# EUR-Lex - 52012JC0006 - EN

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# 52012JC0006

**JOINT COMMUNICATION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Towards a renewed EU-Pacific development Partnership /* JOIN/2012/06 final */**

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JOINT COMMUNICATION TO THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE
COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS

Towards a renewed EU-Pacific development
Partnership

1.           The EU and the Pacific

The growing geostrategic importance of the
Pacific, combined with global awareness of Pacific Islands' vulnerability to
climate change, has made this region an emerging foreign policy priority for
both the EU and many of its strategic partners such as the US, Japan, China,
Russia and India. Other bilateral partners and multilateral institutions are
also consolidating their presence in the region.

Most EU Member States rely on the EU to
promote and deliver on foreign policy interests in that region. The EU has
engaged in regular political dialogues at country and regional level and is an
influential donor and partner in the Pacific.

The EU's partnerships in the Pacific
involve 15 independent Island Countries[1],
4 Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT)[2],
the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) as well as Australia and New Zealand −
key members of the Forum and like-minded partners.

As a global player, the EU aims at renewing
and reinforcing its partnerships beyond a donor-recipient relationship. The
2006 EU Strategy for the Pacific[3],
was a first step in this direction. As a result, the EU and the PIF have
upgraded their political dialogue to Ministerial level.

The EU should increase the impact of its
development policy, in line with the EU Agenda for Change[4] and consolidate its position as
the second donor in the region after Australia[5].
This will allow the EU to enhance the political dimension of its partnership,
by engaging in a more effective dialogue with Pacific countries, individually
as well as at regional and multilateral level, in order to strengthen its
cooperation on human rights, democracy good governance and sustainable
development, as well as to ensure full respect of the UN Charter and
international law worldwide.

Building on the Cotonou Agreement[6] as well as experience gained in
the implementation of the EU Strategy for the Pacific, this Joint Communication
focuses on the development aspects of EU relations with the region and proposes
a set of actions for a more effective Pacific-EU cooperation, with the
following main objectives:

· to promote coherence between development, climate action and other
EU policies, such as trade, environment, fisheries, research, on the one hand,
and human rights and democracy support on the other,

· to adapt and streamline delivery methods of EU Official Development
Assistance (ODA) and scaled up climate change financing in the Pacific, with a
view to increasing overall added value, results, impact and effectiveness,

· to stimulate the Pacific OCTs' successful regional integration and
enhance their ability to promote EU values and become catalysts for inclusive
and sustainable growth for human development in the region,

·
to define with Pacific countries a positive
agenda of issues of common interest at the UN and other international fora,

· to join forces with like-minded partners to address key human rights
issues and to help consolidate democratic processes across the region.

Outcomes of joint work at the UN,
reinforced political cooperation and the implementation of the policy proposals
outlined below should be integrated in the EU's programming cycle for the EU's
development cooperation in Pacific Countries, Territories and the Region for
the period 2014-2020, and feed into the process of renewing the EU strategy for
engagement in the Pacific.

2.           The uniqueness of the
Pacific

2.1.        Smallness,
immensity, diversity and fragility

Pacific Island Countries and Territories
(PICTS) are home to 10 million people living in a land area of 552,000 Km2
surrounded by a sea Exclusive Economic Zone of 30 million Km2 in the part of
the world most distant from the EU.

Most PICTS are Small Islands States (SIS),
10 of which are among the world's 15 smallest economies, while three are atoll
nations, with elevations barely above sea-level and small populations dispersed
across large distances. Their natural, financial, institutional and human
resource base is limited, skilled labour migration rates are high, and costs
for providing services and importing goods are very high. Many PICTS' economies
are highly dependent on revenue from exploiting natural resources, such as
fishing licenses sold to foreign vessels. The public sector is dominant but in
some countries governance remains weak, private sector access to finance is
limited and economies of scale are hard to achieve. Isolation and limited trade
opportunities leave these countries at the margins of the global economy. Aid
dependence and fragmentation in many PICTS present significant development
challenges.

Timor Leste, recovering from conflict and
only partly integrated in the PIF institutional architecture, is currently
looking forward to joining the Association of South East Nations (ASEAN) and
faces similar structural constraints to those of many developing countries. The
Pacific OCTs enjoy development levels close to the EU average and seek more
substantial integration in the region.

Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Fiji together
represent 88.6 % of the land mass, 70% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and
74.5 % of PICTS’ population. While Fiji, where there has been no constitutional
rule since 2006, is engaged in a slow transition to democracy, PNG intends to
invest in governance so as to fully benefit from its broad natural and human
resource base and its emerging, although largely foreign-owned, business
sector.

2.2.        Development
achievements and climate change impacts

The real wealth of the Pacific is its
unique biodiversity and its rich ecosystems, which deliver essential services to
the population. In particular, the East Melanesian islands, New Caledonia and
Polynesia-Micronesia are biodiversity hotspots.

However, oceanic resources are being
damaged due to pollution, overexploitation, habitat change and invasive
species. Tropical forests are in danger from deforestation
and degradation.

Exposure and vulnerability to natural
hazards, which have the potential to cause very significant human and material
losses, is common across the region.

Demographic pressure places further stress
on environmental and social balances. Education, employment and
income-generating opportunities are needed for a rapidly growing and young
population. While skilled labour migration is a key development constraint, remittances form a substantial part of many Pacific
economies. Large communities of Pacific Islanders now reside in Australia, New
Zealand or elsewhere.

Democratic principles and human rights are
respected for the most part across the region, with Fiji remaining an exception
after the 2006 coup. However, Pacific
countries have a poor record of ratifying human rights conventions and have high
rates of gender-based violence and low proportions of women at decision-making
levels.

Pacific countries are slowly recovering
from the global crisis, inter alia due to Asia's continued robust growth.
Private sector resilience remains weak. In 2010, economic growth was 0.8% on
average, and is expected to be 1.7% in 2011 and to remain low in 2012, except for
resource-rich countries (PNG, Solomon Islands and Nauru) and Vanuatu. An
increase in tourism and a recovery in remittance flows are expected. The main
risk to growth is inflation, driven by high fuel and food prices. In Timor
Leste, increases in government expenditure, funded by petroleum revenue, resulted
in a 9.5% rise in GDP in 2010, which is forecast to accelerate in 2011 and
2012. However macro-economic stability will remain an issue in most Pacific
countries and the sustainability of debt levels is of particular importance.

While PNG is off track on all Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs), the other Pacific countries are on-track to reduce child
mortality, with mixed progress on the other goals. Timor Leste has a mixed MDG performance,
with substantial progress in poverty reduction, low health indicators and health
standards compromised as a large part of the population suffers from food insecurity.

Access to energy is a key constraint.
Pacific SIS are highly dependent on imported petroleum products as the main
source of energy. Unstable international prices and shipping and transport
costs place a heavy strain on national budgets and operational expenses for
utilities and businesses, leading to high prices for food and electricity.
Renewable energy technologies have provided alternative means of producing
energy. However, changes in
both the supply of energy (availability and accessibility) and demand
(affordability) pose an increasing threat to energy security for Pacific
populations. This led, in 2009, to the formulation of
the "Framework for Action on Energy Security in the Pacific" (FAESP). Only around 30% of the population have
access to electricity, concentrated in urban areas, ranging from less than 25%
in some countries (PNG, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu) to over 95% in others
(Cook Islands, Guam, Nauru, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Samoa, Tonga,
Tokelau and Tuvalu).

Climate change has affected the Pacific for
decades, with the increased frequency and
intensity of natural hazards, such as tropical cyclones and floods. Sea-level
rise, sea-water intrusion and coastal erosion reduce the land available for
housing, threaten infrastructure, damage aquaculture and affect freshwater
supplies and agriculture. Access to clean water and sanitation remains a major
challenge for most PICTS, causing serious health hazards, especially for women,
children and communities living in outer islands. Rising water temperatures and
ocean acidification put the already deteriorated biodiversity and ecosystems under
further strain, particularly coral reefs, which results in further
vulnerability to climate change. In large islands, climate change affects mainland
areas, through more intense droughts, landslides or flooding. Adaptation to
climate change, including ecosystem-based approaches, can also contribute to
improved service delivery, access to renewable energy and disaster
preparedness. As such it can be a key driver of development in all Pacific
countries. Disaster risk reduction through ecosystem protection uses nature
itself as part of the solution. Moreover, for disasters that are not directly
related to climate change, adaptation measures can still contribute to disaster
preparedness.

PNG still has substantial primary rain
forest resources, but areas are shrinking rapidly due to several factors
including what is seen by many as illegal logging. PNG could contribute to
global climate change mitigation by moving towards sustainable logging through
improved forest governance and land-use legislation.

Climate change sets off a chain of
interlinked impacts, including on security and gender.
The UN Security Council has pointed out that the loss
of territory due to sea-level rise, particularly in small low-lying island
States, could have security implications[7]. The EU
has underlined that climate change has important security implications since it
acts as a "threat multiplier", exacerbating tensions over land, food
and energy prices, and creating migratory pressures and desertification[8],. On the other hand, given that the impacts of climate change may
affect women and men differently, Pacific Ministers have affirmed the need to
take the knowledge, experiences and priorities of women better into account to
develop effective climate change strategies. Recognising that gender
inequalities and human rights violation hamper the countries' capacity to address
the impacts of climate change, Ministers have called on Pacific governments to
fulfil their commitments in that regard[9].

The impact of climate change, which is
predicted to intensify, undermines development achievements and equitable
sustainable growth, and makes it much more difficult to achieve the MDGs in the
Pacific. Entire countries could become uninhabitable or even disappear,
resulting in migration and displacement of populations.

2.3.        Pacific
ways of addressing development challenges

Pacific islanders have coped with their
structural challenges for centuries. Over time, in-country solutions have
emerged and PICTS have often combined forces at regional level on issues such
as political cooperation, finance, development, trade, fisheries, security, law
enforcement, human rights, environment, energy, social and cultural affairs,
transport, infrastructure, research, telecommunications, etc.

PICTS have also addressed climate change.
For example, in order to adapt to sea level rise, they have restored mangroves,
protected coral reefs, built sea walls, water reservoirs and desalination
facilities, developed new crops, promoted crop diversification, or moved
infrastructures and relocated populations. Certain countries are integrating
migration into their adaptation toolbox. Regional cooperation is remarkable.
For example, Micronesian countries and territories are engaged in the Micronesia Challenge, to conserve 30% of near shore coastal waters and 20% of forest land by
2020. Also, comprehensive regional frameworks are in
place for climate change action and for disaster risk reduction and management.

A growing but still relatively small number
of donors and development partners are present in the region. Australia and New
Zealand are members of PIF and are the most important bilateral donors. The
Asian Development Bank is the main multilateral partner. US Compacts are a well-established
instrument in the North Pacific. Taiwan, Japan and Korea are increasing their assistance.
China is playing an ever increasing role in the Pacific. Other bilateral and multilateral
partners are also increasing their engagement.

Pacific Leaders have established the "Cairns
Compact" on Strengthening Development Coordination (2009), for donors to
reduce aid fragmentation, ease aid administration and improve aid effectiveness,
through the increased use of country systems, multi-year funding commitments,
pooled financial resources, the delegation of aid delivery and collaborative
analytical work. With its development partners, the PIF Secretariat has
coordinated a Roadmap to strengthen the public expenditure management,
procurement, accountability and monitoring systems of the Forum Countries, so
that country systems are widely used to channel Official Development Assistance
(ODA), including through budget support when eligibility criteria are met.

In 2011, Pacific Leaders reaffirmed that
climate change is the single greatest threat to the region and stressed the
need for adaptation finance. In order to improve countries' access to, and
management of climate change resources, Forum Economic Ministers recommended that
financing methods should be based on aid effectiveness principles and that climate
change should be integrated in national budgets and development plans, in order
for country systems to be used where possible, particularly through budget
support, as the most effective form of delivery.

3.           Enhancing EU-Pacific development and climate cooperation

EU external action has at its disposal a
wide range of policies and instruments that are very relevant for the Pacific. Building on its network of EU Delegations and headquarters staff,
the EU should engage with one voice in the region and promote EU values and
common Pacific-EU objectives and interests more effectively in multilateral fora, in international
negotiations or relations with other players. Coordinated EU-wide initiatives, responsive to Pacific priorities,
would maximize the added value of EU external action in the region.

The Commission's Communications on the EU
Agenda for Change[10] and the future of budget support[11]
propose an enhanced policy framework for more focused and higher impact EU
development cooperation, by promoting the use of country systems and budget
support wherever feasible, in combination with an enhanced policy dialogue
focusing on improving results and good governance.

Development and
climate change assistance to Pacific countries and OCTs from the EU Budget and
the European Development Fund (EDF) increased substantially to approximately €785
million for the period 2008-2013[12].

The structural constraints faced by PICTS
makes them unique as development beneficiaries, makes EU assistance
particularly important for the region and presents the EU with a set of
interlinked challenges:

· to scale up financial commitment in the region by enhancing and
complementing current ODA levels with a fair share of climate funds announced
in international negotiations, as well as by catalyzing investment funding form
other sources,

· to deepen policy dialogue and adapt delivery modalities to support
reform more effectively within Pacific partners' constraints and specificities,
so as to facilitate adequate absorption of scaled-up financial assistance ,

· to reinforce coordination and reduce aid fragmentation in the
Pacific,

· to improve coordination at the UN, particularly on climate change.

· to ensure that policies other than development continue to
contribute to the renewed Pacific-EU development partnership so that economic
growth goes hand in hand with good governance, sustainability and shared
responsibilities for common goods.

3.1.        Scaled up financial engagement

Commission-managed EU funds are limited
relative to the needs in the Pacific. Bilateral financial commitment by EU
Member States, involving a focus on climate change in particular, is needed.
Following a Joint Declaration on climate change[13], the Commission and the Forum
Secretariat launched a Joint Initiative[14].
A Plan for Action is being prepared, in association with Pacific and EU Member
States and institutions, to deliver on the objectives of the Joint Initiative,
for the EU to engage in a coordinated manner in the Pacific and to pool ODA and
additional climate change funds, including by triggering investment funding.

In addition to contributing to climate
change related activities and institutional development, EU geographical and
thematic programmes can also enable PICTS to access complementary sources of
climate change funding (the Green Climate Fund, the business sector, the carbon
market ...).

Programming and policy dialogue will remain
the key tool for defining cooperation priorities. The EU, in coordination with
other donors, should continue accompanying PICTS efforts to improve national
development plans and sectoral policies, in order to pursue results-oriented
development and climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, while
ensuring sound management of scaled up assistance and sustainable practices.

3.2.        Pacific
friendly delivery methods

The EU Agenda for Change proposes increased
concentration of EU cooperation on maximum three sectors in order to maximise
results and impact. While two or three concentration sectors may be justified
in the case of larger island countries, concentration in the majority of
smaller islands should be limited to one sector.

Structural constraints faced by PICTS
require delivery methods to be adapted, limiting the use of project approaches
which tend to overstretch small administrations.

Sector programmes and budget support are
more suited to deliver sustainable results as they align with national
development plans and sector strategies and contribute, through policy dialogue
and regular performance assessments, to improved service delivery and
institutional, policy and regulatory outcomes. The definition of sound national
development plans and sector strategies, the strengthening of public finance
management (PFM) and the observance of a sound macro-economic framework have been
conducive to budget support in New Caledonia, Pitcairn, Samoa, Solomon Islands,
Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu.

EU-financed regional cooperation in the Pacific
is supported by well-functioning regional organisations which enjoy political
support from their member states and are financially and technically well
equipped. The EU, like other donors, aligns, through contribution agreements,
to those organisation's strategic work programme and effective result-oriented
monitoring systems.

EU assistance will continue to be delivered
through projects when eligibility requirements for other methods are not met
and to support initiatives run by civil society and business associations,
certain stand-alone infrastructure projects, etc.

3.3.        Capacity
and efficiency development

Many administrations in the Pacific face
structural capacity constraints in improving sectoral policies and PFM systems
or integrating climate change in development strategies. Regional organisations
must play a crucial role in addressing these challenges. The EU should further support
regional organisations to assist their members on policy making, planning and
delivery, as well as on aid management and implementation, particularly in
areas such as climate change adaptation and mitigation. EU-Pacific partnerships
to transfer specific expertise and facilitate institutional development should
also be promoted.

3.4.        Improved
coordination within the EU and with other partners

The limited presence of EU Member States in
the Pacific makes it easier to explore the prospects for EU-wide joint
programming and pooling of development and climate funds. In relation to
coordination with non-EU partners, comprehensive and increasingly intense
coordination has been established with Australia and New Zealand which includes
division of labour and two-way delegated cooperation. It makes the best use of
comparative advantages and establishes a model available for other non-EU
partners to join. Australia is the first non-European donor with which the EU
has established an agreement on delegated aid cooperation arrangements, enabling the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)
andthe Commission to capitalize on each others’ expertise and deliver
significant aid outcomes.

3.5.        Improved coordination on
climate change at the UN

Pacific-EU cooperation on climate change,
which has been growing since the Joint Declaration (2008) and the Joint
Initiative (2010), has led to a common approach for the Pacific Island States,
the Association of Small Islands States (AOSIS) and Small Island Developing
States in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The Pacific Islands and the EU should continue to promote common positions in
terms of adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, through regional
institutions.

At the UNFCCC negotiation in Durban, the Least
Developed Countries (LDCs), the AOSIS and the EU were united in their desire
for an ambitious outcome and reflected this ambition in a common statement. The
EU should continue to strengthen this alliance with LDCs and the AOSIS in order
to step up pressure on other negotiating partners to increase their ambition on
mitigation and adaptation.

4.           Promoting
a more coherent EU policy mix in the Pacific

Building on the Cotonou Agreement as well
as on the experience gained in the implementation of the EU Strategy for the
Pacific, the EU is working towards a more integrated external action policy and
instrument mix in the region as well as a more coherent policy agenda towards
the Pacific, in view of the 2014-2020 programming cycle.

Cooperation on trade and fisheries, as well
as on research and higher education, can also significantly contribute to
further EU policy coherence in the region.

· EU-Pacific cooperation on trade is substantial. Building on the
Interim Partnership Agreement concluded with PNG and Fiji, as well as on market
access offers put forward by other countries, the EU will continue working
towards a comprehensive trade and development agreement with all countries in
the region, as Pacific ACP Leaders place a high priority on a successful
conclusion to the EPA negotiations in 2012. Alternatively, Pacific ACP
countries could join the Interim Partnership Agreement, which explicitly allows
for this possibility.

· EU-Pacific cooperation on fisheries is based upon substantial
EDF-financed support, as well as on three bilateral Fisheries Partnership
Agreements and multilateral fisheries cooperation in the frame of the Western
and Central Pacific Fishery Commission. The EU is stepping up its efforts to
support the development of a sustainable fishery industry and to combat
illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. Joint Pacific-EU work for good
fisheries governance within the Western and Central Pacific Fishery Commission
should be enhanced. The establishment of a comprehensive fishery strategy for
the Pacific to be implemented through the effective use of EU instruments
(fisheries, development, environment and research) could be considered.

· The EU is, through the Research Framework Programme, enhancing the
EU's research capabilities on Pacific issues, supporting Pacific research
initiatives and fostering cooperation between EU and Pacific research partners.

· The Erasmus Mundus programme also provides opportunities for
cooperation on higher education.

The EU is further integrating human rights,
democracy support and good governance into its policy mix in the region.

· The EU is strengthening its cooperation with like-minded partners to
support the ratification and implementation of human rights conventions and the
Rome Statute on the International Criminal Court across the region. The EU pays
particular attention to addressing issues such as gender-based violence and
very low proportions of women at decision-making levels in the Pacific.

· The EU continues to deploy electoral observation missions where
appropriate and is joining efforts with like-minded partners to develop a
coordinated strategy for Fiji's return to democracy and to support
reconciliation processes and conflict prevention initiatives across the region.

· The EU will continue to support PICTS in strengthening governance
systems, including on environment and resource management, promoting inter alia
compliance with the International Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative

In order to reinforce the integration of
climate action in its policy mix, the EU will also develop a comprehensive
climate diplomacy strategy in the Pacific, for EU actors, Member States and
their national diplomatic services to address climate change at all political
levels, to promote and support the implementation of climate action as well as
to address linkages between climate change and international security in the
Pacific.

5.           Recommendations for
action

The EU is committed to the Pacific both politically
and as an influential development partner. In an increasingly
resource-constrained environment, it is imperative to enhance efficiency and
effectiveness by concentrating on high-impact and high EU added-value
intervention areas and using aid-effective delivery mechanisms.

(1)
Regular political dialogue between the EU and
PICTS, Pacific regional organisations and like-minded partners should foster
joint positions to ensure that the UN charter and resolutions are respected
globally, to facilitate a sustainable and peaceful resolution to conflicts
worldwide as well as to improve development and climate change cooperation,
particularly in the UNFCCC negotiations.

(2)
By 2012, all Pacific countries will have
benefited from additional EU funding for climate change and some from the MDG
initiative, on top of the EDF allocations for 2008-2013. In programming the
EU's development cooperation for the period 2014-2020, the EEAS and Commission
services will submit to EU Member States options for joint programming in the
Pacific, as well as for an EU-wide mechanism allowing a combination of EU and
bilateral resources with additional support for climate change adaptation and
mitigation.

(3)
EU support to mitigation in the region,
particularly in PNG and the Solomon Islands, should promote synergies between
the initiatives related to Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade (FLEGT)
and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD).

(4)
EU assistance to PICTS should be delivered via
the most suitable method, including budget support or a mix of aid delivery
methods, assessed on a case by case basis. The Commission's proposed new
guidelines for EU's budget support will recognise the needs and specificities
of the SIDS and OCTs.

(5)
The EU should promote aid effectiveness
principles in line with the Busan High level Forum conclusions and commitments,
including division of labour and joint programming, as well as the use of
delegated cooperation with like-minded partners in the Pacific. The EU should
seek to engage with other donors at sectoral level, by means of joint
programmes to support partner countries' policies, with joint indicators,
disbursements criteria, reviews and policy dialogue with partner governments.

(6)
Building on the guidance from the Forum Economic
Ministers, and in line with the "Cairns Compact", the EU should
endeavour with other partners to develop a methodology to improve Pacific
Islands' access to and management of funding for climate change and to
implement its pilot phase, so that the methodology can be replicated across the
region.

(7)
The EU should engage with other donors in
MDG-related sectors which are particularly prone to climate change, such as
water and sanitation and renewable energy. The EU should promote initiatives in
these sectors to promote green growth, including through the Pacific
Infrastructure Facility.

(8)
To avoid overstretching Pacific partners'
capacities, the EU should promote joint missions with other partners
coordinated with PICTS and regional organisations.

(9)
The EU should support Pacific OCTs efforts to
cooperate with their neighbours, including on the challenges of climate change.

(10)
In order to maximise the effectiveness of EU
Delegations in the Pacific, the High Representative and the Commission will
assess the feasibility and impact of redistributing responsibilities based on
geographical proximity to Pacific partner countries.

(11)
The EU should continue involving civil society,
local authorities, the private sector and the research community in its
cooperation in the region, by supporting regional networking and Pacific-EU
partnerships and by promoting public interest and debate in Europe on issues of
common concern for the Pacific Islands Countries and Territories and people.

[1]               Cook Islands (no vote in the UN), Federated States of
Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue (no vote in the UN),
Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu and
Vanuatu

[2]               French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Pitcairn and Wallis
and Futuna

[3]               Conclusions on an EU-Strategy for the Pacific (2743rd
General Affairs Council – 17.07.2006)

[4]               Communication from the Commission: Increasing the
impact of EU Development Policy: an Agenda for Change; COM(2011)637 - 13.10.2011

[5]               See OECD
DCD-DAC - "Development
Aid at a glance – Statistics by region – Oceania – 2011 edition"

[6]               The Cotonou Agreement, in force until 2020, governs
the political, development cooperation and trade partnership between the EU and
79 countries in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific, the so-called ACP
countries

[7]               UN Security Council open debate on “Maintenance of
international peace and security: the impact of climate change” (July 2011) - http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10332.doc.htm

[8]               Conclusions on EU Climate Diplomacy (3106th
Foreign Affairs Council – 18.07.2011)

[9]               Ministerial Workshop on Climate Change held in
conjunction with the Fourth Pacific Women’s Ministerial Meeting (July 2011)

[10]             Increasing the impact of EU Development Policy: an
Agenda for Change; COM(2011)637 - 13.10.2011

[11]             The future approach to EU budget support to third
countries; COM(2011)638 - 13.10.2011

[12]             Approximately €730 million from 10th EDF (€ 70 million
of which to OCTs) and approximately €56 million from the EU Budget

[13]             http://www.gcca.eu/usr//Joint-Declaration-PIFS-EU-2008.pdf

[14]             http://www.gcca.eu/usr//Protocole-d-entente-Signe-a-Strasbourg.pdf