Pacific Northwest 

Research Station

General Technical 

Report

PNW-GTR-895

May 2014

United States Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service

Round Top Butte 

Research Natural Area: 

Guidebook Supplement 46

Marcia L. Wineteer and Reid Schuller 
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Authors

Marcia L. Wineteer is a botanist, Butte Falls Resource Area, Medford District, 

Bureau of Land Management, Medford, OR 97504; Reid Schuller is a plant ecologist, Western Stewardship Science Institute, P.O. Box 1173, Bend, OR 97709. 

The Pacific Northwest Research Station is publishing this guidebook as part of a 

continuing series of guidebooks on federal research natural areas begun in 1972.

Front cover. Round Top Butte Research Natural Area. Oblique view looking 

north-northwest across the RNA toward The Nature Conservancy Preserve and 

the summit of Round Top Butte. Open areas are dominated by the Bluebunch 

wheatgrass-California oatgrass-Lemmon’s needlegrass (Pseudoroegneria spicataDanthonia californica-Achnatherum lemmonii) upland grassland. Soils are shallow, 

gravelly loam on the steep, south-facing slope of Round Top Butte. 
Abstract

Wineteer, Marcia L.; Schuller, Reid. 2014. Round Top Butte Research Natural 

Area: guidebook supplement 46. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-895. Portland, OR: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research 

Station. 31 p. 

This guidebook describes major biological and physical attributes of the 243-ha 

(600-ac) Round Top Butte Research Natural Area. The area supports high-quality 

examples of valley upland grasslands and savanna of the Cascade foothills. Plant 

communities include Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) savanna and open 

woodland with forbs and grasses; ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)–Oregon white 

oak woodland; bluebunch wheatgrass-California oatgrass-Lemmon’s needlegrass 

(Pseudoroegneria spicata-Danthonia californica-Achnatherum lemmonii) grasslands; and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa)-California oatgrass vernally 

flooded prairie.

Keywords: Research natural area, area of critical environmental concern, 

Quercus garryana, Oregon white oak, Pinus ponderosa, ponderosa pine, Pseudoroegneria spicata, bluebunch wheatgrass, Danthonia californica, California 

oatgrass, Achnatherum lemmonii, Lemmon’s needlegrass, valley grassland, 

savannah, and woodland. 
ii

Preface

The research natural area (RNA) described in this supplement1 is administered by 

the Medford District, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. Department of the 

Interior.

Round Top Butte RNA is part of a federal system2 of natural areas established 

for research and educational purposes.3 Of the 183 federal RNAs established in 

Oregon and Washington, 45 are described in Federal Research Natural Areas in 

Oregon and Washington: a Guidebook for Scientists and Educators (see footnote 1).

This report is a supplement to the guidebook. 

Each RNA is a site where elements4 are protected or managed for scientific 

purposes and natural processes are allowed to dominate. The objectives for establishing research natural areas are to:

• Maintain a wide spectrum of high-quality areas that represent the major 

forms of variability found in forest, shrubland, grassland, alpine, and natural situations that have scientific interest and importance that, in combination, form a national network of ecological areas for research, education, 

and maintenance of biological diversity.

• Preserve and maintain genetic diversity, including threatened, endangered, 

and sensitive species.

• Protect against human-caused environmental disruptions.

• Serve as reference areas for the study of natural ecological processes, 

including disturbance.

1

 Supplement No. 43 to Franklin, J.F.; Hall, F.C.; Dyrness, C.T.; Maser, C. 1972. Federal 

research natural areas in Oregon and Washington: a guidebook for scientists and educators. 

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest 

and Range Experiment Station. 498 p.

2

 Six federal agencies cooperate in this program in the Pacific Northwest: U.S. Department 

of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park 

Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; U.S. Department of Energy; and 

U.S. Department of Defense. In addition, the federal agencies cooperate with state agencies 

and private organizations in Oregon and Washington in the Pacific Northwest Interagency 

Natural Area Committee. 

3

 Federal Committee on Ecological Reserves. 1977. A directory of the research natural 

areas on federal lands of the United States of America. Washington, DC: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service. [Irregular pagination].

4

 Elements are the basic units to be represented in a natural area system. An element may 

be an ecosystem, community, habitat, or organism. Taken from Dyrness, C.T.; Franklin, 

J.F.; Maser, C.; Cook, S.A.; Hall, J.D.; Faxon, G. 1975. Research natural area needs in the 

Pacific Northwest: a contribution to land-use planning. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-38. Portland, 

OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range 

Experiment Station. 231 p.
iii

• Provide onsite and extension educational activities.

• Serve as baseline areas for measuring long-term ecological changes.

• Serve as control areas for comparing results from manipulative research.

• Monitor effects of resource management techniques and practices.

The guiding principle in managing RNAs is to maintain natural ecological 

processes or conditions for which the site is designated. Activities that impair scientific or educational values are not permitted within RNAs. Management practices 

necessary to maintain or restore ecosystems may be allowed.5

Federal RNAs provide a unique system of publicly owned and protected 

examples of relatively unmodified ecosystems where scientists can conduct 

research with minimal interference and reasonable assurance that investments in 

long-term studies will not be lost to logging, land development, or similar activities. 

Scientists and educators wishing to visit or use Round Top Butte RNA for scientific 

or educational purposes should contact the Medford BLM district office manager in 

advance and provide information about research or educational objectives, sampling 

procedures, and other prospective activities. Research projects, educational visits, 

and collection of specimens from the RNA all require prior approval. There may be 

limitations on research or educational activities.

A scientist or educator wishing to use the RNA is obligated to:

• Obtain permission from the appropriate administering agency before using 

the area (see footnote 2).

• Abide by the administering agency’s regulations governing use, including 

specific limitations on the type of research, sampling methods, and other 

procedures.

• Inform the administering agency on progress of the research, published 

results, and disposition of collected materials.

The purpose of this approval process is to:

• Ensure that the ecological integrity and scientific and educational values of 

the RNA are not compromised.

• Provide information to scientists about other research occurring on the 

RNA so that potential collaborations may be fostered and conflicts avoided. 

5

 Wilson, T.M.; Schuller, R.; Holmes, R.; Pavola, C.; Fimbel, R.A.; McCain, C.N.; Gamon, 

J.G.; Speaks, P.; Seevers, J.I.; DeMeo, T.E.; Gibbons, S. 2009. Interagency strategy for the 

Pacific Northwest Natural Areas Network. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-798. Portland, OR: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 33 p.
iv

• Maintain records of research activities and research results to benefit the 

BLM, other agencies, and future researchers. 

Appropriate uses of RNAs are determined by the administering agency. 

Destructive analysis of vegetation is generally not allowed, nor are studies requiring extensive substrate modification such as extensive soil excavation. Collection 

of plant and animal specimens is generally restricted to voucher specimens or 

approved research activities. Under no circumstances may collecting significantly 

reduce species populations. Collecting must also be carried out in accordance with 

all other federal and state agency regulations. 
v

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Access and Accommodations

2 Environment

7 Climate

8 Vegetation

15 Fauna

16 Disturbance History

17 Research History

18 Maps

18 Acknowledgments

18 English Equivalents

19 References

22 Appendix 1: Plants

30 Appendix 2: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

Introduction

Round Top Butte Research Natural Area (RNA) is located in the foothills of the 

Cascade Mountains adjacent to the Rogue Valley 9.7 km (6 mi) northeast of Eagle 

Point in Jackson County, Oregon. The 243-ha (600-ac) site was proposed as an 

RNA in the Medford District Resource Management Plan/Environmental Impact 

Statement (USDI 1994) and was subsequently designated under the Record of Decision and Resource Management Plan (USDI 1995). 

The Round Top site was established as a RNA because it supports high-quality 

examples of ecosystem types representative of the foothills of the western Cascade 

Mountains in southern Oregon (Kagan 2010). These include: 

• Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) savanna and open woodland with 

forbs and grasses.

• Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)-Oregon white oak woodland. 

• Bluebunch wheatgrass-California oatgrass-Lemmon’s needlegrass 

(Pseudoroegneria spicata-Danthonia californica-Achnatherum lemmonii) 

grasslands. 

• Tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa)-California oatgrass vernally 

flooded prairie (ONHAC 2010).

In addition, the sticky whiteleaf manzanita-buckbrush (Arctostaphylos viscidaCeanothus cuneatus)/bunchgrass chaparral and lowland mixed-conifer forest plant 

communities are also present at the site. Collectively, these six vegetation types 

are representative of native vegetation that historically existed in the valleys and 

foothills of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California (Greene 1985) (see 

app. 1 for a list of scientific and common names).

In 2011, the National Park Service recognized the ecological significance of 

Round Top Butte by designating the area as a National Natural Landmark (USDI 

NPS 2013). This designation acknowledges Round Top Butte as a predominantly 

unmodified mosaic of ecosystem types, which historically occupied valley bottoms 

and foothills in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California but which are 

largely absent today (Kagan 2010). At present, the site is characterized by upland 

valley grasslands, intermixed with shrublands, savanna, and forest communities. 

The site also supports forest dominated by old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga 

menziesii), incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), and ponderosa pine. Round Top 

Butte persists today as the best example of the spectrum of plant communities that 

occupied the valleys and foothills of southern Oregon and northern California prior 

to Euro-American settlement (USDI NPS 2013).
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Access and Accommodations

Round Top Butte RNA is accessible by vehicle from several directions, although 

four-wheel drive is needed once off main roads, especially during wet months. 

The primary access from Eagle Point (north-northeast of Medford, Oregon) is via 

Highway 62, the Butte Falls highway, and Obenchain Road. From Obenchain Road, 

take Bureau of Land Management (BLM) road 35-2E-18 to the locked gate at the 

end of the graveled portion. A key may be obtained from the BLM for the gate lock 

and a four-wheel drive vehicle can traverse the last 3/4 mile; however, driving this 

road should be avoided during wet months and fire season. During these periods, 

access to the northeast corner of the RNA in section 15 is gained by walking the 

last 3/4 mile of the natural surface road (fig. 1). 

Prior to visiting the site, obtain permission to access the area from the BLM, 

Medford District office in Medford, Oregon. Maps and additional directions to the 

area are available at this office. Lodging is available in Medford, Oregon.

Environment 

The RNA is situated within the Western Cascade ecoregion and straddles foothills 

overlooking the Rogue Valley. Section 15 contains gently rolling hills of mostly 

south-facing slopes, interspersed with flat areas and swales (fig. 2). Elevation 

ranges from 914 m (3,000 ft) at the north border to 768 m (2,520 ft) at the southwest 

corner. The Nature Conservancy manages an adjacent parcel of land (Round Top 

Butte Preserve) in section 10 that includes the south-facing flanks of Round Top 

Butte. Elevation drops abruptly from the peak at 1125 m (3,690 ft) to a long narrow 

valley at 914 m (3,000 ft) that runs east-west along the length of the southern border 

(fig. 2). Round Top Butte is the highest peak in the area, and is surrounded on three 

sides by other ridges. 

Round Top Butte RNA is situated on the slopes of the Western Cascade Mountains, between the geologically younger High Cascade province to the east and the 

alluvial land forms of the Western Oregon Interior Valley Province to the west. 

Rocks in the Round Top Butte area originated from volcanic eruptions 25 to 35 

million years ago during the Oligocene and late Miocene eras. Subsequent periods 

of uplifting, folding, faulting, intrusions, and erosion created the present land forms. 

The most common exposed rock types are andesite, breccia, and tuff (USDA SCS 

1993). Volcanic rock outcroppings are present on the flanks of Round Top Butte and 

at several locations in section 15. Basalt cobbles are scattered across the hillside of 

the butte and throughout the RNA. Seasonal streams have eroded thin soil layers to 
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

Figure 1—Round Top Butte Research Natural Area (RNA) location and access. BLM = Bureau of Land 

Management.
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expose cobbles in shallow channels (fig. 3). Round Top Butte and adjacent Obenchain and Green Top Mountains are believed to be small lava cones (Kagan 2010, 

Wineteer 2001).

The soils are composed of weathered, volcanic clays. A few areas in the site 

have some significant soil buildup, but much of the site is rocky with very shallow 

soil. Soils have been mapped by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service and are classified as five different types. The primary differences have to do with the fineness of 

Figure 2—Round Top Butte Research Natural Area (RNA) topography, hydrology, and boundary showing landscape setting of the RNA in relation to The Nature Conservancy Preserve. 

BLM = Bureau of Land Management.
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

the clays, the depth and productivity of the soils, and the existing vegetation. However, the latter may reflect fire history as much as soil type (Kagan 2010, Wineteer 

2001). The soil series represented within the area are described below. They often 

occur as soil complexes, with two or more series co-occurring, or occurring with 

characteristics that are intermediate between two series. 

McNull— 

This soil series consists of moderately deep, well-drained soils on hill slopes, 

formed in colluvium from andesite, tuff, and breccia. Surface soil is loam; subsoil is 

clay loam, and cobbly clay. Depth to bedrock is 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in), permeability is slow, runoff is medium, and hazard of water erosion is moderate. McNull 

Figure 3—Ephemeral creek bed on the Round Top Butte Research Natural 

Area composed of basalt rubble within grassland. Large camas (Camassia 

leichtlinii) is flowering within the creek bed. Adjacent, dry-site grassland 

species outside of the creek bed are mostly dried up.
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soils are the most productive in the area, typically support closed forest, the timbered types, while the others support savanna and grassland vegetation 

McMullin— 

McMullin are generally shallow, well drained soils found on hill slopes and plateaus. They are formed in colluvium derived from igneous and metamorphic rock. 

The surface layer is gravelly loam and the subsoil gravelly clay loam. Depth to bedrock ranges from 31 to 51 cm (12 to 20 in), permeability is moderate, runoff is slow 

or medium, and hazard of water erosion is slight or moderate. 

Medco— 

The Medco series is moderately deep, moderately well-drained soil formed in colluvium and alluvium derived dominantly from andesite, tuff, and breccia. Surface 

soil is cobbly clay loam, and subsoils are cobbly clay loam and clay. Depth to bedrock is 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in), permeability is very slow, runoff is medium, and 

hazard of erosion is moderate. The Medco-McMullen stony clay complex and the 

McNell-McMullen shallow clay loam complex are the most prominent within the 

plateau located in the northern parts of section 15. These soils support savanna and 

grassland vegetation (Kagan 2010, USDA SCS 1993, Wineteer 2001).

Carney— 

Carney are moderately deep, well drained soils found on alluvial fans and hill 

slopes. Derived mainly from tuff and breccia, all soil layers are clay. Depth to 

bedrock is 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in), permeability is very slow, runoff is slow, and 

hazard of erosion is slight. This heavy vertisol clay soil is most common within the 

moist bottomland benches at Round Top Butte RNA.

Geppert—

The Geppert series is moderately deep, well-drained soil occurring on plateaus and 

formed in colluvium from andesite. Surface soils are very cobbly loam while subsurface soils are extremely cobbly clay loam. Depth to bedrock ranges from 51 to 

102 cm (20 to 40 in), permeability is moderate, runoff is slow, and hazard of erosion 

is slight.

The RNA lies in the middle of the lower third of 56-km (35-mi) long Little 

Butte Creek Watershed. The north and south forks join at Lake Creek to form the 

main stem of Little Butte Creek, which empties into the Rogue River about 35 km 

(22 mi) southwest of Eagle Point. High winter and spring flows and low or no summer flow characterize all streams in the watershed (Wheeler 1971).

Hydrology at Round Top involves runoff from precipitation and underground 

springs. First-order streams originating in or running through the RNA include 
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

Rock Creek, a tributary of Lick Creek; seasonal tributaries of Kanutchen Creek; 

and ephemeral and intermittent streams (fig. 2). Rainfall and runoff accumulate 

in flat areas with impermeable clay soils to form wet meadows and vernal pools 

that persist through spring and early summer, depending on the amount of rainfall 

(Wineteer 2001). 

Stream surveys conducted by the BLM Medford District during the summer of 

1998 identified 14 non-fish-bearing stream reaches. This includes 0.55 km (0.34 mi) 

of perennial streams, 3.33 km (2.07 mi) of intermittent streams, and 1.37 km (0.85 

mi) of ephemeral streams. Stream functioning condition was evaluated and grouped 

into three categories as follows:

• Properly functioning 0.9 km (0.57 mi)

• Functioning at risk with an upward trend 0.8 km (0.47 mi)

• Functioning at risk with no apparent trends 3.8 km (2.39 mi)

Streams were characterized as low gradient and low flow with narrow, shallow 

channels, resulting in above-average sediment deposition and fair to good channel 

stability. Reaches flowing through meadow areas were characterized as functioning 

at risk because they lack a large woody debris component and canopy coverage. 

Other stream sections considered at risk were in higher gradient areas that have 

had active slumping and reaches located near four wheel drive tracks and roads that 

have had sidewall erosion and sediment deposition (Wineteer 2001).

In the southeastern third of the section, Rock Creek drops approximately 61 

m (200 ft) in elevation, cutting a small canyon through this part of the RNA. Rock 

Creek is fed by underground springs and is the only stream containing water 

throughout the year. Logjams and drops between pools create natural barriers to 

fish migration. During summer months, the stream is reduced to an interrupted 

flow. Recently fallen large downed trees and debris were observed in the streambed 

and canyon in 1997, indicating that the water level was high during winter flooding 

in 1997. Freshly eroded streambanks, slides, and rerouted channels also indicated 

flooding (Wineteer 2001).

Climate

The RNA is situated on the border between climate zones 1 and 2. Both zones are 

classified as mesic with a Mediterranean climate of hot, dry summers and cool, 

wet winters. Most precipitation is received as rainfall. Climate zone 2 is characterized by more precipitation (> 89 cm [> 35 in] per year) than climate zone 1 (< 89 

cm [> 35 in] per year) (USDA SCS 1993). From late fall through spring, unstable 

low-pressure air masses from the Pacific Ocean bring frequent storms, sometimes 
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accompanied by high winds. During the summer, stable high-pressure air masses 

bring generally clear skies and temperature inversions. However, during the summer months, the area is also prone to lightning storms, which produces a natural 

wildfire frequency of 5 to 12 years in the grassland and savanna fuel types (Kagan 

2010).

The most comparable weather station is located at Howard Prairie Dam, Oregon 

(354060), about 37 km (23 mi) southeast of the RNA at 1402 m (4,600 ft) elevation. 

This weather station likely receives slightly more annual precipitation and a higher 

proportion of precipitation in the form of snow than actually occurs at Round Top 

Butte. Extended periods of cloudiness and heavy periods of precipitation occur during the winter. About 70 percent of average annual precipitation falls from November through March. Precipitation occurs primarily as rain and averages 818 mm 

(32.2 in) per year. Thirteen percent of the average annual precipitation falls from 

May through August. Snowfall typically begins in November and often extends 

through April. January receives the heaviest average snowfall of 729 mm (28.7 in) 

(WRCC 2012). Table 1 provides an approximation of precipitation and temperature 

regimes affecting the area.

Vegetation

Round Top Butte RNA contains a mosaic of upland grasslands, ponderosa pine-oak 

savannas and woodlands, chaparral, and lower elevation mixed-conifer forests (fig. 

4). Collectively, these vegetation communities represent the least modified, highest 

quality assemblage of their kind remaining in southwestern Oregon. With minor 

departures, vegetation in these communities are probably much like what they were 

prior to Euro-American settlement. The distribution of plant communities within 

the RNA reflects variations in soil type and depth, slope, and aspect (Kagan 2010, 

Wineteer 2001). 

Major plant communities can be identified by a combination of dominant 

vegetation and physiographic characteristics. Brief descriptions of each plant 

community follow below.

Table 1—Temperature and precipitation summary, 9/21/1960 to 

9/30/2012—Howard Prairie Dam, Oregon (354060)

Average minimum January temperature 0.8 °C (20.5 °F)

Average maximum January temperature 7.9 °C (37.3 °F)

Average minimum July temperature 10.8 °C (44.9 °F)

Average maximum July temperature 28.0 °C (79.1 °F)

Average annual precipitation 1145 mm (32.2 in)

Average June–August precipitation 63 mm (2.34 in) 
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

Bluebunch wheatgrass–California oatgrass–Lemmon’s needlegrass 

(Pseudoroegneria spicata–Danthonia californica–Achnatherum lemmonii)

upland grassland—

This type occurs on shallow, gravelly loam soils on the steep, south-facing slope 

of Round Top Butte and is typically dominated by the native bunchgrasses such 

as bluebunch wheatgrass, California oatgrass, Lemmon’s needlegrass, Roemer’s 

fescue (Festuca roemeri), and prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha). Native forbs 

Figure 4—Round Top Butte Research Natural Area (RNA) plant communities.
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characteristic of this plant community include deltoid balsamroot (Balsamorhiza 

deltoidea), California sandwort (Minuartia californica), Douglas’ stitchwort 

(Minuartia douglasii), silverleaf phacelia (Phacelia hastata), bluehead gilia (Gilia 

capitata), large camas (Camassia leichtlinii), meadow deathcamas (Zigadenus venenosus), and California knotweed (Polygonum californicum) (see front cover) (Kagan 

2010, Wineteer 2001).

Introduced species have become established within this community, especially 

in areas with disturbed soils. The most conspicuous invasive species include wild 

oat (Avena fatua), soft brome (Bromus hordeaceus), hedgehog dogtail (Cynosurus 

echinatus), medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae), prickly lettuce (Lactuca 

serriola), and moth mullein (Verbascum blattaria). This site is an example of the 

plant community described by Franklin and Dyrness (1988) as occurring on xeric 

grassy balds on south-facing valley hillsides with shallow, rocky soils (front cover). 

Surrounding trees or shrubs do not appear to be encroaching into the meadow 

(Kagan 2010, Wineteer 2001). 

Oregon white oak savanna or open woodland with forbs or grasses (Quercus 

garryana–Q. kelloggii/Danthonia californica–Achnatherum lemmonii oak/grass 

savanna)— 

The Round Top Butte grasslands are treated here as savannas. Although some ecologists question whether there are true savannas in the United States. Agee (1993) 

defined savannas in the Pacific Northwest as shrub/grassland communities with 

less than 30 percent tree cover and less than 50 trees per hectare (or 49-ft spacing 

between trees). 

Patches of oak/grass savanna are scattered throughout the RNA where soils are 

predominantly Carney clays. They have sticky shrink-swell soils, which are often 

moist or have standing pools of water during rainy months. Scattered, large individuals of Oregon white oak and ponderosa pine occur on the margins of savanna 

openings (fig. 5) (Kagan 2010, Wineteer 2001).

Patches of buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus) or sticky whiteleaf manzanita 

(Arctostaphylos viscida) occur as dominant shrubs in the driest parts of the savannas. California oatgrass dominates in open meadows, whereas Roemer’s fescue 

dominates under trees and shrubs and in areas with deeper or siltier soil. Native 

bunchgrasses—California oatgrass, Roemer fescue, prairie Junegrass, and Lemmon’s needlegrass—form the majority of vegetative groundcover in the savannas. 

Major herbs include annual agoseris (Agoseris heterophylla), common yarrow

(Achillea millefolium), woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca), carrotleaf horkelia

(Horkelia daucifolia), and barestem biscuitroot (Lomatium nudicaule). Nonnative 
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

species have also become established within the savanna, including soft brome, 

hedgehog dogtail, and medusahead (Wineteer 2001). The oak/grass savanna at 

Round Top Butte has previously been described as the Oregon white oak/hedgehog 

dogtail plant association1 (Atzet et al. 1996). 

1

 Plant associations are named based on a combination of the dominant life form plus the 

characteristic or dominant plant species in the various plant layers (trees, shrubs, and 

herbs). Plant associations are generally defined by the dominant or characteristic species 

that occupies or has the biological potential to occupy the uppermost vegetation layer. In 

forested plant associations, this is the tree layer. Additional names are used for understory 

layers when they contain dominant, characteristic, or diagnostic species (e.g., Oregon white 

oak/hedgehog dogtail = Quercus garryana/Cynosurus echinatus). Life form layers are 

separated by a “/”. Co-dominants within a layer are separated by a “-”. 

Figure 5—Oregon white oak, California black oak, ponderosa pine, and Pacific 

madrone forming a semi-closed overstory. Oregon white oak seedling in 

foreground is surrounded by native bunchgrasses, and the shrubs poison oak 

and baldhip rose.
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Oak/grass savannas were historically more widespread throughout the 

Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue Valleys (Franklin and Dyrness 1988). Before the 

early 1900s, lightning and anthropogenic fires maintained open savannas and 

prevented later successional species, such as Douglas-fir and incense cedar, from 

becoming established and forming mixed-hardwood/conifer woodlands. During the 

past 100 years, cessation of Native American burning practices, establishment of 

fire suppression policies and management, and urban and rural development have 

significantly contributed to the diminution of the oak/grass savanna community in 

Oregon. Past overgrazing and fire suppression practices have also contributed to the 

establishment of nonnative annual grasses and forbs that have changed the original 

species composition of grasslands and oak savannas (Riegel et al. 1992). In the 

absence of a natural fire regime, encroachment of conifers and shrubs also poses a 

threat to the oak/grass savanna ecosystem. 

Ponderosa pine–Oregon white oak woodland (Pinus ponderosa–Quercus 

garryana–Q. kelloggii/Ceanothus cuneatus–Arctostaphylos viscida/Danthonia 

californica–Festuca roemeri woodland)—

Mixed conifer/hardwood woodlands occur on sites with loamier clay soils. Oregon 

white oak, California black oak, ponderosa pine, and Pacific madrone (Arbutus 

menziesii) compose the overstory (fig. 6). Patches of Douglas-fir and incense cedar 

occur on northerly aspects, while pockets of sticky whiteleaf manzanita and buckbrush occupy sites with relatively shallow soil. Grasses and herbs generally occur 

with less abundance in the woodlands than in the savannas. Typical grasses in the 

woodlands include the native bunchgrasses California oatgrass, Roemer’s fescue, 

California fescue (F. californica), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda), prairie 

Junegrass, and Lemmon’s needlegrass. Most of the same herbs occur in the ponderosa pine-Oregon white oak woodland as occur in the oak/grass savanna. However, 

additional shrub species present include poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), 

western serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), birchleaf mountain mahogany 

(Cercocarpus betuloides var. betuloides) (Cook and Sundberg 2013), baldhip rose

(Rosa gymnocarpa), and deerbrush (Ceanothus integerrimus). The invasive annual 

grasses hedgehog dogtail and medusahead occupy some savanna and woodland areas along with yellow star-thistle (Centaurea solstitialis), a highly invasive, annual 

herbaceous species (Wineteer 2001).

According to Franklin and Dyrness (1988), much of the Willamette, Umpqua, 

and Rogue interior valleys were historically oak/grass savanna maintained by 

human-caused fires. Many former savannas have been replaced by closed Quercus

woodlands since the 1850s when most Native Americans were removed and their 

active burning practices thus ended, followed by active fire suppression methods 
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adopted in the early 1900s. The ponderosa pine/oak woodlands are well represented 

at Round Top Butte. They are best characterized as examples of the ponderosa pine/

California black oak association (Atzet et al. 1996). 

Sticky whiteleaf manzanita–buckbrush/bunchgrass chaparral (Arctostaphylos 

viscida–Ceanothus cuneatus/Achnatherum lemmonii–Festuca roemeri

chaparral)— 

Chaparral occurs predominantly on xeric sites with poor soil development (fig. 7). 

A shrub overstory of sticky whiteleaf manzanita and buckbrush occurring as major 

dominants is supplemented by a wide variety of other more minor shrubs within 

this vegetation type. This includes deerbrush, poison oak, and birchleaf mountain 

Figure 6—Oak/grass savanna and open woodland with Oregon white 

oak patches alternating with native bunchgrasses (California oatgrass, 

Roemer’s fescue, prairie Junegrass, and Lemmon’s needlegrass), large 

camas and diverse mix of herbs.
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mahogany. Understory bunchgrasses consist primarily of Roemer’s fescue, 

Lemmon’s needlegrass, California oatgrass, and prairie Junegrass. Shrubs in this 

plant community have protected native bunchgrasses from heavy grazing (USDI 

BLM site description). Conspicuous herbs include bigflower agoseris (Agoseris 

grandiflora), common yarrow, woodland strawberry, carrotleaf horkelia, Roezl’s 

penstemon (Penstemon roezlii), and Pacific hound’s tongue (Cynoglossum grande) 

(Wineteer 2001).

Detling (1961) considered the chaparral plant community of the Rogue Valley to 

be an extension of California chaparral types, more prominent in this area than in 

Figure 7—Chaparral composed of buckbrush and perennial bunchgrasses occupying 

xeric, rocky sites with poor soil development.
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

the slightly more mesic Umpqua Valley and Willamette Valley to the north. Fire is 

an integral part of fire-dependant chaparral communities. However, in the absence 

of fire in southwestern Oregon, chaparral may indefinitely occupy the most xeric 

sites, or be successional to oak or ponderosa pine forest encroachment (Detling 

1961). 

Ponderosa pine–sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana)–Douglas-fir–incense cedar 

lower elevation mixed-conifer forest— 

Patches of mixed-conifer forest occur in sections 10 and 15 on sites with either 

north aspects or deep, well-drained loamy soils. Dominant overstory conifers 

include Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, sugar pine, and incense cedar with white fir 

(Abies concolor) occurring as a minor component at higher elevations. Hardwood 

tree species include Pacific madrone and California black oak. Younger dense 

stands contain sticky whiteleaf manzanita and buckbrush, which are eventually 

shaded out by conifers. Poison oak, Piper’s barberry (Berberis piperiana), deerbrush, baldhip rose, creeping snowberry (Symphoricarpos mollis), common whipplea (Whipplea modesta), and three species of honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) are 

characteristic shrubs. The understory is dominated by the native bunchgrasses 

California fescue and western fescue (Festuca occidentalis). American vetch (Vicia 

americana ssp. americana) is a widespread herbaceous species (Kagan 2010, 

Wineteer 2001). This vegetation assemblage has previously been described as a 

Douglas-fir-ponderosa pine/poison oak plant association (Atzet et al. 1996). 

Bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia), white 

alder (Alnus rhombifolia), hazelnut (Corylus cornuta var. californica), redosier 

dogwood (Cornus sericea ssp. sericea), black hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii), and 

field horsetail (Equisetum arvense) are the major riparian vegetation bordering 

Rock Creek (Wineteer 2001). 

A list of scientific and common names for vascular plants known to occur 

within the RNA appears in appendix 1.

Fauna

Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals known or expected to occur within the 

RNA are listed in appendix 2. These lists have been derived from field observation 

(Kagan 2010, USDI BLM 1998, Wineteer 2001) and published literature (Csuti et 

al. 1997), using species distribution, life history characteristics, and availability of 

habitat within the RNA as criteria for inclusion on the list.
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Disturbance History

The Northern Takelma, a subgroup of the Takelma people, occupied the area east 

of the Rogue River and north of Little Butte Creek. They may have visited the 

Round Top Butte area because of the abundant food sources, such as deer, elk, 

jackrabbit, squirrel, acorns, camas, mariposa lily, brodiaea, manzanita berries, pine 

nuts, tarweed, and grass seeds (Atwood and Gray 1995). The area also contains the 

toolstones jasper and chert (Winthrop 1997).

The Round Top Butte area may have been intentionally burned by the Takelmas. Native peoples were known to have regularly set small fires in the valleys and 

surrounding hills of the Rogue Valley to achieve a variety of management purposes 

that included:

• Driving deer and elk into brush fences and snares

• Increasing forage habitat for wildlife

• Harvesting tarweed and grass seeds

• Promoting growth of edible plants

• Reducing brush around oak trees to make gathering acorns easier

• Cultivating tobacco

• Collecting insects from grasslands

• Removing protective cover from enemies during warfare

• Communicating with tribal members or members of other tribes

• Engaging in ceremonial activities (Pullen 1996)

Historical records indicate that open oak savannas throughout the Oregon 

interior valleys were more prevalent before 1916 when the Forest Service implemented an active fire suppression policy. Prior to that time, lightning strikes and 

fires started by Native Americans, and later by pioneers, created a more frequent 

fire regime, which removed underbrush and later successional species, such as ponderosa pine, incense cedar, and Douglas-fir from the savannas (Atzet and Wheeler 

1982, Pullen 1996). 

Settlement of southern Oregon by Euro-Americans increased substantially 

after gold was discovered in Jacksonville in 1852. Newcomers settled throughout 

the Rogue Valley, using open savannas and grasslands for agriculture and livestock 

ranching. Conflicts over land between miners and settlers and Native Americans 

culminated in removal of the remaining members of the Takelma Tribe in 1856 to 

the Siletz and Grande Ronde Reservations in northwestern Oregon (Wineteer 2001). 

Blackened tree trunks and charcoal pieces observed throughout the RNA are 

evidence of past fire activity. Official fire reports dating back to 1956 indicate five 
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

small wildfires started and were suppressed in sections 10 and 15 between 1956 and 

1998 (Dinwiddie 1997).

Exclusion of a natural fire regime has resulted in encroachment of shrubs and 

conifers along the edges of open oak/grass savanna areas. Underbrush and tree 

density have increased in woodlands and forest areas, increasing fire fuel loads and 

the risk of high-intensity, stand-replacement fires (Wineteer 2001). 

The open meadows and ponderosa pine/oak savannas at Round Top Butte have 

historically been managed by Euro-Americans for livestock grazing. Cattle, horses, 

goats, and sheep grazed throughout the Round Top area from around the 1880s to 

the early 1980s. Reports indicate the area was heavily grazed by cattle for more 

than 100 years. Angora goats roamed the area and grazed on the slopes of Round 

Top Butte during World War II. A herd of 100 to 150 horses ran and grazed in the 

area sometime between 1956 and 1966 (USDI BLM 1986). Sheep grazed in the mid1900s in the southeast quadrant of section 15 (USDI BLM 1997). Deer and elk have 

always foraged on native bunchgrasses and shrubs throughout the area. Cattle have 

not grazed in the area since sometime before 1988 (Wineteer 2001).

Research History

The following research and monitoring reports and publications have been undertaken within Round Top Butte RNA.

Atzet, T.; White, D.E.; McCrimmon, L.A.; Martinez, P.A.; Fong, P.R.; Randall, V.D. 

1996. Field guide to the forested plant associations of southwestern Oregon.

Johnson, T. 1980. Soil-vegetation inventory.

Kagan, J.S. 2010. Evaluation of Round Top Butte, Jackson County, Oregon, for its 

merit in meeting national significance criteria as a National Natural Landmark to 

represent upland valley grasslands and savanna in the North Pacific Border biophysiographic province.

Murray, M.P.; Kagan, J. 2001. Round Top Butte—evaluation for National Natural 

Landmark status.

Schuller, R.; Greene, S.; Wineteer, M.L. 2012. Long-term vegetation monitoring 

data.

Wineteer, M.L. 2001. Round Top Butte Area of Critical Environmental Concern/

Research Natural Area—draft management plan.
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general technical report pnw-gtr-895

Several possible research projects well suited to the ecological setting of the 

Round Top Butte RNA would be desirable to explore in the future: 

• Determine the role of fire in plant community development, composition, 

and production.

• Monitor changes in plant community composition in response to prescribed 

fire.

• Monitor changes in plant community composition in response to climate 

change, especially across ecotones.

• Study the impact of native herbivores on plant community development. 

Maps 

Maps applicable to Round Top Butte RNA: Topographic—Obenchain Mountain, 

Oregon, 7.5 minute; 1:24,000 scale, 1988; Medford District—eastern portion, BLM 

transportation map, 1:126,720, 2004.

Acknowledgments

The following people merit recognition for their contributions. Steve Haney, biological technician/geographic information specialist, Medford District, BLM, created figures 1, 2, and 4; and Dave Roelofs, wildlife biologist, Butte Falls Resource 

Area, BLM Medford District, reviewed and improved the list of animals appearing 

in appendix 2. We also thank the three manuscript reviewers: Todd Wilson, wildlife biologist and research natural area coordinator, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific 

Northwest Research Station; Richard Brock, botanist, Siskiyou BioSurvey; and 

Frank Lang, professor emeritus, Southern Oregon University. The project is funded 

through the BLM Medford District and is administratively supported by the USDA 

Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station.

English Equivalents

1 hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres (ac)

1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 mile (mi)

1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft)

1 square meter (m2

) = 10.76 square feet

1 centimeter (cm) = 0.394 inch (in)

1 millimeter (mm) = 0.0394 inch

Degrees Fahrenheit (°F) = 1.8 degrees Celsius + 32
19

Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

References

Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Washington, DC:

Island Press. 493 p.

Atwood, K.; Gray, D.J. 1995. People and the river: a history of the human 

occupation of the middle course of the Rogue River of southwestern Oregon. 

Grants Pass, OR: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 

140 p. Volume 1. 

Atzet, T.; Wheeler, D.L. 1982. Historical and ecological perspectives on fire 

activity in the Klamath geological province of the Rogue River and Siskiyou 

National Forests. R6-Range-102. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 16 p.

Atzet, T.; White, D.E.; McCrimmon, L.A.; Martinez, P.A.; Fong, P.R.; 

Randall, V.D. 1996. Field guide to the forested plant associations of southwestern Oregon. R6-NR-ECOL-TP-17-96 Portland, OR: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 9 p.

Cook, T.; Sundberg, S., eds. 2013. Oregon vascular plant checklist. http://www.

oregonflora.org/checklist.php. Version1.2. http://www.oregonflora.org/checklist.

php. (March 21, 2013).

Csuti, B.; Kimerling, A.J.; O’Neil, T.A.; Shaughnessy, M.M.; Gaines, E.P.; 

Huso, M.M.P. 1997. Atlas of Oregon wildlife. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State 

University Press. 427 p. + map.

Detling, L.E. 1961. The chaparral formation of southwestern Oregon, with 

consideration of its postglacial history. Ecology 42: 348–357.

Dinwiddie, J. 1997. Fire statistics from Oregon Department of Forestry 1956–1986 

for sections 10 and 15. On file with: Bureau of Land Management, Medford 

District office, 3040 Biddle Road, Medford, OR 97504. 

Federal Committee on Ecological Reserves. 1977. A directory of the research 

natural areas on federal lands of the United States of America. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 

Flora of North America. 1993+. Partial nomenclature of vascular plants, ferns, 

and fern allies within Oregon. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1. 

(December 22, 2012).

Franklin, J.F.; Dyrness, C.T. 1988. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. 

2

nd ed. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 452 p.
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general technical report pnw-gtr-895

Greene, S. March 26, 1985. Letter from Sarah Greene, RNA Scientist, Pacific 

Northwest Region, USDA-Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment 

Station, to Rob Lewis, Area Manager, Medford BLM. Includes objectives for 

Round Top Butte proposed research natural area. Unpublished report. On file 

with: Bureau of Land Management, Medford District office, 3040 Biddle Road, 

Medford, OR 97504. 

Johnson, T. 1980. Soil-vegetation inventory, condition worksheet. Big Butte 

Allotment 0024, for T35S-R1E-S15. Unpublished report. On file with: Bureau 

of Land Management, Medford District office, 3040 Biddle Road, Medford, OR 

97504. 

Kagan, J.S. 2010. Evaluation of Round Top Butte, Jackson County, Oregon, for its 

merit in meeting national significance criteria as a National Natural Landmark 

to represent upland valley grasslands and savanna in the North Pacific Border 

biophysiographic province. Portland, OR: Oregon Biodiversity Information 

Center, Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon State University. 52 p. 

Murray, M.P.; Kagan, J. 2001. Round Top Butte—evaluation for National 

Natural Landmark status. Unpublished report. On file with: Bureau of Land 

Management, Medford District office, 3040 Biddle Road, Medford, OR 97504.

Oregon Natural Heritage Advisory Council [ONHAC]. 2010. Oregon Natural 

Areas Plan. Portland, OR: Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, Institute for 

Natural Resources. Portland, OR: Portland State University. 198 p.

Pullen, R. 1996. Overview of the environment of native inhabitants of 

southwestern Oregon, late prehistoric era. Unpublished report. On file with: 

Bureau of Land Management, Medford District office, 3040 Biddle Road, 

Medford, OR 97504. 

Schuller, R.; Greene, S.; Wineteer, M.L. 2012. Monitoring data. Unpublished 

report. On file with: Medford District office, 3040 Biddle Road, Medford, OR 

97504. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service [USDA SCS]. 1993. 

Soil survey of Jackson County Area, Oregon. In cooperation with: USDI BLM, 

USDA Forest Service, and Oregon Agricultural Research Station. 3 vols.

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management [USDI BLM]. 

1995. Record of decision and resource management plan. Medford District 

office, 3040 Biddle Road, Medford, OR 97504.
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management [USDI BLM]. 

1986. Unpublished correspondence from David Doyle, Acting BLM Medford 

District manager. On file with: Bureau of Land Management, Medford District 

office, 3040 Biddle Road, Medford, OR 97504. 

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Medford 

District [USDI BLM]. 1997. Personal communication. On file with: Bureau

of Land Management, Medford District office, 3040 Biddle Road, Medford, OR 

97504.

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Medford 

District [USDI BLM]. 1998. Unpublished report. On file with: Bureau of Land 

Management, Medford District office, 3040 Biddle Road, Medford, OR 97504. 

U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service [USDI NPS]. 2013. 

Round Top Butte National Natural Landmark description. http://www.nature.nps.

gov/nnl/site.cfm?Site=ROTO-OR. (January 25, 2013).

Western Regional Climate Center [WRCC]. 2012. Monthly climate summary for 

Howard Prairie Dam (354060) 9/21/1960 to 9/30/2012. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/

cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?or4060. (January 14, 2012).

Wheeler, C.L. 1971. Little Butte Creek watershed: Jackson and Klamath Counties, 

Oregon. Medford, OR: Jackson Soil and Water Conservation District, Jackson 

County, City of Eagle Point. 39 p.

Wilson, T.M.; Schuller, R.; Holmes, R.; Pavola, C.; Fimbel, R.A.; McCain, 

C.N.; Gamon, J.G.; Speaks, P.; Seevers, J.I.; DeMeo, T.E.; Gibbons, S. 

2009. Interagency strategy for the Pacific Northwest Natural Areas Network. 

Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-798. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 33 p.

Winthrop, K. 1997. Personal communication. Archeologist, Bureau of Land 

Management, Medford District office, 3040 Biddle Road, Medford, OR 97504. 

Wineteer, M.L. 2001. Round Top Butte Area of Critical Environmental Concern/

Research Natural Area—draft management plan. Unpublished report. On file 

with: Bureau of Land Management, Medford District office, 3040 Biddle Road, 

Medford, OR 97504. 
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Appendix 1—Plants1 2

Scientific name Common name

Coniferous trees:

Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. White fir

Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Incense cedar

Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Sugar pine

Pinus ponderosa Laws. & C. Laws. Ponderosa pine

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas-fir

Deciduous trees >8 m (26.3 ft) tall:

Acer macrophyllum Pursh. Bigleaf maple

Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. White alder

Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific madrone

Cornus sericea L. ssp. sericea Redosier dogwood

Corylus cornuta L. var. californica (DC.) Sharp California hazelnut

Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black hawthorn

Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon ash

Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon white oak

Quercus kelloggii Newb. California black oak

Tall shrubs 2 to 8 m (6.6 to 26.3 ft) tall:

Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Western serviceberry

Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn. Deerbrush

Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. var. betuloides Birchleaf mountain mahogany

Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim Oceanspray

Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & A. Gray 

ex Hook. & Arn.) J.W. Landon Indian plum

Philadelphus lewisii Pursh Lewis’ mockorange

Prunus subcordata Benth. Klamath plum

Medium shrubs 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall:

Arctostaphylos viscida Parry Sticky whiteleaf manzanita

Berberis piperiana (Abrams) McMinn Piper’s barberry

Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. Buckbrush

Rosa eglanteria L. Sweetbriar rose

Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. Baldhip rose

Rosa pisocarpa A. Gray Cluster rose

Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Thimbleberry

Spiraea douglasii Hook. Douglas’ spirea

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake Common snowberry

Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt. Creeping snowberry

Toxicodendron diversilobum (T. & G.) Greene Poison oak

Viburnum ellipticum Hook. Common viburnum
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

Low shrubs <0.5 m (1.6 ft) tall:

Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC. Orange honeysuckle

Lonicera hispidula (Lindl.) Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray Pink honeysuckle

Lonicera interrupta Benth. Chaparral honeysuckle

Rubus armeniacus Focke Himalayan blackberry

Whipplea modesta Torr. Common whipplea

Ferns and allies:

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Brittle bladderfern

Polypodium glycyrrhiza DC. Eat. Licorice fern

Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl Western swordfern

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Bracken fern

Herbs: 

Achillea millefolium L. Common yarrow

Achyrachaena mollis Schauer. Blow wives

Actaea rubra Willd. Red baneberry

Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. American trailplant

Agoseris grandiflora (Nutt.) S. Greene Bigflower agoseris

Agoseris heterophylla (Nutt.) S. Greene Annual agoseris

Allium acuminatum Hook. Tapertip onion

Allium amplectens Hook. Narrowleaf onion

Allium falcifolium Hook. & Arn. Scythleaf onion

Amsinckia menziesii (Lehm) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr. 

var. intermedia (Fisch. & Mey.) Ganders Common fiddleneck

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. Western pearly everlasting

Anchusa officinalis L. Common bugloss

Anemone deltoidea Hook. Columbian windflower

Antennaria argentea Benth. Silver pussytoes

Aquilegia formosa Fisch. Western columbine

Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt. Deltoid balsamroot

Blepharipappus scaber Hook. Rough eyelashseed

Bombycilaena californica (Fisch. & A.E. Mey.) 

Holub. var. californica Q-tips

Brodiaea sp. Brodiaea

Calochortus tolmiei Hook. & Arn. Tolmie star-tulip

Calochortus uniflorus Hook. & Arn. Monterey mariposa lily

Calycadenia truncata DC. Oregon western rosinweed

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes Fairy slipper

Camassia leichtlinii Baker & S. Wats. Large camas

Campanula prenanthoides (Dur.) McVaugh California harebell

Cardamine hirsuta L. Hairy bittercress

Cardamine nuttallii E. Greene Nuttall’s toothwort

Cardamine oligosperma Torr. & A. Gray Umbel bittercress
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general technical report pnw-gtr-895

Castilleja applegatei Fern. sp. pinetorum (Fern.) 

Chuang & Heckard Wavyleaf Indian paintbrush

Castilleja pruinosa Fern. Frosted Indian paintbrush

Castilleja tenuis (A.A. Heller) Chuang & Heckard Hairy Indian paintbrush

Centaurea solstitialis L. Yellow star-thistle

Centaurium muehlenbergii (Griseb.) W. Wight ex Piper Muehlenberg’s centaury

Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Sticky chickweed

Chamaesyce sp. Sandmat

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Bartram Pipsissewa

Cichorium intybus L. Chicory

Cirsium vulgare (Savi.) Ten. Bull thistle

Clarkia amoena (Lehm.) A. Nels. & J.F. Macks Farewell to spring

Clarkia lassenensis (Eastw.) F.H. Lewis & M.E. Lewis Mt. Lassen clarkia

Clarkia purpurea (W. Curtis) A. Nels. & J.F. 

Macbr. ssp. quadrivulnera (Dougl. ex Lindl.) 

F.H. Lewis & M.E. Lewis Winecup clarkia

Clarkia rhomboidea Dougl. Diamond clarkia

Claytonia pariviflora Hook. Streambank springbeauty

Claytonia perfoliata Willd. Miner’s lettuce

Clinopodium douglasii (Benth.) Kuntze Yerba buena

Collinsia grandiflora Lindl. Giant blue eyed Mary

Collinsia parviflora Lindl. Maiden blue eyed Mary

Collinsia sparsiflora Fisch. & C. Mey. var. sparsiflora Spinster’s blue eyed Mary

Collinsia torreyi A. Gray var. torreyi

(S. Wats.) I.M. Johnson Torrey’s blue eyed Mary

Collinsia torreyi A. Gray var. wrightii 

(S. Wats.) I.M. Johnson Wright’s blue eyed Mary

Collomia grandiflora Lindl. Grand collomia

Corallorhiza maculata Raf. Summer coralroot

Crepis pulchra L. Smallflower hawksbeard

Crocidium multicaule Hook. Common spring-gold

Cryptantha intermedia (A. Gray) E. Greene Clearwater cryptantha

Cynoglossum grande Lehm. Pacific hound’s tongue

Daucus carota L. Queen Anne’s lace

Daucus pusillus Mishx. Wild carrot

Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. ex Walp. Twolobe larkspur

Dianthus armeria L. ssp. armeria Deptford pink

Dianthus barbatus L. Sweet William

Dichelostemma congestum (Sm.) Kunth Ookow

Dodecatheon hendersonii A. Gray Mosquito bills

Downingia bacigalupii Weiler Bach’s calicoflower

Draba verna L. Spring draba

Epilobium brachycarpum C. Presl Tall annual willowherb

Epilobium densiflorum (Lindl.) Hoch & P.H. Raven Denseflower willowherb

Epilobium minutum Lindl. ex Lehm. Chaparral willowherb
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

Epilobium pallidum (Eastw.) Hoch & P.H. Raven Largeflower spike-primrose

Equisetum arvense L. Field horsetail

Eremocarpus setigerus (Hook.) Benth Dove weed

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Eastern daisy fleabane

Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane

Eriophyllum lanatum (Pursh.) Forbes var. 

integrifolium (Hook.) Smiley Common woolly sunflower

Erodium cicutarium L. Redstem stork’s bill

Erysimum capitatum (Dougl.) E. Greene Sandune wallflower

Erythronium hendersonii S. Wats. Henderson’s fawnlily

Fragaria vesca L. Woodland strawberry

Fritillaria affinis (Schult.) Sealy Checker lily

Fritillaria recurva Benth. Scarlet fritillary

Galium aparine L. Stickywilly

Galium divaricatum Pourr. ex Lam. Lamarck’s bedstraw

Galium parisiense L. Wall bedstraw

Galium porrigens Demps. var. tenue (Demps.) Demps. Graceful bedstraw

Geranium dissectum L. Cutleaf geranium

Geranium oreganum Howell Oregon geranium

Gilia capitata Sims Bluehead gilia

Githopsis diffusa A. Gray San Gabriel bluecup

Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. Western rattlesnake plantain

Grindelia nana Nutt. Idaho gumweed

Hemizona congesta DC. ssp. clevelandii

(E. Greene) Babc. &. H.M. Hall Hayfield tarweed

Hemizonia fitchii A. Gray Fitch’s tarweed

Hesperochiron pumilus (Dougl. ex Griseb) Porter Dwarf hesperochiron

Hesperolinon micranthum (A. Gray) Small Smallflower dwarf-flax

Hieracium albiflorum Hook. White hawkweed

Hieracium greenei A. Gray Green’s hawkweed

Horkelia daucifolia (E. Greene) Rydb. Carrotleaf horkelia

Hypericum perforatum L. Common St. Johnswort

Iris chrysophylla Howell Yellowleaf iris

Lactuca serriola L. Prickly lettuce

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Oxeye daisy

Lilium pardalinum Kellogg ssp. wigginsii

(Beane & Voll.) M.W. Skinner Wiggins’ lily

Linanthus bicolor (Nutt.) E. Greene True babystars

Linum bienne Miller Pale flax

Linum usitatissimum L. Common flax

Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose Barestem biscuitroot

Lithophragma parviflorum Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray Smallflower woodland-star

Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose Nineleaf biscuitroot

Lomatium utriculatum (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) 

J.M. Coult. & Rose Common lomatium
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Lotus corniculatus L. Bird’s-foot trefoil

Lotus unifoliolatus (Hook.) Benth. var. unifoliolatus American bird’s-foot trefoil

Lotus wrangelianus Fisch. & Mey. Chilean bird’s-foot trefoil

Lupinus albicaulis Dougl. Sicklekeel lupine

Lupinus albifrons Benth. Silver lupine

Lupinus bicolor Lindl. Miniature lupine

Lupinus latifolius J. Agardh. var. viridiflorus

(A.A. Heller) C.P. Smith Broadleaf lupine

Lupinus lepidus Dougl. ex Lindl. Pacific lupine

Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. Bigleaf lupine

Lythrum hyssopifolium L. Hyssop loosestrife

Madia elegans D. Don ex Lindley ssp. elegans Common madia

Madia glomerata Hook. Mountain tarweed

Madia gracilis (Sm.) D.D. Keck Grassy tarweed

Madia madioides (Nutt.) E. Greene Woodland madia

Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link ssp. racemosum Feathery false lily of the valley

Microseris lacinata (Hook.) Schultz-Bip. Cutleaf silverpuffs

Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene var. gracilis Slender phlox

Mimulus guttatus DC. Seep monkeyflower

Minuartia californica (A. Gray) Mattf. California sandwort

Minuartia douglasii (Fenzl ex Torr. & A. Gray) Mattf. Douglas’ stitchwort

Moehringia macrophylla (Hook.) Fenzl Largeleaf sandwort

Moenchia erecta (L.) P. Gaertn., Mey., & Scherb.

var. erecta Upright chickweed

Montia linearis (Dougl. ex Hook.) E. Greene Narrowleaf minerslettuce

Myosotis discolor Pers. Changing forget-me-not

Myosotis laxa Lehm. Bay forget-me-not

Nasturtium microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb. Onerow yellowcress

Navarretia intertexta (Benth.) Hook. ssp. intertexta Needleleaf navarretia

Navarretia pubescens (Benth.) Hook. & Arn. Downy pincushionplant

Navarretia sinstra (M.E. Jones) L.A. Johnson 

ssp. sinistra Alva Day’s pincushionplant

Nemophila pedunculata Dougl. ex Benth. Littlefoot nemophila

Olsynium douglasii (A. Dietr.) E. P. Bicknell 

var. douglasii Douglas’ glass-widow

Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. Clustered broomrape

Orobanche uniflora L. Oneflowered broomrape

Osmorhiza berteroi DC. Sweetcicely

Packera cana (Hook.) W.A. Weber & A. Love Woolly groundsel

Pectocarya pusilla (A. DC.) A. Gray Little combseed

Penstemon roezlii Regel Roezl’s penstemon

Perideridia howellii (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Mathias Howell’s yampah

Phacelia hastata Dougl. ex Lehm. var. hastata Silverleaf phacelia

Piperia elegans (Lindl.) Rydb. Elegant piperia

Piperia transversa Suksd. Royal rein orchid
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Plagiobothrys glyptocarpus (Piper) I.M. Johnst. Sculptured popcornflower

Plagiobothrys nothofulvus (A. Gray) A. Gray Rusty popcornflower

Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnst. 

var. hispidulus (Greene) Dorn Sleeping popcornflower

Plagiobothrys stipitatus (E. Greene) I.M.

Johnst. var. micranthus (Piper) I.M. Johnst. Stalked popcornflower

Plagiobothrys tenellus (Nutt. ex Hook.) A. Gray Pacific popcornflower

Plantago lanceolata L. Narrowleaf plantain

Plectritis congesta (Lindl.) DC. Shortspur seablush

Polygonum californicum Meisn. California knotweed

Polygonum douglasii Greene Douglas’ knotweed

Potamogeton nodosus Poiret Longleaf pondweed

Potentilla drummondii Lehm. ssp. bruciae

(Rydb.) D.D. Keck Drummond’s cinquefoil

Potentilla gracilis Dougl. ex Hook. var. gracilis Slender cinquefoil

Prunella vulgaris L. ssp. lanceolata (Bartr.) Hultén Lance selfheal

Psilocarphus oreganus Nutt. Oregon woollyheads

Pterospora andromedea Nutt. Woodland pinedrops

Pyrola asarifolia Michx. ssp. asarifolia Liverleaf wintergreen

Pyrola picta Smith Whiteveined wintergreen

Ranunculus aquatilis L. White water crowfoot

Ranunculus arvensis L. Corn buttercup

Ranunculus californicus Benth. California buttercup

Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. Western buttercup

Ranunculus orthorhynchus Hook. Straightbeak buttercup

Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don ex G. Don Woodland buttercup

Rumex crispus L. Curly dock

Sanguisorba annua (Nutt. ex Hook.) Nutt. 

ex Torr. & A. Gray Prairie burnet

Sanicula crassicaulis Poepp. ex DC. Pacific blacksnakeroot

Saxifraga californica Greene California saxifrage

Saxifraga integrifolia Hook. Wholeleaf saxifrage

Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Á.

Löve & D. Löve var. occidentalis (S. Wats.) S.G. Sm. Tule

Scutellaria antirrhinoides Benth. Nose skullcap

Senecio integerrimus var. exaltatus (Nutt.) Cronq. Columbia ragwort

Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata (Regel) C. Hitchc. Oregon checkbloom

Silene campanulata ssp. glandulosa C. Hitchc. & Mag. Red mountain catchfly

Silene hookeri Nutt. Hooker’s silene

Silene noctiflora L. Nightflowering silene

Sisyrinchium bellum S. Wats. Western blue-eyed grass

Stachys ajugoides Benth. Bugle hedgenettle

Stachys rigida Nutt. ex Benth. var. rigida Rough hedgenettle

Tonella tenella (Benth.) A.A. Heller Lesser baby innocence

Torilis arvensis (Hudson) Link Hedgeparsley
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Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Knotted hedgeparsley

Tragopogon dubius Scop. Yellow salsify

Trichostema lanceolatum Benth. Vinegarweed

Trientalis borealis Raf. ssp. latifolia (Hook.) Hultén Broadleaf starflower

Trifolium bifidum A. Gray Notchleaf clover

Trifolium dichotomum Hook. & Arn. Branched Indian clover

Trifolium dubium Sibth. Suckling clover

Trifolium siskiyouense J.M. Gillett Siskiyou clover

Trifolium willdenovii Spreng. Tomcat clover

Trillium albidum Freem. Giant white wakerobin

Triteleia bridgesii (S. Wats.) E. Greene Bridge’s brodiaea

Triteleia hyacinthina (Lindl.) E. Greene White brodiaea

Vancouveria hexandra (Hook.) Morren & Decne White inside-out flower

Verbascum blattaria L. Moth mullein

Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. American speedwell

Veronica arvensis L. Corn speedwell

Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. ssp. americana American vetch

Vicia sativa L. ssp. sativa Garden vetch

Viola glabella Nutt. Pioneer violet

Viola purpurea Kellogg ssp. quercetorum

(M.S. Baker & J.C. Clausen) R.J. Little Goosefoot violet

Viola sheltonii Torr. Shelton’s violet

Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt. California compassplant

Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats. var. venenosus Meadow deathcamas

Grasses, rushes, and sedges:

Achnatherum lemmonii (Vasey) Barkw. Lemmon’s needlegrass

Aira caryophyllea L. Silver hairgrass

Avena fatua L. Wild oat

Briza minor L. Little quakinggrass

Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. var. carinatus California brome

Bromus hordeaceus L. Soft brome

Bromus tectorum L. Cheatgrass

Carex multicaulis L. Bailey Manystem sedge

Carex stipata Muhlenb. var. stipata Awlfruit sedge

Cynosurus echinatus L. Hedgehog dogtail

Danthonia californica Bol. California oatgrass

Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. Tufted hairgrass

Deschampsia danthonioides (Trin.) Munro Annual hairgrass

Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro Slender hairgrass

Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey Squirreltail

Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey ssp.

brevifolius (Sm.) Barkw. Squirreltail

Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey ssp.

hordeoides (Suksd.) Barkw. Squirreltail
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

Elymus glaucus Buckl. ssp. glaucus Blue wildrye

Festuca californica Vasey California fescue

Festuca occidentalis Hook. Western fescue

Festuca roemeri (Pavlick) E.B. Alexeev Roemer’s fescue

Festuca viridula Vasey Greenleaf fescue

Gastridium phleoides (Nees & Meyen) C.E. Hubbard Nit grass

Hordeum jubatum L. Foxtail barley

Juncus brachyphyllus Wieg. Tuftedstem rush

Juncus bufonius L. var. bufonius Toad rush

Juncus effusus L. var. exiguus Fern. & Wieg. Lamp rush

Juncus tenuis Willd. Poverty rush

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes Prairie Junegrass

Luzula comosa E. Mey. Pacific woodrush

Melica subulata (Gris.) Scribn. Alaska oniongrass

Phleum pratense L. Timothy

Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass

Poa secunda J. Presl Sandberg bluegrass

Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve Bluebunch wheatgrass

Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigel.) 

Á. Löve & D. Löve var. occidentalis (S. Wats.) S.G. Sm. Tule

Scribneria bolanderi (Thurb.) Hack. Scribner’s grass

Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski Medusahead 

Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Z.-W. Liu & R.-C. Wang Tall wheatgrass

Vulpia microstachys (Nutt.) Munro var. microstachys Desert fescue

1 Nomenclature for vascular plants, ferns, and fern-allies follows the Flora of North America (1993+), and 

the Oregon Flora Project (Cook and Sundberg 2013). Common names are taken from the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service—Plants Database web site: http://plants.usda.gov/.

2

 Compiled from field observations of Schuller et al. (2012), Kagan (2012), and Wineteer (2001).
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general technical report pnw-gtr-895

Appendix 2: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and 

Mammals1 2 3

Family Scientific name Common name

Amphibians:

Salamandridae Taricha granulosa Roughskin newt

Hylidae Pseudacris regilla Pacific chorus frog

Ranidae Rana boylii Foothill yellow-legged frog

Rana catesbeiana Bullfrog

Reptiles:

Emydidae Actinemys marmorata Northwestern pond turtle

Anguidae Elgaria coerulea Northern alligator lizard

Elgaria multicarinata Southern alligator lizard

Scincidae Eumeces skiltonianus Western skink

Colubridae Pituophis catenifer Gopher snake

Thamnophis sirtalis Common garter snake

Iguanidae Sceloporus occidentalis Western fence lizard

Viperidae Crotalus oreganus Northern Pacific rattlesnake

Birds:

Ardeidae Ardea herodias Great blue heron

Cathartidae Cathartes aura Turkey vulture

Accipitridae Accipiter gentilis Northern goshawk

Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned hawk

Accipiter cooperii Cooper’s hawk

Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed hawk

Falconidae Falco sparverius American kestrel

Phasianidae Bonasa umbellus Ruffed grouse

Callipepla californica California quail

Meleagris gallopavo Wild turkey

Oreortyx pictus Mountain quail

Columbidae Columba fasciata Band-tailed pigeon

Zenaida macroura Mourning dove

Strigidae Strix nebulosa Great gray owl

Strix occidentalis Spotted owl

Strix varia Barred owl

Trochilidae Selasphorus rufus Rufous hummingbird

Alcedinidae Ceryle alcyon Belted kingfisher

Picidae Colaptes auratus Northern flicker

Dryocopus pileatus Pileated woodpecker

Melanerpes lewis Lewis’ woodpecker

Picoides villosus Hairy woodpecker

Sphyrapicus nuchalis Red-naped sapsucker
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Round Top Butte Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 46

Tyrannidae Contopus borealis Olive-sided flycatcher

Empidonax hammondii Hammond’s flycatcher

Empidonax traillii Willow flycatcher

Empidonax difficilis Pacific-slope flycatcher

Corvidae Aphelocoma coerulescens Western scrub jay

Corvus corax Common raven

Cyanocitta stelleri Steller’s jay

Paridae Baeolophus inornatus Oak titmouse

Poecile atricapilla Black-capped chickadee

Poecile gambeli Mountain chickadee

Sittidae Sitta caroliniensis White-breasted nuthatch

Certhiidae Certhia americana Brown creeper

Troglodytidae Troglodytes aedon House wren

Muscicapidae Sialia mexicana Western bluebird

Turdus migratorius American robin

Vireonidae Vireo cassinii Cassin’s vireo

Emberizidae Ammodramus savannarum Grasshopper sparrow

Icterus bullockii Bullock’s oriole

Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed junco

Melospiza melodia Song sparrow

Passerina amoena Lazuli bunting

Pheucticus meelanocephalus Black-headed grosbeak

Pipilo maculatus Spotted towhee

Piranga ludoviciana Western tanager

Spizella passerina Chipping sparrow

Vermivora ruficapilla Nashville warbler

Fringillidae Carduelis psaltria Lesser goldfinch

Mammals:

Vespertilionidae Antrozous pallidus Pallid bat

Corynorhinus townsendii Townsend’s big-eared bat

Sciuridae Sciurus griseus Western gray squirrel

Canidae Canis latrans Coyote

Felidae Felis concolor Mountain lion

Cervidae Cervus elaphus Elk

Odocoileus hemionus ssp. Black-tailed deer 

 columbianus

1

 Compiled from field observations (Kagan, 2010, Wineteer 2001), and from habitat descriptions and distribution 

maps in: Csuti et al. 1997. Atlas of Oregon wildlife. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 492 p. + map.

2

 Nomenclature taken from Csuti et al. 1997. Atlas of Oregon wildlife. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State 

University Press. 492 p. + map.

3

 Presence on list is based on known distribution, species’ life histories, and available habitat.
Pacific Northwest Research Station

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