Office of Advocacy Research 

Academic Citation Study, 1992-2007

by 

Jimmy L. Verner, Jr.

Verner Consulting

Dallas, Texas

For 

under contract number SBAHQ-07-Q-0018 

Release Date: August 2009 

 

The statements, findings, conclusions and recommendations found in this study are those 

of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Advocacy, the 

United States Small Business Administration or the United States Government. 

Contents 

Introduction 1 

Advocacy Publications 3 

 Research Studies 3 

 Periodic Reports 4 

Research Design 6 

 

Use of Advocacy Materials in Academic Research 8 

 Frequency of Citation 8 

Chart: Number of Sources Citing to 1992-2007 Advocacy 

 Research Reports 9 

 Reports by Subject Matter 10 

 Frequently Cited Reports 11 

 Entrepreneurial Origins: A Longitudinal Inquiry (1985) 11 

Studies Examining Regulatory Compliance Costs for 

 Small Businesses 12 

 Small Serial Innovators: The Small Firm Contribution to 

 Technical Change (2003) 13 

Facilitating Research 14 

 The Diana Project 15 

Research by George Haynes and Charles Ou 17 

Research by Richard Boden and Brian Headd 18 

Conclusions 19 

Appendices 23 

A. Bibliography of Advocacy Reports Researched 23 

B. Journals Citing to Advocacy Reports, 1992-2007 41 

C. Scholarly Works Citing to Advocacy Reports, 1992-2007 48 

D. Citations to Advocacy Reports by Subject Matter, 1992-2007 87 

 Banking and Financial Economic Research 87 

 Business Formation Economic Research 94 

 Competition Economic Research 107 

 Economic Development Research 108 

Employment and Training Economic Research 109 

 Environmental Economic Research 111 

 Exporting Economic Research 112 

 Franchising Economic Research 112 

 Health Care Economic Research 114 

 Minority-owned Business Economic Research 116 

 Miscellaneous Small Business Economic Research 119 

 Owner Demographics Economic Research 122 
 Procurement Economic Research 132 

 Regulation Economic Research 134 

Science, Technology and Innovation Economic Research 140 

 State, Local and Rural Economic Research 150 

 Taxation Economic Research 153 

 Veterans Economic Research 155 

Wages and Benefits Economic Research 156 

 Women-owned Business Economic Research 159 

E. Three Most Cited Advocacy Reports, Overall and by Year, 

 1992-2007 165 

 F. Detail of Research Methodology 173 
Introduction 

In 1976, Congress established the Office of Advocacy (Advocacy) within 

the SBA.1

 Advocacy is headed by its Chief Counsel, a civilian appointed by the 

President and subject to Senate confirmation.2

 Advocacy's many duties3 have 

included a research role. With 1978's appointment of Advocacy's first Chief 

Counsel, the Office of Economic Research (OER) was created within Advocacy.4

 OER's role within Advocacy is as follows: “To conduct, sponsor, and report 

on economic research to ensure that federal legislative, executive and judicial 

branches of government are supportive of the health and growth of small 

business.”5 Over the years, OER's staff has accomplished this role with internal 

economists researching a variety of issues affecting small business and by 

commissioning additional research by outside academics and experts. Many of 

these research reports, together with other material produced by OER, are listed 

on Advocacy's website, both chronologically6 and broken down by year and 

subject area.7

 To assist in ascertaining the extent to which Advocacy has succeeded in 

its goal of furthering research on small business economic and policy topics, 

Advocacy contracted for this report. The purpose of the report is to document the 

use of Advocacy research and products in academic literature. Advocacy also 

 

1

 Act of June 4, 1976, P.L. 94-305, Title II, 90 Stat. 668. For more information, see Background Paper on 

the Office of Advocacy 2001-2008, http://www.sba.gov/advo/backgr08.pdf (accessed April 27, 2009). 2

 15 U.S.C. § 634a. 

3

 15 U.S.C. §§ 634b & 634c. 

4

 Background Paper on the Office of Economic Research, 1994-2000, 

http://www.sba.gov/advo/advo_backgr00.html (accessed September 30, 2008). 5 Id. 

6

 Economic Research Studies, 

http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/chron.html (accessed September 30, 2008) 7

 Research and Statistics, http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/ (accessed September 30, 2008). 

1
wanted to explore the further development of work that contractors originally 

performed for Advocacy. 

This report seeks to meet Advocacy's requirements, first by surveying the 

types of materials Advocacy produces. Next, the report summarizes its research 

methodology and the databases searched. Third, this paper examines how 

Advocacy’s research has been cited elsewhere in other studies. These 

discussions are supplemented by appendices providing more detail. 

 This report covers the period of 1992 to 2007. During that time, Advocacy 

published 189 reports (which are listed in Appendix A), many of which have 

made important contributions to academic research on small business. These 

reports were cited 578 times in 453 scholarly works during the study period. Most 

of the citations appeared in articles published in one of 268 academic journals in 

a variety of disciplines, published in the United States as well as abroad.8

Advocacy reports also have been cited in other academic materials such as 

books, collections of scholarly articles and dissertations. 

 Advocacy-contracted reports by outside researchers have varied in their 

influence and subsequent citation. In several of the Advocacy-described subject 

areas - most notably banking and finance, and owner demographics - reports 

have been cited, republished and expanded. In some other areas, less impact is 

evident. Overall, the OER has served as a small business “think tank” by 

researching small business issues and contracting small business research by 

others. 

 

8

 Appendix B lists the academic journals in which articles citing to Advocacy reports have appeared. 

Appendix C lists the 453 scholarly works that have cited Advocacy reports. 

2
Advocacy Publications

 Advocacy research and products fall into two general categories, although 

there is some overlap between them. The first category includes research studies 

conducted either by OER's staff or by independent contractors, as well as the 

proceedings of conferences co-sponsored by Advocacy. The second category 

consists of periodically published, Advocacy-authored products or data 

compilations. 

Research Studies

 Research studies constitute the bulk of the documents examined for this 

report. Advocacy maintains studies dating back to the late 1970s, with all of the 

reports released from the mid-1990s forward listed online in downloadable 

format.9 Reports commissioned before that point are listed online and are 

available from the National Technical Information Service.10 Most of the studies 

on Advocacy's chronological webpage are research studies commissioned by 

Advocacy and prepared by outside contractors. However, some of them were 

prepared in-house by Advocacy. Among the in-house studies, some list 

Advocacy staff as authors; others show Advocacy as an institutional author. 

 

9

 Economic Research Studies, 

http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/chron.html (accessed September 30, 2008). 10 Catalog of Small Business Research (1995 Edition), 

http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/catalog.html (accessed April 28, 2009). 

3
Over the years, Advocacy has co-sponsored a number of academic 

conferences. Most of the recent conference proceedings are included in 

Advocacy’s chronological, online list of research studies. Conference information 

includes items such as schedules, papers, slideshows and videos. The 

conferences include the following:

 Entrepreneurship: The Foundation for Economic Renewal in the Gulf 

Coast Region (2006)

 Global Perspectives on Entrepreneurship Policy (2005)

 Putting It Together: The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic 

Development (2005)

 Entrepreneurship in the 21st Century (2004)

 Tax Policy and Small Business: New Firm Formation, Growth, and 

Survival (2001)

 The Changing Banking Structure and Its Impact on Small Business (2000)

 The Invisible Part of the Iceberg: Research Issues in Industrial 

Organization and Small Business (2000)

 The Third Millennium (2000)

 Are Small Firms Important? Their Role and Impact (1997)

To the extent that papers presented at these conferences ultimately were 

published as Advocacy reports and do not duplicate Advocacy studies listed on 

Advocacy's chronological web page of reports, those papers are included in this 

report. 

Periodic Reports

 The second general category of documents cited includes periodic, 

Advocacy-authored products or data compilations by Advocacy. A review of 

Advocacy’s products shows that the following publications are included within 

this category: 

4
 The Small Business Economy: A Report to the President. 

This Report, known as The State of Small Business: A Report of the 

President until the 2001 report, summarizes and comments upon small 

business data. Advocacy prepares and submits the report to the 

President. Although the report is now prepared and submitted annually, in 

some past years the report was prepared biennially. In at least one year - 

1998 - Advocacy prepared and submitted a supplement, Characteristics of 

Small Business Employees and Owners 1997 (Jan. 1998). 

 Small Business Economic Indicators. 

This publication is an annual reference guide to data on small business 

activity, including state and industry data. Beginning in 2004, Advocacy 

has included Small Business Economic Indicators in its annual Report of 

the President.

 Quarterly Indicators: The Economy and Small Business.

The Indicators provide monthly and quarterly data of relevance to small 

business, drawn from a variety of sources. Quarterly Indicators are often 

mentioned in press reports of small business vitality.

 Banking Studies: Small Business Lending in the U.S.

These studies analyze the small business lending activity of United States 

commercial banks, based on call report and Community Reinvestment Act 

data.

 Small Business Profiles for the States and Territories.

These state economic profiles contrast the fifty states, the District of 

Columbia and United States territories by number of firms, industry 

composition, small business income, banking, women and minority 

business ownership and employment.

 Frequently Asked Questions.

This publication includes basic information on the importance of small 

business in the U.S. economy. It is frequently cited in speeches and 

elsewhere, and in many ways, it serves as a “portal” to other research and 

data on Advocacy’s website. 

5
 Research Resources. 

This publication serves as a reference guide for academic researchers on 

small business and entrepreneurship.

 Data Reports.

Over the years, Advocacy from time to time has summarized and reported 

data, primarily using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Statistics of U.S. 

Business division. 

Research Design

The key to preparing a thorough index of academic citations to Advocacy 

reports and other Advocacy products lay in developing a research template that 

casts a wide net for citations, complemented by mechanisms to double-check 

sources and citations. For each report, the template was applied to develop a 

complete list of academic sources citing the report. Further, consistent rules for 

searching, as well as for which types of citations to include as “academic,” were 

needed. For instance, one of the necessary rules required searching by 

variations on the "U.S. Small Business Administration," such as “Small Business 

Admin.,” “Small Bus. Admin.,” “Sm. Bus. Admin.,” “SBA,” and “S.B.A.” There 

proved to be little consistency in how Advocacy studies and products were cited. 

 Based upon the wide scope of Advocacy studies and products, it was 

anticipated that citations would be found in the academic literature of several 

disciplines, including business, economics, government, law, political science 

and sociology. Several databases were thought to cover these disciplines 

adequately and to include a certain amount of redundant coverage, rendering it 

less likely that a citation to Advocacy materials would be overlooked. These 

6
databases included Business Source Complete, EconLit, Social Science 

Abstracts, Index to Legal Periodicals and LexisNexis Academic. These 

databases yielded in excess of 1,700 citations to be checked. Details of the 

research methodology are found in Appendix F. 

 The report also relied upon Google Scholar as a source to confirm that all 

cites to Advocacy materials had been located. However, searches for citations to 

Advocacy materials in Google Scholar frequently resulted in locating a number of 

sources an order of magnitude greater than those found by searching all the 

other databases combined. Accordingly, the mechanism for double-checking 

citations to Advocacy materials became the primary vehicle with which to search 

for them. 

 Despite the use of Google Scholar to ensure that all citations were found, 

at times previously undiscovered citations unexpectedly appeared. Information 

from Citations in Economics (CitEc), a project of Research Papers in Economics

(RePEc), ultimately provided an explanation: Google Scholar, like CitEc, provides 

references only to open source documents. Many publishers not only require 

paid subscriptions to view materials but also actually forbid open source 

publishing of references to articles cited in their journals.11 For that reason, the 

Advocacy reports also were checked for citations through Scopus, a private 

product. Scopus yielded some references that had been unearthed neither by 

Google Scholar nor other commercial databases. 

 

11 CitEc Frequently Asked Questions, http://citec.repec.org/faq.html#3.1 (accessed April 10, 2009). 

7
Use of Advocacy Materials in Academic Research 

How have Advocacy's research and reports enhanced academic 

examination of small business issues? The question is approached from four 

perspectives. First, the frequency and extent of citation is discussed. Next, 

citation by subject matter is summarized. Third, this report reviews some of the 

most frequently cited Advocacy reports. Finally, the report reveals how OER's 

staff and outside academics and experts have worked together to further smallbusiness research. 

Frequency of Citation

 Over the period of 1992 to 2007, Advocacy published 189 research 

reports, most prepared by outside researchers but a number researched by OER 

(Appendix A). Some of these reports have been published in academic journals 

or have been incorporated into later studies. These reports have been cited 578 

times in 453 academic works (Appendix B), primarily in academic journals but 

also in other academic materials, such as books, collections of scholarly articles 

and dissertations (Appendix C). On average, Advocacy published nearly twelve 

reports per year from 1992 through 1997. Academic citations to those reports 

have averaged slightly in excess of 36 per year. 

 The influence of Advocacy reports also can be measured by tabulating the 

number of academic sources citing them over time. As can be seen from the 

chart below, both the number of sources citing to Advocacy research reports and 

the number of citations have increased substantially over time, especially in the 

8
21st century. In 1997, for example, the academic literature included only eight 

citations to Advocacy reports published since 1992. By 2006, the number of 

citations had grown to 114. Of course, part of the increase is due to the fact that 

the longer a report has been available, the more likely it is that the report will be 

cited. By the same token, the apparent drop-off in citations in 2007 demonstrates 

not a sudden lack of interest in Advocacy reports but reflects merely that reports 

published in 2007 had little opportunity to be cited in academic sources also 

published in 2007. Clearly, citations to Advocacy reports have trended upward 

over the years.12

Number of Sources Citing to 1992-2007 Advocacy Research Reports

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Reports

Cited By

Citations

 

Reports: Number of Advocacy Research Reports published. 

Cited By: Number of academic sources citing to Advocacy Research 

Reports. 

Citations: Number of citations by academic sources to Advocacy 

Research Reports. 

 

12 A list of the three most frequently cited Advocacy reports, overall and by year, is included in Appendix E. 

9
Reports by Subject Matter 

 Advocacy has broken down reports it has commissioned by subject matter 

and has published a list of those reports on its website.13 The categories are: 

 Banking and Finance: Advocacy Lending Studies 

Small Business Finance 

Business Formation 

Bank Mergers and Acquisitions 

Benefits and Training: Wages and Benefits 

Employment and Training 

Health Care 

Owner Demographics: Women in Business 

Minorities in Business 

Veteran-Owned Businesses 

Regulation: Regulatory Research 

Environmental Research 

State, Local and Rural: Local Economic Development 

State and Local 

Rural America 

Other Topics: Exporting 

Franchising 

Procurement Research 

Taxes 

Technology and Innovation 

Firm Mergers and Acquisitions 

Within the main subject-matter headings listed, Advocacy reports have 

been cited many times. Reports in the miscellaneous category ("Other Topics") 

have been cited relatively few times. The extent of citation within each subject 

category is shown in Appendix D, which consists of a listing of Advocacy reports 

by subject area, followed by citations to each such report. As can be seen, 

 

13 Research and Statistics, http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/ (accessed April 28, 2009). 

10
reports centering on entrepreneurship, finance, and business owner 

demographics have been cited more often than reports about other subjects. 

Frequently Cited Reports

Some Advocacy-commissioned reports have been cited in the literature 

more often than others. In this section, three often-cited reports are discussed. 

They are Entrepreneurial Origins: A Longitudinal Inquiry (1995), Profiles of 

Regulatory Costs (1995) and Small Serial Innovators: The Small Firm 

Contribution to Technical Change (2003). Each report, and the academic sources 

citing it, is listed in Appendix D. For the sake of brevity, the text of this report 

does not include all citations to each Advocacy report discussed. 

Entrepreneurial Origins: A Longitudinal Inquiry (1995) 

One of the earliest reports commissioned by Advocacy during the study 

period is Entrepreneurial Origins: A Longitudinal Inquiry. The report was 

presented to Advocacy in 1994 and released for publication in 1995. The study's 

authors were Drs. Bradley R. Schiller and Philip E. Crewson, both of whom now 

are affiliated with American University's School of Public Affairs. 

In the 1980s, the authors performed a study to distinguish the 

backgrounds and characteristics of successful entrepreneurs from unsuccessful 

entrepreneurs and also from those who are not entrepreneurs. The 1995 report 

extended the study to include gender, race and educational background 

characteristics. 

11
The authors reported distinctive differences between successful and 

unsuccessful entrepreneurs. Their findings included identification of different 

strategies to develop entrepreneurship based on gender. The journal Economic 

Inquiry published the report in 1997.14 The report has been influential. Either the 

report or the published article has been cited some 38 times in the academic 

literature through 2007, the most of any report included in this study. In addition 

to being cited in journals focusing on small business issues, the report has been 

cited in journals as varied as Technovation and the Journal of Enterprising 

Culture. The report has been cited in several British journals, in Eastern 

European Economics, in Japan and the World Economy, and in the German 

Economic Review. 

Studies Examining Regulatory Compliance Costs for Small Business 

Another much-cited report published by Advocacy in 1995 is Profiles of 

Regulatory Costs, by Dr. Thomas D. Hopkins, who now is Professor of 

Economics at Rochester Institute of Technology. The report is one of a pair of 

studies Dr. Hopkins conducted for Advocacy in 1995, the other being A Survey of 

Regulatory Burdens. Profiles examined the aggregate cost of regulations to small 

firms, an area the SBA is mandated to explore. Dr. Hopkins concluded that small 

firms spent some $5,500 per employee to meet the federal regulatory 

requirements in 1992. In contrast, larger firms spent only some $3,000 per 

employee. Dr. Hopkins published the report in the December 1998 issue of 

 

14 Bradley R. Schiller and Philip Crewson, "Entrepreneurial Origins: A Longitudinal Inquiry," Economic 

Inquiry 35, no. 3 (July 1997): 523-31. 

12
Policy Sciences.15 The report or the article was cited 26 times through 2007, not 

only in domestic economics journals but in several law reviews and in Hong 

Kong's China Economic Review. 

Dr. Hopkins, this time with Dr. W. Mark Crain of George Mason University 

as lead author, prepared a follow-up report for Advocacy in 2001 titled The 

Impact of Regulatory Costs on Small Firms. This report confirmed the results of 

the earlier report but updated the cost of the regulatory burdens small firms bear. 

The more recent data showed that small firms spent $6,975 per employee on 

federal regulatory requirements, compared with $4,463 for firms with more than 

500 employees. Although not published in an academic journal, this report was 

cited 25 times by academic sources through the year 2007. Advocacy later 

released a 2005 update of the same title, this time by Dr. Crain as the sole 

author. The 2005 report has been cited three times by academic sources through 

2007 although it, too, has not been published other than by Advocacy. 

Small Serial Innovators: 

The Small Firm Contribution to Technical Change (2003) 

A more recent Advocacy-commissioned report, released in 2003, 

addressed the role of small firms in obtaining patents. It is called Small Serial 

Innovators: The Small Firm Contribution to Technical Change. The report has an 

institutional author, CHI Research, Inc., which is now known as The Patent 

Board. The report was primarily written by Senior Policy Analyst Dr. Diana Hicks 

who now serves as Professor and Chair of the School of Public Policy at Georgia 

 

15 Thomas D. Hopkins, "Regulatory Costs in Profile," Policy Sciences 31, no. 4 (December 1998): 301-20. 

13
Institute of Technology. Dr. Hicks examined 1,071 firms with 15 or more patents 

to determine what differences, if any, existed between small and large firm 

patenting. She found that small firms concentrate on patents in newer and more 

scientifically oriented fields, especially in biotechnology, semiconductors and 

pharmaceuticals. Moreover, small firms are more innovative and resilient than 

larger firms, and they tend to obtain more valuable patents. 

 Dr. Hicks, together with her student Deepak Hegde, published an updated 

version of the report in the journal Research Policy that same year, 2005.16 Small 

Serial Innovators has been cited by academic sources 15 times. In 2006, Dr. 

Hicks collaborated with Georgia Tech Professor Emeritus Dr. Alan L. Porter and 

their respective graduate students to continue this line of research. They 

prepared the Advocacy report Identification of the Technology Commercialization 

Strategies of High-Tech Small Firms, which concluded that successful small firms 

hold more United States patents than do less successful firms. Dr. Hicks and her 

student, now Dr. Dirk P. Libaers, presented this paper as part of the Best Paper 

Proceedings at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting in August 2007. 

Facilitating Research

 Not only has Advocacy commissioned a variety of research reports, but 

Advocacy has also acted to further advance areas of research in which 

academics have displayed an interest. This facilitation sometimes has resulted in 

collaborative efforts between OER's staff and outside academics. This section 

 

16 Diana Hicks and Deepak Hegde, "Highly Innovative Small Firms in the Markets for Technology," Research 

Policy 34, no. 5 (June 2005): 703-16.

14
discusses the Diana Project, the work of Drs. Haynes and Ou, and the mutual

interests of Dr. Boden and OER's Brian Headd.

The Diana Project 

In 1997, five female professors decided to collaborate to engage in a new 

study of female entrepreneurship. They called themselves the Diana Group, after 

the Roman goddess of the hunt. The Diana Group began the Diana Project, 

which they described as: "A multi-university research program to identify factors 

that support and enable high growth in women-led ventures."17 The members of 

the Diana Group are Drs. Candida G. Brush and Patricia G. Greene, of Babson 

College; Dr. Nancy M. Carter, of Catalyst, Inc., and the University of St. Thomas; 

Dr. Elizabeth J. Gatewood, of Wake Forest University; and Dr. Myra M. Hart, of 

Harvard University. Over the years, the Diana Group published a number of 

academic papers. In 2007, it received an award for its work from the FSF-NUTEK 

(Swedish Foundation for Small Business Research-Swedish Agency for 

Economic and Regional Growth). 

Advocacy has long displayed an interest in women's and minority 

entrepreneurship. In 1998, Advocacy published a staff-written report about 

women's entrepreneurship called Women in Business. OER's Director of 

Economic Research, Dr. Bruce D. Phillips, and Economist Alicia M. Robb 

authored the report. The report compiled much statistical information on womenowned businesses and served as a foundation for many reports and academic 

 

17 Elizabeth J. Gatewood, Candida G. Brush, Nancy M. Carter, Patricia G. Greene, and Myra M. Hart, 

"Diana: A Symbol of Women Entrepreneurs' Hunt for Knowledge, Money, and the Rewards of 

Entrepreneurship," Small Business Economics 32, no. 2 (February 2009): 129-44. 

15
articles, including those of The Diana Group.18 Drs. Brush, Greene and Hart, with 

student Patrick Saparito, relied upon the 1998 report in their 2001 article, 

Patterns of Venture Capital Funding: Is Gender a Factor?19

Advocacy then commissioned the Diana Group to prepare a report called 

An Investigation of Women-Led Firms and Venture Capital Investment. That 

report noted the dearth of research on the success of women and minorities in 

obtaining venture capital and suggested a number of avenues for exploration. 

Although the report itself never was published in an academic journal, and has 

been cited only infrequently, substantial parts of the report as updated have 

become part of the Diana Group's subsequent writings, especially the 2002 

report, The Role of Social Capital and Gender in Linking Financial Suppliers and 

Entrepreneurial Firms: A Framework for Future Research;20 and in 2003, Women 

Entrepreneurs Who Break Through to Equity Financing: The Influence of Human, 

Social and Financial Capital.

21 Both articles have been cited many times in the 

literature. 

 

18 This publication has since been updated by Senior Economist Ying Lowrey, both in October 2001 and 

August 2006; see http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/women.html. 19 Patricia G. Greene, Candida G. Brush, Myra M. Hart, and Patrick Saparito, "Patterns of Venture Capital 

Funding: Is Gender a Factor?" Venture Capital 3, no. 1 (January 2001): 63-83. 20 Candida G. Brush, Nancy M. Carter, Patricia G. Greene, Myra M. Hart, and Elizabeth J. Gatewood, "The 

Role of Social Capital and Gender in Linking Financial Suppliers and Entrepreneurial Firms: A Framework 

for Future Research," Venture Capital 4, no. 4 (October 2002): 305-23. 21 Nancy M. Carter, Candida G. Brush, Patricia G. Greene, Elizabeth J. Gatewood, and Myra M. Hart, 

"Women Entrepreneurs Who Break Through to Equity Financing: The Influence of Human, Social and 

Financial Capital," Venture Capital 5, no. 1 (January 2003): 1-28.

16
Research by George Haynes and Charles Ou 

Dr. George W. Haynes, of Montana State University, has prepared a 

number of reports for Advocacy with OER's Dr. Charles Ou. Over the years, the 

two men have worked both independently and together to examine small 

business financing. Dr. Haynes authored a report for Advocacy in 1996 called 

Finance Companies and Small Business Borrowers. In that report, Dr. Haynes 

rejected the prevalent concept that finance companies were the "pawn shops" of 

the financial services industry. He found them to be significant lenders to small 

businesses. Dr. Haynes published the report the same year in the Journal of 

Entrepreneurial and Small Business Finance.22

 Dr. Haynes and Dr. Ou began collaborating by 2002. In 2003, they drafted 

a working paper that addressed how small businesses use equity capital. In 

2005, Dr. Haynes built on that work in his Advocacy report Finance Companies 

and Small Business Borrowers: Evidence from the 1993 and 1998 Surveys of 

Small Business Finances. Drs. Haynes and Ou published that report as coauthors the following year in Small Business Economics under the title 

Acquisition of Additional Equity Capital by Small Firms - Findings from the 

National Survey of Small Business Finances.23 In the meantime, in 2004, Dr. Ou 

authored Statistical Databases for Economic Research on the Financing of Small 

Firms in the United States, which was published in the Journal of Entrepreneurial 

 

22 George W. Haynes, "Finance Companies and Small Business Borrowers," Journal of Entrepreneurial and 

Small Business Finance 5, no. 1 (1996): 17-42. 23 Charles Ou and George W. Haynes, "Acquisition of Additional Equity Capital by Small Firms - Findings 

from the National Survey of Small Business Finances," Small Business Economics 27, nos. 2-3 (October 

2006): 157-68. 

17
Finance and Business Ventures in 2005.24 Their mutual interest in small firm 

financing enhanced the work of both Drs. Haynes and Ou. 

Research by Richard Boden and Brian Headd 

 In 2000, OER's Dr. Alicia M. Robb prepared a Center for Economic 

Studies working paper describing a data source called the Business Information 

Tracking Series ("BITS"). Advocacy funded preparation of the database and 

developed it in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census. In the same year, Dr. 

Richard J. Boden, Jr., an Advocacy economist now with the University of Toledo, 

prepared a report called Establishment Employment Change and Survival, 1992-

1996: Analyses Based on a New, Longitudinal Data Base with Special Focus on 

Information Technology Industries. Dr. Boden, like Dr. Robb, described BITS. He 

then employed the database to study the survival of business firms. 

 In 2001, Dr. Boden prepared another report for Advocacy, titled Analyses 

of Business Dissolution by Demographic Category of Business Ownership. In this 

report, Dr. Boden studied the relative business survival prospects among 

demographic groups, industries and other categories. That same year, Brian 

Headd of OER wrote a working paper that examined factors leading to business 

success or failure. In 2002, Dr. Boden and Mr. Headd collaborated on Race and 

Gender Differences in Business Ownership and Business Turnover in the journal 

Business Economics.25 This paper used BITS to compare the survival of 

 

24 Charles C. Ou, "Statistical Databases for Economic Research on the Financing of Small Firms in the 

United States," Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and Business Ventures 10, no. 3 (December 2005): 35-

61. 

25 Richard J. Boden, Jr., and Brian Headd, "Race and Gender Differences in Business Ownership and 

Business Turnover," Business Economics 37, no. 4 (October 2002): 61-72. 

18
businesses owned by four groups, Caucasians, Hispanics, African Americans 

and a category consisting of Asians and other, numerically smaller groups of 

minorities. 

 The following year, 2003, Brian Headd revisited the subject of business 

survival when both Advocacy and Small Business Economics published his 2001 

working paper as Redefining Business Success: Distinguishing Between Closure 

and Failure.26 Dr. Robb, now with the Kauffman Foundation, and Dr. Robert W. 

Fairlie of the University of California at Santa Cruz, continued researching how 

owner demographics affect business success by publishing Why are BlackOwned Businesses Less Successful than White-Owned Businesses? The Role 

of Families, Inheritances, and Business Human Capital.27 It is thus seen that 

scholarly interest in a subject by OER's staff and academics can lead to mutually 

beneficial collaboration. 

Conclusions

 Advocacy is charged with conducting, sponsoring and reporting on 

economic research to ensure that the federal government is supportive of the 

health and growth of small business. One way in which Advocacy measures the 

extent to which it has met this charge is by contributing to the academic 

literature. This contribution can be measured by the number of citations to 

Advocacy reports in the academic literature as well as by measuring the extent to 

 

26 Brian Headd, "Redefining Business Success: Distinguishing Between Closure and Failure," Small 

Business Economics 21, no. 1 (August 2003): 51-61. 27 Robert W. Fairlie and Alicia M. Robb, "Why are Black-Owned Businesses Less Successful than WhiteOwned Businesses? The Role of Families, Inheritances, and Business Human Capital," Journal of Labor 

Economics 25, no. 2 (April 2007): 289-323. 

19
which citations increase over time. On this aspect of the study, this report 

reaches the following conclusions: 

 Advocacy's OER published 189 research reports from 1992 through 2007. 

 These 189 reports were cited 578 times during the period 1992 through 

2007 in 453 academic publications that included 268 scholarly journals. 

 Over the period 1992 through 2007, Advocacy published, on average, 

approximately 12 research reports per year. 

 Over the period 1992 through 2007, Advocacy reports were cited in the 

academic literature, on average, approximately 36 times per year. 

 The number of academic sources citing to Advocacy reports trended 

substantially upward over the period 1992 through 2007. 

 One of the issues that concerned Advocacy was inconsistency in citations 

to Advocacy research studies and products, with some authors citing to 

individuals as authors but others citing to the SBA as an institutional author. With 

respect to this concern, this report finds that: 

 Citations to Advocacy materials sometimes identify individuals as authors 

and other times cite the same materials to the SBA as author. 

 When citations are to the U.S. Small Business Administration, that entity is 

variously cited as “Small Business Administration,” “Small Business 

Admin.,” “Small Bus. Admin.,” “Sm. Bus. Admin.,” “SBA,” and “S.B.A.” At 

times, Advocacy reports are cited to Advocacy as author, to the OER as 

author, or to both. 

20
 Some OER reports identify Advocacy as the author; sometimes OER 

reports identify Advocacy as the author but name the OER staff who 

prepared the report; sometimes OER reports name a staff member as 

author. 

Advocacy prepares or commissions reports on a variety of subjects that 

concern small business. Reports within some of these subject areas have been 

cited frequently in the academic literature. For instance, Advocacy reports about 

entrepreneurship, finance, and the demographics of business owners are cited 

more often than reports in other areas. 

 Another object of this study was to examine the extent to which 

contractors continue to pursue subjects they studied while under contract to 

Advocacy such that Advocacy-originated research is cited in later articles by 

these individual authors. The study also examined whether Advocacy reports 

have helped to initiate or to facilitate the research programs of outside 

academics. On these issues, this report concludes: 

 Contractors often pursued subjects they studied for Advocacy both before 

and after their Advocacy work.

 Contractors who prepare reports for Advocacy sometimes publish those 

studies in academic journals. On other occasions, they incorporate work 

done for Advocacy in later studies. In either instance, contractors typically 

either mention their Advocacy work or cite to it when that work becomes 

part of a later study.

21
 Advocacy reports by OER often provide a foundation upon which other 

academics build with their later work.

 Areas of Advocacy interest sometimes lead to collaboration between OER 

staff and outside academics to produce Advocacy reports and scholarly 

articles published in the academic literature. 

 To summarize, Advocacy's OER functions much as a think tank for small 

business. By preparing its own reports, and by commissioning outside reports, 

the OER initiates, supports and furthers academic small business research. 

These activities lead to both formal and informal collaboration among OER staff 

and outside academics in pursuing research questions of interest to the small 

business community. 

22
Appendix A: Bibliography of Advocacy Reports Researched 

 This bibliography lists the 189 Advocacy reports researched in this 

Academic Citation Study. The time period covered is from 2002 through 2007. 

This bibliography does not include all materials published by Advocacy during 

this time period but only research reports. Although the majority of the reports 

were authored by outside academics and consultants commissioned to perform 

research by OER, many of the reports were researched and written by OER 

personnel. Individual authors are listed when reports identify them; otherwise, the 

Office of Advocacy is listed as the author. 

********** 

Acs, Zoltan J., and Catherine Armington. 2005. Using Census BITS to explore 

entrepreneurship, geography, and economic growth. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

Acs, Zoltan J., Catherine Armington, and Alicia M. Robb. 1999. Measures of job 

flow dynamics in the U.S. economy. Washington, D.C.: Office of Economic 

Research, Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration and Center 

for Economic Studies, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. 

Actuarial Research Corporation. 2003. Study of the administrative costs and 

actuarial values of small health plans. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, 

U.S. Small Business Administration (January). 

Advanced Research Technologies, LLC. 2005. The innovation-entrepreneurship 

nexus: A national assessment of entrepreneurship and regional economic growth 

and development. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (April). 

Armington, Catherine. 2004. Development of business data: Tracking firm 

counts, growth, and turnover by size of firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (December). 

__________. 1999. Statistics of U.S. Businesses - Microdata and tables. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(March). 

Armstrong, Carol S. 2004. Small businesses as culprits and clients: A 

comparison of brownfield redevelopment in Los Angeles and Kuala Lumpur. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(June). 

23
Ashton, Peter. 1995. Impact of electronic data interchange on small firms. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

Bates, Timothy. 1996. Survival patterns among franchise and nonfranchise firms 

started in 1986 and 1987. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration. 

Beale, Henry B.R. 2004. Home-based business and government regulation. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(February). 

Berger, Mark C., Dan A. Black, and Frank A. Scott. 1995. Measuring the 

uninsured by firm size and employment status (part II). Washington, D.C.: Office 

of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

__________. 1994. Measuring the uninsured by firm size and employment 

status: Variation in health insurance coverage rates (part I). Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

BJK Associates. 2002. The influence of R&D expenditures on new firm formation 

and economic growth. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (October). 

Black, Dan A., Mark C. Berger, and John Barron. 1993. Job training approaches 

in small and large firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration. 

Blade Consulting Corporation. 2003. Expected costs of startup ventures. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(November). 

Boden, Jr., Richard J. 2001. Analyses of business dissolution by demographic 

category of business ownership. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (March). 

__________. 2000. Establishment employment change and survival, 1992-1996: 

Analyses based on a new, longitudinal data base with special focus on 

information technology industries. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (September). 

__________. 1996. Job and worker attributes by firm employment size, 1983-

1993. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

24
Bruce, Donald, and John Deskins. 2006. State tax policy and entrepreneurial 

activity. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (November). 

Bruce, Donald, and Tami Gurley. 2005. Taxes and entrepreneurial activity: An 

empirical investigation using longitudinal tax return data. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (March). 

Bruce, Donald, John A. Deskins, Brian C. Hill, and Jonathan C. Rork. 2007. 

Small business and state growth: An econometric investigation. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (February). 

Brush, Candida G., Nancy Carter, Elizabeth Gatewood, Patricia G. Greene, and 

Myra M. Hart. 2002. An investigation of women-led firms and venture capital 

investment. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (January). 

Birch, David. 2000. Analysis of Hispanic-owned companies. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (September). 

Burt, Robert E. 1994. Environmental financial responsibility. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

Cadwell, Charles. 1992. Efficacy of state export promotion efforts. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (May). 

Carolyn Looff and Associates. 2002. Value of worker training programs to small 

business. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (January). 

__________. 2000. Distribution of low-wage workers by firm size in the United 

States. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (March). 

CHI Research, Inc. 2004. Small firms and technology: Acquisitions, inventor 

movement, and technology transfer. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (January). 

__________. 2003. Small serial innovators: The small firm contribution to 

technical change. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (February). 

25
CONSAD Research Corporation. 2001. An evaluation of compliance with the 

Regulatory Flexibility Act by federal agencies. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (March). 

Cordes, Joseph J., Hanry R. Hertzfeld, and Nicholas S. Vonortas. 1999. A survey 

of high-technology firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (February). 

Cowan, Charles D., and Adrian M. Cowan. 2006. A survey based assessment of 

financial institution use of credit scoring for small business lending. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (November). 

Craig, Steven G., and Janet E. Kohlhase. 2006. The economic role of small 

businesses using large data sets: An analysis of the contribution of small firms to 

urban growth. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (December). 

Craig, Steven G., and Pauline Hardee. 2004. The impact of bank consolidation 

on small business credit availability. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (February). 

Crain, Mark W. 2005. The impact of regulatory costs on small firms (update). 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(September). 

Crain, Mark W., and Thomas D. Hopkins. 2001. The impact of regulatory costs 

on small firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (October). 

Crawford, Samuel. 1999. Women and minorities in franchising and financing 

practices. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (May). 

Dunkelberg, William C., and Jonathan A. Scott. 2005. The effect of changes in 

monetary policy on the expectations, spending, and hiring decisions of small 

business owners. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (November). 

E.H. Pechan & Associates. 2007. Evaluation of barrier removal costs associated 

with the 2004 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) accessibility guidelines. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(November). 

26
Eagle Eye Publishers, Inc. 2006. Impact of GSA's information technology 

cooperative purchase program on small businesses. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (July). 

__________. 2004. Analysis of type of business coding for the top 1,000 

contractors receiving small business awards in FY 2002. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (December). 

__________. 2004. Characteristics of federal government procurement spending 

with veteran-owned businesses FY 2000-FY 2003 (3Q). Washington, D.C.: Office 

of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (June). 

__________. 2003. Impact of purchase card activity on small businesses. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(March). 

__________. 2002. The impact of contract bundling on small business FY 1992-

FY 2001. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (October). 

__________. 2000. The impact of contract bundling on small business FY 1992-

FY 1999. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (October). 

__________. 1997. Contract bundling and small business: Effects of the Federal 

Acquisition Streamlining Act on small business. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (July). 

Eagle Eye Publishers, Inc., and Jack Faucett Associates, Inc. 2007. Impact of A76 competitive sourcing on small government vendors, FY 2001-FY 2006. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(May). 

__________. 2006. The impact of government-wide acquisition contracts on 

small business. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (August). 

Econometrica, Inc. 2007. Structural factors affecting the health insurance 

coverage of workers at small firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (March). 

Fairlie, Robert W. 2007. Entrepreneurship in Silicon Valley during the boom and 

bust. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(March). 

27
__________. 2005. Technology and entrepreneurship: A cross-industry analysis 

of access to computers and self-employment. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (June). 

__________. 2004. Self-employed business ownership rates in the United 

States: 1979-2003. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (December). 

__________. 2001. Earnings growth among disadvantaged business owners. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(November). 

Feldman, Maryann. 1996. Small firm innovative success: External resources and 

barriers. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (September). 

Fisher, Bonnie. 1997. Small businesses, big burdens: The nature and incidence 

of crime within and against small business and its customers and employees, 

their causes, their effects, and their prevention. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (March). 

Fitzgerald, John M., and David C. Ribar. 2001. Does a rising tide of small 

business jobs lift all boats? Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (August). 

Freear, John, Jeffrey E. Sohl, and William E. Wetzel, Jr. 1996. Creating new 

capital markets for emerging ventures. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, 

U.S. Small Business Administration (June). 

Fullenbaum, Richard F., and Mariana A. McNeill. 1994. The function of failure. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

Gartner, William B. 2007. Pre-venture planning. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (December). 

Gaston, Robert J. 1993. Small business access to equity capital. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (January). 

Glover, Saundra H., Carleen Stoskopf, Thomas E. Brown, Fran Wheeler, Yang 

Kim, and Sudha Xirasagar. 2000. Small business and access to health insurers, 

particularly HMOs. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (October). 

28
Gurley-Calvez, Tami. 2006. Health insurance deductibility and entrepreneurial 

survival. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (April). 

Hancock, Diana, Joe Peek, and James A. Wilcox. 2005. The effects of mergers 

and acquisitions on small business lending by large banks. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (March). 

Hardee, Polly. 2007. A two-step analysis of standardized versus relationship 

bank lending to small firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (June). 

Haynes, George W. 2007. Income and wealth of veteran business owners, 1989-

2004. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(October). 

__________. 2007. Income and wealth: How did households owning small 

businesses fare from 1989 to 2004? Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (April). 

__________. 2005. Finance companies and small business borrowers: Evidence 

from the 1993 and 1998 Surveys of Small Business Finances. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (April). 

__________. 2001. Wealth and income: How did small businesses fare from 

1989 to 1998? Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (June). 

__________. 1996. Finance companies and small business borrowers. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

__________. 1993. A comparison of borrowers with SBA and other loan 

guarantees. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (December). 

Headd, Brian. 2003. Redefining business success: Distinguishing between 

closure and failure. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (August). 

__________. 2001. Business success: Factors leading to surviving and closing 

successfully. Center for Economic Studies, Bureau of the Census, U.S. 

Department of Commerce (January). 

29
__________. 2000. The characteristics of small-business employees. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(April). 

__________. 1999. The Characteristics of Business Owners database. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(May). 

Heartland Information Research, Inc. 2001. E-commerce's impact on the travel 

agency industry. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (December). 

Hicks, Diana M., Dirk P. Libaers. Alan L. Porter, and David J. Schoeneck. 2006. 

Identification of the technology commercialization strategies of high-tech small 

firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(December). 

Holtz-Eakin, Douglas, and Harvey S. Rosen. 2001. Economic policy and the 

start-up, survival, and growth of entrepreneurial ventures. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (June). 

Hope, John B., and Patrick C. Mackin. 2007. The relationship between employee 

turnover and employee compensation in small business. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (July). 

Hopkins, Thomas D. 1995. A survey of regulatory burdens. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

__________. 1995. Profiles of regulatory costs. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

Initiative for a Competitive Inner City. 2005. State of the inner city economies: 

Small businesses in the inner city. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (October). 

Innovation & Information Consultants, Inc. 2006. An empirical approach to 

characterize rural small business growth and profitability. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (February). 

__________. 2004. The impact of tax expenditure policies on incorporated small 

businesses. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (April). 

30
__________. 2004. Trends in electronic procurement and electronic commerce 

and their impact on small business. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (June). 

Innovation Associates, Inc. 2000. Developing high-technology communities: San 

Diego. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (June). 

J.W. Wilson and Associates. 1996. Electric utility restructuring: Issues for small 

business. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

Jack Faucett Associates, Inc. 2002. Emissions trading for small businesses. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(March). 

__________. 2001. Impact of e-commerce on auto dealers. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (January). 

__________. 2000. Small business survival in competition with large multi-unit 

retail firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (May). 

Joel Popkin and Company. 2005. Cost of employee benefits in small and large 

businesses. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (August). 

__________. 2003. Small business during the business cycle. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (July). 

__________. 2002. Small business share of NAICS industries. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (September). 

__________. 2002. Small business share of economic growth. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (January). 

__________. 2002. Estimation of small business wealth. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (September). 

__________. 2000. Labor shortages needs and related issues in small and large 

businesses. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (March). 

31
__________. 1997. Small business share of private, nonfarm gross domestic 

product. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (October). 

__________. 1995. Worker's compensation by state: Assessing the burden of 

workers' compensation by business size. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, 

U.S. Small Business Administration. 

__________. 1994. The effect of computer use on the earnings of workers by 

firm size. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (December). 

__________. 1992. Business survival rates by age cohort of business. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

Kepler, Erin, and Scott Shane. 2007. Are male and female entrepreneurs really 

that different? Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (September). 

Klemm Analysis Group. 2005. Impact of litigation on small business. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (October). 

Kobe, Kathryn. 2007. The small business share of GDP, 1998-2004. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(April). 

Kolari, James W. 2003. Assessing the profitability and riskiness of small business 

lenders in the banking industry. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (May). 

Kolari, James, and Asghar Zardkoohi. 1997. The impact of structural change in 

the banking industry on small business lending. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (September). 

Kolari, James, Robert Berney, and Charles Ou. 1998. The profitability of small 

business lending by small banks. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (April). 

Kolko, Jed. 2000. The high-tech rural Renaissance? Information technology, firm 

size and rural employment growth. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (September). 

Laub, P. Michael. 1994. Small businesses and large banks. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

32
Lear-Nordby, Kelly. 1999. Impact of firm size on dollar amount of penalties 

assessed by government agencies. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (January). 

LiPuma, Joseph A. 2007. Corporate venture capital and the international intensity 

of portfolio companies. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (July). 

Litz, Reginald. 1996. Lilliputian strategies: Small business responses to big 

business entry. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

Lowrey, Ying. 2007. Minorities in business: A demographic review of minority 

business ownership. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (April). 

__________. 2006. Women in business: A demographic review of women's 

business ownership. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (August). 

__________. 2005. Dynamics of minority-owned employer establishments, 1997-

2001. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(February). 

__________. 2005. U.S. sole proprietorships: A gender comparison, 1985-2000. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(September). 

Lustgarten, Steven. 1996. The role of small firms in the upward mobility of new 

immigrants. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

__________. 1995. Business ownership as an employment opportunity for 

women. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

Management Research and Planning Corporation. 2002. Analysis of state efforts 

to mitigate regulatory burden on small businesses. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (October). 

Mary Ellen Mogee and Associates. 1996. Foreign patenting behavior of small 

and large firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

33
Mathur, Aparna. 2005. A spatial model of the impact of state bankruptcy 

exemptions on entrepreneurship. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (July). 

McKendrick and Associates. 1996. The costs of financing exports for small 

business. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

McNeill, Mariana, and Richard Fullenbaum. 1995. Pension funds and small firm 

financing. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

Microeconomic Applications, Inc. 1998. Impacts of federal regulations, 

paperwork, and tax requirements on small business. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (December). 

Miller, Margaret Jane. 1996. The role of social relationships in financial 

intermediation: Empirical evidence from the United States small business credit 

market. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

Mitchell, Karlyn, and Douglas K. Pierce. 2005. Availability of financing to small 

firms using the Survey of Small Business Finances. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (May). 

Mogee, Mary Ellen. 2003. Foreign patenting behavior of small and large firms: An 

update. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (April). 

Moutray, Chad. 2007. Educational attainment and other characteristics of the 

self-employed: An examination using data from the Panel Study of Income 

Dynamics. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (December). 

Moutray, Chad M., and Major Clark, III. 2004. The future of small businesses in 

the U.S. federal government marketplace. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, 

U.S. Small Business Administration (November). 

Mt. Auburn Associates, Inc., and Regional Technology Strategies, Inc. 1996. 

Technology transfer to small manufacturers: A literature review. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

National Foundation for Unemployment Compensation and Workers' 

Compensation. 1996. State unemployment compensation and workers' 

34
compensation programs: A review of major legislative changes, program costs 

and suggested reforms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration. 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 2004. Evaluating 

veteran business owner data. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (December). 

__________. 2003. Financing patterns of small firms: Findings from the 1998 

Survey of Small Business Finance. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (September). 

__________. 2003. Dynamics of women-operated sole proprietorships, 1990-

1998. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(March). 

__________. 2001. Women in business, 2001. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (October). 

__________. 2001. Minorities in business, 2001. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (November). 

__________. 2000. The Third Millennium: Small business and entrepreneurship 

in the 21st century. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

__________. 1999. Minorities in business. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (November). 

__________. 1998. Women in business. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, 

U.S. Small Business Administration (October). 

__________. 1998. The new American evolution: The role and impact of small 

firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(June). 

__________. 1998. Mergers and acquisitions in the United States, 1990-1994. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(October). 

__________. 1998. Exporting by firm size. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (March). 

35
__________. 1998. Characteristics of small business employees and owners, 

1997. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(January). 

__________. 1997. Small business growth by major industry, 1988-1995. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

__________. 1995. The changing burden of regulation, paperwork, and tax 

compliance on small business: A report to Congress. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (October). 

Office of Economic Research, Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 2001. Rural and urban areas by firm size, 1990-1995. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(March). 

Onorato, Nicole R. 1997. Trends in venture capital funding in the 1990s. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(August). 

Open Blue Solutions. 2007. Self-employment in the veteran and service-disabled 

veteran population. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (January). 

Ou, Charles. 2006. Banking and SME financing in the United States. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(June). 

__________. 2004. Statistical databases for economic research on the financing 

of small firms in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (February). 

Ou, Charles, and George W. Haynes. 2006. How did small business-owning 

households fare during the longest U.S. economic expansion? Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (June). 

__________. 2003. Uses of equity capital by small firms–findings from the 

Surveys of Small Business Finances (for 1993 and 1998). Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (September). 

Palmetto Consulting, Inc. 2004. Costs of developing a foreign market for a small 

business: The market and non-market barriers to exporting by small firms. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(November). 

36
Papke, James A. 1996. The differential impact of state-local tax incentives on 

small versus large firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration. 

Peake, Whitney, and Maria Marshall. 2007. Getting the most bang for the buck: 

An analysis of states' relative efficiencies in promoting the birth of small firms. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(January). 

Peek, Joe. 2007. The value to banks of small business lending. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (May). 

__________. 1997. The effect of interstate banking on small business lending. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(September). 

Peregrine Analytics, LLC. 2006. Innovation and small business performance: 

Examining the relationship between technological innovation and the within 

industry distributions of fast growth firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, 

U.S. Small Business Administration (March). 

Perline, Rich, Robert Axtell, and Daniel Teitelbaum. 2006. Volatility and 

asymmetry of small firm growth rates over increasing time frames. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (December). 

Plesko, George A. 1995. Taxes and the choice of entity for small business. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

Plummer, Lawrence A. 2007. Friends or foes: The spatial dynamic between 

established firms and entrants. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (February). 

PM KeyPoint LLC. 2003. Impact of tight money and/or recessions on small 

business. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (January). 

Pociask, Stephen B. 2005. Broadband use by rural small businesses. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(December). 

Pociask, Stephen B., and TeleNomic Research, LLC. 2004. A survey of small 

businesses' telecommunications use and spending. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (March). 

37
Pratt, Joanne H. 2006. The impact of location on net income: A comparison of 

homebased and non-homebased sole proprietors. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (May). 

__________. 2002. E-biz: Strategies for small business success. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (October). 

__________. 2000. Homebased business: The hidden economy. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (March). 

__________. 1993. Myths and realities of working at home: Characteristics of 

homebased business owners and telecommuters. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

Public Policy Associates. 1996. Impact of environmental liability on access to 

capital for small business. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration. 

Robb, Alicia M. 2000. New data for economic analysis: The Business Information 

Tracking System (BITS). Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration. 

__________. 1999. New data for dynamic analysis: Research using confidential 

microdata at the Center of Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

Salazar, Martiza. 2007. The effect of wealth and race on start-up rates. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (July). 

Schiller, Bradley R., and Philip Crewson. 1995. Entrepreneurial origins: A 

longitudinal inquiry. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

Scott, Frank A., Mark C. Berger, and Dan A. Black. 1996. Changing 

characteristics of the self-employed. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (April). 

Shane, Scott. 1997. Why new franchisors succeed. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (August). 

__________. 1996. Differences between successful and unsuccessful 

franchisors. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

38
So, Jacky Yuk-Chow. 2005. Agency costs and ownership structure: Evidence 

from the Small Business Finance Survey data base. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (December). 

Sullivan, Teresa A., Elizabeth Warren, and Jay Westbrook. 1999. Financial 

difficulties of small businesses and reasons for their failure. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (March). 

Teitelbaum, Daniel, and Robert Axtell. 2005. Firm Size dynamics of industries: 

Stochastic growth processes, large fluctuations, and the population of firms as a 

complex system. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (January). 

Temkin, Kenneth, and Roger C. Kormendi. 2003. An exploration of a secondary 

market for small business loans. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (April). 

Terleckyj, Nestor E. 1999. Measuring contribution of small business to industry 

job growth by data in business association directories. Washington, D.C.: Office 

of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (April). 

__________. 1995. Estimating the local effects of defense cuts on small 

business, 1992-1999. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration. 

Tietz, Wendy M. 2007. Women and men in accounting textbooks: Exploring the 

hidden curriculum. Issues in Accounting Education 22, no. 3 (August): 459-80. 

van de Verg, Eric. 1993. Environmental concerns for small business. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (July). 

Waldman Associates, and REDA International. 2004. Entrepreneurship and 

business ownership in the veteran population. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (November). 

Wennberg, Karl J., Timothy Folta, and Frederic Delmar. 2007. A real options 

model of stepwise entry into self-employment. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (June). 

Williams, Victoria. 2000. Small business expansions in electronic commerce. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(June). 

39
__________. 1999. E-commerce: Small businesses venture online. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (July). 

Wolk, Andrew M. 2007. Social entrepreneurship and government: A new breed of 

entrepreneurs developing solutions to social problems. Washington, D.C.: Office 

of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (December). 

Wright, Arthur. 1992. Measuring the impact of non-uniform product liability laws 

on the costs of U.S. goods. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (March). 

Zinman, Jonathan. 2002. The real effects of liquidity on behavior: Evidence from 

regulation and deregulation of credit markets. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (November). 

40
Appendix B: Journals Citing to Advocacy Reports 1992-2007 

Each of the 268 journals listed has published one or more articles 

containing one or more citations to the Advocacy reports listed in Appendix A 

over the period 1992 through 2007. 

********** 

Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal 

Academy of Information and Management Sciences Journal 

Academy of Management Executive

Academy of Management Learning and Education

Administrative Science Quarterly

Advances in Competitiveness Research

Agricultural and Resource Economics Review

American Economic Review

American Journal of Industrial Medicine

American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law

Annals of Regional Science

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Antitrust Law Journal

Arizona State Law Journal

Army Lawyer

Atlantic Economic Journal

Australian Journal of Information Systems

Bank Marketing

Behavioral Sciences and the Law

Benchmarking

Benefits Quarterly

Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law

Berkeley Technology Law Journal

Brooklyn Law Review

Business and Society

Business Economics

Business Forum

Business Horizons

Business Process Management Journal

Business Review (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia)

California Law Review

California Management Review

Challenge

China Economic Review

Columbia Business Law Review

Columbia Law Review

41
Communications of the ACM

Community Development Investment Review

Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal

Contemporary Economic Policy

Corporate Governance

Desarrollo Económico

Division of Labor and Transaction Costs

Eastern European Economics

EBRI Notes

Economic Affairs

Economic Development Journal

Economic Development Quarterly

Economic Issues

Economic Papers

Economic Record

Economic Review (Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City)

Economic Theory

eJournal of Tax Research

Electronic Markets

Employment Relations Today

Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies

Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal

Entrepreneurship and Regional Development

Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice

Environment and Planning A

Environment and Planning C

Environmental and Resource Economics

Environmental Health Perspectives

Environmental Values

e-Service Journal

European Journal of Innovation Management

European Journal of Law and Economics

Family Business Review

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review

Federal Reserve Bulletin

Financial Management

FIU Law Review

Florida State University Law Review

Fordham Environmental Law Journal

Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law

Fordham Urban Law Journal

Gender and Society

42
Georgetown Law Journal

German Economic Review

Growth and Change

Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review

Harvard Journal on Legislation

Harvard Latino Law Review

Harvard Law and Policy Review

Health Affairs

Human Resource Management Review

Inc. Magazine

Indiana Health Law Review 

Industrial and Labor Relations Review 

Industrial Marketing Management

Industrial Relations

Industry and Higher Education

Industry and Innovation

Information and Management

Information Technology, Learning and Performance Journal

Inquiry

International Business Review

International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

International Journal of Business and Globalisation

International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management

International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development

International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management

International Journal of Public Sector Management

International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management

International Journal of Service Industry Management

International Journal of Social Economics

International Journal of Technology Management

International Regional Science Review

International Review of Applied Economics

International Small Business Journal

IOU Regulation

Iowa Law Review

Japan and the World Economy

John Marshall Law Review

Journal for Advancement of Marketing Education

Journal of Accountancy

Journal of Accounting and Public Policy

Journal of Applied Business Research

43
Journal of Australian Taxation

Journal of Banking and Finance

Journal of Business Ethics

Journal of Business Research

Journal of Business Valuation and Economic Loss Analysis

Journal of Business Venturing

Journal of Comparative International Management

Journal of Computing and Information Technology

Journal of Dental Education

Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship

Journal of Drug Issues

Journal of E-Business

Journal of e-Business and Information Technology

Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences

Journal of Economic Issues

Journal of Economic Studies

Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations

Journal of Employment Counseling

Journal of Enterprise Information Management

Journal of Enterprising Communities

Journal of Enterprising Culture

Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and Business Ventures

Journal of Eurasian Research

Journal of Evolutionary Economics

Journal of Extension

Journal of Family and Economic Issues

Journal of Finance

Journal of Financial Services Research

Journal of Forensic Economics

Journal of Human Resources

Journal of Industrial Technology

Journal of Intellectual Capital

Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing

Journal of Labor Economics

Journal of Labor Research

Journal of Law and Economics

Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies

Journal of Legal Tax Research

Journal of Legal Technology Risk Management

Journal of Management and Organization

Journal of Marketing

Journal of Occupational Health Psychology

Journal of Organizational Behavior

Journal of Policy Analysis and Management

Journal of Public Procurement

Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy

44
Journal of Regulatory Economics

Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services

Journal of Risk Research

Journal of Shopping Center Research

Journal of Small and Emerging Business Law

Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development

Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship

Journal of Small Business Management

Journal of Small Business Strategy

Journal of Supply Chain Management

Journal of Teaching in International Business

Journal of Technology Transfer

Journal of the American College of Radiology

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology

Journal of the Australasian Tax Teachers Association

Journal of Urban Technology

Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation

Journal of Wealth Management

Journal of Workplace Learning

Labour

Labour Economics

Law Library Journal

Law Practice Today

Leadership and Organization Development Journal

Loyola Consumer Law Review

Management Research News

Management Science

Managerial and Decision Economics

Managerial Finance

Marketing Education Review

Minnesota Law Review

Mississippi College Law Review

Missouri Law Review

Monthly Labor Review 

New England Economic Review

New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 

Our Economy

Papers in Regional Science

Policy Sciences

Politicka Ekonomie

45
Prometheus

Public Contract Law Journal

Public Finance Review

Qualitative Market Research

Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics

Quarterly Journal of Economics

Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance

Regional Economist

Regional Studies

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

Research in Agricultural and Applied Economics

Research Policy

Revenue Law Journal

Review of Agricultural Economics

Review of Austrian Economics

Review of Environmental Economics and Policy

Review of Financial Economics

Revista de Empresa

Risk Analysis

Rural Sociology

Rutgers Law Journal

SAM Advanced Management Journal 

Science 

Security Journal

Service Business

Singapore Management Review

Small Business Economics

Social Forces

Social Science Journal

Social Science Research

Society

South African Journal of Library and Information Science

Southern Economic Journal

Southern Illinois University Law Journal

St. Louis University Public Law Review

Stanford Journal of International Law

Stetson Law Review

Strategic Management Journal

Tax Notes

Technovation

Telecommunications Policy

Texas Business Review

46
Texas Law Review

Texas Review of Law and Politics

Transactions

Transportation

UMKC Law Review

Underwriting Trends

University of Chicago Law Review

University of Chicago Legal Forum

University of Pennsylvania Law Review

Urban Studies

Venture Capital

Virginia Environmental Law Journal

Wake Forest Law Review

Washington University Journal of Law and Policy

Washington University Law Quarterly

Western New England Law Review

William and Mary Law Review

Work Study

47
Appendix C: Scholarly Works Citing to Advocacy Reports, 1992-2007 

This appendix lists each of the 453 scholarly works that cite to one or 

more Advocacy reports during the study period. 

Abril, Patricia S. 2007. Acoustic segregation and the Hispanic small business 

owner. Harvard Latino Law Review 10 (Spring): 1-31. 

Ackerman, Frank. 2006. The unbearable lightness of regulatory costs. Fordham 

Urban Law Journal 33 (May): 1071-96. 

Acs, Zoltan J. 2006. New firm formation and the region: Empirical results from 

the United States. In Entrepreneurship, growth, and innovation: The dynamics of 

firms and industries, ed. Enrico Santarelli, 105-33. New York: Springer. 

__________. Start-ups and entry barriers: Small and medium-sized firms 

population dynamics. In The Oxford handbook of entrepreneurship, eds. Mark 

Casson, Bernard Yeung, Anuradha Basu, and Nigel Wadeson, 194-224. New 

York: Oxford University Press. 

Acs, Zoltan J., and Fred A. Tarpley, Jr. 1998. The Angel Capital Electronic 

Network (ACE-Net). Journal of Banking and Finance 22, nos. 6-8 (August): 793-

97. 

Acs, Zoltan J., and Leo Paul Dana. 2001. Contrasting two models of wealth 

redistribution. Small Business Economics 16, no. 2 (March): 63-74. 

Acs, Zoltan J., Bo Carlsson, and Charlie Karlsson. 1999. The linkages among 

entrepreneurship, SMEs and the macroeconomy. In Entrepreneurship, small and 

medium-sized enterprises, and the macroeconomy, eds. Zoltan J. Acs, Bo 

Carlsson, and Charlie Karlsson, 3-42. New York: Cambridge University Press. 

Acs, Zoltan J., Catherine Armington, and Ting Zhang. 2007. The determinants of 

new-firm survival across regional economies: The role of human capital stock 

and knowledge spillover. Papers in Regional Science 86, no. 3 (August): 367-91. 

Adler, Jonathan H. 2000. Clean politics, dirty profits: Rent-seeking behind the 

green curtain. In Political environmentalism: Going behind the green curtain, ed. 

Terry L. Anderson, 1-30. Stanford: Hoover Press. 

Al Roomi, Ohood, and Mohamed Ibrahim. 2004. Performance determinants of 

home-based businesses in Dubai. Journal of Economic and Administrative 

Sciences 20, no. 2 (December): 61-82. 

Allen, Franklin, James McAndrews and Philip Strahan. 2002. E-finance: An 

introduction. Journal of Financial Services Research 22, no. 1-2 (August): 5-27. 

48
Alsos, Gry Agnete, Espen John Isaksen, and Elisabet Ljunggren. 2006. New 

venture financing and subsequent business growth in men- and women-led 

businesses. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 30, no. 5 (September): 667-

86. 

Altman, Edward, and Gabriele Sabato. 2005. Effects of the new Basel capital 

accord on bank capital requirements for SMEs. Journal of Financial Services 

Research 28, no. 1-3 (October): 15-42. 

Arbore, Alessandro, and Andrea Ordanini. 2006. Broadband divide among 

SMEs: The role of size, location and outsourcing strategies. International Small 

Business Journal 24, no. 1 (February): 83-99. 

Armington, Catherine, and Zoltan J. Acs. 2004. Job creation and persistence in 

services and manufacturing. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 14, no. 3 (July): 

309-25. 

Audretsch, David B. 2002. The dynamic role of small firms: Evidence from the 

U.S. Small Business Economics 18, nos. 1-3 (February): 13-40. 

Axtell, Robert L. 2001. Zipf distribution of U.S. firm sizes. Science 293, no. 5536: 

1818-20. 

Ba, Sulin, Andrew B. Whinston, and Han Zhang. 1999. Small business in the 

electronic marketplace. Texas Business Review (December), 

http://www.utexas.edu/depts/bbr/tbr/Dec.99.Whinston.html. 

Baird, Douglas G., and Edward R. Morrison. 2005. Serial entrepreneurs and 

small business bankruptcies. Columbia Law Review 105, no. 8 (December): 

2310-68. 

Barkley, David L., Mark S. Henry, and Doohee Lee. 2006. Innovative activity in 

rural areas: The importance of local and regional characteristics. Community 

Development Investment Review 2, no. 3: 1-15. 

Barkley, David L., Mark S. Henry, and Santosh Nair. 2006. Regional innovation 

systems: Implications for nonmetropolitan areas and workers in the South. 

Growth and Change 37, no. 2 (June): 278-306. 

Baron, Robert A. 2002. OB and entrepreneurship: The reciprocal benefits of 

closer conceptual links. In Research in organizational behavior, eds. Barry Straw 

and Roderick M. Kramer, 24: 225-70. Oxford: JAI Press. 

Barron, John M., Mark C. Berger, and Dan A. Black. 2006. Selective 

counteroffers. Journal of Labor Economics 24, no. 3 (July): 385-409. 

49
__________. 1997. How well do we measure training? Journal of Labor 

Economics 15, no. 3 (July): 507-28. 

Bates, Timothy. 2002. Restricted access to markets characterizes women-owned 

businesses. Journal of Business Venturing 17, no. 4 (July): 313-24. 

Batte, Marvin T., and Stan Ernst. 2007. Net gains from 'net purchases? Farmers' 

preferences for online and local input purchases. Agricultural and Resource 

Economics Review 36, no. 1 (April): 84-94. 

Baumgardner, James R., and Stuart A. Hagen. 2001. Predicting response to 

regulatory change in the small group health insurance market: The case of 

association health plans and healthmarts. Inquiry 38, no. 4 (Winter): 351-64. 

Baumol, William J. 2005. Education for innovation: Entrepreneurial 

breakthroughs versus corporate incremental improvements. In Innovation policy 

and the economy, eds. Adam B. Jaffe, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern, 5: 33-56. 

Cambridge: MIT Press. 

__________. Four sources of innovation and stimulation of growth in the Dutch 

economy. In Fostering productivity: Patterns, determinants, and policy 

implications, eds. George Gelauff, Luuk Klomp, Stephan Raes, and Theo 

Roelandt, 185-98. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 

__________. 2004. Entrepreneurial cultures and countercultures. Academy of 

Management Learning and Education 3, no. 3 (September): 316-26. 

__________. 2002. Entrepreneurship, innovation and growth: The David-Goliath 

symbiosis. Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and Business Ventures 7, no. 2 

(Fall): 1-10. 

Beal, Tim. 2000. SMEs and the world wide web: Opportunities and prospects. In 

Development prospects in the new millennium. Small and Medium Enterprises in 

Asian Pacific Countries, eds. Moha Asri Hj. Abdullah and Mohd. Isa Haji Bakar, 

3: 101-34. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. 

Beal, Tim, and Moha Asri Abdullah. 2002. Information and communications 

technology in Asia Pacific countries: Implications for small and medium 

enterprises in Malaysia. Australian Journal of Information Systems 10, no. 1 

(September): 73-87. 

Becker, Franklin, and Fritz Steele. 1995. Workplace by design: Mapping the high 

performance workscape. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. 

Bednarzik, Robert W. 2000. The role of entrepreneurship in U.S. and European 

job growth. Monthly Labor Review 123, no. 7 (July): 3-16. 

50
Beirne, Brian Logan. 2007. Venture capital investing in Latin America: Policy and 

flows. Journal of Legal Technology Risk Management 2, no. 1 (Fall): 120-46. 

Belman, Dale, and David I. Levine. 2004. Size, skill and sorting. Labour 18, no. 4 

(December): 515-61. 

Belso Martínez, José A. 2005. Equilibrium entrepreneurship rate, economic 

development and growth. Evidence from Spanish regions. Entrepreneurship and 

Regional Development 17, no. 2 (March): 145-61. 

Bennett, Joel B., Camille R. Patterson, Wyndy L. Wiitala, and Ada Woo. 2006. 

Social risks for at-risk drinking in young workers: Application of work-life border 

theory. Journal of Drug Issues 36, no. 3: 485-513. 

Berger, Allan N., and W. Scott Frame. 2007. Small business credit scoring and 

credit availability. Journal of Small Business Management 45, no. 1 (January): 5-

22. 

Berger, Allen N., and Gregory F. Udell. 1998. The economics of small business 

finance: The roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth 

cycle. Journal of Banking and Finance 22, nos. 6-8 (August): 613-73. 

Berger, Allen N., Rebecca S. Demsetz, and Philip E. Strahan. 1999. The 

consolidation of the financial services industry: Causes, consequences, and 

implications for the future. Journal of Banking and Finance 23, no. 2 (February): 

135-94. 

Berger, Mark C., Dan A. Black, and Frank A. Scott. 1998. How well do we 

measure employer-provided health insurance coverage? Contemporary 

Economic Policy 16, no. 3 (July): 356-67. 

Berger, Mark C., Dan A. Black, Frank A. Scott, and Amitabh Chandra. 1999. 

Health insurance coverage of the unemployed: COBRA and the potential effects 

of Kassebaum-Kennedy. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 18, no. 3 

(Summer): 430-48. 

Berger, Mark C., Dan A. Black, Jodi Messer, and Frank A. Scott. 2002. COBRA, 

spouse coverage, and health insurance decisions of older households. Journal of 

Forensic Economics 15, no. 2: 147-64. 

Besser, Terry L., and Nancy J. Miller. 2004. The risks of enlightened self-interest: 

Small businesses and support for community. Business and Society 43, no. 4 

(December): 398-425. 

Bharadwaj, Prashanth Nagendra, and Ramesh G. Soni. 2007. E-commerce 

usage and perception of e-commerce issues among small firms: Results and 

51
implications from an empirical study. Journal of Small Business Management 45, 

no. 4 (October): 501-21. 

Bharati, Pratyush, and Abhijit Chaudhury. 2006. Studying the current status of 

technology adoption. Communications of the ACM 49, no. 10 (October): 88-93. 

Bharati, Pratyush, and Abhijit Chaundhury. 2003. Conceptualizing the SMEs' 

assimilation of Internet-based technologies. In Managing e-commerce and 

mobile computing technologies, ed. Julie R. Mariga, 46-51. Herschey, PA: IRM 

Press. 

Bhattacharya, Joydeep, and Shankha Chakraborty. 2005. What do information 

frictions do? Economic Theory 26, no. 3: 651-75. 

Bierhanzi, Edward. 2005. Lessons from America. Economic Affairs 25, no. 3 

(September): 17-23. 

Bird, Sharon R., Stephen G. Sapp, and Motoko Y. Lee. 2001. Small business 

success in rural communities: Explaining the sex gap. Rural Sociology 66, no. 4 

(December): 507-31. 

Black, Sandra E., and Philip E. Strahan. 2002. Entrepreneurship and bank credit 

availability. Journal of Finance 57, no. 6 (December): 2807-33. 

Blake, Megan K. 2006. Gendered lending: Gender, context and the rules of 

business lending. Venture Capital 8, no. 2 (April-June): 183-201. 

Blanck, Peter David, Leonard A. Sandler, James L. Schmeling, and Helen A. 

Schartz. 2000. The emerging workforce of entrepreneurs with disabilities: 

Preliminary study of entrepreneurship in Iowa. Iowa Law Review 85, no. 5 

(August): 1583-670. 

Bleger, Leonardo, and Guillermo Rozenwurcel. 2000. Financiamiento a las 

PyMEs y cambio estructural en la Argentina. Un estudio de caso sobre fallas de 

mercado y problemas de informacion. Desarrollo Económico 40, no. 157 (April - 

June): 45-71. 

Blum, Brian A. 2000. The goals and process of reorganizing small businesses in 

bankruptcy. Journal of Small and Emerging Business Law 4, no. 2 (Summer): 

181-248. 

Boden, Jr., Richard J. 1997. Changes in wages and worker attributes by firm 

size, 1983-1993. Business Economics 32, no. 3 (July): 37-41. 

Boden, Jr., Richard J., and Brian Headd. 2002. Race and gender differences in 

business ownership and business turnover. Business Economics 37, no. 4 

(October): 61-72. 

52
Bojnec, Štefan. 2001. Business and managerial start-ups, R & D, and product 

innovation in Slovenia. Eastern European Economics 39, no. 4 (July-August): 53-

89. 

Borcherding, Thomas, J. Ferris, and Andrea Garzoni. 2006. Growth in the real 

size of government since 1970. In Handbook of public finance, eds. Jurgen G. 

Backhaus and Richard E. Wagner, 77-108. Boston: Kluwer. 

Bradbury, John Charles. 2006. Regulatory federalism and workplace safety: 

Evidence from OSHA enforcement, 1981-1995. Journal of Regulatory Economics 

29, no. 2 (March): 211-24. 

Bradford, C. Steven. 2004. Does size matter? An economic analysis of small 

business exemptions from regulation. Journal of Small and Emerging Business 

Law 8, no. 1 (Spring): 1-32. 

__________. 2004. The cost of regulatory exemptions. UMKC Law Review 72, 

no. 4 (Summer): 857-76. 

Bradley, Don E., and James A. Roberts. 2004. Self-employment and job 

satisfaction: Investigating the role of self-efficacy, depression, and seniority. 

Journal of Small Business Management 42, no. 1 (January): 37-58. 

Breslin, F. Curtis, and Peter Smith. 2005. Age-related differences in work injuries: 

A multivariate, population-based study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine

48, no. 1: 50-56. 

Brietzman, Anthony. 2005. Automated identification of technologically similar 

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85
Zhao, Jensen J., and Sherry Y. Zhao. 2004. Comparative analysis of 

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86
Appendix D: Citations to Advocacy Reports by Subject Matter 1992-2007 

 Advocacy lists its reports not only chronologically28 but by subject area.29

The subject groupings Advocacy uses are listed under the subheading Reports 

by Subject Matter in the text of this study. In this appendix, the Advocacy reports 

researched are listed under the Advocacy-assigned subject area. Because some 

reports are relevant to more than one subject area, they are listed separately for 

each subject area. 

 Each Advocacy report is cited on the left margin, in larger type. Following 

each report are the academic sources citing to that report, indented and in 

smaller type. 

When an Advocacy report has been published in a journal, the journal 

citation is given first, with the notation Published preceding the journal citation. 

Citations to Advocacy reports that have been published in a journal can be to 

either the Advocacy report itself or to the journal citation. 

Banking and Financial Economic Research

Brush, Candida G., Nancy Carter, Elizabeth Gatewood, Patricia G. Greene, and 

Myra M. Hart. 2002. An investigation of women-led firms and venture capital 

investment. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (January). 

 Alsos, Gry Agnete, Espen John Isaksen, and Elisabet Ljunggren. 2006. New venture 

financing and subsequent business growth in men- and women-led businesses. 

Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 30, no. 5 (September): 667-86. 

Brush, Candida G., Nancy M. Carter, Patricia G. Greene, Myra M. Hart, and Elizabeth 

Gatewood. 2002. The role of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and 

entrepreneurial firms: A framework for future research. Venture Capital 4, no. 4 (October): 

305-23. 

Carter, Sara, Eleanor Shaw, Wing Lam, and Fiona Wilson. 2007. Gender, 

entrepreneurship, and bank lending: The criteria and processes used by bank loan 

officers in assessing applications. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 31, no. 3 (May): 

427-44. 

Coleman, Susan. 2007. The role of human and financial capital in the profitability and 

growth of women-owned small firms. Journal of Small Business Management 45, no. 3 

(July): 303-19. 

Watson, John. 2006. External funding and firm growth: Comparing female- and malecontrolled SMEs. Venture Capital 8, no. 1 (January): 33-49. 

 

28 Economic Research Studies, http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/chron.html (accessed 

September 30, 2008). 

29 Research and Statistics, http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/ (accessed September 30, 2008). 

87
Cowan, Charles D., and Adrian M. Cowan. 2006. A survey based assessment of 

financial institution use of credit scoring for small business lending. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (November). 

 

Craig, Steven G., and Pauline Hardee. 2004. The impact of bank consolidation 

on small business credit availability. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (February). 

Published: Craig, Steven G., and Pauline Hardee. 2007. The impact of bank 

consolidation on small business credit availability. Journal of Banking and Finance 31, no. 

4 (April): 1237-63. 

Michna, Jerzy, and Ludwik M. Bednarz. 2006. Small business in the USA. International 

Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 6, no. 1-2: 4-17. 

 

Dunkelberg, William C., and Jonathan A. Scott. 2005. The effect of changes in 

monetary policy on the expectations, spending, and hiring decisions of small 

business owners. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (November). 

 

Treichel, Monica Zimmerman, and Jonathan A. Scott. 2006. Women-owned businesses 

and access to bank credit: Evidence from three surveys since 1987. Venture Capital 8, 

no. 1 (January): 51-67. 

 

Freear, John, Jeffrey E. Sohl, and William E. Wetzel, Jr. 1996. Creating new 

capital markets for emerging ventures. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, 

U.S. Small Business Administration (June). 

Acs, Zoltan J., Bo Carlsson, and Charlie Karlsson. 1999. The linkages among 

entrepreneurship, SMEs and the macroeconomy. In Entrepreneurship, small and 

medium-sized enterprises, and the macroeconomy, eds. Zoltan J. Acs, Bo Carlsson, and 

Charlie Karlsson, 3-42. New York: Cambridge University Press. 

 

Acs, Zoltan J., and Fred A. Tarpley, Jr. 1998. The Angel Capital Electronic Network 

(ACE-Net). Journal of Banking and Finance 22, nos. 6-8 (August): 793-97. 

Cumming, Douglas, Grant Fleming, and Armin Schwienbacher. 2005. Liquidity risk and 

venture capital finance. Financial Management 34, no. 4 (Winter): 77-105. 

 

Freear, John, Jeffrey E. Sohl, and William E. Wetzel. 2002. Angles on angels: Financing 

technology-based ventures–a historical perspective. Venture Capital 4, no. 4 (October): 

275-87. 

 

Gompers, Paul, and Joshua Lerner. 2003. Equity financing. In Handbook of 

entrepreneurship research: An interdisciplinary survey and introduction. International 

Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship, eds. Zoltan J. Acs and David B. Audretsch, 267-

98. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 

 

Henderson, Jason. 2002. Building the rural economy with high-growth entrepreneurs. 

Economic Review (Kansas City) 87, no. 1 (First Quarter): 45-70. 

 

88
Lerner, Josh. 1999. Venture capital and the commercialization of academic technology: 

Symbiosis and paradox. In Industrializing knowledge: University-industry linkages in 

Japan and the United States, eds. Lewis M. Branscomb, Fumio Kodama, and Richard 

Florida, 385-409. Cambridge: MIT Press. 

 

Orcutt, John L. 2005. Improving the efficiency of the angel finance market: A proposal to 

expand the intermediary role of finders in the private capital raising setting. Arizona State 

Law Journal 37, no. 3 (Fall): 681-947. 

 

Prowse, Stephen. 2001. Trends and prospects in venture and angel investments in new 

media companies. Prometheus 19, no. 1 (March): 11-16. 

__________. 1998. Angel investors and the market for angel investments. Journal of 

Banking and Finance 22, nos. 6-8 (August): 785-92. 

 

Sjostrom, Jr., William K. 2004. Relaxing the ban: It's time to allow general solicitation and 

advertising in exempt offerings. Florida State University Law Review 32, no. 1 (Fall): 1-

50. 

 

Sohl, Jeffrey E. 1999. The early-stage equity market in the USA. Venture Capital 1, no. 2 

(April): 101-20. 

 

Tashiro, Yasuhisa. 1999. Business angels in Japan. Venture Capital 1, no. 3 (July): 259-

73. 

 

Gaston, Robert J. 1993. Small business access to equity capital. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (January). 

Ettlinger, Nancy. 1997. An assessment of the small-firm debate in the United States. 

Environment and Planning A 29, no. 3 (March): 419-42. 

Hancock, Diana, Joe Peek, and James A. Wilcox. 2005. The effects of mergers 

and acquisitions on small business lending by large banks. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (March). 

 

Hardee, Polly. 2007. A two-step analysis of standardized versus relationship 

bank lending to small firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (June). 

Haynes, George W. 2007. Income and wealth: How did households owning small 

businesses fare from 1989 to 2004? Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (April). 

__________. 2005. Finance companies and small business borrowers: Evidence 

from the 1993 and 1998 Surveys of Small Business Finances. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (April). 

__________. 2001. Wealth and income: How did small businesses fare from 

1989 to 1998? Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (June). 

 

89
Coleman, Susan. 2005. Is there a liquidity crisis for small, black-owned firms? Journal of 

Developmental Entrepreneurship 10, no. 1 (April): 29-47. 

 

Lowrey, Ying. 2007. Minority entrepreneurship in the USA. International Journal of 

Business and Globalisation 1, no. 2: 176-221. 

 

__________. 1996. Finance companies and small business borrowers. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

Published: Haynes, George W. 1996. Finance companies and small business borrowers. 

Journal of Entrepreneurial and Small Business Finance 5, no. 1: 17-42. 

__________. 1993. A comparison of borrowers with SBA and other loan 

guarantees. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (December). 

 

Buss, Terry F. 2003. Federal subsidies for new entrepreneurial high-growth firms. In 

Encyclopedia of public administration and public policy, ed. Jack Rabin, 480-88. New 

York: Marcel Decker. 

 

Kolari, James W. 2003. Assessing the profitability and riskiness of small business 

lenders in the banking industry. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (May). 

 

Altman, Edward, and Gabriele Sabato. 2005. Effects of the new Basel capital accord on 

bank capital requirements for SMEs. Journal of Financial Services Research 28, no. 1-3 

(October): 15-42. 

 

Kolari, James, and Asghar Zardkoohi. 1997. The impact of structural change in 

the banking industry on small business lending. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (September). 

 

Allen, Franklin, James McAndrews and Philip Strahan. 2002. E-finance: An introduction. 

Journal of Financial Services Research 22, no. 1-2 (August): 5-27. 

Berger, Allen N., Rebecca S. Demsetz, and Philip E. Strahan. 1999. The consolidation of 

the financial services industry: Causes, consequences, and implications for the future. 

Journal of Banking and Finance 23, no. 2 (February): 135-94. 

 

Berger, Allen N., and Gregory F. Udell. 1998. The economics of small business finance: 

The roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth cycle. Journal of 

Banking and Finance 22, nos. 6-8 (August): 613-73. 

 

Black, Sandra E., and Philip E. Strahan. 2002. Entrepreneurship and bank credit 

availability. Journal of Finance 57, no. 6 (December): 2807-33. 

 

Mester, Loretta J. 1999. Banking industry consolidation: What's a small business to do? 

Business Review (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia) (January-February), 

http://www.philadelphiafed.org/research-and-data/publications/businessreview/1999/january-february/brjf99lm.pdf. 

 

90
Peek, Joe, and Eric S. Rosengren. 1998. The evolution of bank lending to small 

business. New England Economic Review, 1998 (March-April): 27-36. 

 

Kolari, James, Robert Berney, and Charles Ou. 1998. The profitability of small 

business lending by small banks. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (April). 

 

Laub, P. Michael. 1994. Small businesses and large banks. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

 

LiPuma, Joseph A. 2007. Corporate venture capital and the international intensity 

of portfolio companies. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (July). 

 

McNeill, Mariana, and Richard Fullenbaum. 1995. Pension funds and small firm 

financing. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

 

Rubin, Julia Sass. 2006. Financing rural innovation with community development venture 

capital: Models, options and obstacles. Community Development Investment Review 2, 

no. 3: 15-27. 

 

Miller, Margaret Jane. 1996. The role of social relationships in financial 

intermediation: Empirical evidence from the United States small business credit 

market. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

Bleger, Leonardo, and Guillermo Rozenwurcel. 2000. Financiamiento a las PyMEs y 

cambio estructural en la Argentina. Un estudio de caso sobre fallas de mercado y 

problemas de informacion. Desarrollo Económico 40, no. 157 (April - June): 45-71. 

 

Mitchell, Karlyn, and Douglas K. Pierce. 2005. Availability of financing to small 

firms using the Survey of Small Business Finances. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (May). 

 

Blake, Megan K. 2006. Gendered lending: Gender, context and the rules of business 

lending. Venture Capital 8, no. 2 (April-June): 183-201. 

 

De Rugy, Veronique. 2007. The SBA's justification. IOU Regulation 30, no. 1 (Spring): 

26-34. 

 

Robb, Alicia M., and Robert W. Fairlie. 2007. Access to financial capital among U.S. 

businesses: The case of African American firms. ANNALS of The American Academy of 

Political and Social Science 613, no. 1 (September): 47-72. 

 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 2003. Financing 

patterns of small firms: Findings from the 1998 Survey of Small Business 

Finances. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (September). 

91
Chichilnisky, Graciela, and Olga Gorbachev. 2005. Volatility and job creation in the 

knowledge economy. In Essays in dynamic general equilibrium theory: Festschrift for 

David Case, eds. Alessandro Citanna et al., 45-75. Berlin: Springer. 

Dyal-Chand, Rashmi. 2007. Exporting the ownership society: A case study on the 

economic impact of property rights. Rutgers Law Journal 39 (Fall): 59-109. 

Lupke, Diane. 2004. Entrepreneurship financing in distressed urban areas: North 

American problems. In Entrepreneurship: A catalyst for urban regeneration, ed. Sergio 

Arzeni, 17-51. Paris: OECD Publishing.

 

Onorato, Nicole R. 1997. Trends in venture capital funding in the 1990s. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(August). 

 

Beirne, Brian Logan. 2007. Venture capital investing in Latin America: Policy and flows. 

Journal of Legal Technology Risk Management 2, no. 1 (Fall): 120-46. 

 

Dauterive, Jerry, and Wing Fok. 2004. Venture capital for China: Opportunities and 

challenges. Managerial Finance 30, no. 2: 3-15. 

Dyal-Chand, Rashmi. 2007. Exporting the ownership society: A case study on the 

economic impact of property rights. Rutgers Law Journal 39 (Fall): 59-109. 

Eikenberry, Tom. 2003. A Tennessee seed capital qualified investment tax credit: A 

survey and concrete proposal for legislative action. Transactions 4, no. 2 (Spring): 105-

208. 

 

Nowak, Michael J., and Charles E. Grantham. 2000. The virtual incubator: Managing 

human capital in the software industry. Research Policy 29, no. 2 (February): 125-34. 

 

Ou, Charles. 2006. Banking and SME financing in the United States. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(June). 

__________. 2004. Statistical databases for economic research on the financing 

of small firms in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (February). 

Published: Ou, Charles C. 2005. Statistical databases for economic research on the 

financing of small firms in the United States. Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and 

Business Ventures 10, no. 3 (December): 35-61. 

Ou, Charles, and George W. Haynes. 2003. Uses of equity capital by small 

firms–findings from the Surveys of Small Business Finances (for 1993 and 1998). 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(September). 

Published: Ou, Charles, and George W. Haynes. 2006. Acquisition of additional equity 

capital by small firms - findings from the National Survey of Small Business Finances. 

Small Business Economics 27, nos. 2-3 (October): 157-68. 

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Paul, Stuart, Geoff Whittam, and Jannette Wyper. 2007. The pecking order hypothesis: 

Does it apply to start-up firms? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development

14, no. 1: 8-21. 

 

Peek, Joe. 2007. The value to banks of small business lending. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (May). 

 

__________. 1997. The effect of interstate banking on small business lending. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(September). 

 

PM KeyPoint LLC. 2003. Impact of tight money and/or recessions on small 

business. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (January). 

 

Public Policy Associates. 1996. Impact of environmental liability on access to 

capital for small business. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration. 

 Yount, Kristen R. 1997. The organizational contexts of decisions to invest in 

environmentally risky urban properties. Journal of Economic Issues 31, no. 2 (June): 367-

73. 

 

Salazar, Martiza. 2007. The effect of wealth and race on start-up rates. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (July). 

 

So, Jacky Yuk-Chow. 2005. Agency costs and ownership structure: Evidence 

from the Small Business Finance Survey data base. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (December). 

 

Temkin, Kenneth, and Roger C. Kormendi. 2003. An exploration of a secondary 

market for small business loans. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (April). 

 

Berger, Allan N., and W. Scott Frame. 2007. Small business credit scoring and credit 

availability. Journal of Small Business Management 45, no. 1 (January): 5-22. 

 

Rodriguez, Eduardo F. 2007. Ask not what your government can do for you, ask what 

your government can do for small business: A proposal for government involvement in 

the securitization of conventional small business loans. FIU Law Review 2 (Fall-Winter 

2006-2007): 143-73. 

 

Zinman, Jonathan. 2002. The real effects of liquidity on behavior: Evidence from 

regulation and deregulation of credit markets. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (November). 

 

93
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Acs, Zoltan J., and Catherine Armington. 2005. Using Census BITS to explore 

entrepreneurship, geography, and economic growth. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

Acs, Zoltan J. 2006. New firm formation and the region: Empirical results from the United 

States. In Entrepreneurship, growth, and innovation: The dynamics of firms and 

industries, ed. Enrico Santarelli, 105-33. New York: Springer. 

 

__________. 2006. Start-ups and entry barriers: Small and medium-sized firms 

population dynamics. In The Oxford handbook of entrepreneurship, eds. Mark Casson, 

Bernard Yeung, Anuradha Basu, and Nigel Wadeson, 194-224. New York: Oxford 

University Press. 

 

Armington, Catherine. 2004. Development of business data: Tracking firm 

counts, growth, and turnover by size of firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (December). 

Armington, Catherine. 1999. Statistics of U.S. businesses - Microdata and tables. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(March). 

 

Armington, Catherine, and Zoltan J. Acs. 2004. Job creation and persistence in services 

and manufacturing. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 14, no. 3 (July): 309-25. 

 

Kwoka, Jr., John E., and Lawrence J. White. 2001. The new industrial organization and 

small business. Small Business Economics 16, no. 1 (February): 21-30. 

 

Lee, Sam Youl, Richard Florida, and Zoltan J. Acs. 2004. Creativity and 

entrepreneurship: A regional analysis of new firm formation. Regional Studies 38, no. 8 

(November): 879-91. 

 

Morrison, Edward R. 2007. Bankruptcy decision making: An empirical study of 

continuation bias in small-business bankruptcies. Journal of Law and Economics 50 

(May): 381-419. 

 

Rudin, Joel P., Dianne W. Wingham, and K. Mark Weaver. 2004. Equal employment 

opportunity (EEO) legislation and small businesses: Real hazard or red herring? Journal 

of Small Business and Entrepreneurship 17, no. 2 (Winter): 93-101. 

 

Stubbart, Charles I., and Michael B. Knight. 2006. The case of the disappearing firms: 

Empirical evidence and implications. Journal of Organizational Behavior 27, no. 1 

(February): 79-100. 

 

Villalonga, Belén. 2004. Diversification discount or premium? New evidence from the 

Business Information Tracking Series. Journal of Finance 59, no. 2 (April): 479-506. 

 

White, Lawrence J. 2002. Trends in aggregate concentration in the United States. Journal 

of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 4 (Fall): 137-60. 

94
Birch, David. 2000. Analysis of Hispanic-owned companies. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (September). 

 

Phillips, Bruce D. 2002. Home-based firms, e-commerce, and high-technology small 

firms: Are they related? Economic Development Quarterly 16, no. 1 (February): 39-48. 

Blade Consulting Corporation. 2003. Expected costs of startup ventures. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(November). 

 

Baird, Douglas G., and Edward R. Morrison. 2005. Serial entrepreneurs and small 

business bankruptcies. Columbia Law Review 105, no. 8 (December): 2310-68. 

Boden, Jr., Richard J. 2001. Analyses of business dissolution by demographic 

category of business ownership. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (March). 

 

Chrisman, James J., and W. Ed McMullan. 2004. Outsider assistance as a knowledge 

resource for new venture survival. Journal of Small Business Management 42, no. 3 

(July): 229-44. 

 

Garvin, Larry T. 2005. Small business and the false dichotomies of contract law. Wake 

Forest Law Review 40 (Spring): 295-388. 

 

Jensen, Susan M., and Fred Luthans. 2006. Entrepreneurs as authentic leaders: Impact 

on employees' attitudes. Leadership and Organization Development Journal 27, no. 8: 

646-66. 

 

Krol, Robert, and Shirley Svorny. 2007. Unions and employment growth: Evidence from 

state economic recoveries. Journal of Labor Research 28, no. 3 (July): 525-35. 

 

Lowrey, Ying. 2007. Minority entrepreneurship in the USA. International Journal of 

Business and Globalisation 1, no. 2: 176-221. 

McKay, Ruth B., and Ed Chung. 2005. Benchmarking for entrepreneurial survival: 

Pursuing a cohesive and imperfectly imitable culture. Benchmarking 12, no. 3: 207-18. 

 

__________. 2000. Establishment employment change and survival, 1992-1996: 

Analyses based on a new, longitudinal data base with special focus on 

information technology industries. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (September). 

 

Boden, Jr., Richard J., and Brian Headd. 2002. Race and gender differences in business 

ownership and business turnover. Business Economics 37, no. 4 (October): 61-72. 

 

Håkanson, Lars H. 2005. Epistemic communities and cluster dynamics: On the role of 

knowledge in industrial districts. Industry and Innovation 12, no. 4 (December): 433-63. 

Reynolds, Paul D., Nancy M. Carter, William B. Gartner, and Patricia G. Greene. 2004. 

The prevalence of nascent entrepreneurs in the United States: Evidence from the Panel 

Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Small Business Economics 23, no. 4 (November): 

263-84. 

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Stubbart, Charles I., and Michael B. Knight. 2006. The case of the disappearing firms: 

Empirical evidence and implications. Journal of Organizational Behavior 27, no. 1 

(February): 79-100. 

 

Wall, Jerry L., and Larry E. Short. 2003. Entrepreneurship in post-communist nations. 

Journal of Eurasian Research 2, no. 2 (Spring), 

http://www.americancouncils.org/JER/archive2/issue5/4.htm.

Bruce, Donald, John A. Deskins, Brian C. Hill, and Jonathan C. Rork. 2007. 

Small business and state growth: An econometric investigation. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (February). 

 

Craig, Steven G., and Janet E. Kohlhase. 2006. The economic role of small 

businesses using large data sets: An analysis of the contribution of small firms to 

urban growth. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (December). 

Fairlie, Robert W. 2004. Self-employed business ownership rates in the United 

States: 1979-2003. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (December). 

 

Kirk, James, and Robert Belovics. 2006. Counseling would-be entrepreneurs. Journal of 

Employment Counseling 43, no. 2 (June): 50-61. 

 

Lind, Michael. 2007. The smallholder society. Harvard Law and Policy Review 1, no. 1: 

143-60. 

 

Morris, Michael H., Nola N. Miyasaki, Craig E. Watters, and Susan M. Coombes. 2006. 

The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs.

Journal of Small Business Management 44, no. 2 (April): 221-44.

 

__________. 2001. Earnings growth among disadvantaged business owners. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(November). 

 Published: Fairlie, Robert W. 2004. Earnings growth among young less-educated 

business owners. Industrial Relations 43, no. 3 (July): 634-59. 

Budig, Michelle J. 2006. Gender, self-employment, and earnings. Gender and Society 20, 

no. 6: 725-53. 

Fairlie, Robert W. 2006. Entrepreneurship among disadvantaged groups: Women, 

minorities and the less educated. In The life cycle of entrepreneurial ventures, ed. Simon 

Parker, 3: 437-75. New York: Springer. 

__________. 2004. Does business ownership provide a source of upward mobility for 

blacks and Hispanics? In Public policy and the economics of entrepreneurship, eds. 

Douglas Holtz-Eakin and Harvey S. Rosen, 153-79. Cambridge: MIT Press. 

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Fairlie, Robert W., and Bruce D. Meyer. 2003. The effect of immigration on native selfemployment. Journal of Labor Economics 21, no. 3 (July): 619-50. 

 

Fullenbaum, Richard F., and Mariana A. McNeill. 1994. The function of failure. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

Warren, Elizabeth, and Jay Lawrence Westbrook. 1994. Searching for reorganization 

realities. Washington University Law Quarterly 72: 1257-89. 

 

Gartner, William B. 2007. Pre-venture planning. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (December). 

Haynes, George W. 2001. Wealth and income: How did small businesses fare 

from 1989 to 1998? Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (June). 

 Coleman, Susan. 2005. Is there a liquidity crisis for small, black-owned firms? Journal of 

Developmental Entrepreneurship 10, no. 1 (April): 29-47. 

 

Lowrey, Ying. 2007. Minority entrepreneurship in the USA. International Journal of 

Business and Globalisation 1, no. 2: 176-221. 

 

Headd, Brian. 2003. Redefining business success: Distinguishing between 

closure and failure. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (August). 

Published: Headd, Brian. 2003. Redefining business success: Distinguishing between 

closure and failure. Small Business Economics 21, no. 1 (August): 51-61. 

 

Acs, Zoltan J., Catherine Armington, and Ting Zhang. 2007. The determinants of newfirm survival across regional economies: The role of human capital stock and knowledge 

spillover. Papers in Regional Science 86, no. 3 (August): 367-91. 

 

Carter, Richard, and Howard van Auken. 2006. Small firm bankruptcy. Journal of Small 

Business Management 44, no. 4 (October): 493-512. 

 

Chhabra, Ashvin B. 2005. Beyond Markowitz: A comprehensive wealth allocation 

framework for individual investors. Journal of Wealth Management 7, no. 4 (Spring): 8-34. 

 

Fabian, Frances, and Hermann Achidi Ndofor. 2007. The context of entrepreneurial 

processes: One size does not fit all. In Entrepreneurial strategic processes, eds. G.T. 

Lumpkin and Jerome A. Katz, 10: 249-79. Oxford: JAI Press. 

 

Fairlie, Robert W., and Alicia M. Robb. 2007. Why are black-owned businesses less 

successful than white-owned businesses? The role of families, inheritances, and 

business human capital. Journal of Labor Economics 25, no. 2 (April): 289-323. 

 

Harada, Nobuyuki. 2007. Which firms exit and why? An analysis of small firm exits in 

Japan. Small Business Economics 29, no. 4 (December): 401-14. 

 

Hayward, Mathew L. A., Dean A. Shepherd, and Dale Griffin. 2006. A hubris theory of 

entrepreneurship. Management Science 52, no. 2 (February): 160-72. 

97
 

Henley, Andrew. 2007. Entrepreneurial aspiration and transition into self-employment: 

Evidence from British longitudinal data. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 19, 

no. 3 (May): 253-80. 

 

Ip, Barry, and Gabriel Jacobs. 2006. Business succession planning: A review of the 

evidence. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 13, no. 3: 326-50. 

 

Knott, Anne Marie, and Hart E. Posen. 2005. Is failure good? Strategic Management 

Journal 26, no. 7 (July): 617-41. 

 

Luke, Belinda, Martie-Louise Verreynne, and Kate Kearins. 2007. Measuring the benefits 

of entrepreneurship at different levels of analysis. Journal of Management and 

Organization 13, no. 4 (November): 312-30. 

 

Luttmer, Erzo G.J. 2007. Selection, growth, and the size distribution of firms. Quarterly 

Journal of Economics 122, no. 3 (August): 1103-44. 

 

MacPherson, David A., and Stanley P. Stephenson. 2006. Lost profits damages to new 

businesses: Adjusting for survival. Journal of Business Valuation and Economic Loss 

Analysis 1, no. 1 (January), http://www.bepress.com/jbvela/vol1/iss1/art2. 

 

Metts, Glenn A. 2007. Measuring the effectiveness of managerial action in SMEs: An 

empirical analysis of management’s response to industry competitive forces. 

Management Research News 30, no. 12: 892-914. 

 

Muske, Glenn, and Margaret A. Fitzgerald. 2006. A panel study of copreneurs in 

business: Who enters, continues, and exits? Family Business Review 19, no. 3 

(September): 193-205. 

 

Vos, Ed, Andy Jia-Yuh Yeh, Sara Certer, and Stephen Tagg. 2007. The happy story of 

small business financing. Journal of Banking and Finance 31, no. 9 (September): 2648-

72. 

 

__________. 2001. Business success: Factors leading to surviving and closing 

successfully. Center for Economic Studies, Bureau of the Census, U.S. 

Department of Commerce (January). 

 

Halvorsen, Catherine F., and Diana C. Jaque. 2004. Keeping up with new legal titles. Law 

Library Journal 96, no. 3 (Summer): 531-55. 

 

Justo, Rachida. 2007. La influencia del género en el fracaso empresarial: Una aplicación 

al caso de España. Revista de Empresa 20 (Abril-Junio): 52-64. 

Michna, Jerzy, and Ludwik M. Bednarz. 2006. Small business in the USA. International 

Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 6, no. 1-2: 4-17. 

 

Sine, Wesley D., and Heather A. Haveman. 2005. Risky business? Entrepreneurship in 

the new independent-power sector. Administrative Science Quarterly 50, no. 2 (June): 

200-32. 

Holtz-Eakin, Douglas, and Harvey S. Rosen. 2001. Economic policy and the 

start-up, survival, and growth of entrepreneurial ventures. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (June). 

98
Trailer, Jeff, and Kuau Garsson. 2005. System dynamics approach to assessing public 

policy impact on the sustainable growth rate of new ventures. New England Journal of 

Entrepreneurship 8, no. 1 (Spring): 11-24. 

 

Jack Faucett Associates, Inc. 2000. Small business survival in competition with 

large multi-unit retail firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (May). 

Joel Popkin and Company. 2003. Small business during the business cycle. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (July). 

 

Dunkelberg, William C., Jonathan A. Scott, and William J. Dennis, Jr. 2004. Forecasting 

unemployment: A small business-survey model. Business Economics 39, no. 4 (October): 

44-49. 

__________. 2002. Estimation of small business wealth. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (September).

Kim, Phillip H., Howard E. Aldrich, and Lisa A. Keister. 2006. Access (not) denied: The 

impact of financial, human, and cultural capital on entrepreneurial entry in the United 

States. Small Business Economics 27, no. 1 (August): 5-22.

Jones, Susan R. 2004. Promoting social and economic justice through interdisciplinary 

work in transactional law. Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 14: 249-313.

Vanderloo, Jeremy Charles. 2004. Encouraging corporate governance for the closely 

held business. Mississippi College Law Review 24, no. 1 (Fall): 39-48.

__________. 2002. Small business share of economic growth. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (January). 

Ely, David P., and Kenneth J. Robinson. 2004. The impact of banks' expanded securities 

powers on small-business lending. Review of Financial Economics 13, nos. 102: 79-102.

__________. 2002. Small business share of NAICS industries. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (September). 

Popkin, Joel, and Kathryn Kobe. 2003. Securing America's future. Challenge 46, no. 6 

(November-December): 62-109.

Vibhaker, Ashvin, and Rachel K. Smith. 2005. Developing the appropriate employee skill 

set and degree for small international businesses. Journal of Teaching in International 

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__________. 1992. Business survival rates by age cohort of business. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

 

Davidsson, Per, Bruce Kirchhoff, Abdulnasser Hatemi–J, and Helena Gustavsson. 2002. 

Empirical analysis of business growth factors using Swedish data. Journal of Small 

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99
 

de Cantuária Cypriano, Carlos Alex. 2004. Pequena empresa, desenvolvimento social e 

a ação institucionalizadora do sebrae. PhD diss., Universidade Federal de Bahia, Brasil. 

Dyal-Chand, Rashmi. 2007. Exporting the ownership society: A case study on the 

economic impact of property rights. Rutgers Law Journal 39 (Fall): 59-109. 

__________. 2005. Reflection in a distant mirror: Why the West has misperceived the 

Grameen Bank's vision of microcredit. Stanford Journal of International Law 41 

(Summer): 217-306. 

 

Håkanson, Lars H. 2005. Epistemic communities and cluster dynamics: On the role of 

knowledge in industrial districts. Industry and Innovation 12, no. 4 (December): 433-63. 

 

Mach, Traci L., and John D. Wolken. 2006. Financial services used by small businesses: 

Evidence from the 2003 Survey of Small Business Finances. Federal Reserve Bulletin 

2006 (October): A167-95. 

 

Moskowitz, Tobias J., and Annette Vissing-Jørgensen. 2002. The returns to 

entrepreneurial investment: A private equity premium puzzle? American Economic 

Review 92, no. 4 (September): 745-78. 

 

Nucci, Alfred R. 1999. The demography of business closings. Small Business Economics

12, no. 1 (February): 25-39. 

 

Orentlicher, David. 2005. Diversity: A fundamental American principle. Missouri Law 

Review 70, no. 3 (Summer): 777-812. 

 

Pava, Moses L. 1999. The search for meaning in organizations: Seven practical 

questions for ethical managers. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. 

 

Purcell, Patrick J., and Paul J. Graney. 2002. Retirement plan sponsorship by small 

employers. Benefits Quarterly 18, no. 1 (First Quarter): 25-37. 

 

LiPuma, Joseph A. 2007. Corporate venture capital and the international intensity 

of portfolio companies. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (July). 

 

Mathur, Aparna. 2005. A spatial model of the impact of state bankruptcy 

exemptions on entrepreneurship. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (July). 

 

Lawless, Robert M. 2007. Small business and the 2005 bankruptcy law: Should mom and 

apple pie be worried? Southern Illinois University Law Journal 31 (Spring): 585-619. 

 

Licht, Amir N. 2007. The entrepreneurial spirit and what the law can do about it. 

Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal 28, no. 4 (Summer): 817-61. 

 

Moutray, Chad. 2007. Educational attainment and other characteristics of the 

self-employed: An examination using data from the Panel Study of Income 

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Administration (December). 

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Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 1997. Small business 

growth by major industry, 1988-1995. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, 

U.S. Small Business Administration. 

 

Bednarzik, Robert W. 2000. The role of entrepreneurship in U.S. and European job 

growth. Monthly Labor Review 123, no. 7 (July): 3-16. 

 

Belso Martínez, José A. 2005. Equilibrium entrepreneurship rate, economic development 

and growth. Evidence from Spanish regions. Entrepreneurship and Regional 

Development 17, no. 2 (March): 145-61. 

 

Fronstin, Paul. 2004. Has there been a shift to small firms? The impact of firm size on 

employment-based health benefits. EBRI Notes 25, no. 8 (August): 2-5. 

 

Griffin, Cary, and David Hammis. 2002. Jimbo's jumbos: A primer on small business 

planning. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 17, no. 2: 87-96. 

 

Headd, Brian. 2000. The characteristics of small-business employees. Monthly Labor 

Review 123, no. 4 (April): 13-18. 

 

Riemenschneider, Cynthia K., David A. Harrison, and Peter P. Mykytn, Jr. 2003. 

Understanding IT adoption decisions in small business: Integrating current theories. 

Information and Management 40, no. 4 (March): 269-85. 

 

Robbins, D. Keith, Louis J. Pantuosco, Darrell F. Parker, and Barbara K. Fuller. 2000. An 

empirical assessment of the contribution of small business employment to U.S. state 

economic performance. Small Business Economics 15, no. 4 (December): 293-302. 

 

Verheul, Ingrid, Neils Bosma, Fonnie van der Nol, and Tommy Wong. 2006. 

Determinants of entrepreneurship in the United States of America. In Entrepreneurship: 

Determinants and policy in a European-U.S. Comparison. Economics of Science, 

Technology and Innovation, eds. David B. Audretsch, Roy Thurik, Ingrid Verheul, and 

Sander Wennekers, 209-45. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 

 

Office of Economic Research, Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 2001. Rural and urban areas by firm size, 1990-1995. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(March). 

Beirne, Brian Logan. 2007. Venture capital investing in Latin America: Policy and flows. 

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Dauterive, Jerry, and Wing Fok. 2004. Venture capital for China: Opportunities and 

challenges. Managerial Finance 30, no. 2: 3-15. 

Eikenberry, Tom. 2003. A Tennessee seed capital qualified investment tax credit: A 

survey and concrete proposal for legislative action. Transactions 4, no. 2 (Spring): 105-

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Nowak, Michael J., and Charles E. Grantham. 2000. The virtual incubator: Managing 

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Ou, Charles, and George W. Haynes. 2006. How did small business-owning 

households fare during the longest U.S. economic expansion? Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (June). 

 

Peake, Whitney, and Maria Marshall. 2007. Getting the most bang for the buck: 

An analysis of states' relative efficiencies in promoting the birth of small firms. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

(January). 

 

Peregrine Analytics, LLC. 2006. Innovation and small business performance: 

Examining the relationship between technological innovation and the within 

industry distributions of fast growth firms. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, 

U.S. Small Business Administration (March). 

 

Perline, Rich, Robert Axtell, and Daniel Teitelbaum. 2006. Volatility and 

asymmetry of small firm growth rates over increasing time frames. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (December). 

 

Plummer, Lawrence A. 2007. Friends or foes: The spatial dynamic between 

established firms and entrants. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small 

Business Administration (February). 

 

Pratt, Joanne H. 2000. Homebased business: The hidden economy. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (March). 

 

Al Roomi, Ohood, and Mohamed Ibrahim. 2004. Performance determinants of homebased businesses in Dubai. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences 20, no. 2 

(December): 61-82. 

 

Kim, Phillip H., Howard E. Aldrich, and Lisa A. Keister. 2006. Access (not) denied: The 

impact of financial, human, and cultural capital on entrepreneurial entry in the United 

States. Small Business Economics 27, no. 1 (August): 5-22. 

Phillips, Bruce D. 2002. Home-based firms, e-commerce, and high-technology small 

firms: Are they related? Economic Development Quarterly 16, no. 1 (February): 39-48. 

 

Singh, Robert P., and Leyland M. Lucas. 2005. Not just domestic engineers: An 

exploratory study of homemaker entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice

29, no. 1 (January): 79-90. 

 

__________. 1993. Myths and realities of working at home: Characteristics of 

homebased business owners and telecommuters. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

 

Becker, Franklin, and Fritz Steele. 1995. Workplace by design: Mapping the high 

performance workscape. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. 

 

Campbell, Alistair, and Charles Grantham. 1998. Organisational assessment in the 

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Chutubtim, Piyaluk. 2005. Home-based work, human capital accumulation and women's 

labor force participation. PhD diss., Texas A&M University. 

 

Deming, William G. 1994. Work at home: Data from the CPS. Monthly Labor Review 117, 

no. 2 (February): 14-20. 

 

Dennis, Jr., William J. 1998. Business regulation as an impediment to the transition from 

welfare to self-employment. Journal of Labor Research 19, no. 2 (Spring): 263-76. 

 

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108-15. 

 

Harpaz, Itzhak. 2002. Advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting for the individual, 

organization and society. Work Study 51, no. 2: 74-80. 

Heck, Ramona K. Z, and Rosemary Walker. 1993. Family-owned home businesses: Their 

employees and unpaid helpers. Family Business Review 6, no. 4 (December): 397-415. 

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Loker, and Rosemary Walker, 189-212. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. 

 

Mokhtarian, Patricia L., Gustavo O. Collantes, and Carsten Gertz. 2004. Telecommuting, 

residential location, and commute-distance traveled: Evidence from State of California 

employees. Environment and Planning A 36, no. 10: 1877-97. 

 

Plaut, Pnina O. 2004. Non-commuters: The people who walk to work or work at home. 

Transportation 31, no. 2 (May): 229-55. 

 

Pratt, Joanne. 2000. Asking the right questions about telecommuting: Avoiding pitfalls in 

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Competition Economic Research

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Economic Development Research

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Innovation & Information Consultants, Inc. 2006. An empirical approach to 

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Innovation Associates, Inc. 2000. Developing high-technology communities: San 

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Employment and Training Economic Research

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Bednarzik, Robert W. 2000. The role of entrepreneurship in U.S. and European job 

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Boden, Jr., Richard J., and Brian Headd. 2002. Race and gender differences in business 

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The prevalence of nascent entrepreneurs in the United States: Evidence from the Panel 

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Carolyn Looff and Associates. 2002. Value of worker training programs to small 

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Fitzgerald, John M., and David C. Ribar. 2001. Does a rising tide of small 

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Joel Popkin and Company. 1999. Labor shortages, needs and related issues in 

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Phillips, Bruce D. 2002. Home-based firms, e-commerce, and high-technology small 

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Lustgarten, Steve. 1996. The role of small firms in the upward mobility of new 

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Moutray, Chad. 2007. Educational attainment and other characteristics of the 

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Environmental Economic Research

 

Armstrong, Carol S. 2004. Small businesses as culprits and clients: A 

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Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

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Burt, Robert E. 1994. Environmental financial responsibility. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

 

J. W. Wilson and Associates. 1996. Electric utility restructuring: Issues for small 

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Walshok, Mary L., Edward Furtek, Carolyn W. B. Lee, and Patrick H. Windham. 2002. 

Building regional innovation capacity: The San Diego experience. Industry and Higher 

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Jack Faucett Associates, Inc. 2002. Emissions trading for small businesses. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 

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van de Verg, Eric. 1993. Environmental concerns for small business. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (July). 

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Schaller, Leon C., Patrick J. McNulty, and Karen R. Chinander. 1998. Impact of 

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Exporting Economic Research

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McKendrick and Associates. 1996. The costs of financing exports for small 

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Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 1998. Exporting by firm 

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Taylor, Ruth Arleen Lesher. 2006. An experiential model for teaching intercultural 

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Palmetto Consulting, Inc. 2004. Costs of developing a foreign market for a small 

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Franchising Economic Research

Bates, Timothy. 1996. Survival patterns among franchise and nonfranchise firms 

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Published: Bates, Timothy. 1998. Survival patterns among newcomers to franchising. 

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Castrogiovanni, Gary J., and Robert T. Justis. 2007. Franchise failure: A reassessment of 

the Bates (1995) results. Service Business 1, no. 3: 247-56. 

Clarkin, John E., and Robert V. Hasbrouck. 2007. The Franchise 500® as a research 

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Debowski, Shelda. 2006. Analysis of franchise performance through use of a typology: 

An Australian investigation. Singapore Management Review 28, no. 2: 1-30. 

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Frazer, Lorelle, and Hume Winzar. 2005. Exits and expectations: Why disappointed 

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Garg, V iany K., and Abdul A. Rasheed. 2003. International multi-unit franchising: An 

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Grimes, Warren S. 1996. When do franchisors have market power? Antitrust remedies for 

franchisor opportunism. Antitrust Law Journal 65, no. 1 (Fall): 105-55. 

Holmberg, Steven R., and Kathryn Boe Morgan. 2003. Franchise turnover and failure. 

New research and perspectives. Journal of Business Venturing 18, no. 3 (May): 403-18. 

Inma, Chutarat. 2002. Building successful franchises: The influence of franchise 

heterogeneity and relationship management on franchise success. PhD. diss., Murdoch 

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Kalnins, Arturs, and Kyle J. Mayer. 2004. Franchising, ownership, and experience: A 

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Kangasharju, Aki, and Sari Pekkala. 2002. The role of education in self-employment 

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Kmec, Julie A. 2006. White hiring agents' organizational practices and out-group hiring. 

Social Science Research 35, no. 3 (September): 668-701. 

Lussier, Robert N., and Sanja Pfeifer. 2001. A crossnational prediction model for 

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Merrilees, Bill, and Lorelle Frazer. 2006. Entrepreneurial franchisees have hidden 

superior marketing systems. Qualitative Market Research 9, no. 1: 73-85. 

Michael, Steven C. 1999. The Elasticity of franchising. Small Business Economics 12, no. 

4 (June): 313-20. 

Niittykangas, Hannu, and Hannu Tervo. 2005. Spatial variations in intergenerational 

transmission of self-employment. Regional Studies 39, no. 3 (May): 319-32. 

Preble, John F. 2003. Convert to compete: Competitive advantage through conversion 

franchising. Journal of Small Business Management 41, no. 2: 187-204. 

Stanworth, John, and James Curran. 1999. Colas, burgers, shakes, and shirkers: 

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Stanworth, John, Celia Stanworth, Anna Watson, David Purcy, and Simon Healeas. 

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333-58. 

 

Crawford, Samuel. 1999. Women and minorities in franchising and financing 

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Shane, Scott. 1997. Why new franchisors succeed. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (August). 

 

Clarkin, John E., and Robert V. Hasbrouck. 2007. The Franchise 500® as a research 

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__________. 1996. Differences between successful and unsuccessful 

franchisors. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration. 

 

Grimes, Warren S. 1996. When do franchisors have market power? Antitrust remedies for 

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Stanworth, John, David Purdy, Wilke English, and Jo Willems. 2001. Unravelling the 

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Health Care Economic Research

 

Actuarial Research Corporation. 2003. Study of the administrative costs and 

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Fernandez, Bernadette. 2006. Health insurance: A primer. In Health care crisis in 

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Kofman, Mila, Kevin Lucia, Eliza Bangit, and Karen Pollitz. 2006. Association health 

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__________. 1994. Measuring the uninsured by firm size and employment 

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Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 

 

Berger, Mark C., Dan A. Black, Jodi Messer, and Frank A. Scott. 2002. COBRA, spouse 

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Econometrica, Inc. 2007. Structural factors affecting the health insurance 

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Glover, Saundra H., Carleen Stoskopf, Thomas E. Brown, Fran Wheeler, Yang 

Kim, and Sudha Xirasagar. 2000. Small business and access to health insurers, 

particularly HMOs. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

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Glover, Saundra H., Karl J. McCleary, Patrick A. Rivers, and Raymond A. Waller. 2003. 

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Gurley-Calvez, Tami. 2006. Health insurance deductibility and entrepreneurial 

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Administration (April). 

 

Joel Popkin and Company. 2005. Cost of employee benefits in small and large 

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Snowe, Olympia J. 2006. Small business health plans: A critical step in solving the small 

business health care crisis. Harvard Journal on Legislation 43, no. 1 (Summer): 231-52. 

Minority-Owned Business Economic Research

Birch, David. 2000. Analysis of Hispanic-owned companies. Washington, D.C.: 

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Phillips, Bruce D. 2002. Home-based firms, e-commerce, and high-technology small 

firms: Are they related? Economic Development Quarterly 16, no. 1 (February): 39-48. 

Boden, Jr., Richard J. 2001. Analyses of business dissolution by demographic 

category of business ownership. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. 

Small Business Administration (March). 

 

Chrisman, James J., and W. Ed McMullan. 2004. Outsider assistance as a knowledge 

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on employees' attitudes. Leadership and Organization Development Journal 27, no. 8: 

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Lowrey, Ying. 2007. Minority entrepreneurship in the USA. International Journal of 

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Brush, Candida G., Nancy Carter, Elizabeth Gatewood, Patricia G. Greene, and 

Myra M. Hart. 2002. An investigation of women-led firms and venture capital 

investment. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (January). 

 

Alsos, Gry Agnete, Espen John Isaksen, and Elisabet Ljunggren. 2006. New venture 

financing and subsequent business growth in men- and women-led businesses. 

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116
Brush, Candida G., Nancy M. Carter, Patricia G. Greene, Myra M. Hart, and Elizabeth 

Gatewood. 2002. The role of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and 

entrepreneurial firms: A framework for future research. Venture Capital 4, no. 4 (October): 

305-23. 

Carter, Sara, Eleanor Shaw, Wing Lam, and Fiona Wilson. 2007. Gender, 

entrepreneurship, and bank lending: The criteria and processes used by bank loan 

officers in assessing applications. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 31, no. 3 (May): 

427-44. 

Coleman, Susan. 2007. The role of human and financial capital in the profitability and 

growth of women-owned small firms. Journal of Small Business Management 45, no. 3 

(July): 303-19. 

 

Watson, John. 2006. External funding and firm growth: Comparing female- and malecontrolled SMEs. Venture Capital 8, no. 1 (January 2006): 33-49. 

 

Crawford, Samuel. 1999. Women and minorities in franchising and financing 

practices. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (May). 

 

Fairlie, Robert W. 2004. Self-employed business ownership rates in the United 

States: 1979-2003. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (December). 

 

Kirk, James, and Robert Belovics. 2006. Counseling would-be entrepreneurs. Journal of 

Employment Counseling 43, no. 2 (June): 50-61. 

 

Lind, Michael. 2007. The smallholder society. Harvard Law and Policy Review 1, no. 1: 

143-60. 

Morris, Michael H., Nola N. Miyasaki, Craig E. Watters, and Susan M. Coombes. 2006. 

The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs.

Journal of Small Business Management 44, no. 2 (April): 221-44. 

 

Gaston, Robert J. 1993. Small business access to equity capital. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (January). 

Ettlinger, Nancy. 1997. An assessment of the small-firm debate in the United States. 

Environment and Planning A 29, no. 3 (March): 419-42. 

 

Lowrey, Ying. 2007. Minorities in business: A demographic review of minority 

business ownership. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

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Jones, Susan R. 2007. Supporting urban entrepreneurs: Law, policy, and the role of 

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__________. 2005. Dynamics of minority-owned employer establishments, 1997-

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Abril, Patricia S. 2007. Acoustic segregation and the Hispanic small business owner. 

Harvard Latino Law Review 10 (Spring): 1-31. 

Hauber, Laurie. 2007. Promoting economic justice through transactional communitycentered lawyering. St. Louis University Public Law Review 27: 3-44. 

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Mitchell, Karlyn, and Douglas K. Pierce. 2005. Availability of financing to small 

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Blake, Megan K. 2006. Gendered lending: Gender, context and the rules of business 

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Robb, Alicia M., and Robert W. Fairlie. 2007. Access to financial capital among U.S. 

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Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 2001. Minorities in 

business, 2001. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

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Abril, Patricia S. 2007. Acoustic segregation and the Hispanic small business owner. 

Harvard Latino Law Review 10 (Spring): 1-31. 

 

Harris, Michael L., W. Lee Grubb, III, and Frederic J. Hebert. 2005. Critical problems of 

rural small businesses: A comparison of African-American and white-owned formation 

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Jones, Susan R. 2004. Promoting social and economic justice through interdisciplinary 

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Robb, Alicia M., and Robert W. Fairlie. 2007. Access to financial capital among U.S. 

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29. 

Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 1999. Minorities in 

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Fairlie, Robert W., and Bruce D. Meyer. 2000. Trends in self-employment among white 

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Robb, Alicia M., and Robert W. Fairlie. 2007. Access to financial capital among U.S. 

businesses: The case of African American firms. ANNALS of The American Academy of 

Political and Social Science 613, no. 1 (September): 47-72. 

 

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Schwartz, Victor E., Mark A. Behrens, and Joseph P. Mastrosimone. 1999. Reining in 

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Open Blue Solutions. 2007. Self-employment in the veteran and service-disabled 

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Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 2000. The third 

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Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 1998. Mergers and 

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Bednarzik, Robert W. 2000. The role of entrepreneurship in U.S. and European job 

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Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. 1998. The new 

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Published: Acs, Zoltan J. 1999. The new American evolution: The role and impact of 

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Acs, Zoltan J., and Leo Paul Dana. 2001. Contrasting two models of wealth redistribution. 

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Ba, Sulin, Andrew B. Whinston, and Han Zhang. 1999. Small business in the electronic 

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Bharati, Pratyush, and Abhijit Chaudhury. 2006. Studying the current status of technology 

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Calhoun, Ashley N. 2003. Winking in the dark: An analysis of corrective-advertising 

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Cheng, Athena S. 2001. Affirmative action for the female entrepreneur: Gender as a 

presumed socially disadvantaged group for 8(a) program purposes. American University 

Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law 10, no. 1: 185-231. 

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Fischer, Eileen, and A. Rebecca Reuber. 2003. Targeting export support to SMEs: 

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Morant, Blake D. 2003. The quest for bargains in an age of contractual formalism: 

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Zhang, Yongsheng, and Xueyan Zhao. 2006. Love of variety and scale implications: An 

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__________. 2006. Start-ups and entry barriers: Small and medium-sized firms 

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Birch, David. 2000. Analysis of Hispanic-owned companies. Washington, D.C.: 

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Phillips, Bruce D. 2002. Home-based firms, e-commerce, and high-technology small 

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Brush, Candida G., Nancy Carter, Elizabeth Gatewood, Patricia G. Greene, and 

Myra M. Hart. 2002. An investigation of women-led firms and venture capital 

investment. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business 

Administration (January). 

 

Alsos, Gry Agnete, Espen John Isaksen, and Elisabet Ljunggren. 2006. New venture 

financing and subsequent business growth in men- and women-led businesses. 

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Brush, Candida G., Nancy M. Carter, Patricia G. Greene, Myra M. Hart, and Elizabeth 

Gatewood. 2002. The role of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and 

entrepreneurial firms: A framework for future research. Venture Capital 4, no. 4 (October): 

305-23. 

Carter, Sara, Eleanor Shaw, Wing Lam, and Fiona Wilson. 2007. Gender, 

entrepreneurship, and bank lending: The criteria and processes used by bank loan 

officers in assessing applications. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 31, no. 3 (May): 

427-44. 

Coleman, Susan. 2007. The role of human and financial capital in the profitability and 

growth of women-owned small firms. Journal of Small Business Management 45, no. 3 

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Watson, John. 2006. External funding and firm growth: Comparing female- and malecontrolled SMEs. Venture Capital 8, no. 1 (January 2006): 33-49. 

 

Crawford, Samuel. 1999. Women and minorities in franchising and financing 

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Eagle Eye Publishers, Inc. 2004. Characteristics of federal government 

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__________. 2004. Self-employed business ownership rates in the United 

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Kirk, James, and Robert Belovics. 2006. Counseling would-be entrepreneurs. Journal of 

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Lind, Michael. 2007. The smallholder society. Harvard Law and Policy Review 1, no. 1: 

143-60. 

Morris, Michael H., Nola N. Miyasaki, Craig E. Watters, and Susan M. Coombes. 2006. 

The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs.

Journal of Small Business Management 44, no. 2 (April): 221-44. 

 

Gaston, Robert J. 1993. Small business access to equity capital. Washington, 

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Headd, Brian. 2000. The characteristics of small-business employees. 

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Hanna, Elaine W. 2007. An exploratory study of information resources used by small 

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Morris, Michael H., Nola N. Miyasaki, Craig E. Watters, and Susan M. Coombes. 2006. 

The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs. 

Journal of Small Business Management 44, no. 2 (April): 221-44. 

162
Muske, Glenn, and Margaret A. Fitzgerald. 2006. A panel study of copreneurs in 

business: Who enters, continues, and exits? Family Business Review 19, no. 3 

(September): 193-205. 

Renzulli, Linda A., and Howard Aldrich. 2005. Who can you turn to? Tie activation within 

core business discussion networks. Social Forces 84, no. 1 (September): 323-41. 

__________. 1998. Women in business. Washington, D.C.: Office of Advocacy, 

U.S. Small Business Administration (October). 

Baron, Robert A. 2002. OB and entrepreneurship: The reciprocal benefits of closer 

conceptual links. In Research in organizational behavior, eds. Barry Straw and Roderick 

M. Kramer, 24: 225-70. Oxford: JAI Press. 

Bird, Sharon R., Stephen G. Sapp, and Motoko Y. Lee. 2001. Small business success in 

rural communities: Explaining the sex gap. Rural Sociology 66, no. 4 (December): 507-

31. 

Carter, Nancy M., Candida G. Brush, Patricia G. Greene, Elizabeth Gatewood, and Myra 

M. Hart. 2003. Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing: The 

influence of human, social and financial capital. Venture Capital 5, no. 1 (January): 1-28. 

Cheng, Athena S. 2001. Affirmative action for the female entrepreneur: Gender as a 

presumed socially disadvantaged group for 8(a) program purposes. American University 

Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law 10, no. 1: 185-231. 

Coleman, Susan. 2007. The role of human and financial capital in the profitability and 

growth of women-owned small firms. Journal of Small Business Management 45, no. 3 

(July): 303-19. 

Dodd-Walker, Eva Darlene. 2007. Differences between women and minority businesses 

and nonminority businesses: A culture-based explanation. PhD diss., University of Texas 

at Arlington. 

Fairlie, Robert W. 2006. Entrepreneurship among disadvantaged groups: Women, 

minorities and the less educated. In The life cycle of entrepreneurial ventures, ed. Simon 

Parker, 3: 437-75. New York: Springer. 

__________. 2004. Recent trends in ethnic and racial business ownership. Small 

Business Economics 23, no. 3 (October): 203-18. 

Fairlie, Robert W., and Bruce D. Meyer. 2003. The effect of immigration on native selfemployment. Journal of Labor Economics 21, no. 3 (July): 619-50. 

Garnett, Nicole Stelle. 2001. On castles and commerce: Zoning law and the homebusiness dilemma. William and Mary Law Review 42, no. 4 (April): 1191-244. 

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Greene, Patricia G., Candida G. Brush, Myra M. Hart, and Patrick Saparito. 2001. 

Patterns of venture capital funding: Is gender a factor? Venture Capital 3, no. 1 (January): 

63-83. 

Haynes, George W., Barbara R. Rowe, Rosemary Walker, and Gong-Soog Hong. 2000. 

The differences in financial structure between women- and men-owned family 

businesses. Journal of Family and Economic Issues 21, no. 3 (September): 209-26. 

Heilman, Madeline E., and Julie J. Chen. 2003. Entrepreneurship as a solution: The 

allure of self-employment for women and minorities. Human Resource Management 

Review 13, no. 2 (Summer): 347-64. 

Morris, Michael H., Nola N. Miyasaki, Craig E. Watters, and Susan M. Coombes. 2006. 

The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs.

Journal of Small Business Management 44, no. 2 (April): 221-44. 

Scarbecz, Mark, and Judith A. Ross. 2002. Gender differences in first-year dental 

students’ motivation to attend dental school. Journal of Dental Education 66, no. 8 

(August): 952-61. 

Schwartz, Victor E., Mark A. Behrens, and Joseph P. Mastrosimone. 1999. Reining in 

punitive damages “run wild”: Proposals for reform by courts and legislatures. Brooklyn 

Law Review 65, no. 4 (Winter): 1003-35. 

164
Appendix E: Three Most Cited Advocacy Reports, Overall and by Year, 

1992-2007 

 This appendix lists the three most cited Advocacy reports during the study 

period, overall and by year of report. 

Overall 

Report Times Cited 

Entrepreneurial Origins: A Longitudinal Inquiry 

by Bradley R. Schiller and Philip Crewson (1995) 

38 

The Characteristics of Small-Business Employees 

by Brian Headd (2000) 

27 

Profiles of Regulatory Costs 

by Thomas D. Hopkins (1995) 

26 

2007 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

Minorities in Business: A Demographic Review of 

Minority Business Ownership 

by Ying Lowrey 

1 

Note: Only one report was cited in 2007: Because 

the study period ended in 2007, few citations exist 

for a report published in 2007. 

2006 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

State Tax Policy and Entrepreneurial Activity 

by Donald Bruce and John Deskins 

2 

Note: Only one report was cited in 2006: Because 

the study period ended in 2007, few citations exist 

for a report published in 2006. 

165
2005 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

A five-way tie for most citations: 

Availability of Financing to Small Firms Using the 

Survey of Small Business Finances 

by Karlyn Mitchell and Douglas K. Pierce 

3 

Dynamics of Minority-Owned Employer 

Establishments, 1997-2001 

by Ying Lowrey 

3 

State of the Inner City Economies: Small 

Businesses in the Inner City 

by Initiative for Competitive Inner City 

3 

The Impact of Regulatory Costs on Small Firms 

(Update) 

by Mark W. Crain 

3 

The Innovation-Entrepreneurship Nexus: A National 

Assessment of Entrepreneurship and Regional 

Economic Growth and Development 

by Advanced Research Technologies LLC 

3 

2004 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

Home-Based Business and Government Regulation 

by Henry B.R. Beale 

8 

Self-Employed Business Ownership Rates in the 

United States: 1979-2003 

by Robert W. Fairlie 

3 

Small Firms and Technology: Acquisitions, Inventor 

Movement, and Technology Transfer 

by CHI Research, Inc. 

2 

166
2003 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

Redefining Business Success: Distinguishing 

Between Closure and Failure 

by Brian Headd 

16 

Small Serial Innovators: The Small Firm 

Contribution to Technical Change 

by CHI Research, Inc. 

15 

Three-way tie for third most citations: 

Dynamics of Women-Operated Sole 

Proprietorships, 1990-1998 

by Advocacy 

3 

Financing Patterns of Small Firms: Findings from 

the 1998 Survey of Small Business Finance 

by Advocacy 

3 

Study of the Administrative Costs and Actuarial 

Values of Small health Plans 

by Actuarial Research Corporation 

3 

2002 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

E-Biz: Strategies for Small Business Success 

by Joanne H. Pratt 

9 

The Influence of R&D Expenditures on New Firm 

Formation and Economic Growth 

by BJK Associates 

6 

An Investigation of Women-Led Firms and Venture 

Capital Investment 

by Candida G. Brush, Nancy Carter, Elizabeth 

Gatewood, Patricia G. Greene and Myra M. Hart 

5 

167
2001 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

The Impact of Regulatory Costs on Small Firms 

by Mark W. Crain 

25 

Women in Business, 2001 

by Advocacy 

11 

Minorities in Business, 2001 

by Advocacy 

8 

2000 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

The Characteristics of Small-Business Employees 

by Brian Headd 

27 

Small Business Expansions in Electronic 

Commerce 

by Victoria Williams 

10 

The Impact of Contract Bundling on Small Business 

FY 1992-FY 1999 

by Eagle Eye Publishers, Inc. 

6 

168
1999 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

E-Commerce: Small Businesses Venture Online 

by Victoria Williams 

17 

Two-way tie for second most citations: 

Financial Difficulties of Small Businesses and 

Reasons for their Failure 

by Teresa A. Sullivan, Elizabeth Warren and Jay 

Westbrook 

9 

Measures of Job Flow Dynamics in the U.S. 

Economy 

by Zoltan J. Acs, Catherine Armington and Alicia M. 

Robb 

9 

1998 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

The New American Evolution: The Role and Impact 

of Small Firms 

by Advocacy 

22 

Women in Business 

by Advocacy 

16 

Characteristics of Small Business Employees and 

Owners, 1997 

by Advocacy 

5 

169
1997 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

Small Business Growth by Major Industry 

by Advocacy 

8 

The Impact of Structural Change in the Banking 

Industry on Small Business Lending 

by James Kolari and Asgha Zardkoohi 

6 

Trends in Venture Capital Funding in the 1960s 

by Nicole R. Onorato 

5 

1996 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

Survival Patterns Among Franchise and 

Nonfranchise Firms Started in 1986 and 1987 

by Timothy Bates 

22 

Creating new Capital Markets for Emerging 

Ventures 

by John Freear, Jeffrey E. Sohl and William E. 

Wetzel 

13 

Two-way tie for third most citations: 

Foreign Patenting Behavior of Small and Large 

Firms 

by Mary Ellen Mogee and Associates 

3 

Job and Worker Attributes by Firm Employment 

Size, 1983-1993 

by Richard J. Boden, Jr. 

3 

170
1995 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

Entrepreneurial Origins: A Longitudinal Inquiry 

by Bradley R. Schiller and Philip Crewson (1995) 

38 

Profiles of Regulatory Costs 

by Thomas D. Hopkins (1995) 

26 

The Changing Burden of Regulation, Paperwork, 

and Tax Compliance on Small Business: A Report 

to Congress 

by Advocacy 

15 

1994 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

Measuring the Uninsured by Firm Size and 

Employment Status: Variation in Health Insurance 

Coverage Rates (Part I) 

by Mark C. Berger, Dan A. Black and Frank A. Scott

5 

The Effect of Computer Use on the Earnings of 

Workers by Firm Size 

by Joel Popkin and Company 

3 

The Function of Failure 

by Richard F. Fullenbaum and Mariana A. McNeill 

1 

1993 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

Myths and Realities of Working at Home: 

Characteristics of Homebased Business Owners 

and Telecommuters 

by Joanne H. Pratt 

14 

Job Training Approaches in Small and Large Firms 

by Dan A. Black, Mark C. Berger and John Barron 

2 

171
Three-way tie for third most citations: 

A Comparison of Borrowers with SBA and Other 

Loan Guarantees 

by George W. Haynes 

1 

Environmental Concerns for Small Business 

by Eric van de Verg 

1 

Small Business Access to Equity Capital 

by Robert J. Gaston 

1 

1992 Reports 

Report Times Cited 

Business Survival Rates by Age Cohort of Business 

by Joel Popkin and Company 

38 

Note: Only one report authored in 1992 has been 

cited in the academic literature. 

172
Appendix F: Detail of Research Methodology 

Databases

The following databases were utilized in this report: 

Business Source Complete 

This database, by EBSCO Publishing, states that it is the “world's 

definitive scholarly business database” and that it “contains far more 

active, peer-reviewed, business-related journals than any other database 

currently available.”30 Business Source Complete indexes more than 

1,200 journals for “all disciplines on business, including marketing, 

management, MIS, POM, accounting, finance and economics.”31

EconLit

EconLit is an electronic database provided by the American Economic 

Association. This database “indexes more than thirty years of economics 

literature from around the world.”32 The database description states that 

EconLit “is a comprehensive index of journal articles, books, book reviews, 

collective volume articles and working papers and dissertations.”33

Social Sciences Abstracts

The H.W. Wilson Company provided two databases. The first, Social 

Sciences Abstracts, states that it “provides comprehensive abstracting 

and indexing of more than 518 English-language periodicals in the areas 

of anthropology, criminology, economics, law, geography, policy studies, 

psychology, sociology, social work, and urban studies.”34 

Index to Legal Periodicals

The other H.W. Wilson Company database is the Index to Legal 

Periodicals. This database includes “over 1,025 legal journals, law 

reviews, yearbooks, institutes, statutes, bar association publications, 

university publications, and government publications.”35 Over 325 selected 

periodicals are set forth in full text.

 

30 http://www.ebscohost.com/thisTopic.php?marketID=1&topicID=399 (accessed September 14, 

2008). 

31 Id.

32 http://www.econlit.org/ (accessed September 14, 2009). 33 Id.

34 http://www.ovid.com/site/catalog/DataBase/193.jsp (accessed September 14, 2008). 35 http://www.hwwilson.com/databases/legal.htm (accessed September 14, 2008). 

173
LexisNexis Academic 

LexisNexis Academic is said to contain “over 6,000 news, business, and 

legal sources.”36 Among these sources are in excess of 500 law reviews. 

 

Google Scholar 

Google Scholar is an open-source online research tool. It collects "peerreviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic 

publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and 

other scholarly organizations."37

Scopus 

Scopus describes itself as the "largest abstract and citation database of 

research literature and quality web sources."38 Its database includes "over 

16,000 peer-reviewed journals from more than 4,000 publishers."39

Rules for Searching 

 Some Advocacy reports are cited to individual authors instead of being 

attributed to the Office of Advocacy. Therefore, each Advocacy report was 

subjected to search in every database both by author(s)' names and by 

segments of each study's title. These searches resulted in hundreds of potential 

citations which were then individually studied to ascertain which Advocacy 

materials they cited and how they cited to those materials. The search for “Small 

Business Administration” was particularly troublesome because citations to SBA 

as a study's author could be and were written in one of the following forms: 

 Small Business Administration

 Small Business Admin.

 Small Bus. Admin.

 

36 http://academic.lexisnexis.com/online-services/academic-overview.aspx (accessed September 

14, 2008). 37 http://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html (accessed April 28, 2009). 38 http://www.scopus.com/scopus/home.url (accessed April 28, 2009). 

39 Id. 

174
 Sm. Bus. Admin.

 SBA

 S.B.A. 

At one point, when searching for the acronym “S.B.A.,” over 1,700 references 

appeared in one of the databases. Of course, many of them were not citations to 

the Small Business Administration but to other organizations whose names are 

abbreviated identically.

 An additional consideration – defining what an “academic citation” is – 

required some thought. Given that the essence of an academic citation is 

subjection to peer review, the following rules were incorporated into the search: 

Journals

Journals had to indicate in some fashion that they were peer-reviewed. 

This qualification might take the form of a simple statement that the journal 

in question was peer-reviewed, the listing of a board of editors, or 

submission guidelines that included peer review as part of the process for 

determining which articles would be included in the journal.

Books

Books, likewise, had to indicate in some fashion that they were peerreviewed. Usually, books citing to Advocacy materials consisted of 

volumes of individual papers assembled by one or more editors. If no 

editors were listed, this rule still could be met when an academic publisher 

– for example, Cambridge University Press, Kluwer or MIT – had 

published the book. Finally, a few books were included in the search 

despite having no editor because they were written by persons whose 

resumes indicated clearly that they were academics whose similar work 

had been peer-reviewed.

Law Reviews

Law reviews include articles by lawyers, law professors and law students. 

All law reviews were included because law reviews are edited by law 

students under the supervision of law professors.

175
176

Government Documents

Government documents routinely were excluded from the study, even 

when they cited Advocacy materials, because government documents 

typically are reports that are not peer-reviewed. An exception was made 

for research papers published by the regional Federal Reserve Banks 

because those papers appeared in bank-sponsored online journals that 

appeared to be subject to editorial review.

Working Papers

Working papers were excluded from the study because, by definition, 

working papers are undergoing the process of peer review and have not 

yet been fully vetted.

Conference Proceedings

Conference proceedings also normally were excluded from the study 

because academic studies usually are presented at conferences as part of 

an effort to obtain criticism by one's peers prior to publication in a journal. 

Furthermore, it was thought that conference papers would appear in 

academic journals once their authors were satisfied with the quality of their 

presentations and would thus be located in that fashion.

 A final consideration concerned the length of a citing source. Sources 

citing Advocacy materials were excluded from the study when they were 

less than three pages long, based on the premise that it would be difficult 

to write an article subject to peer review any shorter than that. As a 

practical matter, this rule had the effect of excluding brief letters to journal 

editors.