

WWF is an independent conservation organization dedicated to conserving earth’s biodiversity,

promoting sustainable renewable energy, and reducing pollution and wasteful consumption.

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Articles, Books, Reports, and Conferences

Economic Issues

“Treasure on the Ocean Floor.” The Economist, vol. 381, no. 8506 (Dec 2, 2006): 10.

Underwater mining for mineral wealth in the ocean presents new opportunities as well as

environmental concerns.

“The Unplumbed Riches of the Deep; Seabed Mining.” The Economist, vol. 391, no. 8631 (May

16, 2009): 30-31.

This article discusses commercial interest in seafloor minerals, which the author believes will

increase as scientists discover new mineral deposits in the ocean.

Winner, Cherie. “The Socioeconomic Costs of Ocean Acidification.” Oceanus, vol. 50, no. 2

(Fall 2013): 72-75.

Winner discusses how the oceans dropping pH may dramatically impact food supplies,

livelihoods, and societies as a whole.

Environmental Issues

Arias, Andrés Hugo and María Clara Menedez (eds.). Marine Ecology in a Changing World.

Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013).

In this book, oceanographers examine ecological issues relating to marine ecosystems, with a

focus on climate change. The book addresses the topics of ecosystem stability, water quality, and

biodiversity.

Barbier, Edward B. et al. “Protect the Deep Sea.” Nature, vol. 505, no. 7484 (January 23, 2014):

475-477.

Calls for the creation of networks to maintain biodiversity and protect the ecosystems in the

world's oceans. Outlines the benefits of restoration of the deep sea and suggests strategies for

funding and governance.

Billé, Raphaël et al. “Taking Action Against Ocean Acidification: A Review of Management and

Policy Options.” Environmental Management, vol. 52, no. 4 (October, 2013): 761-779.

This paper argues that research efforts into ocean acidification have failed to focus on

management and policy issues. The authors present a review of policy options.

Corbin, John S. “Sustainable U.S. Marine Aquaculture Expansion, a Necessity.” Marine

Technology Society Journal, vol. 44, no. 3 (May/June, 2010): 7-21.

Supports the position that the United States’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) should be

developed as a resource for expanded domestic marine aquaculture. Cites statistics on current

and future demand for seafood in the U.S. and outlines some resources for expanding marine

seafood production.

Danson, Ted and Michael D’Orso. Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans and What We Can Do to

Save Them. NY: Rodale, 2011.

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Ted Danson tells the story of his involvement with oceanic environmental activism. Danson

explains the history of ocean exploitation as well as protection efforts, from a personal

perspective.

Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative (DOSI). Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative (DOSI) Experts

Planning Workshop, April 15-17, 2013, Mexico City, Mexico. Southampton, UK: International

Network for Scientific Investigation of Deep-Sea Ecosystems, 2013.

Available online at: [http://www.indeep-project.org/sites/indeepproject.org/f/document/DOSI_report_may2013.pdf].

This workshop was a meeting to establish and launch the Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative

(DOSI); DOSI’s “intent is to foster an international forum for the development of common goals,

exchange of research information and use of consistent methods and terminology among

scientists, industry, regulators, civil society and other stakeholders.”

Doney, Scott C. et al. “Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems.” Annual Review of

Marine Science, vol. 4, (2012): 11-37.

A review of the effects of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change on the ocean’s

ecosystems, including biological effects, physiological changes, and changes in population.

Earle, Sylvia. “Mission Blue: Protect and Restore the Oceans, Earth’s Blue Heart.” Global

Dialogue, vol. 14, no. 1 (Winter 2012): 28-34.

The article argues that humanity is at a critical point in history, as it relates to how we understand

and interact with the environment. According to the author, this knowledge comes with the

responsibility to protect the natural world we rely on.

Earle, Sylvia. The World Is Blue: How Our Fate and the Ocean’s Are One. Washington, DC:

National Geographic Society, 2010.

Earle compiles personal stories in this book accompaniment to National Geographic’s ocean

initiative on overfishing.

Eisler, Ronald. Oceanic Acidification: A Comprehensive Overview. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,

2012.

“This book critically examines the available literature on oceanic acidification, including a

historical review of pH and atmospheric CO2 levels over the millennia; natural and

anthropogenic sources of CO2 to the atmosphere and sea surface; chemical, physical, and

biological mode of action; biological effects of acidification to marine plants and animals under

laboratory conditions; field observations on seawater chemistry and effects of declining pH; and

various technical and political mitigation strategies.”

Farr, Sam. “Implementing National Ocean Policy, Cleaning Up and Monitoring the Ocean.” Sea

Technology, vol. 55, no. 1 (January, 2014): 27-28.

Highlights some of the improvements expected by the implementation of the National Ocean

Policy including clearing marine debris and dealing with ocean acidification.

Foley, Melissa M. et al. “Improving Ocean Management Through the Use of Ecological

Principles and Integrated Ecosystem Assessments.”

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Bioscience, vol. 63, no. 8 (August, 2013): 619-631.

Explores how approaches based on ecological assessments can be incorporated into NOAA’s

Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) program.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fisheries and Aquaculture

Department. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Rome: Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2014.

Available online at: [http://www.fao.org/fishery/sofia/en].

The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) is a publication of the FAO Fisheries and

Aquaculture Department. This advocacy document is published every two years to provide

policy-makers, civil society and others with interest in the sector a comprehensive, objective and

global view of capture fisheries and aquaculture, including associated policy issues.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Technical Workshop on Expanding

Mariculture Farther Offshore. Expanding Mariculture Farther Offshore: Technical,

Environmental, Spatial and Governance Challenges, FAO Technical Workshop, 22-25 March

2010, Orbetello, Italy. Edited by Alessandro Lovatelli et al. Rome: Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations, 2013. (FAO fisheries and aquaculture proceedings, vol. 24)

Available online at: [ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/CDrom/P24/full_version.pdf].

“The objective of this workshop was to discuss the growing need to transfer land-based and

coastal aquaculture production systems farther off the coast and provide recommendations for

action to FAO, governments and the private sector.”

Fox, Helen E. et al. “Reexamining the Science of Marine Protected Areas: Linking Knowledge

to Action.” Conservation Letters, vol. 5, no. 1 (January, 2012): 1-10.

A discussion of the need for advanced marine protected areas science and research to make

effective marine protected areas policy. Reviews some areas of research in policy-relevant

marine protected areas science.

Galland, Grantly, Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb, and Dorothée Herr. “The Ocean and Climate Change

Policy.” Climate Policy (Earthscan), vol. 12, no. 6 (2012): 764-771.

Argues that the ocean plays a major role in regulating Earth’s climate although it receives little

attention in policymaking decisions on climate change. Makes recommendations to enhance the

consideration of the ocean in climate change adaptation policies.

Gattuso, Jean-Pierre and Lina Hansson, eds. Ocean Acidification. NY: Oxford University Press,

2011.

Includes chapters on Background and History of Ocean Acidification, and Chapters on Marine

Ecosystems, the Effect of Ocean Acidification on Marine Organisms, Biodiversity, Human

Society, and Climate Change.

Griffis, Roger B. and Jennifer Howard. Oceans and Marine Resources in a Changing Climate: A

Technical Input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment. Washington: Island Press, 2013.

(National climate assessment regional technical input report series)

“This book provides an assessment of scientific knowledge of the current and projected impacts

13
of climate change and ocean acidification on the physical, chemical, and biological components

and human uses of marine ecosystems under U.S. jurisdiction.”

Herr, D., K et al. Ocean Acidification: International Policy and Governance Options. Gland,

Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2014.

Available online at: [https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/IUCN-2014-

016.pdf].

This report presents an overview of the science of ocean acidification, reviews existing policy on

the issue, and makes some observations and recommendations for future progress.

Hinrichsen, Don. The Atlas of Coasts & Oceans: Ecosystems, Threatened Resources, Marine

Conservation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2011.

A reference work that focuses on mapping the environmental impact of humans on the oceans.

Includes graphs and maps illustrating such issues such as overfishing, pollution, and energy

production.

Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove and John F. Bruno. “The Impact of Climate Change on the World’s

Marine Ecosystems.” Science, vol. 328, no. 5985 (June 18, 2010): 1523-1528.

Reviews how climate change resulting from rising greenhouse gas levels affects the marine

ecosystems of the world’s oceans and urges policies that will minimize the risk of exposure.

Holland, Geoff and David Pugh. Troubled Waters: Ocean Science and Governance. NY:

Cambridge University Press, 2010.

This book commemorates the 50th anniversary of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission of UNESCO; 30 international experts address topics including marine pollution,

exploitation, and hazards.

Hollowed, Anne B. et al. “Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Fish and Fisheries.”

ICES Journal of Marine Science / Journal Du Conseil, vol. 70, no. 5 (September, 2013):

1023-1037.

Available online at:

[http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/07/05/icesjms.fst081.full.pdf+html].

A review of the current literature forecasting the effects of climate change on marine fish, fish

and fisheries. Issues discussed include impacts on ecosystems, habitats, quantity and quality,

changes in production, and food security.

Hull, Eric V. “Ocean Acidification: Legal and Policy Responses to Address Climate Change's

Evil Twin.” New York University Environmental Law Journal, vol. 20, no. 3 (April, 2014):

507-544.

The author argues that previous United States policy has not adequately addressed actions

necessary to prevent the intensification of ocean acidification and recommends legal and policy

remedies.

International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGPB), Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission (IOC), and Scientific Community on Ocean Research (SCOR). Ocean Acidification

Summary for Policymakers: Third Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World. Edited by

14
Wendy Broadgate et al. Stockholm, Sweden: International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme,

2013.

Available online at:

[http://www.igbp.net/download/18.30566fc6142425d6c91140a/1385975160621/OA_spm2-

FULL-lorez.pdf].

This report is a summary of state-of-the-art knowledge of ocean acidification presented at the

Third Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World, held in Monterey, California in 2012.

Leonard, Mike. “A Long Row for Proper Fisheries Management.” Environmental Forum, vol.

29, no. 3 (May/June, 2012): 49.

Argues that appropriate fisheries management policy can only be implemented with a foundation

of sound, quality, and current scientific data.

Mendler de Suarez, Janot et al. “Ensuring Survival: Oceans, Climate and Security.” Ocean &

Coastal Management, vol. 90, (March, 2014): 27-37.

Argues that the ocean plays an important role in the regulation of the earth’s climate and

temperature and in the lives of billions of people. Encourages ecosystem-based approaches to

ocean management to ensure ocean security and resilience.

Mengerink, Kathryn J. et al. “A Call for Deep-Ocean Stewardship.” Science, vol. 344, no. 6185

(May 16, 2014): 696-698.

As advancements in technology enable greater access to deep sea resources, experts urge

caution, highlighting the potentially irreversible damage that extracting such materials can cause,

and warning against lasting damage to the deep ocean, caused by fishing, oil and gas

development, industrial-scale mining, waste disposal and land-based pollution.

Migliaccio, Emily. “The National Ocean Policy: Can it Reduce Marine Pollution and Streamline

our Ocean Bureaucracy?” Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, vol. 15, no. 3 (Spring 2014):

629-656.

Focuses on the problem of marine pollution and debris, outlines the reasons why the protection

of the ocean is important, and discusses how the National Ocean Policy can help to reduce the

problem.

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Development of an Integrated Science

Strategy for Ocean Acidification Monitoring, Research, and Impacts Assessment. Ocean

Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean / Committee on

the Development of an Integrated Science Strategy for Ocean Acidification Monitoring,

Research, and Impacts Assessment, Ocean Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies,

National Research Council of the National Academies. Washington, DC: National Academies

Press, 2010.

Available online at: [http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12904].

Reviews ocean acidification’s effects on the chemistry of the ocean, biological effects on marine

organisms, and its effects on marine ecosystems and discusses the implementation of a National

Ocean Acidification Program.

15
National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Review of the National Ocean

Acidification Research and Monitoring Plan. Review of the Federal Ocean Acidification

Research and Monitoring Plan / Committee on the Review of the National Ocean Acidification

Research and Monitoring Plan, Ocean Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies,

National Research Council of the National Academies. Washington, DC: National Academies

Press, 2013.

Available online at: [http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=17018].

Recommendations to improve the Strategic Plan for Federal Research and Monitoring of Ocean

Acidification draft. Analyzes seven themes of the Strategic Plan.

Ocean Acidification Reference User Group. Ocean Acidification: Questions Answered. D. d’A

Laffoley, J. M. Baxter, eds. Nairobi, Kenya: European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA),

2010.

Available online at: [http://medsea-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/qa-english.pdf].

“In this guide we do four new things. We answer some key questions many people are now

asking about ocean acidification. We say how sure the international scientific community is

about what is already happening to the ocean, we discuss what the future may hold for the ocean

in a high carbon dioxide (CO2) world, and we explore the consequences for all of us of what is

now happening.”

Radulovich, Ricardo. “Massive Freshwater Gains from Producing Food at Sea.” Water Policy,

vol. 13, no. 4 (07, 2011): 547-554.

Argues that an increase in marine food production could save large amounts of freshwater by

decreasing the reliance of agriculture on rainwater and irrigation; states that any policy

discussions on food production and water should include the increase to freshwater by the

deliberate production of food at sea.

Ramirez-Llodra et al. “Man and the Last Great Wilderness: Human Impact on the Deep Sea.”

Plos One, vol. 6, no. 7 (July, 2011): 1-25.

Available online at:

[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022588].

“This paper provides scientific expert judgment and a semi-quantitative analysis of past, present

and future impacts of human-related activities on global deep-sea habitats within three

categories: disposal, exploitation and climate change.”

Rau, Greg H., Elizabeth L. McLeod, and Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. “The Need for New Ocean

Conservation Strategies in a High-Carbon Dioxide World.” Nature Climate Change, vol. 2,

(October, 2012): 720-724.

This article argues that the current approach to mitigation of increasing atmospheric carbon

dioxide in policy statements is inadequate and that more robust conservation strategies and

policies must be considered.

Roberts, Callum. The Ocean of Life: the Fate of Man and the Sea. NY: Penguin, 2013.

Roberts, a conservation biologist, presents the history of the sea, from the earliest known traces

of water on earth to the present day. He discusses the impact of overfishing, deep-sea mining,

and climate change.

16
Scherer, Lauri S., ed. Oceans. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2011.

Presents contrasting viewpoints and perspectives to answer the questions: How are oceans

changing?; What are the most significant threats to oceans?; and How should oceans be

protected?

“A Shrinking Problem; Ocean Acidification.” The Economist, vol. 410, no. 8870 (Jan 18, 2014):

79.

This article explains how scientists study Olympia oysters off the coast of California as an

example of how ocean life reacts to changes in the environment.

Toropova, Caitlyn et al., eds. Global Ocean Protection: Present Status and Future Possibilities.

Brest, France: Agence des aires marines protégées; Gland, Switzerland, Washington, and NY,

USA: IUCN WCPA; Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC; Arlington, USA: TNC; Tokyo, Japan:

UNU; NY, USA: WCS, 2010.

Available online at: [https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/2010-053.pdf].

This report “provides an overview of the different types of marine protected areas and other areabased management measures and the benefits they provide.”

Turley, Carol and Kelvin Boot. UNEP Emerging Issues: Environmental Consequences of Ocean

Acidification: A Threat to Food Security. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment

Programme (UNEP), 2010.

Available online at: [www.unep.org/dewa/Portals/67/pdf/Ocean_Acidification.pdf].

Explores the effect that increased carbon dioxide has on the chemistry of the ocean and how the

resulting ocean acidification will disrupt the marine food chain and damage human activities

connected to the ocean.

“Uncovering an Ocean; the Science.” The Economist, vol. 403, no. 8789 (Jun 16, 2012): S.6-S.8.

This article discusses how researchers track sea ice, especially in Ny-Alesund, where scientists

track the melting Artic.”

Vallis, Geoffrey, K. Climate and the Oceans. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.

This introduction to how the oceans influence Earth’s climate system discusses how oceans serve

as a pacemaker of climate variability and change.

Van Dover, Cindy Lee. “Tighten Regulations on Deep-Sea Mining.” Nature, vol. 470, no. 7332

(Feb 03, 2011): 31-33.

The author argues that deep-sea mineral mining should be postponed until ocean ecologists have

had sufficient time to research the impacts of mining and conservation policies have been

enacted to protect the ocean ecosystems.

Wallace, Doug W. R. et al. Ocean Fertilization: A Scientific Summary for Policymakers. Paris:

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission; United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization, 2010.

Available online at:

[http://www.igbp.net/download/18.1b8ae20512db692f2a680007762/1376383138638/SPM17
ocean+fertilization.pdf].

This report is an overview of the benefits, practicalities, and ramifications of large-scale

fertilization of the ocean by using iron or other nutrients in an effort to remove carbon dioxide

from the atmosphere and to increase microscopic marine plant growth.

“A Welcome Pause; the Oceans and Climate Change.” The Economist, vol. 410, no. 8875 (Feb

22, 2014): 53.

This article discusses a study which attributes the slowdown in the rise of Earth’s surface

temperature to strengthened east-west trade winds at equatorial latitudes.

Wilhelmsson, D. et al. Greening Blue Energy: Identifying and Managing the Biodiversity Risks

and Opportunities of Offshore Renewable Energy. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 2010.

Available online at: [http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/2010_014.pdf].

This report is a review of the current literature on the impacts of offshore renewable energy

production on the marine environment. An overview of offshore wind energy, and the impact of

wind farms on fish, birds, marine mammals, other marine animals, and the seabed is included.

Political Issues

Cruickshank, Michael. “Marine Mining: An Area of Critical National Need.” Mining

Engineering, vol. 63, no. 5 (May 2011): 89-93.

The author discusses how the mineral resources in the ocean are largely undeveloped, and how

roughly half of these resources are in locations governed by the United Nations International

Seabed Authority.

Joint Ocean Commission Initiative. Charting the Course: Securing the Future of America’s

Oceans. Washington: Meridian Institute, 2013.

Available online at:

[http://www.jointoceancommission.org/documents/JOCI_Charting%20the%20Course_FINAL%

20June%202013.pdf].

This report was developed by the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative and recommends the

actions that the Obama Administration and the Congress should undertake to effectively manage

the America's ocean resources.

“Leaders: An Awkward Absence; the Sea.” The Economist, vol. 391, no. 8631 (May 16, 2009):

14.

The United States, which has never ratified the 27-year-old UN Convention on the Law of the

Sea, declines to participate in submitting or evaluating new claims to the seabed. The author

argues that the United States should take a more active role, given the research and resource

potential of the ocean.

18
Science and Technology Issues

Aarup, T. et al., eds. Sea-Level Rise and Variability: A Summary for Policy Makers. Paris:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; Intergovernmental

Oceanographic Commission, 2010.

Available online at: [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001893/189369e.pdf].

This summary report is based on Chapter 13 of the book Understanding Sea Level Rise and

Variability, Edited by John A. Church and Others, Chichester, West Sussex; Hoboken, NJ:

Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. The report reviews the changes in sea-level and the rate of sea-level rise,

the causes and science behind rising levels, projections for future sea-level rise, and makes some

recommendations for mitigation of the rising sea levels.

Appiott, Joseph, Amardeep Dhanju, and Biliana Cicin-Sain. “Encouraging Renewable Energy in

the Offshore Environment.” Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 90, (March, 2014): 58-64.

Discusses the various forms of offshore renewable energy, and some of the policy,

environmental, and technical issues obstructing the development of renewable energy in the

offshore environment.

Baker, Beth. “New Ocean Policy Depends on Biology Research.” Bioscience, vol. 62, no. 5

(May, 2012): 524.

Discusses the importance of biology research in achieving the objectives of the National Ocean

Policy.

Barnett, Judith B. “Ocean Exploration: A Guide to Information Resources.” Science &

Technology Libraries, vol. 31, no. 3 (2012): 305-314.

An overview and reference guide to the literature of ocean exploration. Includes historical works,

encyclopedias, bibliographies, electronic resources, and institutions.

Barron, Eric J., Rana A. Fine, and Oscar Schofield. “Critical Ocean Infrastructure Needs for the

US in the Year 2030.” Sea Technology, vol. 52, no. 8 (August, 2011): 17-21.

Discusses the report Infrastructure Strategy for U.S. Ocean Research in 2030 and gives an

overview of recommendations, major themes, and technological trends that are critical for ocean

policy success.

Bondareff, Joan M. “The Impact of Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning on Deepwater Drilling.”

Natural Resources & Environment, vol. 26, no. 2 (Fall 2011): 3-6.

Gives a brief review of the history of coastal and marine spatial planning, touches on legal

aspects of coastal and marine spatial planning and concludes that the development of CMSPs

may have a positive effect on deepwater drilling for oil and gas and on the development of

renewable energy.

Conover, David and Roxanne Nikolaus. “Innovation and Unity in Advancing Ocean Sciences.”

Sea Technology, vol. 54, no. 1 (January, 2013): 19-20.

Reviews some of the latest NSF-supported advances in ocean access and discovery and NSF’s

Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability (SEES) portfolio.

19
Gardner, Lauren. “Oceans Plan Meets Wave of GOP Resistance.” CQ Weekly, vol. 70, no. 22

(June 4, 2012): 1137-1138.

A review of some of the issues contributing to the opposition of the Obama Administration’s

National Ocean Policy.

Gillis, Christopher T. Offshore Windpower. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub., 2011.

A history and overview of the development of offshore wind power; includes a chapter on efforts

and projects in North America.

Glackin, Mary, et al. “Exploring New Technology Horizons.” Solutions Journal, vol. 2, no. 1

(January/February, 2011): 51-52.

Highlights the use of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and animal-borne sensors (ABS)

in capturing data on temperature, salinity, and other oceanographic data throughout the world's

oceans.

Haerens, Margaret, ed. Offshore Drilling. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

Presents different ideas and opposing views to the questions: Is offshore drilling beneficial for

the United States?; What are the consequences of offshore drilling?; What offshore drilling

policies should the U.S. government consider?; and What other energy policies should the U.S.

government consider?

Hall, Ralph M. “Insufficient Science Behind Obama’s Plans to Restrict and Regulate Waters.”

Sea Technology, vol. 53, no. 1 (January, 2012): 37-38.

Argues that the Obama Administration’s ocean policy strategy needs more scientific research

and that the proposed zoning of the ocean will negatively impact offshore oil and gas,

recreational fishing, and coastal communities.

Holdren, John P. “Technology and Science in Service of US Oceans, Coasts and Great Lakes.”

Sea Technology, vol. 53, no. 1 (January, 2012): 10-12.

Outlines some of the advancements in science and technology systems that will support the

implementation of the National Ocean Policy.

Holland, Geoff and David Pugh, eds. Troubled Waters: Ocean Science and Governance. NY:

Cambridge University Press, 2010.

This book focuses on the cooperation needed between ocean scientists and policy makers to

ensure good ocean governance and stewardship. Chapters include overviews of Ocean Science,

Histories of Marine Organizations, Intergovernmental Partnerships, Regional Partnerships, and

the Future of Ocean Science.

Kapetsky, James McDaid, José Aguilar-Manjarrez, and Jeff Jenness. A Global Assessment of

Offshore Mariculture Potential from a Spatial Perspective. Rome: Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations, 2013. (FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper, vol.

549)

Available online at: [http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/i3100e/i3100e00.htm].

“This publication provides, for the first time, measures of the status and potential for offshore

20
mariculture development from a spatial perspective that are comprehensive of all maritime

nations and comparable among them.”

Kempener, Ruud and Frank Neumann. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Technology Brief.

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), 2014.

(IRENA Ocean Energy Technology Brief, vol. 1)

Available online at: [http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/Ocean_Thermal_

Energy_V4_web.pdf].

An overview of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technologies including the process,

costs, and barriers to development.

Kempener, Ruud and Frank Neumann. Tidal Energy: Technology Brief. Abu Dhabi, United Arab

Emirates: IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), 2014. (IRENA Ocean Technology

Brief, vol. 3)

Available online at:

[http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/Tidal_Energy_V4_WEB.pdf].

An overview of tidal renewable energy resources including the process, costs, and barriers to

development.

Kempener, Ruud and Frank Neumann. Wave Energy: Technology Brief. Abu Dhabi, United Arab

Emirates: IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), 2014. (IRENA Ocean Technology

Brief, vol. 4)

Available online at: [http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/WaveEnergy_V4_web.pdf].

An overview of wave energy technology including the process, costs, and barriers to

development.

Kirkland, Kyle. Marine Sciences: Notable Research and Discoveries. NY: Facts on File, 2010.

A history of the exploration of the world’s oceans and an overview of current research and future

applications.

Lewis, Anthony et al. “Ocean Energy.” Chap. 6, IN IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy

Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, Edenhofer, O., R. et al eds. Cambridge; NY:

Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp 497-533.

Available online at: [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srren/SRREN_Full_Report.pdf].

This chapter contains an overview of the potential forms of ocean renewable energy and details

the technology, applications, industry development, environmental and societal impacts, and

costs of each type.

Mofor, Linus, Jarett Goldsmith, and Fliss Jones. Ocean Energy: Technology Readiness, Patents,

Deployment Status and Outlook. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: IRENA (International

Renewable Energy Agency), 2014.

Available online at: [http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Ocean_

Energy_report_2014.pdf].

Reviews the different types of renewable ocean energy, discusses renewable energy technologies

21
and barriers to deployment, and makes recommendations for policy priorities. Also includes a

list of some recent patents related to renewable ocean energy.

Ocean Energy: Review of Supporting Policies. Lisbon, Portugal: Ocean Energy Systems, 2014.

Available online at: [http://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/

news/new_report_on_policies_published_by_the_oes/].

This report focuses on the diverse ocean energy policies of 21 countries. Policy issues discussed

include funding for research and development, testing facilities, market incentives, national

policies, and regulatory issues.

Ocean Literacy: The Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts of Ocean Sciences for

Learners of all Ages. Version 2: March 2013 ed. Virginia: College of Exploration, Ocean

Literacy Network, 2013.

Available online at: [www.coexploration.org/oceanliteracy/documents/OceanLitChart.pdf].

Presents seven essential principles of ocean sciences to educate members of the public on the

ocean’s influence on humans and humans’ influence on the ocean.

Offshore Renewable Energy: Accelerating the Deployment of Offshore Wind, Tidal, and Wave

Technologies / IEA-RETD. Abingdon, Oxon; NY: Earthscan, 2012.

This book reviews the sources of marine renewable energy, and covers the technologies, policies,

economics, and costs of offshore renewable energy, as well as the technical and environmental

barriers and challenges that are faced by renewable energy projects. It also includes guidelines

and recommendations for the development of offshore energy projects and renewable energy

industry profiles for 18 countries.

Portman, Michelle E. “Marine Renewable Energy Policy: Some US and International

Perspectives Compared.” Oceanography, vol. 23, no. 2 (June, 2010): 98-105.

Available online at: [http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/23-2_portman.pdf].

An overview of the policy framework for the development of marine renewable energy projects

in the United States. Compares the US to the policy frameworks in Germany, Portugal, and the

United Kingdom.

Sandifer, Paul A., Juli M. Trtanj, and Tracy K. Collier. “A Perspective on the History and

Evolution of an Oceans and Human Health ‘Metadiscipline’ in the USA.” Microbial Ecology,

vol. 65, no. 4 (May, 2013): 880-888.

Overview of the history of the Oceans and Human Health programs and activities in the Federal

government, including research and support from the National Science Foundation, National

Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

and Congress.

Schrope, Mark. “Journey to the Bottom of the Sea.” Scientific American, vol. 310, no. 4 (April,

2014): 60-69.

Examines the use of submersible vehicles to explore the deep ocean and discusses some of the

possible questions that deep sea exploration could answer.

22
“Science and Technology: The Life in an Ocean Wave; Microbiology.” The Economist, vol. 366,

no. 8307 (Jan 18, 2003): 78-80.

This article discusses recent discoveries in the role that bacteria play in ocean life, as well as how

microbes regulate the interaction of air and oceans.

“Science and Technology: The Other Carbon-Dioxide Problem; Ocean Acidification.” The

Economist, vol. 396, no. 8689 (Jul 3, 2010): 76-77.

This article explores the concerns, research, and possible consequences of ocean acidification.

“Scientific Mission Will Explore One of the Deepest Ocean Trenches.” Ocean News &

Technology, vol. 20, no. 5 (May 2014): 27.

Discusses plans by an international team of researchers to take the Nereus, the world’s only fullocean depth, hybrid remotely operated vehicle, to the Kermadec Trench. This project aims to be

the first systematic study of life in ocean trenches.

Snelgrove, Paul V. R. Discoveries of the Census of Marine Life: Making Ocean Life Count.

Cambridge; NY: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Highlights some of the most important discoveries of the Census of Marine Life and takes a look

at what the future of the ocean might be.

United Nations. Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Marine Scientific Research:

A Revised Guide to the Implementation of the Relevant Provisions of the United Nations

Convention on the Law of the Sea. Rev ed. NY: United Nations, 2010.

Available online at: [http://www.un.org/Depts/los/doalos_publications/publicationstexts/msr_

guide%202010_final.pdf].

A guide to the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea that pertain to

scientific marine research. Includes a legislative history, defines marine scientific research under

the Convention, and covers topics such as scientific research installations, settlement of disputes,

and protection of the marine environment.

Vallis, Geoffrey K. Climate and the Oceans. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.

This book is an introduction to the oceans’ influence on Earth’s climate system. Chapters include

a basic overview on Earth’s climate, a description of the ocean, the ocean’s role in climate, and

global warming and the ocean.

“Water Energy.” Chap. 7, IN Alternative Energy, edited by Lerner, K. Lee, Brenda Wilmoth

Lerner and Kathleen J. Edgar. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: UXL/Gale, Cengage Learning, 2012, pp

303-352.

An introduction to water energy as a renewable source of energy. The chapter contains a

historical overview, information on current and future technology, and a discussion of the

benefits, drawbacks, and impacts of water energy.

23
Social Issues

“The Age of Aquarius; Deep-Sea Exploration.” The Economist, vol. 402, no. 8778 (Mar 31,

2012): 90.

Two ocean exploration trips of recent interest: James Cameron became the third person to

voyage to the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench. Another mission, by the French

oceanography institute, Ifremer, brought live specimen samples to the surface in a special

chamber called PERISCOP.

“Cities on the Ocean.” The Economist, vol. 401, no. 8762 (Dec 3, 2011): S.14-S.16.

Seasteading, or building inhabitable colonies on the ocean, provides an opportunity for those

who want to build a new society. Seasteading allows participants to found colonies apart from

existing governments, but poses legal, financial, and technical challenges.

Nestor, James. Deep: Freediving, Renegade Science, and What the Ocean Tells Us about

Ourselves. NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2014.

The author explores the practice of Freediving, in which athletes dive without special equipment

to depths of 300 feet (or more) below the ocean’s surface. Freediving is both an extreme sport

and a research practice, contributing to our knowledge of the ocean and the human body.

Schrope, Mark. “End of an Age for Aquarius.” Nature, vol. 487, no. 7408 (Jul 26, 2012): 416-

417.

This article discusses the history of Aquarius, an underwater habitat and research laboratory of

the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Due to budget constraints,

Aquarius has undergone changes in operatorship and uncertainty about continuity of research

functions.

“20,000 Colleagues Under the Sea; Exploring the Oceans.” The Economist, vol. 403, no. 8788

(Jun 9, 2012): 84-85.

Discusses the how sea gliders, small unmanned submarines, open up new opportunities for sea

exploration. Since sea gliders require a very small amount of power, they can stay out in the

ocean for prolonged periods of time.

U.S. Government Publications

Economic Issues

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The NOAA Report on the Ocean

and Great Lakes Economy of the United States. 2009. Prepared by Booz Allen Hamilton.

Available online at: [http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/publications/econreport].

“The NOAA Report on the Ocean and Great Lakes Economy of the United States examines the

critically important economic contributions of the oceans and Great Lakes.” Included are a

variety of infographics, or visual representations of the data, at the national, regional, and state

levels.

24
U.S. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Subcommittee on Oceans,

Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard. The Blue Economy: The Role of the Oceans in Our

Nation’s Economic Future. 111th Congress, 1st Session. (S. hrg.111-46) Washington, DC: For

sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2009.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg50769/html/CHRG111shrg50769.htm].

The hearing highlights “The Blue Economy, the jobs and economic opportunities that emerge

from our oceans, Great Lakes, and coastal resources, as one of the main tools to rebuilding the

U.S. economy. The ocean and coastal economies of the U.S. provide over 50 million jobs for

Americans and contribute nearly 60 percent of our GDP.”

Environmental Issues

Strategic Advice on Designing and Implementing Coastal and Marine Spatial Plans: Report to

the NOAA Science Advisory Board from the Ecosystem Science and Management Working

Group. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, 2011.

Available online at:

[http://www.sab.noaa.gov/Meetings/2011/may/ESMWG_CMSP__Report_Text_2May11.pdf].

A study of coastal and marine spatial plans and recommendations for NOAA’s implementation

of an ecosystem-based management approach to coastal and marine spatial planning.

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. "Oceans." IN Climate Change Indicators in the

United States, 2014. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014, pp

44-55.

Available online at [http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/pdfs/climateindicators-full-2014.pdf]

EPA's Climate Change Indicators is a report published to help readers “understand observed

long-term trends related to the causes and effects of climate change, the significance of these

changes, and their possible consequences for people, the environment, and society.” Some of the

indicators discussed in the section on oceans include sea surface temperature, ocean heat, sea

level, and ocean acidity.

Political Issues

Alaska. Office of the Lieutenant Governor. Arctic Frontiers Conference: Geopolitics and Marine

Production in a Changing Arctic. Anchorage, AK: 2013.

Available at: [http://ltgov.alaska.gov/treadwell/press-room/full-press-release.html?pr=169].

A paper presented by Lt. Governor Mead Treadwell at the conference held in Tromsø, Norway.

National Ocean Council. Federal Oceanographic Fleet Status Report. Washington, DC: National

Ocean Council, 2013.

Available at:

[http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/federal_oceanographic_fleet_status_report.pdf].

25
This report updates the 2007 inventory of the Nation’s fleet of oceanographic-survey and

research vessels.

National Science and Technology Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Ocean Science and

Technology. Science for an Ocean Nation: Update of the Ocean Research Priorities Plan.

Washington: Executive Office of the President of the United States, Office of Science and

Technology Policy, 2013.

Available online at:

[http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/ocean_research_plan_2013.pdf].

“Structured around six societal themes, this report recommends research priorities designed to

advance our understanding of critical ocean processes and phenomena that are relevant to human

health, economic well-being, environmental sustainability, adaptation to climate and other

environmental change, and national and homeland security. The report also provides updates on

research progress in a number of these areas.”

State Ocean Management Plans and Policies. Synthesis Report. Columbia, SC: Dept. of Health

and Environmental Control, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, 2006.

Available online at:

[https://www.scdhec.gov/HomeAndEnvironment/Docs/Ocean_Mgt_Plans_Policies.pdf].

This report includes summaries of ocean management initiatives in CA, FL, OR, MA, NC, and

WA including regional planning efforts in the Gulf of Maine and the Gulf of Mexico. Lessons

learned are presented along with potential obstacles and challenges in ocean management

planning.

Science and Technology Issues

Beaudry-Losique et al. A National Offshore Wind Strategy: Creating an Offshore Wind Energy

Industry in the United States. Washington: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy

Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Wind & Water, Power Program; U.S. Department of the

Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement, 2011.

Available online at:

[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/pdfs/national_offshore_wind_strategy.pdf].

This report presents a rationale for the development of a U.S. national offshore wind energy

program, barriers and challenges to offshore wind energy development, and some of the

strategies that the DOE will use to overcome some of these challenges.

IOOS Integrated Ocean Observing System: U.S. IOOS Summit Report: A New Decade for the

Integrated Ocean Observing System: November 13-16 2012, Herndon, Virginia. Washington:

Interagency Ocean Observation Committee, 2013.

Available online at:

[http://www.ioos.noaa.gov/about/governance/summit2012/usioos_summit_report.pdf].

The IOOS summit was held to assess the progress of the Integrated Ocean Observing System and

to develop plans for the improvement of the IOOS and to make recommendations for the future.

Lang, Michael A. et al., eds. 2013. Research and Discoveries: The Revolution of Science through

Scuba. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Washington, DC: Smithsonian

26
Institution Scholarly Press.

Papers of the “Research and Discoveries: The Revolution of Science through Scuba” symposium

held in May 2010 in Washington, DC. The symposium, convened by the Smithsonian Institution,

the National Science Foundation, and the Ocean Studies Board of the National Research

Council, presented findings on the advances and scientific contributions of research using selfcontained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba).

Ling, Hao, et al. Assessment of Offshore Wind Farm Effects on Sea Surface, Subsurface and

Airborne Electronic Systems. Washington: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy

Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Office of Wind and Hydropower Technologies; University of

Texas, Austin, TX; Science Applications International Corporation, Billerica, MA, 2013.

Available online at:

[http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/assessment_offshore_wind_effects_on_electronic_

systems.pdf].

This report is an assessment of the potential for offshore wind farms to interfere with electronic

and acoustical equipment in the marine environment, including surveillance equipment,

navigational systems, and communications.

Musial, Walter and Bonnie Ram. Large-Scale Offshore Wind Power in the United States:

Assessment of Opportunities and Barriers. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory,

2012.

Available online at: [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/40745.pdf].

“This report provides a broad understanding of today’s wind industry and the offshore resource,

as well as the associated technology challenges, economics, permitting procedures, and potential

risks and benefits. An appreciation for all sides of these issues will help to build an informed

national dialog and shape effective national policies.”

NOAA Ocean Acidification Steering Committee. NOAA Ocean and Great Lakes Acidification

Research Plan / Richard A. Feely,et al. Edited by Adrienne J. Sutton. Silver Spring, MD: U.S.

Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2010. (Contribution No.

3500 from NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory)

Available online at: [www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/files/feel3500_without_budget_rfs.pdf].

NOAA's research plan is organized by six regions of the United States and each region's research

strategy is divided into an overview of that region's ocean acidification and six themes:

Monitoring Ocean Acidification, Organism Response to Ocean Acidification, Biogeochemical

and Ecological Models, Human Dimensions, Synthesis of Data and Information Products, and

Engagement Strategy.

National Research Council. Ocean Studies Board. Oceanography in 2025: Proceedings of a

Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009.

Available online at: [http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12627].

“The goal of the workshop was to bring together scientists, engineers, and technologists to

explore future directions in oceanography, with an emphasis on physical processes. The focus

centered on research and technology needs, trends, and barriers that may impact the field of

oceanography over the next 16 years.”

27
U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (U.S. IOOS) 2013 Report to Congress. Silver Spring,

MD: U.S. IOOS, 2013.

Available online at:

[http://www.ioos.noaa.gov/about/governance/ioos_report_congress2013.pdf].

This biennial report to Congress “provides information on the impact of U.S. IOOS activities and

the current capabilities of ocean and coastal observations, including specific platforms; updates

the status of the Data Management and Communications subsystem implementation; and

describes the successful implementation of ICOOS-Act-mandated governance activities, such as

the formation of the U.S. IOOS System Advisory Committee and the development of an

Independent Cost Estimate.”

Social Issues

Aquarium of the Pacific and U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Report

of Ocean Exploration 2020: A National Forum: July 19-21, 2013. Long Beach, CA: Aquarium

of the Pacific, Aquatic Forum, 2013.

Available online at: [http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/downloads/oe2020report.pdf].

“The report details priorities for a national exploration program; expedition partnerships linking

public agencies, private sector organizations, and academic institutions; exploration platforms,

including ships, submersibles, and other assets; technology development; citizen science efforts;

data sharing; and public engagement. The forum’s sponsoring partners included NOAA, the

Aquarium of the Pacific, the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration, the Schmidt Ocean

Institute, the Richard Lounsbery Foundation, Google, Inc., and Felix Williams and Susan Slavik

Williams.”

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on an Ocean Infrastructure Strategy for U.S.

Ocean Research in 2030. Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in

2030 / Committee on an Ocean Infrastructure Strategy for U.S. Ocean Research in 2030, Ocean

Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council of the National

Academies. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011.

Available online at: [http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13081].

Report that addresses infrastructure planning issues for the United States' future ocean research

and makes recommendations to ensure that the United States will have the capacity to benefit

from knowledge and innovations in oceanographic research in 2030.

Congressional Hearings

U.S. Congress. House Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and

Environment. Drilling Down on America’s Energy Future: Safety, Security, and Clean Energy:

Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Energy and

Commerce, House of Representatives. 111th Congress, 2nd Session, June 15, 2010, Serial No.

111-134. Washington, DC: GPO, 2013.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg77911/pdf/CHRG111hhrg77911.pdf].

28
House of Representatives hearing in the aftermath of the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill with

testimony from executives of several oil companies on the testing, safe operation, and risk

assessment of deepwater oil well drilling.

U.S. Congress. House Committee on Natural Resources. The President's New National Ocean

Policy: A Plan for Further Restrictions on Ocean, Coastal, and Inland Activities: Oversight

Hearing before the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives. 112th

Congress, 1st Session, Tuesday, October 4, 2011, Serial No. 112-68. Washington, DC: GPO,

2012.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg70597/html/CHRG112hhrg70597.htm].

One of two House of Representatives oversight hearings held in October 2011 on the Obama

Administration's new National Ocean Policy.

U.S. Congress. House Committee on Natural Resources. NOAA's Steller Sea Lion Science and

Fishery Management Restrictions: Does the Science Support the Decisions?: Oversight Field

Hearing before the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, 112th

Congress, 1st Session, Monday, October 17, 2011, in Seattle, Washington. Serial No.112-72.

Washington, DC: GPO, 2012.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg70764/pdf/CHRG112hhrg70764.pdf].

Witnesses testified on the restrictions placed by NOAA on commercial fishing activities in the

Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska in an effort to protect the Steller sea lion.

U.S. Congress. House Committee on Natural Resources. The President’s New National Ocean

Policy: A Plan for further Restrictions on Ocean, Coastal, and Inland Activities: Oversight

Hearing before the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives. 112th

Congress, 1st Session, Wednesday, October 26, 2011, Serial No. 112-76. Washington, DC: GPO,

2012.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg70954/html/CHRG112hhrg70954.htm].

The second of two House of Representatives oversight hearings held in October 2011 on the

Obama Administration's new National Ocean Policy.

U.S. Congress. House Committee on Science. Subcommittee on Environment, Technology, and

Standards. Undersea Research and Ocean Exploration: H.R. 3835, the National Ocean

Exploration Program Act of 2005 and the Undersea Research Program Act of 2005: Hearing

Before the Subcommittee on Environment, Technology, and Standards of the Committee on

Science, House of Representatives. 109th Congress, 2nd Session, July 27, 2006. Serial No.109-58.

Washington, DC: GPO, 2011.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109hhrg28758/pdf/CHRG109hhrg28758.pdf].

A House hearing “to examine the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA)

National Undersea Research Program (NURP) and Ocean Exploration (OE) Program and to

receive comments on H.R. 3835, the National Ocean Exploration Program Act of 2005 and the

29
Undersea Research Program Act.” Stated topics include the goals and missions of the NURP and

OE programs, and whether it would be appropriate for them to be merged.

U.S. Congress. House Committee on Science and Technology. Ocean Exploration and Undersea

Research. Committee on Science and Technology, Report to Accompany H.R. 1834. 110th

Congress, 1st Session. (H. Rept. 110-311, part 2.) Washington, DC: GPO, 2007. Available online

at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-110hrpt311/pdf/CRPT-110hrpt311-pt2.pdf].

This House report states that the purpose of the referenced House bill “is to authorize the

national ocean exploration program and the national undersea research program within the

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)... [T]his bill authorizes a

coordinated national ocean exploration and undersea research program that promotes

collaboration with existing programs of the Administration.” Pages 5-7 discuss “background and

need for legislation.”

U.S. Congress. House Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Energy and

Environment. Deepwater Drilling Technology, Research, and Development: Hearing before the

Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, Committee on Science and Technology, House of

Representatives (2007). 111th Congress, 2nd Session, June 23, 2010, Serial No. 111-101.

Washington, DC: GPO, 2010.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg57179/pdf/CHRG111hhrg57179.pdf].

“The purpose of this hearing is to explore the technologies, standards, and practices

for prevention and mitigation of oil spillage during deepwater oil and natural gas drilling

operations; the role of government-sponsored technology development programs in advancing

these technologies; and, in the wake of the Deepwater Horizon tragedy, how firms will assess

risk as it relates to incident prevention and mitigation.”

U.S. Congress. House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Energy

and Environment. Offshore Drilling Safety and Response Technologies: Hearing before the

Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology,

House of Representatives. 112th Congress, 1st Session, Wednesday, April 6, 2011, Serial No.

112-12. Washington, DC: GPO, 2011.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg65490/pdf/CHRG112hhrg65490.pdf].

A House of Representatives “hearing to examine industry and Federal efforts to identify and

address safety and response technology challenges since last year's Deepwater Horizon oil spill,

and how Federal programs in these areas can best be structured and prioritized.”

U.S. Congress. House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Coast

Guard and Maritime Transportation. Assuring the Safety of Domestic Energy Production:

Lessons Learned from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on

Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation of the Committee on Transportation and

Infrastructure, House of Representatives. 112th Congress, 1st Session, November 2, 2011, Serial

No. 112-58. Washington, DC: GPO, 2012.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg71098/pdf/CHRG112hhrg71098.pdf].

30
This hearing was held “to examine the lessons learned in the wake of the BP Deepwater Horizon

oil spill, review the latest investigations into the causes of the spill and the Coast Guard response

to it, hear the recommendations of those involved in these investigations, and find out what

actions the Service has taken or will take in response to those recommendations.”

U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on

Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard. The Environmental and Economic Impacts of

Ocean Acidification: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and

Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate,

111th Congress, 2nd Session, April 22, 2010. (S. hrg. 111-962) Washington, DC:GPO, 2011.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg66170/pdf/CHRG111shrg66170.pdf].

A Senate hearing addressing the impact of increased carbon dioxide on the chemistry of the

oceans.

U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on

Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard. Developments and Opportunities in U.S.

Fisheries Management: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries,

and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States

Senate, 113th Congress, 1st Session, March 19, 2013. (S. hrg. 113-99) Washington, DC: GPO,

2013.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113shrg85319/html/CHRG113shrg85319.htm].

This Senate “hearing will provide an overview of interjurisdictional marine fisheries

management examining the extent to which states and the Federal Government are effectively

coordinating the conservation and management of shared fishery resources.”

U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on

Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard. Looking to the Future: Lessons in Prevention,

Response, and Restoration from the Gulf Oil Spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans,

Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and

Transportation, United States Senate. 112th Congress, 1st Session, July 20, 2011. (S. hrg. 112-

249) Washington, DC: GPO, 2012.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg72820/html/CHRG112shrg72820.htm].

In the wake of the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, this hearing focuses on the changes

necessary to prevent future ocean oil spills, the nation's response to oils spills, and the restoration

of the marine ecosystem.

U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on

Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard. Deep Sea Challenge: Innovative Partnerships

in Ocean Observation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and

Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate.

113th Congress, 1st Session, June 11, 2013. (S. hrg. 113-268) Washington, DC: GPO, 2014.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113shrg87852/html/CHRG113shrg87852.htm].

31
This Senate hearing was on the topic of collaborating and fostering partnerships between the

Federal government, academic institutions, and private organizations in an effort to increase and

support ocean research and development.

U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hydropower: Hearing

before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, 112th, 1st Session,

to Receive Testimony on S. 629, to Improve Hydropower, and for Other Purposes; S. 630, to

Promote Marine and Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Research and Development, and for Other

Purposes; and Title I, Subtitle D of the American Clean Energy Leadership Act of 2009 (S. 1462

from the 111th Congress), March 31, 2011. 112th Congress, 1st Session. (S. hrg. 112-26)

Washington, DC: GPO, 2011.

Available online at [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg66811/html/CHRG112shrg66811.htm].

A Senate hearing to hear testimony “from administration and other witnesses about the potential

we have to produce more hydropower in this country through improved efficiency at existing

hydropower facilities and adding hydropower capabilities to existing structures.”

U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Oil and Gas Development:

Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate. 112th

Congress, 1st Session, on S. 516, S. 843, S. 916, S. 917, May 17, 2011. (S. hrg. 112-51)

Washington, DC: GPO, 2011.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg67632/pdf/CHRG112shrg67632.pdf].

A Senate hearing to discuss several acts concerning domestic oil and gas production: the Oil and

Gas Facilitation Act, the Outer Continental Shelf Reform Act, the Lease Act, and the Outer

Continental Shelf Permit Processing Coordination Act.

U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Sea Level Rise: Hearing

before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources to Receive Testimony on the Impacts of

Sea Level Rise on Domestic Energy and Water Infrastructure, Apr. 19, 2012. United States

Senate, 112th Congress, 2nd Session. (S. hrg. 112-622.) Washington, DC, GPO, 2012.

Available online at: [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg76897/pdf/CHRG112shrg76897.pdf].

Hearing on the impacts of sea level rise on domestic energy and water infrastructure. Chairman’s

opening statement begins: “Over the past century a tremendous amount of high value

infrastructure has been built along the coastlines of the United States. This infrastructure serves

the needs of coastal communities and is the foundation for developing much of our abundant

coastal energy resource. Much of that infrastructure has been built in low lying areas that were

already prone to flooding from extreme weather that’s become even more at risk as sea levels

have risen.”

32
Federally-Funded Research and Development

Consortium for Ocean Leadership. “Science Funding.” 2014.

Available online at: [http://oceanleadership.org/ocean-policy-legislation/science-funding/].

Collection of appropriations requests, testimonies, and letters to Congress from the Consortium

for Ocean Leadership, a Washington, DC-based nonprofit organization representing public and

private ocean research and education institutions and industry members.

Dokoupil, Tony. “Is Manned Exploration of the Ocean Over?” Newsweek Global, vol. 161, no. 2

(January 11, 2013): 1.

Discusses using remotely controlled submarines and rovers to explore the ocean versus human

piloted exploration and the funding and government support for each approach.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Office of Ocean Exploration and

Research. “Funding Opportunities.” Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2014.

Available online at: [http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/about/what-we-do/fundingopportunities.html].

Funding opportunities for research and exploration provided by the NOAA Office of Ocean

Exploration and Research (OER), the “only federal organization dedicated to exploring the

unknown reaches of our ocean.” Includes descriptions of funding opportunities, and a link to past

and present OER-funded activities.

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Review of the Scientific Accomplishments

and Assessment of the Potential for Future Transformative Discoveries with U.S.-Supported

Scientific Ocean Drilling. Scientific Ocean Drilling: Accomplishments and Challenges. Ocean

Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council of the National

Academies. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011.

Available online at: [http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13232].

The report reviews the science plan for a proposed 2013-2023 scientific ocean drilling program.

“Through direct exploration of the subseafloor, U.S.-supported scientific ocean drilling programs

have significantly contributed to a broad range of scientific accomplishments in Earth science

disciplines, shaping understanding of Earth systems and enabling new fields of inquiry.

Scientific accomplishments of U.S.-supported scientific ocean drilling over the past four decades

are reviewed. The book evaluates how the programs (Deep Sea Drilling Project [DSDP], 1968-

1983, Ocean Drilling Program [ODP], 1984-2003, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program

[IODP], 2003-2013) have shaped understanding of Earth systems and Earth history and assessed

the role of scientific ocean drilling in enabling new fields of inquiry. This book also assesses the

potential for transformative discoveries for the next proposed phase of scientific ocean drilling.”

National Science Foundation (NSF). “Division of Ocean Sciences (OCE).” 2014.

Available online at: [http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=OCE].

Collection of Ocean Sciences programs and funding opportunities through the Directorate for

Geosciences (GEO) of the National Science Foundation. Listed program links, such as (OCEPRF) and (OCE-RIG), include a list of projects of awards recently granted by the program, with

abstracts.

33
Privately-Funded Research and Development

The Marine Science and Technology Foundation. “The Marine Science and Technology

Foundation.” 2013.

Available online at: [http://mstfoundation.org/].

Self-described “non-profit, private operating foundation dedicated to advancing technology in

oceanographic research.”

The Ocean Exploration Trust. “The Ocean Exploration Trust.” 2013.

Available online at: [http://www.oceanexplorationtrust.org/].

Non-profit organization founded in 2008 “to engage in pure ocean exploration.” Partners with

and is sponsored by academic, public, and private institutions.

Schmidt Ocean Institute. “Schmidt Ocean Institute.” 2013.

Available online at: [http://www.schmidtocean.org/story/show/38].

Non-profit foundation established in March 2009 “to advance oceanographic research, discovery,

and knowledge, and catalyze sharing of information about the oceans.”

Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPRIZE. “ABOUT XPRIZE.” 2014.

Available online at: [http://oceanhealth.xprize.org/about].

Incentivized prize competition “to build the innovative technology necessary to develop

accurate, affordable, and robust ocean pH sensors that will advance our understanding of ocean

acidification.”

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. “Funding Opportunities.” 2014.

Available online at: [http://www.whoi.edu/main/oi/funding-opportunities].

Self-described as “the world's largest private, non-profit oceanographic research institution.”

Provides funding to conduct “high-risk, high-reward science” with supplemental funding from

federal agencies and private foundations.

34
SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

This section of the bibliography was compiled by the U.S. Government Printing Office

Library Services and Content Management

These resources are available for purchase at the GPO bookstore at

http://bookstore.gpo.gov/

“Resolved: The United States Federal Government Should Substantially Increase Its

Non-Military Exploration and/or Development of the Earth’s Oceans”

Alaska's Sovereignty in Peril: The National Ocean Policy's Goal to Federalize Alaska,

Oversight Field Hearing, April 3, 2012

Publisher: Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs of the Committee on

Natural Resources of the House of Representatives

Year/Pages: 2013: 56 p.

Price: $7.00

Assessing U.S. Preparedness and Response in the Arctic: The Opportunities and

Challenges of Increased Marine Activity, Field Hearing, March 17, 2013

Publisher: Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee

on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate

Year/Pages: 2013: 77 p.

Price: $8.00

Data Collection Issues in Relation to the Reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery

Conservation and Management Act, Oversight Hearing, May 21, 2013

Publisher: Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs of the Committee on

Natural Resources of the House of Representatives

Year/Pages: 2013: 106 p.

Price: $11.00

35
Deep Sea Challenge: Innovative Partnerships in Ocean Observation, Hearing,

June 11, 2013

Publisher: Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate

Year/Pages: 2014: 67 p.

Price: $7.00

Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling, Report to

the President, January 2011

Publisher: National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling

Year/Pages: 2011: 392 p.

Price: $39.00

Deepwater Drilling Technology, Research, and Development, Hearing, June 23, 2010

Publisher: Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and

Technology of the House of Representatives

Year/Pages: 2010: 64 p.

Price: $7.00

Developments and Opportunities in U.S. Fisheries Management, Hearing, March 19, 2013

Publisher: Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee

on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate

Year/Pages: 2013: 102 p.

Price: $10.00

36
Empty Hooks: The National Ocean Policy Is the Latest Threat to Access for Recreational

and Commercial Fishermen, Oversight Hearing, March 22, 2012

Publisher: Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs of the Committee on

Natural Resources of the House

Year/Pages: 2013: 58 p.

Price: $7.00

Exxon Valdez to Deepwater Horizon: Protecting Victims of Major Oil Spills, Hearing,

July 27, 2010

Publisher: Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives

Year/Pages: 2011: 55 p.

Price: $6.50

Final Report of the President's National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon

Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Oversight Hearing, January 26, 2011

Publisher: Committee on Natural Resources of the House

Year/Pages: 2011: 90 p.

Price: $10.00

Fisheries Economics of the United States: 2012

Publisher: Commerce Department, National Marine Fisheries Service

Year/Pages: 2014: 181 p.

Price: $43.00

Fisheries of the United States 2012

Publisher: Commerce Department, National Marine Fisheries Service

Year/Pages: 2013: 138 p.

Price: $23.00

37
Fishery Bulletin

Publisher: Commerce Department, National Marine Fisheries Service

Year/Pages Varies.

Price: $19.00 per issue. Quarterly, $32.00 a year.

Fishing = Jobs: How Strengthening America's Fisheries Strengthens Our Economy,

Oversight Field Hearing, August 25, 2012

Publisher: Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives

Year/Pages: 2013: 70 p.

Price: $7.00

Fishing Safety: The Policy Implications of Cooperatives and Vessel Improvements,

Hearing, July 9, 2008

Publisher: Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee

on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate

Year/Pages: 2013: 91 p.

Price: $10.00

Future of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), Hearing, July 16, 2003

Publisher: Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee,

on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate

Year/Pages: 2013: 54 p.

Price: $15.00

Global Overfishing and International Fisheries Management, Hearing, June 12, 2003

Publisher: Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate

Year/Pages: 2013: 91 p.

Price: $10.00

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Macondo: The Gulf Oil Disaster, Chief Counsel's Report 2011

Publisher: National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore

Drilling

Year/Pages: 2011: 387 p.

Price: $35.00

Nomination of Dr. Mark E. Schaeffer to be Assistant Secretary for Oceans and

Atmosphere for the U.S. Department of Commerce, Hearing, July 24, 2013

Publisher: Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate

Year/Pages: 2014: 36 p.

Price: $4.75

Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Strategic Plan 2013-2017

Publisher: Commerce Department, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office

of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research

Year/Pages: 2013: 54 p.

Price: $11.50

Rising Tides, Rising Temperatures: Global Warming's Impacts on the Oceans, Hearing,

April 29, 2008

Publisher: Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming of the House of

Representatives

Year/Pages: 2010: 104 p.

Price: $10.00

Through a Fish's Eye: The Status of Fish Habitats in the United States 2010

Publisher: Commerce Department, National Marine Fisheries Service

Year/Pages: 2011: 68 p.

Price: $13.00

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Understanding Marine Debris: Games & Activities for Kids of All Ages, Marine Debris 101

Publisher: Commerce Department, National Marine Fisheries Service

Year/Pages: 2009: 21 p.

Price: $5.00

U.S. Coast Guard Budget and Oversight, Hearing, April 18, 2007

Publisher: Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee

on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate

Year/Pages: 2013: 108 p.

Price: $12.00

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