# Patent

## Title
Storage system architecture for improved data management

## Abstract

According to one embodiment, a storage system includes a first storage and a controller which controls the first storage. The first storage includes a first group which includes a plurality of pages which are data write units and include first nonvolatile memories, and a first counter which counts the number of data writes to the first group. The controller determines whether all the pages in the first group has been written to or not.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/131,794, filed Mar. 11, 2015, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.


FIELD
Embodiments described herein relate generally to a storage system.
BACKGROUND
In a given kind of semiconductor memory, when data is read from a memory cell, data stored in the memory cell is corrupted.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an information processing system according to a first embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a view conceptually showing a storage system according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an address conversion table according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a view showing a first storage unit SU1 according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a physical block BKM1 of the first storage unit SU1;
FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit schematic showing a memory cell MC1 as shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing a device structure of memory cells MC1;
FIG. 8 is an equivalent circuit schematic showing a physical block BKN1 of a second storage unit SU2;
FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing a data reading operation according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 10 is a view for explaining data transfer (S14) as indicated in FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a view for explaining another data transfer (S17) as indicated in FIG. 9;
FIG. 12 is a view schematically showing the relationship between access speed and data capacity in a memory architecture of the information processing system according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing an MRAM 20 according to a second embodiment;
FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing a data write according to the second embodiment;
FIG. 15 is a view for explaining a step (S21) in the data write as shown in FIG. 14;
FIG. 16 is a view for explaining another step (S22) in the data write as shown in FIG. 14;
FIG. 17 is a block diagram showing an MRAM 20 according to a modification 2; and
FIG. 18 is a flowchart showing a data write according the modification 2.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In general, according to one embodiment, a storage system includes a first storage and a controller which controls the first storage, the first storage including a first group which includes a plurality of pages which are data write units and include first nonvolatile memories, and a first counter which counts the number of data writes to the first group, the controller determining whether all the pages in the first group are subjected to data write or not.
Various embodiments will be described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings.
With respect to each of the embodiments, structural elements which are substantially the same as or substantially the same functions as those in the other embodiments will be denoted by the same reference numerals as in the other embodiments, and after they are each explained once, a further explanation will be given only when needed. Furthermore, in the specification, some elements are described by giving various explanations. However, those explanations are also given by way of example; that is, the elements can be described with other explanations. Needless to say, the other elements may be described by explanations other than the following explanations.
First Embodiment
1. Structure
1-1. Entire Structure (Information Processing System)
The entire structure of an information processing system 1 according to the first embodiment will be explained with reference to FIG. 1.
As shown in the figure, the information processing system 1 according to the first embodiment comprises a host 11 and a storage system 10 to be controlled by the host 11.
[Host 11]
The host 11 comprises memories CM1 and CM2 and a central processing unit (CPU) 17.
The memory CM1 includes a static random access memory (SRAM) 12 which is used as a cache memory or the like of the CPU 17. The SRAM 12 is a semiconductor memory which stores data in a volatile manner. In the system 1, an access speed SP1 of the SRAM 12 is the highest. The SRAM 12 has a large size, since the number of cell transistors included in a memory cell (SRAM cell) is larger than that of a DRAM 13, etc. which will be described later. Thus, in the system 1, a data capacity of the memory CM1 including the SRAM 12 is the smallest.
The memory CM2 includes dynamic random access memories 13 (DRAMs), which are used as main memories or the like for the CPU 17 through a control line (internal bus) 14. The DRAMs 13 are semiconductor memories which store data in a volatile manner. In the system 1, the access speed SP2 of the DRAMs 13 is slower than the access speed SP1 of the SRAM 12 (SP1<SP2). The DRAMs 13 each comprise a capacitor which stores data and a transistor which selects the capacitor. In the system 1, the data capacity of the memory CM2 including the DRAMs 13 is larger than that of the memory CM1 including the memory CM2 including the SRAM 13.
The central processing unit (CPU) 17 controls an entire operation of the information processing system 1 through the control line 14. For example, in order to execute a predetermined arithmetic processing, the CPU 17 transmits a command COM, a logical address LA, data DATA, etc., to the storage system 10 through an interface, and accesses the storage system 10. When accessing it, the CPU 17 uses the memories CM1 and CM2 as a cache memory, a work memory, a main memory, etc. This will be explained in detail later.
[Storage System 10]
The storage system 10 comprises first to third storage units SU1 to SU3 and a master controller MCNT.
The first storage unit SU1 comprises a plurality of magnetic random access memories (MRAMs) 20 and a first sub-controller SUBCNT1. The first sub-controller SUBCNT1 controls each of the MRAMs 20 in a data reading operation, a data writing operation, etc. Although the first storage unit SU1 is explained on the premise that the number of first storage units SU1 is one, it is not limited to one. The MRAMs 20 are memories which store data in a nonvolatile manner. The MRAMs 20 will be explained in detail later.
The second storage units SU2 each comprise a plurality of NAND flash memories (hereinafter referred to as “NANDs”) 30 and a second sub-controller SUBCNT2.
The second sub-controller SUBCNT2 controls each of the NANDs 30 in a data reading operation, a data writing operation, etc. Although the second storage units SU2 are explained on the premise that the number of the second storage units SU2 is two, it is not limited to two. The NANDs 30 are semiconductor memories which store data in a nonvolatile manner. The NANDs 30 will be explained in detail later.
The third storage units SU3 each comprise a hard disk drive (HDD) 40 and a third sub-controller SUBCNT3. The third sub-controller SUBCONT3 controls the HDD 40 in a data reading operation, a data writing operation, etc. The HDD 40 comprises a magnetic disk, a head, etc., the magnetic disk including a record surface where data is stored in a nonvolatile manner, the head being provided to read data from the magnetic disk or write data to the magnetic disk. Although the third storage units SU3 are explained on the premise that the number of third storage units SU3 is three, it is not limited to three.
The master controller MCNT controls the first to third sub-controllers SUBCNT1-SUBCNT3 of the first to third storage units SU1 to SU3 based on a request from the host 11. Also, the master controller MCNT comprises a register 60 storing an address conversion table (L2P) 50.
The address conversion table 50 is a table which indicates the correspondence between logical addresses LA of input/output data managed by the host 11 and physical addresses PA managed by the storage system 10. For example, in the data reading operation or the data writing operation, if the host 11 accesses the storage system 10, the logical address LA of input/output data is converted into a physical address of any of the first to third storage units SU1 to SU3. The address conversion table 50 updates the correspondence between the logical addresses LA and the physical addresses PA in accordance with the frequency of access to the storage system 10. The address conversion table 50 will be described in detail later.
The register 60 holds the number of data rewrites and/or the number of data reads with respect to each of the logical addresses LA and each of the physical addresses PA. In the data write or the data read, if access from the host 11 is gotten, the master, controller MCNT increments the number of data rewrites and/or the number of data reads with respect to the accessed logical address LA and physical address PA. The incremented number is held by the register 60.
It should be noted that each of the master controller MCNT and the first to third sub-controllers SUBCNT1 to SUBCNT3 may comprises working memories WM0, WM1, WM2 and WM3. The working memories WM0 to WM3 can be used as cache memories or the like in the case where for example, the controller MCNT and SUBCONT1 to SUBCONT3 each perform various operations. Also, it should be noted that the address conversion table 50 is stored in the register 60; however, the element which stores the address conversion table 50 is not limited to the register 60. That is, the address conversion table 50 may be stored in another memory or the like in the storage system 10, as occasion arises.
Furthermore, the second storage units SU2 may be each formed as a solid-state drive (SSD) which comprises NANDs 30 and is an interface similar to the HDD 40.
1-2. Storage System
A conceptual structure of the storage system 10 according to the first embodiment will be explained with reference to FIG. 2.
As shown in the figure, the storage system 10 comprises the first storage unit SU1 including MRAMs 20, the second storage units SU2 including NANDs 30, and the third storage units SU3 including HDDs 40. The first storage unit SU1 is an uppermost one of layers provided in the storage system 10. The second storage unit SU2 is an intermediate one of the layers in the storage system 10. The third storage unit SU3 is a lowermost one of the layers in the storage system 10.
In the above manner, the first to third storage units SU1 to SU3 are layered; however, they can store data as a single body of the storage system 10. For example, data D1 can be stored in any of the first to third storage systems SU1 to SU3 such that they can successively store the data D1 from the third storage system SU3 to the first storage system SU1. Also, for example, data D2 can be stored in any of the first to third storage systems such that they can successively store the data D2 from the first storage system SU1 to the third storage system SU3. This will be explained in detail later.
1-3. Address Conversion Table
The address conversion table 50 as shown in FIG. 1 will be explained in detail with reference to FIG. 3.
As shown in the figure, in the address conversion table 50, physical addresses PA10 to PA3m (m is an integer) managed by the storage system 10 are associated with logical addresses LA0 to LAn (n is an integer) managed by the host 11.
The physical addresses PA10, PA 11, . . . are addresses assigned to the first storage unit SU1 (MRAMs 20). The physical addresses PA20, PA 21, . . . are addresses assigned to the second storage unit SU2 (NANDs 30). The physical addresses PA30, PA 31, . . . PA3m are addresses assigned to the third storage units SU3 (HDDs 40).
Each of the logical addresses LA0 to LAn is associated with any of the physical addresses PA10 to PA3m. Thereby, for example, in the data write, the master controller MCNT can convert a logical addresses LA into a physical address PA associated with the logical address LA, and write data to one of the storage units SU1 to SU3 to which the physical address PA is assigned.
For example, referring to FIG. 3, the logical addresses LAk (k=0 to n) and the physical address PA31 are associated with each other. By referring to by way of example this case, the following explanation is given. In this case, if the host 11 gets access specifying the logical address LAk, the master controller MCNT converts the logical addresses LAk into the physical address PA31, and accesses the HDD 40 in the third storage unit SU3 to which the physical address PA31 is assigned. If the above access is gotten to perform the data read, the third sub-controller SUBCONT3 reads data from the HDD 40 in the third storage unit SU3, which is a storage portion thereof to which the physical address PA31 is assigned. The read data is transmitted from the storage system 10 to the host 11. If the above access is gotten to perform the data write, the third sub-controller SUBCONT3 writes data to the HDD 40 in the third storage unit SU3 to which the physical address PA31 is assigned.
1-4. First Storage Unit (MRAM)
A structure of the first storage unit SU1 will be explained in detail with reference to FIG. 4.
As shown in the figure, the first storage unit SU1 comprises an input/output circuit I/O1, a page buffer PB1 and a memory cell array MCA1.
The input/output circuit I/O1 operates as an interface between the sub-controller SUBCONT1 and the first storage unit SU1. To be more specific, the input/output circuit I/O1 exchanges data DATA, control signals RY and BY, etc., which will be described later, or the like, with the sub-controller SUBCONT1.
The page buffer PB1 temporarily stores read data which is read from the memory cell array MCA1 or write data which is transmitted from the host 11.
The memory cell array MCA1 comprises a plurality of physical blocks BKM1 to BKMn. Each of the physical blocks BKM1-BKMn comprises a plurality of memory cells MC1 provided at intersections of a plurality of word lines and bit lines. The physical blocks BKM1 to BKMn will be described in detail later.
The MRAMs 20 includes CE pins to which chip enable signals CE1-CE4 are to be input, respectively. Therefore, each of the MRAMs 20 is selected when a respective one of the chip enable signals CE1 to CE4 is asserted. For example, when the chip enable signal CE1 is asserted, one of the MRAMs 20 which includes the CE pin associated with the chip enable signal CE1 is selected.
Furthermore, the MRAMs 20 include I/O pins (I/O1 to I/O8), WE pins, RE pins, CLE pins, ALE pins, WP pins, RY/BY pins, etc., in common with the NANDs 30. The I/O pins are pins for use in inputting and outputting data, an address or a command. The WE pins are pins to which a write enable signal WE is to be input. The RE pins are pins to which a read enable signal RE is to be input. The CLE pins are pins to which a command latch enable signal is to be input. The ALE pins are pins to which an address latch enable signal is to be input. The WP pins are pins to which a write protect signal is to be input. The RY/BY pins are pins from which a ready signal or a busy signal is to be output. In such a manner, according to the first embodiment, the MRAMs 20 and the NANDs 30 can also adopt the same interfaces.
1-5. Physical Block BKM
Physical blocks BKM included in the memory cell array MCA1 of the first storage unit SU1 will be explained with reference to FIG. 5. The following explanation is given by referring to by way of example the physical block BKM1.
As shown in the figure, the physical block BKM1 comprises a plurality of memory cells (MRAM cells) MC1 arranged in a matrix at intersections of a plurality of word lines WL and a plurality of bit lines BL. Each of the memory cells MC1 stores data in a nonvolatile manner. However, once data is read from a memory cell MC1 in an MRAM 20, data stored in the memory cell MC1 is corrupted. The memory cells MC1 will be described in detail later.
Pages PM are provided for the word lines WL, respectively. In the MRAM 20, data write and data read are performed in units of one page PM. Therefore, a page PM is a data write unit and a data read unit.
1-6. Memory Cell MC1
A detailed structure of the memory cells MC1 in the MRAM 20 will be explained with reference to FIG. 6.
As shown in the figure, the memory cells MC1 each comprise a resistance change element (magnetoresistive change element) MTJ and a cell transistor (switching element) CT.
The resistance change element MTJ is configured to have a resistance value which varies in accordance with a flowing direction of current in the resistance change element MTJ. One of ends of the resistance change element MTJ is connected to a bit line BL, and the other is connected to one (drain) of ends of a current path of the cell transistor CT.
The cell transistor CT is configured to control the flowing direction of current in the resistance change element MTJ by changing the flowing direction. A control terminal (gate) of the cell transistor is connected to a word line WL. The above end (drain) of the current path is connected to the above other end of the resistance change element MTJ, and the other end (source) of the current path is connected to a source line SL.
For example, in the above structure, when the word line WL is selected, the current path of the cell transistor CT is turned on. In this on state, a control circuit controls a flowing direction of current between the bit line BL and the source line SL, thereby also controlling the flowing direction of the current in the resistance change element MTJ.
1-7. Device Structure of Memory Cell MC1
The device structure of each of the memory cells MC1 in the MRAM 20 will be explained with reference to FIG. 7.
As shown in the figure, each memory cell MC1 in the MRAM 20 comprises a cell transistor CT and a resistance change element MTJ, which are provided in an interlayer insulating film on a semiconductor substrate 11.
The source of the cell transistor CT is provided on a source line SL on the semiconductor substrate 11. A channel region CH of the cell transistor CT is also provided on the source line SL. A gate insulating film of the cell transistor CT is provided to cover a peripheral portion of the channel region CH.
A gate electrode CG (WL) is provided on a gate insulating film 15 in such a manner as to surround the channel region CH. A drain region D is provided on the channel region CH.
The channel region CH is formed of, for example, a columnar p-type silicon. The source line SL and the drain region D are formed of, for example, an n-type silicon. The gate electrode CG is formed of, for example, polysilicon. In such a manner, the cell transistor CT according to the first embodiment is formed as an n-type surrounding gate transistor (SGT).
Furthermore, in the first embodiment, source lines SL, which are associated with respective columns of resistance change elements MTJ, are isolated from each other, thus reducing parasitic capacitances of the source lines SL. Thereby, the MRAM 20 can be operated at a higher speed.
A resistance change element MTJ is provided on the drain region D, and its lower end is electrically connected to the drain region D. The resistance change element MTJ comprises a recording layer (free layer) F, a fixed layer (pinned layer) P and a tunnel insulating film B. In the recording layer F, a magnetization direction (spin direction) SPF thereof is variable (an upward direction or a downward direction) in a surface perpendicular direction. In the fixed layer P, a magnetization direction (spin direction) SPS thereof is fixed (the upward direction in this case) in the surface perpendicular direction.
The recording layer F and the fixed layer P are formed of magnetic substance such as Co, Fe, Ni, Pt, Fe, Pd, B, Ta, Dy, Tv, Cr or the like. The tunnel insulating film B is formed of insulating material which is a nonmagnetic substance, such as magnesium oxide or aluminum oxide. It should be noted that the tunnel insulating film B is formed to have a very small thickness as compared with the recording layer F and the fixed layer P, so as not to interfere with flowing of current between the recording layer F and the fixed layer P.
[Data Write to and Data Read from Memory Cell MC1]
It will be briefly explained how data is written to and read from the memory cell MC1 having the above structure.
In the following explanation, as the resistance change element MTJ according to the first embodiment, a spin transfer torque (STT) type of resistance change element is described by way of example. In the STT type of resistance change element MTJ, its magnetic resistance changes because of a spin-polarized tunnel effect, and data is thus stored.
In the fixed layer P, the magnetization direction SPS is fixed. In the recording layer F, the magnetization direction SPF is variable in the surface perpendicular direction. The memory cell MC1 stores data, utilizing a feature of the resistance change element MTJ in which the resistance value of the resistance change element MTJ changes in accordance with the magnetization direction SPF of the recording layer F. To be more specific, the resistance change element MTJ can enter a low resistance state or a high resistance state in accordance with the magnetization configuration of the fixed layer P and the recording layer F, which serve as two ferromagnetic layers.
For example, if the low resistance state of the resistance change element MTJ is defined as data “0”, and the high resistance state of the resistance change element MTJ is defined as data “1”, one-bit data can be recorded on the resistance change element MTJ.
Needless to say, the low resistance state and the high resistance state may be defined as data “1” and data “0”, respectively.
In FIG. 7, arrows in resistance change elements MTJ indicate the magnetization directions SPF and SPS. In such a manner, in the first embodiment, magnetization in the magnetization direction SPS of the fixed layer P and that in magnetization direction SPF of the recording layer F are magnetization which acts in a direction (perpendicular direction) crossing a surface of the semiconductor substrate 11 (such magnetization will be hereinafter referred to as “perpendicular magnetization”). Resistance change elements MTJ whose magnetization is perpendicular magnetization as described above can be arranged at a higher density than resistance change elements whose magnetization is parallel to the semiconductor substrate 11 (this magnetization will be hereinafter referred to as “in-plane magnetization”).
In the above structure, if current larger than switching threshold current is made to flow from the bit line BL to the source line SL in a direction indicated by arrow A1, the magnetization direction SPF of the recording layer F becomes parallel to the magnetization direction SPS of the fixed layer P (P state). For example, in the case as shown in FIG. 7, the magnetization directions SPS and SPF are both upward. In this parallel state, the resistance change element MTJ enters the low resistance state (data “0”).
On the other hand, if the current larger than the switching threshold current is made to flow from the source line SL to the bit line BL in a direction indicated by arrow A2, the magnetization direction SPF of the recording layer F is reversed (SPF: upward direction→downward direction). Thus, the magnetization directions SPF and SPS are antiparallel with each other (AP state). In this antiparallel state, the resistance change element MTJ enters the high resistance state (data “1”).
In such a manner, it is possible to write data to the memory cell MC1 by utilizing the feature of the resistance change element MTJ in which the resistance value thereof changes in accordance with the flowing direction of current in the resistance change element MTJ.
Furthermore, in the data read, the current path of the cell transistor CT is turned on to cause current to flow from the source line SL to the bit line BL, and the resistance value of the resistance change element MTJ is detected by a sense amplifier. For example, if the resistance value of the resistance change element MTJ is detected as that of the low resistance state, data “0” is read out from the memory cell MC1. On the other hand, if the resistance value of the resistance change element MTJ is detected as that of the high resistance state, data “1” is read out from the memory cell MC1.
It should be noted that if data is read from a memory cell MC1 in an MRAM 20, data stored in the memory cell MC1 is corrupted. This “data corruption” can be considered to occur for the reason that in the data read, when current is made to flow in a resistance change element MTJ to detect the resistance value of the resistance change element MTJ, energy accumulated in the resistance change element MTJ is emitted therefrom to the outside. To be more specific, after the reading, the magnetization direction SPF of the recording layer F in the resistance change element MTJ is changed and destabilized due to read current flowing in the resistance change element MTJ such that the data cannot be re-read, as compared with the magnetization direction SPF of the recording layer F in the case where the reading has not yet been performed.
It should be noted that the above data corruption after the data read can occur not only in the MRAM 20, but in another memory such as a ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM). In the FeRAM, the data corruption can occur since the polarization of a ferroelectric which stores data is inverted in data read. Therefore, if the data corruption occurs, it is necessary that data is rewritten (written back) to the semiconductor memory.
In such a manner, the MRAMs 20 according to the first embodiment are advantageous in arrangement of elements at a higher density. Thus, it is also advantageous to apply the MRAMs 20 to the storage unit SU1 included in the storage system 10. On the other hand, when data is read from a memory cell MC1 in an MRAM 20, data stored in the memory cell MC1 is corrupted.
Furthermore, the number of times each of the memory cells MC1 in the MRAM 20 can be rewritten is limited. For example, the number of times each memory cell MC1 in the MRAM 20 can be rewritten is approximately 109 (approximately 230 in binary numeral).
The number of data rewrites and the number of times data reads are recorded in the register 60, work memories WM0 to WM3 or the like.
It should be noted that the positional relationship between the fixed layer P and the recording layer F may be inverted. Furthermore, in each of the MRAMs 20 according to the first embodiment, the resistance change elements MTJ and the cell transistors CT are stacked together in the perpendicular direction to the surface of the semiconductor substrate 11. Therefore, the layout area of each MRAM 20 can be reduced, and elements can be provided at a higher density. For example, the layout area of a memory cell MC1 as shown in FIG. 7 is 4F2. F (feature size) is the smallest possible line width which an element can be formed in a semiconductor manufacturing process.
1-8. Structure of Physical Block BKN
Physical blocks BKN included in the NANDs 30 will be explained with reference to FIG. 8. The following explanation is given by referring to by way of example a single physical block, i.e., physical block BKN1.
As shown in the figure, a physical block BKN1 in a NAND 30 comprises a plurality of memory cell units MU extending in a bit-line direction. The memory cell units MU each comprise a NAND string (memory cell string) including eight memory cells MC2 connected in series in their current path, a select transistor S1 connected to one of ends of the current path of the NAND string on a source side thereof, and a select transistor S2 connected to the other end of the current path of the NAND string on a drain side thereof. The memory cells MC2 include control gates CG and floating gates FG. It should be noted that although it is described above that the memory cell units MU each include 8 memory cells MC2, the structure of each memory cell MU is not limited to such a structure. It suffices that each memory cell unit MU includes two or more memory cells MC2, for example, 56 memory cells or 32 memory cells.
Ends of current paths which are located close to selection transistors S1 each provided on the above source side are connected to a single source line SLN.
The other ends of the current paths which are located close to selection transistors S2 each located on the above drain side are connected to bit lines BL0 to BLm−1, respectively.
Each of word lines WL0 to WL7 is connected in common to control gates CG of a respective plurality of memory cells MC2 arranged in a word-line direction. A selection gate line SGS is connected in common to gate electrodes of the selection transistors S1, which are arranged in the word-line direction. Also, a select gate line SGD is connected in common to gate electrodes of the select transistors S2, which are arranged in the word-line direction.
Furthermore, pages PN are provided for the word lines WL0 to WL7, respectively. For example, as surrounded by a dashed line, a page PN7 is provided for the word line WL7. In units of one page PN7, the data read and the data write are performed. Thus, a page PN is a data write unit and a data read unit.
It should be noted that in the physical block BKN1, data erasure is performed at a time. Thus, in each of the NANDs 30, the physical block BKN is a data erasure unit.
2. Operation
2-1. Data Read
Next, in the above structure, the data read of the storage system 10 according to the first embodiment will be explained. The explanation will be given by referring to by way of example the data read of the storage unit SU1 with reference to FIG. 9.
In step S11, the sub-controller SUBCONT1 reads data RD1 in units of one page PM from an MRAM 20 in the storage unit SU1. As described above, read data RD1 stored in memory cells MC1 in a page PM subjected to the data read is corrupted. It should be noted that the sub-controller SUBCONT1 increments the number of data reads, and records the incremented number in the work memory WM1.
In step S12, the sub-controller SUBCONT1 determines whether data RD1 is to be rewritten (written back) to the above page PM in the MRAM 20 in the storage unit SU1 or not. More specifically, the sub-controller SUBCONT1 refers to the number of data writes, which is recorded in the work memory WM1, and determines whether the number of data writes with respect to the address of the above page PM exceeds a predetermined threshold value or not.
In step S13, if it is determined that the data RD1 is not to be written back to the storage unit SU1 (No in Step 12), the controllers SUBCONT1 and MCNT select other storage units, i.e., storage units SU2 and SU3, to which the data RD1 is to be written. This is because in the above case, it is determined that the number of data writes to the MRAMs 20 reaches an upper limit (or it is close to the upper limit).
To be more specific, the sub-controller SUBCONT1 notifies the master controller MCNT that the number of data rewrites exceeds the threshold value. After being notified, the master controller MCNT refers to the work memories WM2 and WM3 of the storage units SU2 and SU3, and selects an address for which the number of data rewrites is smaller than that for any other address. For example, if the number of times the data re-writing operation is performed on page PN1 of a NAND 30 in the storage unit SU2 is smaller, the master controller MCT notified of the above controls the sub-controller SUBCONT2 to write the data RD1 to the storage unit SU2.
In step S14, the sub-controllers SUBCONT2 and 3 writes the data RD1 to the selected other storage units, i.e., the storage units SU2 and SU3. For example, in the above case, the sub-controller SUBCONT2 writes the data RD1 to the page PN1 in the NAND 30 in the storage unit SU2, for which the number of data rewrites is smaller. As a result, as shown in FIG. 10, the data RD1 which was stored in page PM1 in the MRAM 20 in the storage unit SU1 is written to page PN1 in the storage unit SU2, which is a lower layer in level than the storage unit SU1.
In step S15, the master controller CNT updates the address conversion table 50 since the data writes is performed in the step S14. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, the master controller MCNT updates physical addresses (PA10, PA11, . . . ) of the storage unit SU1 which are associated with the page PM1, to physical addresses (PA20, PA21, . . . ) of the storage unit SU2 which are associated with the page PN1.
In step S16, if it is determined that the data RD1 is to be written back to the storage unit SU1 (Yes in S12), the sub-controller SUBCONT1 further updates the location (page address) of part of the storage unit SU1 to which the data RD1 is to be written. To be more specific, in the above case, the sub-controller SUBCONT1 refers to the work memory WM1, and selects a page address for which the number of rewrites is smaller than that for any other page address. For example, if the number of data rewrites to page PM2 in an MRAM 20 in the storage unit SU1 is smaller, the sub-controller SUBCONT1 selects the page PM2 in the NAND 20 in the storage unit SU1.
In step S17, the sub-controller SUBCONT1 writes the data RD1 to the selected location (page address).
For example, in the above case, the sub-controller SUBCONT1 writes the data RD1 to the page PM2 in the MRAM 20 in the storage unit SU1, for which the number of data rewrites is smaller. As a result, as shown in FIG. 11, the data RD1 which was stored in the page PM1 in the MRAM 20 in the storage unit SU1 is written to page PM2 in the MRAM 20 in the storage unit SU1.
In step S18, the master controller MCNT updates the address conversion table 50 since the data write is performed in step S17. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, the master controller MCNT updates it to change the physical address of a location to be applied in the storage unit SU1 from the physical address of the page PM1 in the storage unit SU1 to the physical address of the page PM2 in the storage unit SU1.
3. Advantages
As explained above, by virtue of the structure and operation of the information processing system 1 according to the first embodiment, the following advantages (1) and (2) can be obtained.
(1) The lives of the storage in the storage system 10 can be increased.
It should be noted that if data is read from a memory cell MC1 an MRAM 20 or the like, data stored in the memory cell MC1 is corrupted. Furthermore, in each of the memory cells MC1 in the MRAMs 20, the number of data writes is limited. Thus, if data read from a memory cell MC1 is simply written back to the memory cell MC1, the number of writes to the memory cell MC1 is increased, and the life thereof is shortened.
In view of the above, the sub-controller SUBCONT1 in the storage system 10 according to the first embodiment determines, after reading data RD1 from a memory cell MC1, whether or not data RD1 is to be rewritten (written back) to a page PM1 in an MRAM 20 in the storage unit SU1, in which the above memory cell MC1 is provided (S12 in FIG. 9).
Furthermore, if it is determined that the data RD1 is not to be rewritten, the sub-controllers SUBCONT2 and SUBCONT3 write the data RD1 to other storage units, i.e., storage units SU2 and SU3 (S13 and S14). For example, the sub-controller SUBCONT2 writes the data RD1 to page PN1 in a NAND 30 in the storage unit SU2, for which the number of rewrites is smaller (FIG. 10).
On the other hand, if it is determined that the data RD1 is to be written back to the MRAM 20, the sub-controller SUBCONT1 selects a page different from the page PM1, i.e., the page PM2, for which the number of data rewrites is smaller than that in any other page, and writes the data RD1 to the page PM2 (S16 and S17). For example, the sub-controller SUBCONT1 writes the data RD2 to the page PM2 in the MRAM 20 in the storage unit Sill, for which the number of data rewrites is smaller (FIG. 11).
In such a manner, in the storage system 10 according to the first embodiment, after reading data RD1 from an MRAM 20 in the storage unit SU1, the address (PN1, PM2) of a location where the RD1 is to be written is specified to rewrite data RD1 to the MRAM 20. In this specification of the address, an address of a location to which data such as the number of data writes will be written with a low possibility is specified.
Therefore, it is possible to prevent a given memory cell (MC1 or the like) from being concentratedly written, and equalize data write to locations of the storage system 10 (wear leveling). As a result, the lives of the storages SU1 to SU3 in the storage system 10 can be increased.
(2) In the memory architecture of the information processing system 1, the relationship between the access speed and the data capacity can be optimized.
The information processing system 1 according to the first embodiment comprises various memories and storages such as the memories CM1 and CM2 and the storages SU1 to SU3. Thus, regarding the information processing system 1 according to the first embodiment, the relationship between the access speed and the data capacity will be explained with reference to FIG. 12. It should be noted that in the data read, the “access speed (latency)” is determined based on a time period from the time at which a command from the host 11 is input to a memory to the time at which read data is output from the memory, and in the data write, the “access speed (latency)” is determined based on a time period from the time at which a command from the host 11 is input to a memory to the time at which write data is input to the memory. “Data capacity” is the data size in which data can be written to a memory.
As shown in FIG. 12, the access speed of each of the memories CM1-CM1 and SU1 to SU3 of the information processing system 1 is set such that the closer the location to the CPU 17, the faster the value of the access speed (the higher the access speed (the access speed: SP1<SP2<SP3<SP4<SP5).
For example, the access speed SP1 of the memory CM1 (SRAM 12) is approximately several nanoseconds. The access speed SP2 of the memory CM2 (DRAM 13) is approximately several tens of nanoseconds. The access speed SP3 of the storage unit SU1 (MRAMs 20) is approximately several microseconds. The access speed SP4 of the storage unit SU2 (NANDs 30) is approximately several hundreds microseconds. The access speed SP5 of the storage unit SU3 (HDD 40) is approximately several tens of milliseconds.
In such a manner, the difference (gap) between the access speeds of the memories CM1 to CM2 and SU1 to SU3 included in the information processing system 1 can be reduced.
Furthermore, the data capacity of each of the memories CM1 to CM1 and SU1 to SU3 in the information processing system 1 is set such that the closer the location to the CUP 17, the smaller the value of the data capacity (the data capacity: SRAM 12<DRAM 13<MRAM 20<NAND (SSD) 30<HDD 40).
In such a manner, according to the first embodiment, in the memory architecture of the information processing system 1, the relationship between the access speed and the data capacity can be optimized.
In addition, the MRAMs 20, the NANDs 30 and the HDDs 40 included in the storage units SU1 to SU3 in the storage system 10 all store data in a nonvolatile manner. Therefore, even when power is not supplied to the storage system 10, the data is held in the storage units SU1 to SU3. Accordingly, it is possible to provide a normally-off type of storage system 10 which does not need power when it is not used.
(Modification 1)
The embodiment is not limited to the first embodiment, and the embodiment can be modified as occasion demands, as follows. It should be noted that in the following description concerning the modification, detailed explanations of structures and operations identical to those in the first embodiment are omitted.
[Storage Unit SU1]
MRAMs 20 in a storage unit SU1 are not limited to the MRAMs 20 as explained with respect to the first embodiment. For example, memory cells MC1 may be located in intersections of word lines WL and bit lines (BL, bBL) which are complementary to each other. By virtue of this structure, the read speed of the memory cells MC1 can be made higher. For example, a resistance effect element MTJ in each of the memory cells MC1 may be provided as a resistance effect element whose magnetization is in-plane magnetization in which magnetization acts in parallel with the semiconductor substrate 11. In such a manner, it is possible to apply MRAMs 20 which are modified as occasion demands.
Furthermore, memories in the storage unit SU1 are not limited to MRAMs 20; that is, as the memories, any kind of nonvolatile memories may be provided as long as at least data in them can be corrupted. Also, as the storage unit SU1, for example, another type of semiconductor memory such as a resistance random access memory (ReRAM), a ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) or an ovonic unified memory (OUM) can be applied.
[Data Read of Storage Unit SU1]
The data read of the storage unit SU1 is not limited to that of the first embodiment.
For example in step S12, the determination is made based on the number of data writes; however, the criteria based on which the determination is made is not limited to the number of data writes. To be more specific, in step S12, the controller SUBCNT1 may make the determination based on, for example, the importance of corrupted data RD1. For example, if the corrupted data RD1 is user photographic data, the controller SUBCNT1 may determine that the importance is lower, and write data RD1 to the storage unit SU2 or SU3, which is a lower layer in level. Also, if the corrupted data RD1 is management data, the controller SUBCNT1 may determine that the importance is higher, and write data RD1 to the storage unit SU1, which is a higher layer in level.
For example, in step S13, if it is determined that data is not to be rewritten to the storage unit SU1 (No in S12), at the time of performing a page-in operation, the controllers MCNT and SUBCONT1 to SUBCONT3 may set a dirty flag for data which will be rewritten with a high possibility. In this case, the controllers MCNT and SUBCONT1 to SUBCONT3 may write dirty data at the time of performing a page-out operation. Furthermore, in step S16, if it is determined that data is to be written back to the storage unit SU1 (Yes in S12), the controller SUBCONT1 may write data which will be rewritten with a low possibility, to a location at another address at the time of performing the page-in operation.
Second Embodiment [Example of Provision of Groups for Respective Counters]
A storage system 10 according to the second embodiment will be explained with reference to FIGS. 13-16. The second embodiment relates to an example of provision of groups for respective counters. In the following explanation, as the groups provided for the respective counters, the above physical blocks are described by way of example. It should be noted that explanations of elements identical to those in the first embodiment will be omitted.
[Structure]
[Structure of MRAM 20]
The structure of an MRAM 20 according to the second embodiment will be explained with reference to FIG. 13. As shown in FIG. 13, according to the second embodiment, the MRAM 20 comprises physical blocks each corresponding to a single group, which are provided for respective counters such that for example, a physical block BKM1 is provided for a counter CO1. In this regard, the second embodiment is different from the first embodiment.
In a memory cell array MCA1 in the MRAM 20, counters are provided for predetermined groups (the counter CO1 is provided for the physical block BKM1 in the case shown in the figure), respectively. Each of the counters counts the number of data writes to a respective one of the physical blocks such that for example, the counter CO1 counts the number of data writes to the physical block BKM1. In other words, the counter CO1 is set at least such that it does not count the number of data writes in units of one page. A count operation of each counter CO1 will be described in detail later.
The physical blocks are provided for the respective counters, for example, the physical block BKM1 is provided for the counter CO1, and each of them is a single group. In the case shown in the figure, the physical block BKM1 is a memory space 20M1. Thus, the physical block BKM1 comprises a plurality of pages PM10 to PM1n. Each of the pages PM10 to PM1n comprises a header area HA1, a data area DA1 and a redundant area RA1.
In the header area HA1, for example, addresses (page address, block address, etc.), a flag bit FLG, etc., are provided. For example, if the flag bit FLG is in “1 state (FLG1)” in which a flag bit is set, it indicates that data has been written to an associated page PM. The above “data has been not written to page PM” can be said if write data transmitted from the host 11 has been written to at least the data area DA1 of the page PM.
Conversely, if the flag bit FLG is in “0 state (FLG0)” in which no flag bit is set, it indicates that no data has been written to the page PM. The “no data has been written to the page PM” can be said if write data transmitted from the host 11 has not been written to at least the data area DA1 of the page PM.
In the case shown in the figure, flag bits of pages PM10 to PM1n are all in “0 state (FLG0)”. Thus, it is indicated that no data has been written (initial state) to any of the pages PM10 to PM1n. 
In the data area DA1, for example, data (DATA), a command, etc., are provided.
In the redundant area RA1, for example, an error correcting code for performing error correction on data provided in the data area DA1, etc., are provided.
It should be noted that the configuration of the pages PM10 to PM1n is described by way of example, and they will be explained in detail later.
The other structures are substantially the same as those in the first embodiment, and their detailed explanations will thus be omitted.
[Operation]
[Data Writing]
The data writing to the storage system 10 according to the second embodiment will be explained with reference to FIG. 14.
In step S21, if receiving a data write request from the host 11, the controller SUBCNT1 writes data to a page PM or pages PM which are in “0 state (FLAG0)” in which no flag bit is set, in the block BKM1 which is a group for the counter CO1. For example, as shown in FIG. 15, the controller SUBCNT1 refers to the header area HA1, and in the block BKM1, writes write data transmitted from the host 11 to the data area DA1 of page PM11 which is the first one of pages which are in “0 state (FLG0)” in which a flag bit is set.
In step S22, the controller SUBCNT1 sets a flag bit for page PM to which data has been written. As shown, for example, in FIG. 16, the controller SUBCNT1 changes the state of the flag bit FLG in the header area HA1 of the page PM11 to which data has been written, from “0 state (FLG0)” to “1 state (FLG1)”.
In step S23, the controller SUBCNT1 updates the address conversion table 50 with respect to the page PM to which data has been written. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, the controller SUBCNT1 refers to the address conversion table 50, and assigns a physical address (page address) PA11 of the page PM11 to which data has been written to a logical address LA associated with the physical address PA11.
In step S24, the controller SUBCNT1 determines whether flag bits FLG are set for all pages PM in the group (physical block) BKM1 or not. To be more specific, the controller SUBCNT1 refers to the header areas HA1 of all the pages PM10 to PM1n in the physical block BKM1, and determines whether all the flag bits FLG are in “1 state (FLG1)” or not.
If the flag bits FLG for all the pages PM10 to PM1n are not set (“0 state (FLG0)”) (No in S25), the controller SUBCNT1 returns to step S21, and repeats the above steps from step S21.
In step S25, if the flag bits FLG for all the pages PM10 to PM1n are set (all the pages PM are in “1 state (FLG1)” (Yes in S25), the controller SUBCNT1 increments (counts up) the value of the number of times indicated by the counter CO1. If the flag bits FLG for all the pages PM10 to PM1n are set, the controller SUBCNT1 increments by one the value of the number of times indicated by the counter CO1 to change it, for example, from 1 to 2.
In step S26, the controller SUBCNT1 clears (erases) all values of the flag bits FLG in the block BKM1. To be more specific, since the flag bits FLG for all the pages PM10 to PM1n are in “1 state (FLG1)”, the controller SUBCONT1 determines that data has been written to all the pages PM10 to PM1n in the block BKM1. Thus, the controller SUBCNT1 changes the states of the flag bits FLG for all the pages PM10 to PM1n in the physical block BKM1 from “1 state (FLG1)” to “0 state (FLG0)”. By exerting such a control, all the pages PM10 to PM1n in the block BKM1 are restored to a writable state.
It should be noted that thereafter, the controller SUBCNT1 performs a data write in the same manner as stated above, in accordance with a write request from the host 11.
The other operations are substantially the same as those in the first embodiment, and their detailed explanations will thus be omitted.
Advantages
As explained above, by virtue of the structure and operation of the information processing system 1 according to the second embodiment, at least the above advantages (1) and (2) can be obtained. In addition, the information processing system 1 according to the second embodiment can obtain the following advantage (3):
(3) The information processing system 1 according to the second embodiment is advantageous in terms of miniaturization of elements and high-speed operation.
In the MRAM 20 according to the second embodiment, physical blocks are provided as groups for counters, respectively, such that for example, the physical block BKM1 is provided as a group for the counter CO1 (FIG. 13). It is determined whether data has been written or not, based on the state (FLG: “0” state [first state] or “1” state [second state]) of the flag bit FLG of each of the pages PM included in the block BKM1 (S24 in FIG. 14). For each of the blocks, for example, for the block BKM1, the number of data writes is counted by the counter CO1 (S25 in FIG. 14).
By virtue of the above structure and operation, it is not necessary to provide counters for pages PM, respectively, to count the numbers of data writes to the respective pages PM. To be more specific, in the second embodiment, flag bits FLG are set in the header areas HA1 of pages PM, which are margin areas thereof, as a result of which it is possible to recognize whether data has been written to each of the pages PM or not. It should be noted that the set position of a flag bit FLG is not limited to the header area RA1. For example, the flag bit FLG can be set in the redundant area RA1. Margin areas (HA1 and RA1), in which the flag bit FLG can be set, and which are areas other than the data area DA1, constitute approximately, for example, 37 percent of the entire page PM.
In such a manner, in the second embodiment, since the above margin areas can be used in the above manner, it is not necessary that counters for counting the number of writes are provided for pages PM, respectively, and as to each of the blocks, for example, the block BKM1, it is possible to manage the number of writes by means of the counter CO1. Therefore, the second embodiment does not need space for provision of the above counters for the pages or memory areas for updating the numbers of writes which are counted by the above counters for the pages. Thus, the second embodiment is advantageous in terms of miniaturization of elements.
In addition, the second embodiment is not a technique in which the numbers of writes which are counted with respect to pages PM, respectively, are updated (as can be seen from FIG. 14, S25). It is therefore possible to prevent a time loss which would occur if the numbers of writes counted by the counters CO1 were updated (as can be seen from FIG. 14, S25). Therefore, the second embodiment is also advantageous in terms of increasing the speed of operation.
(Modification 2 [Example of Provision of a Plurality of Groups])
A storage system 10 according to modification 2 will be explained with reference to FIGS. 17 and 18. Modification 2 relates to the provision of a plurality of groups for a plurality of counters. The following explanation is given with reference, by way of example, to two physical blocks provided for two counters, respectively. Also, in the following, explanations of portions identical to those in the first and second embodiments are omitted.
[Structure]
[Structure of MRAM 20]
A structure of an MRAM 20 according to modification 2 will be explained with reference to FIG. 17. Referring to FIG. 17, in the MRAM 20 according to modification 2, physical blocks BKM1 and BKM2 are provided for two counters CO1 and CO2, respectively. In this regard, the MRAM 20 according to modification 2 is different from that according to the second embodiment.
To be more specific, in a memory cell array MCA1 of the MRAM 20, counters are provided for respective groups (physical blocks) such that for example, the counter CO2 is provided for a predetermined single group (the physical block BKM2 in the case shown in the figure). The counter CO2 counts the number of writes to the physical block BKM2.
The physical blocks are groups for the counters, respectively, for example, the physical block BKM2 is provided for the counter CO2. Also, in the case shown in the figure, the physical block BKM2 is a memory space 20M2 in the case shown in the figure. The physical block BKM2 comprises a plurality of pages PM20 to PM2n. Each of the pages PM20 to PM2n comprises a header area HA2, a data area DA2 and a redundant area RA2.
In the header area HA2, for example, addresses (page address, block address, etc.), a flag bit FLG, etc., are provided. In the case shown in the figure, the flag bits of all the pages PM20 to PM2n are in “0 state (FLG0)”. Thus, no data has been written (initial state) to any of the pages PM20 to PM2n. 
In the data area DA2, for example, data (DATA), a command, etc., are provided.
In the redundant area RA2, for example, an error correcting code (ECC) for performing error correction on data provided in the data area DA2 is provided. It should be noted that the structure of the pages PM20 to PM2n is described by way of example.
The other structures are substantially the same as those in the second embodiment, and their explanations will thus be omitted.
[Operation]
[Data Writing]
Data writing to the storage system 10 according to modification 2 will be explained with reference to FIG. 18. As shown in FIG. 18, data writing according to modification 2 comprises step 30 in addition to the steps of the second embodiment. In this regard, it is different from data writing according to the second embodiment.
Specifically, in step S30, if receiving a write request from the host 11, the controller SUBCNT1 selects one of the groups (blocks) BKM1 and BKM2 provided for the counters CO1 and CO2, respectively, which is a group in which the number of writes is smaller than that in the other group.
More specifically, the controller SUBCNT1 refers to the numbers of writes counted by the counters CO1 and CO2 and selects one of the blocks BKM1 and BKM2, in which the number of writes is smaller, as a target block to be written to. The following explanation is given by referring to by way of example the case where the number of writes counted by the counter CO1 is smaller than that by the counter CO2. Thus, in this case, the controller SUBCNT1 selects the block BKM1 provided for the counter CO1, as the target block to written to. Thereafter, the controller SUBCNT1 carries out step S21 to 26 as explained with respect to the second embodiment.
Advantages
As explained above, by virtue of the structure and operation of the information processing system according to modification 2, at least the above advantages (1) to (3) can be obtained. Furthermore, the information processing system according to modification 2 can obtain the following advantage (4):
(4) Wear leveling can be performed in units of two groups (physical blocks); e.g., in the case as shown in the figure, it is performed on both the physical blocks BKM1 and BKM2 at a time.
In the MRAM 20 according to modification 2, two physical blocks BKM1 and BKM2 are provided for two counters CO1 and CO2 (in FIG. 17). In this structure, if receiving a write request from the host 11, the controller SUBCNT1 selects one of the groups BKM1 and BKM2 provided for the counters CO1 and CO2, in which the number of writes is smaller, as a target group to be written to (S30 in FIG. 18).
In such a manner, in modification 2, it is possible to write data to the group BKM1 for which the number of writes is smaller, and also to equalize the numbers of writes (wear leveling) in units of two groups, for example, for the groups BKM1 and BKM2 in the case shown in the figure. It this regard, modification 2 is advantageous.
While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel embodiments described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the inventions.

## Claims

1. A storage system comprising:
a first storage including a plurality of pages which are data write units and include first nonvolatile memories, and a first counter which counts the number of writes to first pages of the plurality of pages, wherein each of the plurality of pages includes a flag bit indicating whether the page has been written to; and
a controller which controls the first storage,
wherein the controller is configured to:
write data to a page of the plurality of pages which includes a first flag bit set in a first state and change a state of the first flag bit from the first state to a second state; and
not write data to a page of the plurality of pages which includes a flag bit set in the second state, and
wherein when the flag bits of the first pages are set in the second state, the controller increments a value of the first counter and returns the states of the flag bits of the first pages from the second state to the first state.

2. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the first storage further includes
a second counter which counts the number of writes to second pages of the plurality of pages, and
wherein when the flag bits of the second pages are set in the second state, the controller increments a value of the second counter and returns the states of the flag bits of the second pages from the second state to the first state.

3. The storage system of claim 2, wherein the controller refers to the numbers of writes counted by the first and second counters to select one of the first pages and the second pages, in which the number of writes is smaller than that to the other, as target pages to be written to.

4. The storage system of claim 1, further comprising a second storage including second nonvolatile memories.

5. The storage system of claim 4,
wherein the first nonvolatile memories are memories storing data which is to be corrupted when data is read from the first nonvolatile memories, and
wherein the controller is configured to:
read data from a first nonvolatile memory at a first address which is included in the first nonvolatile memories,
determine whether the read data is to be written back to the first storage, and
write, if determining that the read data is not to be written back to the first storage, the read data to a second nonvolatile memory at a second address in the second storage.

6. The storage system of claim 5, wherein if determining that the read data is to be written back to the first storage, the controller is configured to write the read data to a first nonvolatile memory at a third address in the first storage.

7. The storage system of claim 4, further comprising a third storage which stores data in a nonvolatile manner, and has a data capacity larger than that of the second storage.

8. The storage system of claim 7, wherein the third storage includes an HDD.

9. The storage system of claim 4, wherein the second storage includes NAND flash memories.

10. The storage system of claim 1, further comprising an address conversion table which indicates a correspondence between logical addresses managed by a host and physical addresses managed by the storage system.

11. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the first nonvolatile memory includes:
a resistance change element whose resistance value varies in accordance with a flowing direction of current in the resistance change element; and
a switching element provided to switch the flowing direction of the current in the resistance change element.

12. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the first storage includes MRAMs.