The California Coastal National Monument Logo

Designed by Bureau of Land Management illustrator May Wakabayashi in 2000, the logo for the California Coastal 

National Monument (CCNM) is elegant in its form and simplicity. Th e center of the logo appropriately depicts 

three off shore rocks or islets of varying sizes. Th ese three rocks show only the portion above mean high tide, symbolizing what the national monument designation is intended to protect, but it also places them in the larger landscape 

(or seascape). Th e three rocks also symbolize the three dimensions--physical (abotic), biological (biotic), and sociocultural (cultural)--of the ecosystems of the California coast of which the CCNM is an integral part and helps to 

protect. Two stylized seabirds fl y above the rocks as a reminder that the rocks of the CCNM provide key habitat 

for seabirds, marine mammals (i.e., seals and sea lions), and a wide variety of intertidal species. On the right side of 

the logo, three aligned mountain ranges come down to the coast and symbolize the three land-based core-managing 

partners--the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the California Department of 

Fish and Game, and the California Department of Parks and Recreation (i.e., California State Parks)--who, through a 

memorandum of understanding, are collectively responsible for the oversight and long-term management of the entire 

CCNM. And fi nally, the series of stylized waves that connect the sea and the land on the logo symbolize the numerous 

partners (i.e., other agencies and organizations) that are key to the CCNM success, both coast-wide as well as locally.



 Introduction — 1-1

Purpose and Need for the Plan

Th e purpose of the California Coastal National Monument (CCNM) Resources Management Plan (RMP) is to establish guidance, objectives, policies, 

and management actions for the public lands of the CCNM administered by 

the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Land Management (BLM). 

Th e RMP attempts to resolve a wide range of natural resource and land use 

issues within the CCNM area in a comprehensive manner. Th e document 

addresses and integrates, where possible, the numerous related management 

issues of the various current and potential future coastal partners who are included in the planning eff ort.

Overall Vision

Th e following statements identify the mission, vision, and management focus 

for the CCNM, as well as the RMP goals and objectives. Th ese serve to provide overall direction for the CCNM as the planning and management processes 

continue, both through implementation of this RMP and into the future.

MISSION STATEMENT

Th e mission of the CCNM is to protect and foster an appreciation for and a stewardship of unique coastal resources associated with the California Coastal National Monument.

VISION STATEMENT

Th e California Coastal National Monument is:

• A spectacular interplay of land and sea,

• A healthy and safe haven for fl ora and fauna that 

contributes to the integrity and richness of California’s coastal environment,

• An inspiration to visitors to appreciate and protect coastal ecosystems, and

• A catalyst for fostering cooperative stewardship 

of the monument’s resources and California’s 

coastal ecosystems.

Introduction
1-2

MANAGEMENT FOCUS

Management for the CCNM will focus on protection, research, education, 

and planning through collaboration, cooperation, and coordination with the 

core-managing partners – California Department of Fish and Game [DFG] 

and California Department of Parks and Recreation [DPR] (see Appendix 

C) – and with other collaborative partners and stewards interested in management of California’s coastline. BLM’s initial eff orts will be geared toward 

education and interpretation to foster an appreciation for the resource.

Management activities involve direct management of the CCNM or indirect 

management through activities that are not located within the boundaries of 

the CCNM itself (e.g., landside interpretive facilities). In many cases, management of the CCNM will involve prototyping activities, or implementing 

management practices in a limited area—followed by adaptive implementation of these practices to a wider area, based on the results of the prototype. 

Th is topic is discussed in more detail in Chapter 2.

Th e management strategy of the CCNM does not include development of 

another layer of bureaucracy for coastal management. Instead, the strategy 

focuses on coordination of the many actions already in place that have been 

designed to protect coastal resources.

Th e specifi c management areas and resource elements for the CCNM were 

developed through the scoping process, which is summarized in the Scoping Report for the California Coastal National Monument Resource Management Plan (Scoping Report) (Jones & Stokes 2003). 

MONUMENT PROCLAMATION AND PLAN GOALS

Th e Presidential Proclamation identifi ed the goal of the CCNM as protection 

of the resources it contains. To this end, the following goals have been developed for the CCNM, subject to applicable jurisdiction:

Goal 1: Protect the geologic formations and the habitat that they provide for biological resources of the CCNM.

Goal 2: Protect the scenic and cultural values associated with the CCNM.

Goal 3: Provide and promote research opportunities to understand 

the resources and values of the CCNM.

Goal 4: Provide the public with interpretive information and educational initiatives regarding the values and signifi cance of the 

CCNM and the fragile ecosystems of the California coastline.

Goal 5: Coordinate planning and management activities with the 

numerous jurisdictions on and adjacent to the CCNM, and 

use the CCNM to help enhance cooperative and collaborative initiatives and partnerships with a variety of communities, 

agencies, organizations, academic institutions, the public, and 

other stakeholders.

Resource-specifi c objectives based on these overall goals are presented in Chapter 2.

 — Introduction
 Introduction — 1-3

Planning Area and Management Boundaries

PLANNING AREA AND MAP

President Clinton established the CCNM by Presidential Proclamation No. 

7264 on January 11, 2000 (Appendix B), under the discretionary authority 

given to the President of the United States by Section 2 of the Antiquities Act 

of 1906 (34 Stat. 225, 16 U.S.C. 431). Section 2 authorizes the President to 

declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric 

structures, and other objects of historic or scientifi c interest that are situated 

on the lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States to 

be national monuments. Th ese national monuments shall be confi ned to the 

smallest area compatible with the proper care and management of the objects 

to be protected.

Th e rocks and islands of the CCNM are “public lands”1 owned by the United 

States and administered by the Secretary of the Interior through the BLM. 

All of these lands are “original public domain lands,” lands to which title was 

vested in the U.S. Government by virtue of its sovereignty. As a result of California being ceded to the United States in 1848 after war with Mexico, all of 

the lands (including the coastal rocks and islands) within California, except 

for the Spanish and Mexican land grants and private land claims recognized 

by the U.S. Government, were original public domain lands. Th erefore, all 

of the CCNM rocks and islands, except for one islet,2 have been in federal 

ownership since 1848.

Th e purpose of the CCNM, as stated in the Presidential Proclamation, is to 

protect and manage geologic and biological resources by protecting “all unappropriated or unreserved lands and interest in the lands owned or controlled 

by the United States in the form of islands, rocks, exposed reefs, and pinnacles 

above mean high tide3 within 12 nautical miles of the shoreline of the State of 

California” (see Figures 1-1a and 1-1b). Th e proclamation also functions to elevate California’s off shore lands to a national level of concern, focuses the primary 

management vision on the protection of geologic features and habitat for biota, 

and tasks BLM with the ultimate responsibility for ensuring that protection.

1“Public lands” are any land and interest in land owned by the United States that are 

administered by the Secretary of the Interior through BLM, without regard to how the United 

States acquired ownership. The two categories of public lands include (1) public domain 

lands (i.e., lands to which title was vested in the U.S. Government by virtue of its sovereignty), 

and (2) acquired lands (i.e., lands in federal ownership that were obtained by the U.S. 

Government through purchase, condemnation, gift, donation, or exchange).

2 Sea Lion Rock, located south of Point Arena on the Mendocino County coast, had gone 

out of federal ownership but has recently been reacquired by BLM. Therefore, the islet is now 

back in the public lands but under the category of acquired lands.

3 The Presidential Proclamation does not define the terms “islands,” “rocks,” “exposed reefs,” 

or “pinnacles.” However, these terms are interpreted to include, in sum, all lands exposed 

above mean high tide. “Mean high tide” (also referred to in this document as “mean high 

tide line” and “mean high water”) refers to the average of all observed high tide heights. 

The observed height varies at different locations along the coast; as a result, the specific tide 

height that constitutes the boundary of the CCNM will be variable based on location.
1-4 — Introduction
 Introduction — 1-5

Th e off shore lands that constitute the CCNM total about 1,000 acres and are 

in the form of more than 20,000 rocks and small islands4 (the portion above 

mean high tide). Th e largest of these is just over 10 acres, and the smallest 

may be no larger than a square foot.5

Spanning the length of California, the CCNM comprises a variety of geologic 

and topographic features. Some of the islands off the coast and their surrounding rocks and islands were formed through igneous processes—plutonic 

and volcanic activity. Other nearshore rocks and islands are sedimentary or 

metamorphic in formation, the result of deposition of geologic material over 

time and, in some cases, subsequent modifi cation by pressure and heat. Th e 

rocks and small islands contained in the CCNM are always changing due to 

geologic processes—some of these rocks became separated from the mainland 

because of erosion from wave, wind, and tidal action. Th ese forces will eventually erode certain islands and rocks below mean high tide, and cause other 

areas currently attached to the shoreline and larger islands to become separated. Th ese features make up the topmost portion of the outer continental 

shelf, which extends westward of California from just a few miles to over 30 

miles. During the Pleistocene Epoch, the shelf was exposed above sea level, defi ning 

California’s prehistoric coastline some 20,000 or more years before present (BP).

In general, wind and wave action also have determined the physical characteristics of the coastline and its associated CCNM features. North of Point Conception (in Santa Barbara County), strong waves and wind have worked on 

the California Coast Ranges formations to form numerous off shore rocks and 

islands. South of Point Conception, however, the coastline is more protected 

from the impact of storm waves by large off shore islands (i.e., the Channel 

Islands). Th e formations of the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges of the south 

coast have produced fewer rocks and islands. 

Th e biological resources of the monument are infl uenced by these physical 

characteristics, as well as by other processes such as climate and ocean currents. Climate along the coastline of California varies, with cooler temperatures, more rainfall, and more extensive cloud cover in the northern portion 

of the state. Conditions become milder in a continuum southward. Th e 

California current, carrying water cooled by its passage through the northern latitudes, fl ows southward along the shore from the Washington–Oregon 

border to Southern California, and brings nutrients and biota into the coastal 

waters 6 surrounding the CCNM.

4 This estimate is based on BLM’s initial inventory of the rocks and islands off the shoreline of 

California that identified more than 12,800 rocks and islands encompassing about 225,000 

acres. The smallest consistent rock unit in the data sets used by BLM in the initial CCNM 

inventory was 4-square meters. Of these, more than 11,000 rocks were identified as being 

within the CCNM. It can be conservatively estimated that at least another 10,000 rocks less 

than 4 square meters in size (above mean high tide) are also part of the CCNM. Therefore, 

it is estimated that more than 20,000 rocks and small islands make up the CCNM.

5 It also should be noted that over 99 percent of the 225,000 acres of California’s offshore 

rocks and islands is made up of the eight large Channel Islands off the southern California 

coast and the Farallones cluster off San Francisco Bay that are not part of the CCNM. These 

larger island clusters, however, represent less than 5 percent of California’s total number of 

offshore rocks and islands. Over 90 percent of California’s offshore rocks and islands are 

within the CCNM.

6 For the purposes of this document, “coastal waters” refer to those waters within 12 

nautical miles of the coast (i.e., those waters that surround the CCNM).
1-6 — Introduction
 Introduction — 1-7

Th e habitat on and around these rocks, small islands, exposed reefs, and pinnacles are the homes and breeding grounds of many marine and terrestrial 

species—including birds, fi sh, and marine mammals. Th e rocks support a diverse assemblage of rocky intertidal zone plant and animal species. In the area 

spanned by the CCNM, people enjoy recreational activities such as fi shing, 

kayaking, wildlife viewing, scuba diving, and snorkeling. Th e CCNM is also 

of aesthetic and economic value to coastal communities because the rocks and 

islands provide beautiful scenery for local residents and visitors, as well as a focal point in a vast ocean viewscape. While the CCNM comprises, and its direct management addresses, only those portions of the rocks and islands above 

the mean high tide line, the monument features are a part of a larger coastal 

and marine ecosystem that both depends on and supports the CCNM.

For the purposes of the RMP, three categories have been developed to describe 

the lands and waters discussed in the RMP (Figure 1-1b).7

CCNM: Th e more than 20,000 rocks and small islands (i.e., the portion 

above mean high tide) that make up the CCNM. More specifi cally, the 

CCNM is “all unappropriated or unreserved lands and interest in lands 

owned or controlled by the United States in the form of islands, rocks, 

exposed reefs, and pinnacles above mean high tide within 12 nautical 

miles of the shoreline of the State of California.” Th ese lands are scattered 

throughout the CCNM corridor.8

CCNM Corridor: Th e geographic area in which the rocks and islands 

that make up the monument are located. Th is is the area (delineated 

by Presidential Proclamation No. 7264 that established the CCNM on 

January 11, 2000) that extends12 nautical miles off of the shoreline of the 

State of California and encompasses more than 14,600 square nautical 

miles. Also referred to as the “monument corridor,” this is not the CCNM.

CCNM Planning Area: Th e geographic area assessed by the RMP, including 

all lands regardless of jurisdiction. Th is area consists of the CCNM corridor 

plus the California Coastal Commission’s Coastal Zone. Delineation of a 

planning area extending beyond the CCNM boundary helps ensure that the 

resource values and public use of the CCNM are considered in their proper 

context as components of California’s coastal ecosystems. BLM planning guidance promotes delineation of planning areas at a geographic scale that ensures 

issues are addressed in their entirety and to encourage public involvement.9

Appendix E provides a description of the 36 individual management sub-units of 

the CCNM. Th e Map Atlas, following Chapter 7 of this RMP, maps the approximate location of rocks, islands, and pinnacles along the California coast.

7 The decisions in this RMP will apply only to BLM-managed lands within the boundary of 

the CCNM (i.e., category 1 above). All other plan outcomes (i.e., those affecting lands 

and waters in categories 2 and 3 above) will serve as recommendations to the appropriate 

agency or entity with jurisdiction over the respective areas. Similarly, outcomes related to 

BLM lands outside the CCNM boundary will be carried forward as recommendations for 

incorporation into the appropriate BLM land use plan. 

8 While the Channel Islands themselves are not part of the CCNM, some of the rocks off the 

coast of the Channel Islands are part of the CCNM.

9 The Coastal Zone is all onshore. It is within the Coastal Zone that the CCNM Gateways 

and CCNM interpretive/educational facilities will be located.
1-8

MANAGEMENT BOUNDARIES

BLM has jurisdiction over activities and resources on monument lands only. Activities below mean high tide and in lands and waters surrounding the monument 

are regulated by core-managing partners or other agencies with appropriate jurisdiction. Tables 1-1a and 1-1b clarify the respective jurisdictions and/or regulatory 

authority of BLM, DFG, DPR, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) National Marine Fisheries 

Service (NMFS), U.S. Department of the Interior’s Minerals Management Service 

(MMS), California State Lands Commission (SLC), California Coastal Commission, U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and others through a listing of potential activities on and adjacent to the monument. BLM’s 

role in management of resources that reside in multiple jurisdictions will be clarifi ed 

through collaboration between agency staff . 

Diff erent sites of the CCNM contain varying portions of the intertidal zone, depending on the level of exposure and wave action. All management actions addressing vegetation and wildlife resources (see Chapter 2) address both the terrestrial and 

intertidal species contained within the CCNM. BLM will use a tiered adaptive 

management approach, which includes agency coordination and public involvement, for protecting monument resources.

 — Introduction

Agency

Camping/HikingWildlife ViewingPhotography/PaintingRecreational FishingAbalone/Seaweed HarvestingFilmingRock ClimbingLaunching /Receiving for Hang GlidingHuntingFirearmsWildlife Protection/ManagementMilitary ActivitiesLand DevelopmentMining/Mineral ExtractionOil Spill ResponseResearch

U.S. Bureau of Land Management xxxx x x x x x x xx x xx

Core-Managing Partners

California Department of Fish

and Game x x x x xx

California Department of Parks

and Recreation

Federal Agencies

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service a x x xx

National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration’s National Marine 

Fisheries Service b

x xx

U.S. Department of Homeland Security 

– Coast Guard x x

a

 Federally protected species under federal Endangered Species Act.

b

 Marine mammals protected under federal Endangered Species Act and Marine Mammal Protection Act.
 Introduction — 1-9

Existing federal and state regulatory processes in place to address potential activities 

on and adjacent to the monument are described below under “Criteria Established 

by Other Legislative Constraints.” 

Th e management actions in this RMP apply only to BLM-managed lands 

within the boundary of the CCNM. Off -monument activities are under other agency’s jurisdiction.

Agency

Wildlife Protection/ManagementFilmingSwimming/Surfi ngKayaking/Sailing/Windsurfi ngRecreational FishingHuntingFirearmsMotor Boating/Jet SkiingAbalone/Seaweed HarvestingMotorized AircraftMilitary ActivitiesLand Development/Ocean FloorCommercial FishingOil and Gas LeasingMining/Mineral ExtractionOil Spill ResponseResearch

U.S. Bureau of Land Management

Core-Managing Partners

California Department of Fish and Game x x x x x x x x x x

California Department of Parks and 

Recreation (within state park boundaries) xxx xx xx xxxx

Federal Agencies

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service x x x x x x xxxx

National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration’s (NOAA’s) National Marine 

Sanctuary Program (within sanctuary 

boundaries)

xx x xxx xxxx

NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service x x xxxxxxx

U.S. Department of Homeland Security – 

Coast Guard x xx xx x xxxx

U.S. Department of Defense – Air Force, Navy,

Marines, and Army (within DoD boundaries) xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxx

U.S. Federal Aviation Administration x x x

State Agencies (within State Waters)

California State Lands Commission x x x

California State Water Resources Control Board x x x x x x

California Regional Water Quality

Control Boards x xx xxx

California Department of Boating

and Waterways x x

Local Agencies

Cities and counties (within city or county limits) x x x x xxxxx xxxxxxx

Harbor commissions (within harbor) x x xxxxx xxxxxxx
1-10

Scoping/Issues

Th e scoping process for the CCNM RMP began on April 24, 2002, when a Notice 

of Intent (NOI) to prepare an RMP for the CCNM was published in the Federal 

Register. A notice announcing the time and location of the eight initial public scoping meetings was mailed in early August 2002 to more than 450 individuals, organizations, and government agencies. In addition, a news release announcing the time 

and location of the meetings was sent to approximately 500 media outlets for the 15 

California coastal counties. Th e public scoping period lasted from April 24, 2002, 

through October 25, 2003.

Public scoping meetings were held in Bodega Bay, Elk, Trinidad, San Diego, 

Laguna Beach, Santa Barbara, Monterey, and San Francisco, California. In 

addition to the formal public scoping meetings, several independent meetings 

were held with interested parties to identify issues of importance. During 

the public scoping period, BLM received 25 letters that provided input for 

the RMP and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) processes. A full 

listing of issues raised through the public scoping process is contained in the 

Scoping Report. 

Th e public was involved again in the planning process through a series of 

seven meetings on the Draft RMP/Draft Environmental Impact Statement 

(EIS). Th ese meetings were held in October and November 2004 in the communities of Moss Landing, Point Arena, Elk, Trinidad, Long Beach, La Jolla, 

and San Francisco, California. Th e comments received in these meetings and 

in 174 letters were used to modify the draft documents and prepare the Proposed RMP/Final EIS. 

A web site (http://www.ca.blm.gov/pa/coastal_monument/) was created to 

provide general information about the CCNM. Th e site contains the RMP, 

a copy of the Presidential Proclamation creating the CCNM, a map of the 

monument, and other relevant information. 

ISSUES ADDRESSED

Based on the direction provided in the Presidential Proclamation and comments received during the scoping process, BLM and its management partners DFG and DPR identifi ed the following issues to be addressed by the 

RMP/EIS.

Issues Used to Develop Alternatives

• How will the plan contribute to the protection of biological resources? 

Th e primary focus of the RMP is the protection of biological resources 

that rely on the rocks and islands in the CCNM for their various life 

stages. To fully protect these resources, BLM will develop policies 

and plan elements to address the need for inventories of the various 

species that inhabit the CCNM. Th e potential adverse eff ects of human activities on and adjacent to the rocks and islands of the CCNM 

will be considered as protective policies and management actions are 

developed. BLM will develop policies and plan elements that will 

address the need for monitoring, public interpretation and education, 

 — Introduction
 Introduction — 1-11

and coordination of management and research relative to the biological resources of the CCNM.

• How will the plan contribute to the protection of geologic, cultural, 

and visual resources? Th e proclamation that established the CCNM 

recognized the relationship between the geologic and cultural signifi -

cance of California’s off shore rocks and islands and the biological resources that inhabit them. Th e RMP considers the full range of values 

that are represented in the CCNM as it considers the primary function 

of biological resource protection. Th e rocks and islands have unique 

cultural, geologic, and visual signifi cance to the many residents of the 

state who visit or live along the California coast. BLM will develop 

policies and plan elements that address the need for further inventory 

and ongoing protection of these cultural, geologic, and visual resources. Monitoring, interpretation, education, management and research 

policies, and plan elements also will be developed with this full range 

of resource values in mind.

• How will BLM coordinate its CCNM planning and management 

activities to be consistent with the numerous jurisdictions that have 

existing plans and policies associated with the coastal zone? Th e 

RMP defi nes BLM’s role with its major partners (DFG and DPR) in 

managing the resources of the CCNM. It also identifi es ways in which 

the overlapping planning and management responsibilities of numerous other federal, state, and local jurisdictions will be considered and 

coordinated in the future. Th is is the major logistical issue surrounding development and implementation of the RMP. Coordination and 

linkages will go beyond day-to-day resource management and will extend into the recreational, interpretive, 

educational, and monitoring aspects of the RMP. Key 

management policies are or will be developed to deal with 

private property rights, potential eff ects on communities 

along the California coast, and special designations that 

overlap the CCNM. 

• What programs, facilities, infrastructure, and partnerships are needed to provide the public with interpretive 

and educational material regarding the values and signifi cance of the CCNM? Principal resource protection 

strategies of the RMP include development of public 

education and interpretation materials and programs, 

as well as support for ongoing research along the coast. 

Th e RMP contains policies and plan elements to address 

BLM’s role in encouraging and providing interpretive 

materials, educational programs, and research support 

along the entire California coast. A key role includes 

coordination of others’ eff orts, and development of program outlines and templates that can be shared by the 

many coastal entities that can aff ect the public’s awareness of CCNM values. Th e RMP identifi es the types
1-12

and levels of infrastructure, facilities, and partnerships that are needed 

to properly inform the public.

Issues Addressed in the EIS

• How will people’s activities and uses along the coast be aff ected by 

management of the CCNM? 

Th e Presidential Proclamation 

establishing the CCNM gave 

BLM the authority to protect 

rocks, small islands, exposed 

reefs, and pinnacles above mean 

high tide. Th e principal protections needed are from human 

uses of the monument; therefore, all activities that physically 

disturb these features or that 

appropriate, injure, destroy, 

or remove any feature of the 

monument will not be allowed. 

Where activities in adjacent waters or lands aff ect CCNM resources, BLM will consult with 

the appropriate entities (private 

property owners, local governments, state regulatory agencies, and other federal agencies) to develop 

and implement appropriate pratices to protect the monument.

ISSUES CONSIDERED BUT NOT FURTHER ANALYZED

Several of the subjects and issues raised by the public through the scoping process have not been addressed by detailed policies or plan elements in the RMP. 

Th ese issues and subject areas and the reasons they have not been addressed are 

described below.

• Regulation of mineral extraction on lands below the mean high tide line,

• Regulation of commercial and recreational sport fi shing in coastal waters,

• Imposition of fees for use of adjacent lands, 

• Regulation of military activities in coastal and nearshore areas, and

• Use of sonar in the coastal area.

Th e CCNM RMP does not regulate mineral extraction, commercial and recreational fi shing, military activities, or use of sonar in the coastal waters adjacent to the CCNM because these activities are not within the CCNM and are 

regulated by other state and federal agencies. Th e potential indirect eff ects of 

these activities on monument resources are considered in the EIS as part of the 

existing setting in which the RMP will be implemented.

 — Introduction
 Introduction — 1-13

Planning Criteria and Legislative Constraints

CRITERIA DEVELOPED INTERNALLY

BLM planning regulations were used to develop this RMP. In addition to the 

planning requirements of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 

1976 (FLPMA), BLM planning regulations (43 Code of Federal Regulations 

[CFR] 1610) require that planning criteria be identifi ed to guide the development of all management plans. Planning criteria ensure that plans address 

pertinent issues and that unnecessary data collection and analysis are avoided. 

Planning criteria are based on applicable laws; agency guidance; public comments; and coordination with other federal, state, and local governments and 

Native American tribes. Th e following planning criteria were used in developing the CCNM RMP:

• Th e RMP will establish guidance upon which BLM will rely in managing the CCNM, in cooperation with DFG; DPR; and other federal, 

tribal, state, and local agencies with land management responsibilities 

along California’s coastline.

• Th e RMP planning and environmental review processes will be completed cooperatively with BLM partners, including DFG; DPR; and 

other federal, tribal, state, and local agencies and organizations.

• Th e RMP will be completed in compliance with FLPMA, NEPA, and 

all other applicable laws. 

• Th e RMP will conform to the direction included in the Presidential 

Proclamation of January 11, 2000, which established the CCNM. 

Specifi cally, the RMP will give priority to the protection of: (a) geologic features in the CCNM; (b) biological resources supported in the 

CCNM, including seabirds and pinnipeds; and (c) other natural and 

cultural resources and resource values, including scientifi c and aesthetic 

values, within the monument.

• Th e RMP will conform to the directive of January 11, 2000, from the 

Secretary of the Interior that accompanied the Presidential Proclamation, entitled Management of the California Coastal National Monument, and/or any subsequent direction from the Secretary. Specifi -

cally, the RMP will respect valid existing rights to the use of or access 

to the CCNM and surrounding lands and coastal waters.

• Th e RMP will not regulate or manage resources that are within the existing jurisdiction and regulatory responsibility of other agencies (e.g., fi sheries, minerals on the outer continental shelf, and public coastal access).

• Th e RMP will not consider in detail activities that may indirectly aff ect 

the CCNM, including oil drilling, shipping, water-based recreation, and 

fi shing. Th e RMP may contain action plans, however, for those activities 

that may result in a signifi cant indirect eff ect on CCNM resources.
1-14

• Economic viability will not be considered in detail in the RMP; economic issues may be discussed and analyzed qualitatively based on 

activities in the vicinity of the CCNM.

• Th e lifestyles and concerns of coastal area residents will be recognized 

in the RMP.

• Th e planning process will protect Native American traditional uses 

and cultural resources.

• To the extent feasible without compromising resource protection, the 

RMP will be consistent with existing management plans, regulations, 

and laws governing adjacent lands and resources under the jurisdiction of other federal, tribal, state, and local governments.

• Th e planning period addressed in the RMP will be 20 years. 

• RMP decisions will use the best available science and an adaptive 

management approach.

• Th e RMP will identify opportunities for education and interpretation 

regarding coastal values, especially where those opportunities can be 

shared with BLM partner entities. 

• Nothing in the RMP expressly or implicitly precludes, restricts, or 

requires modifi cation of current or future uses of the lands, waters, or 

airspace adjacent to the CCNM by the USCG or the Department of 

Defense (DoD), or their agents, allies, military range and test facilty 

users, or range service providers.

CRITERIA ESTABLISHED BY OTHER LEGISLATIVE CONSTRAINTS

A broad range of federal and state laws guide development of the RMP. 

Table 1-2 lists federal laws that apply to the monument and its planning 

process. Th e responsible governing agency, the trigger that causes the law to 

apply, the process that is required by the law, and the action required during 

the RMP preparation process are also included in the table for each law. Key 

laws with bearing on the planning criteria are discussed in more detail below. 

Figure 1-2 graphically represents the jurisdictions of several of these laws.

Key Federal Laws

Federal Land Policy and Management Act

Passed in 1976, FLPMA establishes the authority and provides guidance for 

how public lands are to be managed by BLM. In managing public lands on 

the basis of multiple use and sustained yield, FLPMA requires that the quality 

of scientifi c, scenic, historical, ecological, environmental, air and atmospheric, 

water resource, and archaeological values be protected. Nothing in the RMP 

will have the eff ect of terminating any validly issued right-of-way or customary 

operation, maintenance, repair, or replacement activities in existing rights-ofway on BLM lands. 

 — Introduction
 Introduction — 1-15

Item

Responsible 

Governing

Agency Trigger Process

Action Taken

during RMP 

Preparation/

Approval

National Environmental 

Policy Act (NEPA)

U.S. Bureau of Land

Management (BLM)

Federal action

(not a categorical 

exclusion)

Prepare an environmental 

impact

statement (EIS)

Completed EIS

Federal Land Policy 

and Management Act 

(FLPMA)

BLM Federal action

Provide a statement in the 

Resources Management 

Plan (RMP); abide by the 

provisions of the FLPMA

Prepared RMP

Coastal Zone 

Management Act

Coastal Programs Division 

(CPD) within National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration’s (NOAA’s) 

Offi ce of Ocean and 

Coastal Resource Management (OCRM); California 

Coastal Commission; 

California Coastal 

Conservancy 

Federal action Refl ect in the RMP under 

“Planning Criteria”

Assessed impacts of 

management actions 

needed to implement 

the plan decisions.

Prepared and submit to 

the Coastal Commission 

a consistency determination that evaluates the 

RMP for consistency 

with the California 

Coastal Management 

Program

Clean Water Act 

(General Provisions)

U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA); 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps); and 

Regional Water Quality 

Control Board (RWQCB)

Federal action Refl ect in the RMP under 

“Planning Criteria”

Assessed impacts of 

management actions 

needed to implement 

the plan decisions

Clean Air Act

EPA; Air Quality Management District (AQMD); 

Air Pollution Control 

District (APCD) 

Federal action Refl ect in the RMP under 

“Planning Criteria”

Assessed impacts of 

management actions 

needed to implement 

the plan decisions

Endangered Species Act

U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service (FWS); National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration National 

Marine Fisheries Service 

(NMFS) 

Federal action

Refl ect in the RMP under 

“Planning Criteria”; conduct Section 7 consultation

(1) Assessed impacts of 

management actions 

needed to implement 

the plan decisions

(2) Prepared a Biological 

Assessment (BA)
1-16 — Introduction

Item

Responsible 

Governing

Agency Trigger Process

Action Taken

during RMP 

Preparation/

Approval

Marine Mammal 

Protection Act (MMPA) FWS; NMFS Federal action Refl ect in the RMP under 

“Planning Criteria”

Ensured consistency 

with MMPA

Magnuson-Stevens

Fishery Conservation 

and Management Act 

FWS; NMFS Federal action Refl ect in the RMP under 

“Planning Criteria”

Ensured consistency 

with Magnuson-Stevens

Fishery Conservation 

and Management Act

Migratory Bird Treaty 

Act FWS Federal action Refl ect in the RMP under 

“Planning Criteria”

Assessed impacts of management actions needed 

to implement the plan 

decisions

Federally signed treaties 

Bureau of Indian Aff airs; 

Federally Recognized 

Tribes (e.g., Yurok Tribe 

and Trinidad Ranchería)

Federal action Refl ect in the RMP under 

“Planning Criteria”

Treated tribes as consulting parties

National Marine

Sanctuaries Act

National Marine Sanctuary 

Program (within NOAA’s 

National Ocean Service)

Federal action Refl ect in the RMP under 

“Planning Criteria”

Ensured consistency 

with National Marine

Sanctuaries Act

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)State Historic Preservation 

Offi ce Federal action Refl ect in the RMP under 

“Planning Criteria”

Comply with Section 

106 and Section 110 

processes as triggered by 

NEPA

Rivers and Harbors Act

U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) (U.S. Coast 

Guard [USCG] and Corps); 

U.S. Department of Homeland Security; FWS

Federal action Refl ect in the RMP under 

“Planning Criteria”

Complied with Section 

106 and Section 110 

processes as triggered by 

NEPA

Rivers and Harbors Act

U.S. Department of 

Defense (DoD) (U.S. 

Coast Guard [USCG] and 

Corps); U.S. Department 

of Homeland Security; 

FWS

Federal action Refl ect in the RMP under 

“Planning Criteria”

(1) Control ingress/

egress in the coastal 

zone. 

(2) Assessed impacts of 

management actions 

and land use allocations 

needed to implement 

plan decisions
 Introduction — 1-17

National Environmental Policy Act

Th is 1970 legislation established a national policy to maintain conditions under 

which man and nature can exist in productive harmony and fulfi ll the social, 

economic, and other requirements of present and future generations of Americans. NEPA established the Council on Environmental Quality to coordinate 

environmental matters at the federal level and advise the President on such matters. Th e law requires all federal actions that could result in a signifi cant impact 

on the environment to be subject to review by federal, tribal, state, and local 

environmental authorities, as well as aff ected parties and interested citizens. 

Endangered Species Act

Management activities on private and public lands are subject to the Federal 

Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA), as amended. Th e ESA directs project 

proponents or government agencies, as appropriate, to consult with FWS and/

or NMFS to address the eff ects of management activities on threatened and 

endangered species and designated critical habitat. 

BLM prepared a biological assessment for the CCNM RMP in May 2005, 

which included a complete description of the proposed action and its eff ects on 

wildlife species. BLM determined that the RMP is not likely to adversely aff ect 

wildlife species. BLM’s request for concurrence with this determination was 

submitted to NMFS on June 6, 2005. On June 20, 2005, BLM received a letter 

of concurrence, dated June 17, 2005, from NMFS. BLM’s request for concurrence with this determination was also submitted to FWS on June 7, 2005. On 

July 11, 2005, BLM received a letter of concurrence from FWS.

National Historic Preservation Act

Th e National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) is the primary federal law providing for the protection and preservation of historic and archaeological properties, and includes those of national, state, and local signifi cance. Th e law directs 

federal agencies to consider the eff ects of proposed actions on properties eligible 

for or included on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). NHPA 

established the NRHP, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), 

and State Historic Preservation Offi cers (SHPOs). 

On July 5, 2005, BLM submitted a letter to the SHPO requesting concurrence 

with a No Adverse Eff ect fi nding for the CCNM RMP. On August 9, 2005, 

BLM received a letter of concurrence from the SHPO.

Marine Mammal Protection Act

Th e Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) was passed by Congress to protect the many mammals that live in the world’s oceans. Th is legislation is the 

basis for policies preventing the harassment, capture, injury, or killing of all 

species of whales, dolphins, seals, and sea lions—as well as walruses, manatees, 

dugongs, sea otters, and polar bears.

Th e law, among other things, sets up a management regime to reduce marine 

mammal mortalities and injuries in their interactions with fi sheries (such as gear 
1-18 — Introduction
 Introduction — 1-19

entanglement), regulates scientifi c research in the wild, establishes basic requirements for public display of captive marine mammals, and regulates the import 

and export of marine mammals and their products.

Th e primary government agency responsible for enforcing the MMPA is NMFS. 

Under the MMPA, NMFS is responsible for the management and conservation 

of whales and dolphins (cetaceans) and pinnipeds other than the walrus. Walruses, manatees, and dugongs (sirenians); sea otters; and polar bears are under 

the jurisdiction of the FWS. 

Th e CCNM provides habitat for a variety of seals and sea lions, as well as the 

sea otter—all species protected under 

the MMPA.

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Th e Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) 

is the domestic law that implements the 

commitment of the United States to four 

international conventions (with Canada, 

Japan, Mexico, and Russia, respectively) 

for the protection of a shared migratory 

bird resource. Th e MBTA decreed that 

all migratory birds and their parts (including eggs, nests, and feathers) were 

fully protected. Each of the conventions protects selected species of birds that 

are common to both countries in the convention in question (i.e., they occur 

in both countries at some point during their annual life cycle). Th e MBTA is 

implemented by the FWS. BLM will be required to manage the bird populations of the CCNM consistent with the requirements of the MTBA.

Coastal Zone Management Act

In 1972, Congress enacted the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) 

(16 USC. 1451 et seq.), providing a crucial link between coastal states and 

federal activities. Th e CZMA encourages management of coastal zone areas 

and provides grants to be used in maintaining coastal zone areas. As an incentive for states to develop management plans for their coastal resources, 

Congress granted states the ability to review federal agency activities that affect the coastal zone and, in some circumstances, to stop or modify federally 

permitted activities that are not consistent with the state coastal program. 

Th e Act is intended to ensure that federal activities are consistent with state 

programs for the protection and, where possible, enhancement of the nation’s 

coastal zones. Th e CZMA applies to actions initiated, permitted, or funded 

by federal agencies within the coastal zone. As defi ned in the Act, the coastal 

zone includes coastal waters extending to the outer limit of state submerged 

land title and ownership, adjacent shorelines, and land extending inward to 

the extent necessary to control shorelines. Th e coastal zone includes islands, 

beaches, transitional and intertidal areas, and salt marshes. While the coastal 
1-20

zone by defi nition does not include federal land, the CZMA nonetheless applies to most federal activities or federally permitted activities that are located 

adjacent to or near the coastal zone, because such activities often aff ect the 

coastal zone and the resources therein—both onshore and off shore. 

Th e Secretary of Commerce can override a state’s objection to an applicant’s 

certifi cation if the Secretary of Commerce fi nds that the federal license or 

permit activity is consistent with the objectives of the CZMA or is otherwise 

necessary in the interest of national security. In addition, in the event of a serious disagreement between a federal agency and a state agency regarding the 

consistency of a proposed federal activity aff ecting any coastal use or resource, 

either party may request mediation by the Offi ce of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management in NOAA. 

Th e Federal Consistency Unit of the California Coastal Commission prepared 

a Consistency Determination (CD-085-04), fi nding that the Proposed RMP 

was consistent with the CCMP. On July 12, 2005, the Commission unanimously concurred with the Consistency Determination.

Key State Laws

California Environmental Quality Act

Passed in 1970, the goal of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) 

(California Public Resources Code §21000 et seq.) is to develop and maintain a 

high-quality environment for this and future generations. CEQA requires California’s public agencies to identify the signifi cant environmental eff ects of their 

actions and to avoid or mitigate those signifi cant environmental eff ects, where 

feasible. Th rough preparation of an Environmental Impact Report (EIR), state 

and local agencies and the general public are provided with information on the 

potentially signifi cant environmental eff ects that a proposed project is likely to 

have, ways that the signifi cant environmental eff ects may be minimized, and 

alternatives to the proposed project. 

Although no action is anticipated at this time, all development activity along the 

California coast is subject to CEQA, including potential future development of recreational and educational/interpretive facilities by BLM or core-managing partners.

California Endangered Species Act

Th e California Endangered Species Act (CESA) (California Fish and Game 

Code §2050 et seq.) generally parallels the main provisions of the federal ESA 

and is administered by DFG. Under CESA, the term “endangered species” is 

defi ned as a species of plant, fi sh, or wildlife that is “in serious danger of becoming extinct throughout all, or a signifi cant portion of its range” and is limited to 

species or subspecies native to California. CESA establishes a petitioning process for listing threatened or endangered species. State lead agencies are required 

to consult with DFG to ensure that a proposed action is not likely to jeopardize 

the continued existence of any endangered or threatened species, or result in 

destruction or adverse modifi cation of essential habitat. 

 — Introduction
 Introduction — 1-21

BLM will work closely with DFG to assess the potential impacts on threatened 

or endangered species of CCNM management actions and land use allocations, 

and will ensure compliance with Section 2081 of the Fish and Game Code.

California Coastal Act

Th e California Coastal Act (California Public Resources Code §30000 et seq.) 

was enacted by the State Legislature in 1976 to provide long-term protection 

of California’s 1,100-mile coastline for the benefi t of current and future generations. Th e Coastal Act created a unique partnership between the State (acting 

through the California Coastal Commission) and local government (15 coastal 

counties and 58 cities) to manage the conservation and development of coastal resources through a comprehensive planning and regulatory program. Th e 

Coastal Act made permanent the coastal protection program launched on a 

temporary basis by a citizens’ initiative that California voters approved in November 1972 (Proposition 

20—the “Coastal Conservation Initiative”). 

Th e Federal Consistency 

Unit of the California Coastal Commission prepared a 

Consistency Determination 

(CD-085-04), fi nding that 

the Proposed RMP was consistent with the Coastal Act. 

On July 12, 2005, the Commission unanimously concurred with the Consistency 

Determination.

Marine Life Protection Act

Th is 1999 legislation requires that DFG develop 

a plan for establishing networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) in California waters to protect habitats and preserve ecosystem integrity. Th e Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) 

(California Fish and Game Code §2850 et seq.) states that “marine life reserves” 

(defi ned as no-take areas) are essential elements of an MPA system because they 

“protect habitat and ecosystems, conserve biological diversity, provide a sanctuary for fi sh and other sea life, enhance recreational and educational opportunities, provide a reference point against which scientists can measure changes 

elsewhere in the marine environment, and may help rebuild depleted fi sheries.” 

Th e MLPA Master Plan includes recommendations for a preferred alternative 

network of MPAs that takes full advantage of the multiple benefi ts that can be 

derived from the establishment of marine life reserves.

BLM will coordinate with DFG to ensure that monument lands within MPAs 

are managed appropriately.
1-22

Governor’s Consistency Review

BLM submitted the Draft RMP/Draft EIS to the Governor’s Offi ce of Planning 

and Research, State Clearinghouse and Planning Unit (SCH # 2004014002) on 

September 16, 2004. No state agencies commented on the Draft RMP/Draft 

EIS to the Clearinghouse. In accordance with FLPMA and BLM planning 

regulations (43 CFR 1610.3-2), BLM RMPs must be consistent with offi cially 

approved or adopted resource related plans of State and local governments and 

must identify any known inconsistencies with state or local plans, policies, or 

programs. BLM also must provide the Governor with up to 60 days in which 

to identify any inconsistencies and submit recommendations. On June 8, 2005, 

BLM submitted the Proposed RMP/Final EIS to the Governor’s Offi ce of Planning and Research, State Clearinghouse and Planning Unit for review. Th e 

BLM received no response within the 60 day period and therefore, pursuant 

to the BLM planning regulations (43 CFR 1610.3-2(e)) presumes the RMP is 

consistent with State and local plans, policies, and programs. No inconsistencies have been identifi ed, either by BLM or the Governor, with the RMP.

Planning Process

RELATIONSHIP TO BLM POLICIES, PLANS, AND PROGRAMS

Th is RMP is consistent with BLM policies and existing BLM plans and programs. Relevant policies include:

• CFR Title 43 (1610) (BLM’s planning guidance and regulations) and 

BLM Manual 1601; and

• Native American consultation per Executive Orders 12866, 13084, et al.

Five BLM fi eld offi ces have jurisdiction over portions of the California coast (see 

Figure 1-3). Each of these fi eld offi ces has a plan that guides policies and land 

use. Lands under BLM jurisdiction that adjoin the coast are currently divided 

into nine areas for management; each of these areas is under an RMP or other 

land-use plan. Table 1-3 lists BLM on-shore coastal units and projects, and the 

status of their respective plans. Th is RMP will amend these other BLM plans 

where inconsistencies exist between the RMP and those plans.

COOPERATING AGENCIES

As part of the process for developing the EIS associated with this RMP, the 

following agencies signed memoranda of understanding (MOUs) with BLM, 

agreeing to serve as a “cooperating agency” under the President’s Council of Environmental Quality regulations (40 CFR 1500–1508) implementing NEPA:

• DFG,

• DPR, 

• Trinidad Ranchería, and

• U.S. Air Force.

 — Introduction
 Introduction — 1-23

COLLABORATION

In addition to the offi cially recognized cooperating agencies under NEPA, the 

following agencies and entities have participated as “Agency and Organization 

Contacts” in the planning process: 

• California Coastal Conservancy;

• California Coastal Commission; 

• SLC;

• City of Laguna Beach;

• City of San Diego;

• Coastal America;

• Th e Nature Conservancy;

• Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), 

UC Santa Cruz;

• Pt. Reyes Bird Observatory (PRBO) Conservation Science;

• San Luis Obispo County;

• San Mateo County;

• U.S. Department of Commerce;

• Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, NOAA;

• Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS), NOAA;

• Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, NOAA;

• NMFS, NOAA;

• National Marine Protected Areas Center, NOAA;

• National Ocean Service, NOAA;

• Offi ce of Coast Survey, NOAA;

• DoD;

• U.S. Air Force;

• U.S. Navy;

• USCG;

• U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI);

• National Park Service (NPS);

• FWS; and

• MMS.

Th e following agencies, among others, were consulted during the planning 

process due to legislative mandates contained in specifi c federal and state environmental laws (the laws are identifi ed in parentheses below):
1-24

• FWS (for ESA, MBTA, MMPA, and Magnuson-Stevens Act),

• NMFS (for ESA and MMPA), 

• California Coastal Commission (for CZMA and California Coastal Act), 

• Offi ce of the California State Historic Preservation Offi cer (for NHPA),

• DPR (for CEQA), and

• DFG (for CEQA, CESA, and MLPA).

Related Plans

Fifteen counties; numerous municipalities; and dozens of park units, tribal 

lands, and other agency holdings are located along the coast of California, 

within California state waters, within adjacent federal waters, and on off shore 

land masses. Each of these jurisdictions is governed by a land use or other 

management plan (e.g., city and county general plans, and parks management 

plans). Figures 1-4a–e show locations of many of the coastal entities and 

managed areas. 

It is important to note that coastal planning is an ongoing process, with many 

plans being modifi ed each year. Th e current state planning process for MPAs 

is especially important, as it will aff ect management of resources in the waters 

surrounding the CCNM. Each state marine managed area is in the process 

of being reclassifi ed into one of six new classifi cations, as required under state 

legislation called the Marine Managed Areas Improvement Act. Th e six new 

classifi cations are state marine reserve, state marine park, state marine conservation area, state marine cultural preservation area, state marine recreational 

management area, and state water quality protection area.

Existing Designations

AREA OF CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN

In 1990, the California Islands Wildlife Sanctuary was designated by BLM 

as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC). Th is designation 

highlighted the special values of the rocks and islands, and provided additional protection of the resources found on them. Daily management of the 

sanctuary continued to be the responsibility of the DFG as prescribed in the 

Memorandum of Understanding of 1983 (Appendix C).

CALIFORNIA OFFSHORE ROCKS AND PINNACLES ECOLOGICAL 

RESERVE

On August 27, 1988, the California Fish and Game Commission designated 

all areas within 0.5 mile of the California coastline as an Ecological Reserve under the authority of the California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Sections 630 

(Ecological Reserves) and 632 (Marine Protected Areas). As such, the rocks and 

islands within the California Off shore Rocks and Pinnacles Ecological Reserve 

are also part of the CCNM. Th e Ecological Reserve designation was imple

 — Introduction
 Introduction — 1-25
1-26

BLM On-Shore Coastal Unit/Project Plan Plan Status

Arcata Field Offi ce Arcata RMP Approved 1996

King Range National Conservation Area

(KRNCA) KRNCA RMP

Draft RMP/Draft EIS

(Final scheduled for 2/05)

Lost Coast Headlands Under Arcata RMP

Manila Dunes Area of Critical

Environmental Concern

Under Arcata RMP

Manila Dunes Cooperative 

Management (activity level) Plan Early stages of development

Samoa Dunes Recreation Area

Under Arcata RMP

Samoa Dunes Recreation Area 

Management (activity level) Plan Approved 1997

South Spit Cooperative Management Area

Under Arcata RMP

South Spit Interim Cooperative 

Management (activity level) Plan Approved 2003

Ukiah Field Offi ce Ukiah RMP New start-up (selecting 

contractor)

Stornetta Ranch property Stronetta Ranch Property Interim 

Management Plan

Developing Draft

(Public meeting in August 

2004)

Hollister Field Offi ce Hollister RMP Approved 1984

Coast Dairies property acquisition 

(not yet acquired)

Coast Dairies Long-Term Resource 

Protection & Access Plan

Interim Access Plan 

Completed 2004 (by 

consultant under contract to 

Trust for Public Lands)

Under draft preparation by 

BLM

Fort Ord Public Lands Project

Hollister RMP Amendment

Fort Ord Habitat Management 

Plan 

Early stages of development

Accepted by BLM from Army 

in 1996

Bakersfi eld Offi ce Caliente RMP Approved 1997

Irish Hill/Montaña del Oro State Park

cooperative management

Under Caliente RMP

Los Osos Greenbelt Los Osos Greenbelt Cooperative 

Management Plan May be prepared in the future

Piedras Blancas Light Station Piedras Blancas Light Station 

Management (activity level) Plan

Early stages of development 

(planned for completion by 

end of FY05)

Point Sal Area of Critical 

Environmental Concern Under Caliente RMP

Palm Springs/South Coast Field Offi ce South Coast RMP Approved 1994

San Diego Project Under South Coast RMP

 — Introduction
 Introduction — 1-27
1-28 — Introduction




mented to provide protection for rare, threatened, or endangered native plants, 

wildlife, and aquatic organisms; and specialized terrestrial or aquatic habitat 

types. Public entry and use under this designation are required to be compatible with these purposes and are subject to rules and regulations as provided for 

in the regulations identifi ed above. Th e Ecological Reserve will continue to be 

managed by DFG under the California Code of Regulations, Title 14.

RMP Time Frame and Plan Revision

Th is plan is intended to provide the basis for long-term management of the 

CCNM. In analyzing the environmental eff ects of land use plan decisions, 

BLM assumed a 15- to 20-year time frame for analysis. Management must be 

adaptive, and management of the CCNM will occur in the context of changing human and natural conditions. Th e managing agencies recognize that the 

plan must be able to adapt to changing circumstances, such as new scientifi c 

information, new environmental laws, changing public demands, new management opportunities, or additions of rocks and islands to the CCNM. For 

this reason, plan monitoring and evaluation will be established as RMP implementation actions to ensure that the eff ects of planning decisions are tracked 

and reviewed on a regular basis. Evaluations will determine whether specifi c 

planning decisions remain valid or need to be revised.

Th e RMP will be evaluated about once every 4–6 years to determine the need 

for signifi cant management modifi cations or amendments to the plan. Data 

from the resource monitoring and other sources will serve as input for the evaluation of the planning decisions to determine progress in implementation and 

determine whether any amendments or revisions to the RMP are necessary. 

A plan amendment normally involves changing or adding management decisions that do not change the fundamental character of the overall plan or 

any of its major elements. A plan revision is made in response to signifi cant 

new information or issues that warrant a major change in the management 

direction of the plan or one of its major elements. BLM planning guidelines 

specify that plan revisions may be considered in the following instances:

• In response to an evaluation of consistency with new laws, regulations, 

and policies;

 • Upon determination that implementing the plan’s decisions is not 

achieving the desired outcomes or meeting the plan’s goals;

• When new science, data, or other information indicate a need to 

change decisions;

• Upon determination that the plan no longer provides adequate management direction; or

• When new proposals or actions not evaluated in the plan are put 

forth. 

Both plan revisions and amendments require compliance with NEPA. Future 

plan revisions and amendments will be conducted in accordance with adopted 

BLM guidelines for community and stakeholder participation.

 Introduction — 1-33

 Management Decisions — 2-1

Introduction

Th is chapter presents the management strategy for the CCNM. Th e strategy 

was formulated through an analysis of current management practices; an issueidentifi cation process directed at aff ected agencies and the public; and an interdisciplinary development eff ort involving the core BLM planning team and 

agencies and organizations that cooperated with BLM in the RMP process.

Th e strategy described in this chapter is capable of achieving the overall vision as outlined in the Presidential Proclamation and the management goals 

discussed in Chapter 1. A detailed description of the management decisions 

is followed by an overview of the management approach for the monument. 

Th e management decisions within each program area include objectives, management actions, allowable uses, and a description of the operating framework, where applicable. A summary of management decisions in the RMP is 

provided in Table 2-1 (at the end of the chapter).

Management Goals

Th e goals for management of the CCNM are as follows:

Goal 1: Protect the geological formations and the habitat that 

they provide for biological resources of the CCNM.

Goal 2: Protect the scenic and cultural values associated with 

the CCNM.

Goal 3: Provide and promote research opportunities to understand the resources and values of the CCNM.

Goal 4: Provide the public with interpretive information and 

educational initiatives regarding the values and signifi cance of the CCNM and the fragile ecosystems 

of the California coastline.

Goal 5: Coordinate planning and management activities 

with the numerous jurisdictions on and adjacent to 

the CCNM and use the CCNM to help enhance 

cooperative and collaborative initiatives and partnerships with a variety of communities, agencies, 

organizations, academic institutions, the public, and 

other stakeholders.

Management Decisions

Ch 2gy 

ennd

vials 

ns 

nt. 

ne
2-2 — Management Decisions

Management of Resources

A discussion of management decisions for the following resources is provided:

• Geologic, soil, and paleontologic resources;

• Vegetation resources; 

• Wildlife resources;

• Intertidal resources; 

• Cultural resources; and 

• Visual resources.

GEOLOGIC, SOIL, AND PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES

Th e “Geologic, Soil, and Paleontologic Resources” management actions in this 

RMP apply only to BLM-managed lands within the boundary of the CCNM. 

Objectives

OJ-GEO-1 Maintain the natural quality and integrity of 

geologic and soil resources.

OJ-GEO-2 Restore the quality and integrity of these resources to natural conditions where they have 

been impaired as a result of human activities.

OJ-GEO-3 Allow for excavation and data recovery where 

unique resources exist that are threatened by 

natural processes or human activity.

Management Actions

MA-GEO-1 Data Recovery. Where unique paleontologic resources exist 

that are threatened by natural processes or human activity, allow for excavation and data recovery, if it is determined that 

this action will not adversely aff ect sensitive biological, physical, or cultural resources or resource values.

MA-GEO-2 Education and Interpretation. Develop educational and 

interpretive materials that identify the nature and value of 

physical resources of the monument (discussed in more detail 

under the resource use “Education and Interpretation”).

MA-GEO-3 Management Criteria. Develop criteria for identifying resources requiring protection. Criteria will include, but not 

be limited to, the unique nature of the resource in question, 

the sensitivity of the resource to disturbance, and the threat 

or potential threat to the resource. Identify areas requiring 

additional management based on the above criteria. Th is process will be ongoing as information becomes available through 

research and inventory. 

MA-GEO-4 Research. Following any research, maintain an inventory of 

monument resources.
 Management Decisions — 2-3

Allowable Uses

AU-GEO-1 Protection of Resource. Allow on-monument activities that 

would not harm the physical resources of the monument (discussed in more detail under the resource uses “Recreation” and 

“Land Use Authorizations”).

AU-GEO-2 Mineral Removal. Specifi c resource protections contained in 

existing BLM land withdrawals and guidance contained in the 

Presidential Proclamation prohibit removal of minerals with 

commercial value from the CCNM. 

Operating Framework

FR-GEO-1 Research. Encourage research that can better defi ne the extent, 

nature, and value of physical resources of the monument (discussed 

in more detail under the “Research” resource use category). 

VEGETATION RESOURCES

Th e “Vegetation Resources” management actions in this RMP apply only to 

BLM-managed lands within the boundary of the CCNM. Th is discussion addresses both the terrestrial and intertidal vegetation contained within the CCNM.

Objectives

OJ-VEG-1 Maintain the natural quality and integrity of native vegetation 

on the CCNM.

OJ-VEG-2 Restore the quality and integrity of native vegetation where 

it has been determined to be impaired as a result of human 

activities or non-native invasive species.

Management Actions

MA-VEG-1 Criteria for Management. Documentation that harm to a 

listed plant species is occurring will be an overriding criterion 

for implementing management action. As an 

initial step in RMP implementation, additional criteria will be developed for 

identifying the plant species and communities requiring management and 

protection. Criteria will 

include, but not be limited to, the unique nature 

of the resource in question, the sensitivity of the 

resource to disturbance, 

and the threat or potential 

threat to the resource. 
2-4 — Management Decisions

MA-VEG-2 Site Inventory. An inventory of vegetation and vegetation 

communities will be maintained. As part of the site inventory, BLM will make elimination of the identifi ed gaps in 

knowledge about the distribution and status of plant species 

a primary goal (discussed in more detail under the “Research” 

resource use category).

 On the basis of the above activities and the criteria developed 

under MA-VEG-1, BLM will work cooperatively with DFG, 

DPR, FWS, and other agencies to identify rocks and islands 

in need of management attention. Th is identifi cation process 

will be a dynamic one. As new information comes to light, site 

status will be changed appropriately. 

MA-VEG-3 Adaptive Management. A variety of management activities 

may be implemented in the specifi c areas identifi ed for management under MA-VEG-2, including but not limited to:

 • Targeted education to make CCNM users aware of existing or potential confl icts associated with important native 

plant communities in specifi c monument locations. 

 • Enforcement actions.

 • Active management, including restoration or other forms 

of management intervention. 

 • Use restrictions, as described below under AU-VEG-1. 

MA-VEG-4 Invasive Non-Native Species Control. Develop an invasive 

non-native plant species management and eradication program, consistent with the long-term protection of native plant 

communities. Th is program will be designed to reduce competition from non-native plants and encourage the long-term 

survival of native plant communities.

 An Integrated Pest Management approach will be applied to 

invasive non-native species infestations. Control measures 

primarily will consist of manual and mechanical removal, 

and use of fi re. Removal of invasive plant species by manual 

means is the preferred method of eradication and will be used 

wherever possible. Th e use of herbicides will be restricted to 

specifi c situations when other alternatives are determined to 

be infeasible or ineff ective. Any proposed use of herbicides 

will be conservative and will target specifi c weed individuals for 

a given species. Any herbicide use will be assessed using the 

NEPA process and will be made available for public comment. 

 Control measures will incorporate best management practices 

(BMPs) and other strategies to protect air quality, protect water quality, avoid adverse noise eff ects, and minimize erosion. 
 Management Decisions — 2-5

 Measures taken to remove or control invasive species will be 

planned carefully to ensure that no major adverse eff ects on 

native organisms or important monument resources will result 

(e.g., activities would be conducted outside relevant breeding 

seasons for seabirds and marine mammals). Other measures 

will be implemented to minimize any adverse eff ects on nontarget species. Disturbed areas will be replanted with native 

plant species where natural recruitment is not expected. Th is 

replanting will be designed to reduce erosion and protect visual quality. Temporary degradation of visual resources also will 

be avoided through screening of ground disturbance activities 

where possible. 

MA-VEG-5 Education and Interpretation. Develop educational and 

 interpretive materials that identify the nature and value of vegetation resources of the monument (discussed in more detail 

under the resource use “Education and Interpretation”).

MA-VEG-6 Research. Following any research, maintain an inventory of 

monument resources.

Allowable Uses

AU-VEG-1 On-Monument Activities. On-monument activities that 

would result in loss of native plants will not be allowed on the 

monument, unless otherwise permitted through BLM’s normal procedures for granting access for research or other activities (specifi c activities are discussed in more detail under the 

resource uses “Recreation” and “Land Use Authorizations”). 

Management intervention normally will begin with the least 

restrictive approach (e.g., use ethics education), with access 

limitations implemented on the CCNM as a last resort. Such 

use limitations will be implemented only on a site-specifi c basis where known resource impacts exist and will use a sciencebased process to determine what limits are appropriate. In 

cases where initial surveys determine that the risk of resource 

damage is high, temporary closures or use limitations may be 

instituted immediately while further information is collected 

and long-term solutions determined. Th ese will be the exception to normal management practices, however, and will be 

implemented only in situations where the potential for immediate and signifi cant threats is identifi ed. Temporary closures 

or limitations will be followed by a process (including public 

involvement) to determine long-term management solutions. 
2-6

Operating Framework

FR-VEG-1 Tiered Adaptive Management Approach. BLM will use a 

tiered approach to adaptive management of native vegetation. 

Th e fi rst tier will be to develop criteria for identifi cation of 

locations that should receive management attention, including both the vegetation resources present and the existence 

of or potential for use confl icts. Th e second tier will involve 

performing a site inventory and monitoring vegetation and 

human use of the CCNM, as well as applying the criteria developed in the fi rst tier, to identify the sites in need of management attention. Th e fi nal tier will be implementing management actions as needed. 

 In cases where initial information determines that the risk of 

resource damage is high, management action may be instituted immediately while further information is collected and 

long-term solutions are determined. Th is will be the exception to normal management practices, however, and will be 

implemented only in situations where the potential for immediate and signifi cant threats is identifi ed. Temporary management actions will be followed by a process (including public 

involvement) to determine long-term management solutions.

FR-VEG-2 Research. Encourage research that can better defi ne the extent, nature, and value of vegetation resources of the monument (discussed in more detail under the “Research” resource 

use category). 

WILDLIFE RESOURCES

Th e “Wildlife Resources” management actions in this RMP apply only to BLMmanaged lands within the boundary of the CCNM. Th is discussion addresses 

both the terrestrial and intertidal wildlife habitat contained within the CCNM.

Objectives

OJ-WLD-1 Maintain habitat for native populations of seabirds, pinnipeds, 

and intertidal species throughout the monument.

OJ-WLD-2 Restore habitat that has been adversely aff ected by human activity or non-native invasive species.

Management Actions

MA-WLD-1 Criteria for Management. Documentation that harm to a 

listed wildlife species is occurring will be an overriding criterion for implementing management action. As an initial step 

in RMP implementation, additional criteria will be developed 

for identifying the wildlife species and habitat types requiring 

management and protection. Criteria will include, but not 

be limited to, the unique nature of the resource in question, 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-7

the sensitivity of the resource to disturbance, and the threat or 

potential threat to the resource. 

MA-WLD-2 Site Inventory. An inventory of wildlife and wildlife habitat 

will be maintained. As part of the site inventory, BLM will 

make elimination of the identifi ed gaps in knowledge about 

the distribution and status of seabirds and pinnipeds a primary 

goal (discussed in more detail under the “Research” resource 

use category). Other inventory priorities will be established 

and promoted at the outset, including:

 • A monument-wide survey of seabird and pinniped populations coordinated with researchers studying marine birds 

and mammals. Surveys will occur at minimum 10-year 

intervals, using appropriate protocols, such as those developed by Sowls et al. (1980) and Carter (pers. comm.), that 

include recently developed survey techniques. Th e modifi cations of this survey protocol will preserve the ability to 

compare future data with these earlier benchmarks.

 • Annual photographic documentation of conspicuous 

colonies of seabirds, such as cormorants, western gulls, 

and common murres. Th ese annual photographs will be 

taken at an established time 

and under defi ned conditions each year 

so that the data 

are comparable 

over years and 

refl ect, to the 

best extent possible, the maximum number of nesting 

birds.

 • Focused surveys (especially 

in northern 

California and 

at sites in southern California potentially hosting Xantus’ 

murrelets) for populations of nocturnal and burrow- and 

crevice-nesting species such as storm-petrels and the small 

alcids, as well as widespread species that nest in small 

numbers at any one site. Criteria for identifying inventory sites will include such characteristics as:

 
2-8

 ∆ Rocks and islands with soil or extensive cavities that 

provide potential nesting sites for storm-petrels and 

burrowing alcids;

 ∆ Cliff s that are inaccessible to terrestrial predators and 

have niches or crevices that are suitable nesting sites 

for pelagic cormorants and pigeon guillemots; and

 ∆ Mussel fl ats adjacent to or part of rocks and islands 

that project above high waves suffi ciently to allow 

oystercatcher nests.

 • Additional focused annual surveys on selected species 

and sites based on partnership/stakeholder interest and 

abilities. For example, local groups or individuals could 

perform valuable long-term monitoring projects at sites 

where seabird and pinniped populations are visible from 

the mainland and counts of pinnipeds and nesting birds 

or assessments of their reproductive status can be conducted easily.

 • Surveys to determine status regarding invasive wildlife 

species and their eff ects on native populations. Inventory 

eff orts will include surveying for invasive species such as rodents (e.g., Rattus sp. and Mus musculus).

 • Surveys to determine status regarding human use of the 

CCNM and its eff ects on wildlife habitat and populations.

 • Surveys for intertidal species. 

 Th e inventory will be accomplished through BLM activities 

and through partnerships. Th e task will be to identify specifi c data gaps, publicize the need for specifi c survey and status 

investigations, and cooperate with appropriate groups to enhance their ability to perform the necessary projects. Academic institutions, professional conservation organizations, private 

consultants, and local Audubon or docent/steward groups will 

be potential participants in these eff orts—depending on the 

scope and the nature of the projects. Protocols for research will 

be carefully developed to ensure that they are cost eff ective and 

repeatable. Further, these protocols will specify who is qualifi ed 

to perform the various types of research and surveys.

 On the basis of the above activities, and the criteria developed 

under MA-WLD-1, BLM will work cooperatively with DFG, 

DPR, FWS, and other agencies and partners to identify rocks 

and islands in need of management attention. Th is identifi -

cation process will be a dynamic one. As new information 

comes to light, site status will be changed appropriately. Ap-

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-9

pendix F provides preliminary lists of known seabird and marine mammal sites on the CCNM.

MA-WLD-3 Adaptive Management. A variety of management activities may 

be implemented in the specifi c locations identifi ed for management under MA-WLD-2, including but not limited to:

 • Targeted education to make CCNM users aware of existing or potential confl icts associated with wildlife habitat 

in specifi c monument locations, as part of MA WLD 6. 

 • Enforcement actions, as described above under FR-WLD-3.

 • Active management, including restoration or other forms of 

management intervention, including but not limited to the actions described below under MA WLD-4 and MA-WLD-5. 

 • Use restrictions, as described below under AU-WLD-1. 

MA-WLD-4 Invasive Non-Native Species Control. A program for control and eradication of invasive wildlife species on the CCNM 

rocks and islands will be developed and implemented where 

eff ects on native populations of seabirds and pinnipeds, and 

on other monument resources, have been documented or are 

suspected. Priorities for implementation will be given to areas 

where problems are most acute (e.g., areas where native populations are shown to be in decline as a result of invasive species). Th is eff ort will be designed to reduce competition with 

native wildlife, predation on native vegetation, and degradation of habitat—and will encourage the long-term survival of 

native or unique monument communities and habitat. 

 Measures taken to remove or control invasive species will be 

planned carefully to ensure that no major adverse eff ects on 

native organisms or important monument resources would 

result (e.g., activities will be conducted outside relevant breeding seasons for seabirds and pinnipeds). BMPs and other 

measures will be implemented to minimize any adverse eff ects 

on non-target species, natural resources, and the human environment (including noise and air quality). Disturbed areas 

will be replanted with native plant species where natural recruitment is not expected. Th is replanting will be designed to 

reduce erosion and protect visual quality. Temporary degradation of visual resources also will be avoided through screening 

of ground disturbance activities where possible. 

MA-WLD-5 Restoration Measures. BLM, in cooperation with its coremanaging partners, will develop and implement measures to 

restore or improve habitat and to control predators.

MA-WLD-6 Education and Interpretation. Educational and interpretive 

materials will be developed that identify the nature and value 

of wildlife resources of the monument (discussed in more detail 
2-10

under the resource use “Education and Interpretation”). Signs 

and educational materials will be made available to the public 

near important marine mammal haul-outs, major tidepool areas, and marine bird nesting sites and at access points. A particular focus will be tidepools, as described in more detail below 

under “Key Management Initiatives—Tidepool Connections.” 

Allowable Uses

AU-WLD-1 On-Monument Activities. As described above, where known 

confl icts with wildlife exist, activities that harm wildlife resources or access to particular sites may be restricted on the 

monument. Restrictions of access to the CCNM will be made 

considering local knowledge of seabird and pinniped use (e.g., 

known nesting and pupping seasons), existing and potential 

use confl icts, and enforcement considerations. Activities that 

will be closely managed during seasonal restrictions include 

those with the potential to disturb wildlife. 

 Management intervention normally will begin with 

the least restrictive approach (e.g., use ethics education), with seasonal access limitations implemented 

on the CCNM as a last resort. Such use limitations 

will be implemented only on a site-specifi c basis where 

known resource impacts exist and will use a sciencebased process to determine what limits are appropriate, for example known roosting, nesting, and pupping 

seasons for seabirds and marine mammals on that site. 

In cases where initial surveys determine that the risk 

of resource damage or signifi cant wildlife disturbance 

is high, temporary closures or use limitations may 

be instituted immediately while further information 

is collected and long-term solutions are determined. 

Th ese will be the exception to normal management 

practices, however, and will be implemented only in 

situations where the potential for immediate and signifi cant threats is identifi ed. Any temporary closures 

or limitations will be followed by a process (including 

public involvement) to determine long-term management solutions. 

Operating Framework

FR-WLD-1 Agency Coordination. BLM will work with federal, state, and 

local partners to minimize or eliminate the need for additional 

listing of species under the ESA and to contribute to the recovery of the species already listed as such. Management actions for the CCNM have been designed and will be conducted 

in cooperation with other government agencies, in particular 

those with jurisdictional authority over the wildlife resource in 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-11

question (e.g., DFG, NMFS, and FWS), as well as universities 

and colleges, non-profi t groups, consultants, and volunteers. 

FR-WLD-2 Pre-Existing Regulations. Management actions will be implemented within the framework of pre-existing regulations 

(e.g., ESA and MMPA). 

FR-WLD-3 Enforcement. Enforcement of any use restrictions and the 

existing laws protecting wildlife will be conducted in cooperation with a range of law enforcement agencies, including—

but not limited to—BLM, FWS, NOAA, USCG, DFG, and 

DPR; and cities and counties. Initial enforcement eff orts will 

be targeted at sites with important wildlife habitat that experience documented use confl icts, as described in the management actions below.

FR-WLD-4 Tiered Adaptive Management Approach. BLM will use a 

tiered approach to adaptive management of wildlife habitat. 

Th e fi rst tier will be to develop criteria for identifi cation of 

locations that should receive management attention. Th e criteria will take into consideration both the resources present 

and the existence of or potential for use confl icts. Th e second 

tier will involve performing a site inventory that characterizes wildlife habitat and populations, as well as human use of 

the CCNM. Th e third tier will involve applying the criteria 

developed in the fi rst tier in order to identify the sites in need 

of management attention. Th e fi nal tier will be to implement 

management actions as needed. 

 In cases where initial information determines that the risk of 

resource damage or signifi cant wildlife disturbance is high, 

management action may be instituted immediately while further information is collected and long-term solutions are determined. Th is will be the exception to normal management 

practices, however, and will be implemented only in situations 

where the potential for immediate and signifi cant threats is 

identifi ed. Temporary management actions will be followed 

by a process (including public involvement) to determine 

long-term management solutions.

INTERTIDAL RESOURCES 

Diff erent sites in the CCNM contain varying portions of the intertidal zone, 

depending on level of exposure and wave action. Portions of the CCNM include the uppermost horizon and the high and middle intertidal zones. Management of intertidal resources is addressed under the “Vegetation Resources” 

and “Wildlife Resources” programs above. 
2-12

CULTURAL RESOURCES

Th e “Cultural Resources” management actions in this RMP apply only to 

BLM-managed lands within the boundary of the CCNM. 

Objectives

OJ-CUL-1 Protect NRHP-eligible and potentially eligible cultural resources from human-caused disturbance or destruction, and 

from natural disturbance and destruction when appropriate.

OJ-CUL-2 Obtain scientifi cally and ethnographically relevant information 

from the resources to inform us about past human activities, to 

evaluate cultural resources, and for site characterization. 

OJ-CUL-3 Off er ongoing interpretation of cultural resources as a means 

of enhancing public appreciation.

Management Actions

MA-CUL-1 Initial Management. As an interim management action while 

NRHP determinations are in process, cultural resources will 

be managed for their information, public, or conservation 

values per BLM Manual 8100, FLPMA, and NHPA. Until 

formal NRHP eligibility determinations are made in consultation with the SHPO, each known resource will be managed 

as if it were a signifi cant cultural resource. 

MA-CUL-2 Eligibility of CCNM Properties for Listing in the NRHP. Prepare nominations as appropriate for cultural resources in the 

CCNM that are potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. 

Obtain a determination of which cultural resources are suitable for listing. 

MA-CUL-3 Cultural Resources Management Plans (CRMPs). CRMPs 

that address preservation actions may be prepared for cultural 

resources as determined to be appropriate for management 

purposes, including management of site visitation. 

MA-CUL-4 Consultation with Tribes. BLM will consult further with 

 Native American tribes to gather information about traditional use areas and activities that may include elements of the 

CCNM in order to support the allowable uses as identifi ed 

below under AU-CUL-1. 

MA-CUL-5 Education and Interpretation. An education and interpretation program will be developed around the CCNM’s signifi cant cultural properties (discussed in more detail under the 

resource use “Education and Interpretation”). Th e program 

may include printed and web-based material and also may involve public events organized around historic and/or prehistoric themes at or near signifi cant coastal sites. 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-13

MA-CUL-6 Research. Research for the purposes of evaluation, site characterization, and scientifi c investigation is encouraged when 

such research is consistent with the objectives of the RMP, the 

BLM Statewide Protocol Agreement, and CRMPs developed 

under the umbrella of the Protocol.

Allowable Uses

AU-CUL-1 Native American Uses. Native American requests to practice traditional activities or participate in interpretive activities 

on the CCNM will be welcomed and will be approved on a 

case-by-case basis, consistent with the overriding purpose of 

monument management—which is preservation of biological, physical, and cultural resources contained on the rocks 

and islands of the monument.

AU-CUL-2 On-Monument Activities. On-monument activities that 

would harm the cultural resources of the monument will be 

limited or prohibited as appropriate (specifi c activities are discussed in more detail under the resource uses “Recreation” and 

“Land Use Authorizations”). Inadvertent or unanticipated 

discoveries will be treated according to the terms of the State 

Protocol Agreement.

Operating Framework

FR-CUL-1 Management Guidelines. Th e primary source for guidance 

of management activities concerning cultural resources is the 

BLM Statewide Protocol Agreement and its associated appendices, amendments, and plans. Th e BLM 8100 Series 

Manual, incorporated within the State Protocol Agreement, 

provides detailed management guidelines.

FR-CUL-2 Consultation with Tribes. Establish a program of government-to-government consultation with federally recognized 

Native American tribes. Involving tribal governments and the 

SHPO closely at the outset of planning will facilitate coordination and consultation at later stages of planning and management of local rocks and islands of interest to these tribes. 

Develop relationships with non-federally recognized Native 

American groups who may have an interest in stewardship of 

off shore traditional cultural properties (TCPs). 

FR-CUL-3 Monitoring and Protection. Enforce laws against damage and 

theft of cultural resources. Administrative and physical measures to protect historic properties in the CCNM will include 

monitoring of resource condition, surveillance by law enforcement personnel in potential problem areas, public education, 

and involvement of interested parties in conformance with the 

Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA). 
2-14

FR-CUL-4 Education and Interpretation. Collaboration with various entities will be undertaken to provide interpretive opportunities.

FR-CUL-5 Research. Encourage research that can better defi ne the extent, nature, and value of cultural resources of the monument 

(discussed in more detail under the “Research” resource use 

category). Cooperate with DPR, regional information centers of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS), and Native American groups represented along 

the coast. Additional collaborators may be engaged, including faculty, graduate students, and research associates of the 

University of California and the California State University 

systems—and private universities that conduct anthropological research off California’s mainland. For example, the 

Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UC Los Angeles sponsors 

archaeological research on the Channel Islands and Farallones 

and the UC Davis Bodega Bay Marine Laboratory sponsors 

research related to Coast Miwok intertidal resource procurement. Partnering with academic institutions to facilitate and 

encourage research opportunities will help to fi ll cultural resource data gaps in the CCNM.

VISUAL RESOURCES

Th e “Visual Resources” management actions in this RMP apply only to BLMmanaged lands within the boundary of the CCNM. 

Objectives

OJ-VRM-1 Manage all monument lands as Visual Resources Management (VRM) Class I, except where safety requirements for 

navigational aid visibility would confl ict with this objective.

OJ-VRM-2 Enhance opportunities for visitors and residents to view the 

outstanding scenic landscapes characteristic of the CCNM.

Management Actions

MA-VRM-1 Visual Contrast Ratings. Complete visual contrast ratings for 

existing CCNM facilities and identify opportunities to reduce 

existing visual impacts through modifi cations (e.g., removing 

unused non-historic navigational devices and rehabilitating 

landscape scars).

 Complete visual contrast ratings for all proposed surface-disturbing projects to ensure that they meet VRM class objectives.

MA-VRM-2 Inventory of Vista Points. Complete an inventory of existing and potential key scenic vista points along road and trail 

corridors adjoining the CCNM, and identify opportunities to 

work with core-managing and collaborative partners to im-

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-15

prove these locations as overlooks and interpretive sites available to the public.

Allowable Uses

AU-VRM-1 On-Monument Developments. Any new site developments on 

BLM lands will be located and designed so that they do not detract from coastal vistas. New facilities will be constructed so that 

no or minimal impacts occur to the immediate coastal viewshed.

AU-VRM-2 Aids-to-Navigation. In areas where coastal rocks present 

navigation hazards, any analysis of safety/navigation aids will 

consider opportunities for placing aids in adjoining waters or 

land. Only where it is determined that these aids will not be 

eff ective elsewhere, or will cause greater impacts on the coastal 

landscape, will they be considered for on-monument placement. Where on-monument (i.e. on-rock) navigation aids are 

determined to be the only reasonable solution, eff orts will be 

made to balance the need to provide for navigational safety 

while minimizing visual impacts. 

Operating Framework

FR-VRM-1 Agency Coordination. Work with county governments, the 

California Coastal Commission, the USCG, and other agencies 

with management jurisdiction to ensure that coastal developments do not detract from the scenic integrity of the area.

FR-VRM-2 Mainland Facilities. Locate and design any new CCNM-related facilities on the mainland (for instance, on BLM partner 

lands) so that these facilities do not detract from coastal vistas. 

New facilities will be constructed so that no or minimal impacts occur to the immediate coastal viewshed.

Management of Resource Uses

Management of resource uses includes a discussion of management decisions 

for the following:

• Recreation,

• Education and interpretation,

• Research,

• Land tenure adjustments, 

• Land use authorizations,

• Special management, and

• Cadastral support.
2-16

RECREATION

Th e “Recreation” management actions in this RMP apply only to uses on 

BLM-managed lands within the boundary of the CCNM. Th e discussion of 

recreation management is limited to recreational activities that occur on the 

CCNM itself. BLM does not have jurisdiction to regulate activities in the 

water, land, or airspace surrounding the CCNM.

Objectives

OJ-REC-1 Provide a use strategy with an appropriate level of recreational 

access to the CCNM. 

OJ-REC-2 Provide for non-mechanized, minimal-impact recreational 

opportunities.

OJ-REC-3 Construction of recreational facilities on the CCNM will be 

minimal, and limited to those necessary for public safety or 

protection of monument resources.

Management Actions

MA-REC-1 User Experience. Th e recreation approach for the monument will 

consist of primitive non-motorized, non-mechanized activities.

MA-REC-2 Recreational Facilities. BLM will place recreation facilities on 

the monument only when consistent with the resource protection goals of the plan.

MA-REC-3 Signage. Signage will be installed at key locations along the 

mainland regarding the allowed and prohibited recreational 

uses of the CCNM (discussed in more detail under “Allowable 

Uses” below). Warning signs will be provided in hazardous 

areas with high visitation or acute risks.

MA-REC-4 Research. An inventory will be maintained for information 

generated by any recreation-related research.

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-17

MA-REC-5 Educational Materials. Educational and interpretive materials will be developed that identify the nature and value of recreational opportunities of the monument (see the “Education 

and Interpretation” program below). Printed and web-based 

resources will be generated that publicize the encouraged and 

prohibited recreational uses of the CCNM. Th e location of 

key recreation access points to the monument also will be described. Training materials, brochures, and educational information regarding protection of CCNM resources will be 

provided to other entities off ering recreation along the coast 

(e.g., county parks employees and kayak rental companies).

Allowable Uses

AU-REC-1 General. Recreational uses of the monument will be allowed when consistent with the primitive non-motorized, 

non-mechanized goals and when consistent with proclamation goals and public safety concerns. Th e allowable uses described below further elaborate on allowed and restricted uses. 

Management intervention normally will begin with the least 

restrictive approach (e.g., use ethics education), with access 

limitations implemented on the CCNM as a last resort. Such 

use limitations will be implemented only on a site-specifi c basis where known resource impacts exist and will use a sciencebased process to determine what limits are appropriate. In 

cases where initial surveys determine that the risk of resource 

damage is high, temporary closures or use limitations may be 

instituted immediately while further information is collected 

and long-term solutions determined. Th ese will be the exception to normal management practices, however, and will be 

implemented only in situations where the potential for immediate and signifi cant threats is identifi ed. Temporary closures 

or limitations will be followed by a process (including public 

involvement) to determine long-term management solutions. 

AU-REC-2 Recreational Facilities. BLM will consider placing recreation 

facilities on the monument only when consistent with the resource protection goals of the plan.

AU-REC-3 Organized Activities and Events. Organized recreational activities and events will be allowed only through issuance of a 

special use permit and only when consistent with the plan’s 

resource protection goals.

AU-REC-4 Fishing. Any recreational fi shing from the CCNM will be 

consistent with the State of California recreational fi shing regulations. No person fi shing from the CCNM shall take fi sh 

for commercial purposes except by permit from the California 

Fish and Game Commission.
2-18

AU-REC-5 Motor Vehicles and Off -Highway Vehicle (OHV) Use. No 

person shall drive, operate, leave, or stop any motor vehicle, 

bicycle, or other type of vehicle on the CCNM. Th e entire 

CCNM is designated as closed to vehicle travel under the 

BLM OHV regulations.

AU-REC-6 Firearms. No person shall fi re or discharge any fi rearm, bow and 

arrow, air or gas gun, spear gun, or any other weapon of any kind 

within or into the CCNM—or possess such weapons within the 

CCNM, except law enforcement personnel and as provided for 

in individual area regulations that allow for hunting.

AU-REC-7 Camping. No person shall camp within the boundaries of 

the CCNM, for both public safety and resource protection 

reasons, unless authorized by special permit or within specifi c 

areas identifi ed through site specifi c planning and analysis.

AU-REC-8 Use of Fire. No person shall light fi reworks or other explosive 

or incendiary devices, or start or maintain any fi re within the 

boundaries of the CCNM, except for management purposes 

as provided for in other portions of this plan.

AU-REC-9 Aircraft. No person shall use the CCNM as a launching or 

landing point for hang gliders, paragliders, ultralights, or any 

other motorized or non-motorized aircraft.

AU-REC-10 Pets. Pets, including dogs and cats, are prohibited from entering 

the CCNM unless they are retained on a leash of less than 10 feet.

AU-REC-11 Rock Climbing. Rock climbing using assistive devices is prohibited within the boundaries of the CCNM, unless authorized in association with research, restoration, or public health 

and safety purposes (e.g., aids-to-navigation).

AU-REC-12 Non-Traditional and Newly Emerging Recreational Uses.

Non-traditional and newly emerging recreational uses will be 

allowed as long as they are consistent with CCNM goals (see 

AU-REC-1). Such uses will be monitored to assess potential 

confl icts, impacts on resources, or visitor safety issues.

Operating Framework

FR-REC-1 Resource Protection. Coastal visitors will be encouraged to 

participate in recreational pursuits on the CCNM that are respectful of the biological, cultural, physical, and scenic values 

of the monument. 

FR-REC-2 Public Safety. Th e health and safety of coastal visitors is a 

central theme in managing recreation on the CCNM. 

FR-REC-3 Recreation Outside of CCNM Boundaries. BLM does not 

plan to regulate recreation that is not within the boundaries 

of the CCNM. Because recreation in adjacent areas could 

in some instances aff ect monument resources, however, BLM 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-19

will work with those entities already responsible for management of recreation access to the coast, including its core-managing partner DPR, NPS, and other entities as appropriate, 

to participate in decisions regarding recreation adjacent to 

monument lands. 

FR-REC-4 Research. Research that can better defi ne the extent, nature, 

and value of recreational opportunities of the monument will 

be encouraged (discussed in more detail under the “Research” 

resource use category). 

EDUCATION AND INTERPRETATION

Th e “Education and Interpretation” management actions in this RMP apply 

only to uses on BLM-managed lands within the boundary of the CCNM. 

Objectives

OJ-EDU-1 Provide opportunities for year-round, outstanding environmental interpretation and education at the CCNM.

OJ-EDU-2 Leverage partnerships and integrate with existing educational 

and interpretive programs to foster an understanding, appreciation, and stewardship of CCNM and California coastal 

ecosystems resources.

OJ-EDU-3 Use existing mainland facilities to support education and 

interpretation programs to the maximum extent feasible, to 

minimize the need for additional mainland facilities.

OJ-EDU-4 Enable frequent contact between visitors and managing agency personnel to promote environmental education and protection of CCNM resources and resource values.

OJ-EDU-5 Off er a continuing program of outreach to foster environmental education and stewardship for CCNM protection and enhancement.

OJ-EDU-6 Increase the opportunities for socio-cultural and educational 

experiences by visitors.

Management Actions

MA-EDU-1 Educational and Interpretive Facilities. BLM will place educational and interpretive facilities on the monument only when 

consistent with the resource protection goals of the plan. New 

mainland facilities will be constructed in a manner consistent 

with the existing visual character of the coastal environment 

so as not to detract from existing scenic resources. Th ese facilities will be located to the maximum extent practicable to 

protect the quality of the scenic values of the CCNM and 

adjacent lands for persons traveling along coastal routes. 

MA-EDU-2 Educational and Interpretive Plan(s). Management of education and interpretation at the CCNM will be achieved through 
2-20

the development of an Education and Interpretation Plan, or a 

series of regional or site-specifi c plans, that will identify goals, 

themes, general guidelines, and an action plan for CCNM education and interpretation. As part of this plan, the following 

actions will be taken in coordination with the core-managing 

partners and other partnering entities, as appropriate:

 • Expand on preliminary data to complete an inventory of 

existing coastal facilities that could serve as visitor gateways. Th e inventory will address the criteria given below 

for selection of gateways. 

 • Identify mainland gateways where visitors will be able to 

receive educational and interpretive materials regarding 

the CCNM.

 • Develop educational and interpretive programs at these 

visitor gateways, using existing or new BLM or partner 

facilities and infrastructure, as funding permits.

 • Generate and distribute printed and web-based resources 

regarding the CCNM, using the guidance in the discussions below of “Virtual Monument” and “Interpretive 

Th emes.” Educational and interpretive materials will be offered in multiple languages, as appropriate, to allow greater 

accessibility by non English-speaking populations.

 BLM or its partners will organize or sponsor educational and 

interpretive activities on a regular basis, either on their own 

initiative or in response to requests from interested organizations. Activities will include opportunities for docent-led exploration. Th e purpose of these activities will be to impart environmental knowledge, foster respect for ecological systems, 

and nurture support for protection and enhancement of the 

CCNM’s unique ecological resources.

 One of the initial implementation priorities for the Education 

and Interpretation program will be Tidepool Connections as 

described below under “Key Management Initiatives—Tidepool Connections.”

MA-EDU-3 CCNM Gateways. A series of CCNM Gateways will be developed to provide a sense of place for the monument, serve 

as visitor contact points, and link the CCNM with local communities and local initiatives. Th ese mainland visitor gateways have been identifi ed (see list below under “Key Management Initiatives—CCNM Gateways”) and additional visitor 

gateways will be identifi ed using the following criteria:

 • Presence of appropriate pre-existing visitor facilities and 

infrastructure to accommodate CCNM educational exhibits and interpretation (e.g., visitor centers and parking 

and day use areas);

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-21

 • Sensitivity of CCNM resources in the vicinity (e.g., proximity and sensitivity to disturbance from shoreline);

 • Size and number of rocks and islands in the vicinity;

 • Proximity to well traveled roads and frequently visited 

coastal public properties;

 • Visual accessibility from nearby vistas, roads, and other 

coastal access points; 

 • Local community interests and concerns;

 • Costs associated with establishing visitor contact and availability of funds; and

 • Participation by partnering entities.

 Th e CCNM Gateways will include a hosted site. Hosting will 

be performed by BLM and/or its partners, depending on the 

site. Examples include areas with visitor centers, nature centers, entrance kiosks, park or facility offi ces, or other appropriate types of visitor use facilities. Each CCNM Gateway will 

provide information regarding the specifi c gateway, including 

the various CCNM features associated with that specifi c portion of the CCNM. Information regarding the other established CCNM Gateways should also be available to the visitor. 

In addition, each gateway can develop educational initiatives 

specifi c to its unique resources and thematic focus. Each gateway is expected to develop its own local partnership and community outreach initiatives. Details regarding implementation of the CCNM Gateways program are discussed below 

under “Key Management Initiatives—CCNM Gateways.”

MA-EDU-4 Un-Hosted Visitor Sites. A number of un-hosted visitor sites 

or “CCNM waysides” may be developed. Th ese could include 

informational or interpretive kiosks or panels, as well as nature 

or viewing trails, if appropriate. Some of these sites may be 

directly associated with a CCNM Gateway, while others may 

not be. In all cases, they are intended to provide individuals 

and organizations opportunities for nature study and photography, interpretive sessions and walks, school and community 

outreach programs, and special thematic events related to the 

unique resources of the CCNM. 

MA-EDU-5 Provisions for Facility Construction. Any facilities to be 

constructed will be built to applicable standards; BMPs and 

other measures will be implemented to avoid adverse eff ects 

on natural resources and the human environment. Any new 

facilities with potential for adverse eff ects will be subject to 

additional environmental review under NEPA. 
2-22

Operating Framework

FR-EDU-1 Mainland Focus. BLM intends to use mainland facilities 

to the maximum extent and only conduct educational and 

interpretive programs on the monument lands where their 

use is integral to program eff ectiveness. BLM will work with 

DPR, Caltrans, and local counties and cities along the coast, 

as appropriate to ensure that educational and interpretive facilities along scenic routes (e.g., SR 1) preserve coastal vistas.

FR-EDU-2 Virtual Monument. An important component of the Education and Interpretation Plan for the CCNM is the Virtual 

Monument. Th is will be comprised of educational materials 

developed using a variety of media (e. g., internet and CDROM) that provides information about the monument’s 

natural and cultural resources, its recreational amenities and 

access points, and travel information. Th e Virtual Monument 

programs will be targeted to specifi c user groups, including 

individuals planning a trip to the monument, those interested 

in learning about the monument and its related resources and 

resource values, and curriculum-based programs for school 

groups. Interactive maps and web-based geographic information systems (GIS) will allow users to browse the CCNM. 

Live cameras stationed along the coast may be installed or 

links with existing live cameras established to allow people to 

observe various sites of the CCNM in real time, and archives 

of photos and research reports will allow students to study the 

CCNM from their home or classroom. Travel planning calendars will highlight the seasonal viewing opportunities, scheduled programs, and special events along the coast. Th e Virtual 

Monument also will inform the public of habitat destruction 

that could occur if CCNM resources are accessed anywhere 

other than the designated interpretive points.

FR-EDU-3 Interpretive Th emes. Interpretive themes are written statements that guide the design and written message of various 

products that may include wayside exhibits, visitor center 

exhibits, brochures, audiovisual presentations, and web sites. 

For the purposes of this plan, these themes are proposed for 

the development of a series of wayside interpretive panels that 

could be duplicated and installed at the CCNM visitor gateways (discussed in more detail under MA-EDU-3). Not every 

gateway will need all interpretive panels. It is anticipated that 

some of these themes will be presented in a statewide brochure and 

in a series of web pages to promote visitation to the monument. 

 Interpretive themes will be divided into three categories: 

general information about the CCNM, specifi c information 

about resources found within the monument, and information about recreational uses and limitations. Interpretive 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-23

themes also will be further developed on a site-specifi c basis, 

with local messages that fi t with the overall themes given below. A preliminary list of themes includes the following (a 

more detailed list is included in Appendix G):

 • Th e CCNM is a refuge from mainland activities.

 • Th e CCNM is a major migration corridor that is composed of all of the rocks and islands.

 • Th e CCNM is the last land-based frontier for research on 

coastal resources.

 • Th e CCNM represents the connection between land and 

sea on California’s coast.

 • All elements of CCNM management are achieved through 

partnerships.

 • Th e CCNM is a unique recreational opportunity.

 • Views of the CCNM represent the vastness of the ocean.

 • Th e CCNM’s rocks and islands have historically been and 

will continue to be used by people.

Research

Th e “Research” management actions in this RMP apply only to uses on BLMmanaged lands within the boundary of the CCNM. 

Objectives

OJ-RSR-1 Manage a broad range of research eff orts in the CCNM to 

achieve a balance between gathering important scientifi c data 

needed to understand and protect the ecological integrity 

(including the physical, biological, and socio-cultural dimensions) of the CCNM and protecting that integrity from intrusion of the research process. 

OJ-RSR-2 Consolidate the existing research permitting processes administered by multiple agencies into a single process. Specifi cs 

of the research/monitoring permit system will be determined 

through collaboration with DFG and DPR. 

Management Actions

MA-RSR-1 Research/Monitoring Permit System. Research will be permitted throughout the CCNM. Permits will be required for 

scientifi c studies on CCNM land that involve fi eld work or 

specimen collection with the potential to disturb resources. 

 In coordination with the core-managing partners, BLM will 

develop research/ monitoring permit stipulations that will be 

used by all three agencies in permitting and sharing research 
2-24

related to the CCNM. Th e core-managing partners will coordinate and consult on all major research permit decisions. Th e 

permit stipulations for on-monument use will also be consistent with current BLM requirements under 43 CFR 2920, 

“Leases, Permits, and Easements through Issuance of a Special 

Use Permit.” When permits are required for scientifi c activities pertaining solely to cultural and paleontological resources, 

including archaeology, ethnography, history, museum objects 

and collections, cultural landscapes, and historic and prehistoric structures, other permit procedures will apply pursuant 

to applicable regulations. Permits from other agencies besides 

the core-managing partners may be recognized, subject to notifi cation and consultation with these agencies.

 BLM and its core-managing partners will approve or deny a 

research/monitoring permit based on an evaluation of favorable and unfavorable factors and on an assessment of perceived 

risks and benefi ts. BLM and its core-managing partners will 

develop and fi nalize a set of criteria to be applied when considering research permits. BLM and its core-managing partners 

will consider multiple factors in approving or denying research 

at the CCNM. Although BLM staff will work with applicants 

to arrive at a mutually acceptable research design, for some 

activities, no acceptable mitigating measures may be possible; 

and the application may be denied. Where specifi c criteria for 

approval have not been developed, decisions to issue research 

permits on monument lands will be made on a case-by-case 

basis. Preliminary criteria for approval of research proposals 

are given below under AU-RSR-1.

 BLM will require the submittal of specifi c information with 

research proposals. Th is information will include, but will not 

be limited to the following:

 • Power equipment or potentially hazardous materials to be used;

 • Numbers of staff entering the CCNM;

 • Duration and frequency of fi eld visits;

 • Degree of staff intrusion and conformance with seasonal 

and other closures due to presence of species of concern;

 • Proposed fl agging, marking of survey stations, and other 

intrusions; and

 • Description of actions to minimize eff ects on visitors, wildlife, and ecosystems (e.g., food storage and trash storage).

Allowable Uses

AU-RSR-1 Research/Monitoring Permit Evaluation Criteria. Th e following criteria will be used to evaluate research proposals on 

an interim basis while fi nal criteria are in development. 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-25

 Th e suitability of proposed research will increase when the following conditions are met:

 • Th e research addresses missing or incomplete data regarding 

the CCNM’s resources and the uses of those resources. 

 • Th e information is useful to an increased understanding 

of the CCNM’s resources and thereby contributes to effective management and/or interpretation of resources.

 • Th e collected information, including manuscripts, publications, 

maps, and databases, will be shared with CCNM managers.

 • Problems or questions posed by the research are of importance to science or society and show promise of making an 

important contribution to knowledge of the subject matter.

 • A principal investigator and support team with a record 

of accomplishment in the proposed fi eld of investigation 

have demonstrated their ability to work cooperatively and 

safely and to accomplish the desired tasks within a reasonable time frame.

 • Th e investigators prepare occasional summaries of fi ndings 

for public use, such as seminars and brochures.

 • Natural and cultural resources, operations, and visitors are 

not disrupted.

 • Th e safety of researchers and others is not compromised.

 • Cataloging and care of collected specimens are planned.

 • Details about provisions for meeting logistical needs are 

provided.

 • Th e research is supported academically and fi nancially.

 • All fi eld work, analyses, and reporting will be completed 

within a reasonable time frame.

 Th e suitability of proposed research will diminish under the 

following conditions:

 • Activities will adversely aff ect the experiences of visitors to 

the monument.

 • Activities may directly or indirectly adversely aff ect seabird or pinniped colonies during the nesting/pupping or rearing seasons. 

 • Th e potential exists for an adverse eff ect on natural, cultural, 

or scenic resources—particularly on nonrenewable resources 

such as archaeological and fossil sites or geologic formations.

 • Th e research confl icts with any nearby military activities.

 • Th e research is redundant to previous research conducted 

in the CCNM or in other similar ecosystems (unless designed to corroborate studies in other areas).
2-26

 • Th e potential exists for creating a risk of hazard to the 

researchers, visitors, or ecosystem integrity.

 • Extensive collecting of natural materials is planned or unnecessarily replicates existing voucher collections.

 • Substantial logistical, administrative, curatorial, or project 

monitoring support by BLM staff is required.

 • Time is insuffi cient to allow necessary review and consultation.

 • Th e principal investigator lacks scientifi c institutional affi liation 

or recognized experience in conducting scientifi c research.

 • Scientifi c detail and justifi cation are inadequate to support 

achieving the study objectives.

AU-RSR-2 Core-Managing Partner Activities. BLM may authorize partner staff to carry out offi cial duties without requiring a permit. 

BLM and partner staff will need to comply with professional 

standards and conditions normally associated with scientifi c 

research/monitoring permits issued by BLM.

Operating Framework

FR-RSR-1 Resource Characterization. No comprehensive inventory has 

been conducted to determine the extent and status of many 

CCNM resources. Th e data gaps that exist for the coastal 

rocks and islands make identifying management goals and 

strategies diffi cult. To improve this situation, BLM will seek 

the partnerships and funding needed to undertake detailed 

characterizations of monument resources. Th e goal of resource characterization eff orts will be to provide the information on resource distribution, condition, sensitivity, threats, 

and trends that will allow managers to focus their eff orts to the 

greatest benefi t of resource conservation. 

FR-RSR-2 Research Coordination. Th e Presidential Proclamation emphasizes that the CCNM off ers irreplaceable scientifi c values. 

Indeed, the monument serves as a platform for a wide variety 

of scientifi c research throughout the entire California coast. 

Entities conducting research along the coast are summarized 

in Table 2-2.

 BLM intends to take an active role in promoting and coordinating research related to developing a better understanding of the coastal resources under its stewardship and their 

relationship to human activity. In coordination with its coremanaging partners, BLM will attempt to focus the research 

to achieve these ends through its permitting process. Specifi c focus will be placed on the ways in which research can 

contribute to the resource characterization eff orts identifi ed 

in FR-RSR-1, and to the understanding of human activity effects on coastal resources. 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-27

Institution

COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY INSTITUTIONS

Bodega Bay Marine Lab (UC Davis and UC Berkeley)

Hancock Institute for Marine Studies (University of Southern California)

Hopkins Marine Station (Stanford)

Long Marine Lab (UC Santa Cruz)

Marine Science Center (UCLA)

Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (consortium of seven CSU campuses)

Romberg Tiburon Centers (San Francisco State University)

Santa Barbara Marine Science Institute (UC Santa Barbara)

Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California [UC] San Diego)

Southern California Marine Institute (Occidental College, University of Southern California, and multiple campuses 

of California State University[CSU])

Telonicher Marine Laboratory (Humboldt State University)

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

California Department of Fish and Game (including the California Department of Fish and Game Offi ce of Oil Spill Prevention 

and Response)

California Oceans Resource Management Program (California Resources Agency)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

State Water Resources Control Board

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Geological Survey

U.S. Minerals Management Service

MUSEUMS AND AQUARIUM

Aquarium of the Pacifi c (Long Beach)

Cabrillo Marine Aquarium (San Pedro)
2-28

Institution

Humboldt Bay Maritime Museum (Eureka)

Los Angeles Maritime Museum

Maritime Museum of Monterey

Monterey Bay Aquarium

National Maritime Museum (San Francisco)

Ocean Institute (Dana Point)

San Diego Maritime Museum

Santa Barbara Maritime Museum

Sea World, San Diego 

Steinhart Aquarium, California Academy of Science (San Francisco)

Stephen Birch Aquarium, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (La Jolla)

Ventura County Maritime Museum

OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AND PROGRAMS (INCLUDING NONPROFITS)

California Coastal Coalition

California Sea Grant 

Center for Integrated Coastal Observation, Research and Education (CI-CORE)

Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea (COMPASS)

Coastal Ocean Currents Monitoring Program

Multi-Agency Rocky Intertidal Network (MARINe)

Ocean Conservancy

Th e Otter Project, Inc.

Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO)

PRBO Conservation Science

Save Our Shores

Southern California Coastal Water Research Project

Surfrider Foundation

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-29

Education and Interpretation

Inventory and Mapping Research Enforcement

Plan Coordination

Land Acquisition Publicity Sponsorship

CORE-MANAGING PARTNERSCalifornia Department of Fish and Game (DFG) (Marine Region and Offi ce of Spill Protection and Response) x xx x x x xCalifornia Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) x x x x x x xFEDERAL AGENCIESU.S. Department of the Interior (DOI):  National Park Service (NPS) x x x x x Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) x x x x x x Geological Survey (Biological Services and Coast and  Marine Geology Program) x x Minerals Management Service (MMS) x x x xU.S. Department of Commerce – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): National Ocean Service x x x x x Offi ce of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management x x x National Marine Sanctuary Program Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) x xx x x x

 Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary x xx x x x Cordell Banks National Marine Sanctuary x xx x x x Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary x xx x x x

 National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) x x x x x National Marine Protected Areas x x x x x Offi ce of Coastal Mapping xU.S. Department of Homeland Security – Coast Guard(USCG) x xx
2-30

Education and Interpretation

Inventory and Mapping Research Enforcement

Plan Coordination

Land Acquisition Publicity Sponsorship

National Science Foundation x xU.S. Department of Defense – Air Force, Navy, Marines, andArmy (DoD) x xU.S. Department of Agriculture – Forest Service (Los Padres National Forest) (USFS) x xx x xSTATE AGENCIESResources Agency – California Ocean Resources Management Program xx x xCalifornia Coastal Commission x x x xCalifornia Coastal Conservancy x x xCalifornia State Lands Commission (SLC) x x xCalifornia State Water Resources Control Board x x x xCalifornia Regional Water Quality Control Boards x x x xCalifornia Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF) xCalifornia Department of Transportation (Caltrans) x x x xCalifornia Department of Boating and Waterways x xLOCAL AGENCIESCities and counties x x x x x Law enforcement x City and county parks and beaches x x x xHarbor commissions x xBeach Erosion Authority for Clean Oceans and Nourishment x xMARINE RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AND LABORATORIESScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California (UC) San Diego (La Jolla) x xx xMarine Science Institute, UC Santa Barbara (Goleta) X X X XBodega Marine Laboratory, UC Davis (Bodega Bay) X X X XInstitute of Marine Sciences, UC Santa Cruz(including Long Marine Laboratory and Seymour Marine Discovery Center)

X XX X

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-31

Education and Interpretation

Inventory and Mapping Research Enforcement

Plan Coordination

Land Acquisition Publicity Sponsorship

Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Th e California State University X XX X

Humboldt State University Telonicher Marine Laboratory (Trinidad) X XX XHopkins Marine Station, Stanford University (Pacifi c Grove) X X X XCatalina Marine Science Center, University of Southern California (Catalina Island) X XX XMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (Moss Landing) x x x xOrange County Marine Institute (Dana Point) x x x xHancock Institute for Marine Studies(University of Southern California) x xx xSouthern California Marine Institute(Occidental College, University of Southern California, andCalifornia State University)

x xx x

Marine Science Center (UCLA) x x x xHubb-Sea World Marine Laboratory (San Diego) x x x xRomberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies (San Francisco State University) x xx xIsland Conservation and Ecology Group x x xMARINE AQUARIUMSMonterey Bay Aquarium x x x xCabrillo Marine Aquarium (San Pedro) x x x xStephen Birch Aquarium, Scripps (La Jolla) x x x xSteinhart Aquarium, California Academy of Science (San Francisco) x xx xAquarium of the Pacifi c (Long Beach) x x x xSea World, San Diego x x x x xMARITIME AND OTHER MUSEUMSSanta Barbara Maritime Museum x x x xNational Maritime Museum, NPS (San Francisco) x x x xSan Diego Maritime Museum x x x x
2-32

Education and Interpretation

Inventory and Mapping Research Enforcement

Plan Coordination

Land Acquisition Publicity Sponsorship

Los Angeles Maritime Museum (San Pedro) x x x xVentura County Maritime Museum (Oxnard) x x x xMaritime Museum of Monterey x x x xHumboldt Bay Maritime Museum (Eureka) x x x xSanta Barbara Museum of Natural History x x x xOTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, GRANT-MAKING FOUNDATIONS, AND COLLABORATIONSPoint Reyes Bird Observatory (PRBO) Conservation Science x x x x xOcean Conservancy x x x xPacifi c Seabird Group x x x xTh e Otter Project, Inc. x x x xSave Our Shores x x x x xBay Keepers x xSurfrider Foundation x x x x xOther Non-Profi t Organizations, Grant-Making Foundations, and Collaborations (continued)CoastwalkCalifornia Coastal CoalitionCalifornia Sea Grant x x x xPartnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO) x xx xCommunication Partnership for Science and the Sea (COMPASS) xx xSouthern California Coastal Water Research Project x x xCenter for Integrated Coastal Observation, Research andEducation (CI-CORE), Th e California State University x xx xCoastal Ocean Currents Monitoring Program x xRecreational Fishing Alliance (RFA) x xMendocino Seaweed Stewardship Alliance x x xOcean Laguna Foundation x x x x xYurok Tribe x x x

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-33

 BLM will promote sharing research information to prevent 

unnecessary overlap of data collection. Information sharing 

programs such as NOAA’s SIMoN (the Sanctuary Integrated 

Monitoring Program) may be used as models for coordinating 

research throughout the coast.

 Potential research collaborators include California’s ten primary marine laboratories, six marine aquariums, and seven maritime museums—as well as various federal and state agencies, 

non-profi t organizations, and research collaborations (e.g., 

PISCO and Multi-Agency Rocky Intertidal Network [MARINe]). (For a more complete list, please refer to Table 2-3 

in Chapter 2, “Key Aspects of the Management Approach—

Partnerships [Collaboration Focus]”.)

LAND TENURE ADJUSTMENTS

Th e “Land Tenure Adjustments” management actions in this RMP apply only 

to uses on BLM-managed lands within the boundary of the CCNM. 

Objectives

OJ-LTA-1 Pursue acquisition of rocks and islands within the monument 

corridor that are currently held outside BLM jurisdiction but 

are made available for transfer or acquisition, where those 

rocks and islands support the resources for which the monument was established. 

Management Actions

MA-LTA-1 Disposal. No monument lands are identifi ed for disposal under this RMP.

MA-LTA-2 Exchange. Exchange will be considered where it will further 

the resource protection purposes of the CCNM and meets the 

criteria discussed below. 

MA-LTA-3 Acquisition. Acquisition of additional properties will be considered where it will further the resource protection purposes 

of the CCNM and meets the criteria discussed below. During 

the plan implementation, preliminary lists of possible acquisitions will be reviewed and prioritized in cooperation with 

other resource management agencies along the coast.

MA-LTA-4 Decision Criteria. Land tenure adjustments will be considered on a case-by-case basis, using criteria that will include, 

but not be limited to, the following: 

 • Value or signifi cance of biological, cultural, and geologic 

resources;

 • Th reat level to the resources;

 • Opportunity;
2-34

 • Cost/funding availability; and/or 

 • Participation of partnering entities. 

Operating Framework

FR-LTA-1 Approach. Land tenure decisions will be made consistent with 

Section 205 of FLPMA. Land acquisition and exchange actions 

will be performed consistent with federal statutes, regulations, 

and directives and with willing private or government parties. 

FR-LTA-2 Presidential Proclamation. Th e Presidential Proclamation 

permits acquisition or exchange of private property and other 

lands to further protect the resources for which the monument was designated. Acquired lands will become part of the 

CCNM and will be subject to the decisions in this RMP. 

 Lands may come under BLM administration within the monument coastal corridor established in the Presidential Proclamation through exchange, donation, purchase, revocation 

of withdrawals of other federal agencies, or relinquishment of 

existing leases. Newly acquired or administered lands, or interest in lands, will be managed for their highest potential—or 

for the purposes for which they are acquired. Lands acquired 

with no identifi ed special values or management goals will be 

managed in the same manner as surrounding or compatible 

monument land.

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-35

LAND USE AUTHORIZATIONS

Th e Land Use Authorizations management actions in this RMP apply only to 

uses on BLM-managed lands within the boundary of the CCNM. 

Objectives

OJ-LUA-1 Authorize rights-of-way, land use permits, and easements on 

the monument consistent with protection of the monument 

resources and public health and safety.

Management Actions

MA-LUA-1 Consideration of Applications. Each application for use of 

CCNM lands will be considered on a case-by-case basis, considering the potential for the use to aff ect CCNM resources and the 

consistency of the use with the goals and policies of this RMP.

MA-LUA-2 Provisions for Facility Construction. Any facilities to be 

constructed will be built to applicable standards. BMPs and 

other measures will be implemented to avoid adverse eff ects 

on natural resources and the human environment. Any new 

facilities with potential for adverse eff ects will be subject to 

additional environmental review under NEPA.

Allowable Uses

AU-LUA-1 General. Uses of the monument will be allowed consistent with 

proclamation goals and public safety concerns. Th e descriptions 

below further elaborate on allowed and prohibited uses.

AU-LUA-2 Allowed Uses. Th e following uses will be allowed on the 

monument:

 • Valid existing rights.

 • Emergency uses of the CCNM, such as response to oil 

spills or hazardous materials releases (including staging 

for cleanup operations) and search-and-rescue operations. 

Law enforcement operations, including enforcement of 

federal laws within the monument, migrant interdiction, 

fi sheries enforcement, drug interdiction, and national defense, are also permissible uses. Consideration of the environmental sensitivity of CCNM resources shall be taken 

into account when operating on or over lands within the 

monument for such purposes.

 • Filming, if the activity complies with plan provisions. 

Permits for commercial fi lming will be required, and the 

preparation of a NEPA document may be required.

 • Special events, if the event meets plan provisions. Permits 

will be required.
2-36

 • Other land uses, such as construction and maintenance 

of aids-to-navigation facilities necessary for protection of 

human health and saftey on lands subject to BLM jurisdiction (also see “Visual Resources—Allowable Uses”). 

Th ese land uses will require a land use or encroachment 

permit or right-of-way, except in cases of emergency. 

AU-LUA-3 Prohibited Uses. Th e following uses will not be allowed on 

the monument:

 • All forms of entry, location, selection, sale, leasing, or 

other disposition under the public land laws, including but not limited to withdrawal from location, entry, 

and patent under the mining laws; and from disposition 

under all laws relating to mineral and geothermal leasing—other than by exchange that furthers the protective 

purposes of the monument. Th is includes coal, oil shale, 

fl uid mineral (including oil and gas, tar sands, geothermal 

resources, and coal bed methane), locatable mineral, mineral material, and nonenergy leasable mineral exploration 

and extraction.

 • Forest resource extraction.

 • Livestock grazing.

 • Appropriation, injury, destruction, or removal of any 

feature of this monument. Exceptions could include uses 

authorized by permit in association with research or management activities, collection of seaweed and invertebrates 

consistent with the State of California recreational fi shing regulations, and collection of certain natural materials 

by Native Americans under BLM permit and consistent 

with agreements between DFG and Native Americans for 

harvest of marine plants. Exceptions will be allowed only 

when not in violation of the California Code of Regulations and other federal and state restrictions, or for emergency or management purposes.

Operating Framework

FR-LUA-1 Granting Land Use Authorizations. BLM will grant land use 

authorizations in coordination with the core-managing partners, per the MOU, and following standard agency operating 

procedures. Th e core-managing partners, where possible, will 

coordinate to develop a combined process for authorization 

of activities that occur on the CCNM as well as activities that 

span multiple jurisdictional boundaries.

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-37

SPECIAL MANAGEMENT

Th e “Special Management” actions in this RMP apply only to uses on BLMmanaged lands within the boundary of the CCNM. Special management includes ACECs, back-country byways, national recreation areas, national trails, 

and lands recognized as having wilderness characteristics. 

Objectives

OJ-SMA-1 Maintain special designations on the monument consistent 

with protection of the monument resources.

OJ-SMA-2 Maintain the existing wilderness characteristics associated 

with the rocks, islands, exposed reefs, and pinnacles so long as 

they are consistent with the overall management objectives of 

the CCNM.

Management Actions

MA-SMA-1 California Coastal ACEC. After careful evaluation of the resources recognized by the 1990 designation of the California 

Islands Wildlife Sanctuary as an ACEC, it was determined 

that their protection would be enhanced by maintaining the 

ACEC designation. Th e name of the California Islands Wildlife Sanctuary ACEC will be changed to the California Coastal 

ACEC, and the ACEC designation will be maintained. 

MA-SMA-2 Other Designations. Other special designations may occur in 

the future as warranted, following standard BLM procedures. 

MA-SMA-3 Wilderness Characteristics. Th e monument will be managed 

to protect its wilderness characteristics. Appendix H provides 

the management direction for protecting these wilderness 

characteristics. Th e management prescriptions to protect wilderness character are consistent with the direction found in 

the Presidential Proclamation designating the CCNM. 

CADASTRAL SUPPORT

Objectives

OJ-CAD-1 Conduct cadastral surveys in support of new land exchanges 

or other changes in ownership.

Management Actions

MA-CAD-1 Clarifi cation of Ownership. BLM will continue eff orts to 

clarify land ownership where ownership is unknown, believed 

to be inaccurate, or in dispute.

MA-CAD-2 Changes in Ownership. Changes in land ownership status 

of rocks and islands under CCNM jurisdiction will be docu2-38

mented through surveying so that the geographic extent of 

land use decisions in this plan is clearly understood.

MA-CAD-3 Survey Strategy. A survey strategy will be developed to guide 

cadastral work for the CCNM. Priority areas for surveying 

and mapping will be developed, and a time frame for completion will be specifi ed.

Operating Framework

FR-CAD-1 Approach. Many small rocks and islands under BLM jurisdiction along California’s coast are not fully recorded and 

mapped. In some areas, jurisdiction between various federal, state, and local entities overlaps and land ownership is in 

question. Resolving these jurisdictional uncertainties will be 

a long-term goal of BLM, as it will help to improve long-term 

management of coastal resources.

Management Framework

Typically, an action for which an RMP is prepared involves two levels of management: a level that is represented by the detailed areas of allocation and 

management actions, and a second level that forms an overarching umbrella 

of management for the proposed action. Th is overarching level is described in 

this section. Th e following discussion describes the elements constituting this level 

of management and represents the basic operating procedures for the monument.

PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION MANAGEMENT DIRECTIVES

President Clinton’s Proclamation establishing the CCNM (Appendix B) provides the basic framework for management of the monument. Th e Presidential Proclamation directs that the Secretary of the Interior manage the CCNM 

through BLM, pursuant to applicable legal authorities, to implement the purposes of the proclamation. Th e central purpose is clearly stated as protection 

of the monument’s physical, biological, and socio-cultural resources and values. Th e Presidential Proclamation does not revoke any existing withdrawal, 

reservation, or appropriation of BLM lands along California’s coast; however, 

the CCNM is identifi ed as the dominant reservation of these lands. Finally, 

the Presidential Proclamation does not enlarge or diminish the jurisdiction or 

authority of the State of California or the United States over submerged or other 

lands within the territorial waters off the coast of California. Th e Presidential Proclamation, while not specifying management, does establish the context 

within which the specifi c management for the monument will be defi ned.

KEY ASPECTS OF THE MANAGEMENT APPROACH

To carry out the mission and accomplish the overall vision for the CCNM, 

attention will be paid to four equally important aspects of the management 

approach—preservation, landscape, partnerships, and communities. Figure 2-

1 summarizes the key aspects and focus of the management approach to the CCNM.

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-39

Preservation (Management Focus)

Preservation is the primary management focus for the CCNM. 

Th is focus applies directly to the more than 20,000 rocks and small 

islands that make up the CCNM (i.e., the portion above mean 

high tide). Four major elements constitute this management 

focus: protection, research, education, and planning. 

Th ese elements and their interrelationships are described below.

Protection

As stated earlier, the primary focus of the CCNM is the 

protection of rocks and islands, and their geologic, biological, and cultural resources and related values as identifi ed in the 

Presidential Proclamation. For this reason, other management priorities as established by BLM’s multiple-use mandate under FLPMA 

have been determined to be secondary to this purpose. 

Research

Research and scientifi c monitoring are critical elements in management of 

the CCNM, as they are the fi rst steps to more clearly understanding the signifi cance and extent of the resources that the CCNM is intended to protect. 

Agencies, public interest groups, and coastal researchers have emphasized the 

importance of the research aspect of CCNM management and have indicated 

interest in being actively involved in covering the gaps in the understanding of 

coastal resources and resource issues. Encouraging and coordinating research 

related to the coast and ocean interface (i.e., the “sea-land connection”) will be 

a key aspect of implementing the CCNM RMP. Coordination with the collaborative partners listed under “Partnerships” will help to develop long-term 

monitoring strategies that are compatible with existing databases and that 

encourage better understanding of the coastal ecosystems.

Education

Education and associated public outreach form an important element around 

which eff ective management of the CCNM has been developed. Th e fi rst task 

of this element is the continual eff ort to increase awareness of the CCNM, 

including what it is and what it is not. A second task of this element is linking CCNM education eff orts with the numerous education initiatives that 

already exist regarding the various coastal and marine resources of California. 

Th e third task is to take advantage of existing and future partnerships and infrastructure, as well as cost-sharing opportunities, to provide for cost-eff ective 

interpretation of CCNM resources.

Planning

Implementation of the RMP will involve development of additional, much 

more specifi c activity plans. A major challenge to implementing these plans 

will be coordinating with the wide range of other agencies whose jurisdictions 
2-40

overlap or are adjacent to the lands of the CCNM. With 15 general land use 

plans for the California coastal counties, over two dozen local coastal programs, 

various State Park general plans, the marine protected areas anticipated to be 

derived from the MLPA process, four National Marine Sanctuary plans, and 

numerous other plans aff ecting activities along the California coast, simply coordinating with these plans and planning initiatives will result in a substantial 

workload. BLM and its core-managing partners are dedicated to making the 

coordination of coastal plans a part of their CCNM management approach.

Landscape (Ecosystem Focus)

Landscape is the ecosystem focus of the second management aspect of the 

CCNM. It is the more than 14,600 square nautical miles within which the 

CCNM is located (i.e., from the mean high tide line out 12 nautical miles 

along the 1,100 miles of the California coastline). As stated in the Presidential Proclamation, the CCNM contains “irreplaceable scientifi c values vital to 

protecting the fragile ecosystems of the California coastline.” It is the landscape aspect that connects the CCNM with the various ecosystems of which 

its rocks and small islands are an important part, and links the CCNM with 

the many jurisdictions and management responsibilities that together ensure 

the proper management and long-term protection of the California coastal 

and marine resources and values. Th is landscape also links the CCNM with 

its current and future partners, as well as with the public. In addition, it is 

this landscape that provides the opportunity for using the CCNM as a focal 

point for the sea-land connection that can help link coastal initiatives with 

marine initiatives.

To provide a complete ecological perspective to the landscape aspect of the 

CCNM and eff ectively manage the monument, all three of the basic dimensions of an ecosystem—physical, biological, and socio-cultural—need to be 

taken into account. Working to understand the interconnectedness of all 

three of these dimensions and to continue to apply the growing knowledge of 

this interconnection will be a key aspect to successfully managing the CCNM. 

Anything within the landscape can be placed within one of these three ecosystem dimensions. Each of these ecosystem dimensions (based on P. N. Manley 

et al. 1995) is briefl y discussed in the following text.

Physical (Abiotic)

Th e physical dimension is made up of all of the non-organic, abiotic elements 

of an ecosystem. Th is consists of the non-living material components of the 

environment, such as rocks, water, and air; and can include the topography, 

geology, climate, nutrients, and hydrology. 

Biological (Biotic)

Th e biological dimension is made up of all the living or biotic elements of 

an ecosystem. Th is includes all plants and animals, and involves food webs, 

microbes, and diseases.

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 Management Decisions — 2-41

Socio-Cultural (Cultural)

Th e socio-cultural dimension consists of those elements of an ecosystem dealing with the origin, development, organization, and functioning of human 

societies and cultures. Th is includes all human-made modifi cations of the 

environment, current and past; and involves land uses, economics, beliefs, life 

style, and social groups.

Partnerships (Collaboration Focus)

Partnerships provide the collaboration focus for the CCNM. Because the 

CCNM spans the length of California’s coastline, management of the CCNM 

provides unique opportunities and challenges. Th e CCNM is located adjacent to or embedded within many jurisdictions, including lands and waters reserved, owned, or administered by DoD; USCG; NPS; NOAA (which 

manages the four off shore marine sanctuaries); U.S. Forest Service (USFS); 

FWS; DPR; SLC; private landholdings; 15 coastal counties; and numerous 

cities, communities, municipalities, and tribal jurisdictions. 

Th e Presidential Proclamation makes it clear that the CCNM will remain 

under federal ownership and directs the Secretary of the Interior to manage 

the CCNM through BLM. Nevertheless, BLM needs to continue existing 

partnerships with other governmental agencies and private entities, while also 

pursuing new collaborations, to eff ectively implement management of the 

CCNM. To address the wide array of partnership opportunities, both existing 

and potential, three basic partnership categories have been established: coremanaging partners, collaborative partners, and stewards. A list of potential 

partnering agencies, and their potential role, is provided in Table 2-3.

Core-Managing Partners

BLM, DFG, and DPR serve as CCNM’s core-managing partners. Th ese 

agencies are responsible for the oversight and day-to-day management of the 

entire CCNM. Th rough the interim MOU signed in spring 2000 (Appendix C), BLM extended its partnership with DFG and added DPR, the state 

agency that administers more than 25 percent of the California’s mainland 

coast. Other partners may have specifi c interests and involvement in specifi c 

parts or program aspects of the CCNM, but the core-managing partners are 

responsible for the overall management of the entire CCNM. In concurrence 

with the interim MOU and the Presidential Proclamation that established 

the CCNM, BLM will function in a primary role in administration of the 

CCNM; but the intent is to involve DFG and DPR in management of the 

entire CCNM as much as possible and appropriate to their authorities. 

Th e MOU under which this management partnership operates specifi cally 

states that the three agencies will:

• Collaborate in management of the CCNM,

• Authorize uses in the CCNM only following consultation among the parties, 
2-42

• Work as partners in preserving the objects of historic and scientifi c 

interest for which the CCNM was established,

• Work on mapping and understanding the resources in the CCNM, and

• Work with the public to explain the values of the CCNM.

Although BLM, DFG, and DPR will work collaboratively as core-managing partners to manage the physical, biological, and cultural resources of the 

CCNM, all staffi ng and budget resources decisions will be made individually 

by each government agency.

All three core-managing partners are resource management agencies with statutory and regulatory authority that allows them to operate within the entire 

area of the CCNM. Although each of the agencies has its own unique authorities, collectively these three agencies can provide the needed management 

for the CCNM. BLM does not anticipate adding any other core-managing 

partners. Th e involvement of other entities with management of the CCNM 

will be formalized through the use of the other two partnership categories.

It is anticipated that, as the planning and management for the CCNM moves into the implementation stage, the fi eld-level involvement of 

and coordination among the core-managing 

partners—as well as the other CCNM partners—will become progressively more active. 

Local involvement of the CCNM’s partners will 

be a key to the monument’s future success.

Collaborative Partners

Collaborative partners will help to implement 

particular resource/use program areas throughout 

the monument. Most of the partnerships related 

to the CCNM will fall into this category. Collaborative partnerships will be developed with a wide 

variety of governmental, tribal, and private agencies and entities. Th ese partners have specifi c interests or responsibilities that, when linked with the 

CCNM, enhance both the monument’s purpose 

and the mission, goals, and purpose of the collaborative partner. Th ese partnerships will include 

entities that oversee similar resources (e.g., seabirds 

or tidepools), have program-related interests (e.g., 

maritime heritage or marine protected species), are 

involved in a related activity (e.g., research or education), or oversee adjacent locations (e.g., an area within a National Marine Sanctuary). Collaborations could 

take the form of joint ventures with multiple participating partners. 

When the RMP was printed, collaborative partnership agreements had been developed with two NOAA organizations (i.e., MBNMS and the National Marine 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-43

Protected Areas Center) and two non-profi t membership organizations (i.e., 

PRBO Conservation Science and the Recreational Fishing Alliance). 

Other potential collaborative partners include, but are not limited to: USCG, 

NOAA’s NMFS, FWS, NPS, MMS, USGS, DoD, SLC, the California Coastal 

Conservancy, California Coastal Commission, Santa Barbara Maritime Museum, University of California (UC) Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, UC 

San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California State University 

Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Monterey Bay Aquarium, PISCO, Point 

Arena Lighthouse Keepers, the Ocean Conservancy, the Surfriders Foundation, and Save Our Shores. 

Stewards

Th is partnership category is for select entities with ownership and management responsibility for a specifi c portion of the coast that adjoins part of the 

CCNM. Th ese partners agree to serve as stewards for that portion of the 

CCNM. Stewards will work with BLM and other partners to help in management of a portion of the CCNM that is off shore of the steward’s onshore 

property. Examples of other potential stewardship partners include the U.S. Air 

Force became the fi rst stewardship partner with the signing of an MOU to assist with the Management of the portion of the CCNM off the Vandenberg Air 

Force Base in Santa Barbara County, the Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community 

of the Trinidad Rancheria (Humboldt County), Crescent City Harbor District 

(Del Norte County), the Pebble Beach Company (Monterey County), and possibly some individual private landowners or landowner associations.

A stewardship agreement will be developed with each approved steward. Each 

agreement will identify the specifi c portion of the CCNM for which the steward will assist in long-term management, as well as outline the expected roles 

and responsibilities of a steward while working with BLM and its various 

CCNM partners.

Communities (Local Focus)

Th e fi nal focus on communities has been chosen to help develop community 

involvement and a sense of community “ownership,” which will aid in eff ectively managing the CCNM. As part of this focus, the establishment and initiation of a series of “CCNM gateways” will be completed. CCNM gateways 

are sections of the California coast that serve as focal points or visitor contact 

locations for the CCNM—areas, towns, cities, communities, or various locations that are ideal for providing visitor information and services—and have 

the infrastructure and interest in serving in this capacity. CCNM gateways 

also will be the vehicle to establish a local “fl avor” for a specifi c portion of the 

CCNM, provide local stewardship, and create a sense of place for the monument. A more detailed discussion of “CCNM Gateways” is provided below 

under “Key Management Initiatives.”
2-44

PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PRIORITIES

Key Priorities for Management

Th e following three priorities for management of the CCNM have been identifi ed:

• Protecting CCNM Resources and Resource Values. As directed by the 

Presidential Proclamation, protection is the primary reason for establishing the CCNM. Although the CCNM manager has the overall 

responsibility of overseeing the management of the entire monument, 

the fi ve BLM coastal fi eld offi ce (i.e., Arcata, Ukiah, Hollister, Bakersfi eld, and Palm Springs/South Coast) managers have the day-to-day 

responsibility carrying out the resource protection of their respective 

portions of the CCNM. In addition, assistance in protection will be 

provided from BLM’s core-managing partners, DFG and DPR, as well 

as from some of the CCNM’s other partners (e.g., the “stewards”).

• Developing and Maintaining Partnerships. With a national monument that is as extensive as the CCNM, as well as being connected 

to so many varied jurisdictions, the opportunities for partnerships 

are enormous; and such partnerships are necessary. BLM needs to 

continue existing CCNM partnerships and establish new ones with 

other governmental agencies and other entities in order to eff ectively 

administer the CCNM. Th is eff ort will help support and be linked 

with all other aspects of CCNM management. 

• CCNM Site Characterization. A comprehensive site characterization 

will be critical to identifying the resources that comprise the CCNM 

as well as the important locations, resources, and values that the monument aims to protect. It also will enable BLM to organize research 

and monitoring needs, gaps, and opportunities; discuss the CCNM 

in terms of its physical, biological, and socio-cultural demensions; begin developing the CCNM’s public education and interpretive initiatives; and establish a public accessible web-based site.

Key Management Initiatives

BLM has identifi ed a number of topics that could serve as focal points for its 

initial management eff orts on the CCNM. Th ese topics include scenic values, 

the sea-land connection, geologic formations, seabirds (including coastal, off -

shore, or pelagic birds and their associated habitats), marine mammals (pinnipeds and sea otters and their associated habitats), intertidal vegetation, terrestrial vegetation, special-status species, invasive species, the nearshore ocean 

zone, tidepools, lighthouses, historic and prehistoric use, shipwrecks, paleontological values, CCNM Gateways, and the virtual monument. 

Of these topics, three have been selected for immediate attention to ensure 

that the RMP implementation contains specifi c actions that begin to produce 

visible results: (1) CCNM Gateways, (2) Seabird Conservation, and (3) Tidepool Connections. Although initial management may not focus exclusively 

on these three areas, they represent the initial priorities and will override other 

potential initiatives until additional funding and staffi ng becomes available 

for CCNM management. Th e CCNM gateway initiative is critical to provid-

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-45

ing a sense of place to the CCNM and involving the local communities, our 

partners, and fi ve BLM coastal fi eld offi ces. Seabird conservation initiates 

the research aspect of the CCNM. Finally, the tidepools initiative provides 

an education and outreach focus area needing attention, and will provide the 

vehicle to connect with all of the current CCNM partners—along with a tangible goal and purpose that will connect the CCNM with a large number of 

other potential partners (i.e., a “tidepool network”). 

Each of these three initiatives is described in more detail below. In addition, the 

descriptions under “Key Management Initiatives” below contain additional information about CCNM management that is relevant to the three initiatives.

CCNM Gateways

CCNM visitor gateways will be located at various points along the California 

coast; they are intended to provide a sense of place for this unique monument, 

bring the monument into focus, and link the CCNM with local communities 

and initiatives. Of the CCNM’s 36 sub-units (described in more detail below 

under “Sub-Unit Identifi cation”), 12 lend themselves to serve as the initial 

CCNM gateways and provide the primary contact locations for the CCNM. 

Th ese 12 potential CCNM gateways are (from north to south) the following: 

(1) Crescent City, (2) Trinidad, (3) Shelter Cove (Lost Coast), (4) Mendocino 

(Fort Bragg/Mendocino), (5) Elk, (6) Point Arena, (7) Sonoma Coast, (8) Pigeon Point (San Mateo/Santa Cruz Coast), (9) Monterey Peninsula, (10) Big 

Sur, (11) Piedras Blancas/San Simeon (San Luis Obispo north), and (12) Palos 

Verdes Peninsula. Th ese locations provide multiple opportunities with a variety 

of partners and potential partners to serve as the CCNM’s key contact points. 

As an important part of the implementation of this key aspect of the long-term 

management of the CCNM, three to fi ve CCNM gateways could be rolled-out 

per year over the fi rst 3–5 years of implementing the CCNM RMP.

Th e fi rst fi ve priority CCNM Gateways include one in each of the fi ve BLM 

coastal fi eld offi ces. A proposed implementation schedule is as follows: 

2006 Piedras Blancas/San Simeon (Bakersfi eld Field Offi ce [FO]), 

Point Arena (Ukiah FO), Pigeon Point (Hollister FO), Lost 

Coast/Shelter Cove (Arcata FO), and Palos Verdes Peninsula 

(Palm Spring/South Coast FO)

2007 Monterey Peninsula (Hollister FO), Elk (Ukiah FO), Trinidad 

(Arcata FO), and Sonoma Coast (Ukiah FO)

2008 Big Sur (Hollister FO), Mendocino (Ukiah FO), and Crescent City (Arcata FO)

For each CCNM gateway, the following steps will be completed: (1) identifi cation and initiation of the key local partnerships; (2) development of an 

implementation strategy and/or plan; (3) identifi cation, enhancement, and/or 

development of the initial infrastructure for interpretation and visitor contact; 

(4) development of visitor contact information and media packets; (5) planning and carrying out a roll-out ceremony; and (6) long-term implementation. Each of these steps will be tailored to the specifi c CCNM Gateway and 

handled as appropriate for the specifi c location, partners, and facilities.
2-46

Seabird Conservation

Seabirds, shorebirds, and pinnipeds are the most prominent wildlife on the 

CCNM. Of these, seabirds have received the least attention. As used here, 

seabirds are those species—whether coastal, off shore, or pelagic—whose normal habitat and food source is the sea. Th is term includes species (e.g., pelicans) for which, at certain times of the year, the sea provides their habitat 

and principal source of food (Harrison 1983). For the CCNM, these species 

include, but are not necessarily limited to, Leach’s storm-petrel, ashy stormpetrel, black storm-petrel, fork-tailed storm-petrel, brown pelican, pelagic 

cormorant, Brandt’s cormorant, common murre, pigeon guillemot, Xantus’s 

murrelet, Cassin’s auklet, rhinoceros auklet, tufted puffi n, and western gull. 

While seabird research has increased signifi cantly over the past 40 years, information is limited. Research has signifi cantly increased knowledge about some 

species (e.g., common murre and Brandt’s cormorant), but little is known 

about such things as the pelagic dispersal and the breeding areas for some of 

these species. 

Th e most recently available inventory of seabirds on the islands and rocks of 

California was compiled in 1980 (Sowls et al.), although data gathered in the 

early 1990s by Harry Carter and others may be available sometime in 2005 

(Carter pers. comm.). Th ese surveys, while comprehensive, are critically in 

need of updating. Populations of some of the larger seabirds (e.g., common 

murre and Brandt’s cormorant) have been surveyed from the air, but many 

small breeding populations of seabirds have not been surveyed since the 1970s 

(Manuwal et al. 2001). Th ere is very little information on the status of most 

of the seabird colonies in the CCNM. Th is is especially true for nocturnal and 

burrow- or crevice-nesting seabirds, for which the above inventories were not 

designed to survey, and for the smallest colonies. Future surveys likely will 

document more nesting sites than previously recorded because new technology now enables surveyors to better detect some of the more secretive birds 

(e.g., storm-petrels and small auklets) that are active mostly at night. As more 

is known about seabirds, conservation eff orts can be developed and implemented that will help to ensure the survival of these species. 

Because the rocks and small islands of the CCNM provide important habitat 

to seabirds for roosting, resting, nesting, breeding, and brooding, the CCNM 

can help to fi ll the gaps in the seabird inventories along the California coast 

and can serve as a focal point for seabird conservation initiatives. Th is could 

include working with various CCNM partners to coordinate seabird monitoring, research, protection, and public outreach initiatives.

Tidepool Connections

With more than 20,000 off shore rocks and small islands spread along the 

1,100 miles of the California coastline, the monument is associated with much 

of the state’s rocky intertidal coastal zone. Th erefore, the monument is connected with many of California’s unique tidepool areas. Although tidepools 

exist primarily below mean high tide and are therefore outside the CCNM, 

some of the pools’ features extend above mean high tide and are part of the 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-47

monument. Th is linkage demonstrates the interconnecting relationship the CCNM has with the various coastal ecosystems 

of which it is a part.

Tidepools are pools left behind when the ocean water recedes 

at low tides. Because some parts of the beach and some rocks 

are higher than others, the water reaches some parts of them 

during high tides but not other parts, and some parts may be 

below the water except during minus tides. Th is creates four 

“intertidal zones” of the beaches and rocks that are aff ected by 

the water in diff erent ways. Th ese four zones are the splash 

zone, high tide zone, middle tide zone, and low tide zone.

Depending on whether the tidepools are in a sheltered or exposed part of the intertidal zone, the amount of intertidal area 

within the monument will vary considerably. In sheltered areas, the CCNM area (i.e., above mean high tide) may include 

only the uppermost portion of the high tide zone and the splash 

zone above it. In exposed areas, the CCNM area may include 

the entire portion of the high tide zone and even part of the 

middle tide zone. In exposed coastal areas, the intertidal zones 

tend to spread wider and higher due to heavier wave action 

(Ricketts et al. 1985).

Connection with a wide variety of California’s tidepools provides 

the CCNM with the opportunity to serve as the vehicle to help 

develop and coordinate a California coast-wide initiative related to tidepool education and protection. Th is may include development and dissemination of a 

“tidepool etiquette” applicable to the entire coast, common tidepool public education materials, and appropriate signage wording and formats; and establishing a 

communication network.

CCNM rocks are associated with many of California’s best tidepool areas, 

including Trinidad State Beach and the King Range National Conservation 

Area in Humboldt County, MacKerricher State Park in Mendocino County, 

Sea Ranch’s Shell Beach in Sonoma County, Fitzgerald Marine Reserve in San 

Mateo County, Point Pinos in Monterey County, Leo Carrillo State Beach 

and Rancho Palos Verdes’ Abalone Cove Ecological Reserve in Los Angeles 

County, and La Jolla Cove in San Diego County.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT GUIDANCE

Monument Administration

BLM will use its existing operating procedures and guidance documents, and its 

MOU with DFG and DPR (Appendix C) as a base to administer the CCNM. 

Administration by BLM is currently performed through the CCNM Manager, 

stationed in Monterey, California, and working under the Deputy State Director, Natural Resources in the BLM’s California State Offi ce in Sacramento. Th e 

CCNM Manager works closely with the managers of the fi ve California BLM fi eld 

offi ces with coastal responsibilities (i.e., the Arcata, Ukiah, Hollister, Bakersfi eld, and 
2-48

Palm Springs/South Coast FOs). Th ese fi eld offi ce managers have the day-to-day 

operational responsibilities related to their respective portion of the CCNM. Th e 

CCNM Manager has support from various BLM staff members from the fi ve BLM 

coastal fi eld offi ces, as well as from BLM California State Offi ce staff members for a 

variety of resource and administrative functions. 

Th e interim MOU for the core-managing partners identifi es that DFG and 

DPR will work as partners with BLM in preserving monument resources 

identifi ed in the Presidential Proclamation, as well as mapping, evaluating, 

and communicating with the public regarding these resources. Th e MOU 

also requires consultation between the agencies before authorizing uses of the 

CCNM. To this extent, DFG and DPR also will participate in monument 

administration. In concordance with the Presidential Proclamation and the 

MOU, BLM will function in a primary role in monument administration.

Role and Responsibilities of Core-Managing Partners

As mentioned above, BLM has ultimate responsibility for the CCNM and 

its management. As such, it will serve as the fi nal decision-making authority for actions on the monument, with consultation on major decisions to be 

conducted with DFG and DPR. DFG and DPR, while being involved in all 

aspects of CCNM management, will take more signifi cant roles for managing 

individual elements of the CCNM as dictated by their respective agency missions and areas of expertise, at a level commensurate with available funding. 

To this end, DFG will provide support for biological resources management 

actions. DPR will provide signifi cant support for recreation and education/

interpretation management actions.

Direct and Indirect Management

Th e RMP identifi es management actions that apply only to the individual 

rocks and islands of the CCNM. Because the rocks and islands are elements 

of a larger, closely connected coastal ecosystem, activities in the waters and 

lands adjacent to the CCNM also have the potential to aff ect monument 

resources. Consequently, in addition to describing the management to be 

carried out within the CCNM, the RMP includes management direction for 

participation in activities that could indirectly aff ect CCNM resources. Th is 

direction is expressed primarily through recommendations for coordination 

with other coastal initiatives and programs (e.g., DFG’s Offi ce of Spill Prevention and Response [OSPR] program), as well as active participation in 

mainland education, interpretation, and recreation opportunities. 

Specifi c Management Approaches 

Sub-Unit Identifi cation

Due to the sheer geographic spread and the substantial variability in physical, biological, and jurisdictional conditions along the length of California’s 

coast, the CCNM corridor has been subdivided into 36 sub-units. Th ese 

sub-units were developed as preliminary divisions to facilitate tailored man-

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-49

agement based on region-specifi c management issues. Th e sub-units have 

been distinguished using a variety of factors, including physiographic variability, presence and absence of CCNM properties, distance relationships between adjacent rock and island groups, and existing management jurisdiction 

boundaries. Sub-units were developed to serve as the basic unit for planning 

for the long-term management and use of the CCNM and to allow for distinctions in planning and management approaches, as well as providing the 

opportunity to create larger sub-units if desired for implementation of RMP 

actions. Th ese sub-units are shown in Figures 2-2a–c and are described in 

Table 2-4. Th e sub-units are also shown in the Map Atlas, following Chapter 7 of this RMP. While some of the sub-units identifi ed do not contain 

rocks or islands that are part of the CCNM, they were designated to ensure 

comprehensive coverage of the entire coastline. Th e sub-units are considered 

preliminary; and the number, location, and defi nitions of these sub-units may 

be altered in the future through the RMP’s adaptive management approach. 

Th e results of resource and public use inventories recommended in this plan 

will play a signifi cant role in future adjustments to management boundaries 

in the CCNM. 

Regionalized Management Approaches and Prototyping

Management of the CCNM is intended to be tailored to coastal locations. As 

discussed above, the CCNM has been divided into sub-units. Th ese sub-units 

or other logical divisions may be subject to varying management based on the 

geographic area, density, and character of monument features and associated 

resources in a given region; the number and engagement of partners; and local 

community interests and concerns. Th is site-specifi c management approach 

will extend to the implementation actions identifi ed in the plan below—in 

particular, activities related to protection of CCNM resources and recreational, educational, and interpretative programs. To this end, activity plans and 

associated implementation activities may address smaller geographic areas 

than the entire CCNM, such as an individual fi eld offi ce or sub-unit. Th ese 

“area plans” may also address multiple resources. Regional approaches will be 

implemented only to the extent that they do not undermine the core purpose 

of the CCNM (protection of objects of scientifi c and historic interest) and 

remain feasible from a management and funding perspective. 

BLM intends to use prototyping in its early management actions. Prototyping involves implementation of certain management approaches, particularly 

those that are relatively untested, on small portions of the coast to determine 

their usefulness, applicability, and potential for success in other specifi c areas. 

Highly successful approaches may be extended to the CCNM as a whole.

Public Role

In addition to learning about and appreciating the CCNM, the public has 

the potential to assist with management of the CCNM and its resources. 

Th is assistance may include participating in public advisory groups that may 

be formed as necessary and appropriate; participating in existing BLM Resource Advisory Committees (RACs); undertaking management roles as part 
2-50 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-51
2-52 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-53

of specifi c public or private groups through MOUs, following the partnership approach outlined above; and serving as a volunteer or a docent associated with a variety of tasks as the RMP is implemented and various support programs and eff orts are initiated. In addition, BLM and its partners 

Sub-Unit Location

1. Pelican Bay Oregon border to north of Point Saint George (top of Section 16, T16N, R2W)

2. Crescent City North of Point Saint George to south of Crescent City at Redwoods National Park 

boundary (top of Section 2, T15N, R1W)

3. Redwoods National and State Parks South of Crescent City to Big Lagoon (north end of Patrick’s 

Point SP)

4. Trinidad Big Lagoon to south end of Little River SP

5. Humboldt Bay South end of Little River SP to Centerville Beach County Park

6. Lost Coast Centerville Beach County Park to Usal Creek

7. Cape Vizcaino/ Westport Usal Creek to Ten Mile River

8. Fort Bragg/ Mendocino Ten Mile River to Big River

9. Van Damme/ Navarro Head Big River to Navarro River

10. Elk Navarro River to Alder Creek at the north end of Manchester SP

11. Point Arena Alder Creek to Moat Creek (top Section 30, T12N, R16W)

12. Saunders Reef/ Gualala Moat Creek to Gualala River (Mendocino/Sonoma county line)

13. Sea Ranch/ Fort Ross Gualala River to Jewell Gulch

14. Sonoma Coast Jewell Gulch to Salmon Creek

15. Bodega Head Salmon Creek to south of Dillon Beach (south of old University of Pacifi c marine station)

16. Point Reyes/ GGNRA South of Dillon Beach to San Francisco/San Mateo county line

17. San Mateo/ Santa Cruz San Francisco/San Mateo county line to Soquel Creek

18. Monterey Bay East Soquel Creek to El Estero east of Monterey’s Fisherman’s Wharf

19. Monterey Peninsula El Estero to Carmel River

20. Big Sur Carmel River to San Carpoforo Creek

21. San Luis Obispo North San Carpoforo Creek to Morro Rock

22. San Luis Obispo South Morro Rock to Pismo Creek

23. Pismo/Guadalupe Dunes Pismo Creek to Mussel Point (21⁄2 miles south of Santa Maria River)

24. Vandenberg/Point Conception Mussel Point to Cañada del Cojo

25. Santa Barbara/ Ventura Cañada del Cojo to Mugu Lagoon and Mugu Rock

26. Malibu Mugu Rock to Santa Monica Canyon

27. Los Angeles South Bay Santa Monica to Malaga Cove (at north end of Palos Verdes Peninsula)

28. Palos Verdes Malaga Cove to San Pedro Bay

29. Long Beach/ Newport Beach San Pedro Bay to Newport Bay

30. Laguna Beach/San Clemente Newport Bay to Orange/San Diego county line

31. San Diego North Orange/San Diego county line to north end of Torrey Pines SB

32. La Jolla/ Point Loma North end of Torrey Pines SB to North Island

33. San Diego South North Island to Mexico border

34. Southern Channel Islands San Clemente, Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara, and San Nicolas Islands

35. Northern Channel Islands Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel Islands

36. Farallon Islands Southeast Farallon, Middle Farallon, and North Farallon Islands

Notes: GGNRA = Golden Gate National Recreation Area. SB = State Beach.
2-54

will continue to encourage establishment of or partnership with existing public 

foundations and other public groups for funding, interpretation, and education. 

Th e approach for public participation in CCNM management will be developed 

through implementation planning.

Regulations

As described in Chapter 1, the CCNM is currently managed under a variety of 

laws and regulations, including regulations that provide for protection of CCNM 

resources. FLPMA, ESA, MBTA, and MMPA are the principal bases for federal protection. From the state perspective, the California Code of Regulations, 

Title 14, Section 630 (Appendix D) provides a basis for protection of ecological 

reserves such as the CCNM. Substantial additional regulation is not considered 

necessary. In certain cases, however, establishment of duplicative regulation at 

the federal and state levels may be desirable, as it would provide all three coremanaging partners and other enforcing entities equal jurisdiction to enforce regulations. In addition, targeted new regulation may be necessary where existing 

regulation is not suffi cient to ensure adequate protection of CCNM resources. 

Law Enforcement

Law enforcement eff orts on and adjacent to the CCNM will continue under current jurisdictional limits, using existing legal and regulatory authority. Th is includes enforcement of restrictions contained in the MOU between BLM, DPR, 

and DFG for management of the CCNM (Appendix C). BLM also intends 

to use the CCNM management as a vehicle to increase coordination between 

enforcement agencies, including DFG, DPR, NPS, FWS, USCG, NOAA, local law enforcement entities, and others (refer to Table 2 3). Th e goals of this 

coordination will be to clarify any existing jurisdictional confusion, improve 

enforcement of protective laws and regulations, focus enforcement resources on 

segments of the coast where protection of biological and cultural resources is 

most needed, and establish MOUs or cooperative agreements as needed to eff ectively protect the CCNM’s resources. Th is may take the form of a law enforcement working group for the CCNM.

Many of the law enforcement issues that exist for CCNM resources are associated with activities that do not take place on the monument itself, such as 

disturbance of wildlife from mainland activities, water-based recreation, and 

airplane and helicopter overfl ights; and emergency response to spills and accidents. While BLM does not regulate or enforce regulations on much of the 

coastal mainland, in the air, or on the water surrounding the monument, law 

enforcement staff involved in managing the CCNM will be educated regarding 

these issues; and enforcement eff orts will be coordinated through BLM or BLM 

partner sponsorship of periodic law enforcement coordination meetings at various locations along the coast.

Important laws and regulations guiding enforcement include the:

• Antiquities Act;

• Federal Land Policy and Management Act;

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-55

• Endangered Species Act;

• Clean Water Act ;

• Marine Life Protection Act;

• Marine Mammal Protection Act;

• Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act;

• Migratory Bird Treaty Act;

• Archeological Resources Protection Act;

• California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Section 630, Ecological Reserves;

• California Endangered Species Act; and

• California Fully Protected Species.

Management Revenue and Expenditures

BLM intends that plan implementation will be fully funded and executed in 

the most cost-eff ective manner; and that revenues to support CCNM management will be provided by agency appropriations, grants, donations, and 

other funding sources. Because resource protection is the principal goal of 

the CCNM, visitation on the monument’s rocks and islands, and use of such 

visitation as a basis for generating revenue, will not be emphasized.

Th e RMP has been developed so that management activities can be readily adapted to normal fl uctuations in federal and state government funding 

sources. Th e current MOU with core-managing partners does not include a 

revenue development or sharing approach between BLM, DPR, and DFG. 

Specifi city regarding shared revenues and costs will be sought as the relationship between the core-managing partners is further defi ned during development of implementation plans for CCNM management. Contributions and 

grants from sources outside the federal and state management agencies also 

will continue to be sought to help meet the costs of protecting and enhancing 

the CCNM. 

Th e core-managing partners are dedicated to fi nding the most practical and 

effi cient means of fully implementing the RMP. In this context, this includes 

consideration of total cost and degree of RMP goal attainment. 

Plan Coordination

As discussed elsewhere, the California coast is the subject of many planning 

eff orts. Similar to law enforcement, BLM intends to use the CCNM as a 

platform to help increase coordination between the variety of plans and planning entities along the coast. As part of this eff ort, BLM and its partners will 

develop a protocol to track planning eff orts on adjacent and overlapping jurisdictions, and will become involved in advisory and/or participating roles as 

appropriate to ensure protection of monument resources. In particular, BLM 

will work with the Marine Region of DFG to ensure coordination between 

CCNM management and the actions taken under the MLPA as the marine 
2-56

protected areas planning process proceeds over the next few years, and NOAA’s 

National Marine Protected Areas Center related to the implementation of Executive Order 13158. Th e results of this tracking eff ort will be used in subsequent RMP amendments and updates to ensure that the CCNM management 

is consistent with and relevant to other planning eff orts along the coast.

Th e development of this RMP has included wide eff orts to receive input from 

planning entities along the California coast. Th e broad circulation of this 

RMP is made with the goal of receiving plan consistency information from 

the appropriate planning entities.

Publicity

Publicity eff orts about the CCNM, its resources, and visitor opportunities 

will use traditional media tools—including regional, statewide, and national 

newspapers, magazines, and periodicals; and travel-related television programming, also on regional, state, and national levels. Th e CCNM also will use 

cutting-edge technology to reach potential visitors and researchers. Information will be posted on web sites hosted by BLM and CCNM partners, and 

will be shared through BLM’s electronic newsletters. Th e Virtual Monument 

will provide interactive means for visitors to “experience” the monument 

from remote locations (see the discussion under “Education and Interpretation”). Promotional products will include compact discs (CDs), digital video 

discs (DVDs), posters, shirts, caps, and mugs. Th ese products will be made 

available at BLM fi eld offi ces, coastal tourism and visitor centers, community 

bed and breakfast inns, and similar visitor-oriented businesses. Products also 

could be provided through BLM- and partner-hosted web sites. 

Response to Oil Spills and Release of Other Toxic Materials

As part of CCNM management, BLM will increase its role as a federal trustee 

agency by furthering its coordination and involvement with the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Offi ce of Environmental Planning and Coordination 

(OEPC). Th is will involve BLM staff coordinating more closely with OSPR 

and FWS personnel to help BLM become an active participant in DFG’s 

OSPR Program, and BLM will participate with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the USCG in actions associated with the National 

Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. In its capacity as 

a federal trustee agency, BLM will participate in these eff orts and off er a coordination role through its involvement with multiple jurisdictions, research 

entities, and resource steward organizations along the entire California coast. 

BLM staff will become part of spill response teams along the California coast 

when spills pose a real threat to the biological and scenic resources contained 

on the monument. BLM also will provide information on the location of 

important seabird and pinniped habitats associated with the CCNM and will 

mobilize staff as appropriate to protect monument resources. Th e extent of 

BLM’s role in these programs will be modifi ed through the course of its involvement, with primary focus on providing information, coordination, and 

support to the appropriate spill response agencies regarding the location of 

key monument resources. In addition to serving as agency and Natural Re-

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-57

source Damage Assessment (NRDA) representatives on the command staff 

for a specifi c spill, likely roles for BLM staff include participation within the 

unifi ed command in the planning section’s environmental unit and the operations section’s wildlife branch, as well as serving as the Federal On-Scene 

Coordinator’s historic properties specialist.

Monitoring and Adaptive Response Program

Monitoring is an essential component of natural resource management because it provides information on changes in resource use, condition, processes and trends. Monitoring also provides information on the eff ectiveness 

of management activities and strategies. Finally, monitoring can provide 

excellent opportunities for public outreach and citizen involvement in management of the CCNM. Implementation of this RMP will be monitored to 

ensure that management actions follow prescribed management direction 

(implementation monitoring), meet desired objectives (eff ectiveness monitoring), and are based on accurate assumptions (validation monitoring). 

Monitoring will be an integral component of 

adaptive ecosystem management. Close coordination and interaction between monitoring 

and research are essential for this type of management. Data obtained through systematic 

and statistically valid monitoring can be used 

by scientists to develop research hypotheses related to priority issues. Conversely, the results 

obtained through research can be used to further refi ne protocols and evaluate the eff ectiveness of implementation of this RMP. Monitoring results will provide managers with the 

information to determine whether an objective has been met and whether to continue or 

modify the management direction. Findings 

obtained through monitoring, together with 

research and other new information, will provide a basis for changes to the RMP. 

Th e monitoring strategy itself will not remain 

static and will be periodically evaluated to ensure 

that the monitoring questions and standards remain relevant. Th e monitoring strategy will be 

adjusted as appropriate. Some monitoring items 

may be discontinued, and others may be added 

as knowledge and issues change with implementation. Monitoring mandated by executive order or legislation will be given priority.
2-58

Th e monitoring process will collect information in the most cost-eff ective 

manner possible and may involve sampling or remote sensing. Monitoring 

activities will be conducted by a variety of entities, depending on the nature 

of the monitoring. Groups that may conduct monitoring include universities, 

other research institutions, BLM and other agencies, private organizations, 

and members of the public. Community-based monitoring conducted by 

monument stewards will be encouraged through the partnership program and 

will be integrated with the education and interpretation activities identifi ed in 

the management actions below. 

Monitoring could be cost prohibitive if not designed carefully. It will not 

be necessary or desirable to monitor every management action or direction. 

Unnecessary detail and unacceptable costs will be avoided by focusing on key 

monitoring questions and proper sampling methods. Th e level and intensity 

of monitoring will vary, depending on the sensitivity of the resource, process, 

or trend and the scope of the proposed management activity.

MONITORING GOALS

Th e objective of resource monitoring and evaluation is a clear understanding of the ecological structures, function, and processes that characterize the 

CCNM and the eff ects of human activities on those attributes. Accordingly, 

the goals for the monitoring and evaluation program are as follows:

• Provide the basis for long-term adaptive management and ongoing 

planning,

• Assess compliance with environmental laws, and

• Ensure that direction in the Presidential Proclamation is fulfi lled.

LEVELS OF ACCEPTABLE CHANGE

As mentioned above, monitoring will provide information that will allow 

managers to evaluate changes to resource use, condition, processes, and trends. 

Not all changes will be positive, and management strategies must be adjusted 

to respond to unacceptable changes. Limits must be established that initiate 

adjustments in management activities. Th e limits of acceptable change for the 

CCNM will be any discernible, unnatural, negative change to key resource 

condition and processes. 

Levels of acceptable change will be defi ned as resource inventories establish a 

baseline from which changes can be measured. Th is greater understanding of 

resource variability allows development of specifi c and appropriate thresholds 

that can trigger management consideration. Determining causes of unacceptable change will be an important task before management action will be 

taken. Action strategies to eliminate or minimize the unacceptable change 

can then be developed in order to restore the resource condition or process.

MONITORING PRIORITIES

Top priorities for coordinated monitoring already include the following:

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-59

• Seabird use of CCNM rocks and islands,

• Pinniped use of CCNM rocks and islands, 

• Human activities in the vicinity of important seabird and pinniped 

use areas, and

• Eff ects of human activities on important biological resources.

Other priorities will be based on the importance of and threat to the particular resource. Priority also will be given to monitoring mandated by executive 

order or legislation. Specifi c consideration will be given to monitoring topics 

and indicators that index entire ecosystems and yield information regarding 

multiple topics. Monitoring priorities may include physical, biological, social, and economic aspects of the CCNM.

MONITORING PROTOCOLS

Monitoring activities will be divided into two categories: technical and nontechnical activities, and specifi c monitoring protocols will be developed for 

each. Technical monitoring activities will require special expertise or background in the resource being monitored and also will require rigorous monitoring protocols to yield useful data. Non-technical monitoring activities will 

require lower levels of expertise and could be conducted by a wider variety of 

entities using less rigorous protocols, while still yielding useful information. 

For non-technical activities, monitoring protocols will be developed on an 

activity-specifi c basis, based on the resources to be monitored and the capabilities of the entity conducting the monitoring. 

For technical activities, testable hypotheses will be developed for each topic 

requiring monitoring. Based on these hypotheses, the Monitoring Plan will 

identify the following for each topic: 

• Th e attribute to be monitored,

• Th e monitoring purpose,

• Th e specifi c indicator(s) of the attribute to be measured,

• Th e geographic scale of monitoring,

• Monitoring methods, 

• Th e appropriate frequency and duration of measurement, and

• Monitoring results indicating a need for reevaluation of management 

actions (i.e., levels of acceptable change).

Th ese aspects of the Monitoring Plan will be informed by the management 

activities described above. Monitoring activities may be located within or 

outside the CCNM as necessary, based on the ecological relationships to the 

surrounding area or the scope of the monitoring topic. 

Attributes will be selected for monitoring based on their ability to guide management direction, and indicators will be chosen to be sensitive to resource 

condition. Indicators also will be selected that are predictive rather than retrospective, such that they provide “early warning” of changes in resource condi2-60

tion and necessary management response. Monitoring protocols will be based 

on sound experimental design and standardization, and will support statistical 

analysis where necessary.

ENTITIES CONDUCTING MONITORING

Th e Monitoring Plan will identify the parties that will conduct monitoring 

and their relative responsibilities. As previously discussed, it is anticipated 

that a consortium of partners at all levels will be engaged to undertake monitoring, with primary responsibility on BLM and the core-managing partners. 

However, monitoring activities conducted by other agencies are controlled by 

their own set of responsibilities, priorities, authority, and available resources. 

Th e monitoring process will be designed to integrate with existing organizational structures and monitoring/research programs as much as possible. 

To this end, the monitoring priorities and protocols will consider common 

monitoring design frameworks and common indicators based on the range of 

existing monitoring and research eff orts underway.

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

Monitoring

Monitoring eff orts will be proactive where funding permits and the Monitoring Plan will be implemented to the fullest extent feasible.

All monitoring and evaluation activities will be fully documented. Monitoring and evaluation reports will indicate monitoring methodologies, results, and 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-61

conclusions. Conclusions will include assessment of measured results against 

expected results, implications to the prospect for meeting management goals in 

any program area, determination of acceptability of results, and formulation of 

measures that could bring about desired changes to monitored attributes.

BLM will develop a standardized repository for data and analysis, and data 

gained through monitoring will be shared and made available through the 

various means previously identifi ed—such as the internet and data sharing 

programs (e.g., SIMoN).

Evaluation and Adaptive Responses

Monitoring results will be evaluated upon collection. Because the purpose of monitoring is to guide plan implementation, a detailed evaluation and an adaptive response will be developed when monitoring results 

indicate that objectives are not being met. These adaptations may require 

a refinement or modification of management actions. 

If a signifi cant management modifi cation is indicated that is outside the 

bounds of the actions identifi ed in this RMP, an amendment of this RMP 

may be required. Signifi cance usually is associated with monitoring results 

indicating that management direction for various plan elements are inhibiting achievement of management goals of another plan element (e.g., a 

signifi cant confl ict between recreation access and species management is developing). In such cases, the required adaptation will be formulated to give 

priority to the primary purposes for which the CCNM was created: 

protection of resources.
2-62

Resource/Use

Program Area Management Actions

Geologic, Soil, and 

Paleontologic Resources

Data Recovery. Where unique paleontologic resources exist that are threatened by natural processes 

or human activity, allow for excavation and data recovery, if it is determined that this action will not 

adversely aff ect sensitive geological, physical, or cultural resources or resource values.

Education and Interpretation. Develop educational and interpretive materials that identify the nature 

and value of physical resources of the monument (discussed in more detail under the resource use 

“Education and Interpretation”).

Management Criteria. Develop criteria for identifying resources requiring protection. Criteria will 

include, but not be limited to, the unique nature of the resource in question, the sensitivity of the 

resource to disturbance, and the threat or potential threat to the resource. Identify areas requiring 

additional management based on the above criteria. Th is process will be ongoing as information 

becomes available through research and inventory. 

Research. Following any research, maintain an inventory of monument resources 

Th e plan allows for on-monument activities that would not harm the physical resources of the 

monument. Existing BLM land withdrawals and guidance contained in the Presidential Proclamation 

prohibit removing minerals with commercial value from the monument.

Cultural Resources Initial Management. As an interim management action while NRHP determinations are in process, 

cultural resources will be managed for their information, public, or conservation values as per BLM 

Manual 8100, the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA), and the National Historic 

Preservation Act (NHPA). Until formal National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility 

determinations are made in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Offi cer (SHPO), each 

known resource will be managed as if it were a signifi cant cultural resource. 

Eligibility for Listing in NRHP. Prepare nominations as appropriate for cultural resources in the 

CCNM that are potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Obtain a determination of which cultural 

resources are suitable for listing. 

Cultural Resources Management Plan. Cultural resources management plans (CRMPs) may be prepared 

for each eligible resource that will address preservation actions, including management of site visitation. 

Consultation with Tribes. BLM will consult further with Native American tribes to gather information 

about traditional use areas and activities that may include elements of the CCNM, to support the 

allowable uses as identifi ed in the plan.

Education and Interpretation. An education and interpretation program will be developed around the 

CCNM’s signifi cant cultural properties (discussed in more detail under the resource use “Education 

and Interpretation”). Th e program may include printed and web-based material, and also may involve 

public events organized around historic and/or prehistoric themes at or near signifi cant coastal sites.

Research and Resource Characterization. Research for the purposes of evaluation, site characterization, 

and scientifi c investigation is encouraged when such research is consistent with the objectives of the RMP, 

the BLM Statewide Protocol Agreement, and CRMPs developed under the umbrella of the Protocol.

Th e plan allows for Native American traditional and interpretive activities on the monument where 

consistent with resource protection, limits on-monument activities that might harm cultural resources, 

and specifi es that inadvertent or unanticipated discoveries be treated according to the terms of the State 

Protocol Agreement. 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-63

Resource/Use

Program Area Management Actions

Vegetation Resources Criteria for Management. Documentation that harm to a listed plant species is occurring will be an 

overriding criterion for implementing management action. As an initial step in RMP implementation, 

additional criteria will be developed for identifying the plant species and communities requiring 

management and protection. Criteria will include, but not be limited to, the unique nature of the 

resource in question, the sensitivity of the resource to disturbance, and the threat or potential threat to 

the resource. 

Site Inventory. An inventory of vegetation and vegetation communities will be maintained. As 

part of the site inventory, BLM will make elimination of the identifi ed gaps in knowledge about the 

distribution and status of plant species a primary goal (discussed in more detail under the “Research” 

resource use category).

On the basis of the above activities, BLM will work cooperatively with California Department of Fish 

and Game (DFG), California Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR), U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service (FWS), and other agencies to identify rocks and islands in need of management attention. 

Adaptive Management. A variety of management activities may be implemented in the specifi c areas 

identifi ed for management, including but not limited to:

• Targeted education to make CCNM users aware of existing or potential confl icts associated with 

important native plant communities in specifi c monument locations. 

• Enforcement actions.

• Active management, including restoration or other forms of management intervention. 

• Use restrictions, as described in the plan.

Invasive Non-Native Species Control. Develop an invasive non-native plant species management and 

eradication program, consistent with the long-term protection of native plant communities. Th is 

program will be designed to reduce competition from non-native plants and encourage the long-term 

survival of native plant communities.

Education and Interpretation. Develop educational and interpretive materials that identify the nature 

and value of vegetation resources of the monument (discussed in more detail under the resource use 

“Education and Interpretation”).

Research. Following any research, maintain an inventory of monument resources.

Th e plan does not allow on-monument uses that would result in loss of native plants, unless otherwise 

permitted through BLM’s normal procedures for granting access for research or other activities. 

Management intervention normally will begin with the least restrictive approach (e.g., use ethics 

education), with access limitations implemented on the CCNM as a last resort.
2-64

Resource/Use

Program Area Management Actions

Wildlife Resources Criteria for Management. Documentation that harm to a listed wildlife species is occurring 

will be an overriding criterion for implementing management action. As an initial step in RMP 

implementation, additional criteria will be developed for identifying the wildlife species and habitat 

types requiring management and protection. Criteria will include, but not be limited to, the unique 

nature of the resource in question, the sensitivity of the resource to disturbance, and the threat or 

potential threat to the resource. 

Site Inventory. An inventory of wildlife and wildlife habitat will be maintained. As part of the site 

inventory, BLM will make elimination of the identifi ed gaps in knowledge about the distribution and 

status of seabirds and pinnipeds a primary goal (discussed in more detail under the “Research” resource 

use category). Other inventory priorities will be established and promoted at the outset, including:

• A monument-wide survey of seabirds and pinniped populations coordinated with researchers 

studying marine birds and mammals. Surveys will occur at minimum 10-year intervals using 

appropriate protocols, such as those developed by Sowls et al. (1980) and Carter (pers. comm.), 

that include recently developed survey techniques. Th e modifi cations of this survey protocol will 

preserve the ability to compare future data with these earlier benchmarks.

• Focused surveys (especially in northern California and at sites in southern California potentially 

hosting Xantus’ murrelets) for populations of nocturnal and burrow- or crevice-nesting species such 

as storm-petrels and the small alcids, as well as widespread species that nest in small numbers at any 

one site. Criteria for identifying inventory sites will include such characteristics as:

- Rocks and islands with soil or extensive cavities that provide potential nesting sites for 

storm-petrels and burrowing alcids;

- Cliff s that are inaccessible to terrestrial predators and have niches or crevices that are 

suitable nesting sites for pelagic cormorants and pigeon guillemots; and

- Mussel fl ats adjacent to or part of rocks and islands that project above high waves 

suffi ciently to allow oystercatcher nests.

• Additional focused annual surveys on selected species and sites based on partnership/stakeholder 

interest and abilities. For example, local groups or individuals could perform valuable long-term 

monitoring projects at sites where marine bird and mammal populations are visible from the 

mainland and counts of marine mammals and nesting birds or assessments of their reproductive 

status can be conducted easily.

• Surveys to determine status regarding invasive wildlife species and their eff ects on native 

populations. Inventory eff orts will include surveying for invasive species such as rodents (e.g., 

Rattus sp. and Mus musculus).

• Surveys to determine status regarding human use of the CCNM and its eff ects on wildlife habitat 

and populations.

• Surveys for intertidal species.

Th e inventory will be accomplished through BLM activities and through partnerships. Th e task will 

be to identify specifi c 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-65

Resource/Use

Program Area Management Actions

Wildlife Resources 

(continued)

Invasive Non-Native Species Control. A program for control and eradication of invasive wildlife 

species on the CCNM rocks and islands will be developed and implemented where eff ects on native 

populations of marine birds and mammals, and other monument resources, have been documented 

or are suspected. Priorities for implementation will be given to areas where problems are most acute 

(such as areas where native populations are shown to be in decline as a result of invasive species). Th is 

eff ort will be designed to reduce competition with native wildlife, predation on native vegetation, and 

degradation of habitat—and will encourage the long-term survival of native or unique monument 

communities and habitat.

Restoration Measures. BLM, in cooperation with its core-managing partners, will develop and 

implement measures to restore or improve habitat, and to control predators.

Education and Interpretation. Educational and interpretive materials will be developed that identify the 

nature and value of wildlife resources of the monument (discussed in more detail under the resource use 

“Education and Interpretation”). Signs and educational materials will be made available to the public 

near important marine mammal haul-outs, major tidepool areas, marine bird nesting sites and at access 

points. A particular focus will be tidepools.

Where known confl icts with wildlife exist, activities that harm wildlife resources or access to particular 

sites may be restricted on the monument. Restrictions of access to the CCNM will be made considering 

local knowledge of seabird and pinniped use (e.g., known nesting and pupping seasons), existing and 

potential use confl icts, and enforcement considerations. Activities that will be closely managed during 

seasonal restrictions include those with the potential to disturb wildlife. Management intervention 

normally will begin with the least restrictive approach (e.g., use ethics education), with seasonal access 

limitations implemented on the CCNM as a last resort. Such use limitations will be implemented 

only on a site-specifi c basis where known resource impacts exist and will use a science-based process to 

determine what limits are appropriate. 

Visual Resources Visual Contrast Ratings. Complete visual contrast ratings for existing CCNM facilities and identify 

opportunities to reduce existing visual impacts through modifi cations (e.g., removing unused nonhistoric navigational devices and rehabilitating landscape scars). Complete visual contrast ratings for all 

proposed surface-disturbing projects to ensure they meet VRM class objectives.

Inventory of Vista Points. Complete an inventory of existing and potential key scenic vista points along 

road and trail corridors adjoining the CCNM, and identify opportunities to work with core-managing 

and collaborative partners to improve these locations as overlooks and interpretive sites available to the 

public. 

Th e plan allows uses on BLM lands that do not detract from coastal vistas. It also allows for navigational 

aids on the monument where there is no alternative location that would meet the public safety needs.
2-66

Resource/Use

Program Area Management Actions

Recreation User Experience. Th e recreation approach for the monument will consist of primitive non-motorized, 

non-mechanized activities.

Recreational Facilities. BLM will place recreation facilities on the monument only when consistent with 

the resource protection goals of the plan.

Signage. Signage will be installed at key locations along the mainland regarding the allowed and 

prohibited recreational uses of the CCNM. Warning signs will be provided in hazardous areas with high 

visitation or acute risks.

Research. An inventory will be maintained for information generated by any recreation-related research.

Educational Materials. Educational and interpretive materials will be developed that identify the nature 

and value of recreational opportunities of the monument (see the Education and Interpretation program 

below). Printed and web-based resources will be generated that publicize the encouraged and prohibited 

recreational uses of the CCNM. Th e location of key recreation access points to the monument also 

will be described. Training materials, brochures, and educational information regarding protection of 

CCNM resources will be provided to other entities off ering recreation along the coast (e.g., county parks 

employees and kayak rental companies).

Recreational uses of the monument will be allowed when consistent with the primitive non-motorized, 

non-mechanized goals and when consistent with proclamation goals and public safety concerns. (See 

Section 2.4, “Management of Resources Uses—Recreation—Allowable Uses” for details on allowed 

and restricted recreation uses.) Management intervention normally will begin with the least restrictive 

approach (e.g., use ethics education), with access limitations implemented on the CCNM as a last 

resort. Such use limitations will be implemented only on a site-specifi c basis where known resource 

impacts exist and will use a science-based process to determine what limits are appropriate. 

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-67

Resource/Use

Program Area Management Actions

Education and 

Interpretation

Educational and Interpretive Facilities. BLM will place educational and interpretive facilities on the 

monument only when consistent with the resource protection goals of the plan. New mainland facilities 

will be constructed in a manner consistent with the existing visual character of the coastal environment 

so as not to detract from existing scenic resources. Th ese facilities will be located on the landward side 

of State Route 1 to the maximum extent practicable to protect the quality of the scenic values of the 

CCNM and adjacent lands for persons traveling along that route.

Educational and Interpretive Plan(s). Management of education and interpretation at the CCNM will 

be achieved through the development of an Education and Interpretation Plan, or a series of regional or 

site-specifi c plans, which will identify goals, themes, general guidelines, and an action plan for CCNM 

education and interpretation. As part of this plan, the following actions will be taken in coordination 

with the core-managing partners and other partnering entities, as appropriate:

• Expand on preliminary data to complete a comprehensive inventory of existing coastal facilities that 

could serve as visitor gateways. Th e inventory will address the criteria given below for selection of 

gateways. 

• Identify mainland gateways where visitors will be able to receive educational and interpretive 

materials regarding the CCNM.

• Develop educational and interpretive programs at these visitor gateways, using existing or new 

BLM or partner facilities and infrastructure, as funding permits.

• Generate and distribute printed and web-based resources regarding the CCNM. Educational 

and interpretive materials will be off ered in multiple languages, as appropriate, to allow greater 

accessibility by non English-speaking populations.

CCNM Gateways. A series of CCNM Gateways will be developed to provide a sense of place for the 

monument, serve as visitor contact points, and link the CCNM with local communities and local 

initiatives. Th ese mainland visitor gateways have been identifi ed and additional visitor gateways will be 

identifi ed using the following criteria:

• Presence of appropriate pre-existing visitor facilities and infrastructure to accommodate CCNM 

educational exhibits and interpretation (e.g., visitor centers and parking and day use areas);

• Sensitivity of CCNM resources in the vicinity (e.g., proximity and sensitivity to disturbance from 

shoreline);Size and number of rocks and islands in the vicinity;

• Proximity to well traveled roads and frequently visited coastal public properties;

• Visual accessibility from nearby vistas, roads, and other coastal access points; 
2-68

Resource/Use

Program Area Management Actions

Education and 

Interpretation (continued)

• Local community interests and concerns

• Costs associated with establishing visitor contact, and availability of funds; and

• Participation by partnering entities.

Th e CCNM Gateways will include a hosted site. Hosting will be performed by BLM and/or its partners, 

depending on the site. Each CCNM Gateway will provide information regarding the specifi c gateway, 

including the various CCNM features associated with that specifi c portion of the CCNM. Information 

regarding the other established CCNM Gateways should also be available to the visitor. In addition, each 

gateway can develop their own educational initiatives specifi c to its unique resources and thematic focus. 

Each gateway is expected to develop its own local partnership and community outreach initiatives. 

Un-Hosted Visitor Sites. A number of un-hosted visitor sites or “CCNM waysides” may be developed. 

Th ese could include informational or interpretive kiosks or panels, as well as nature or viewing trails, if 

appropriate. Some of these sites may be directly associated with a CCNM Gateway, while others may 

not be. In all cases, they are intended to provide individuals and organizations opportunities for nature 

study and photography, interpretive sessions and walks, school and community outreach programs, and 

special thematic events related to the unique resources of the CCNM.

Provisions for Facility Construction. Any facilities to be constructed will be built to applicable 

standards; BMPs and other measures will be implemented to avoid adverse eff ects on natural resources 

and the human environment. Any new facilities with potential for adverse eff ects will be subject to 

additional environmental review under NEPA.

Research Activities Research/Monitoring Permit System. Research will be permitted throughout the CCNM. Permits will 

be required for scientifi c studies on CCNM land that involve fi eld work or specimen collection with the 

potential to disturb resources. 

In coordination with the core-managing partners, BLM will develop research/ monitoring permit 

stipulations that will be used by all three agencies in permitting and sharing research related to the 

CCNM. Th e core-managing partners will coordinate and consult on all major research permit 

decisions. Th e permit stipulations for on-monument use will also be consistent with current BLM 

requirements under 43 CFR 2920, “Leases, Permits, and Easements through Issuance of a Special 

Use Permit.” When permits are required for scientifi c activities pertaining solely to cultural and 

paleontological resources, including archaeology, ethnography, history, museum objects and collections, 

cultural landscapes, and historic and prehistoric structures, other permit procedures will apply pursuant 

to applicable regulations. Permits from other agencies besides the core-managing partners may be 

recognized, subject to notifi cation and consultation with these agencies

Research is an allowable use under the plan. Permits may be issued for research after a thorough review of 

the research goals, strategies, and operational details. BLM may authorize partner staff to carry out offi cial 

duties without requiring a permit. BLM and partner staff will need to comply with professional standards 

and conditions normally associated with scientifi c research/monitoring permits issued by BLM.

 — Management Decisions
 Management Decisions — 2-69

Resource/Use

Program Area Management Actions

Land Use Authorizations Consideration of Applications. Each application for use of CCNM lands will be considered 

on a case-by-case basis, considering the potential for the use to aff ect CCNM resources and the 

consistency of the use with the goals and policies of this RMP.

Provisions for Facility Construction. Any facilities to be constructed will be built to applicable 

standards; BMPs and other measures will be implemented to avoid adverse eff ects on natural 

resources and the human environment. Any new facilities with potential for adverse eff ects 

will be subject to additional environmental review under NEPA.

Land uses of the monument will be allowed when consistent with proclamation goals and 

public safety concerns. (See Section 2.4, “Management of Resources Uses—Land Use 

Authorizations—Allowable Uses” for details on allowed and prohibited land uses.) 

Disposal. No monument lands are identifi ed for disposal under this RMP.

Exchange. Exchange will be considered where it will further the resource protection purposes of the 

CCNM and meets the criteria discussed below.

Acquisition. Acquisition of additional properties will be considered where it will further the 

resource protection purposes of the CCNM and meets the criteria discussed below. During plan 

implementation, preliminary lists of possible acquisitions will be reviewed and prioritized in cooperation 

with other resource management agencies along the coast.

Decision Criteria. Land tenure adjustments will be considered on a case-by-case basis, using criteria that 

will include, but not be limited to, the following: 

• Value or signifi cance of biological, cultural, and geologic resources;

• Th reat level to the resources;

• Opportunity;

• Cost/funding availability; and 

• Participation of partnering entities.

Special Management California Coastal ACEC. After careful evaluation of the resources recognized by the 1990 designation of 

the California Islands Wildlife Sanctuary as an ACEC, it was determined that their protection would be 

enhanced by maintaining the ACEC designation. Th e name of the California Islands Wildlife Sanctuary 

will be changed to the California Coastal ACEC, and the ACEC designation will be maintained. 

Other Designations. Other special designations may occur in the future as warranted, following 

standard BLM procedures.

Wilderness Characteristics. Th e monument will be managed to protect its wilderness 

characteristics. Th e management prescriptions to protect wilderness character will be 

consistent with the direction found within the Proclamation designating the CCNM. 

Cadastral Support Clarifi cation of Ownership. BLM will continue eff orts to clarify land ownership, where 

ownership is unknown, believed to be inaccurate, or in dispute.

Changes in Ownership. Changes in land ownership status of rocks and islands under CCNM 

jurisdiction will be documented through surveying so that the geographic extent of land use decisions in 

this plan is clearly understood.

Survey Strategy. A survey strategy will be developed to guide cadastral work for the CCNM. Priority 

areas for surveying and mapping will be developed, and a time frame for completion will be specifi ed.

 Environmental Setting — 3-1

Th is chapter addresses current conditions for the following resource areas:

• Geologic, Soil, and Paleontologic Resources;

• Vegetation Resources;

• Wildlife Resources;

• Cultural Resources;

• Visual Resources;

• Recreation and Visitor Access;

• Research;

• Land Use/Lands and Realty;

• Water Resources; and

• Wilderness and Other Special Designations.

Geologic, Soil, and Paleontologic Resources

General information on the geology, topography, seismicity, soils, and minerals of the California coast is available from a variety of sources, including the 

U. S. Geological Survey (USGS), the California Geological Survey (1:250,000 

mapping series), and the Natural Resources Conservation Service, as well as 

numerous large-scale mapping eff orts conducted by federal and state governments and university researchers. In addition, a soil survey is currently being 

completed for the Channel Islands. A comprehensive listing of sources of 

information is available at the California Resources Agency’s Ceres web site 

(<http://www.ceres.ca.gov>). 

GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY

Because of the spatial extent and variable conditions of the monument, the 

CCNM comprises a wide variety of geologic and topographic features. Th e 

greater part of the monument, from approximately Point Conception in Santa Barbara County north to the Oregon border, is located within the Coast 

Ranges geomorphic province, which is characterized by sedimentary strata 

with a terraced, uplifted, and wave-cut coastline. A granitic core, extending 

from the southern extremity of the Coast Ranges to north of the Farallon 

Islands, is found in this region west of the San Andreas Fault. South of Point 

Environmental Setting

e 

-

t 

g

f

e 

0 

s 
3-2

Conception, the coastline enters the Transverse Range geomorphic province, 

characterized by an east-west mountain structure that extends off shore. Th e 

majority of the coastal rocks in this province are of marine and non-marine 

sedimentary origin. South of this, the monument enters the Peninsular Ranges geomorphic province that is dominated by marine and non-marine sedimentary rocks along the coast and granitic rocks inland. 

In addition, from Cape Vizcaíno in Mendocino County south to San Diego, 

the California coast comprises a discontinuous series of narrow, fl at-lying marine terraces. Gradual erosion has created a relatively shallow submerged continental shelf off shore. Th is shelf varies in width but is often no more than 4 

or 5 miles wide and is often etched by submarine canyons. Many of the rocks 

and islands found on the continental shelf are remnants of mainland areas that 

were exposed by tectonic uplift (discussed below).

Geologic features found in the monument have either of two basic formative 

histories: 

(1) Larger islands off of the coast, including the Farallon and Channel 

Islands, as well as rocks and islands off shore of these larger islands and 

some nearshore CCNM features, are the result of tectonic and volcanic activity, which generated uplifts that formed these features. 

(2) Other nearshore rocks and islands are sedimentary in formation, the 

result of deposition of geologic material over time. Tectonic activity and faulting may have cleaved or uplifted these sedimentary rocks 

from the mainland; therefore, tectonic activity plays a role in this formative history as well.

Multiple physical factors lead to the ongoing formation and dissolution of the 

rocks and islands in the monument, including the erodibility of the geologic 

material and the extent of tectonic forces and wave, wind, and tidal action. 

Th e rocks and islands off the California coast are dynamic; certain rocks and 

islands will eventually be eroded below mean high tide, while other areas currently attached to the shoreline will become separated from the coast. Where 

wave forces are strong, off shore formations tend to be rocky, whereas in areas 

with lower wave energy, sandy areas and beaches may form. In general, north 

of Point Conception, strong waves and wind have caused numerous rocks and 

cliff s to form. To the south, the buff ering eff ect of the Channel Islands and 

the Southern California Bight—an indentation and southeasterly shift in the 

coastline south of Point Conception—reduces the impact of storm waves; and 

rocks and islands tend to be less abundant and more sandy.

Because of their isolation, individual monument features may act as representatives of certain geologic formation types and/or as benchmarks for particular 

geologic processes. Th ese features may have special scientifi c or interpretive 

value to coastal geologic research. 

Nearshore CCNM features may be adversely aff ected by human-induced sedimentation and erosion, which may alter geomorphologic processes on the 

monument. California’s coastal beaches, wetlands, and watersheds have been 

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-3

signifi cantly aff ected by extensive human alteration of the natural fl ow of sediment to and along the coast. Some watersheds no longer provide a suffi cient 

supply of sediment to beaches; in other areas, wetlands are compromised from 

too much sedimentation, and beaches can erode due to lack of sand. Th e extent to which this alteration of natural processes has aff ected geomorphology 

of the CCNM is unknown.

SEISMICITY

Th e project area is subject to seismic hazards because of its proximity to numerous faults. Th ese faults are known to be historically active and are capable 

of generating earthquakes with suffi cient magnitude to cause strong ground 

motion in the CCNM project area. Seismic hazards refer to earthquake fault 

ground rupture, ground shaking, liquefaction and related hazards, and earthquake-induced slope failure. 

Th e Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (Alquist-Priolo Act) regulates development near active faults to mitigate the hazard of surface rupture. 

Faults in an Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone are typically active faults. 

As defi ned under the Alquist-Priolo Act, an active fault is one that has experienced surface displacement within Holocene time (about the last 11,000 

years). A potentially active fault is one that has experienced surface displacement during Quaternary time (last 1.6 million years).

Numerous active, potentially active, and pre-Quaternary faults are found off -

shore and nearshore in the vicinity (i.e., located in an approximately 20-mile 

radius) of the CCNM. Most of these faults are aligned parallel to the coastline 

(i.e., trending in a southeast-to-northwest alignment). Th e San Andreas is the 

predominant fault system extending through most of California and enters 

the Pacifi c Ocean south of San Francisco Bay, rejoining the mainland at Point 

Arena and again at Shelter Cove. 

From north to south, other active faults include the Trinidad Fault, the Mad 

River Fault Zone, the Little Salmon Fault, the Mendocino Fault, the Maacama 

Fault Zone, the Rodgers Creek Fault Zone, the Hayward Fault Zone, the Calaveras Fault, the San Gregorio Fault Zone, the Palo Colorado Fault, the San 

Simeon Fault, the Los Osos Fault Zone, the Los Alamos Fault, the Santa Ynez 

Fault, the San Cayento Fault, the San Gabriel Fault Zone, the Red Mountain 

Fault, the Ventura Fault, the San Fernando Fault, the Verdugo Fault, the Santa 

Cruz Island Fault, the Malibu Coast Fault, the Hollywood Fault, the Raymond 

Fault, the Newport Inglewood Fault, the Palo Verdes Fault Zone, the Cabrillo 

Fault, the Whittier Fault, the Elsinore Fault Zone, the Palo Verdes Hills-Coronado Bank Fault Zone, the Newport Inglewood-Rose Canyon Fault Zone, the 

San Diego Trough Fault Zone, and the Coronado Bank Fault Zone (Jennings 

1994). All of these faults are within Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones 

(Hart and Bryant 1997). 

Many other potentially active and pre-Quaternary faults are also found off -

shore and nearshore in the vicinity of the CCNM. Figure 3.1-1 identifi es the 

types of faults that are found along the coastline. 
3-4 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-5

Finally, north of the Mendocino Fault is found the Cascadia Subduction Zone, 

which extends north into Canada. In this zone, the eastward-moving Juan de 

Fuca tectonic plate meets the westward-moving North American plate. Periodic large earthquakes can occur approximately once every 500 years when 

the Juan de Fuca plate successfully slips beneath the North American plate. 

In the period between the earthquakes, the Juan de Fuca plate continues to 

attempt to slide beneath the North American plate, resulting in compression 

and uplift of the rocks along all the edges of the plates.

Ground Shaking Hazard

Ground shaking hazard varies from low to high in the CCNM, depending 

on location. Areas most susceptible to a signifi cant amplifi cation of ground 

shaking are typically underlain by soft sediments. Based on a probabilistic 

seismic hazard map that depicts the peak horizontal ground acceleration values exceeded at a 10-percent probability in 50 years (Petersen et al. 1996), 

the probabilistic peak horizontal ground acceleration values for the proposed 

project area range from 0.1 to 0.9g (where g is the force of gravity). Areas with 

medium to high ground shaking hazard are identifi ed in Figure 3.1-2.

Liquefaction and Related Hazards

Poorly consolidated, water-saturated fi ne sands and silts located within 50 

feet of the surface are typically considered to be the most susceptible to liquefaction. Soils and sediments that are not water saturated and that consist of coarser or fi ner materials are generally less susceptible to liquefaction 

(California Division of Mines and Geology 1997). Th e areas with soils and 

sediments susceptible to liquefaction in the CCNM project area are similar to 

areas where medium to high ground shaking hazard exists (see Figure 3.1-2). 

Two potential ground failure types associated with liquefaction in the CCNM 

project area are lateral spreading and diff erential settlement (Association of 

Bay Area Governments 2003). Lateral spreading involves a layer of ground 

at the surface being carried on an underlying layer of liquefi ed material over a 

nearly level surface toward a river channel or other open face.

Another common liquefaction-related hazard in the CCNM project area is 

diff erential settlement as soil compacts and consolidates to varying degrees 

after the ground shaking ceases. Diff erential settlement occurs when the layers that liquefy are not of uniform thickness, a common problem when the 

liquefaction occurs in artifi cial fi lls. Settlement can range from 1 to 5 percent, 

depending on the cohesiveness of the sediments (Tokimatsu and Seed 1984). 

Landslides and Debris Flows

No large-scale mapping eff ort for the entire CCNM project area has been conducted to date. Based on the surrounding coastal topography in the CCNM 

project area, however, the potential for landslides to occur exists throughout 

many areas on the coastline (Varnes 1978). Many of the cliff s and hills immediately east of the CCNM project area have the potential for landslides, 

slumps, earth fl ows, or other slope movements (Varnes 1978). 
3-6 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-7

SOILS

A small number of the rocks and islands, mainly concentrated in the northern 

portion of the coast, have native soils that support vegetation. Th ese soils 

were likely formed under three conditions: (1) soil formation may have occurred on the rocks in-situ; (2) for rocks and islands that were once a part of 

the mainland, soil formation may have occurred while the islands were still 

attached to the mainland; or (3) some combination of the above. In all cases, 

these soils may have research and interpretive interest as they may represent 

unique soil types, provide examples of soil formation, or pristine examples 

of soils currently or historically found on the shoreline. No soil surveys are 

known to be completed for the CCNM. 

MINERALS

Th e presence of mineral deposits and energy resources on the rocks and islands 

of the CCNM has not been systematically documented. Within submerged 

lands adjacent to the monument, mineral deposits include:

• Aggregate resources, such as sand, silt, and gravel;

• Precious and semi-precious stones and metals, including gold, jade, titanium, platinum, barite, manganese, nickel, cobalt, and copper; and

• Fluid minerals, including oil and natural gas deposits and seeps. Th e 

seeps are catalogued by USGS (U.S. Geological Survey 2003).

Small-scale recreational mineral collection occurs along various portions of the 

coast, such as recreational jade collection along the Big Sur coastline. Much of 

this collection is performed by divers outside the CCNM boundaries. No data 

are available regarding the extent of recreational collection in the CCNM.

Nearshore and off shore mineral production occurs for various resources at 

multiple locations, including:

• Sand and gravel from Santa Catalina Island and in the outer continental 

shelf of Southern California (San Pedro Shelf and San Diego Shelf);

• Heavy minerals from various areas off the coast;

• Barite nodules east of San Clemente Island, southwest of San Nicolas 

Island, on the southwest slope of Cortes Bank, on the Patton Escarpment, and southwest of Navy Bank; and

• Manganese nodules, primarily on the abyssal ocean fl oor and submarine ridges, and on the lower continental slope.

Historically, sand mining operations were conducted in the Monterey Bay 

area. In addition, the entire California coastline has a history of mining operations for beach placers, in particular gold and jade. Beach placers are concentrations of heavy minerals deposited as a result of the action of shore currents 

and waves, which tend to sort and distribute the materials broken down from 

the sea cliff s or washed into the sea by streams. Under special circumstances, 

gold deposits can be formed by the action of the waves, winds, and currents 
3-8

on the seashores. Some of this mining activity may have historically occurred 

on the CCNM.

COASTAL EROSION

Th e physical confi guration of the California shoreline is dynamic and constantly changing due to coastal erosion and accretion. Th e rate of this shoreline change is determined by natural processes, such as rough seas, sea-level 

rise, high tides, nearshore currents, rainfall and runoff , landslides, and earthquakes, as well as by human developments that can restrict or accelerate the 

volume of sand available for beaches. 

California’s beaches, coastal bluff s, bays, estuaries, and other shoreline features 

are altered according to geologic conditions, the availability of beach sand, the 

wave and current energy impinging on the coast, and other physical processes 

that aff ect sand movement and retention. A constant supply of sand is necessary for beaches to form and be maintained along this shoreline. Many human activities reduce the supply of sand that reaches the ocean and, in turn, 

deprive beaches of replenishment. Th ese activities include dam construction, 

river channelization, and other developments. Lack of sand creates greater 

vulnerability for shorelines that have always been subject to varying levels of 

erosion. In the long term, sand supply from inland sources may be increased 

through redesign of existing structures or altering water management practices. Short-term management of shoreline erosion will likely continue to 

focus at the land/sea interface along the California coastline.

PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES

Information on the paleontological resources of the California coast is available from the paleontological resources database at the Museum of Paleontology at U.C. Berkeley in Berkeley, California, the largest single repository of 

paleontological information in the state, and from the publication Assessment 

of Fossil Management on Federal & Indian Lands (U.S. Department of the 

Interior 2000).

Because of the sedimentary nature of many of the CCNM’s features, the 

monument likely contains paleontological resources. In addition, the CCNM 

off ers excellent opportunities to identify such resources because of the large 

areas of exposed geologic material found in the rocks and islands of the monument. Nevertheless, the extent of information available on coastal California’s 

paleontological resources has not been evaluated (BLM is currently conducting an extensive review of literature on coastal paleontology, but this eff ort has 

not yet been completed). 

Paleontologists consider all vertebrate fossils to be of signifi cance. Fossils of 

other types are also considered signifi cant if they represent a new record, a new 

species, an oldest occurring species, the most complete specimen of its kind, a 

rare species worldwide, or a species helpful in the dating of formations. 

Even an area designated as having a low potential for containing nonrenewable paleontologic resources may yield signifi cant fossils. Th e areal and strati-

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-9

graphic limits of the subject rock formation defi ne the scope of the paleontological potential. Paleontologists can accordingly develop maps that suggest 

sensitive areas and units that are likely to contain paleontological resources. 

Th ese maps form the basis for preliminary planning decisions. Lead agency 

evaluation of a project relative to paleontological sensitivity maps should trigger a request for opinion from a state paleontologic clearinghouse or an accredited institution with an established paleontologic repository.

Based on available data, the paleontological sensitivity for rock units in the CCNM 

is undetermined; however, based on the sedimentary nature of many of the rocks 

on the coast, it is likely that many of the rock units are of high potential.

Vegetation Resources

TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION

Th ere are no databases documenting the terrestrial vegetation present in the 

CCNM. Although comprehensive studies have been made of the vegetation 

on the larger islands off California’s coast (e.g., the Santa Catalina, San Clemente, San Nicolas, and Santa Barbara Islands—and Año Nuevo and the Farallones), very little is known of the botanical character of the smaller islands 

and rocks in the CCNM, particularly in northern California. Most of these 

off shore features lack soil suffi cient to support complex vegetation. 

However, a few islands do support a variety of plants. Th e plant species at 

these sites are believed to be largely representative of adjacent mainland communities that existed before human disturbance and modifi cation began. In 

addition, because the islands are remote, some level of endemism may be represented by yet undocumented, unique taxa in these communities. To date, 

no comprehensive surveys of the plants on these islands and rocks have been 

conducted to verify these hypotheses.

INTERTIDAL VEGETATION

Marine vegetation in the CCNM includes species 

that are tolerant of regular, prolonged exposure 

and desiccation, in the splash zone and upper intertidal zone. Crustose forms of blue-green algae 

(Cyanophyta) and black-colored lichens typically 

grow in the splash zone. In the upper intertidal 

areas, green algae (Chlorophyta), such as sea felt 

(Enteromorpha spp.) and sea lettuce (Ulva spp.) 

typically occur. Some species of red algae (Porphyra, Gigartina spp.) and brown algae (Postelsia, Fucus spp.) may also be found. At exposed 

sites, additional seaweeds may be present.

Th ere are no databases documenting the intertidal 

vegetation present in the CCNM.
3-10

SPECIAL-STATUS SPECIES

Because no comprehensive inventory of vegetation has been conducted in 

any area of the CCNM, it is not known whether any BLM special-status 

species exist on the monument’s islands or rocks.1 However, surveys of the 

larger coastal islands not included in the CCNM have identifi ed numerous 

endemic plant species, many of which are currently classifi ed as threatened or 

endangered. Th ere is potential for similar endemism to occur on the larger 

vegetated islets, rocks, and shoreline cliff s in the CCNM. Focused botanical 

studies are needed to make these determinations.

NONNATIVE SPECIES AND NOXIOUS WEEDS

On the larger coastal islands, such as San Clemente, San Miguel, San Nicolas, 

Santa Barbara, and Santa Rosa Islands, nonnative plants account for 20–58 

percent of all plant species. Introduction of these species may have occurred 

largely because of human activity, but some level of dispersal from invasive 

species from the mainland is likely responsible, through vectors such as wind, 

water currents, and animals. Adverse eff ects associated with nonnative and 

invasive plant species include competition with native plants; reductions in 

wildlife habitat; reduced biodiversity; and secondary economic eff ects related 

to recreation, tourism, and commercial operations.

While the islands cited above are not currently part of the CCNM, some of 

the larger islands of the CCNM are known to host nonnative and invasive 

plants, such as pampas grass (Cortaderia jubata) and iceplant (Carpobrotus 

edulis). Because no comprehensive survey of the vegetated islands and rocks 

has been conducted, the extent and distribution of nonnative plants are not 

known. Focused botanical surveys are needed to make these determinations. 

PRINCIPAL USES OF VEGETATION

Wildlife Habitat

Terrestrial and intertidal vegetation provide important habitat for numerous 

wildlife species. On islands with vegetation and deep soil layers, burrowing 

bird species—such as storm-petrels, Cassin’s auklets, rhinoceros auklets, and 

tufted puffi ns—often establish colonies in these areas. On some of the larger 

islands with grass or shrub communities, a variety of invertebrates—such as 

land snails, grasshoppers, crickets, fl ies and bees, butterfl ies, and moths—may 

be found, depending on proximity to the mainland and suitability of habitat. 

Several passerine birds, including song sparrows and a variety of migratory 

species, also occasionally use these areas. 

Intertidal vegetation provides habitat for a variety of invertebrates, including 

rock louse (Ligia occidentalis), periwinkles (Littorina spp.), limpets, chitons, 

barnacles, and—during high water—hermit crabs and shore crabs.

1 Per BLM Manual 6840 and California State Office Manual Supplement 6840.06, BLM specialstatus species include federally and state-listed species, as well as federal proposed and 

federal candidate species, and California Native Plant Society List 1B plant species. 

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-11

Seaweed Harvest

Seaweed is regularly harvested by a variety of private and commercial interests, including the specialty food market. Species harvested that may be present in the CCNM include nori (Porphyra), sea palm (Postelsia) fronds, fucus 

tips (Bladderwrack), grapestone (Gigartina papillata), sea lettuce (Ulva), and 

Turkish towel (Gigartina exasperata). 

Traditional Materials

Seaweed, grasses, and driftwood are typical traditional vegetative materials used 

by Native Americans who inhabited lands in the vicinity of the CCNM.

Wildlife Resources

BIRDS

Nineteen species of marine birds and predatory birds consistently use off shore 

rocks for breeding in California (Table 3-1). One of these is listed as endangered 

under ESA, two are listed as endangered under CESA and are fully protected species in California, and seven are considered California species of special concern. 

Species Status

Leach’s storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) NA

Ashy storm-petrel (Oceanodroma homochroa) CSC, BCC

Black storm-petrel (Oceanodroma melania) CSC

Fork-tailed storm-petrel (Oceanodroma furcata) CSC

Brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) FE, SE, CFP

Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) CSC

Pelagic cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus) NA

Brandt’s cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) NA

Snowy egret (Egretta thula) NA

Black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) NA

Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) SE, CFP

Black oystercatcher (Haematopus bachmani) BCC

Western gull (Larus occidentalis) NA

Common murre (Uria aalge) NA

Pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) NA

Xantus’s murrelet (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus) SCT, CSC, BCC

Cassin’s auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) BCC

Rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerta) CSC

Tufted puffi n (Fratercula cirrhata) CSC

Status designations:

BCC = Fish and Wildlife birds of 

 conservation concern.

 CFP = California fully protected species.

 CSC = California species of special concern.

 FE = Federally listed as endangered.

 NA = No special status.

 SCT = State candidate for listing as 

 threatened.

 SE = State listed as endangered. 
3-12

Breeding habitat requirements vary among these species. Some require soil; 

others require crevices; and many use open areas, vegetated or not. Th e key 

characteristics of these breeding sites are suitable locations for nests and the 

absence of terrestrial predators. 

In addition to the breeding birds listed in Table 3-1, a small complement of 

shorebirds uses the lower elevations of CCNM rocks for feeding, primarily during migration and winter. Th ese birds include black oystercatcher (Haematopus bachmani), black turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala), wandering tattler 

(Heteroscelus incanus), surfbird (Aprhiza virgata), and rock sandpiper (Calidris 

ptilocnemis). During high tides, fl ocks of these species roost above the waves.

Table 3-2 shows approximate nesting periods for marine birds on the CCNM.

Th e most recent inventory of seabirds on the islands and off shore rocks of California was prepared by Sowls et al. (1980), although data gathered in the early 

1990s by Harry Carter and others should be available in the latter part of 2005. 

Th ese surveys, while comprehensive, are critically in need of updating. Populations of some of the larger seabirds, such as common murre (Uria aalge) and 

Brandt’s cormorant (Phalocrocorax penicillatus), have been surveyed from the 

air; but many small breeding populations of seabirds have not been surveyed 

since the 1970s (Manuwal et al. 2001). Th ere is very little information on the 

 — Environmental Setting

Bird Species Egg Dates Chick Dates

Leach’s storm-petrel 10 May – 15 September 2 July – 25 November

Ashy storm-petrel 1 May – 1 October 20 June – 15 January

Black storm-petrel 20 May – 7 August 7 July – 15 November

Fork-tailed storm-petrel 18 March – 21 April 21 June – 15 August

Brown pelican 1 December – 15 August 1 January – 15 September

Double-crested cormorant 20 April – 20 August 20 May – 30 August 

Pelagic cormorant 28 April – 30 August 10 June – 25 October 

Brandt’s cormorant 10 April – 30 July 5 May – 15 September

Black oystercatcher 15 April – 21 August 7 May – 31 October

Western gull 22 April – 7 July 10 May – 27 August

Common murre 26 April – 9 June 22 May – 10 August

Pigeon guillemot 28 April – 3 August 2 June – 30 August

Xantus’s murrelet 20 February – 10 June 25 May – 30 July

Cassin’s auklet 15 March – 29 July 10 May – 20 September

Rhinoceros auklet 15 April – ? ? – 21 August

Tufted puffi n 15 April – ? ? – 21 August

Pinniped Species Pupping Dates

Steller sea lion 15 May – 15 July

California sea lion 20 May – July 31; most are born 

in late June

Harbor seal March – August

Northern elephant seal 15 December – 31 March

Note: Annual variation may substantially modify these dates. Th ese dates will be incorporated into the adaptive management program. Courtship activities and nest establishment take place prior to these dates and are also considered periods 

of extreme sensitivity.
 Environmental Setting — 3-13

status of most of the seabird colonies in the CCNM. Th is is especially true for 

nocturnal burrow- or crevice-nesting seabirds, for which the above inventories 

were not designed to survey, and the smallest colonies. Future surveys likely will 

document more nesting sites than previously recorded because new technology 

now enables surveyors to better detect some of the more secretive birds, such as 

storm-petrels and small auklets, that are active mostly at night.

MARINE MAMMALS

Seven marine mammal species regularly use off shore rocks for hauling out or 

breeding (Table 3-3). Th ree of these, the Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus 

townsendi), Steller sea lion (Eumetopius jubatus) and sea otter (Enhydra lutris), 

are listed as threatened under ESA. Th e northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and sea otter are fully protected species in California.

Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are common on many of the rocks along the coast. Both species typically 

choose sites that are sheltered from disturbance by human activities although, 

in some areas, the animals have acclimated to chronic human disturbance. 

Steller sea lions possibly breed on a few of the remote CCNM rocks in northern California. Th e other species are found primarily on larger islands (fur seal 

and elephant seal), the mainland (elephant seal), or in the water (sea otter).

Table 3-2, above, shows approximate pupping periods for pinnipeds on the CCNM.

Species Status

Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) MMPA (1)

Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) FT, ST, CFP, MMPA

Steller sea lion (Eumetopius jubatus) FT, MMPA

California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) NA

Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) NA

Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) CFP

Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) FT, CFP, MMPA

Status designations:

 CFP = California fully protected species.

 FT = Federally listed as threatened.

 MMPA = Depleted, Marine Mammal Protection Act (2).

 NA = No special status.

 ST = State listed as threatened.

Notes:

(1) Th e San Miguel Island stock is also not listed as “depleted” under the MMPA, 

however the Eastern Pacifi c Stock of Northern Fur seals is considered a strategic 

stock and is listed as “depleted” under the MMPA. 

(2) Note that the MMPA protects all marine mammals, not just those listed as 

depleted under the MMPA.
3-14

INVERTEBRATES

Th e CCNM’s rocks and islands host a variety of intertidal and terrestrial invertebrates. Th e intertidal invertebrates occupy areas that are periodically inundated either by very high tidal stages or wave action above mean high tide. 

Because of the variations in coastal exposure to wave action and winds, there 

is variation in the invertebrate life forms that are found above the mean high 

tide line from one location to another along the coast. In some locations with 

open exposure, invertebrates normally found below the mean high tide mark 

are able to survive above this mark due to splash zone inundation. Th is condition places some of these invertebrates within the jurisdiction of the CCNM. 

Figure 3-3 illustrates this relationship between tidal fl uctuation, wave action, 

and the four major intertidal life zones described in Ricketts et al. (1985). Th e 

Uppermost Horizon (Zone 1) supports pill bugs and certain barnacles, snails 

and limpets. Th e High Intertidal (Zone 2) also contains snails, barnacles, and 

limpets; in addition, mussels, periwinkles, and chitons are present. Both of 

these life zones occur within the monument in exposed areas. Th e Middle 

Intertidal (Zone 3) may extend above mean high tide in some heavy surf areas; 

this zone includes invertebrates common in the upper zones but also supports 

seastars and black abalone. Th e Lower Intertidal (Zone 4) is not expected to 

extend within the CCNM jurisdiction.

On some of the rocks and islands with grass and shrub plant communities, a 

variety of terrestrial invertebrates, such as land snails, grasshoppers, crickets, 

fl ies, bees, butterfl ies, and moths-may be found—depending on proximity to 

the mainland and suitability of habitat. Because no inventory of terrestrial 

invertebrates has been conducted in the CCNM, it is not known whether any 

special-status invertebrates occur there. However, surveys of the larger coastal 

islands not included in the CCNM have identifi ed numerous endemic invertebrates, including crickets, moths, and butterfl ies, that live on the coastal 

islands; none are currently listed as threatened or endangered.

No information is available regarding the presence of invasive invertebrates in 

the CCNM.

Both terrestrial and intertidal invertebrates provide food for foraging bird species, including black oystercatcher, ruddy turnstone, black turnstone, wandering tattler, surfbird, rock sandpiper, and gulls (Larus spp.). 

OTHER SPECIES

Species other than those discussed above (e.g., passerine birds) are likely to be 

found on the CCNM, particularly on larger rocks and islands. No comprehensive inventory of such species has been conducted to date, nor is information available regarding the presence of invasive species, special-status species, 

or species that may pose threats to other endemic or special-status species 

found in the monument. 

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-15
3-16

HABITAT CONDITIONS AND THREATS TO WILDLIFE

In general, the remoteness and diffi cult access common to these off shore rocks 

have left habitat conditions on the monument relatively unchanged. In a 

few cases, especially on islands near shore, invasive plant species have become 

established. Th e eff ect of these invasives on wildlife species is essentially unknown. Invasive animals such as rats and mice have a strong negative eff ect 

on seabird colonies, but the status of these rodents on the CCNM rocks is 

essentially unknown. Some concern has been raised recently regarding the effect of the growing Canada goose population, including the introduced Great 

Basin subspecies, on nesting seabirds on the north coast.

While most of these rocks are diffi cult to access and rarely are visited by people, a few are located suffi ciently close to coastal human activities to have been 

aff ected by these activities. Because some are located in places that make them 

hazards to boat traffi c, navigational aids have been established on them. Th e 

most obvious impacts on the wildlife using these off shore rocks are the result 

of direct disturbance from human activities. Disturbance can result from 

a number of unrelated activities but generally involves people approaching 

nesting birds or roosting marine mammals close enough to cause detrimental changes in their behaviors, including fl ight and abandonment of nests or 

young. Th e practice of allowing dogs off leash is also a common type of disturbance. Generally, these disturbances result in more impact during the bird 

nesting season and the pinniped pupping season. 

Fishing

Many of California’s off shore rocks situated near harbors for launching and 

mooring boats are popular fi shing destinations. While the activity of fi shing 

does not necessarily cause disturbance, the proximity of a boat—with its attendant noise and movement—can stress nesting and roosting birds and marine 

mammals. Especially vulnerable are nesting Brandt’s and pelagic cormorants, 

common murres, and Steller sea lions. Th e pelagic cormorant nests on cliff s 

inaccessible to terrestrial predators, which in many cases are next to relatively 

deep water suitable for small boat traffi c and fi shing. Th e other vulnerable 

species are colonial nesters that are particularly susceptible to nest predation 

by western gulls and common ravens. When these species are frightened from 

nests, the eggs and young chicks are left exposed and unprotected. One or 

two ill-timed disturbances can cause almost complete breeding failure of a 

colony. Nesting sites of pelagic and Brandt’s cormorants are distributed the 

entire length of the state. Th e most susceptible areas for common murres are 

in the northern half of the state. Large breeding colonies exist on a number 

of the off shore rocks near the towns of Mendocino (Mendocino County) and 

Trinidad (Humboldt County). Steller sea lions possibly breed on a number 

of these off shore rocks north of Cape Mendocino. Waters surrounding these 

larger rocks are known to be productive fi shing sites.

A specialized form of fi shing popular along the coast from Marin through 

Mendocino counties is sport diving for abalone. Waters surrounding these 

off shore rocks are particularly favored sites for this activity. At some locations, 

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-17

such as Van Damme State Beach in Mendocino County, many abalone divers 

use kayaks or infl atable boats launched from the beach to gain access to the 

waters around off shore rocks. While most of the activities associated with 

abalone diving are not particularly prone to disturb birds, marine mammals, 

especially harbor seals, may be disturbed by boaters approaching too closely. 

On some occasions, abalone divers will access these off shore rocks, potentially 

causing disturbance to nesting pelagic cormorants, pigeon guillemots or black 

oystercatchers. If these divers stay on the rocks for more than a few minutes, 

oystercatcher eggs and small chicks can be lost to western gull predation.

Another legal consumptive activity falling under the category of fi shing is 

mussel collecting. While most mussel collectors confi ne their activities to 

mainland shorelines, those who use boats for abalone diving occasionally disembark on off shore rocks in search of mussel beds. Th is type of disturbance is 

likely to disturb black oystercatchers if they are nesting nearby and can cause 

loss of eggs or small chicks to gulls.

Recreational Kayaking and Scuba Diving

Recreational boating using various styles of kayaks has become common at 

many locations along the California coast. Some of the popular launching 

sites in northern California are located near sensitive off shore rocks, such as at 

Van Damme State Beach in Mendocino County. While most of the activities 

associated with kayaking are not considered a disturbance to seabirds, roosting 

or pupping harbor seals are prone to disturbance by boaters approaching too 

closely. Scuba divers, like abalone divers, are not usually a cause of disturbance 

to birds and marine mammals. Kayakers or scuba divers who leave their boats 

or the water and walk on smaller accessible rocks can potentially disturb nesting black oyster-catchers, pelagic cormorants, or pigeon guillemots. It must 

be noted that any person going ashore for any reason on a rock with nesting 

seabirds, especially murres and cormorants, can cause signifi cant harm.

Seaweed Collecting

A small industry exists for harvesting seaweeds as a specialty food. Seaweed 

collectors who go ashore on rocks with nesting seabirds can cause the types of 

disturbances described above.

Other Disturbances

A variety of miscellaneous activities can also cause signifi cant disturbance to 

seabird and marine mammals in the CCNM. Nesting seabirds are particularly 

vulnerable to disturbance from low-fl ying aircraft. Nearby onshore activities 

with the potential to harm seabirds and marine mammals on portions of the 

CCNM near the mainland are loud construction activities (e.g., blasting during road maintenance), fi reworks displays, and kite fl ying.
3-18

Cultural Resources

PREHISTORIC RESOURCE POTENTIAL 

Coastal sites and staging areas for prehistoric and ethnographic fi shing, marine mammal hunting, and other resource gathering activities are many, and 

have been reasonably well documented in the archaeological and ethnographic 

literature. Th e same is true of islands that are larger or close to the mainland 

(e.g., the Channel Islands and Gunther Island). Because of inaccessibility and 

lack of development, however, archaeological survey information for smaller 

off shore islands and rock pinnacles is extremely limited. California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) does have information for larger 

islands that are not part of the CCNM (the Channel Islands and Farallon 

Islands), which would be useful for predictive modeling for archaeology that 

may be present in the CCNM. Published ethnographic literature for coastal 

tribes discuss how these off shore rocks were used for procuring resources and 

as meeting areas to discuss matters of importance with other villages and tribes 

(Gould 1978: Bean and Th eodoratus 1978).

HISTORICAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL 

Historical literature and photographs show that off shore rocks and islands 

have been used for multiple purposes since the arrival of Europeans to the 

California coast. Th ey have also been responsible for numerous shipwrecks 

throughout California’s history. Shipwreck debris from the mid-19th century 

is still present on some off shore rocks (Del Cioppo 1983). Earliest European 

use of these off shore rocks and islands dates back to the 16th century when 

explorers fi rst visited the California coast (Cummings 1975). Ships logs from 

Cabrillo in 1539 and Drake in 1579 indicate that they hunted sea lions and 

birds on the Farallon Islands and along the northern California coast. Later, 

the Spanish and Russians used off shore rocks for hunting activities and for 

docking or anchoring their ships. Th ese rocks were also used to stabilize logging fl umes that would convey timber to ships that were anchored off shore 

due to a lack of a pier or shoreline dock. Some of the off shore rocks and islands also served as locations for navigational aids such as lighthouses (Woodward 1984).

TRADITIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES

Traditional cultural properties (TCPs) are considered as such because of their 

association with cultural practices or beliefs of a living community that are 

(a) rooted in that community’s history, and (b) important in maintaining the 

continuing cultural identity of the community. Th e term “traditional” in this 

context refers to the beliefs, customs, and practices of a living community of 

people that have been passed down through generations— usually orally or 

through practice (National Park Service 1990). Ethnographic fi eldwork has 

been conducted with many of the Native American groups along the California coast, although with some groups more than others. For many of these 

Native American groups, off shore rocks and islands play an important role in 

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-19

their mythologies. Th ese off shore rocks and islands also have served, and continue to serve, as traditional resource procurement areas (Loeb 1926: Kroeber 

1925). While this ethnographic information is useful, it is not the only step 

necessary in determining the locations and signifi cance of potential TCPs.

KNOWN AND RECORDED CULTURAL RESOURCES

In 2001, the BLM State Archaeologist conducted a partial (2 miles from the 

coast in selected areas) search of existing records at the CHRIS for this project. Resources that are known to be located on the monument include two 

prehistoric shell middens, a large prehistoric habitation site, and a shipwreck 

dating from 1854. 

Visual Resources

GENERAL VISUAL CHARACTER

Some of the most spectacular ocean views in the United States are located along 

the California coast. Th e California Coastline encompasses one of the most 

dramatic landscapes in the world, and the off shore rocks and islands are an 

integral component of the area’s outstanding scenic quality. Protection of the 

CCNM scenic attributes was a key factor in the area’s designation as a national 

monument. Th e monument proclamation begins with: “Th e islands, rocks, 

and pinnacles of the California Coastal National Monument overwhelm the 

viewer, as white-capped waves crash into the vertical cliff s or deeply crevassed 

surge channels and frothy water empties back into the ocean.” 

Th e coastal character varies greatly between sunny southern California to the 

shady forests of the north. Views are defi ned by qualities including perfect 

sights of ocean waves breaking on rocky shorelines and cliff s, dozens of historical landmarks like Spanish missions and Spanish settlements, and the opportunities to participate in numerous types of outdoor recreation.
3-20

Th e islands and rocks of the CCNM represent a key visual element defi ning 

the wild coastline for which California is known. Steep cliff faces rise out of 

turbulent waters that have eroded away solid rock over hundreds of years to 

leave monolithic rock behind. Views of arching sea stacks stand monumental 

amidst crashing waves. Th is is a dynamic landscape of beauty that commands 

the viewer’s attention.

As visual resources along the coast, the rocks and islands create distinctive visual patterns and serve as striking and memorable landscape components. In 

their natural setting, the CCNM’s features represent a landscape that is free 

from encroaching elements, with high visual integrity. Th e visual coherence and 

compositional harmony of the rocks and islands, when considered as a whole, 

provide a unifi ed landscape that defi nes the western edge of California. 

VIEWERS

Diff erent types of viewers have varying sensitivity to visual quality and changes in visual quality. Sensitivity is based on their familiarity with the view, 

sense of ownership of that view, and activity (which determines how much 

attention is paid to the view). Viewers in the actual viewshed of the project 

would include primarily residential viewers, recreational viewers, and commercial viewers.

Residential viewers are typically very sensitive to visual quality and changes in 

visual quality. Th is is because of their familiarity with the view, their investment in the area (if they are homeowners or long-time residents), and their 

sense of ownership of the view. Th e view from their residences and yards 

represents a visual extension of their property, and changes in this view are 

noticeable and can result in strong positive or negative reactions. Residential 

viewers within the viewshed of the CCNM would be located on the landward 

and ocean side of SR 1. Homeowners within this region invest large amounts 

of money in coastal properties, a large reason being the unique and beautiful 

visual qualities of the area. 

Recreational viewers include people engaged in active or passive recreation. 

Viewers engaged in most active recreation, such as playing sports, tend to 

have only an average sensitivity to visual quality and visual change. Although they are aware of their surroundings, they are usually focused on 

the recreational activity itself. People engaged in more passive recreation, 

such as picnicking, photography, nature hikes, and bird watching—and 

even more active activities such as bicycling and kayaking—are more aware 

of their surroundings and more sensitive to the visual quality. Th e visual 

quality is often an important element in their recreation. Some of these 

viewers would be very sensitive to visual changes if they regularly return to 

the same place for their recreation. Others, such as fi rst-time or occasional 

viewers, who would not be as familiar with the views, would not be as apt 

to notice changes. Th ere are limitless opportunities for recreationists of all 

kinds within and surrounding the CCNM. Th e Pacifi c Coast Highway (SR 

1) is popular with bicyclists and recreational drivers. Recreational viewers 

often come to the area for its aesthetic qualities. 

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-21

Tourists are similar to recreational viewers. Depending on what brings tourists to a particular location, they tend to be more or less sensitive to visual 

quality. If the point of the visit is to enjoy the views or see the scenery, then 

visual quality is an important element in their trip. However, if their travel is 

intended to take advantage of indoor activities, visual quality is of less signifi -

cance. California’s coast is a destination for thousands of tourists every year. 

Tourists often travel along the scenic Coast Highway because of the unique 

views off ered by the CCNM. 

Other viewers, with exceptions, usually have an average sensitivity to visual 

quality or change. Th ese include people on the local roadway system, including motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians. Such viewers have varying sensitivity, 

depending on their purpose of travel. If they are traveling to simply get from 

one place to another for business or pleasure, their sensitivity normally would be 

average. If they are traveling for pleasure, which is often the case along the coast, 

it is likely that they would be more sensitive to their surroundings. 

Commercial viewers, such as proprietors or customers, usually have their attention on the commercial activity itself. Industrial workers’ attention is primarily focused on their work. Exceptions may include the many commercial 

uses along the coast that are focused on the view, such as a restaurant with 

window seats or outdoor seating 

Finally, it is important to note that this discussion addresses average viewer sensitivity. Some viewers are more or less sensitive than their activity or ownership 

would indicate. Individuals’ reactions to views vary greatly, depending on a 

number of factors—including how much they know or care about the view, 

their personal tastes, and their opinions about the activity they are viewing. 

Recreation and Visitor Access

Th e “Wildlife Resources” section above describes recreational activities that 

occur on and around the monument, and resulting potential threats to wildlife. Th e “Visual Resources” section above describes the sensitivity of various 

recreational users to changes in the visual character of the monument.

COASTAL RECREATION IN CALIFORNIA

According to the State’s offi cial web site, California’s tourism is a major part of 

California’s economy, generating more than $75 billion in direct travel spending, supporting jobs for more than 1 million Californians, and generating $5 

billion in direct state and local tax revenue. Tourism is California’s third largest employer and fi fth largest contributor to the gross state product.

Coastal recreation and tourism is a signifi cant portion of this industry. It has 

been estimated that, in 1992, the value of tourism and recreation along the 

California coast was $9.9 billion. Of this total, $6.6 billion was from direct 

spending and $3.3 billion was indirect spending estimated from economic 

income multipliers (Moller and Fitz 1994). 

According to the 2000 National Survey on Recreation and the Environment, 

over 17 million people participated in one or more marine-based recreational 
3-22

activity along California’s 

coast in 2000. About 5 

million arrived from another state and 12 million were California residents. California ranks 

fi rst in the nation for 

the total number of state 

residents that participate 

in marine-based recreation and second after 

Florida for the combined 

total number of tourists 

and residents (Leeworthy 

and Wiley 2001). Marine-based recreational 

activities that occur on 

and around the monument include swimming, 

snorkeling, scuba diving, 

surfi ng, wind surfi ng, fi shing, motor boating, canoeing, kayaking, bird and 

wildlife watching, fi lming, and photography. 

Recreational pressures tend to be the most intense near the state’s urban centers, and recreational boaters are further concentrated around a limited number of boat ramps. Although there are more than 850 public coastal access 

points in California, there are far fewer boat launch ramps. While these use 

patterns, combined with statewide statistics, help identify the overall value 

and importance of coastal recreation and tourism, there are very few regional, 

county, or community statistics to help measure and compare the value and 

importance of these activities at any one point along the coast. 

Th e majority of total State Park attendance for coastal counties (12.6 million 

participants and 151 million use days) focus on beach-related recreation, most 

of which occurs in southern California where the proximity to the CCNM 

rocks and islands is limited (Moller and Fitz 1994). Th e fi gures for nonbeach waterside-related recreation (1.5 million participants and 20.1 million 

use days) are probably more relevant and cover areas such as scenic overlooks 

and rocky coastlines where proximity to the CCNM is likely.

Th e over 12,000 rocks, islands, and reefs that make up the CCNM are for 

the most part inaccessible to most recreationists due to their small individual 

size, location in the rugged surf zone, and lack of landing areas. Th erefore, 

on-island recreation is generally restricted to the few locations where the rocks 

can be reached from the mainland at low tide or where there is a safe access 

point from the water. Beyond on-island recreation, recreational activities in 

the water adjoining the monument, in the air, and on the mainland overlooking the monument can be aff ected by management activities and in turn can 

aff ect the natural and cultural features of the monument. 

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-23

COASTAL ACCESS

More than 25 percent of the California shoreline is administered by DPR for 

the State of California, and another 17 percent of the shoreline is also publicly 

owned and accessible. More than 850 public access points are available along 

the coast. Th ese access points are managed by a wide variety of federal, state, 

and local jurisdictions; access ranges from coastal overlooks on bluff s to full-service parks with boat launches, beaches, and picnicking and camping facilities. A 

partial list of coastal parks and beaches is provided in Appendix I, and is shown 

in Figures 1-4a–e.

Th e rocks and islands in the CCNM off er limited public access because they 

are located off shore, separated from the mainland by heavy surf; are of small 

average size; and in some instances have steep rock faces. Safety risks, a lack 

of landing areas, and limited recreational values naturally limit public access 

to the rocks. However, some rocks accommodate exploration because they 

are close to the mainland at low tides or because they have safe landing areas 

for boats. In these cases, people take the opportunity to climb rocks, hike, 

explore tidepools, and study nature. Whether people can successfully access 

the monument by watercraft depends on the presence of boat launch ramps, 

beach access points, marinas, and sea conditions. 

Research

Many public and private entities conduct research along the California coast. 

Various universities, maritime museums, marine sanctuaries, federal and state 

resource agencies, and nonprofi t organizations conduct or sponsor research 

eff orts. A partial list of these institutions is included in Table 2-2.

Current research eff orts have numerous goals. Many programs are in place to 

better understand the extent and condition of biological resources, while others study the physical processes that aff ect the coast. Data collection on important cultural and historic locations is ongoing, and other eff orts are aimed 

at understanding the eff ects of current human activities on coastal resources 

and processes.

No known single entity tracks and manages research programs along the California coast. CCNM management staff and BLM fi eld offi ces currently administer a permit process for institutions or individuals wishing to access the 

CCNM for research purposes. However, it is not known how many of the 

research entities along the coast are aware of the requirement to obtain permits from BLM before researchers access the rocks and islands; nor is it known 

how much research is carried out without permits. Other coastal land-owning agencies (e.g., DoD, DPR, FWS, and NPS) also issue research permits 

for activity in their jurisdictions, as does NMFS; and DFG issues scientifi c 

collecting permits. It is possible that permitted researchers might assume that 

off shore rocks fall in these agencies’ allowed research areas. A comprehensive 

guide to attaining research permits on the California coast could not be found 

for inclusion in this report.
3-24

Land Use/Lands and Realty

LAND OWNERSHIP

Th e CCNM is federally owned and managed under the authority of BLM. 

Th e CCNM’s rocks and islands are naturally occurring features that are treated 

primarily as natural resources subject to minimal human contact. On a limited 

basis, the rocks and islands are used for some human purposes, such as sites for 

navigational aids (e.g., lighthouses). Also, some humans use the CCNM for 

recreation and as sites for harvesting invertebrates during low tides. 

Land uses on adjacent coastal property are controlled by a number of state, 

federal, and local entities. Each of these entities has its own land use plan and 

permitting process. Th e CCNM overlaps on the jurisdiction of fi ve BLM fi eld 

offi ces, adjoins or borders on 10 California State Park district offi ces, 11 DFG 

Marine Region fi eld offi ces, 6 NPS units, a variety of military properties (including Vandenberg AFB and San Clemente and San Nicolas Islands), 15 California coastal counties, and dozens of municipalities. Portions of four National 

Marine Sanctuaries and the subsurface responsibilities of the MMS and the 

SLC underlie the CCNM; as do the off shore, below high tide responsibilities 

of a number of local governmental entities who are submerged lands grantees. 

Several other entities are also involved in property associated with the CCNM 

(e.g., Th e Nature Conservancy, private landowners, and USCG own property 

adjacent to the monument). See Chapter 1, “Introduction,” for more information and Figures 1-4a–e for maps of many of the coastal jurisdictions.

LANDS AND REALTY

Th e proclamation that established the CCNM described the monument as “... 

all unappropriated or unreserved lands and interests in lands owned or controlled by the United States in the form of islands, rocks, exposed reefs, and 

pinnacles above mean high tide within 12 nautical miles of the shoreline of 

the State of California.” Th e off shore lands that constitute the CCNM total 

about 1,000 acres and are in the form of more than 20,000 rocks and small 

islands2 (the portion above mean high tide). Th e largest of these is just over 

10 acres, and the smallest may be no larger than a square foot.3

As mentioned above, the CCNM includes rocks, islands, exposed reefs, and 

pinnacles. Although many of the rock features immediately off shore of major 

islands are part of the CCNM, the CCNM does not include the major islands 

themselves (e.g., Santa Catalina and other Channel Islands, the Farallon Is2 This estimate is based on BLM’s initial inventory of the rocks and islands off the shoreline of 

California that identified more than 12,800 rocks and islands encompassing about 225,000 acres. 

The smallest consistent rock unit in the data sets used by BLM in the initial CCNM inventory was 

4-square meters. Of these, more than 11,000 rocks were identified as being within the CCNM. 

It can be conservatively estimated that at least another 10,000 rocks less than 4 square meters 

in size (above mean high tide) are also part of the CCNM. Therefore, it is estimated that more 

than 20,000 rocks and small islands make up the CCNM.

3 It also should be noted that over 99 percent of the 225,000 acres of California’s offshore rocks 

and islands is made up of the eight large Channel Islands off the southern California coast and 

the Farallones cluster off San Francisco Bay that are not part of the CCNM. These larger island 

clusters, however, represent less than 5 percent of California’s total number of offshore rocks and 

islands. Over 90 percent of California’s offshore rocks and islands are within the CCNM.

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-25

lands, and the islands of San Francisco Bay). Because of the vast amount of 

land protected as part of the CCNM, there is no comprehensive inventory of 

specifi c coastal features and, in many cases, exact property boundaries have 

not been defi ned for the CCNM. 

Table 3-5 presents examples of islands not included in the CCNM because 

they have previously been appropriated or reserved.

In addition to the major islands listed above, Orange County has a congressional withdrawal of all rocks off the coast of Orange County that are 2 acres or less 

and within 1 mile from the shore. Th ese rocks are not part of the CCNM.

INDIAN TRUST RESOURCES

Indian trust resources are legal interests in assets held in trust by the federal 

government for Indian tribes or individuals. Th e trust relationship usually 

stems from a treaty, executive order, or act of Congress. Assets are anything 

that holds monetary value and can be real property, physical assets, or intangible property rights. (Examples of trust assets are lands, minerals, hunting 

and fi shing rights, and water rights. Indian rancherías, reservations, and public domain allotments are frequently placed in trust status.)

No Indian trust resources have been identifi ed on monument lands.

Native American lands adjacent to the monument include Smith River 

Ranchería, Elk Valley Reserve, Resighni Reservation, Big Lagoon Ranchería, 

Trinidad Ranchería, Table Bluff Reservation – Wiyot Tribe, Manchester, Stewards Point Ranchería, Campo-Manzanita and La Posta Reservation, Pomo 

Ranchería at Fort Bragg, and the Yurok’s Klamath offi ce and Requa locale.

Water Resources

Th e CCNM itself is not known to contain signifi cant water resources; however, 

monument features are found in the Pacifi c Ocean and are surrounded by water. 

Th e water surrounding these geologic features support a variety of life, including, marine mammals, fi sh, migratory birds, and marine fl ora found in both 

the littoral and intertidal zones. Th e variation in water temperature and other 

abiotic factors, such as wind and tidal infl uence, result in a varying environment 

along the coast. Th e quality of surrounding waters serves as a signifi cant determinant of the health of biological resources on the monument. 

OCEANOGRAPHY

Productive oceanographic factors, such as major ocean currents, stimulate biological productivity and diversity in both nearshore and off shore ocean waters. 

Th e California Current is a cold water current that originates north of California 

and moves southward along the coast, whereas the Davidson Current is a periodic, nearshore current that fl ows in a northerly direction, carrying warm waters from semitropical seas to Southern California. Another factor is upwelling, 

the movement of deep ocean waters into shallower, nearshore areas. Upwelling 

provides essential nutrients needed to support plankton, a vital component of 

numerous food webs supporting fi sh, mammal and bird populations.
3-26

Interactions between off shore currents infl uence temperature, nutrients, and 

distribution of organisms and their off spring, and create three distinct marine biogeographical regions (or bioregions) along the coast of California. Th e 

southern region, extending from the Mexican border to Point Conception 

near the City of Santa Barbara (known as the Southern California Bight), is 

composed of warmer waters and primarily supports temperate and warm water fi sh and invertebrate species. Point Conception is a transition zone where 

warmer Southern California waters mix with colder waters from the north. 

Th e second region is located off shore the Central and Northern California 

coast, extending from Point Conception to Cape Mendocino where another transition zone occurs. A third region, extending from Cape Mendocino 

beyond the California/Oregon border (sometimes known as the Oregonian 

Province), contains colder waters and organisms adapted to such conditions. 

(California Resources Agency, 1997)

Observed tide heights vary at diff erent locations along the coast. “Mean high 

tide” refers to the average of all observed high tide heights at a given location. 

Th e height and period of waves in the coastal ocean also vary with the seasons 

and location. Heights are generally greatest during winter and lowest in summer. Wind and wave action help determine the physical characteristics of the 

coastline. North of Point Conception, strong waves and wind have worked 

on the California Coast Ranges formations to form numerous off shore rocks 

and islands. South of Point Conception, the coastline is more protected from 

the impact of storm waves by large off shore islands (i.e., the Channel Islands). 

Th e formations of the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges of the south coast 

have produced fewer rocks and islands. 

Th e Nearshore Ocean Zone

Th e nearshore ocean zone extends from such onshore areas as sandy beaches, 

boulder fi elds and rocky outcroppings, including associated kelp beds, sandy and muddy bottoms, to the boundary between the continental shelf and 

continental slope (depths range from 100 to 300 meters, depending on the 

location). Waters of this zone are rich in nutrients primarily from upwelling 

currents and partially from freshwater infl ows, supporting an abundance of 

habitats and organisms. 

Th e Off shore Ocean Zone

Th e off shore ocean zone of California begins at the boundary between the continental shelf and continental slope and extends to the edge of the exclusive economic zone (200 miles off shore). Th e exceptions to this general defi nition are 

deep submarine canyons which split the shelf in some areas and bring the deep 

ocean environment in close proximity to shore. For example, the Monterey Submarine Canyon in Central California reaches a depth of nearly two miles and 

approaches within 300 feet of the beach. (California Resources Agency, 1997)

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-27

Name County Ownership Management

Alder Rock Monterey USFS

Los Padres National Forest (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 

1932 [Patent No. 1056141]; re-acquired by U.S. Army [Ft. Hunter Liggett] 

from Hearst Corporation. Using the authority of a 1956 statute [70 Stat. 

656], U.S. Army transferred administration to Los Padres National Forest 

and administered under authority of Weeks Act) 

Alm Rock Monterey USFS

Los Padres National Forest (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip 

in1932 [Patent No. 1056141]; re-acquired by U.S. Army [Ft. Hunter 

Liggett] from Hearst Corporation. Using the authority of a 1956 statute 

[70 Stat. 656], U.S. Army transferred administration to Los Padres National 

Forest and administered under authority of Weeks Act) 

Anacapa Island

(three islets) Ventura NPS Channel Islands National Park 

Año Nuevo Island San Mateo State Parks Año Nuevo State Reserve; State purchased, originally was a Mexican Land 

Grant (Punta del Año Nuevo) 

Bird Rock Monterey USFS

Los Padres National Forest (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 

1932 [Patent No. 1056141]; re-acquired by U.S. Army [Ft. Hunter Liggett] 

from Hearst Corporation. Using the authority of a 1956 statute [70 Stat. 

656], U.S. Army transferred administration to Los Padres National Forest 

and administered under authority of Weeks Act) 

Bird Rock

(Santa Catalina 

Island)

Los Angeles Private

1.30-acre islet is for sale; conveyed out of federal ownership under Scrip 

patent (Patent No. 1026930); located north of Twin Harbor area of Santa 

Catalina Island 

Cape Vizcaíno 

Islands 1, 2, and 3 Mendocino Private Unknown (cluster of islets north of Cape Vizcaíno); Patent No. 999436

Castle Rock Del Norte USFWS Castle Rock National Wildlife Refuge

Castle Rock 

(South end of Big 

Sur)

Monterey USFS

Los Padres National Forest (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 

1932 [Patent No. 1056141]; re-acquired by U.S. Army [Ft. Hunter Liggett] 

from Hearst Corporation. Using the authority of a 1956 statute [70 Stat. 

656], U.S. Army transferred administration to Los Padres National Forest 

and administered under authority of Weeks Act) 

Cat Rock 

(Anacapa Island) Ventura NPS Channel Islands National Park (Anacapa Island complex)

Channel Islands 

National Park 

Rocks and Islets

Santa 

Barbara and 

Ventura

NPS

Channel Islands National Park (all rocks and islands within 1 nautical 

mile of San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara 

Islands)

Deadman’s Island Los Angeles Treasury 

Department Dredged out of existence (Los Angeles Harbor project)

Duck Island Marin Private Unknown (Tomales Bay); Homestead 1884 (Patent No. 1900)

Farallon Islands San 

Francisco YSFWS

Farallon Islands National Wildlife Refuge; reserved by Proclamation 2416 

of 7/25/40 (Middle Island and North Farallon Island) and PLO 4671 

of 6/23/69 (SE Farallon Island with rocks, heads, reefs and islands SE of 

Middle Farallon Island)

GGNRA rocks

San 

Francisco 

and Marin

NPS Golden Gate National Recreation Area (all rocks, islands, and pinnacles 

within 1⁄4 mile seaward zone); Public Law 92-589 (10/27/72)

Hog Island Marin Private Unknown (Tomales Bay); cash entry 1878 (Patent No. 6273)

Hunter Rock Del Norte Smith River/ 

Indian Ranchería Smith River/Indian Ranchería; withdrawn by EO 1495 (4/11/12)

La Cruz Rock San Luis 

Obispo Private Hearst Corporation (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 1932 [Patent No. 1056141])
3-28

Name County Ownership Management

Two Rocks in the 

vicinity of Laguna 

Beach

Orange BLM Withdrawn for lighthouse purposes (Act of Congress 5/28/35) (Most likely 

Seal Rock and Bird Rock)

Lighthouse Island Del Norte Del Norte County

Del Norte Historical Society (Battery Point Island); quitclaim deed 

(12/5/69) for “an historic monument” and “shall not be used for park or 

recreational purposes” (includes reversion clause) 

Mendocino Island 

1 and 2 Mendocino State Parks Mendocino Headlands State Park (two islets on south side of the town of Mendocino)

Middle Rock 

(Cape San 

Martin)

Monterey USFS

Los Padres National Forest (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 

1932 [Patent No. 1056141]; re-acquired by U.S. Army [Ft. Hunter Liggett] 

from Hearst Corporation. Using the authority of a 1956 statute [70 Stat. 

656], U.S. Army transferred administration to Los Padres National Forest 

and administered under authority of Weeks Act) 

Morro Rock San Luis 

Obispo State Parks Morro Bay State Park

NW Seal Rock Del Norte Del Norte County Lease to St. George Reef Lighthouse Preservation Society

Orange County 

Rocks and Islands Orange BLM

Temporary withdrawal for public purposes all rocks, pinnacles, reefs, and 

islands of less than 2 acres within 1 mile of the coastline of Orange County 

(Act of Congress 2/18/31)

Outer Islet San Luis 

Obispo Private Hearst Corporation (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 1932 [Patent No. 1056141])

Pelican Rock Del Norte Del Norte County

Crescent City Harbor District; conveyed to Del Norte County (Act of 

Congress 6/19/48) “for the purpose of a public wharf or...use in the 

reconstruction, maintenance, and operation of Crescent City Harbor”

Piedra Blanca 

No. 1 and No. 2

San Luis 

Obispo Private Hearst Corporation (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 1932 

[Patent No. 1056141])

Plaskett Rock Monterey Private Hearst Corporation (?) (Patent No.1056141, patented off as Valentine Scrip 

in 1932)

Point Lobos 

Rocks and Islets Monterey State Parks Point Lobos State Reserve; Recreation and Public Purpose Act (Patent No. 

1126429) (458 surveyed rocks and islets)

Point Reyes NS 

Rocks and Reefs Marin NPS

Point Reyes National Seashore (all rocks and reefs within 1⁄4 mile zone 

off shore and parallel to mean high tide line along national seashore); Act of 

Congress (9/13/62) and NPS Order (10/20/72)

Preston Island Del Norte Private Within Crescent City (connected to mainland); patented in 1918 (Patent 

No. 613075)

Prewitt Rock Monterey USFS

Los Padres National Forest (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 

1932 [Patent No. 1056141]; re-acquired by U.S. Army [Ft. Hunter Liggett] 

from Hearst Corporation. Using the authority of a 1956 statute [70 Stat. 

656], U.S. Army transferred administration to Los Padres National Forest 

and administered under authority of Weeks Act] )

Prince Island Del Norte Smith River Indian 

Ranchería 

Smith River Indian Ranchería; referenced in EO 1495 (4/11/12) as being 

the same as Hunter Rock

Prince Island Santa 

Barbara U.S. Navy MOU with NPS (Channel Islands National Park, off San Miguel Island)

Redwood 

National Park 

rocks and islets

Del Norte NPS

Redwood National Park (all rocks and islands, and pinnacles within 1⁄4 

mile zone off shore of coastal section approximately between north end 

of Freshwater Lagoon and south end of Crescent City, including White, 

False Klamath, Wilson, and Sister Rocks); Public Law 90545, 82 Stat. 931 

(10/2/68)

Round Rock Del Norte Crescent City 

Harbor District(?)

Crescent City Harbor District (?); withdrawn (4/30/48) for Department of 

Army by PLO 474 (under Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899)

St. George Reef Del Norte USCG Withdrawn by EO (1/29/1867) for lighthouse purposes (all rocky islets off 

Point St. George)

San Clemente 

Island Los Angeles U.S. Navy Naval Oceans Systems Facility 

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-29

Name County Ownership Management

San Francisco Bay 

Islands Various Various Various (reserved for military, lighthouse, and other purposes, including GGNRA)

San Juan Rocks Orange BLM Withdrawn for lighthouse purposes (Act of Congress 5/28/35)

San Martin 

Rock (Cape San 

Martin)

Monterey USFS

Los Padres National Forest (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 

1932 [Patent No. 1056141]; re-acquired by U.S. Army [Ft. Hunter Liggett] 

from Hearst Corporation. Using the authority of a 1956 statute [70 Stat. 

656], U.S. Army transferred administration to Los Padres National Forest 

and administered under authority of Weeks Act] )

San Mateo Rocks Orange BLM Withdrawn for lighthouse purposes (Act of Congress 5/28/35)

San Miguel Island Santa 

Barbara U.S. Navy MOU with NPS (Channel Islands National Park)

San Nicholas 

Island Ventura U.S. Navy Pacifi c Missile Range

Santa Barbara 

Island

Santa 

Barbara NPS Channel Islands National Park

Santa Catalina 

Island Los Angeles Private Santa Catalina Island Company et al.

Santa Cruz Island Santa 

Barbara NPS and TNC Channel Islands National Park and TNC preserve

Santa Rosa Island Santa 

Barbara NPS Channel Islands National Park

Sea Lion Rock Monterey Army

Fort Hunter Liggett (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 1932 

[Patent No. 1056141]; re-acquired by U.S. Army [Ft. Hunter Liggett] from 

Hearst Corporation)

Sea Lion Rock 

(Cape San 

Martin)

Monterey USFS

Los Padres National Forest (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 

1932 [Patent No. 1056141]; re-acquired by U.S. Army [Ft. Hunter Liggett] 

from Hearst Corporation. Using the authority of a 1956 statute [70 Stat. 

656], U.S. Army transferred administration to Los Padres National Forest 

and administered under authority of Weeks Act)

Sugarloaf Island Humboldt USCG Withdrawal by EO (6/8/1866 and 5/23/1867) for lighthouse purposes

Villa Rock Monterey USFS

Los Padres National Forest (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 

1932 [Patent No. 1056141]; re-acquired by U.S. Army [Ft. Hunter Liggett] 

from Hearst Corporation. Using the authority of a 1956 statute [70 Stat. 

656], U.S. Army transferred administration to Los Padres National Forest 

and administered under authority of Weeks Act)

Whaleboat Rock Monterey USFS

Los Padres National Forest (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 

1932 [Patent No. 1056141]; re-acquired by U.S. Army [Ft. Hunter Liggett] 

from Hearst Corporation. Using the authority of a 1956 statute [70 Stat. 

656], U.S. Army transferred administration to Los Padres National Forest 

and administered under authority of Weeks Act) 

Whaler Island Del Norte Crescent City 

Harbor District (?)

Crescent City Harbor District (?); patented on 6/17/36 (Patent No. 

1084201) for use as anchor point and rock quarry for breakwater 

construction 

Whaler’s Island San Luis 

Obispo

Port San Luis 

Harbor District

Port San Luis Harbor District; patented 5/5/65 (Patent No. 04-65-0301) 

for public park and fi shing purposes only (with reversion clause)

White Rock No. 2 Monterey USFS

Los Padres National Forest (originally patented off as Valentine Scrip in 

1932 [Patent No. 1056141]; re-acquired by U.S. Army [Ft. Hunter Liggett] 

from Hearst Corporation. Using the authority of a 1956 statute [70 Stat. 

656], U.S. Army transferred administration to Los Padres National Forest 

and administered under authority of Weeks Act)

Notes:

 BLM = U.S. Bureau of Land Management.

 EO = Executive Order.

 GGNRA = Golden Gate National Recreation Area.

 MOU = Memorandum of understanding.

 NPS = National Park Service.

 PLO = Public Land Order.

 TNC = Th e Nature Conservancy.

 USCG = U.S. Coast Guard.

 USFS = U.S. Forest Service.

 USFWS = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
3-30

WATER QUALITY

Pollution of coastal water is a potential threat to the CCNM. Th e coast is used 

by people for commercial and recreational purposes that include resource extraction, snorkeling, scuba diving, boating, kayaking, and surfi ng, all of which 

may lead to water contamination. In addition, the ocean is also used for both 

legal and illegal disposal of pollutants. Legal discharges include treated wastewater, industrial discharges, and urban and 

agricultural runoff . Illegal discharges include illicit dumping. 

In the future, some coastal waters also will be subject to brine 

discharges from desalination facilities. 

Th e pollution problem zones are concentrated on the beaches and waters of Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Francisco 

Bay where populations are most dense and people have easy 

coastal access. Th ese types of pollutions can be classifi ed into 

point sources (such as municipal wastewater treatment facilities, industrial facilities, and coastal power plants) and nonpoint source pollution (such as urban and agricultural runoff , leaks, accidental 

spills, trash, and illegal dumping). Off shore oil and gas operations also require 

routine discharges and sometimes result in oil spills. Regulatory agencies have 

issued permits to literally thousands of point-source dischargers along the California coastline.

Human recreation (such as scuba diving, snorkeling, kayaking, and fi shing) 

can induce coastal erosion, and sedimentation can adversely aff ect the monument resources by decreasing the visibility of the water. Other activities that 

result in sedimentation include dam construction, river channelization, and 

other developments along a river or stream.

Maritime traffi c contributes to non-point source pollution, as well as the discharge of ballast water. Th e main pollutants generated by ship traffi c are sewage, oily bilge water, hazardous wastes, and solid wastes. Under the CWA, 

ships may discharge raw sewage within 3 nautical miles of the coast and therefore could signifi cantly aff ect the CCNM. 

Region IX of the EPA has established six ocean disposal sites for dredge material and spoils, primarily for material from harbor dredging. Locations include one off shore of Humboldt County, two off shore of the Golden Gate, 

two off shore of Orange County, and one off shore of San Diego (Science Applications 2003). Depending on the disposal material, the material may pose 

a threat to the water quality. 

Finally, naturally occurring features may adversely aff ect water quality and 

CCNM resources. Animal excrement may aff ect the monument and the water that surrounds the monument. For example, the mammals and birds that 

use the monuments for resting or nesting create a large amount of excrement. 

During a storm, this excrement may run off into the water, adversely aff ecting 

the water quality by nutrient standards. In addition, California possesses numerous naturally occurring oil and natural gas seeps, ranging from Eureka to 

Santa Barbara. Although naturally occurring, these seeps may also adversely 

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-31

aff ect water quality and biota in the splash zone of the CCNM—especially in 

the area between Lompoc and Oxnard, where tar washes up on shore.

Wilderness and Other Special Designations

WILDERNESS CHARACTER

Section 603 of FLPMA directed BLM to inventory roadless areas of 5,000 

acres or more with wilderness characteristics and to recommend to the President the suitability of such areas for preservation as wilderness. To satisfy this 

directive, BLM completed a three-step process: (1) an inventory to determine 

what BLM managed roadless areas have wilderness characteristics and should 

subsequently be designated and managed as a WSA, (2) a determination of 

which WSAs or portions thereof are suitable for future Wilderness designation, and (3) a report to Congress recommending which of the suitable areas 

should be added to the National Wilderness Preservation System. In 1979, as 

part of the initial inventory to determine which areas should be designated as 

WSAs, BLM determined that the BLM-managed rocks, islands, exposed reefs, 

and pinnacles of the CCNM did not meet the 5,000-acre size criteria and 

therefore would not be designated or managed as WSAs. Th ese results were 

published in Wilderness: Final Intensive Inventory, Public Lands Administered by California outside the California Desert Conservation Area (1979). 

In 1997 and 1999, legislation was introduced in Congress to designate the 

BLM-administered coastal rocks, islands, exposed reefs, and pinnacles in California as Wilderness to be included within the National Wilderness Preservation System, but neither bills were signed into law.

Even though the BLM-administered rocks, islands, exposed reefs, and pinnacles of the CCNM are not managed as WSAs nor designated as Wilderness, 

FLPMA recognizes that public lands with wilderness characteristics possess 

unique resource values, and management of wilderness values is included in 

its multiple-use mandate. As directed in Section 201 

of FLPMA, BLM is required to assess the resources of 

public lands. Wilderness characteristics are one of many 

resources considered. Th rough the BLM land use planning process (defi ned in Section 202 of FLPMA), BLM 

addresses whether and how to protect those wilderness 

characteristics. In that analysis, BLM should consider 

the following fi ve points: (1) the existence and quality of 

the wilderness characteristics and BLM’s ability to preserve those characteristics; (2) the prescriptions necessary 

to protect one or more of the wilderness characteristics; 

(3) the presence of other resource values and uses, and 

the eff ect on them of protecting wilderness characteristics; (4) the eff ect of 

managing for other resource uses on wilderness characteristics; and (5) the 

contribution that protecting lands with wilderness characteristics provides in 

meeting other resource management goals and objectives in the plan.

As defi ned in the Wilderness Act of 1964, wilderness characteristics are defi ned as 

federal lands having:
3-32

• Naturalness (i.e., generally appears to to have been aff ected primarily by 

the forces of nature, with the imprint of man’s work substantially unnoticeable),

• Outstanding opportunity for solitude or a primitive and unconfi ned type 

of recreation, 

• Suffi cient size (5,000 acres or of suffi cient size as to make practicable its 

preservation and use in an unimpaired condition), and

• Potential supplemental wilderness values (i.e., ecological, geological, or 

other feature of scientifi c, education, scenic, or historical value).

In 2004, as part of the development of this RMP/EIS, the BLM-administered 

rocks, islands, exposed reefs, and pinnacles of the CCNM were examined to determine whether any or all had these wilderness characteristics. All were found 

to have, at a minimum, naturalness and supplemental wilderness values. All the 

rocks, islands, exposed reefs, and pinnacles had minimal apparent human impacts; 

are surrounded by water, thereby restricting human-induced impacts; and have 

one or more of the supplemental values. All these values were recognized in the 

Presidential Proclamation that established the CCNM. Th ose islands generally 

over 0.5 acre also had outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and 

unconfi ned type of recreation. Th ese types of recreation included hiking, photography, and wildlife viewing. Some coastal lands adjacent to the CCNM are 

designated as WSAs and wilderness areas. Table 3-6 shows which coastal lands 

possess designated wilderness areas or wilderness study areas.

OTHER SPECIAL DESIGNATIONS

In 1990, the California Islands Wildlife Sanctuary was designated by BLM as an 

ACEC. 

Th is designation highlighted the islands’ special values and provided additional protection 

of the resources found on the islands. Daily management of the sanctuary continued to 

be the responsibility of the DFG as prescribed in the MOU of 1983. 

On August 27, 1998, all areas within 1⁄2 mile of the coastline were designated as the 

California Off shore Rocks and Pinnacles Ecological Reserve under the authority 

of California Fish and Game Code, Article 4, Section 1590, Ecological Reserves; 

and California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Sections 630 (Ecological Reserves) 

and 632 (Marine Protected Areas). Th e Ecological Reserve will continue to be 

managed by DFG under current California Fish and Game Code and California 

Administrative Code regulation.

No back-country byways, national recreation areas, national trails, or wilderness 

study areas currently exist on monument lands. 

Coastal Area (and Management Agency) Wilderness Area

 Wilderness

 Study Area

King Range (U.S. Bureau of Land Management) x

Farralon National Wildlife Refuge (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) x

Ventana Wilderness (U.S. Forest Service) x

Silver Peak Wilderness (U.S. Forest Service) x

Source: http://www.calwild.org/places.

 — Environmental Setting
 Environmental Setting — 3-33

 List of Preparers — 4-1

Th e CCNM RMP refl ects the cooperative eff orts of an Interdisciplinary Team, 

consisting of staff from BLM and other agencies and interest groups, and 

private consultants. Th is chapter identifi es members of the Interdisciplinary 

Team and the key individuals who were responsible for preparing the RMP.

List of Preparers

Individual Position Role

INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM

Nancy Alex BLM Land Law Examiner (CASO) Lands and realty/land records

Larry Ames BLM Park Ranger/Interpretive 

Specialist (UFO) Visitor use and webmaster

Clemens Arrasmith BLM GIS Cartographer (CASO) GIS and mapping

Jim Berry DPR Senior Ecologist DPR representative/marine ecology

Paul Brink

BLM National Landscape 

Conservation System Program 

Lead and Wilderness Coordinator 

(CASO)

Wilderness management and special 

designations

Yolanda Chavez BLM Tribal Relations Liaison 

(UFO) Tribal relations

Emily Evans BLM Park Ranger/Interpretive 

Specialist (AFO)

Interpretation and environmental 

education

Jeff Fontana BLM Public Aff airs Offi cer 

(Northern California) Public aff airs and outreach
4-2

Individual Position Role

INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM

Nancy Read Francine USAF Flight Wildlife Biologist 

(Vandenberg Air Force Base) USAF representative/coastal wildlife

Rick Hanks BLM CCNM Manager (CASO) Management direction and 

approach

Greg Hill BLM Planning and environmental 

coordinator (PSSCFO) Core team representative

Steve Horne BLM Archaeologist (CASO) Cultural resources

Eliseo Ilano BLM Planning and Environmental 

Coordinator (CASO) Planning lead

Paul Kelly

DFG/Offi ce of Spill Prevention and 

Response Coastal and Marine Bird 

Biologist

DFG representative/seabirds and 

oil spills

John Key BLM Environmental Protection 

Specialist (CDD)

Oil spill and hazardous materials 

response

Steve Larson BLM Assistant Field Manager, 

Resources (BFO) Natural resources

David Lawler BLM Mining Engineer (CASO) Paleontology

Ed Lorentzen BLM Endangered Species Specialist 

(CASO)

Environmental Species Act 

compliance

Jack Mills BLM Planning and Environmental 

Coordinator (CASO)

Planning and environmental 

processes

Tim Moore BLM Physical Scientist/ Hazmat 

Specialist (HFO) Hazardous materials

Sam Morrison BLM Geologist (AFO) Geology

Sky Murphy BLM Planning and Environmental 

Coordinator (HFO) Core team representative

Greg Nesty Trinidad Ranchería Environmental 

Program Coordinator Trinidad Ranchería representative

Paul Roush BLM Regional Wildlife Biologist 

(Northern California) Wildlife

David Schaub DPR Natural Heritage Section 

Manager Core team representative

Gary Sharpe BLM Assistant Field Manager 

(UFO) Core team representative

John Skibinski BLM Assistant Field Manager 

(BFO) Core team representative

Rich Smith BLM State Staff Law Enforcement 

Ranger (CASO) Law enforcement

Tim Smith BLM Outdoor Recreation Planner 

(CASO) Recreation

Robert Wick BLM Planning and Environmental 

Coordinator (AFO)

Visual resources and core team 

representative

John Willoughby BLM Botanist (CASO) Vegetation

Marija Vojkovich DFG Assistant Manager, Marine 

Region Core team representative

Ken Wilson BLM Archaeologist (CASO) Cultural resources compliance

Alex Young BLM Landscape Architect (CASO) Facilities design and signage/ visual 

resources/landscape management

 — List of Preparers
 List of Preparers — 4-3

Notes:

AFO = Arcata Field Offi ce.

BFO = Bakersfi eld Field Offi ce.

CASO = California State Offi ce.

CCNM = California Coastal National Monument.

CDD = California Desert District.

DFG = California Department of Fish and Game.

Individual Position Role

INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM

JONES & STOKES 

Project Management Team

Mike Rushton Principal Project director and plan 

development

Michael Murrell Stevenson Senior Ecologist and NEPA Planner Project manager, plan and EIS 

development

Rosalyn Stewart Environmental Specialist Deputy project manager

Maryann Hulsman Environmental Specialist Project coordinator

Jill Sunahara Environmental Specialist Project coordinator

Technical Staff

Chris Baker Graphic Artist Mapping and information design

Bonnie Chiu Environmental Specialist Environmental justice

Karen Crawford Cultural Resources Specialist Cultural resources

Steve Daus Ecologist BLM planning process

John Durnan Graphic Artist RMP document designer

Nelia Dyer Environmental Specialist Transportation and land use

Nate Jennings GIS and Remote Sensing Analyst GIS and mapping

Joshua Johnson GIS and Remote Sensing Analyst GIS and mapping

Nate Martin Environmental Specialist Water quality and hydrology

Jeff Peters Geomorphologist Geology

Vanessa Rutter Restoration Specialist Visual resources

Ryman Simangan Air Quality and Noise Specialist Air quality and noise

Jill Sunahara Environmental Specialist Comment review and response

Edward West Senior Wildlife Biologist Wildlife and ecology

Peer Review Staff

David Buehler Acoustical Engineer Noise and transportation

Leslie Fryman Senior Historian Historic preservation and cultural 

resources management

Jennifer Stock Restoration Specialist Visual resources

Lynn Wall Environmental Engineer Air quality and hazardous materials

JONES & STOKES SUBCONSULTANTS

egret, inc.

Joan Lynn Technical Editor Editing

Sara Brennan LaBelle Editor Editing and formatting

Mad River Biologists

Ron LeValley Senior Biologist Wildlife

Heather Beehler Biologist Wildlife

Nature Tourism Planning

Bob Garrison Owner and Wildlife Recreation and 

Tourism Specialist

Recreation, tourism, and 

interpretation

 DPR = California Department of Parks and Recreation.

 GIS = Geographic information system.

 HFO = Hollister Field Offi ce.

 PSSCFO = Palms Springs/South Coast Field Offi ce.

 UFO = Ukiah Field Offi ce. 

 USAF = U.S. Air Force.

 References — 5-1

Printed References

Association of Bay Area Governments. 2003. ABAG Liquefaction Maps 

and Information. Available: <http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/liquefac/liquefac.html>. Updated: October 22, 2003. Accessed: March 1, 2004.

Bean, L. and D. Th eodoratus. 1978. Western Pomo and northeastern Pomo. 

In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California. Pages 289-

305. Edited by R. Heizer. Smithsonian Institute. Washington, DC.

California Division of Mines and Geology. 1997. Guidelines for evaluating and mitigating seismic hazards in California. (California Division of 

Mines and Geology Special Publication 117.) Sacramento, CA.

California Resources Agency, 1997. California’s Ocean Resources: An 

Agenda for the Future. Accessed September 1, 2005. 

Available: http://resources.ca.gov/ocean/97Agenda/97Agenda.html. 

References
5-2

Cummings, E. 1975. National Register of Historic Places Nomination 

Form, Farallon Islands. On fi le at the North West Information Center of the 

California Historical Resources Information System. Rohnert Park, Ca.

Del Cioppo, N. 1983. California Department of Parks and Recreation archaeological site record form, Yankee Blade shipwreck. On fi le at the Central 

Coast Information Center of the California Historical Resources Information 

System. Los Angeles.

Gould, R. 1978. Tolowa. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California. Pages 289-305. Edited by R. Heizer. Smithsonian Institute. 

Washington, DC. 

Hart, E. W. and W. A. Bryant. 1997. Fault-Rupture Hazard Zones in California: Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act with index to Earthquake 

Fault Zone Maps. (Special Publication 42.) California Division of Mines and 

Geology. Sacramento, CA.

Jennings, C. W. 1994. Fault activity map of California and adjacent areas. 

California Geologic Data Map Series. California Division of Mines and Geology. 

Sacramento, CA.

Jones & Stokes. 2003. Scoping report for the California Coastal National Monument Resource Management Plan. May. (J&S 02-016.02.) Sacramento, CA.

Kroeber, A. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. New York: Dover 

Publications. 

Leeworthy, V. R., and P. C. Wiley. 2001. Current participation patterns in 

marine recreation, national survey on recreation and the environment 2000. U.S. 

Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

National Ocean Service, Special Projects. Silver Spring, MD. November.

 — References
 References — 5-3

Loeb, E. 1926. Pomo folkways. University of California Publications in 

American Archaeology and Ethnology 19(2):149–405. Berkeley, CA.

Manley, P. et al. 1995. Sustaining ecosystems: A conceptual framework. San 

Francisco, USDA Forest Service, Pacifi c Southwest Region, R5-EM-TP-001.

Manuwal, D. A., H. R. Carter, T. S. Zimmerman, and D. L. Orthmeyer (eds.). 

2001. Biology and conservation of the common murre in California, Oregon, 

Washington, and British Columbia. Vol. 1: Natural history and population 

trends. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division. (Information 

and Technology Report USGS/BRD/ITR-2000-0012.) Washington, DC. 

Moller, R. M. and J. Fitz. 1994. Economic assessment of ocean-dependent 

activities. California Research Bureau, California State Library. May.

National Park Service. 1990. Guidelines for evaluating and documenting 

traditional cultural properties. (National Register Bulletin No. 38.) U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division. 

Washington, DC.

Peterson, M. D., W. A. Bryant, C. H. Cramer, T. Cao, and M. Reichle. 1996. 

Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for the state of California. (U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-706.) Washington, DC.

Ricketts, E. F., Jr., Jack Calvin, Joel W. Hedgpeth (contributor) and David 

W. Phillips. 1985. Between Pacifi c Tides, Fifth Edition. Stanford University 

Press, Stanford, CA.

Science Applications. 2003. Automated monitoring systems for compliance of disposal operations at EPA-designated ocean disposal sites. Prepared 

for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX. March 31.

Sowls, A. L., A. R. DeGange, J. W. Nelson, and G. S. Lester. 1980. Catalog 

of California seabird colonies. U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife 

Service. (FWS/OBS-80/37.)

Tokimatsu, K. and H. B. Seed. 1984. Simplifi ed procedures for the evaluation of settlements in clean sands. (Report No. UCB/BT-84/16.) Earthquake 

Engineering Research Center. University of California, Berkeley, CA.

U.S. Department of Interior. 2000. Assessment of fossil management on 

federal & Indian lands. Report of the Secretary of Interior. May.

U.S. Geological Survey. 2003. Seeps Home Page. Last posted or revised: May 

1, 2001. Available: <http://seeps.wr.usgs.gov/>. Accessed: February 18, 2004.

Varnes, D. J. 1978. Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster, R.L. 

and Krizek, R.J. (eds.), Landslides—Analysis and Control. Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. pp. 20-47.

Woodward, J. 1984. Archaeological survey and historic resources inventory 

of Año Nuevo Island. Año Nuevo State Reserve. San Mateo County, CA. 

Personal Communication

Carter, Harry. Wildlife Biologist. Telephone conversation with Ron 

LeValley. January 2004.

 Glossary — 6-1

Th e glossary defi nes key terms and concepts in the CCNM RMP. It is intended 

to increase understanding of the document by clarifying terms that are unique 

to environmental documentation or those with several potential meanings.

Alternative – One of at least two proposed means of accomplishing planning 

objectives.

Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC) – An area of BLM-administered land where special management attention is needed to protect and 

prevent irreparable damage to important historic, cultural, or scenic values; 

fi sh and wildlife resources or other natural systems or processes; or to protect 

life and provide safety from natural hazards.

Best Management Practices (BMPs) – Methods, measures, or practices designed to prevent or reduce water pollution. Not limited to structural and 

nonstructural controls, and procedures for operations and maintenance. Usually, BMPs are applied as a system of practices rather than a single practice.

BLM-Sensitive Species – See SENSITIVE SPECIES.

Glossary

C

h

6
6-2

Cadastral Survey – A survey relating to land boundaries and subdivisions, 

made to create units suitable for transfer or to defi ne the limitations of title. It 

is derived from the word “cadastre,” meaning a public record, survey, or map 

of the value, extent, and ownership of land as a basis of taxation.

California Department of Fish and Game (DFG) – Th e California state 

agency that manages California’s fi sh, wildlife, and plant resources, and the 

habitats upon which they depend, for their ecological values and for their use 

and enjoyment by the public.

Category 1 – Taxa for which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has 

substantial information on hand to support proposing the species for listing as 

threatened or endangered. Listing proposals are either being prepared or have 

been delayed by higher priority listing work.

Category 2 – Taxa for which FWS has information to indicate that listing is 

possibly appropriate. Additional information is being collected.

California Coastal National Monument (CCNM) – All unappropriated or 

unreserved lands and interest in lands owned or controlled by the United 

States, in the form of islands, rocks, exposed reefs, and pinnacles above mean 

high tide within 12 nautical miles of the shoreline of the State of California. 

Th ese lands are scattered throughout the CCNM corridor.

CCNM Corridor – Th e geographic area in which the rocks and islands that 

make up the monument are located. Th is is the area (delineated by Presidential Proclamation No. 7264 that established the CCNM on January 11, 2000) 

that extends12 nautical miles off of the shoreline of the State of California and 

encompasses more than 14,600 square nautical miles. Also referred to as the 

“monument corridor,” this is not the CCNM.

CCNM Planning Area – Th e geographic area covered by the RMP, including 

all lands regardless of jurisdiction. Th is area consists of the CCNM corridor 

plus the California Coastal Commission’s Coastal Zone. Delineation of a 

planning area extending beyond the CCNM boundary helps ensure that the 

resource values and public use of the CCNM are considered in their proper 

context as components of California’s coastal ecosystems. BLM planning guidance promotes delineation of planning areas at a geographic scale to ensure that 

issues are addressed in their entirety and to encourage public involvement.

Cooperating Agency – Assists the lead federal agency in developing the environmental analysis for a proposed major action. U.S. Council on Environmental Quality regulations implementing NEPA defi ne a cooperating agency 

as any agency that has jurisdiction by law or special expertise for proposals 

covered by NEPA. Any North American Indian tribe or federal, state, or local 

government jurisdiction with such qualifi cations may become a cooperating 

agency by agreement with the lead agency. Cooperating agency status is generally formalized through a memorandum of understanding (MOU) between 

BLM and the cooperating agency.

Consistency – Under the FLPMA, the adherence of BLM resource management plans to the terms, conditions, and decisions of offi cially approved and 

 — Glossary
 Glossary — 6-3

adopted resource related plans, or in their absence, with policies and programs 

of other federal agencies, state and local governments and Indian tribes, so 

long as the plans are also consistent with the purposes, policies and programs 

of federal laws and regulations applicable to BLM-administered lands. 

Critical Habitat – Under the Endangered Species Act, (1) the specifi c areas 

within the geographic area occupied by a federally listed species on which are 

found physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the species, 

and that may require special management considerations or protection; and (2) 

specifi c areas outside the geographic area occupied by a listed species when it is 

determined that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.

Cultural Resource – Any defi nite location of past human activity identifi able 

through fi eld survey, historical documentation, or oral evidence. Includes 

archaeological or architectural sites, structures, or places; and places of traditional cultural or religious importance to specifi ed groups whether or not 

represented by physical remains.

Cultural Resource Data – Cultural resource information embodied in material remains and manifested in studies, notes, records, diaries, analyses, and 

published and unpublished manuscripts.

Cultural Resource Inventory (Survey) – A descriptive listing and documentation including photographs and maps of cultural resources. Included in an 

inventory are the processes of locating, identifying, and recording sites, structures, buildings, objects, and districts through library and archival research, 

information from persons knowledgeable about cultural resources, and onthe-ground surveys of varying intensity. Th e three classes, or levels, of cultural 

resource inventories (surveys) are:

 Class I. A professionally prepared study that compiles, analyzes, and synthesizes all available data on an area’s cultural resources. Information sources 

for this study include published and unpublished documents, BLM inventory records, institutional site fi les, and state and National Register fi les. 

Class I inventories may have prehistoric, historic, and ethnological and sociological elements. Th ese inventories are periodically updated to include 

new data from other studies and Class II and III inventories.

Class II. A professionally conducted, statistically based sample survey designed to describe the probable density, diversity, and distribution of cultural properties in a large area. Th is survey is achieved by projecting the 

results of an intensive survey carried out over limited parts of the target 

area. Within individual sample units, survey aims, methods, and intensities 

are the same as those applied in Class III inventories. To improve statistical 

reliability, Class II inventories may be conducted in several phases with different sample designs.

Class III. A professionally conducted intensive survey of an entire target 

area aimed at locating and recording all visible cultural properties. In a 

Class III survey, trained observers commonly conduct systematic inspections by walking a series of close-interval parallel transects until they have 

thoroughly examined an area.
6-4

Disposition – A transaction that leads to the transfer of title of public lands, 

and/or resources upon or in these lands, from the Federal Government.

Disturbance – A natural or human-induced environmental change that alters one or more of the fl oral, faunal, or microbial communities within the 

ecosystem. Disturbance to wildlife is anything that causes them to deviate 

from their normal activities such that it makes it diffi cult to complete their 

life cycles. 

Ecological Health – Th e condition of an ecosystem in which processes and 

functions are adequate to maintain diversity of biotic communities commensurate with those initially found there.

Eff ect – Interpreted under NEPA to indicate reasonably foreseeable eff ects 

from a proposed project to ecological, aesthetic, historic, cultural, economic, 

social, or health, or other resources. Impacts may be benefi cial or detrimental 

(adverse), or possibly both. Impacts may be considered as direct, indirect, or 

cumulative:

Direct. Caused by an action occurring at the same time and place.

 Indirect. Caused by the proposed action and occurring later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable.

Cumulative. Resulting from the incremental eff ect of the action when 

added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions, regardless of what agency or person undertakes such other actions.

Endangered Species – Any species defi ned through the Endangered Species 

Act as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a signifi cant portion of 

its range and published in the Federal Register.

Endemic – Native to a well-defi ned geographic area and restricted to that area.

Entry – An application to acquire title to public lands.

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) – A formal, analytical document 

required by NEPA that considers signifi cant environmental impacts expected 

from implementation of a major federal action.

Environmental Justice – Th e fair treatment and meaningful involvement of 

all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income in developing, 

implementing, and enforcing environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

Exchange – A type of disposition. An exchange is a transaction whereby the 

Federal government receives land or interests in lands in exchange for other land 

or interest in lands. Exchanges are equal value for equal value, not acre for acre.

Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) – Th e act that: (1) 

established, for the BLM, standards for managing the public lands including 

land use planning, sales, withdrawals, acquisitions, and exchanges; (2) authorized the setting up of local advisory councils representing major citizens 

groups interested in land use planning and management, (3) established criteria for reviewing proposed wilderness areas, and (4) provided guidelines for 

other aspects of public land management such as grazing.

 — Glossary
 Glossary — 6-5

Interim Management – Temporary management of the monument conducted until such a time as resource areas are designated and management actions 

are in place for all rocks and islands.

Intertidal Zone – Th e area exposed at low tides and inundated at high tides; 

defi ned as the area between extreme low tide and extreme high tide. Th e 

extent of the intertidal zone is variable based on local conditions such as exposure to wave action. Th e intertidal zone is host to a variety of biota that 

are adapted to the varying amounts of inundation, the composition of which 

changes depending on position in the intertidal zone (e.g., some species are 

only found in the low intertidal or high intertidal zones).

Invasive Species – Plant or wildlife species that were either absent or present only in small amounts in undisturbed portions of a specifi c site’s original 

habitat but that invade and/or proliferate following disturbance or continued 

overuse. Invasive species often have a deleterious eff ect on natural resources 

and/or human uses of these resources.

Landscape – A heterogeneous land area with interacting ecosystems that are 

repeated in similar form throughout.

Landscape Features – Th e land and water form, vegetation, and structures that 

compose the characteristic landscape.

Land Use Allocations – Allocations that defi ne allowable uses/activities, restricted uses/activities, and prohibited uses/activities. Th ey may be expressed 

in terms of area such as acres or miles. Each allocation is associated with a 

specifi c management objective.

Land Use Authorization – BLM’s authorizing through rights-of-way, leases, 

land use permits, and easements of uses of the public land.

Leasable Minerals – Minerals whose extraction from federally managed land 

requires a lease and the payment of royalties. Leasable minerals include coal, oil 

and gas, oil shale and tar sands, potash, phosphate, sodium, and geothermal steam.

Locatable Minerals – “Handrock” minerals, including—but not limited 

to—copper, lead, zinc, magnesium, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, bentonite, 

barite, feldspar, fl uorspar, and uranium.

Location – Applies to “locatable minerals” under the Mining Law of 1872 

and refers to “whatever are recognized as mineral by the standard authorities, 

whether metallic or other substances, and are found in suffi cient quantity to 

justify their location under the Mining Law...”.

Management Actions/Direction – Measures planned to achieve the stated objectives.

Management Activity – An activity undertaken for the purpose of harvesting, traversing, transporting, protecting, changing, replenishing, or otherwise 

using resources.

Management Situation Analysis (MSA) – Step 4 in BLM’s resource management planning process. An MSA describes a planning area’s current public 

land management and suggests opportunities to better manage this land.
6-6

Management Zones – Designated resources areas where specifi c management 

actions/measures will be applied.

Mean High Tide – Th e average of all high tides. Mean high tide varies by 

location based on local tidal patterns.

Mineral Materials – Materials such as common varieties of sand, stone, gravel, 

pumice, pumicite, and clay that are not obtainable under the mining or leasing laws 

but that can be acquired under the Mineral Materials Act of 1947, as amended.

Mineral Withdrawal – Removal or withholding of public mineral estate by 

statute, Executive Order, Secretarial Order, or Public Land Order from operation of the public mining laws.

Monitoring – Th e process of collecting information to evaluate if objectives 

and anticipated or assumed results of a management plan are being realized or 

if implementation is proceeding as planned.

Monument Corridor – See CCNM CORRIDOR.

Multiple Use – A combination of balanced and diverse resource uses that considers long-term needs for renewable and nonrenewable resources including 

recreation, wildlife, rangeland, timber, minerals, and watershed protection, 

along with scenic, scientifi c, and cultural values.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) – Th e federal law, eff ective 

January 1, 1970, that established a national policy for the environment and 

requires federal agencies: (1) to become aware of the environmental ramifi cations of their proposed actions, (2) to fully disclose to the public proposed 

federal actions and provide a mechanism for public input to federal decision 

making, and (3) to prepare environmental impact statements for every major 

action that would signifi cantly aff ect the quality of the human environment.

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as Amended (NHPA) – A federal statute that established a federal program to further the eff orts of private 

agencies and individuals in preserving the Nation’s historic and cultural foundations. Th e NHPA: (1) authorized the NRHP, (2) established the Advisory 

Council on Historic Preservation and a National Trust Fund to administer 

grants for historic preservation, and (3) authorized the development of regulations to require federal agencies to consider the eff ects of federally assisted 

activities on properties included on or eligible for the NRHP.

National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) – Th e offi cial list, established 

by the National Historic Preservation Act, of the Nation’s cultural resources 

worthy of preservation. Th e NRHP lists archeological, historic, and architectural properties (i.e., districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects) nominated for their local, state, or national signifi cance by federal and state agencies and approved by the National Register Staff . Th e National Park Service 

maintains the NRHP.

Nonpoint Source Pollution (Water) – Pollution sources that are diff use and 

do not have a single point of origin or are not introduced into a receiving 

water body from a specifi c outlet. Th ese pollutants are generally carried off 

 — Glossary
 Glossary — 6-7

the land by storm water runoff from such sources as farming, forestry, mining, 

urban land uses, construction, and land disposal. 

Noxious Plant – An unwanted plant specifi ed by federal or state laws as being 

undesirable and requiring control. Noxious weeds are usually nonnatives and 

highly invasive.

Objectives – Expressions of the desired end results of management eff orts.

Off -Highway Vehicle (OHV) – Any motorized track or wheeled vehicle designed for cross country travel over natural terrain. OHVs exclude: (1) any 

non-amphibious registered motorboat; (2) any fi re, emergency, or law enforcement vehicle while being used for offi cial or emergency purposes; and 

(3) any vehicle whose use is expressly authorized by a permit, lease, license, 

agreement, or contract issued by an authorized offi cer or otherwise approved. 

(Th e term “off -highway vehicle” is used in place of the term “off -road vehicle” 

to comply with the purposes of Executive Orders 11644 and 11989. Th e 

defi nition for both terms is the same.)

Particulate Matter – Fine liquid (other than water) or solid particles suspended in the air, consisting of dust, smoke, fumes, and compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and metals. 

Passive Recreation – Activities that do not directly or adversely aff ect monument resources, such as wildlife viewing, photography and painting, and appropriate water sports (including swimming, kayaking, 

and sailing), from the mainland or adjacent waters.

Patent – A document that conveys legal title to public 

lands to the patentee. Public domain lands are patented, 

while acquired lands are deeded by the Government.

Permit – A revocable authorization to use public lands 

for a specifi ed purpose for up to 3 years.

Proposed Th reatened or Endangered Species – Plant 

or animal species proposed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service to be biologically appropriate for listing as threatened or endangered and that is published in the Federal 

Register. It is not a fi nal designation.

Record of Decision – A document signed by a responsible offi cial recording a decision that was preceded by 

preparation of an environmental impact statement. 

Recreation – Th e enjoyment of scenery, water, primitive or natural landscape, 

wildlife, natural phenomena, and archeological and historical sites in one’s 

leisure time.

Resource Management Plan (RMP) – A BLM planning document that is 

prepared in accord with Section 202 of the FLPMA and that presents systematic guidelines for making resource management decisions for a resource area. 

An RMP is based on an analysis of an area’s resources, their existing manage-
6-8

ment, and their capability for alternative uses. RMPs are issue-oriented and 

developed by an interdisciplinary team with public participation.

Right-of-Way – A permit or an easement that authorizes the use of public lands 

for specifi ed purposes—such as pipelines, roads, telephone lines, electric lines, 

communication sites, reservoirs—and the lands covered by such an easement or 

permit, within a specifi c time frame, usually with an option of renewing. 

Saleable Minerals –Saleable minerals are sand, gravel, stone, soil, and other 

common-variety mineral materials disposed of through sales at not less than 

their appraised price or through free-use permits (e.g., sand and gravel to a 

county roads department). 

Scoping – An early and open process for determining the scope of issues to 

be addressed in an environmental impact statement and the signifi cant issues 

related to a proposed action.

Sea Stacks – Tiny islands of volcanic rock left standing after waves have eroded the shoreline.

Section 404 Permit – A permit required by the Clean Water Act, under specifi ed circumstances, when dredge or fi ll material is placed in the waters of the 

United States, including wetlands.

Section 7 Consultation – Th e requirement of Section 7 of the Endangered 

Species Act that all federal agencies consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National 

Marine Fisheries Service if a proposed action might aff ect a federally listed 

species or its critical habitat.

Sensitive Species – All species that are under status review, have small or 

declining populations, live in unique habitats, or need special management. 

Sensitive species include threatened, endangered, and proposed species as classifi ed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Sensitive Areas – Sites hosting signifi cant populations of nesting or roosting 

seabirds or marine mammals. 

Special Management Areas – Areas that may need special management, such 

as management as an ACEC, RNA, environmental education area, or other 

special category.

Special Recreation Management Area (SRMA) – An area where a commitment has been made to provide specifi c recreation activity and experience opportunities. Th ese areas usually require a high level of recreation investment 

and/or management. Th ey include recreation sites, but recreation sites alone 

do not constitute SRMAs.

Special-Status Species – Plant or animal species falling in any of the following categories:

Th reatened or endangered species,

Proposed threatened or endangered species,

Candidate species,

State-listed species,

 — Glossary
 Glossary — 6-9

BLM sensitive species, and

BLM assessment species.

State Historic Preservation Offi cer (SHPO) – Th e state offi cial authorized 

to act as a liaison to the Secretary of the Interior for purposes of implementing 

the NHPA.

Take – As defi ned by the Endangered Species Act, “to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, 

shoot, wound, kill, capture, or collect, or attempt to engage in any such conduct.”

Th reatened Species – Any species defi ned through the Endangered Species 

Act as likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout 

all or a signifi cant portion of its range, as published in the Federal Register.

Vegetation – Th e collective plant cover, including terrestrial vegetation such 

as herbaceous plants, trees, and grasses and intertidal vegetation such as seaweeds, algae, and lichens.

Valid Existing Right – A legally binding property right of a person or entity 

at a particular point in time.

Viable Population – A wildlife or plant population that contains an adequate 

number of reproductive individuals to appropriately ensure the long-term existence of the species.

Viewshed – Th e entire area visible from a viewpoint.

Visual Resource Management (VRM) – Th e inventory and planning actions 

to identify visual values and establish objectives for managing those values and 

the management actions to achieve visual management objectives.

Visual Resource Management Classes – Categories assigned to public lands 

based on scenic quality, sensitivity level, and distance zones. Each class has an 

objective that prescribes the amount of modifi cation allowed in the landscape. 

Th e four classes are:

 Class I: Th e objective of this class is to preserve the existing character of 

the landscape. Th is class provides for natural ecological changes; however, it 

does not preclude very limited management activities. Th e level of change to 

the characteristic landscape should be very low and must not attract attention.

 Class II: Th e objective of this class is to retain the existing character of the 

landscape. Th e level of change to the characteristic landscape should be low. 

Management activities may be seen, but should not attract attention of the 

casual observer. Any change must repeat the basic element of form, line, 

color, and texture found in the predominant natural features of the characteristic landscape.

 Class III: Th e objective of this class is to partially retain the existing character 

of the landscape. Th e level of change to the characteristic landscape should 

be moderate. Management activities may attract attention but should not 

dominate the view of the casual observer. Changes should repeat the basic elements found in the predominant natural features of the characteristic landscape. 

 Class IV: Th e objective of this class is to provide for management activities 

that require major modifi cations of the existing character of the landscape. 

Th e level of change to the characteristic landscape can be high. Th ese man-
6-10

agement activities may dominate the view and be the major focus of the 

viewer attention. However, every attempt should be made to minimize the 

impact of these activities through careful location, minimal disturbance, and 

repeating the basic elements of the characteristic landscape.

Water Quality – Th e chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water.

Wetlands or Wetland Habitat – Th ose areas that are inundated or saturated 

by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration suffi cient to support, 

and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation 

typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include—but are not limited to—swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas.

Wilderness Study Area (WSA) – A roadless area that has been inventoried and 

found to be wilderness in character, has few human developments, and provides 

outstanding opportunities for solitude and primitive recreation, as described in 

Section 603 of the FLPMA and in Section 2(c) of the Wilderness Act of l964. 

Withdrawal – An action that restricts the disposition of public lands and that 

holds them for a specifi c public purpose.

 — Glossary
 Glossary — 6-11

ACEC Area of Critical Environmental Concern

ACHP Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

AFB Air Force Base

ARPA Archaeological Resources Protection Act

BLM U.S. Bureau of Land Management

BMPs best management practices

Caltrans California Department of Transportation

CCNM California Coastal National Monument

CCR California Code of Regulations

CESA California Endangered Species Act

CEQA California Environmental Quality Act

CFGC California Fish and Game Commission

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CHRIS California Historical Resources Information System

CNHP California Natural Heritage Program

CRMP Cultural Resources Management Plan

CSU California State University

DFG California Department of Fish and Game

DoD U.S. Department of Defense

DOI U.S. Department of the Interior

DPR California Department of Parks and Recreation

EIS environmental impact statement

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

ESA Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FLPMA Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976

FO Field Offi ce

FWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

GFNMS Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary

GIS geographic information system

MBNMS Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary

MBTA Migratory Bird Treaty Act

MMPA Marine Mammal Protection Act

MMS U.S. Minerals Management Service

MOU memorandum of understanding

MPA marine protection area

NAHC Native American Heritage Commission

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
NEPA National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

NHPA National Historic Preservation Act of 1966

NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOI Notice of Intent

NPS National Park Service

NRHP National Register of Historic Places

NRDA Natural Resource Damage Assessment

OEPC Offi ce of Environmental Planning and Coordination 

OSPR Oil Spill Prevention and Response

PISCO Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal 

Oceans

PRBO Point Reyes Bird Observatory

PRC Public Resources Code

RFA Recreational Fishing Alliance

RMP Resource Management Plan

Scoping Report Scoping Report for the California Coastal National 

 Monument Resource Management Plan

SCSB Sonoma Coast State Beach

SHPO State Historic Preservation Offi cer

SIMoN Sanctuary Integrated Monitoring Program

SLC California State Lands Commission

SR State Route

TCPs traditional cultural properties

UC University of California

USCG U.S. Coast Guard

USFS U.S. Forest Service

USGS U.S. Geological Survey

VRM Visual Resource Management


Map Atlas
California Coastal National Monument

Sheet Index and Management Units
CCNM Sub-Unit 1
CCNM Sub-Units 2 and 3
CCNM Sub-Unit 3
CCNM Sub-Units 4 and 5
CCNM Sub-Unit 5
CCNM Sub-Unit 6
CCNM Sub-Unit 6
CCNM Sub-Units 6 and 7
CCNM Sub-Units 7 and 8 
CCNM Sub-Units 8, 9, and 10
CCNM Sub-Units 10, 11, and 12 
CCNM Sub-Units 12 and 13
CCNM Sub-Units 13, 14, and 15
CCNM Sub-Units 15 and 16
CCNM Sub-Unit 16
CCNM Sub-Units 16 and 17
CCNM Sub-Unit 17
CCNM Sub-Unit 17
CCNM Sub-Units 17 and 18
CCNM Sub-Unit 18
CCNM Sub-Units 19 and 20
CCNM Sub-Unit 20
CCNM Sub-Unit 20
CCNM Sub-Units 20 and 21
CCNM Sub-Units 21 and 22
CCNM Sub-Units 22 and 23
CCNM Sub-Units 23 and 24
CCNM Sub-Unit 24
CCNM Sub-Unit 25
CCNM Sub-Unit 25
CCNM Sub-Unit 25
CCNM Sub-Units 25 and 26
CCNM Sub-Unit 26
CCNM Sub-Units 26, 27 and 28
CCNM Sub-Units 28 and 29
CCNM Sub-Units 29 and 30
CCNM Sub-Units 30 and 31
CCNM Sub-Units 31 and 32
CCNM Sub-Units 32 and 33
CCNM Sub-Unit 34
CCNM Sub-Unit 34
CCNM Sub-Unit 35
CCNM Sub-Unit 35
CCNM Sub-Unit 35
CCNM Sub-Unit 34
CCNM Sub-Unit 34
CCNM Sub-Unit 36

App A

Appendix A

Record of Decision for the California Coastal

National Monument Resource Management Plan
App A
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App B
App B

Appendix B

Presidential Proclamation
App B
App B
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App C
App C

Appendix C

Memorandum of Understanding between BLM, 

DPR, and DFG for Management of the CCNM
App C
App C
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App D
Appendix D

California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Section 630

App D
App D
App D
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App E
App E

Appendix E

Description of Individual Management 

Sub-Units of the CCNM
App E
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App F
App F

Appendix F

Preliminary Lists of Known Seabird and Marine

Mammal Sites in the CCNM
App F
App F
App F
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App F
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App G
App G

Appendix G

Preliminary List of Interpretive Themes for the CCNM
App G
App G
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App H
App H

Appendix H

Management of Lands with Wilderness Characteristics
App H
App H
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App I
App I

Appendix I

Preliminary List of Potential Points of Visitor Contact 

and Access for the CCNM


California Coastal National Monument

• Bureau of Land Management • Department of the Interior