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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

ESTATE OF YONADAV HIRSHFELD, et al, 

Plaintiffs, 

v. 

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN, 

Defendant.

Civil Action No. 15-1082 (CKK)

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

(January 25, 2017) 

Plaintiffs, the Estate, heirs, survivors, and immediate family members of Yonadav 

Hirshfeld, bring this action pursuant to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”), 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1602, et seq., alleging that Defendant Islamic Republic of Iran and its agents materially supported 

and caused the terrorist shooting that resulted in Mr. Hirshfeld’s death. Presently before the Court 

is Plaintiffs’ [17] Motion for Order Accepting Effectiveness of Service on Defendant Islamic

Republic of Iran, seeking an order holding that the requirements for service under the FSIA have 

been satisfied in this action. For the reasons described herein, the Court finds that Plaintiffs failed 

to properly serve Defendant and, as such, shall deny the motion without prejudice. 

The FSIA provides the requirements for service on a foreign state or its political 

subdivisions. 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a); Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(j)(1). Pursuant to the FSIA, there are four 

methods of service which are set forth in descending order of preference. First, service may be 

effected “by delivery of a copy of the summons and complaint in accordance with any special 

arrangement for service between the plaintiff and the foreign state or political subdivision.” 18 

U.S.C. § 1608(a)(1). Second, service may be accomplished “by delivery of a copy of the summons 
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and complaint in accordance with an applicable international convention on service of judicial 

documents.” Id. § 1608(a)(2). Third, if service cannot be made by the first two methods, service 

may be accomplished 

by sending a copy of the summons and complaint and a notice of suit, together with a 

translation of each into the official language of the foreign state, by any form of mail 

requiring a signed receipt, to be addressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the 

head of the ministry of foreign affairs of the foreign state concerned. 

Id. § 1608(a)(3). Fourth, if service cannot be made pursuant to the other three methods, service 

can be effectuated through the Secretary of State. Id. § 1608(a)(4). 

Plaintiffs initiated this action on July 10, 2015, through the filing of their Complaint. See 

Compl., ECF No. [1]. On December 8, 2015, Plaintiffs filed their Amended Complaint and a 

request that the Clerk’s Office take the steps necessary to effectuate service pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1608(a)(4). See Am. Compl., ECF No [7]; Pls.’ Letter, ECF No. [8]. On December 14, 2015, 

the Clerk of the Court issued a Certificate of Mailing, indicating that two copies of the summons, 

Amended Complaint, and notice of suit, along with a translation, were sent by certified mail to the 

U.S. Department of State pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(4). Cert. of Mailing, ECF No. [10]. On 

March 13, 2016, the Clerk of the Court entered on the docket a letter from the U.S. Department of 

State as well as a diplomatic note, indicating that the documents were delivered to the Iranian 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs on January 31, 2016.1

 Return of Service, ECF No. [11]. On April 8, 

2016, Plaintiffs filed an Affidavit Requesting Foreign Mailing pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3). 

On April 14, 2016, the Clerk of the Court filed a Certificate of Mailing, indicating that one copy 

of the summons, complaint, and notice of suit, along with a translation, was sent by registered mail 

to the head of the ministry of foreign affairs pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3), on April 12, 2016. 

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 A second letter containing substantially the same information was posted on the docket 

on March 23, 2016. See Return of Service, ECF No. [12]. 
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Cert. of Mailing, ECF No. [16]. In sum, Plaintiffs completed the steps to serve a foreign state 

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(4), and subsequently completed the steps to serve a foreign state 

pursuant to § 1608(a)(3). Plaintiffs now seek for the Court to issue an order declaring that service 

was effective. 

 “When serving a foreign sovereign, ‘strict adherence to the terms of 1608(a) is required.’” 

Barot v. Embassy of Zambia, 785 F.3d 26, 27 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Transaero, Inc. v. La 

Fuerza Aerea Boliviana, 30 F.3d 148, 154 (D.C. Cir. 1994)). The clear language of the statute 

provides that service may be accomplished pursuant to § 1608(a)(3) only if service cannot be made 

pursuant to subsections (a)(1) and (a)(2). Further, the statute indicates that service may be made 

pursuant to § 1608(a)(4), “if service cannot be made within 30 days under paragraph (3).” Here, 

the record reflects that Plaintiffs attempted service pursuant to § 1608(a)(4) through a mailing 

delivered on January 31, 2016, and then attempted service pursuant to § 1608(a)(3) through a 

mailing on April 12, 2016. As such, Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate “strict adherence” to the 

terms of § 1608(a) because they failed to attempt to serve Defendant pursuant to the sequence 

required for service under the statute. 

Plaintiffs note that they attempted service pursuant to § 1608(a)(4) without first attempting 

service pursuant to § 1608(a)(3) based on language found in the 2014 version of U.S. District 

Court for the District of Columbia’s Attorney Manual for Service of Process on a Foreign 

Defendant (“Attorney Manual”). In relevant part, the Attorney Manual notes that Iran has not 

objected to service by mail but many attempts to serve by mail or courier are unsuccessful. As 

such, the Attorney Manual states, “it is okay for an attorney to request service directly through 

diplomatic channels (28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(4)) without attempting service under any other 
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provisions first.”2 Att’y Manual § I(B)(11)(f). As Plaintiffs note, District Judge Royce C. 

Lamberth recently rejected the argument that language in the Attorney Manual permits a plaintiff 

to attempt service pursuant to § 1608(a)(4), without first attempting service pursuant to subsection 

(a)(3). In reaching this decision, Judge Lamberth explained that the Attorney Manual “only 

speak[s] of § 1608(a)(3) as a bureaucratic prerequisite to requesting service through diplomatic 

means from the Clerk’s Office and State Department,” and noted the Attorney Manual had “no 

bearing on this proceeding or this Court.” Relvas v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No. 14-cv-01752-

RCL (D.D.C. Feb. 18, 2016) (Mem. & Order) at 3, ECF No. [32]. Rather, Judge Lamberth 

explained: “The exclusive manner to demonstrate that service cannot be effected within thirty days 

under § 1608(a)(3) is to attempt such service.” Id. Plaintiffs argue that Relvas is distinguishable 

because the plaintiffs in that case never attempted service under § 1608(a)(3). 

Here, Plaintiffs argue that they have now attempted service both under § 1608(a)(3) and 

(a)(4) and, as such, the Court should find that they substantially complied with the requirements 

of the statute. Plaintiffs recognize that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 

Circuit in Transaero, Inc. v. La Fuerza Aerea Boliviana, 30 F.3d 148 (D.C. Cir. 1994), noted that 

“strict adherence” to § 1608(a) is required. Id. at 154. However, Plaintiffs seek to distinguish the 

instant action by noting that Transaero concerned a plaintiff’s improper service of a foreign state 

under § 1608(b), rather than under § 1608(a) as was required. Rather, Plaintiffs argue that the 

Court should review service of process in this case to determine whether Plaintiffs “substantially 

complied” with the requirements of § 1608(a). In support of this contention, Plaintiffs cite 

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 The Court notes that the Attorney Manual was revised in March 2016, but still includes 

the language relied on by Plaintiffs. Att’y Manual, D.D.C., 

http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/sites/dcd/files/AttyForeignMlg2016wAttach.pdf (last visited Jan. 

25, 2017). 
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Marlowe v. Argentine Naval Commission, 604 F. Supp. 703 (D.D.C. 1985), in which a district 

court found that the plaintiff substantially complied with a contract provision that provided a 

special arrangement for service pursuant to § 1608(a)(1) when the plaintiff sent the notice to a 

somewhat different address and, notably, the defendant did not dispute that it received the notice 

of the suit. Id. at 708. Plaintiffs argue that the Court should import the “substantial compliance” 

standard to this action and find that they have met the requirements of § 1608(a). Specifically, 

Plaintiffs note that while they attempted to effectuate service under § 1608(a)(3) after § 1608(a)(4), 

the requisite 30 days has passed since they attempted service under (a)(3) and it is now clear that 

this attempt was futile. However, the Court rejects this argument in light of the plain language of 

the statute. The statute provides that service pursuant to § 1608(a)(4) is permissible only if service 

cannot be made within 30 days under subsection (a)(3). Indeed, the statutory scheme clearly 

contemplates steps that must be taken in a particular sequence in order to properly effectuate 

service. Plaintiffs in this case do not dispute that they attempted service pursuant to § 1608(a)(3) 

only after attempting service pursuant to § 1608(a)(4). As such, the Court shall deny Plaintiffs’ 

request that the Court issue an order accepting service as effective in this case. 

Accordingly, it is this 25th day of January, 2017, hereby 

ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ [17] Motion for Order Accepting Effectiveness of Service on 

Defendant Islamic Republic of Iran is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE; and it is further

ORDERED that, to the extent Plaintiffs seek to pursue their claims, they shall effectuate 

service on Defendant pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a). 

SO ORDERED.

 /s/

COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY 

United States District Judge