San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

2012 PM2.5 Plan

SJVUAPCD

Appendix B

Emissions Inventory
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

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San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-1 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

Appendix B: Emissions Inventory

Emissions inventories are estimates of the amount and type of pollutants emitted into 

the atmosphere by industrial facilities, mobile sources, and smaller sources such as 

consumer products and paint. Emissions inventories serve as 1) a primary input to air 

quality modeling used in attainment demonstrations; 2) the emissions data used for 

developing control strategies; and 3) a means to track progress in meeting the emission 

reduction commitments. The inventories in this appendix are used to study and 

propose control measures, to track emissions for Rate of Progress (ROP), to track 

Emissions Reduction Credits (ERCs), to establish motor vehicle conformity budgets for 

transportation planning, and to assist in demonstrating attainment. 

An emissions inventory is a critical tool in the evaluation of air pollution. In simple 

terms, an emissions inventory is a systematic listing of the sources of air pollution along 

with the amount of pollution emitted from each source or category over a given time 

period. Emissions inventories are an estimate of the air pollution emissions that are 

actually released into the environment—they are not measurements of ambient 

concentrations. The following are examples of pollution sources by key sectors: 

 Industrial or stationary point sources—power plants and oil refineries; 

 Area-wide sources—consumer products and residential fuel combustion; 

 On-road sources—passenger vehicles and heavy-duty trucks; 

 Off-road mobile sources—aircraft, trains, ships, recreational boats, construction 

equipment and farm equipment; and

 Nonanthropogenic (natural) sources—biogenic (or vegetation), geogenic 

(petroleum seeps), and wildfires.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) establishes 

requirements pertaining to emissions information that must be included as part of the 

SIP submittal package. For the PM2.5 Plan, the regulations require that the emissions 

inventory contain emissions data for directly emitted PM2.5 and its precursors: oxides of 

nitrogen (NOx), reactive organic gases (ROG), sulfur oxides (SOx), and 

ammonia (NH3).

As discussed in Appendix A and throughout this plan, the Valley’s attainment 

challenges under the national 24-hour PM2.5 standard set in 2006 occur in the winter 

months. For this reason, this plan focuses on winter average daily emissions 

inventories, with emissions presented as tons per day (tpd). This winter average daily 

inventory represents emissions from the months of November to April. 

Emissions inventories are usually developed at various geographical resolutions 

encompassing district, air basin, and county levels. The inventories presented in this 

appendix are the total emissions for the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-2 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

This appendix includes emissions for the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin for the years 

2007, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019. The base year (the year from 

which the inventory is projected forward and backward) for these inventories is 2007. 

The year 2012 has been included as a reference point for the current year. Years 2014 

and 2019 have been included as 2014 is the attainment deadline for the 1997 federal 

PM2.5 standard, and 2019 is the longest attainment timeframe allowed under the 2006 

federal PM2.5 standard. Naturally, the years in between 2014 and 2019 have been 

included to show the progression of the inventory.

The tables in this appendix include:

 Table B-1 Directly emitted PM2.5, Winter Daily Averages

 Table B-2 NOx, Winter Daily Averages

 Table B-3 SOx, Winter Daily Averages

 Table B-4 VOC, Winter Daily Averages

 Table B-5 Ammonia, Winter Daily Averages

Tables B-1 through B-5 are followed by an overview of emissions inventory calculations 

and revisions, as well as a discussion on population projections that influence the 

emissions inventory.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-3 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

B.1 EMISSIONS INVENTORY TABLES

Table B-1 Directly Emitted PM2.5 (Winter Daily Averages in tons per day)

Directly Emitted PM2.5 (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

STATIONARY SOURCES

FUEL COMBUSTION

ELECTRIC UTILITIES 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

COGENERATION 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0

OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION 

(COMBUSTION) 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5

PETROLEUM REFINING (COMBUSTION) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL 

PROCESSING 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

SERVICE AND COMMERCIAL 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

OTHER (FUEL COMBUSTION) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL FUEL COMBUSTION 5.6 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9

WASTE DISPOSAL

SEWAGE TREATMENT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LANDFILLS 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

INCINERATORS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SOIL REMEDIATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (WASTE DISPOSAL) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL WASTE DISPOSAL 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGS

LAUNDERING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

DEGREASING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

COATINGS AND RELATED PROCESS 

SOLVENTS 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

PRINTING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (CLEANING AND SURFACE 

COATINGS) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL CLEANING AND SURFACE 

COATINGS 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETING

OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PETROLEUM REFINING 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

PETROLEUM MARKETING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (PETROLEUM PRODUCTION 

AND MARKETING) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-4 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

Directly Emitted PM2.5 (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

* TOTAL PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND 

MARKETING 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

CHEMICAL 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

MINERAL PROCESSES 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8

METAL PROCESSES 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

WOOD AND PAPER 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

GLASS AND RELATED PRODUCTS 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

ELECTRONICS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

* TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7

** TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES 9.4 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.0

AREA-WIDE SOURCES

SOLVENT EVAPORATION

CONSUMER PRODUCTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ARCHITECTURAL COATINGS AND 

RELATED PROCESS SOLVENTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PESTICIDES/FERTILIZERS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ASPHALT PAVING / ROOFING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL SOLVENT EVAPORATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES

RESIDENTIAL FUEL COMBUSTION 21.5 9.4 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1

FARMING OPERATIONS 12.0 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.6

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1

PAVED ROAD DUST 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

UNPAVED ROAD DUST 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4

FUGITIVE WINDBLOWN DUST 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6

FIRES 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

MANAGED BURNING AND DISPOSAL 10.1 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3

COOKING 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.1

OTHER (MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES 62.5 47.1 46.7 46.7 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8

** TOTAL AREA-WIDE SOURCES 62.5 47.1 46.7 46.7 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8

MOBILE SOURCES

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES

LIGHT DUTY PASSENGER (LDA) 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 1 (LDT1) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 2 (LDT2) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-5 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

Directly Emitted PM2.5 (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

MEDIUM DUTY TRUCKS (MDV) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS - 1 

(LHDV1) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS - 2 

(LHDV2) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MEDIUM HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS 

(MHDV) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HEAVY HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS 

(HHDV) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS - 1 

(LHDV1) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS - 2 

(LHDV2) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

MEDIUM HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS 

(MHDV) 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

HEAVY HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS 

(HHDV) 5.8 3.8 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4

MOTORCYCLES (MCY) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HEAVY DUTY DIESEL URBAN BUSES 

(UB) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

HEAVY DUTY GAS URBAN BUSES (UB) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SCHOOL BUSES (SB) 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER BUSES (OB) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOTOR HOMES (MH) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 9.1 6.7 4.8 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.3

OTHER MOBILE SOURCES

AIRCRAFT 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.6

TRAINS 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

SHIPS AND COMMERCIAL BOATS 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RECREATIONAL BOATS 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

OFF-ROAD RECREATIONAL VEHICLES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9

FARM EQUIPMENT 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

FUEL STORAGE AND HANDLING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL OTHER MOBILE SOURCES 6.1 4.6 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.8

** TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 15.2 11.3 8.9 8.4 8.0 7.8 7.7 8.1

GRAND TOTAL FOR SAN JOAQUIN 

VALLEY 87.1 67.1 64.4 63.9 63.6 63.5 63.4 64.0
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-6 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

Table B-2 NOx (Winter Daily Averages in tons per day)

NOx (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

STATIONARY SOURCES

FUEL COMBUSTION

ELECTRIC UTILITIES 7.1 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7

COGENERATION 3.0 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0

OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION 

(COMBUSTION) 3.5 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4

PETROLEUM REFINING 

(COMBUSTION) 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

MANUFACTURING AND 

INDUSTRIAL 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7

FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL 

PROCESSING 12.7 7.5 7.1 5.1 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.2

SERVICE AND COMMERCIAL 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6

OTHER (FUEL COMBUSTION) 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

* TOTAL FUEL COMBUSTION 36.6 25.9 25.3 23.1 22.0 21.9 21.8 21.7

WASTE DISPOSAL

SEWAGE TREATMENT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LANDFILLS 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

INCINERATORS 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

SOIL REMEDIATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (WASTE DISPOSAL) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL WASTE DISPOSAL 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGS

LAUNDERING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

DEGREASING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

COATINGS AND RELATED 

PROCESS SOLVENTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PRINTING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (CLEANING AND SURFACE 

COATINGS) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL CLEANING AND SURFACE

COATINGS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETING

OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

PETROLEUM REFINING 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

PETROLEUM MARKETING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (PETROLEUM PRODUCTION 

AND MARKETING) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-7 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

NOx (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

* TOTAL PETROLEUM PRODUCTION 

AND MARKETING 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

CHEMICAL 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MINERAL PROCESSES 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

METAL PROCESSES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

WOOD AND PAPER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

GLASS AND RELATED PRODUCTS 7.8 6.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4

ELECTRONICS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 8.4 6.7 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0

** TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES 45.6 33.1 30.5 28.4 27.4 27.4 27.3 27.3

AREA-WIDE SOURCES

SOLVENT EVAPORATION

CONSUMER PRODUCTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ARCHITECTURAL COATINGS AND 

RELATED PROCESS SOLVENTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PESTICIDES/FERTILIZERS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ASPHALT PAVING / ROOFING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL SOLVENT EVAPORATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES

RESIDENTIAL FUEL COMBUSTION 12.0 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.5

FARMING OPERATIONS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PAVED ROAD DUST 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

UNPAVED ROAD DUST 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FUGITIVE WINDBLOWN DUST 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FIRES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MANAGED BURNING AND 

DISPOSAL 7.1 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2

COOKING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (MISCELLANEOUS 

PROCESSES) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL MISCELLANEOUS 

PROCESSES 19.0 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.7

** TOTAL AREA-WIDE SOURCES 19.0 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.7

MOBILE SOURCES

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES

LIGHT DUTY PASSENGER (LDA) 18.8 11.3 8.6 7.6 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.2
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-8 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

NOx (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 1 (LDT1) 6.3 3.8 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1

LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 2 (LDT2) 13.1 8.3 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.4 3.9 3.6

MEDIUM DUTY TRUCKS (MDV) 16.8 13.3 11.4 10.6 9.9 9.2 8.7 8.1

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS -

1 (LHDV1) 5.2 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.9

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS -

2 (LHDV2) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

MEDIUM HEAVY DUTY GAS 

TRUCKS (MHDV) 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5

HEAVY HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS 

(HHDV) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL 

TRUCKS - 1 (LHDV1) 15.2 12.0 10.5 9.9 9.3 8.7 8.1 7.7

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL 

TRUCKS - 2 (LHDV2) 3.7 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9

MEDIUM HEAVY DUTY DIESEL 

TRUCKS (MHDV) 19.7 13.0 11.9 10.6 9.7 8.8 8.1 7.3

HEAVY HEAVY DUTY DIESEL 

TRUCKS (HHDV) 187.4 106.0 91.2 80.9 72.3 66.5 61.8 58.4

MOTORCYCLES (MCY) 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2

HEAVY DUTY DIESEL URBAN 

BUSES (UB) 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8

HEAVY DUTY GAS URBAN BUSES 

(UB) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

SCHOOL BUSES (SB) 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0

OTHER BUSES (OB) 2.3 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9

MOTOR HOMES (MH) 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5

* TOTAL ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 296.5 184.1 157.9 142.5 129.5 119.6 111.4 104.9

OTHER MOBILE SOURCES

AIRCRAFT 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 5.0

TRAINS 21.7 16.4 17.0 17.1 17.0 16.9 16.7 16.5

SHIPS AND COMMERCIAL BOATS 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

RECREATIONAL BOATS 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

OFF-ROAD RECREATIONAL 

VEHICLES 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT 40.2 27.2 25.8 25.3 24.4 23.7 22.2 21.2

FARM EQUIPMENT 37.7 28.7 24.7 22.8 21.0 19.5 17.9 16.4

FUEL STORAGE AND HANDLING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL OTHER MOBILE SOURCES 103.9 76.6 71.7 69.4 66.7 64.3 61.0 60.6

** TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 400.5 260.7 229.6 211.9 196.3 183.9 172.4 165.5

GRAND TOTAL FOR SAN JOAQUIN 

VALLEY 465.1 309.4 275.7 255.9 239.3 226.9 215.4 208.5
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-9 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

Table B-3 SOx (Winter Daily Averages in tons per day)

SOx (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME

WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

STATIONARY SOURCES

FUEL COMBUSTION

ELECTRIC UTILITIES 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4

COGENERATION 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION 

(COMBUSTION) 2.0 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

PETROLEUM REFINING (COMBUSTION) 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL 

PROCESSING 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

SERVICE AND COMMERCIAL 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

OTHER (FUEL COMBUSTION) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL FUEL COMBUSTION 5.6 4.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4

WASTE DISPOSAL

SEWAGE TREATMENT 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

LANDFILLS 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

INCINERATORS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SOIL REMEDIATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (WASTE DISPOSAL) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL WASTE DISPOSAL 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGS

LAUNDERING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

DEGREASING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

COATINGS AND RELATED PROCESS 

SOLVENTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PRINTING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (CLEANING AND SURFACE 

COATINGS) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL CLEANING AND SURFACE 

COATINGS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETING

OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PETROLEUM REFINING 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

PETROLEUM MARKETING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (PETROLEUM PRODUCTION 

AND MARKETING) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-10 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

SOx (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME

WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

* TOTAL PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND 

MARKETING 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

CHEMICAL 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

MINERAL PROCESSES 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4

METAL PROCESSES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

WOOD AND PAPER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

GLASS AND RELATED PRODUCTS 3.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9

ELECTRONICS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 4.6 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4

** TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES 10.4 7.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.1

AREA-WIDE SOURCES

SOLVENT EVAPORATION

CONSUMER PRODUCTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ARCHITECTURAL COATINGS AND 

RELATED PROCESS SOLVENTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PESTICIDES/FERTILIZERS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ASPHALT PAVING / ROOFING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL SOLVENT EVAPORATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES

RESIDENTIAL FUEL COMBUSTION 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

FARMING OPERATIONS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PAVED ROAD DUST 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

UNPAVED ROAD DUST 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FUGITIVE WINDBLOWN DUST 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FIRES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MANAGED BURNING AND DISPOSAL 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

COOKING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

** TOTAL AREA-WIDE SOURCES 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

MOBILE SOURCES

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES

LIGHT DUTY PASSENGER (LDA) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 1 (LDT1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-11 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

SOx (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME

WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 2 (LDT2) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

MEDIUM DUTY TRUCKS (MDV) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS - 1 

(LHDV1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS - 2 

(LHDV2) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MEDIUM HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS 

(MHDV) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HEAVY HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS 

(HHDV) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS - 1 

(LHDV1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS - 2 

(LHDV2) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MEDIUM HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS 

(MHDV) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HEAVY HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS 

(HHDV) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

MOTORCYCLES (MCY) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HEAVY DUTY DIESEL URBAN BUSES 

(UB) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HEAVY DUTY GAS URBAN BUSES (UB) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SCHOOL BUSES (SB) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER BUSES (OB) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOTOR HOMES (MH) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

OTHER MOBILE SOURCES

AIRCRAFT 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

TRAINS 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SHIPS AND COMMERCIAL BOATS 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

RECREATIONAL BOATS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OFF-ROAD RECREATIONAL VEHICLES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FARM EQUIPMENT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FUEL STORAGE AND HANDLING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL OTHER MOBILE SOURCES 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

** TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4

GRAND TOTAL FOR SAN JOAQUIN 

VALLEY 12.8 9.4 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-12 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

Table B-4 VOC (Winter Daily Averages in tons per day)

VOC (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

STATIONARY SOURCES

FUEL COMBUSTION

ELECTRIC UTILITIES 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

COGENERATION 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION 

(COMBUSTION) 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1

PETROLEUM REFINING 

(COMBUSTION) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

MANUFACTURING AND 

INDUSTRIAL 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL 

PROCESSING 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

SERVICE AND COMMERCIAL 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

OTHER (FUEL COMBUSTION) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

* TOTAL FUEL COMBUSTION 4.0 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9

WASTE DISPOSAL

SEWAGE TREATMENT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LANDFILLS 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

INCINERATORS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SOIL REMEDIATION 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

OTHER (WASTE DISPOSAL) 23.1 19.3 20.1 20.5 20.9 20.6 21.0 21.4

* TOTAL WASTE DISPOSAL 24.6 21.0 21.8 22.2 22.7 22.3 22.7 23.2

CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGS

LAUNDERING 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

DEGREASING 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

COATINGS AND RELATED 

PROCESS SOLVENTS 7.3 7.8 8.2 8.4 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.1

PRINTING 4.4 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6

ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

OTHER (CLEANING AND SURFACE 

COATINGS) 3.6 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

* TOTAL CLEANING AND SURFACE 

COATINGS 17.6 19.1 20.0 20.4 20.7 21.1 21.5 21.8

PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETING

OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION 28.5 25.2 24.1 23.5 23.0 22.5 22.0 21.5

PETROLEUM REFINING 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

PETROLEUM MARKETING 6.7 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.1 8.3

OTHER (PETROLEUM PRODUCTION 

AND MARKETING) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-13 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

VOC (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

* TOTAL PETROLEUM PRODUCTION 

AND MARKETING 36.3 33.6 32.7 32.4 32.0 31.6 31.3 31.0

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

CHEMICAL 3.4 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 9.5 10.4 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.9

MINERAL PROCESSES 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

METAL PROCESSES 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

WOOD AND PAPER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

GLASS AND RELATED PRODUCTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ELECTRONICS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

* TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 13.7 14.0 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.3 15.5 15.9

** TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES 96.2 91.0 92.3 92.8 93.4 93.2 94.0 94.7

AREA-WIDE SOURCES

SOLVENT EVAPORATION

CONSUMER PRODUCTS 22.8 21.0 20.6 20.8 21.2 21.5 21.9 22.2

ARCHITECTURAL COATINGS AND 

RELATED PROCESS SOLVENTS 9.8 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.2

PESTICIDES/FERTILIZERS 18.1 16.5 16.3 16.3 16.2 16.1 16.1 16.0

ASPHALT PAVING / ROOFING 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

* TOTAL SOLVENT EVAPORATION 51.5 46.0 45.6 45.9 46.2 46.5 46.9 47.2

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES

RESIDENTIAL FUEL COMBUSTION 21.9 10.7 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2

FARMING OPERATIONS 130.6 103.5 105.8 107.0 108.1 109.2 110.4 111.5

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PAVED ROAD DUST 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

UNPAVED ROAD DUST 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FUGITIVE WINDBLOWN DUST 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FIRES 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

MANAGED BURNING AND 

DISPOSAL 8.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.3

COOKING 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

OTHER (MISCELLANEOUS 

PROCESSES) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL MISCELLANEOUS 

PROCESSES 161.7 121.4 123.1 124.2 125.4 126.5 127.6 128.8

** TOTAL AREA-WIDE SOURCES 213.2 167.4 168.7 170.1 171.6 173.1 174.5 176.0

MOBILE SOURCES

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES

LIGHT DUTY PASSENGER (LDA) 20.2 13.2 8.8 7.7 6.8 5.9 5.2 4.7
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-14 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

VOC (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 1 (LDT1) 7.0 4.9 3.6 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.4

LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 2 (LDT2) 8.9 6.8 4.9 4.4 4.0 3.5 3.2 3.0

MEDIUM DUTY TRUCKS (MDV) 8.5 8.4 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.1 6.0

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS -

1 (LHDV1) 3.8 3.4 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS -

2 (LHDV2) 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

MEDIUM HEAVY DUTY GAS 

TRUCKS (MHDV) 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3

HEAVY HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS 

(HHDV) 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL 

TRUCKS - 1 (LHDV1) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL 

TRUCKS - 2 (LHDV2) 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

MEDIUM HEAVY DUTY DIESEL 

TRUCKS (MHDV) 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

HEAVY HEAVY DUTY DIESEL 

TRUCKS (HHDV) 9.8 6.4 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

MOTORCYCLES (MCY) 4.2 3.7 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1

HEAVY DUTY DIESEL URBAN 

BUSES (UB) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

HEAVY DUTY GAS URBAN BUSES 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

SCHOOL BUSES (SB) 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

OTHER BUSES (OB) 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

MOTOR HOMES (MH) 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 67.3 50.5 37.5 34.7 32.4 30.4 28.8 27.7

OTHER MOBILE SOURCES

AIRCRAFT 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 6.0

TRAINS 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8

SHIPS AND COMMERCIAL BOATS 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

RECREATIONAL BOATS 3.6 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2

OFF-ROAD RECREATIONAL 

VEHICLES 3.7 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7

OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT 13.8 10.2 9.3 9.1 8.8 8.5 8.3 8.1

FARM EQUIPMENT 8.0 5.9 4.9 4.5 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.1

FUEL STORAGE AND HANDLING 3.1 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3

* TOTAL OTHER MOBILE SOURCES 38.0 28.9 26.5 25.6 24.7 23.9 23.1 24.2

** TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 105.3 79.4 64.0 60.3 57.1 54.3 52.0 51.9

GRAND TOTAL FOR SAN JOAQUIN 

VALLEY 414.8 337.8 324.9 323.2 322.0 320.6 320.5 322.6
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-15 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

Table B-5 Ammonia (Winter Daily Averages in tons per day)

AMMONIA (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

STATIONARY SOURCES

FUEL COMBUSTION

ELECTRIC UTILITIES 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7

COGENERATION 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION 

(COMBUSTION) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PETROLEUM REFINING 

(COMBUSTION) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MANUFACTURING AND 

INDUSTRIAL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL 

PROCESSING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SERVICE AND COMMERCIAL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (FUEL COMBUSTION) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL FUEL COMBUSTION 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

WASTE DISPOSAL

SEWAGE TREATMENT 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

LANDFILLS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

INCINERATORS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SOIL REMEDIATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (WASTE DISPOSAL) 17.9 19.3 20.1 20.5 20.9 21.3 21.7 22.1

* TOTAL WASTE DISPOSAL 17.9 19.3 20.1 20.5 20.9 21.3 21.8 22.2

CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGS

LAUNDERING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

DEGREASING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

COATINGS AND RELATED 

PROCESS SOLVENTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PRINTING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (CLEANING AND SURFACE 

COATINGS) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL CLEANING AND SURFACE 

COATINGS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETING

OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PETROLEUM REFINING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PETROLEUM MARKETING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (PETROLEUM PRODUCTION 

AND MARKETING) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-16 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

AMMONIA (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

* TOTAL PETROLEUM PRODUCTION 

AND MARKETING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

CHEMICAL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MINERAL PROCESSES 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

METAL PROCESSES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

WOOD AND PAPER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

GLASS AND RELATED PRODUCTS 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

ELECTRONICS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

** TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES 19.8 21.0 21.8 22.2 22.6 23.1 23.5 24.0

AREA-WIDE SOURCES

SOLVENT EVAPORATION

CONSUMER PRODUCTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ARCHITECTURAL COATINGS AND 

RELATED PROCESS SOLVENTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PESTICIDES/FERTILIZERS 68.4 66.9 66.3 66.1 65.8 65.5 65.2 64.9

ASPHALT PAVING / ROOFING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL SOLVENT EVAPORATION 68.4 66.9 66.3 66.1 65.8 65.5 65.2 64.9

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES

RESIDENTIAL FUEL COMBUSTION 1.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

FARMING OPERATIONS 264.5 225.4 234.6 239.2 243.8 248.4 253.0 257.6

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PAVED ROAD DUST 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

UNPAVED ROAD DUST 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FUGITIVE WINDBLOWN DUST 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FIRES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MANAGED BURNING AND 

DISPOSAL 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

COOKING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER (MISCELLANEOUS 

PROCESSES) 6.3 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.5 7.6

* TOTAL MISCELLANEOUS 

PROCESSES 273.7 234.0 243.4 248.1 252.8 257.5 262.2 267.0

** TOTAL AREA-WIDE SOURCES 342.2 300.9 309.7 314.2 318.6 323.0 327.4 331.9

MOBILE SOURCES

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES

LIGHT DUTY PASSENGER (LDA) 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-17 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

 2012 PM2.5 Plan

AMMONIA (tpd)

SUMMARY CATEGORY NAME WINTER AVERAGE

2007 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 1 (LDT1) 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 2 (LDT2) 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

MEDIUM DUTY TRUCKS (MDV) 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS -

1 (LHDV1) 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS -

2 (LHDV2) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MEDIUM HEAVY DUTY GAS 

TRUCKS (MHDV) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HEAVY HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS 

(HHDV) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL 

TRUCKS - 1 (LHDV1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL 

TRUCKS - 2 (LHDV2) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MEDIUM HEAVY DUTY DIESEL 

TRUCKS (MHDV) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

HEAVY HEAVY DUTY DIESEL 

TRUCKS (HHDV) 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

MOTORCYCLES (MCY) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HEAVY DUTY DIESEL URBAN 

BUSES (UB) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HEAVY DUTY GAS URBAN BUSES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SCHOOL BUSES (SB) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER BUSES (OB) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOTOR HOMES (MH) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 5.3 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2

OTHER MOBILE SOURCES

AIRCRAFT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

TRAINS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SHIPS AND COMMERCIAL BOATS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RECREATIONAL BOATS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OFF-ROAD RECREATIONAL 

VEHICLES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FARM EQUIPMENT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FUEL STORAGE AND HANDLING 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* TOTAL OTHER MOBILE SOURCES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

** TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 5.4 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2

GRAND TOTAL FOR SAN JOAQUIN 

VALLEY 367.3 326.6 336.0 340.7 345.5 350.4 355.2 360.1
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-18 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

B.2 EMISSIONS INVENTORY CALCULATIONS AND REVISIONS

ARB and the District continually collect information and conduct research to improve the 

emission estimates. During development of this Plan, both agencies allocated 

substantial resources to the improvement of the emissions inventory. In the two-year 

span leading to the release of the draft Plan, ARB headed a workgroup that focused on 

updating the inventory data in ARB’s database. ARB and District staff conducted a 

thorough review of the inventory to ensure that the emission estimates reflected 

accurate emission reports for point sources, and that estimates for mobile and areawide sources were based on the most recent methodologies. In cases where area-wide 

source methodologies were deemed to be out-of date (i.e., if new emission factors or 

more recent activity data were available), the methodologies were updated. The 

updates were prioritized based on the overall contribution of each emission category to 

the total inventory for key pollutants (directly emitted PM2.5, NOx, SOx, VOCs, and 

ammonia).

ARB also conducts periodic evaluations and updates of the growth profiles to ensure 

that the emission forecasts are based on data that reflect historical trends, current 

conditions, and recent forecasts. The most significant challenge for this Plan was to 

ensure that the growth projections reflected the economic recession. Staff conducted a 

category-by-category review and update of the growth profile data for all the categories 

that, in aggregate, comprise more than 95 percent of the NOx, SOx, or PM2.5 

emissions. To capture the effects of the recession, staff ensured that the growth 

profiles included historical data through at least 2008 (data through 2009 or 2010 were 

included when available). Growth forecasts for the years 2009 and beyond were 

obtained primarily from government entities with expertise in developing forecasts for 

specific sectors, or in some cases, from econometric models.

In addition this comprehensive emissions inventory update process, modeling of the 

24-hour PM2.5 standard requires detailed information on the timing and locations of 

emission sources on the most severe air quality days. This poses a unique challenge to 

translate regional, annual emission estimates into the temporal and spatial resolution 

needed for 24-hour modeling. An iterative process was used as a means to refine the 

modeling emission inputs to better reflect observed conditions expected at a local, 24-

hour scale. Model-simulated concentrations were compared with chemical species 

present in the ambient monitoring data, maps of emission sources known to surround 

the monitoring stations, and temporal trends in the monitoring data. This led to further 

updates in the spatial and temporal emissions data used in the modeling. 

ARB and District staff worked jointly to develop a comprehensive emissions inventory 

for the 2012 PM2.5 Plan. The District worked closely with operators of major stationary 

facilities in their jurisdiction to develop the point source emission estimates. The District 

was also responsible for developing emission estimates for approximately one-third of 

the nonpoint (or area-wide) sources, such as commercial cooking and agricultural 

burning.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-19 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

ARB staff developed the emission inventory for the mobile sources (both on-road and 

off-road) and the remaining two-thirds of the area-wide sources. ARB worked with 

several state and local agencies such as the Department of Transportation (Caltrans), 

the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), the Department of Pesticide Regulation 

(DPR), the California Energy Commission (CEC), and local councils of government 

(COGs) to assemble activity information necessary to develop the mobile and area-wide 

source emission estimates.

B.2.1 Base Year Inventory

The base year inventory is an essential element of the Plan that forms the basis for all 

future year projections and also establishes the emission levels against which progress 

in emission reductions will be measured. U.S. EPA regulations establish general 

guidelines for selecting an inventory base year. Based on those guidelines, ARB and 

the District selected 2007 as the base year for this Plan. The design values recorded in 

2007 were some of the highest in recent years. In addition, analysis of the impacts of 

meteorology on PM2.5 levels in the Valley over the last ten years indicate that the 2007 

meteorology was one of the most conducive to PM2.5 formation. Thus, the selection of 

2007 represents a health protective approach to the attainment demonstration.

B.2.2 Emission Forecasts

In addition to a base year inventory, U.S. EPA regulations require future year 

inventories for specific milestone years. ARB develops emission forecasts for point and 

area-wide sources by applying growth and control factors to the base year inventory to 

account for year-to-year changes resulting from anticipated trends in economic 

conditions and population growth, and the effects of adopted emission control rules.

Growth factors are expressed as a ratio of the expected activity level in a future year 

relative to the base year. For point and area-wide sources, growth factors are derived 

from surrogates such as economic activity, fuel usage, population, dwelling-units, etc., 

that best reflect the expected growth or decline rates for each specific source category.

Control factors are percentages representing the extent to which a source category is 

controlled. These factors are derived from data provided by the regulatory agencies 

responsible for the affected emission categories. Developing control factors enables 

agencies to take appropriate credit for adopted rules and regulations that reduce 

emissions, remove exemptions, or improve compliance. 

Mobile source projections are generated by emission models that employ sophisticated 

routines that predict vehicle fleet turnover by vehicle model year. As with stationary 

sources, the mobile source models include control algorithms that account for all 

adopted regulatory actions.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-20 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

B.2.3 Annual, Seasonal, and Modeling Inventories

Annual and seasonal emissions inventories, often referred to as planning inventories, 

are typically produced at a county or air basin level of resolution. Annual emissions 

inventories represent the total emissions over an entire year (tons per year), or a simple 

average of annual emissions divided by 365 days (tons per day).

Seasonal inventories (summer and winter) account for temporal activity variations 

throughout the year, as determined by actual data from point source facilities or by 

temporal profiles developed for area and mobile sources. Summer inventories include 

emissions from May to October, and winter inventories encompass November through 

April. Because PM2.5 concentrations in the Valley are at their highest during the winter, 

the Plan’s attainment demonstration is based on the winter inventory.

Modeling inventories (also referred to as gridded inventories), are estimated at finer 

spatial and temporal scales than planning inventories. Modeling inventories are used to 

support hour-by-hour, grid-based calculations of ambient pollutant concentrations. As a 

result, these inventories must characterize hourly emissions from all sources (stationary 

point, area-wide, mobile, and biogenic) located within each grid cell for the region and 

time being simulated. Modeling inventories account for day-specific variations within 

grid cells (such as actual plant shut-downs or wildfires) and the effects of meteorological 

conditions on emission rates (e.g., the hour-specific ambient temperature effects on 

biogenic or evaporative emission releases). A more in-depth discussion of the temporal 

and spatial adjustments made to the Valley’s modeling inventory is presented in the 

Modeling Protocol.

B.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control

ARB has established a quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) process to ensure 

the integrity and accuracy of the emissions inventories used in the development of air 

quality plans. Emission inventory staff perform comprehensive QA/QC checks to 

confirm that inventory inputs have been reliably prepared and approved for use in 

photochemical modeling. This process involves collaboration among ARB and air 

district staff to develop base and future year emission estimates.

QA/QC occurs at the various stages of SIP emission inventory development. Base year 

emissions are assembled and maintained in the California Emission Inventory 

Development and Reporting System (CEIDARS). Inventory staff work with air districts, 

who are responsible for developing and reporting point source emission estimates, to 

verify these data are accurate. The locations of point sources, including stacks, are 

checked to ensure they are valid. Area-wide source emission estimates are developed 

by ARB staff as well as some air districts. The methodologies for estimating these are 

reviewed by ARB and district staff before their inclusion in the emission inventory. 

Additionally, CEIDARS is designed with automatic system checks to prevent errors such 

as double counting of emission sources. The system also makes various reports 

available to assist staff in their efforts to identify and reconcile anomalous emissions.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-21 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

Future year emissions are estimated using the California Emission Forecasting and 

Planning Inventory System (CEFS). Growth and control factors are reviewed for each 

category and year along with the resulting emission projections. Year to year trends are 

compared to similar and past datasets to ensure general consistency. Emissions for 

specific categories are checked to confirm they reflect the anticipated effects of 

applicable control measures. Mobile categories are verified with mobile source staff for 

consistency with the on- and off-road emission models (EMFAC and OFFROAD).

Prior to input into the air quality model, the spatial and temporal parameters applied to 

the emissions are checked. Monthly, weekly, and diurnal emission profiles are 

examined to ensure they appear reasonable for the category. Emissions are again 

summarized by region (county, air basin, and district), category, and pollutant to confirm 

their consistency with the overall inventory.

As modeling results become available, the results are used to further validate the 

inventory. The modeled concentrations in a particular grid cell are reviewed for 

consistency with the types of sources present nearby in the emission inventory. 

Additionally, the inclusion of air quality monitor data, when available, is used to reaffirm 

that the types and magnitude of upwind sources are accounted for in the inventory.

B.3 EMISSIONS INVENTORY IMPROVEMENTS

A summary of the major revisions that have been incorporated into the PM2.5 Plan 

emissions inventory is presented below.

B.3.1 Stationary Sources

Emission estimates from stationary sources (industrial point sources) are routinely 

updated on an annual basis by the District. District staff works with facility operators to 

ensure that emissions are reported accurately and in a timely manner. The point source 

emissions inventory for this PM2.5 Plan was compiled from emissions data reported by 

District staff for the year 2007.

Once the base year emissions are compiled by the District, ARB staff uses the base 

year inventory to forecast emissions into the future using relevant growth and control 

factors. Key updates to growth assumptions for stationary sources are discussed 

below. 

Stationary Source Growth Assumptions and Methodology Updates

The growth profiles for key industrial categories were updated to reflect recent trends 

and growth forecasts in specific industrial sectors. To the extent feasible, these growth 

profile revisions capture the effects of the economic recession. Growth factors are 

derived from county-specific economic activity profiles, population forecasts, and other 

socio/demographic activity. These data are obtained from a number of sources such as 

local air districts, municipal planning agencies, economic studies sponsored by ARB, 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-22 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

and other State and federal agencies. Growth assumptions for the following point 

source categories were updated as described below: 

 Cogeneration: Growth projections for emissions from natural gas use in the 

Cogeneration sector are based on the California Energy Commission’s (CEC) 

2009 Integrated Energy Policy Report (2009 IEPR) forecasts. For other fuels 

used in cogeneration facilities, ARB used forecasts from the U.S. Energy 

Information Administration’s Annual Energy Outlook (AEO). 

 Cotton Gins: The particulate matter (PM) size profile for cotton gins was 

updated to reflect lower PM2.5 fractions (6.7% PM2.5/Total PM and 15% 

PM2.5/PM10) based on test data obtained from a study sponsored by the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, the cotton industry, ARB and the District.

 Electricity Generation: Growth projections for emissions from natural gas use in 

the Electricity Generation sector are based on CEC data on electric utilities’ 

contracts with operators of natural gas-fired power plants through 2020. 

Projections for power plant emissions driven by other fuels are based on AEO 

fuel use forecasts.

 Glass and Related Products: Growth projections for emissions from flat 

(architectural) glass manufacturing were adjusted to reflect the impact of the 

recession. The growth profile is based on ARB’s growth curve for construction 

equipment, but it assumes no further growth once the curve returns to prerecession levels. No growth was assumed for the Container and Cullet Glass 

manufacturing sectors. 

 Manufacturing and Industrial: Growth projections for emissions from the 

Manufacturing and Industrial sector are based on the 2009 IEPR forecast for 

natural gas consumption and AEO forecasts for other fuels used by the 

manufacturing industry. 

 Mineral Processes: Growth profiles for Mineral Processes associated with 

cement and concrete products manufacturing were derived from an econometric 

model run by Regional Economic Models Inc. (REMI). The profile for other 

mineral processes is based on an economic output forecast for non-metallic 

mineral product manufacturing, also from REMI. 

 Oil and Gas Production: Growth projections for emissions from the Oil and Gas 

Production sector are based on a California Department of Conservation’s 

Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) forecast.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-23 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

 Petroleum Refining: ARB assumes no growth for the Petroleum Refining sector 

based on assessments by District staff and DOGGR. While demand for 

petroleum based fuels and other products is expected to grow, District staff does 

not anticipate any expansion in capacity at the local facilities. The DOGGR 

assessment predicts that the increased demand will be satisfied by imports.

 Service and Commercial: Growth projections for emissions from the Service 

and Commercial sector are based on the 2009 IEPR forecast for natural gas 

consumption and AEO forecasts for other fuels used by the service and 

commercial industry. 

B.3.2 Area-wide Sources

Area-wide sources include source categories associated with human activity where 

emissions take place over a wide geographic area. Consumer products and unpaved 

road dust are examples of area-wide sources. Area-wide sources also include smaller 

point sources or facilities, such as gasoline-dispensing facilities, and residential water 

heaters that are not inventoried individually, but are estimated as a group and reported 

as a single source category. Improvements made to the area-wide emission inventory 

categories are described below.

 Agricultural Harvest Operations: ARB staff updated the methodology for 

Agricultural Harvest Operations to reflect 2007 farmland acreage based on 

estimates from the California Department of Conservation Farmland Mapping 

and Monitoring Program (FMMP). ARB staff also applied a lower emission factor 

for almond harvesting (31.2 lbs PM10/acre compared to the prior emission factor 

of 40.77 lbs PM10/acre) based on recent field research. Growth for this category 

is based on a linear regression analysis of the 2000-2008 FMMP farmland 

acreage for the Valley counties, which results in a slight decline of about 0.3 

percent per year.

 Agricultural Land Preparation: ARB staff updated the Agricultural Land 

Preparation methodology to reflect 2007 farmland acreage estimates based on 

FMMP data. Growth for this category is based on a linear regression analysis of 

the 2000-2008 FMMP farmland acreage for the Valley counties, which results in 

a slight decline of about 0.3 percent per year.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-24 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

 Ammonia Emissions from Publicly Owned Treatment Works, Landfills,

Composting, Fertilizer Application, Domestic Activity, Native Animals, and 

Native Soils : ARB staff updated the ammonia emissions inventory methodology 

for publicly owned treatment works, landfills, composting, fertilizer application, 

domestic activity, native animals, and native soils. Revisions for these categories 

consist primarily of updated activity data. Emission factors were revised only for 

fertilizer application. Ammonia emissions for other categories such as residential 

wood combustion, livestock husbandry, agricultural open burning, on-road motor 

vehicles, wildfires, and wildland fire use (WFU) were updated as part of the 

methodology updates for those specific area source categories.

 Architectural Coatings: The Architectural Coatings category was updated to 

reflect emission estimates based on the comprehensive survey for the 2004 

calendar year. The emission estimates include benefits of the 2003 and 2007 

ARB Suggested Control Measures. 

 Biogenic Emissions: The Biogenic Emissions category was updated to 

incorporate year-specific 8-day Leaf Area Index data from the Moderate 

Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aboard NASA’s 

Terra and Aqua satellites. The use of MODIS data result in higher biogenic 

emissions estimates. In addition, the planning and modeling inventories are 

based on observed gridded temperatures rather than climatologically average 

temperatures. Finally, ARB staff is now generating biogenic emissions through 

the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) v2.04 

model, a state-of-the-science canopy scale model, using California-specific 

emission factor and plant functional type datasets. MEGAN is widely used in the 

global research and earth system modeling community as well as the U.S. 

regulatory modeling community.

 Commercial Cooking: ARB staff updated the growth profile for the Commercial 

Cooking category to reflect more recent population growth projections(San 

Joaquin Valley Demographic Forecasts 2010-2050) developed by The Planning 

Center | Design, Community, and Environment (DC&E) on behalf of the regional 

planning organizations in the Valley. 

 Consumer Products: The Consumer Products category was updated to reflect 

the three most recent surveys conducted by ARB staff for the years 2003, 2006, 

and 2008. Together these surveys collected updated product information and 

ingredient information for approximately 350 product categories. Based on the 

survey data, ARB staff determined the total product sales and total VOC 

emissions for the various product categories. Before the emissions inventory 

was updated, some of the existing categories were split out into more specific 

categories, others were combined, and new categories were added to better 

reflect changes in formulations of existing products. The result of this update 

was an overall reduction in emissions from this category. After establishing 

revised baseline emissions, growth projections for this category are based the 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-25 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

May 2012 DOF Interim Population Projections for California and its Counties 

2010-2050. 

 Livestock Husbandry: ARB staff updated the Livestock Husbandry 

methodology to reflect livestock population data based on the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture’s 2007 Census of Agriculture, and ammonia emission factors for dairy 

support cattle using data provided by District staff. The ROG and NH3 emissions 

reflect updated control profiles to account for control requirements in District Rule 

4570, Confined Animal Facilities, and a seasonal adjustment was added to 

account for the suppression of dust emissions in months in which rainfall occurs.

 Managed Burning & Disposal: ARB updated the Managed Burning and 

Disposal category with emissions data reported by District staff for the years 

2005 to 2009. Growth for this category after 2009 is based on a linear regression 

analysis of the 2000-2008 FMMP farmland acreage for the Valley counties, which 

results in a slight decline of about 0.3 percent per year.

 Paved Road Dust: ARB updated the paved road dust methodology to be 

consistent with the current U.S. EPA AP-42 method (January 2011) to quantify 

dust emissions from paved roads. Revisions include reductions in silt loading 

values, updated vehicle miles traveled (VMT) data, and incorporation of 

precipitation correction factors. In addition, the revised method removed the 

vehicle exhaust, tire wear and brake wear PM, thereby avoiding double-counting 

of emissions which are already estimated in EMFAC. ARB assumes no growth 

for this category over the timeframe covered by the Plan.

 Pesticides: The Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) develops monthspecific emission estimates for agricultural and structural pesticides. Each 

calendar year, DPR updates the inventory based on the Pesticides Use Report 

(PUR) that provides updated information from 1990 to the most current data year 

available. The inventory includes estimates through the 2009 calendar year. 

Emission forecasts for years beyond 2009 are based on the average of the most 

recent five years. Historical emissions estimates for the period 1990-2009 were 

retained exactly as provided by DPR (i.e., emissions are not back casted).

 Residential Wood Combustion: ARB staff updated the Residential Wood 

Combustion methodology using U.S. EPA’s National Emission Inventory 

emission factors and newer sales data for manufactured logs. The fireplace 

wood consumption rate for 2008 and previous years is based on a 1997 firewood 

usage survey sponsored by the District. Because of episodic wood burning 

curtailment requirements in District Rule 4901 that became fully effective in 2009, 

the fireplace wood consumption rate for 2009 and subsequent years is based on 

the values suggested in a report by U.S. EPA staff and others entitled “A 

Recommended Procedure for Compiling Emission Inventory National, Regional 

and County Level Activity Data for the Residential Wood Combustion Source 

Category.” ARB assumed no growth for this category.
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-26 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

 Unpaved Road Dust – Farm Roads: ARB staff updated the methodology for 

Unpaved Road Dust (Farm Roads) to reflect 2007 farmland acreage estimates 

based on FMMP data. Growth for this category is based on a linear regression 

analysis of the 2000-2008 FMMP farmland acreage for the Valley counties, which 

results in a slight decline of about 0.3 percent per year.

 Unpaved Road Dust – Nonfarm Roads: ARB updated the Unpaved Nonfarm 

Roads methodology with a lower emission factor of 2.00 lbs PM10/ VMT based 

on studies sponsored by ARB and the District. The previously used emission 

factor of 2.27 lbs PM10/VMT was based on preliminary data from these same 

studies. Other revisions include updated road mile data and the addition of a 

rainfall correction factor. ARB assumed no growth for this category over the 

timeframe covered in the Plan.

B.3.3 Mobile Sources

Mobile source emissions are estimated using computer models that are designed to 

estimate emissions on a category-specific basis. ARB uses the EMFAC model to 

assess emissions from on-road vehicles. Off-road mobile source emissions are 

estimated using a new modular approach for different source categories. On-road and 

off-road models account for the effects of various adopted regulations, technology 

types, and seasonal conditions on emissions. The emissions inventories for on-road 

heavy-duty diesel vehicles and the off-road construction sector were also adjusted to 

reflect revised estimates of the impact of the economic recession on emissions. These 

adjustments reflect the latest forecasts and statistics for population growth, fuel sales, 

and construction employment in the Valley, which indicate that the pace of the 

economic recovery continues to lag previous forecasts.

 On-Road Mobile Sources: EMFAC2011 was released in October 2011 and 

reflects current mobile source emissions inventory methods used by the ARB. 

The EMFAC model is comprised of several modules; EMFAC2011-HD is used to 

estimate emissions from heavy-duty diesel truck operations. Truck activity 

estimates in EMFAC2011-HD reflect the emissions inventory presented to the 

Board in December 2010. Since that time, new information has become 

available on statewide diesel fuel usage as well as updated economic forecasts. 

Truck activity estimates were updated using the same methods and data sources 

as in the December 2010 inventory. 

Figure B-1 compares the EMFAC2011 forecast to the updated forecast. Data 

suggest that truck emissions will be roughly 6 percent lower in 2019 in the San 

Joaquin Valley than previously estimated in EMFAC2011. For the PM2.5 plan, 

EMFAC2011 emissions estimates for heavy-duty trucks were adjusted to reflect 

this new information. This adjustment also resulted in a redistribution of VMT 

between heavy duty and light duty vehicle classes, to maintain the total county 

VMT in EMFAC2011. 
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-27 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

Figure B-1. Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Emissions Forecast: EMFAC2011 vs.

Current Assessment

 Off-Road Mobile Sources: Off-Road emissions are generated by many different 

types of equipment including equipment used in construction and at industrial 

sites; airport ground support equipment; cargo handling equipment used at 

California’s Ports and Railyards; locomotives; pleasurecraft; recreational 

vehicles; commercial harborcraft and ocean-going vessels. Emissions from 

these equipment are estimated using a suite of models that provide inventory 

estimates specific to different categories of vehicles. Many of these categoryspecific models were developed to support recent ARB Rulemaking and are 

available through the ARB website. Emissions estimates for pleasurecraft and 

recreational vehicles were developed using new models. Category-specific 

models have not yet been created for remaining categories and in those cases 

OFFROAD2007 was used. 

The In-Use Off-Road equipment inventory was developed in 2009 and 2010, and 

was presented to the Board in December 2010. Since that time updated 

economic forecasts have become available. This new information was used to 

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

20062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019

Activity Growth Rate Relative to 2006 

Estimate

December 2010 Activity Growth Current Assessment
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-28 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

update the in-use construction equipment inventory forecast. Staff evaluated 

these economic forecasts to estimate the impact on construction equipment. 

Results indicated that in 2019 that construction employment would be roughly 10 

percent lower than previously anticipated. Figure B-2 compares the December 

2010 and updated growth estimate. 

Figure B-2. In-Use Construction Equipment Revised Activity Growth Estimate

B.4 FUTURE POPULATION ESTIMATES

Future population estimates play a key role in emissions inventory projections. 

Population increases and decreases are directly linked to emissions categories such as 

residential fuel combustion, commercial cooking, consumer products, mobile sources, 

and more. There are often competing population projection models that can be used for 

inclusion in the emissions inventory. The following is a discussion of two such models.

The Valley’s population increases make it one of the fastest growing regions in the

state. Population growth estimates for the Valley and for California as a whole have 

been under review in 2012. The Population Research Unit of the Department of 

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

20062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019

Activity Growth Rate Relative to 2006 

Estimate

December 2010 Activity Growth Current Assessment
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-29 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

Finance (DOF) released interim revised population growth projections in May 20121. 

For the 2012 data, DOF used currently available 2010 census data and demographic 

trends showing slower growth than projected in DOF’s 2007 series projections. The 

DOF developed these interim projections per its duties under California Government 

Code Sections 13073 and 13073.5 to provide sound and current population data for use 

in developing state, regional, and local agency policies. The DOF’s final projections will 

be completed by January 2013. 

The Valley’s Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) released their revised 

population growth projections on March 27, 20122. The MPOs use their forecasts to 

analyze potential development densities, run MPO traffic models, formulate Sustainable 

Community Strategies for SB375, and more.

Population data is factored into air quality planning in a few ways. For example, a 

county’s population is one factor in determining the minimum number of air monitoring 

stations required for that county, and data from these air monitoring stations are used to 

determine attainment status and show the extent of a region’s attainment challenges. 

Population also affects the emissions inventory, with emissions growth projections from 

categories like consumer products, architectural coatings, commercial cooking, and light 

duty vehicles linked to anticipated growth in population. Increasing population generally 

increases air pollutant emissions from these categories, offsetting some of the 

emissions reductions progress made by control measures and improved pollution 

control technologies. 

The population data displayed in Table B-6 and Figure B-3 show that although newer 

estimates show less population growth in the Valley than was previously estimated, the 

population of the Valley is still growing over the 2010-2020 time period covered by this 

plan. Population growth is a component of the Valley’s air quality challenges.

 

1 DOF Interim Population Projections for California and its Counties, 2010-2050. 

http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/reports/projections/interim/view.php

2

San Joaquin Valley Demographic Forecasts, 2010-2015 (March 27, 2012) 

http://www.valleyblueprint.org/files/San%20Joaquin%20Valley%20Demographic%20Forecasts%20-

%20Final%2027%20Mar%202012_0.pdf
San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District December 20, 2012

B-30 Appendix B: Emissions Inventory 

2012 PM2.5 Plan 

Table B-6 Comparison between DOF and MPO Population Projections

County

Old DOF (2007 Series) New DOF MPO

2010 2020 % 

change 2010 2020 % change 2010 2020 % change

Fresno 983,478 1,201,792 22% 932,926 1,083,889 16% 930,000 1,082,000 16%

Kern* 871,728 1,086,113 25% 841,609 1,041,469 24% 840,000 1,004,000 20%

Kings 164,535 205,707 25% 152,996 179,722 17% 153,000 181,000 18%

Madera 162,114 212,874 31% 151,136 183,176 21% 150,900 154,500 2%

Merced 273,935 348,690 27% 256,345 301,449 18% 256,000 303,000 18%

San 

Joaquin 741,417 965,094 30% 686,651 795,631 16% 685,000 807,000 18%

Stanislaus 559,708 699,144 25% 515,229 582,746 13% 514,000 594,000 16%

Tulare 466,893 599,117 28% 443,567 536,429 21% 442,000 501,000 13%

Total 4,223,808 5,318,531 26% 3,980,459 4,704,511 18% 3,970,900 4,626,500 17%

California 

Total

39.1 

million

44.1 

million 12.8% 37.3 million

40.8 

million 9% NA NA NA

% Calif. 

pop. in 

Valley

10.8% 12.1% 10.7% 11.5% NA NA NA

Figure B-3 Temporal Comparison of Population Projections

3000000

3200000

3400000

3600000

3800000

4000000

4200000

4400000

4600000

4800000

5000000

2000 2010 2015 2020

Population

Year

Total Population of Valley Counties, 2000-2020

New DOF MPO Old DOF