Bridging the 50-State Survey 

of Fishing, Hunting, and WildlifeAssociated Recreation with 

Previous National Survey of 

Fishing, Hunting, and WildlifeAssociated Recreation Trends

Final Methodology Overview

MARCH 2020

VIRGINIA

THE ROCKVILLE INSTITUTE, FOR 

STATE FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES
Suggested Citation:

Rockville Institute. 2020. Bridging the 50-State Surveys of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated 

Recreation with Previous National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 

Trends. Final Methodology Overview: Virginia.
 Virginia // 1

In 2016, the Rockville Institute conducted the 50-State Survey 

of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 

(FHWAR); see more details in Rockville Institute (2018). 

Concurrently, the Census Bureau conducted the 2016 

National Survey of FHWAR; see more details in U.S. 

Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 

and U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Census Bureau 

(2018). The two surveys were based on samples of addresses 

intended to be representative of the United States population 

living in households, and used questionnaires as nearly 

identical as possible. Both surveys identified likely sportspersons and wildlife watchers within sampled households, 

and individual participation surveys covered all of calendar 

year 2016. However, differences in sample design, sample 

selection process and mode of data collection resulted in 

estimates that were substantially different between the surveys.

Estimates from the 2016 National Survey of FHWAR are 

directly comparable to those from previous surveys such as 

the 2011 National Survey of FHWAR; see U.S. Department of 

the Interior, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department 

of Commerce U.S. Census Bureau (2014). Due to its modest 

sample size, it can only produce reliable estimates at the 

national and census division level. In contrast, the 50-State 

Survey of FHWAR produced state-level estimates, but these 

estimates are not directly comparable to those from previous 

surveys. The Rockville Institute therefore completed a project 

to create new state-level estimates that are calibrated to those 

of the 2016 National Survey of FHWAR. The dual purpose of 

these calibrated estimates is to maintain the fine level of 

granularity of the 50-State Survey of FHWAR but enable 

comparison to previous National Surveys of FHWAR.

Through this bridging project, the Rockville Institute 

created new state-level tables showing adjusted survey 

estimates by state of residency of the participants. These 

tables show the estimated demographics, participation, 

days, trips and expenditures, for fishing, hunting and 

wildlife-related activities for residents of each of the 50 

states and DC. The tables correspond to Tables 5, 15, 22, 

28, 30, 33, 35, and 36 in the state reports released by the 

Rockville Institute in 2018, with the exception of Tables 28 

and 33, where we report an extended set of statistics 

compared to those reported in the 50-State Survey of 

FHWAR report.

The calibration procedure used to create these tables involved 

a combination of data harmonization and statistical modeling 

of the differences between the two surveys. The procedure 

consisted of the following major steps. First, the estimated 

demographic compositions of both surveys were aligned at 

the census division level, using survey calibration methods. 

Second, a statistical model was developed to account for the 

differences in participation rates in hunting, fishing and 

wildlife-related activities between the two surveys. This 

“bridging model” was used to predict state-level participating 

rates that are consistent with those obtained using the 

Census Bureau methodology. By combining these predicted 

participation rates with the harmonized population estimates, 

calibrated estimates of the numbers of participants in each 

state were obtained. Third, the characteristics of the 

participants’ activities, such as the number and type of 

activities, days of participation and types of associated 

expenditures, were adjusted by means of estimated products 

or ratios of these characteristics between the two surveys. 

Finally, applying these products or ratios to the calibrated 

estimates of the participant numbers made it possible to 

produce the calibrated tables of estimates mentioned above. 

For more details about the bridging project, see Rockville 

Institute (2020).

OVERVIEW
 Virginia // 2

References

• Rockville Institute. 2018. 2016 50-State Survey of Fishing, 

Hunting, and Wildlife-Related Recreation: National.

• Rockville Institute. 2020. Bridging the 50-State Surveys 

of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 

with Previous National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and 

Wildlife-Associated Recreation Trends. Final Methodology 

Report. 

• U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Census 

Bureau. 2014. 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, 

and Wildlife-Related Recreation.

• U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Census 

Bureau. 2018. 2016 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, 

and Wildlife-Related Recreation.
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 3

APPENDIX A: POINT ESTIMATES

The tables in Appendix A depict the calibrated point 

estimates, subject to rounding error. The format of the 

calibrated tables in this appendix matches closely the 

format used in the 50-State Survey of FHWAR reports. 

Summary statistics reported in the calibrated tables are 

described below, by table.

Table 5 

Fishing and hunting, participation, days, and trips

• Total fishing participation and total hunting participation: 

product-type statistics derived using model predictions for 

percent participation in the population and total population 

based on adjusted 50-State Survey of FHWAR weights.

• Total freshwater, freshwater except Great Lakes, Great 

Lakes, and saltwater fishing participation, total big game, 

small game, migratory birds, and other animals hunting 

participation: product-type statistics derived using total 

fishing participation, total hunting participation, percent 

participation of freshwater, freshwater except Great Lakes, 

Great Lakes, and saltwater fishing in all fishing, and percent 

participation of big game, small game, migratory birds, 

and other animals hunting in all hunting (columns 

denoted by %).

• Total fishing (all and subcategories) days/trips of 

participation and total hunting (all and subcategories) 

days/trips of participation: product-type statistics derived 

using total number of fishing (all and subcategories) 

participants, total number of hunting (all and subcategories) participants, and days/trips per participant 

(not displayed).

• Percent participation (columns denoted by %): statistics 

constructed using full adjusted 50-State Survey of FHWAR 

final weights, using data from the fishing or hunting survey 

for the fishing and hunting sections, respectively.

Table 15

Fishing and hunting, demographics

• Total population (all and subcategories): composite 

statistics constructed using 2-way composite factors to 

adjusted 50-State Survey of FHWAR final weights, using 

data from both the fishing and the hunting surveys.

• Total number of anglers and total number of hunters: 

product-type statistics derived using model predictions for 

percent participation in the population (columns denoted 

by % Pop.), and total population based on adjusted 

50-State Survey of FHWAR final weights.

• Total number of sportspersons: ratio-type statistics derived 

using total number of anglers and percent anglers in 

sportspersons (not displayed).

• Total population, sportspersons, anglers, hunters, by 

demographics: product-type statistics, derived using total 

population, sportspersons, anglers, hunters participation, 

and percent demographic-specific participation in total 

participation (columns denoted by %).

• Percent demographic-specific population, sportspersons, 

anglers, hunters participation in total participation 

(columns denoted by %): composite statistics constructed 

using 2-way composite factors to adjusted 50-State Survey 

of FHWAR final weights, using data from the fishing and 

hunting surveys.

• Percent demographic-specific anglers and hunters 

participation in the total demographic-specific population 

(columns denoted by % Pop.): ratio-type statistics, derived 

using total demographic-specific anglers and hunters 

participation and total demographic-specific population.
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 4

• Percent total and demographic-specific sportspersons 

participation in the total and demographic-specific population (column denoted by % Pop.): ratio-type 

statistics, derived using total population and sportspersons participation.

Table 22

Fishing and hunting, spenders and expenses

• Total fishing and hunting expenditure (all and subcategories) 

amount, total fishing expenditure (all and subcategories) 

amount, total hunting expenditure (all and subcategories) 

amount, and total unspecified expenditure amount: 

product-type statistics derived using expenditure 

amount per participant (columns denoted by Average 

Per Sportsperson), and total sportspersons participation 

(all and subcategories), total anglers participation 

(all and subcategories), total hunters participation 

(all and subcategories) and total sportspersons 

participation, respectively.

• Expenditure amount per participant (columns denoted 

by Average Per Sportsperson) and expenditure amount 

per spender (columns denoted by Average Per Spender):

> Fishing section: statistics constructed using full adjusted 

50-State Survey of FHWAR final weights, using data 

from the fishing survey only.

> Hunting section: statistics constructed using full adjusted 

50-State Survey of FHWAR final weights, using data 

from the hunting survey only.

> Fishing and hunting, and unspecified sections: except 

for some expenses and spenders noted in the table 

footnotes, these are composite statistics constructed using 

2-way composite factors to adjusted 50-State Survey of 

FHWAR final weights, using data from the fishing and 

hunting surveys.

• Total fishing and hunting (all and subcategories) number 

of spenders, total fishing (all and subcategories) number 

of spenders, total hunting (all and subcategories) number 

of spenders, and total unspecified number of spenders: 

product-type statistics derived using the percent spenders 

in total participation (not displayed), and total 

sportspersons participation (all and subcategories), 

total anglers participation (all and subcategories), total 

hunters participation (all and subcategories) and total 

sportspersons participation, respectively.

Table 28

Wildlife watching, participation, days, and trips

• Total wildlife watching participation: product-type 

statistics derived using model predictions for percent 

participation in the population, and total population 

based on adjusted 50-State Survey of FHWAR final weights.

• Total away from home (all and subcategories) and 

around the home (all and subcategories) wildlife watching 

participation: product-type statistics derived using total 

wildlife watching participation, and percent participation 

of away from home (all and subcategories) and around 

the home (all and subcategories) wildlife watching in all 

wildlife watching (columns denoted by %).

• Total wildlife watching (all and subcategories) days/trips 

of participation: product-type statistics derived using 

total number of wildlife watching (all and subcategories) 

participants and days/trips per participant (not displayed).

• Percent participation (columns denoted by %): statistics 

constructed using full adjusted 50-State Survey of 

FHWAR final weights, using data from the wildlife 

watching survey.

• Percent participation in the total population (column 

denoted by % Pop.): ratio-type statistics, derived 

using total population from Table 30 and wildlife 

watching participation.

Table 30

Wildlife watching, demographics

• Total population (all and subcategories): composite statistics 

constructed using full adjusted 50-State Survey of FHWAR 

final weights, using data from the wildlife watching survey. 

Note that the total population estimates in Tables 15 and 30 

differ due to demographic harmonization without state 

targets estimated from the National Survey of FHWAR 

(information not available); see Rockville Institute (2020) 

for more details about the demographic harmonization.
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 5

• Total number of wildlife watchers: product-type statistics 

derived using model predictions for percent participation 

in the population (columns denoted by % Pop.) and 

total population based on adjusted 50-State Survey of 

FHWAR weights.

• Total number of away from home or around the home 

wildlife watchers: product-type statistics derived using 

total number of wildlife watchers, and percent away 

from home or around the home wildlife watchers in 

all wildlife watchers (columns denoted by % Pop. in 

Table 35; not displayed).

• Total population, wildlife watchers, away from home, 

around the home, by demographics: product-type statistics, 

derived using total population, wildlife watchers, away 

from home, around the home participation, and percent 

demographic-specific participation in total participation 

(columns denoted by %).

• Percent demographic-specific population, wildlife watchers, 

away from home, around the home participation in total 

participation (columns denoted by %): composite statistics 

constructed using full adjusted 50-State Survey of 

FHWAR final weights, using data from the wildlife 

watching survey.

• Percent demographic-specific wildlife watchers, participation in the total demographic-specific population (column 

denoted by % Pop.): ratio-type statistics, derived using total 

demographic-specific wildlife watchers participation and 

total demographic-specific population.

• Percent total and demographic-specific away from home 

and around the home participation in the total and 

demographic-specif­ic population (columns denoted 

by % Pop.): ratio-type statistics, derived using total population and away from home and around the 

home participation, respectively.

Table 33

Wildlife watching, spenders and expenditures — three 

versions for all wildlife watchers, away from home wildlife 

watchers, and around the home wildlife watchers

• Total wildlife watching expenditure (all and subcategories) 

amount: product-type statistics derived using total 

number of wildlife watching (all and subcategories) 

participants and expenditure amount per participant 

(columns denoted by Average Per Wildlife Watcher).

• Expenditure amount per participant (columns denoted by 

Average Per Wildlife Watcher) and expenditure amount 

per spender (columns denoted by Average Per Spender): 

statistics constructed using full adjusted 50-State Survey 

of FHWAR final weights, using data from the wildlife 

watching survey only.

• Total wildlife watching (all and subcategories) number of 

spenders: product-type statistics derived using total number 

of wildlife watching (all and subcategories) participants 

and the percent spenders in total participation 

(columns denoted by Percent of Wildlife Watchers).

• Percent spenders in total participation (columns denoted 

by Percent of Wildlife Watchers): statistics constructed 

using full adjusted 50-State Survey of FHWAR final weights, 

using data from the wildlife watching survey only.

Table 35

Wildlife watchers participating in fishing and hunting

• Total number of wildlife watchers: product-type statistics 

derived using model predictions for percent participation 

in the population (columns denoted by % Pop. in Table 

30), and total population based on adjusted 50-State 

Survey of FHWAR final weights (displayed in Table 30).

• Total number of away from home or around the home 

wildlife watchers: product-type statistics derived using 

total number of wildlife watchers, and percent away 

from home or around the home wildlife watchers in all 

wildlife watchers (columns not displayed).

• Total number of wildlife watchers, away from home, 

around the home who did not fish or hunt, fished or 

hunted, fished, hunted: product-type statistics, derived 

using total number of wildlife watchers, and percent 

sportsperson-specific category in the corresponding total 

participation (columns denoted by %).

• Percent sportsperson-specific category in the corresponding total participation (columns denoted by %): statistics 

constructed using full adjusted 50-State Survey of 

FHWAR final weights, using data from the wildlife 

watching survey.
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 6

Table 36

Sportspersons participating in wildlife watching

• Total number of sportspersons: ratio-type statistics 

derived using total number of anglers, percent anglers 

in sportspersons (not displayed).

• Total number of anglers or total number of hunters: 

product-type statistics derived using model predictions 

for percent participation in the population (columns 

denoted by % Pop. in Table 15), and total population 

based on adjusted 50-State Survey of FHWAR final 

weights (displayed in Table 15).

• Total number of sportspersons, anglers, or hunters who 

did not wildlife watch, wildlife watch, wildlife watch 

away from home, wildlife watch around the home: 

product-type statistics, derived using total number of 

sportspersons, anglers, or hunters, and percent wildlife 

watcher-specific category in the corresponding total 

participation (columns denoted by %).

• Percent wildlife watcher-specific category in the corresponding total participation (columns denoted by %): 

composite statistics constructed using 3-way composite 

factors to adjusted 50-State Survey of FHWAR final 

weights, using data from the fishing, hunting, and 

wildlife watching surveys.
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 7

Table 5 Virginia Resident Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation and Trips in the United States, 

by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2016 

(Population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

 PARTICIPANTS DAYS OF PARTICIPATION TRIPS

# % # % # %

ALL FISHING 957 100 17,261 100 14,057 100

All freshwater 638 67 13,340 77 10,894 77

Freshwater, except Great Lakes 638 67 13,340 77 10,894 77

Great Lakes — — — — — —

Saltwater 484 51 3,921 23 3,164 23

ALL HUNTING 259 100 5,896 100 4,684 100

Big game 237 92 5,105 87 3,190 68

Small game 80 31 1,571 27 1,320 28

Migratory birds 30 12 55 1 55 1

Other animals 45 17 240 4 119 3

— No sample data 

NOTE: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 8

Table 15 Virginia Resident Anglers and Hunters, by Selected Characteristics: 2016

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

POPULATION SPORTSPERSONS ANGLERS HUNTERS

Total % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. %

TOTAL 6,288 100 1,021 16 100 957 15 100 259 4 100

RESIDENCE DENSITY

Urban 4,857 77 662 14 65 629 13 66 162 3 63

Rural 1,431 23 358 25 35 328 23 34 97 7 37

RESIDENCE SIZE

Metropolitan Statistical 

Area (MSA)

5,768 92 884 15 87 840 15 88 200 3 77

1,000,000 or more 4,534 72 634 14 62 610 13 64 124 3 48

250,000 to 999,999 473 8 44 9 4 23 5 2 19 4 7

50,000 to 249,999 760 12 206 27 20 208 27 22 56 7 22

Outside MSA 520 8 137 26 13 117 23 12 59 11 23

SEX

Male 3,052 49 737 24 72 677 22 71 201 7 78

Female 3,236 51 284 9 28 280 9 29 58 2 22

AGE

16 to 17 years 136 2 13 10 1 12 8 1 4 3 1

18 to 24 years 873 14 110 13 11 110 13 12 16 2 6

25 to 34 years 1,067 17 134 13 13 124 12 13 16 1 6

35 to 44 years 862 14 149 17 15 148 17 16 58 7 23

45 to 54 years 1,097 17 295 27 29 266 24 28 76 7 29

55 to 64 years 1,010 16 174 17 17 160 16 17 34 3 13

65 years and older 1,243 20 145 12 14 137 11 14 55 4 21

65 to 74 years 889 14 111 12 11 108 12 11 45 5 17

75 and older 353 6 34 10 3 29 8 3 11 3 4

ETHNICITY

Hispanic 763 12 50 7 5 52 7 5 19 2 7

Non-Hispanic 5,525 88 970 18 95 905 16 95 240 4 93

RACE

White 4,796 76 774 16 76 702 15 73 229 5 88

African American 903 14 128 14 13 132 15 14 — — —

All Others 588 9 119 20 12 123 21 13 30 5 12

(continued on next page)
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 9

Table 15 Virginia Resident Anglers and Hunters, by Selected Characteristics: 2016 (continued) 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

(continued from previous page)

POPULATION SPORTSPERSONS ANGLERS HUNTERS

Total % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. %

ANNUAL 

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Less than $20,000 494 8 95 19 9 92 19 10 5 1 2

$20,000 to $29,999 221 4 17 8 2 16 7 2 4 2 1

$30,000 to $39,999 517 8 44 8 4 35 7 4 16 3 6

$40,000 to $49,999 532 8 41 8 4 28 5 3 14 3 5

$50,000 to $74,999 665 11 139 21 14 126 19 13 35 5 14

$75,000 to $99,999 565 9 102 18 10 98 17 10 39 7 15

$100,000 to $149, 999 1,063 17 190 18 19 175 16 18 58 5 22

$150,000 or more 1,117 18 227 20 22 221 20 23 66 6 26

Not reported 1,113 18 166 15 16 167 15 17 22 2 9

EDUCATION

8 years or less 189 3 27 14 3 27 15 3 3 2 1

9 to 12 years 1,619 26 329 20 32 301 19 31 79 5 31

1 to 3 years of college 1,995 32 221 11 22 220 11 23 35 2 13

4 years or more 

of college

2,485 40 443 18 43 409 16 43 142 6 55

— No sample data 

NOTE: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percent population (% Pop.) columns show the percentage of each row’s population who participated in the 

activity named by the column (the percentage of the population living in urban areas who fished, etc.). Columns labeled “%”under Sportspersons, Anglers, and Hunters show the 

percentage of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the percentage of anglers who lived in urban areas, etc.).
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 10

Table 22 Expenditures by Virginia Residents for Fishing and Hunting Both In and Out of Virginia: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

AMOUNT

(thousands of $)

AVERAGE PER 

SPORTSPERSON

($) 1

AVERAGE PER 

SPENDER

($) 1

NUMBER OF

SPENDERS

(thousands)

FISHING AND HUNTING 3,104,426 3,042 2,879 1,078

Food and lodging 358,284 351 458 783

Transportation 220,475 216 266 829

Other trip costs 2 358,362 351 450 797

Equipment (fishing, hunting) 405,388 397 473 856

Auxiliary equipment 3 169,280 166 629 269

Special equipment 4 632,336 620 5,134 123

Magazines, books, and DVDs 11,243 11 67 167

Membership dues/contributions 9,545 9 61 157

Other 5 939,513 920 1,459 644

FISHING 1,402,737 1,465 1,523 921

Food and lodging 294,581 308 427 690

Transportation 171,531 179 243 705

Other trip costs 2 329,861 345 411 803

Fishing equipment 196,645 205 279 706

Auxiliary equipment 3 16,239 17 157 103

Special equipment 4 22,507 24 434 52

Magazines, books, and DVDs 5,829 6 53 110

Membership dues/contributions 6,595 7 57 115

Other 5 358,950 375 756 475

HUNTING 847,903 3,276 3,276 259

Food and lodging 46,547 180 278 167

Transportation 34,724 134 165 211

Other trip costs 2 20,880 81 246 85

Hunting equipment 148,675 574 682 218

Auxiliary equipment 3 20,610 80 287 72

Special equipment 4 148,967 576 5,787 26

Magazines, books, and DVDs 3,453 13 56 62

Membership dues/contributions 1,691 7 57 30

Other 5 422,357 1,632 1,680 251

UNSPECIFIED 6 530,505 520 4,898 108

1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.

2 Includes boating costs, equipment rental, guide fees, access fees, heating and cooking fuel, and ice and bait (for fishing only).

3 Includes sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special fishing and hunting clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders, maintenance and repair 

of equipment, processing and taxidermy costs, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device.

4 Includes big-ticket items bought primarily for hunting and fishing, including boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, 

pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.

5 Includes land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, tags, permits, and plantings (for hunting only).

6 Respondent could not specify whether expenditure was primarily for either fishing or hunting.

NOTE: Individual estimates do not add to total because of multiple responses, nonreponse, the independent bridging of fishing and hunting participation, and the bridging of 

sportspersons participation relative to fishing participation.
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 11

Table 28 Virginia Resident Wildlife Watchers Both In and Out of Virginia: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

 PARTICIPANTS

DAYS OF 

PARTICIPATION TRIPS

# %

% 

Pop. # % # %

WILDLIFE WATCHERS 2,106 100 35 250,993 100 24,067 100

Away from home 969 46 16 75,039 30 24,066 100

Observe wildlife 963 46 16 50,338 20 x x

Photograph wildlife 555 26 9 33,562 13 x x

Feed wildlife 322 15 5 38,247 15 x x

Around the home 2,001 95 33 175,954 70 x x

Observe wildlife 1,447 69 24 133,432 53 x x

Photograph wildlife 1,138 54 19 28,985 12 x x

Feed wildlife 1,354 64 22 x x x x

Visit parks or natural areas 1 652 31 11 13,537 5 x x

Maintain plantings or natural areas 413 20 7 x x x x

x Not applicable 

1 Includes visits only to parks or natural areas within one mile of home.

NOTE: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percent population (% Pop.) columns show the percentage of each row’s population who participated in the 

activity named by the column (the percentage of the population who observed wildlife away from home, etc.). Columns labeled “%” show the percentage of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the percentage of wildlife watchers who observed wildlife away from home, etc.).
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 12

Table 30 Virginia Resident Wildlife Watchers, by Selected Characteristics: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

POPULATION TOTAL AWAY FROM HOME AROUND THE HOME

Total % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. %

TOTAL 6,075 100 2,106 35 100 969 16 100 2,001 33 100

RESIDENCE DENSITY

Urban 4,827 79 1,630 34 77 779 16 80 1,524 32 76

Rural 1,248 21 477 38 23 190 15 20 477 38 24

RESIDENCE SIZE

Metropolitan Statistical 

Area (MSA)

5,643 93 1,951 35 93 902 16 93 1,845 33 92

1,000,000 or more 4,086 67 1,354 33 64 573 14 59 1,248 31 62

250,000 to 999.999 538 9 131 24 6 49 9 5 131 24 7

50,000 to 249,999 1,019 17 466 46 22 279 27 29 466 46 23

Outside MSA 431 7 155 36 7 67 16 7 155 36 8

SEX

Male 3,145 52 1,141 36 54 506 16 52 1,036 33 52

Female 2,930 48 965 33 46 463 16 48 965 33 48

AGE

16 to 17 years 138 2 28 21 1 28 21 3 28 21 1

18 to 24 years 719 12 365 51 17 266 37 27 260 36 13

25 to 34 years 1,007 17 301 30 14 70 7 7 301 30 15

35 to 44 years 824 14 237 29 11 155 19 16 237 29 12

45 to 54 years 1,090 18 508 47 24 172 16 18 508 47 25

55 to 64 years 1,201 20 354 29 17 219 18 23 354 29 18

65 years and older 1,095 18 313 29 15 59 5 6 313 29 16

65 to 74 years 681 11 209 31 10 53 8 5 209 31 10

75 and older 414 7 104 25 5 6 1 1 104 25 5

ETHNICITY

Hispanic 411 7 126 31 6 50 12 5 126 31 6

Non-Hispanic 5,664 93 1,980 35 94 919 16 95 1,875 33 94

RACE

White 4,592 76 1,743 38 83 833 18 86 1,637 36 82

African American 741 12 162 22 8 — — — 162 22 8

All Others 743 12 201 27 10 136 18 14 201 27 10

(continued on next page)
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 13

Table 30 Virginia Resident Wildlife Watchers, by Selected Characteristics: 2016 (continued) 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

(continued from previous page)

POPULATION TOTAL AWAY FROM HOME AROUND THE HOME

Total % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. %

ANNUAL 

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Less than $20,000 472 8 240 51 11 57 12 6 240 51 12

$20,000 to $29,999 201 3 6 3 0 6 3 1 6 3 0

$30,000 to $39,999 621 10 160 26 8 63 10 7 160 26 8

$40,000 to $49,999 281 5 88 31 4 3 1 0 88 31 4

$50,000 to $74,999 911 15 270 30 13 112 12 12 270 30 14

$75,000 to $99,999 406 7 177 44 8 109 27 11 177 44 9

$100,000 to $149, 999 1,076 18 458 43 22 207 19 21 352 33 18

$150,000 or more 1,066 18 463 43 22 265 25 27 463 43 23

Not reported 1,041 17 244 23 12 147 14 15 244 23 12

EDUCATION

8 years or less 140 2 7 5 0 — — — 7 5 0

9 to 12 years 1,942 32 705 36 33 381 20 39 600 31 30

1 to 3 years of college 1,454 24 528 36 25 215 15 22 528 36 26

4 years or more 

of college

2,538 42 865 34 41 373 15 39 865 34 43

— No sample data 

NOTE: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent population (% Pop.) columns show the percentage of each row’s population who 

participated in the activity named by the column (the percentage of the population living in urban areas who participated, etc.). Columns labeled “%”under TOTAL, Away From 

Home, and Around the Home show the percentage of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the percentage of those who lived in urban areas, etc.).
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 14

Table 33A Expenditures by Virginia Residents for All Wildlife Watching Both In and Out of Virginia: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

AMOUNT

(thousands of $)

AVERAGE PER 

WILDLIFE 

WATCHER

($) 1

AVERAGE PER 

SPENDER

($) 1

NUMBER OF 

SPENDERS

(thousands)

PERCENT OF 

WILDLIFE 

WATCHERS

ALL EXPENDITURES 3,284,242 1,559 2,009 1,635 78

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES 2,169,746 1,030 2,500 868 41

Food and lodging 1,188,622 564 1,418 838 40

Food 714,154 339 852 838 40

Lodging 474,468 225 1,685 282 13

Transportation 572,367 272 681 841 40

Other trip costs 2 408,757 194 775 528 25

EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES 1,114,494 529 717 1,554 74

Wildlife-watching equipment 682,642 324 486 1,406 67

Binoculars, spotting scopes 56,624 27 157 360 17

Film and photo processing 21,876 10 85 257 12

Cameras, special lenses, video cameras, and 

other photographic equipment, including 

memory cards

216,734 103 350 619 29

Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing 114,550 54 332 345 16

Bird food 130,053 62 126 1,033 49

Food for other wildlife 67,162 32 156 430 20

Nest boxes, bird houses, bird feeders, 

and bird baths

72,698 35 97 750 36

Other equipment (including field guides) 2,945 1 25 117 6

Auxiliary equipment 3 93,375 44 214 435 21

Special equipment 4 29,642 14 814 36 2

Magazines, books, and DVDs 28,290 13 47 607 29

Membership dues and contributions 66,829 32 132 506 24

Land leasing and ownership 144,628 69 821 176 8

Plantings 69,089 33 275 251 12

1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.

2 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.

3 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment.

4 Includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, 

recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.

NOTE: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 15

Table 33B Expenditures by Virginia Residents for Away-from-home Wildlife Watching Both In and Out of Virginia: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

AMOUNT

(thousands of $)

AVERAGE PER 

WILDLIFE 

WATCHER

($) 1

AVERAGE PER 

SPENDER

($) 1

NUMBER OF 

SPENDERS

(thousands)

PERCENT OF 

WILDLIFE 

WATCHERS

ALL EXPENDITURES 2,759,728 2,848 3,088 894 92

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES 2,536,214 2,617 2,903 874 90

Food and lodging 1,548,687 1,598 1,850 837 86

Food 674,350 696 805 837 86

Lodging 874,337 902 1,685 519 54

Transportation 704,057 727 817 862 89

Other trip costs 2 283,470 293 630 450 46

EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES 223,514 231 600 373 38

Wildlife-watching equipment 166,280 172 520 320 33

Binoculars, spotting scopes 23,018 24 100 230 24

Film and photo processing — — — — —

Cameras, special lenses, video cameras, and 

other photographic equipment, including 

memory cards

23,018 24 100 230 24

Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing 119,081 123 476 250 26

Bird food — — — — —

Food for other wildlife — — — — —

Nest boxes, bird houses, bird feeders, 

and bird baths

— — — — —

Other equipment (including field guides) 1,162 1 17 70 7

Auxiliary equipment 3 23,018 24 100 230 24

Special equipment 4 — — — — —

Magazines, books, and DVDs 12,574 13 38 327 34

Membership dues and contributions 21,642 22 200 108 11

Land leasing and ownership — — — — —

Plantings — — — — —

— No sample data 

1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.

2 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.

3 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment.

4 Includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, 

recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.

NOTE: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 16

Table 33C Expenditures by Virginia Residents for Around-the-home Wildlife Watching Both In and Out of Virginia: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

AMOUNT

(thousands of $)

AVERAGE PER 

WILDLIFE 

WATCHER

($) 1

AVERAGE PER 

SPENDER

($) 1

NUMBER OF 

SPENDERS

(thousands)

PERCENT OF 

WILDLIFE 

WATCHERS

ALL EXPENDITURES 467,386 234 401 1,166 58

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES x x x x x

Food and lodging x x x x x

Food x x x x x

Lodging x x x x x

Transportation x x x x x

Other trip costs 2 x x x x x

EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES 467,386 234 401 1,166 58

Wildlife-watching equipment 288,504 144 265 1,091 55

Binoculars, spotting scopes 26,365 13 169 156 8

Film and photo processing 4,963 2 45 111 6

Cameras, special lenses, video cameras, and 

other photographic equipment, including 

memory cards

54,793 27 224 244 12

Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing 3,153 2 125 25 1

Bird food 104,250 52 117 891 45

Food for other wildlife 18,197 9 71 257 13

Nest boxes, bird houses, bird feeders, 

and bird baths

75,905 38 128 594 30

Other equipment (including field guides) 878 0 25 35 2

Auxiliary equipment 3 5,449 3 64 86 4

Special equipment 4 49,033 25 1,450 34 2

Magazines, books, and DVDs 18,481 9 84 220 11

Membership dues and contributions 32,719 16 168 195 10

Land leasing and ownership — — — — —

Plantings 73,200 37 307 239 12

— No sample data x Not applicable 

1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.

2 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.

3 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment.

4 Includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, 

recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.

NOTE: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 17

Table 35 Virginia Resident Wildlife Watchers Participating in Fishing or Hunting: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

TOTAL AWAY FROM HOME AROUND THE HOME

# % # % # %

ALL WILDLIFE WATCHERS 2,106 100 969 100 2,001 100

Did not fish or hunt 1,214 58 341 35 1,214 61

Fished or hunted 892 42 628 65 786 39

Fished 872 41 628 65 767 38

Hunted 499 24 416 43 393 20

NOTE: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
Virginia // Appendix A: Point Estimates // 18

Table 36 Virginia Resident Sportspersons Participating in Wildlife Watching: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

SPORTSPERSONS ANGLERS HUNTERS

# % # % # %

ALL SPORTSPERSONS 1,021 100 957 100 259 100

Did not watch wildlife 295 29 282 29 48 18

Watched wildlife 725 71 675 71 211 82

Away from home 476 47 454 47 166 64

Around the home 654 64 612 64 177 68

NOTE: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 19

APPENDIX B: STANDARD ERRORS

The tables in Appendix B depict the standard errors, subject 

to rounding error, corresponding to the calibrated point 

estimates reported in the tables in Appendix A. Summary 

statistics reported in these calibrated tables are described 

below, by table.

Table 5

Fishing and hunting, participation, days, and trips

• Standard errors of total fishing participation and total 

hunting participation: product-type statistics derived using 

model point estimates and standard errors of percent 

participation in the population and survey point estimates 

and standard errors of total population based on adjusted 

50-State Survey of FHWAR weights.

• Standard errors of total freshwater, freshwater except Great 

Lakes, Great Lakes, and saltwater fishing participation, 

total big game, small game, migratory birds, and other 

animals hunting participation: product-type statistics 

derived using point estimates and standard errors of 

total fishing participation, point estimates and standard 

errors of total hunting participation, point estimates and 

standard errors of percent participation of freshwater, 

freshwater except Great Lakes, Great Lakes, and saltwater 

fishing in all fishing, and point estimates and standard 

errors of percent participation of big game, small game, 

migratory birds, and other animals hunting in all hunting 

(columns denoted by %).

• Standard errors of total fishing (all and subcategories) 

days/trips of participation and total hunting (all and 

subcategories) days/trips of participation: product-type 

statistics derived using point estimates and standard 

errors of total number of fishing (all and subcategories) 

participants, point estimates and standard errors of total 

number of hunting (all and subcategories) participants, 

and point estimates and standard errors of days/trips 

per participant (not displayed).

• Standard errors of percent participation (columns denoted 

by %): statistics constructed using full adjusted 50-State 

Survey of FHWAR final and replicate weights, using data 

from the fishing or hunting survey for the fishing and 

hunting sections, respectively.

Table 15

Fishing and hunting, demographics

• Standard errors of total population (all and subcategories): 

composite statistics constructed using 2-way composite 

factors to adjusted 50-State Survey of FHWAR final and 

replicate weights, using data from both the fishing and 

the hunting surveys.

• Standard errors of total number of anglers and total 

number of hunters: product-type statistics derived using 

model point estimates and standard errors for percent 

participation in the population (columns denoted by 

% Pop.) and survey point estimates and standard errors 

of total population based on adjusted 50-State Survey 

of FHWAR final and replicate weights.

• Standard errors of total number of sportspersons: ratio-type 

statistics derived using point estimates and standard errors 

of total number of anglers and point estimates and standard 

errors of percent anglers in sportspersons (not displayed).

• Standard errors of total population, sportspersons, anglers, 

hunters, by demographics: product-type statistics, derived 

using point estimates and standard errors of total population, 

sportspersons, anglers, hunters participation, and point 

estimates and standard errors of percent demographicspecific participation in total participation (columns 

denoted by %).
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 20

• Standard errors of percent demographic-specific population, 

sportspersons, anglers, hunters participation in total 

participation (columns denoted by %): composite statistics 

constructed using 2-way composite factors to adjusted 

50-State Survey of FHWAR final and replicate weights, 

using data from the fishing and hunting surveys.

• Standard errors of percent demographic-specific anglers 

and hunters participation in the total demographic-specific 

population (columns denoted by % Pop.): ratio-type 

statistics, derived using point estimates and standard 

errors of total demographic-specific anglers and hunters 

participation and total demographic-specific population.

• Standard errors of percent total and demographicspecific sportspersons participation in the total and 

demographic-specif­ic population (column denoted 

by % Pop.): ratio-type statistics, derived using point 

estimates and standard errors of total population 

and sportspersons participation.

Table 22

Fishing and hunting, spenders and expenses

• Standard errors of total fishing and hunting expenditure 

(all and subcategories) amount, total fishing expenditure 

(all and subcategories) amount, total hunting expenditure 

(all and subcategories) amount, and total unspecified 

expenditure amount: product-type statistics derived 

using point estimates and standard errors of expenditure 

amount per participant (columns denoted by Average Per 

Sportsperson), and point estimates and standard errors 

of total sportspersons participation (all and subcategories), 

point estimates and standard errors of total anglers 

participation (all and subcategories), point estimates and 

standard errors of total hunters participation (all and 

subcategories) and point estimates and standard errors 

of total sportspersons participation, respectively.

• Standard errors of expenditure amount per participant 

(columns denoted by Average Per Sportsperson) and 

expenditure amount per spender (columns denoted by 

Average Per Spender):

> Fishing section: statistics constructed using full adjusted 

50-State Survey of FHWAR final and replicate weights, 

using data from the fishing survey only.

> Hunting section: statistics constructed using full adjusted 

50-State Survey of FHWAR final and replicate weights, 

using data from the hunting survey only.

> Fishing and hunting, and unspecified sections: except 

for some expenses and spenders noted in the table 

footnotes, these are composite statistics constructed 

using 2-way composite factors to adjusted 50-State 

Survey of FHWAR final and replicate weights, using 

data from the fishing and hunting surveys.

• Standard errors of total fishing and hunting (all and 

subcategories) number of spenders, total fishing (all and 

subcategories) number of spenders, total hunting (all and 

subcategories) number of spenders, and total unspecified 

number of spenders: product-type statistics derived using 

the point estimates and standard errors of percent spenders 

in total participation (not displayed), and point estimates 

and standard errors of total sportspersons participation 

(all and subcategories), point estimates and standard errors 

of total anglers participation (all and subcategories), point 

estimates and standard errors of total hunters participation 

(all and subcategories) and point estimates and standard 

errors of total sportspersons participation, respectively.

Table 28

Wildlife watching, participation, days, and trips

• Standard errors of total wildlife watching participation: 

product-type statistics derived using model point estimates 

and standard errors of percent participation in the population, 

and survey point estimates and standard errors of total 

population based on adjusted 50-State Survey of 

FHWAR final and replicate weights.

• Standard errors of total away from home (all and subcategories) and around the home (all and subcategories) 

wildlife watching participation: product-type statistics 

derived using point estimates and standard errors of 

total wildlife watching participation, point estimates and 

standard errors of percent participation of away from home 

(all and subcategories) and point estimates and standard 

errors of around the home (all and subcategories) wildlife 

watching in all wildlife watching (columns denoted by %).
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 21

• Standard errors of total wildlife watching (all and subcategories) days/trips of participation: product-type 

statistics derived using point estimates and standard errors 

of total number of wildlife watching (all and subcategories) 

participants and point estimates and standard errors of 

days/trips per participant (not displayed).

• Standard errors of percent participation (columns denoted 

by %): statistics constructed using full adjusted 50-State 

Survey of FHWAR final and replicate weights, using data 

from the wildlife watching survey.

• Standard errors of percent participation in the total 

population (column denoted by % Pop.): ratio-type 

statistics, derived using point estimates and standard 

errors of total population from Table 30 and point estimates 

and standard errors of wildlife watching participation.

Table 30

Wildlife watching, demographics

• Standard errors of total population (all and subcategories): 

composite statistics constructed using full adjusted 

50-State Survey of FHWAR final and replicate weights, 

using data from the wildlife watching survey. Note that the 

standard errors of total population estimates in Tables 15 

and 30 differ due to demographic harmonization without 

state targets estimated from the National Survey of FHWAR 

(information not available); see Rockville Institute (2020) 

for more details about the demographic harmonization.

• Standard errors of total number of wildlife watchers: 

product-type statistics derived using model point 

estimates and standard errors of percent participation in 

the population (columns denoted by % Pop.) and survey 

standard error of total population based on adjusted 

50-State Survey of FHWAR final and replicate weights.

• Standard errors of total number of away from home or 

around the home wildlife watchers: product-type statistics 

derived using point estimates and standard errors of 

total number of wildlife watchers and point estimates and 

standard errors of percent away from home or around the 

home wildlife watchers in all wildlife watchers (columns 

denoted by % Pop. in Table 35).

• Standard errors of total population, wildlife watchers, 

away from home, around the home, by demographics: 

product-type statistics, derived using point estimates 

and standard errors of total population, wildlife watchers, 

away from home, around the home participation and point 

estimates and standard errors of percent demographicspecific participation in total participation (columns 

denoted by %).

• Standard errors of percent demographic-specific population, 

wildlife watchers, away from home, around the home 

participation in total participation (columns denoted 

by %): composite statistics constructed using full adjusted 

50-State Survey of FHWAR final and replicate weights, 

using data from the wildlife watching survey.

• Standard errors of percent demographic-specific wildlife 

watchers in the total demographic-specific population 

(column denoted by % Pop.): ratio-type statistics, derived 

using point estimates and standard errors of total 

demographic-specific wildlife watchers participation 

and point estimates and standard errors of total 

demographic-specific population.

• Standard errors of percent total and demographic-specific 

away from home and around the home participation in 

the total and demographic-specif­ic population (columns 

denoted by % Pop.): ratio-type statistics, derived using point 

estimates and standard errors of total population and away 

from home and around the home participation, respectively.

Table 33

Wildlife watching, spenders and expenditures — three 

versions for all wildlife watchers, away from home wildlife 

watchers, and around the home wildlife watchers

• Standard errors of total wildlife watching expenditure (all 

and subcategories) amount: product-type statistics derived 

using point estimates and standard errors of total number 

of wildlife watching (all and subcategories) participants 

and point estimates and standard errors of expenditure 

amount per participant (columns denoted by Average 

Per Wildlife Watcher).
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 22

• Standard errors or expenditure amount per participant 

(columns denoted by Average Per Wildlife Watcher) 

and expenditure amount per spender (columns denoted 

by Average Per Spender): statistics constructed using 

full adjusted 50-State Survey of FHWAR final and replicate 

weights, using data from the wildlife watching 

survey only.

• Standard errors of total wildlife watching (all and 

subcategories) number of spenders: product-type 

statistics derived using point estimates and standard 

errors of total number of wildlife watching (all and 

subcategories) participants and point estimates and 

standard errors of the percent spenders in total 

participation (columns denoted by Percent of 

Wildlife Watchers).

• Standard errors of percent spenders in total participation 

(columns denoted by Percent of Wildlife Watchers): 

statistics constructed using full adjusted 50-State Survey 

of FHWAR final and replicate weights, using data from 

the wildlife watching survey only.

Table 35

Wildlife watchers participating in fishing and hunting

• Standard errors of total number of wildlife watchers: 

product-type statistics derived using model point estimates 

and standard errors of percent participation in the population 

(columns denoted by % Pop. in Table 30) and survey point 

estimates and standard errors of total population based 

on adjusted 50-State Survey of FHWAR final and replicate 

weights (displayed in Table 30).

• Standard errors of total number of away from home or 

around the home wildlife watchers: product-type statistics 

derived using point estimates and standard errors of total 

number of wildlife watchers and point estimates and 

standard errors of percent away from home or around 

the home wildlife watchers in all wildlife watchers 

(columns not displayed).

• Standard errors of total number of wildlife watchers, 

away from home, around the home who did not fish 

or hunt, fished or hunted, fished, hunted: product-type 

statistics, derived using point estimates and standard 

errors of total number of wildlife watchers and point 

estimates and standard errors of percent sportspersonspecific category in the corresponding total participation 

(columns denoted by %).

• Standard errors or percent sportsperson-specific category 

in the corresponding total participation (columns denoted 

by %): statistics constructed using full adjusted 50-State 

Survey of FHWAR final and replicate weights, using data 

from the wildlife watching survey.

Table 36

Sportspersons participating in wildlife watching

• Standard errors of total number of sportspersons: ratio-type 

statistics derived using point estimates and standard errors 

of total number of anglers and point estimates and standard 

errors of percent anglers in sportspersons (not displayed).

• Standard errors of total number of anglers or total number 

of hunters: product-type statistics derived using model 

point estimates and standard errors of percent participation 

in the population (columns denoted by % Pop. in Table 15) 

and survey point estimates and standard errors of total 

population based on adjusted 50-State Survey of FHWAR 

weights (displayed in Table 15).

• Standard errors of total number of sportspersons, anglers, 

or hunters who did not wildlife watch, wildlife watch, 

wildlife watch away from home, wildlife watch around the 

home: product-type statistics, derived using point estimates 

and standard errors of total number of sportspersons, 

anglers, or hunters and point estimates and standard 

errors of percent wildlife watcher-specific category in the 

corresponding total participation (columns denoted by %).

• Standard errors of percent wildlife watcher-specific 

category in the corresponding total participation (columns 

denoted by %): composite statistics constructed using 

3-way composite factors to adjusted 50-State Survey of 

FHWAR final and replicate weights, using data from the 

fishing, hunting, and wildlife watching surveys.
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 23

Table 5 SE Standard Errors of Virginia Resident Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation and Trips in the United States, 

by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2016 

(Population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

 PARTICIPANTS DAYS OF PARTICIPATION TRIPS

# % # % # %

ALL FISHING 170.48 0.00 4,463.77 0.00 3,993.59 0.00

All freshwater 140.26 8.73 4,178.39 8.76 3,769.77 10.34

Freshwater, except Great Lakes 140.26 8.73 4,178.39 8.76 3,769.77 10.34

Great Lakes — — — — — —

Saltwater 123.36 9.38 1,441.85 8.76 1,292.18 10.34

ALL HUNTING 66.43 0.00 2,268.13 0.00 1,602.59 0.00

Big game 62.48 5.67 2,169.65 9.54 1,201.99 14.31

Small game 35.26 11.44 863.47 19.07 819.12 13.83

Migratory birds 18.11 6.55 40.72 0.83 40.72 0.89

Other animals 27.69 10.07 155.81 3.56 76.59 1.79

— No sample data 
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 24

Table 15 SE Standard Errors of Virginia Resident Anglers and Hunters, by Selected Characteristics: 2016

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

POPULATION SPORTSPERSONS ANGLERS HUNTERS

Total % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. %

TOTAL 251.21 0.00 183.28 2.99 0.00 170.48 2.64 0.00 66.43 1.04 0.00

RESIDENCE DENSITY

Urban 322.35 3.30 135.20 2.93 6.41 129.66 2.80 6.93 48.30 1.02 9.83

Rural 198.68 3.30 91.02 7.25 6.41 87.62 6.90 6.93 34.96 2.62 9.83

RESIDENCE SIZE

Metropolitan Statistical 

Area (MSA)

275.37 1.62 162.10 2.90 3.28 152.45 2.73 3.09 54.79 0.96 7.73

1,000,000 or more 315.69 3.57 132.63 3.08 6.78 128.48 2.98 7.29 41.63 0.94 10.70

250,000 to 999,999 161.34 2.55 22.80 5.75 2.13 16.97 3.94 1.75 13.00 3.08 4.81

50,000 to 249,999 140.30 2.26 66.13 10.04 5.45 67.18 10.18 5.95 25.83 3.66 8.57

Outside MSA 98.49 1.62 41.06 9.34 3.28 35.83 8.10 3.09 24.59 5.20 7.73

SEX

Male 211.68 2.86 138.42 4.83 4.04 127.60 4.46 4.43 54.90 1.86 7.61

Female 226.22 2.86 65.15 2.10 4.04 65.08 2.10 4.43 24.21 0.76 7.61

AGE

16 to 17 years 56.53 0.90 9.17 7.85 0.88 9.27 7.68 0.96 3.08 2.55 1.16

18 to 24 years 174.64 2.80 41.61 5.39 3.65 42.13 5.45 3.96 11.28 1.34 4.21

25 to 34 years 241.20 3.64 54.89 5.88 4.91 53.55 5.67 5.17 13.04 1.27 4.96

35 to 44 years 176.60 2.77 53.76 7.17 4.64 54.76 7.27 5.09 32.27 3.99 11.42

45 to 54 years 162.99 2.54 75.28 7.93 5.34 71.64 7.46 5.70 31.37 3.04 9.81

55 to 64 years 146.38 2.32 52.62 5.78 4.21 52.05 5.64 4.62 14.48 1.51 4.64

65 years and older 149.88 2.21 40.45 3.55 3.08 39.56 3.45 3.31 22.37 1.88 6.92

65 to 74 years 144.14 2.15 35.15 4.44 2.89 35.37 4.44 3.15 20.01 2.39 6.56

75 and older 80.53 1.29 15.14 4.82 1.38 14.04 4.38 1.39 6.39 1.93 2.32

ETHNICITY

Hispanic 252.78 3.94 33.09 4.86 3.17 34.21 5.03 3.50 19.64 2.70 7.61

Non-Hispanic 310.36 3.94 177.09 3.35 3.17 164.52 3.12 3.50 64.47 1.19 7.61

RACE

White 253.73 3.94 155.91 3.36 7.04 144.73 3.12 7.74 62.23 1.32 8.17

African American 257.94 3.85 70.61 8.80 6.65 73.07 9.10 7.34 — — —

All Others 132.96 2.14 49.21 9.53 4.41 50.66 9.82 4.85 21.82 3.88 8.17

(continued on next page)
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 25

Table 15 SE Standard Errors of Virginia Resident Anglers and Hunters, by Selected Characteristics: 2016 (continued) 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

(continued from previous page)

POPULATION SPORTSPERSONS ANGLERS HUNTERS

Total % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. %

ANNUAL 

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Less than $20,000 137.44 2.20 45.00 10.56 4.15 46.27 10.70 4.60 4.01 0.86 1.52

$20,000 to $29,999 108.08 1.72 8.93 5.56 0.83 8.86 5.36 0.89 2.92 1.55 1.11

$30,000 to $39,999 151.25 2.45 18.40 4.33 1.66 16.34 3.73 1.60 9.24 2.00 3.30

$40,000 to $49,999 205.69 3.23 19.72 4.77 1.82 13.25 3.24 1.30 12.22 2.51 4.67

$50,000 to $74,999 134.12 2.17 45.71 8.07 3.81 42.96 7.50 3.89 17.93 2.90 6.18

$75,000 to $99,999 149.29 2.44 34.81 7.77 2.95 34.04 7.55 3.11 18.14 3.68 6.07

$100,000 to $149, 999 238.39 3.76 62.67 7.13 5.23 62.34 6.93 5.73 24.12 2.57 7.62

$150,000 or more 223.31 3.53 80.32 8.25 6.90 80.96 8.25 7.51 35.17 3.36 12.31

Not reported 253.97 3.64 72.23 7.33 6.56 71.57 7.29 6.91 20.16 1.87 7.73

EDUCATION

8 years or less 79.69 1.25 16.18 10.39 1.54 16.69 10.72 1.69 2.38 1.42 0.90

9 to 12 years 212.56 3.17 88.37 6.08 6.54 84.37 5.75 6.92 29.70 1.94 8.66

1 to 3 years of college 269.04 3.97 67.34 3.69 5.41 67.95 3.72 5.89 15.27 0.80 4.96

4 years or more 

of college

245.50 3.92 101.88 4.46 6.33 96.15 4.20 6.66 44.40 1.87 10.15

— No sample data 

NOTE: Percent population (% Pop.) columns show the percentage of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percentage of the population living in urban areas who fished, etc.). Columns labeled “%”under Sportspersons, Anglers, and Hunters show the percentage of each column’s participants who are described 

by the row heading (the percentage of anglers who lived in urban areas, etc.).
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 26

Table 22 SE Standard Errors of Expenditures by Virginia Residents for Fishing and Hunting Both In and Out of Virginia: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

AMOUNT

(thousands of $)

AVERAGE PER 

SPORTSPERSON

($) 1

AVERAGE PER 

SPENDER

($) 1

NUMBER OF

SPENDERS

(thousands)

FISHING AND HUNTING 922,464.28 732.00 730.92 214.63

Food and lodging 125,846.21 107.72 153.97 174.18

Transportation 66,477.86 53.19 68.95 180.44

Other trip costs 2 194,765.74 183.08 235.31 168.75

Equipment (fishing, hunting) 97,898.62 65.20 99.57 183.47

Auxiliary equipment 3 114,095.17 109.53 390.12 73.71

Special equipment 4 367,239.34 347.83 2,900.20 47.12

Magazines, books, and DVDs 4,109.73 3.57 13.12 58.43

Membership dues/contributions 4,482.72 4.13 24.97 53.07

Other 5 518,195.29 487.98 779.88 145.15

FISHING 517,982.62 481.65 499.49 165.29

Food and lodging 117,933.86 112.11 159.47 138.59

Transportation 57,493.95 51.70 71.27 139.69

Other trip costs 2 190,570.61 192.43 227.60 150.14

Fishing equipment 56,535.26 47.11 65.55 140.75

Auxiliary equipment 3 6,419.59 6.08 24.21 41.50

Special equipment 4 13,154.29 13.30 138.54 30.66

Magazines, books, and DVDs 3,275.05 3.30 14.77 65.84

Membership dues/contributions 4,089.91 4.16 34.40 46.86

Other 5 346,769.04 361.76 734.62 112.36

HUNTING 316,544.22 918.90 918.90 66.43

Food and lodging 22,180.29 74.71 83.75 58.66

Transportation 14,743.92 46.95 56.32 57.34

Other trip costs 2 9,562.56 31.66 43.85 37.45

Hunting equipment 55,487.10 161.03 209.05 57.84

Auxiliary equipment 3 9,927.80 33.58 51.07 30.03

Special equipment 4 131,495.03 502.94 5,954.31 15.25

Magazines, books, and DVDs 1,668.56 5.65 10.43 29.42

Membership dues/contributions 938.47 3.33 41.03 20.58

Other 5 265,397.15 968.40 995.94 64.75

UNSPECIFIED 6 343,659.79 328.85 2,824.14 46.10

1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.

2 Includes boating costs, equipment rental, guide fees, access fees, heating and cooking fuel, and ice and bait (for fishing only).

3 Includes sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special fishing and hunting clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders, maintenance and repair 

of equipment, processing and taxidermy costs, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device.

4 Includes big-ticket items bought primarily for hunting and fishing, including boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, 

pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.

5 Includes land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, tags, permits, and plantings (for hunting only).

6 Respondent could not specify whether expenditure was primarily for either fishing or hunting.
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 27

Table 28 SE Standard Errors of Virginia Resident Wildlife Watchers Both In and Out of Virginia: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

 PARTICIPANTS

DAYS OF 

PARTICIPATION TRIPS

# %

% 

Pop. # % # %

WILDLIFE WATCHERS 184.98 0.00 2.61 56,826.18 0.00 7,780.97 0.00

Away from home 170.00 7.01 2.89 23,145.69 6.30 7,650.91 0.00

Observe wildlife 169.79 7.02 2.89 16,812.55 4.44 x x

Photograph wildlife 157.41 7.13 2.62 19,409.11 6.67 x x

Feed wildlife 109.16 5.03 1.81 19,863.06 6.60 x x

Around the home 207.10 5.23 3.72 40,814.65 6.30 x x

Observe wildlife 191.40 6.82 3.33 30,006.43 4.66 x x

Photograph wildlife 179.91 7.13 3.08 11,079.59 3.80 x x

Feed wildlife 183.61 6.67 3.19 x x x x

Visit parks or natural areas 1 158.69 7.05 2.66 8,348.19 3.02 x x

Maintain plantings or natural areas 114.90 5.20 1.92 x x x x

x Not applicable 

1 Includes visits only to parks or natural areas within one mile of home.

NOTE: Percent population (% Pop.) columns show the percentage of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percentage of the 

population who observed wildlife away from home, etc.). Columns labeled “%” show the percentage of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the 

percentage of wildlife watchers who observed wildlife away from home, etc.).
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 28

Table 30 SE Standard Errors of Virginia Resident Wildlife Watchers, by Selected Characteristics: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

POPULATION TOTAL AWAY FROM HOME AROUND THE HOME

Total % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. %

TOTAL 275.26 0.00 184.98 2.61 0.00 170.01 2.89 0.00 207.10 3.72 0.00

RESIDENCE DENSITY

Urban 334.82 4.66 180.26 4.41 5.22 154.98 3.40 7.67 193.54 4.57 5.64

Rural 294.65 4.66 117.33 13.03 5.22 80.40 7.38 7.67 122.53 13.33 5.64

RESIDENCE SIZE

Metropolitan Statistical 

Area (MSA)

284.35 2.51 178.10 3.60 2.32 161.76 2.98 3.52 197.15 3.86 2.46

1,000,000 or more 418.96 6.13 187.87 5.72 6.93 160.33 4.18 13.09 188.48 5.58 6.90

250,000 to 999.999 249.66 4.11 61.97 16.14 2.90 33.35 7.53 3.38 62.23 16.17 3.05

50,000 to 249,999 290.53 4.74 145.46 19.32 6.65 139.97 15.80 13.74 143.04 19.15 6.77

Outside MSA 154.10 2.51 50.54 17.40 2.32 35.59 9.94 3.52 51.43 17.54 2.46

SEX

Male 319.00 4.80 138.29 5.74 4.54 129.18 4.42 9.84 146.05 5.72 4.99

Female 324.15 4.80 127.52 5.68 4.54 124.10 4.58 9.84 140.78 6.03 4.99

AGE

16 to 17 years 102.59 1.70 29.98 26.47 1.42 30.56 26.81 3.16 29.97 26.47 1.50

18 to 24 years 267.94 4.30 128.03 26.00 5.91 111.03 20.70 10.56 115.63 20.97 5.65

25 to 34 years 240.88 3.93 94.85 11.82 4.34 47.00 4.96 4.75 93.03 11.68 4.41

35 to 44 years 246.22 4.02 81.25 13.07 3.74 71.35 10.31 6.92 79.03 12.87 3.78

45 to 54 years 208.64 3.53 111.40 13.56 4.87 73.14 7.36 6.98 116.06 13.89 5.20

55 to 64 years 243.41 3.92 90.53 9.62 4.05 81.23 7.70 7.50 93.16 9.79 4.30

65 years and older 212.05 3.28 78.92 9.09 3.53 28.46 2.80 2.78 83.97 9.46 3.89

65 to 74 years 114.17 1.88 52.75 9.30 2.36 27.33 4.22 2.69 56.69 9.78 2.63

75 and older 182.65 2.93 58.56 17.98 2.76 6.02 1.58 0.62 59.01 18.07 2.92

ETHNICITY

Hispanic 185.98 3.00 65.94 21.19 3.10 32.31 9.56 3.26 66.07 21.21 3.26

Non-Hispanic 279.03 3.00 185.66 3.70 3.10 164.27 3.01 3.26 204.58 3.96 3.26

RACE

White 311.05 4.61 182.97 4.74 4.78 159.62 3.69 6.74 197.47 4.93 5.10

African American 241.96 3.84 72.36 12.12 3.38 — — — 73.48 12.24 3.60

All Others 240.67 3.93 79.43 13.84 3.69 68.57 10.98 6.74 80.25 13.93 3.90

(continued on next page)
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 29

Table 30 SE Standard Errors of Virginia Resident Wildlife Watchers, by Selected Characteristics: 2016 (continued) 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

(continued from previous page)

POPULATION TOTAL AWAY FROM HOME AROUND THE HOME

Total % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. % Total

% 

Pop. %

ANNUAL 

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Less than $20,000 184.12 3.06 94.71 28.24 4.40 37.49 9.23 3.79 94.54 28.21 4.58

$20,000 to $29,999 98.40 1.64 5.92 3.26 0.28 6.02 3.31 0.62 5.92 3.26 0.30

$30,000 to $39,999 280.58 4.68 85.02 17.99 4.00 68.10 11.90 7.04 84.52 17.93 4.16

$40,000 to $49,999 106.18 1.75 42.10 19.10 1.97 3.59 1.36 0.37 42.17 19.13 2.07

$50,000 to $74,999 235.03 3.98 85.63 12.12 3.92 56.66 6.98 5.57 86.57 12.20 4.12

$75,000 to $99,999 122.85 2.08 62.70 20.28 2.90 55.38 15.87 5.44 63.22 20.38 3.04

$100,000 to $149, 999 315.36 5.17 147.38 18.52 6.76 118.77 12.40 11.85 105.19 13.69 4.96

$150,000 or more 352.71 5.61 165.81 21.17 7.66 143.68 15.78 14.25 161.62 20.88 7.76

Not reported 317.02 4.81 91.07 11.30 4.22 72.63 8.19 7.12 93.04 11.45 4.50

EDUCATION

8 years or less 129.47 2.13 7.77 7.38 0.37 — — — 7.78 7.39 0.39

9 to 12 years 373.36 5.97 171.07 11.24 7.60 149.28 8.56 13.99 162.51 10.26 7.55

1 to 3 years of college 325.64 5.17 140.62 12.63 6.33 101.74 7.74 9.91 140.31 12.62 6.49

4 years or more 

of college

344.11 5.72 154.12 7.63 6.39 126.75 5.38 11.37 160.44 7.83 6.69

— No sample data 

NOTE: Percent population (% Pop.) columns show the percentage of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percentage of the 

population living in urban areas who participated, etc.). Columns labeled “%”under TOTAL, Away From Home, and Around the Home show the percentage of each column’s 

participants who are described by the row heading (the percentage of those who lived in urban areas, etc.).
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 30

Table 33A SE Standard Errors of Expenditures by Virginia Residents for All Wildlife Watching Both In and Out of Virginia: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

AMOUNT

(thousands of $)

AVERAGE PER 

WILDLIFE 

WATCHER

($) 1

AVERAGE PER 

SPENDER

($) 1

NUMBER OF 

SPENDERS

(thousands)

PERCENT OF 

WILDLIFE 

WATCHERS

ALL EXPENDITURES 1,166,924.44 538.90 674.45 187.99 5.78

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES 1,072,059.95 502.81 1,138.45 161.96 6.81

Food and lodging 635,894.59 298.96 717.72 161.62 6.86

Food 425,717.38 200.68 500.59 161.62 6.86

Lodging 277,316.48 130.67 605.68 103.79 4.80

Transportation 267,605.45 125.27 289.81 160.57 6.80

Other trip costs 2 198,813.17 93.20 221.59 160.41 7.32

EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES 272,432.87 121.17 154.00 183.85 5.87

Wildlife-watching equipment 160,249.95 70.83 95.90 182.48 6.40

Binoculars, spotting scopes 24,083.87 11.23 45.59 144.43 6.72

Film and photo processing 13,754.14 6.49 37.25 103.35 4.81

Cameras, special lenses, video cameras, and 

other photographic equipment, including 

memory cards

64,084.32 29.16 93.88 143.74 6.34

Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing 57,301.49 26.89 74.22 134.44 6.24

Bird food 27,522.86 11.93 18.99 179.35 7.37

Food for other wildlife 41,084.58 19.38 88.98 128.95 5.88

Nest boxes, bird houses, bird feeders, 

and bird baths

25,222.41 11.63 32.14 142.46 6.02

Other equipment (including field guides) 1,521.08 0.71 4.37 64.53 3.04

Auxiliary equipment 3 49,399.91 23.22 100.51 140.07 6.42

Special equipment 4 30,361.09 14.42 990.94 27.09 1.28

Magazines, books, and DVDs 9,744.15 4.49 13.99 137.64 6.05

Membership dues and contributions 25,252.19 11.71 46.73 157.03 7.18

Land leasing and ownership 74,369.97 34.92 312.14 93.48 4.39

Plantings 26,632.84 12.36 68.19 89.99 4.16

1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.

2 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.

3 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment.

4 Includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, 

recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 31

Table 33B SE Standard Errors of Expenditures by Virginia Residents for Away-from-home Wildlife Watching 

Both In and Out of Virginia: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

AMOUNT

(thousands of $)

AVERAGE PER 

WILDLIFE 

WATCHER

($) 1

AVERAGE PER 

SPENDER

($) 1

NUMBER OF 

SPENDERS

(thousands)

PERCENT OF 

WILDLIFE 

WATCHERS

ALL EXPENDITURES 1,566,483.45 1,561.58 1,704.38 166.68 5.93

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES 1,647,282.22 1,662.48 1,874.43 165.16 6.45

Food and lodging 991,007.16 998.96 1,188.41 164.82 7.83

Food 552,426.88 565.61 672.42 164.82 7.83

Lodging 575,099.69 580.98 623.25 241.85 23.49

Transportation 459,198.80 463.59 533.85 163.96 6.65

Other trip costs 2 208,057.60 211.76 360.60 234.55 23.15

EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES 196,809.37 202.16 370.90 233.89 23.54

Wildlife-watching equipment 171,516.48 177.16 486.24 236.57 24.09

Binoculars, spotting scopes 24,622.03 25.46 0.00 246.22 25.46

Film and photo processing — — — — —

Cameras, special lenses, video cameras, and 

other photographic equipment, including 

memory cards

24,622.03 25.46 0.00 246.22 25.46

Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing 122,620.45 126.65 276.34 244.33 25.19

Bird food — — — — —

Food for other wildlife — — — — —

Nest boxes, bird houses, bird feeders, 

and bird baths

— — — — —

Other equipment (including field guides) 1,278.44 1.32 0.00 76.70 7.94

Auxiliary equipment 3 24,622.03 25.46 0.00 246.22 25.46

Special equipment 4 — — — — —

Magazines, books, and DVDs 7,624.78 7.65 34.98 236.34 24.03

Membership dues and contributions 17,658.17 18.08 20.71 86.36 8.83

Land leasing and ownership — — — — —

Plantings — — — — —

— No sample data 

1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.

2 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.

3 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment.

4 Includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, 

recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 32

Table 33C SE Standard Errors of Expenditures by Virginia Residents for Around-the-home Wildlife Watching 

Both In and Out of Virginia: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

AMOUNT

(thousands of $)

AVERAGE PER 

WILDLIFE 

WATCHER

($) 1

AVERAGE PER 

SPENDER

($) 1

NUMBER OF 

SPENDERS

(thousands)

PERCENT OF 

WILDLIFE 

WATCHERS

ALL EXPENDITURES 157,124.62 75.13 118.00 204.12 8.27

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES x x x x x

Food and lodging x x x x x

Food x x x x x

Lodging x x x x x

Transportation x x x x x

Other trip costs 2 x x x x x

EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES 157,124.62 75.13 118.00 204.12 8.27

Wildlife-watching equipment 106,456.31 51.35 87.05 195.99 8.05

Binoculars, spotting scopes 16,285.18 8.07 30.75 86.57 4.27

Film and photo processing 3,021.14 1.50 17.92 57.23 2.82

Cameras, special lenses, video cameras, and 

other photographic equipment, including 

memory cards

24,283.81 11.87 60.45 96.61 4.69

Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing 3,275.78 1.64 0.00 26.20 1.31

Bird food 32,231.63 15.26 30.20 180.64 7.80

Food for other wildlife 15,098.52 7.53 56.73 106.21 5.17

Nest boxes, bird houses, bird feeders, 

and bird baths

39,142.50 19.27 58.64 154.71 7.13

Other equipment (including field guides) 921.00 0.46 0.00 36.85 1.84

Auxiliary equipment 3 4,524.48 2.26 57.99 57.20 2.84

Special equipment 4 51,891.93 25.95 0.00 35.79 1.79

Magazines, books, and DVDs 14,431.79 7.19 58.65 97.80 4.78

Membership dues and contributions 18,732.64 9.26 60.21 85.38 4.17

Land leasing and ownership — — — — —

Plantings 35,764.48 17.57 99.18 106.28 5.20

— No sample data x Not applicable 

1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.

2 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.

3 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment.

4 Includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, 

recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 33

Table 35 SE Standard Errors of Virginia Resident Wildlife Watchers Participating in Fishing or Hunting: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

TOTAL AWAY FROM HOME AROUND THE HOME

# % # % # %

ALL WILDLIFE WATCHERS 184.98 0.00 170.01 0.00 207.10 0.00

Did not fish or hunt 180.20 6.92 105.52 9.11 188.34 7.05

Fished or hunted 165.04 6.92 140.39 9.11 162.17 7.05

Fished 165.72 7.00 140.39 9.11 161.87 7.09

Hunted 156.98 7.18 140.96 12.64 150.16 7.26
 Virginia // Appendix B: Standard Errors // 34

Table 36 SE Standard Errors of Virginia Resident Sportspersons Participating in Wildlife Watching: 2016 

(State population 16 years and older. Numbers in thousands)

SPORTSPERSONS ANGLERS HUNTERS

# % # % # %

ALL SPORTSPERSONS 183.28 0.00 170.48 0.00 66.43 0.00

Did not watch wildlife 75.62 5.37 73.62 5.71 20.97 6.79

Watched wildlife 140.93 5.37 131.68 5.71 56.75 6.79

Away from home 112.08 7.23 108.18 7.63 50.11 10.48

Around the home 135.89 6.80 128.46 7.22 55.41 12.71