September 2011 

NASA/TP–2011-217179 

Review of Nuclear Physics Experiments for 

Space Radiation 

John W. Norbury 

Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 

Jack Miller 

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 

Anne M. Adamczyk, Lawrence H. Heilbronn, and Lawrence W. Townsend 

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 

Steve R. Blattnig and Ryan B. Norman 

Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 

Stephen B. Guetersloh 

Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 

Cary J. Zeitlin 

Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado 
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September 2011 

NASA/TP–2011-217179 

Review of Nuclear Physics Experiments for 

Space Radiation 

John W. Norbury 

Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 

Jack Miller 

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 

Anne M. Adamczyk, Lawrence H. Heilbronn, and Lawrence W. Townsend 

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 

Steve R. Blattnig and Ryan B. Norman 

Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 

Stephen B. Guetersloh 

Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 

Cary J. Zeitlin 

Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado 
Available from: 

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information 

7115 Standard Drive 

Hanover, MD 21076-1320 

443-757-5802 
Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Reactions and cross sections .......................... 2

1.1.1 Inclusive cross section ......................... 2

1.1.2 Charge changing cross section ..................... 3

1.1.3 Fragment production (elemental) cross section ............ 3

1.1.4 Isotopic cross section .......................... 4

1.1.5 Differential cross section ........................ 5

1.2 Light ion reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.2.1 Light ion total cross sections ...................... 7

1.2.2 Light ion angular differential cross sections .............. 7

1.2.3 Light ion momentum distributions, dσ

dpz , dσdp⊥ ............. 7

1.2.4 Light ion double differential cross sections .............. 8

2 Survey of measurements for space radiation 8

2.1 Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2 Charge changing measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.3 Hydrogen fragment measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.3.1 Total cross sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.3.2 Differential cross sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.4 Helium fragment measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.4.1 Total cross sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.4.2 Differential cross sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.5 Medium-light (ZF = 3 − 9) fragment measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.5.1 Total cross sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.5.2 Differential cross sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.6 Medium (ZF = 10 − 19) fragment measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.6.1 Total cross sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.6.2 Differential cross sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.7 Heavy (ZF = 20 − 30) fragment measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.7.1 Total cross sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.7.2 Differential cross sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.8 Hydrogen targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.9 Isotopic data for 4He, 12C, 16O, 28Si, 56Fe projectiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 Conclusions 16

4 Appendix 1: Inverse kinematics 18

5 Appendix 2: Relations between cross sections 20

v
List of Figures

1 Charge changing total cross sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2 Elemental total cross sections for H fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3 Isotopic total cross sections for 1H fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4 Isotopic total cross sections for 2H fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5 Isotopic total cross sections for 3H fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

6 Isotopic energy differential cross sections for 1H fragments. . . . . . . . . . 34

7 Isotopic energy differential cross sections for 2H fragments. . . . . . . . . . 35

8 Isotopic energy differential cross sections for 3H fragments. . . . . . . . . . 36

9 Elemental angular differential cross sections for H fragments. . . . . . . . 37

10 Isotopic angular differential cross sections for 1H fragments. . . . . . . . . 38

11 Isotopic angular differential cross sections for 2H fragments. . . . . . . . . 39

12 Isotopic angular differential cross sections for 3H fragments. . . . . . . . . 40

13 Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for 1H fragments covering all

energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

14 Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for 2H fragments covering all

energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

15 Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for 3H fragments covering all

energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

16 Elemental double differential cross sections for H fragments. . . . . . . . . 44

17 Isotopic double differential cross sections for 1H fragments. . . . . . . . . 45

18 Isotopic double differential cross sections for 2H fragments. . . . . . . . . 46

19 Isotopic double differential cross sections for 3H fragments. . . . . . . . . 47

20 Elemental total cross sections for He fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

21 Isotopic total cross sections for 3He fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

22 Isotopic total cross sections for 4He fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

23 Isotopic total cross sections for 6He fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

24 Elemental energy differential cross sections for He fragments. . . . . . . . 52

25 Isotopic energy differential cross sections for 3He fragments. . . . . . . . . 53

26 Isotopic energy differential cross sections for 4He fragments. . . . . . . . . 54

27 Isotopic energy differential cross sections for 6He fragments. . . . . . . . . 55

28 Elemental angular differential cross sections for He fragments. . . . . . . . 56

29 Isotopic angular differential cross sections for 3He fragments. . . . . . . . 57

30 Isotopic angular differential cross sections for 4He fragments. . . . . . . . 58

31 Isotopic angular differential cross sections for 6He fragments. . . . . . . . 59

32 Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for 3He fragments covering

all energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

33 Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for 4He fragments covering

all energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

vi
34 Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for 6He fragments covering

all energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

35 Elemental double differential cross sections for He fragments. . . . . . . . 63

36 Isotopic double differential cross sections for 3He fragments. . . . . . . . . 64

37 Isotopic double differential cross sections for 4He fragments. . . . . . . . . 65

38 Isotopic double differential cross sections for 6He fragments. . . . . . . . . 66

39 Elemental total cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . 67

40 Isotopic total cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

41 Elemental energy differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments. . . . 69

42 Isotopic energy differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments. . . . . . 70

43 Elemental angular differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments. . . . 71

44 Isotopic angular differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments. . . . . 72

45 Elemental momentum differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments

covering all energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

46 Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments

covering all energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

47 Elemental double differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments. . . . 75

48 Isotopic double differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments. . . . . . 76

49 Elemental total cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments. . . . . . . . . . . 77

50 Isotopic total cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . 78

51 Elemental energy differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments. . . 79

52 Isotopic energy differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments. . . . 80

53 Elemental angular differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments. . . 81

54 Isotopic angular differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments. . . . 82

55 Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments

covering all energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

56 Elemental double differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments. . . 84

57 Isotopic double differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments. . . . 85

58 Elemental total cross sections for Z = 20 − 30 fragments. . . . . . . . . . . 86

59 Isotopic total cross sections for Z = 20 − 30 fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . 87

60 Isotopic angular differential cross sections for Z = 20 − 30 fragments. . . . 88

61 Elemental double differential cross sections for Z = 20 − 30 fragments. . . 89

62 Isotopic double differential cross sections for Z = 20 − 30 fragments. . . . 90

63 All cross sections for H targets. The right hand panel is the same as the

left panel, except zooming in to energies less than 3 GeV/n. . . . . . . . . 91

64 Isotopic total cross sections for 4He projectiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

65 Isotopic total cross sections for 12C projectiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

66 Isotopic total cross sections for 16O projectiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

67 Isotopic total cross sections for 28Si projectiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

68 Isotopic total cross sections for 56Fe projectiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

vii
List of Tables

1 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2 Reaction notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3 Cross section definitions. Several names are listed for σ(ZF), in accordance

with literature conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4 Kinematic variables (with c ≡ 1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5 Charge changing total cross section measurement recommendations. A range of targets is needed. The notation (T) indicates that only a

few additional targets are required. The notation, “< π threshold” signifies

projectile energies below the pion threshold. As explained in the text, H

and He projectiles are not considered for charge changing measurements. . 25

6 H elemental and 1,2,3H isotopic fragment measurement recommendations. “All” projectiles signifies He, C, O, Si, Fe. Projectiles

needed for only H targets are listed with (H). Projectiles needed for a range

of targets, except H, are listed with (H). No parentheses indicates that a /

range of targets, including H, is needed. The notation (T) means that only

a few additional targets are required. H projectiles are not considered. . . 26

7 He elemental and 3,4,6He isotopic fragment measurement recommendations. “All” projectiles signifies He, C, O, Si, Fe. Projectiles

needed for only H targets are listed with (H). Projectiles needed for a range

of targets, except H are listed with (H). No parentheses indicates that a /

range of targets, including H, is needed. The notation (T) indicates that

only a few additional targets are required. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

8 Medium-light (ZF=3 - 9) elemental and isotopic fragment measurement recommendations. A complete measurement set for C, O, Si

and Fe projectiles would be required to fill this gap. Projectiles needed for

only H targets are listed with (H). Projectiles needed for a range of targets,

except H, are listed with (H). No parentheses indicates that a range of /

targets, including H, is needed. H and He projectiles are not considered,

because projectile fragmentation will not produce medium-light fragments. 27

9 Medium (ZF=10 - 19) elemental and isotopic fragment measurement recommendations. Projectiles needed for only H targets are

listed with (H). Projectiles needed for a range of targets, except H, are

listed with (H). No parentheses indicates that a range of targets, including /

H, is needed. Projectiles with Z ≤ 10 are not considered, because projectile

fragmentation will not produce medium fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

viii
10 Heavy (ZF=20 - 30) elemental and isotopic fragment measurement recommendations. Projectiles needed for only H targets are listed

with (H). Projectiles needed for a range of targets, except, H are listed

with (H). No parentheses indicates that a range of targets, including H, /

is needed. Projectiles with Z ≤ 20 are not considered, because projectile

fragmentation will not produce heavy fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

11 Non-light (ZF ≥ 3) isotopic fragment total cross section measurement recommendations for 12C, 16O, 28Si, 56Fe projectiles.

Fragment recommendations are listed in terms of fragment charge ZF. Measurements should be made for as many fragment masses AF as possible, on

a variety of targets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

12 Data Reference. Assume reactions are inclusive unless stated as exclusive

(excl) under the Type column. Kinetic energy numbers with or without a

decimal point are in units of GeV/n or MeV/n respectively. Abbreviations

are as follows: cc = charge changing, elem = elemental, iso = isotopic, inel

= inelastic, mult = multiplicity, ex = exclusive, emd = electromagnetic

dissociation, inv kin = inverse kinematics, corr = correlations, fiss = fission,

pol = polarization, imf = intermediate mass fragments, triple = triple

differential cross section, quad = quadruple differential cross section. Also

rev = review and means that data from other sources are reviewed in the

reference. This table is continued in the following pages. . . . . . . . . . . 97

ix
.
Abstract

Human space flight requires protecting astronauts from the harmful effects of space

radiation. The availability of measured nuclear cross section data needed for these

studies is reviewed in the present paper. The energy range of interest for radiation

protection is approximately 100 MeV/n to 10 GeV/n. The majority of data are

for projectile fragmentation partial and total cross sections, including both charge

changing and isotopic cross sections. The cross section data are organized into

categories which include charge changing, elemental, isotopic for total, single and

double differential with respect to momentum, energy and angle. Gaps in the data

relevant to space radiation protection are discussed and recommendations for future

experiments are made.

1 Introduction

The space radiation environment is comprised of energetic particles produced from three

sources. Firstly, solar particle events (SPE) consist primarily of protons emitted from

the Sun during coronal mass ejections (CME) and solar flares. Very large SPEs are rare,

but can potentially inflict a lethal radiation dose to astronauts. SPEs can also affect

the stability of electronic devices. Energies can reach up to the GeV region. Secondly,

galactic cosmic rays (GCR) consist of protons and heavier nuclei emitted from supernovae

within the Milky Way Galaxy and are accelerated to the vicinity of the Solar system and

elsewhere. GCR particles have energies from 10 A MeV to the ZeV region (Zetta eV =

1021 eV). The peak of the spectrum is in the hundreds of MeV to GeV range, which is

most important region for space radiation. Thirdly, the geomagnetically trapped particles

consist of protons and electrons confined by the magnetic field of Earth. There are two

regions called the inner and outer Van Allen radiation belts. Protons and electrons are

found in both belts, with the most important being inner belt protons with energies up

to a few 100 MeV and beyond, and outer belt electrons with energies up to a few 100 keV

and beyond.

It is important to have an accurate knowledge of the particle spectrum at various

places in the Solar system where a particular mission will take place. The spectrum is

modified when particles impinge on a medium. For instance, the spectrum of particles is

modified after traversal through a spacecraft wall, due to the atomic and nuclear reactions

that take place. Knowledge of the spectrum on the other side of the medium enables one

to determine the accumulated radiation dose that an astronaut receives. Transport codes

are used in studies of cosmic rays propagating through various media. If the cosmic

ray spectrum incident on top of the Earth’s atmosphere is known, then the cosmic ray

spectrum observed on the ground can be deduced by transporting through the atmosphere.

Similarly, knowing the cosmic ray spectrum incident on a spacecraft allows one to deduce

the radiation environment inside the vehicle [Wilson91]. Essential ingredients to transport

1
codes are the atomic, nuclear and particle interaction cross sections. For space radiation

purposes, the nuclear cross sections, which describe nuclear interactions and break up are

increasingly important as the primary radiation is slowed or stopped in the medium.

The purpose of this paper is to review the data available for nuclear cross sections,

with the aim of identifying gaps in the data and recommending future measurements.

The focus is on data needed for space radiation, although this report can be useful for

other areas such as heavy ion beam therapy. Neutrons projectiles and fragments are not

specifically considered in the present work, in order to keep the paper to a reasonable

length. However, some neutron projectiles, represented by ZP = 0, occur in the database

and on the plots displayed herein. A detailed discussion of neutrons can be found in the

book by Nakamura and Heilbronn [Nakamura07]. In the present work, a database has

been constructed which compiles the results of all published nuclear physics experiments

relevant to space radiation. It consists of about 50,000 entries. Information regarding the

types of cross sections measured, journal references, projectile energy, mass numbers, and

projectile, target and fragment charge, is included in the database.

1.1 Reactions and cross sections

Table 1 contains a list of symbols used throughout this document. Reaction and cross

section notation is summarized in Tables 2 and 3.

1.1.1 Inclusive cross section

The inclusive cross section results when only specified particles are measured. An inclusive

reaction is typically denoted as

P+T → F+X , (1)

where the projectile P and the target T make up the initial state. The final state consists

of the measured projectile fragment F and the outgoing particles X, which may or may

not be measured. The isotopic notation for an inclusive nuclear reaction is given by

AP ZP + AT ZT → AF ZF + X . (2)

where Z refers to the nuclear charge or element. The total nucleon number is defined as

A ≡ Z + N, where N is the neutron number.

In contrast, an exclusive cross section results when all outgoing particles are assumed

to have been detected. An inclusive cross section is the sum of all exclusive cross sections.

Theorists typically calculate and sum exclusive processes to obtain the inclusive cross

section. However, experimentally it is difficult to measure every exclusive process. It

is easier to measure a particular fragment F, which is the inclusive process. Thus, in a

simplified way of speaking, exclusive cross sections are easier for theorists to calculate,

2
but more difficult for experimentalists to measure. In contrast, inclusive cross sections

are more difficult for theorists to calculate, but easier for experimentalists to measure.

More stringent tests of theoretical models can be achieved by comparing theory and

experiment for exclusive reactions. Comparing theoretical models to inclusive cross section

measurements results in less precise tests of theoretical models.

1.1.2 Charge changing cross section

The charge changing cross section [Westfall79, Webber90a], denoted by σΔZ≥1, is often

defined to be the cross section for removing at least one charge from the projectile. The

mass changing cross section, σΔA≥1, is defined [Westfall79, Webber90a] to be the cross

section for removing at least one nucleon from the projectile. The charge changing cross

section is for production of a fragment with a charge different from the projectile. This

can refer to a specific fragment or to the total charge changing cross section, which is the

cross section for a reaction where the projectile nucleus is not observed in the reaction

products. For example, if the projectile nucleus is a 12C projectile, then 12C nuclei are

not observed in the reaction products. The terms “total charge changing” and “charge

changing” are often used interchangeably. See Table 3 for explanations of cross section

notation. In the present work, charge changing cross sections are represented by figures

with a light blue background, as shown in Figure 1. In terms of testing theoretical models,

the fragment production cross section, which refers to production of a specific element, is

a more stringent test than the charge changing cross section.

One way to calculate charge changing cross sections is the following. The total absorption cross section, σabs, is first calculated for a given projectile and target combination.

Next, the cross section for single neutron removal, two neutron removal, three neutron

removal, etc. are calculated for the projectile-target system of interest until all neutrons

are removed. The charge changing cross section, σcc, is then computed by subtracting the

sum of the neutron removal cross sections from σabs. More explicitly,

σcc = σabs − σ1n − σ2n − σ3n... − σNn = σabs − 

N

j=1

σjn, (3)

where σjn is the cross section for removing j neutrons from the projectile and N is the

number of neutrons in the projectile.

1.1.3 Fragment production (elemental) cross section

Fragment production (or fragmentation or partial charge changing or elemental) cross

sections quantify the probability for production of fragments with a given charge. Charge

changing cross sections are more easily measured than fragment production (elemental)

cross sections. A theorist might first calculate the fragment production cross sections and

then sum them to obtain the charge changing cross section. For intermediate to heavy

3
projectiles, most measurements are of fragments in excess of one third of the projectile

charge. For heavier projectiles, it is difficult for an experimentalist to accurately identify

individual light fragments against the background produced by multiple charged fragments

from intermediate to heavy reacting nuclei. The projectile fragment production cross

section is for production of a fragment with a given charge. An example is the reaction

12C + 27Al → Z3+

F + X , (4)

where the cross section is for production of a fragment ZF, with charge 3. A projectile

fragment production cross section is also referred to as a partial fragmentation, partial

charge changing, fragmentation, or elemental cross section. The elemental fragmentation

cross section, which is listed as σ(ZF) in Table 3, is the cross section for the production of

a specific element. In the present work, elemental cross sections are represented by figures

shaded in yellow background, as in Figure 2.

Data points comprise many separate, and sometimes overlapping measurements. In a

few cases, such as the experimental measurements of Gutbrod et al. [Gutbrod76], light

fragments were measured but not heavy fragments. Typically, experiments can be optimized to measure either low Z or high Z fragments, but not both. Most experimental

measurements are of fragment production near the beam axis, which is where kinematics

dictate that most fragments will be emitted. Therefore, experimental cross section data

require correction factors. In addition to corrections for secondary interactions and multiple scattering in the target and detectors, corrections for fragments emitted outside of

the detector acceptance rely on assumptions about fragment transverse momentum distributions. Correction methods are specific to each experimental setup and these details

should be taken into account when comparing models to data.

In many on-axis experiments, only small corrections are needed to obtain the chargechanging cross sections and fragment cross sections for ZF > Zbeam/2. This is an important

point; in many experiments, total corrections for these cross sections are on the order of

10%, and are not a significant issue. This is the point of doing the experiments on-axis;

they are relatively simple and accurate.

1.1.4 Isotopic cross section

The isotopic cross section describes the production of a fragment with a given charge and

mass. An example is the reaction

12C + 27Al → 7

Li + X . (5)

Compared to fragment production (elemental) or charge changing cross sections, isotopic

cross sections provide the most stringent test of theoretical models. Isotopic cross sections

are more difficult to measure experimentally, because one must identify each separate

isotope. In the present work, isotopic cross sections are represented by figures shaded in

4
pink background, as in Figures 3 - 5. Measured isotopic cross sections include inclusive,

exclusive, total and differential cross sections with respect to both momentum and angle.

The data were measured primarily for investigations of basic nuclear physics or cosmic ray

propagation. These aims dictated the choice of energies, collision systems and observables.

1.1.5 Differential cross section

The previous discussions have been concerned with total cross sections, which are related

to the total number of particles detected. Angular or energy information has not yet

been considered. Differential cross sections are measured as a function of one or more

variables, such as fragment energy E, momentum p, or emission angle θ. For example,

the single differential cross section, dσ

dp , is a cross section measured as a function of the

single variable p. A double differential cross section, such as dσ

dEdθ , is with respect to two

variables. Instead of momentum (or energy) and angle, other variables for the double

differential cross section are equivalent. Common choices are the longitudinal (z) and

transverse (⊥) components of momentum,

pz ≡ p cos θ (6)

p⊥ ≡ p sin θ. (7)

Another commonly used kinematic pair is rapidity and transverse momentum, where

rapidity is defined as

y ≡

1

2

ln 

E + pz

E − pz



, (8)

with

E = m⊥ cosh y (9)

pz = m⊥ sinh y. (10)

The transverse mass is defined as

m2

⊥ ≡ m2 + p2⊥ = E2 − p2z, (11)

where m is the mass of the fragment.

In summary, the following pairs of kinematic variables are equivalent, (p, θ), (pz, p⊥)

and (y, p⊥). Also, use of p is equivalent to E or T, where T is the fragment kinetic energy.

The solid angle Ω is equivalent to θ. Kinematic variables are summarized in Table 4. Note

that many authors use the symbol E for kinetic energy. In this paper, E describes total

energy and T represents kinetic energy. For differential cross sections (usually plotted

on a vertical axis), the distinction does not matter because dE = dT. However, the

5
horizontal axis on a differential cross section plot is usually the kinetic energy T where

the distinction does matter, because E = T.

A theorist would first calculate a double differential cross section, and then integrate

over energy or angle to get a single differential cross section. To obtain a total cross

section, the double differential cross section is integrated twice. It is easier for an experimentalist to measure total cross sections. Measurements involving energy or angle are

more complicated. For example, it is difficult to measure a double differential cross section

because count rates must be obtained for a range of energy at a variety of angles. Furthermore, such experiments must, by definition, be capable of resolving different fragment

energies, which implies a more complicated detection scheme than is used in most on-axis

experiments. The most stringent test of a theory is comparing a double differential cross

section calculation to experiment, and the least stringent test is comparing a total cross

section calculation to experiment.

Single differential cross sections are measured with respect to a single observable as

the dependent variable. Most measurements were undertaken to elucidate basic nuclear

physics issues such as whether bulk nuclear matter exhibits thermodynamic or hydrodynamic behavior. However, angular and momentum distribution data can also be used to

differentiate between models and to estimate two and three dimensional dose distributions at depths in materials. The fact that there is only one dependent variable in single

differential cross sections does not imply that the data was integrated over all other observables. Consequently, it is important to consider details presented in the literature for

each data set. For example, a differential cross section with respect to laboratory angle,

dσ

dθ or dσdΩ, may have a specific acceptance in fragment momentum or energy, as opposed

to including all fragment momenta or energies. Differential cross sections with respect

to momentum, dσ

dp , are generally quoted at one or more specific angles or angular acceptances. Acceptances in many cases depend sensitively on model dependent momentum

distributions.

Angular distribution cross sections are generally quoted as a function of solid angle Ω,

in units of mb/sr. Although, in some cases [Kidd88], acceptance corrections are applied

and the tabulated result is quoted as a differential cross section (in mb) at a specific

angle. When comparing to models, experimental details must be taken into account.

Most angular distributions are published as cross sections with respect to momentum, or

as double differential cross sections, as discussed below.

Transverse, dσ

dp⊥ , and longitudinal, dσdpz , momentum distributions yield information on

the detailed dynamics of nucleus-nucleus collisions, including both initial and final state

interactions. Momentum distribution widths are a sensitive test of models and an essential tool for extrapolating from limited angular data. Double differential cross sections

measured as a function of both fragment energy (or momentum) and angle are also a

stringent test of models. In addition, they provide more detailed information on dose

distributions than simple angular distributions integrated over all fragment energies or

energy spectra taken at a single angle. However, as seen later, the data are limited.

6
1.2 Light ion reactions

An important subset of reactions are the light ion reactions represented by

AP + AT → LF + X, (12)

where LF is defined to be a charged fragment with ZF ≤ 2. Thus, a light ion reaction

has a light fragment present in the final state, whether in combination with a heavy

fragment or not. Inclusive data for light fragments produced by heavy projectiles are very

limited, due to the difficulty of separating light fragments from the background generated

by multifragmentation. Almost all of the heavy projectile data include only measured

fragments with a minimum charge, which is approximately one half that of the projectile.

Now consider the different types of cross sections.

1.2.1 Light ion total cross sections

The data [Lindstrom75] for protons emitted near the beam axis are primarily for 1.05

and 2.1 GeV/n 12C, and 2.1 GeV/n 16O. Lindstrom et al. [Lindstrom75] measured 1,2,3H

and 3,4,6He in a 12.5 sr cone around 0o. Note that these are actually differential cross

section measurements at 0o and not total cross sections, as is often assumed. Neverthless,

as the authors state, the forward cross section accounts for 70% - 100% of the total

cross section, except for light ions. Measurements of 3,4,6He production have also been

made by Kobayashi et al. [Kobayashi88] and Korejwo et al. [Korejwo00, Korejwo02].

Projectile energies are between 790 and 2100 MeV/n, except for data taken by Korejwo

et al. [Korejwo00, Korejwo02] for He isotope production from the reaction 12C + 1H at

2.69 and 3.66 GeV/n.

1.2.2 Light ion angular differential cross sections

Cross sections for elastic and quasielastic alpha particle scattering at θlab = 17o, 26o and

45o were reported in reference [Gooding61]. Reference [Poskanzer75] contains plotted

angular distributions for 3He and 4He at θlab = 20o − 120o from 1.05 GeV/n 4He and 16O

ions. The most extensive data set is reference [Nagamiya81]. It includes data for 1,2,3H

and 3,4He (as well as π+ and π−) produced at θlab = 10o − 145o for 800 and 2100 MeV/n

12C, 20Ne and 40Ar beams. Total inclusive cross sections as a function of angle, as well as

double and triple differential cross sections, are tabulated.

1.2.3 Light ion momentum distributions, dσ

dpz , dσdp⊥

The momentum distribution centers and widths for p, d, t and 3,4,6He produced in 1.05

and 2.1 GeV/n 12C and 2.1 GeV/n 16O are tabulated in reference [Greiner75]. Nagamiya

[Nagamiya81] has detailed contour plots of proton (and pion) production cross sections

in the momentum rapidity plane for 800 MeV/n 40Ar + KCl and Pb.

7
1.2.4 Light ion double differential cross sections

Most of the double differential cross section data are for light fragments. Heavy fragment

double differential cross sections measurements are rare. There may be a need for some

limited sets of angular measurements to verify the assumption [Wilson91] that all of the

projectile fragments heavier than He travel in the incident beam direction with essentially

no angular spread.

2 Survey of measurements for space radiation

The experimental data that are available for space radiation studies will now be analyzed.

Projectile nuclei from H to Ni are the most important with energies up to about 10 GeV/n,

although data up to 100 GeV/n would be useful in calibrating theoretical models. Also,

heavier nuclei, up to U, can be useful for studies of space electronics. Thus, the broadest

region of interest includes the entire periodic table up to 100 GeV/n.

The majority of data referenced in this paper are for projectile fragmentation total cross sections. In addition, charge changing, mass changing, elemental and isotopic

cross sections are included. In this report, a fragment is defined as a charged nuclear

fragment with a mass and charge that is different from the primary beam particle. In

certain special cases (for example, 12C break up into three α particles), an exclusive

total fragment production cross section, in which all fragments of a given charge are accounted for, requires a detector arrangement covering 4π steradian in solid angle. No

such exclusive measurements have been made in the target, projectile or energy regimes

relevant to space radiation studies, although there have been measurements at several

different angles. The most extensive and detailed fragment production total cross section data of this type are from survey measurements for astrophysics and space radiation

protection applications. For example, see references [Webber90, Webber90a, Webber90b,

Webber90c, Webber98, Webber98b], [Cummings90], [Chen94], [Knott96], [Knott97], and

also [Zeitlin97], [Zeitlin01], [Zeitlin07], [Zeitlin07a], [Zeitlin08]. In many cases, experimental data includes isotopic cross sections, which will be discussed in the next section. In

order to elucidate the knowledge gaps, the data are grouped into several different categories. Note that there is some overlap and some data points appear in more than one

grouping.

The energy range of greatest interest for GCR studies is approximately 100 MeV/n to

10 GeV/n. For particle energies less than about 100 MeV/n, energy deposition is dominated by atomic interactions with the target, and nuclear reactions are less important.

(Note however, that secondary neutrons produced from these fragments can penetrate

through the spacecraft or habitat.) For lunar surface sorties, they can be an issue. Lower

energy ions are also of interest for heavy ion therapy. The small number of GCR ions,

substantially more energetic than 10 GeV/n, contribute relatively little to radiation dose.

8
Figures 1 - 68 identify all the cross section measurements relevant to space radiation.

Each symbol on each plot represents on or more cross section measurement. Actual cross

section values are not provided, because the intent is to identify gaps in the available cross

section data relevant for space exploration. The kinetic energy (T) regions are typically

broken down into four regions, namely below the pion threshold at 280 MeV/n, then up

to 3 GeV/n, then up to 15 GeV/n and finally above 15 GeV/n. The cut-offs at 3 GeV/n

and 15 GeV/n were chosen to overlap experiments performed at the Berkeley Bevalac and

the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) with typical beam energies of

2.1 GeV/n and 14.6 GeV/n, respectively. Henceforth, these energy regions will be defined

as follows:

Below the pion threshold: T < 280 MeV/n

Low energy: 280 MeV/n ≤ T < 3 GeV/n

Medium energy: 3 GeV/n ≤ T < 15 GeV/n

High energy: T ≥ 15 GeV/n

The projectiles of most interest for space radiation are those from H to Ni. Henceforth,

projectiles, targets and fragments will be defined in terms of charge Z as follows:

Light: Z = 1, 2 (H, He isotopes)

Medium-Light: Z = 3 − 9 (Li − F)

Medium: Z = 10 − 19 (Ne − K)

Heavy: Z = 20 − 30 (Ca − Zn)

Very Heavy: Z > 30 (heavier than Zn)

Light to heavy projectiles are of most interest for space radiation. Light projectiles are

very abundant and highly penetrating. Light fragments are also highly penetrating. Figures 1 - 62 plot the experimental measurements as a function of projectile charge and

target charge. The database contains information on projectile charges ranging across

the entire periodic table, however Figures 1 - 62 only show projectile charges up to 30.

This cut-off was selected since it is the range of interest for space radiation, and makes it

easier to read the projectile charge on the plots.

The galactic cosmic ray spectrum shows local peaks in abundance [Simpson83], relative

to their near neighbors, for the following six nuclei: 1H, 2He, 6C, 8O, 14Si, 26Fe, where

charge numbers are indicated as lower case. This is not to say, for example, that 26Fe has

a higher abundance than 10Ne for instance. Rather, these six nuclei are most important

in terms of contribution to dose in unshielded deep space [Wilson91]. (Note that Mg is

just as important as Si. Given that they are close in mass number and have similar shell

structure, only Si is emphasized. Even though C and O are similar in mass number, O is

doubly magic and C is not. Therefore, both C and O are considered because they have

quite different shell structure.)

While it is important to understand the physical interactions of all nuclei up to Ni, it

is important to always have these six nuclei represented in any set of projectile measurements. The recommendations presented herein will focus on these six nuclei. Recall that

the nuclear magic numbers are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126, which correspond to fully

9
closed nucleon shells. This is analagous to electron closed shells for inert gases. Nuclei

with magic proton numbers are 2He, 8O, 20Ca, 28Ni, 50Sn and 82Pb. Note that the naturally occuring isotopes, 4

2He, 168 O, 4020Ca, 20882 Pb, are doubly magic (magic numbers of both

protons and neutrons). The naturally occurring isotopes of Ni and Sn are 59

28Ni and 11950 Sn,

whereas the doubly magic isotopes are 56

28Ni and 10050 Sn. Even though C and O possess

similar proton numbers, it is important to have both represented in the experimental

data, because one is (doubly) magic and the other is not.

2.1 Targets

Alloys made up primarily of aluminum (Z=13) are the typical material used for spacecraft

structures. However, low Z materials have been shown to provide better space radiation

protection [Wilson91]. Therefore, targets with Z ≤ 13 are of special interest for space

radiation. Experimentally, it is rather simple to use a variety of targets. Such data are

useful for testing theoretical models. In all of the recommendations for future

experiments presented below, a range of targets across the periodic table is

recommended, unless otherwise noted. Note that emulsion targets, which include

AgBr [Hyde71], are represented in the database with an average target charge of 41.

Hydrogen targets are of particular interest to cosmic ray transport and space radiation shielding, since hydrogenous materials have highly favorable properties for shielding

against charged nuclei [Wilson91]. Figures 1 - 62 show plots of projectile charge versus

target charge. As mentioned earlier, the database contains projectile charges across the

entire periodic table. However, only projectile charges up to 30 are shown in the plots,

for ease in identifying projectiles. The entire range of target charges up to 100 will always

be shown. Each symbol on the plots is centered on the projectile charge / target charge

value it represents. For example, the symbols that just touch the horizontal axis in Figure

1 represent measurements using H targets with a target charge of 1. Thus, H targets are

easily read from the plots. Note that H target cross sections can be obtained in principle using inverse collisions of protons onto heavy targets. However, extracting elemental

and isotopic cross sections can be especially challenging. Therefore, it is preferred that

hydrogen targets be used for these cross section measurements.

2.2 Charge changing measurements

Charge changing total cross section measurements are shown in Figure 1. Of course, no

charge changing measurements exist for H projectiles, because they do not break up into

smaller nuclear fragments. Differential cross sections also do not exist, because charge

changing involves many fragments. There are obvious gaps below the pion threshold and

above 3 GeV/n. The principal gaps are at low and high energies for heavy projectiles

(Z = 20 - 30). In particular, there are no data for Fe projectiles at the lowest and

highest energies. In addition, there are only a few measurements for light projectiles.

10
H targets are well represented for low energy, but are poorly represented at all other

energies. Exceptions occur for C and Si projectiles below the pion threshold and for O

and Si projectiles at medium and high energy. At high energy, there are measurements

for S projectiles, but Si is not represented,

Charge changing measurement recommendations are summarized in Table 5. Of

course, H projectiles are not considered for charge changing measurements. He projectiles will not be considered either, because the only fragment is H, and this will be

considered separately in the H fragments discussion. Although charge changing cross

sections have been useful in providing the first tests of theoretical models, further charge

changing experiments augment the extensive comparisons between theoretical models and

measurements that have been performed to date [Zeitlin11].

2.3 Hydrogen fragment measurements

Hydrogen fragment measurements are shown in Figures 2 - 19. Recommendations are

summarized in Table 6 and are discussed in detail below. Elemental energy differential

and momentum differential cross section data are not plotted because no data are currently

available.

2.3.1 Total cross sections

Total cross sections for elemental H fragments are shown in Figure 2. Total cross sections

for isotopic H fragments are shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5. For elemental fragments at low

energy, there are a series of measurements for C, Ne and Fe projectiles on a variety of

targets. The most serious lack of data is for He and Si projectiles. At low energy, there are

measurements for Ne projectiles. These cannot take the place of new O measurements

because O is doubly magic, as explained previously. C and O projectile data are also

available. However, Si and Fe projectiles are not represented.

Isotopic data can be summed to obtain elemental data. Filling in the gaps for

isotopic data would supersede the need for filling in gaps in elemental data.

Isotopic data provide tests of coalescence models that are used for light ion

production modeling. At medium energy, there is only one elemental measurement, but

there are more isotopic measurements, especially for He projectiles. Heavier projectiles

are missing. Recommendations for future measurements are summarized in Table 6.

2.3.2 Differential cross sections

Available differential cross sections for elemental and isotopic H fragments are shown

in Figures 6 - 19. It can be seen that dE and dΩ data are very sparse, with most of

the available data being for H projectiles. At low energy, for 1,2,3H fragments there are

parallel momentum data for C and O projectiles on a variety of targets. However, with

11
only parallel momentum measurements, an angular distribution must be assumed in order

to extract dE information. For light fragments, the angular information is important.

Assumptions cannot be made about the angular distribution because light fragments are

scattered over a larger range of angles. Therefore, these parallel momentum distributions,

by themselves, are of limited usefulness.

The most complete set of data are double differential cross sections for H isotopes. H

projectiles are well represented, except for medium energy deuteron and triton production

and at high energy. He projectile data are available at low energy, but not at

medium energy. Given that most measurements are double differential, it is worthwhile

to continue them to complement existing data sets, since double differential cross sections

are the most precise test of theoretical models. Consequently, additional single differential

cross section measurements are not recommended. At low energy, He projectiles on several

targets are represented, as well as heavier projectiles. At low energy, O measurements on

H and a few other light targets would be useful. Fe projectiles are missing. At medium

energy there are no data except for H projectiles. Therefore, a full set of medium

energy measurements are recommended. Recommendations are summarized in

Table 6.

2.4 Helium fragment measurements

Helium fragment measurements are shown in Figures 20 - 38. Recommendations are discussed in detail below and are summarized in Table 7. Elemental momentum differential

cross section data are not plotted because no data are currently available.

2.4.1 Total cross sections

Total cross sections for elemental He fragments are shown in Figure 20. Total cross

sections for isotopic He fragments are shown in Figures 21, 22 and 23. For elemental

fragments at low energy, there are a series of measurements for C, Ne and Fe projectiles

on a variety of targets. The most serious lack of data is for He and Si projectiles. For

3,4,6He isotopic fragments at low energy, there are some He projectile measurements on

low Z targets. C and O projectile data are also available. However, Si and Fe projectiles

are not represented. Filling in the gaps for isotopic data would supersede the need for

filling in gaps in elemental data. At medium energy, there are only a couple of elemental

measurements, but there are some isotopic measurements. Heavier projectiles are missing.

Recommendations for total cross section measurements are summarized in Table 7.

2.4.2 Differential cross sections

Available differential cross sections for elemental and isotopic He fragments are shown in

Figures 24 - 38. For He, the situation is similar to that previously found for H fragments;

12
the data are very sparse. Most of the available data are for H projectiles, with an exception at low energy. For 3,4,6He fragments, there are parallel momentum data for C and

O projectiles on a variety of targets. At medium energy, there are transverse momentum

distributions for Si projectiles producing 6He fragments. As with H fragments, these parallel momentum distributions, by themselves, are of limited usefulness. Again, as with H

fragments, the most complete set of data are for double differential cross sections. For the

reasons quoted previously for H fragments, it is recommended that double differential cross section measurements be pursued instead of single differential

measurements. These recommendations are summarized in Table 7.

2.5 Medium-light (ZF = 3 − 9) fragment measurements

Medium-light fragment measurements are shown in Figures 39 - 48. Recommendations

are discussed in detail below and are summarized in Table 8. H and He projectiles are

not considered herein because projectile fragmentation will not produce medium-light

fragments.

2.5.1 Total cross sections

Total cross sections for elemental and isotopic medium-light fragments are shown in Figures 39 and 40. At low energy, elemental cross sections are well represented and there is

a reasonable representation of isotopic measurements. The data seems sufficient, so no

new measurements are recommended. At medium energy, there is a lack of elemental and

isotopic cross section data for C and Fe projectiles and isotopic data for O projectiles.

At high energy, the elemental S measurements will suffice, instead of new elemental Si

measurements. Recommendations are summarized in Table 8.

2.5.2 Differential cross sections

For non-light fragments there remain discrepancies in the codes when compared to large

and small acceptance zero degree data, owing circumstantially to incorrect transverse momentum assumptions in the code. Therefore, a range of double differential cross section

measurements for medium-light fragments is being made for C, O, Si and Fe. (He projectiles will not produce medium-light fragments except in pick-up reactions.) A full range

of measurements is recommended, as shown in Table 8.

2.6 Medium (ZF = 10 − 19) fragment measurements

Medium fragment measurements are shown in Figures 49 - 57. Recommendations are

discussed in detail below and are summarized in Table 9. Projectiles with Z ≤ 10 are not

considered herein, because projectile fragmentation will not produce medium fragments.

13
Elemental momentum differential cross section data are not plotted because of the lack

of available data.

2.6.1 Total cross sections

Total cross sections for elemental and isotopic medium fragments are shown in Figures

49 and 50. Low energy elemental cross sections are well represented and there is a reasonable representation of isotopic measurements. The data seems sufficient, therefore no

new measurements are recommended. At medium energy, there is a lack of elemental and

isotopic cross sections for Fe projectiles. At medium energy, medium fragment total cross

sections should be measured for Fe projectiles. At high energy, the elemental S measurements will suffice, instead of new elemental Si data. Recommendations are summarized

in Table 9.

2.6.2 Differential cross sections

Figures 51 - 57 show that existing differential cross section measurements for medium

fragments are even more sparse than for medium-light fragments. A range of double

differential cross section measurements for medium fragments is being recommended for

Si and Fe projectiles. (He, C and O projectiles will not produce medium fragments except

in pick-up reactions.) Recommendations are shown in Table 9.

2.7 Heavy (ZF = 20 − 30) fragment measurements

Heavy fragment measurements are shown in Figures 58 - 62. Recommendations are discussed in detail below and are summarized in Table 10. Projectiles with Z ≤ 20 are not

considered, because projectile fragmentation will not produce heavy fragments. Elemental

energy differential, isotopic energy differential, elemental angular differential, elemental

momentum differential cross sections and isotopic momentum differential cross sections

are not plotted because of the lack of available data.

2.7.1 Total cross sections

Total cross sections for elemental and isotopic heavy fragments are shown in Figures 58

and 59. Low energy elemental cross sections are well represented and there is a reasonable

representation of isotopic measurements. The data seems sufficient, so no new measurements are recommended. At medium energy, there is a lack of elemental and isotopic

cross sections for Fe projectiles. At medium energy, heavy fragment total cross sections

should be measured for Fe projectiles. Recommendations are summarized in Table 10.

14
2.7.2 Differential cross sections

Figures 60 - 62 show that existing measurements for heavy projectiles are extremely

sparse. ZF = 20 − 30 fragments produced by Fe projectiles are expected to continue

with approximately the same trajectory as the projectile. Nevertheless, this should be

checked. These fragments will be produced from H, He, C, O and Si projectiles only for

pick-up, but not fragmentation reactions. Fe projectiles will produce heavy fragments in

fragmentation reactions. Therefore, a range of experiments is being recommended for Fe

projectiles.

2.8 Hydrogen targets

Figure 63 shows all cross sections plotted as a function of projectile charge and energy for

H targets, which shows that there are significant gaps for most projectiles below

the pion threshold and at medium and high energy. It is recommended that

an extensive set of measurements on H targets be performed.

2.9 Isotopic data for 4He,

12C,16O,28Si,56Fe projectiles

The information being presented in the elemental cross section figures, such as Figures

2 and 20, represents points in a multi-dimensional space. Each individual plot in Figure

2, for example, consists of the 2-dimensional space of (ZP, ZT). With the four plots of

Figure 20 each representing different kinetic energy T regions, the space is 3-dimensional,

namely (ZP, ZT, T). Figures 2 and 20 contain this 3-dimensional information for particular

elemental fragments ZF, expanding the space to the 4-dimensions of (ZP, ZT, T, ZF). The

space is further expanded when considering isotopic fragments, such as Figures 3, 4 and 5,

with the 5-dimensional space being (ZP, ZT, T, ZF, AF). Finally, the different cross section

types, such as σ, dσ

dE , dσdΩ, etc., expand to a 6-dimensional space consisting of (ZP, ZT, T,

ZF, AF, Σi), where Σi denotes the different types of cross sections. The entire collection

of plots in this paper represent a single plot in this 6-dimensional space, and judicious

choices have been made in presenting the 2-dimensional slices of this 6-dimensional space.

In Figures 1 - 62, the 2-dimensional slices have been (ZP, ZT), with other dimensions

represented as separate plots. Figure 63 presents a (ZP, T) slice for H (ZT = 1) targets.

A 2-dimensional slice of interest is the plane (ZF, AF) for each of the six important

GCR nuclei 1H, 4He, 12C, 16O, 28Si and 56Fe shown in Figures 64 - 68. The question is:

Are all important isotopic fragments measured for the six important GCR nuclei? (1H

projectiles are not of interest, because they do not fragment (apart from charge changing

into neutrons), although they can undergo pick-up reactions.)

Consider Figure 64, which shows (ZF, AF) total cross sections for 4He projectiles at a

variety of energies. One clearly sees the isotopic fragments 1,2,3H and 3He, which are precisely the important fragments for which one wants cross section data. (4He fragments do

15
not represent a fragmentation reaction and 6He fragments involve a two neutron pickup

with a low cross section. Therefore, these two fragments are of considerably less importance for 4He projectiles.) However, this information for 1,2,3H and 3He fragments

is already contained in Figures 3, 4, 5 and 21, which actually convey more information

because the target charge ZT is also represented. Therefore, Figure 64 is redundant, but

is included in order to clarify the discussion. The other isotopic fragment cross sections

of Figures 65 - 68 are not redundant, and are of interest because the information has not

been captured in previous figures which only cover a range of fragment charges, such as

ZF = 3 − 9, ZF = 10 − 19 or ZF = 20 − 30. Clearly, the information referring to 1,2,3H or

3,4,6He fragments in Figures 64 - 68 is redundant since it has been displayed previously.

Careful examination of Figures 3 - 5 and Figures 21 - 23 will reveal consistency with 1,2,3H

and 3,4,6He isotope information displayed in Figures 64 - 68. Equivalently, the recommendations for 1,2,3H and 3,4,6He isotope measurements in Tables 6 and 7 are consistent with

all the Figures 3 - 5, 21 - 23 and 64 - 68. In checking these consistencies, the target

information needs to be carefully considered.

Therefore, focus has been placed on only non-light fragments in Figures 65 - 68.

Consider the 12C projectile data in Figure 65. Fragment data are well represented in all

energy regimes, except high energy. Consider the 16O projectile data in Figure 66. Data

are well represented at low energy, but there are major gaps below the pion threshold and

at intermediate and high energy. Consider the 28Si projectile data in Figure 67. There are

major gaps at all energies. Consider the 56Fe projectile data in Figure 68. The low energy

region is well represented with major gaps at all other energies. The corresponding new

measurement recommendations are summarized in Table 11.

Appendices 1 and 2 describe inverse kinematics and relations between cross sections.

Table 12 summarizes all the measurements.

3 Conclusions

A database has been created which contains information on all nuclear physics experiments, relevant to space radiation protection, that have been performed to date. However,

neutrons are not considered. This paper has focused on the nuclei prominent in the galactic cosmic ray spectrum, namely H, He, C, O, Si and Fe. Recommendations have been

made for charge changing, elemental and isotopic measurements. These recommendations

have been summarized in Tables 5 - 10. Isotopic cross sections are the most difficult to

measure, but provide the best test of theoretical models and are the preferred measurement type. Overall, there are a surprisingly large number of gaps in the experimental data

concerning the important galactic cosmic ray nuclei mentioned above. This represents a

significant gap in validating theoretical models.

Finally, a prioritized list of experimental measurements is now presented. The experiments are summarized in the Tables, which are listed in priority order below. Within the

16
tables themselves, double differential cross sections are a higher priority than total cross

sections.

1. Finish analysis of existing data

2. Complete the set of measurements listed in Table 7

3. Complete the set of measurements listed in Table 6

4. Complete the set of measurements listed in Table 11

5. Complete the set of measurements listed in Table 8

6. Complete the set of measurements listed in Table 9

7. Complete the set of measurements listed in Table 10

8. Complete the set of measurements listed in Table 5

The reasoning for this priority order has already been discussed in the text, but some of the

reasons are worth repeating here. The light ions of H and He are especially important due

to their high penetrating power and their large angular spread from the beam. Therefore,

double differential cross sections for light ions are especially important, which is why the

experiments listed in Tables 7 and 6 are of high priority. As previously discussed, the

projectiles of H, He, C, O, Si, Fe are particularly prominent and it is important to have

an accurate knowledge of all the fragments produced from these projectiles. This is why

Table 11 is next on the priority list. The measurements listed in Tables 8, 9, 10 are in that

order because lighter fragments undergo more deflection than heavier fragments, making

measurements of double differential cross sections more important for light fragments than

for heavier ones. Finally, completion of the experiments listed in Table 5 would provide a

nearly complete set (from a space radiation perspective) of charge changing cross section

measurements.

17
4 Appendix 1: Inverse kinematics

If one has, for example, cross section data for the reaction 4He +12 C, then this same data

will, of course, suffice for the reaction 12C +4 He. However, the projectile energies will

be different in each case. The use of such inverse kinematics greatly reduces the need to

perform separate experiments. A brief review of inverse kinematics is presented here.

The notation is as follows. Subscripts will refer to the projectile or target nuclei,

and sub-subscripts will refer to the projectile or target reference frame. For example,

the quantity ETP refers to the total energy of the target as measured in the projectile

frame. The quantity TPT refers to the kinetic energy of the projectile as measured in the

target frame. The symbol xPP refers the quantity x of the projectile as measured in the

projectile frame. Mass m always refers to rest mass and so is independent of the frame.

Thus, mP and mT refer to the projectile and target rest mass (as measured in any frame).

Finally, the notation (x)P or (x)T denotes the quantity in parenthesis as measured in the

projectile or target frames, respectively.

The square of the projectile and target 4-momenta as measured in the projectile frame

is equal to the square of the projectile and target 4-momenta as measured in the target

frame,

( ̃pP +  ̃pT)

2

P = ( ̃pP +  ̃pT)

2

T

m2

P + m2T + (2 ̃pP · p ̃T)P = m2P + m2T + (2 ̃pP · p ̃T)T. (13)

The 4-vector scalar product (also invariant) is

p ̃1 · p ̃1 ≡ E1E2 − p1 · p2. (14)

Note also that

pPP ≡ 0 ⇒ EPP = mP

pTT ≡ 0 ⇒ ETT = mT. (15)

Equation (13) reduces to

mPETP = mTEPT (16)

or

ETP = mT

mP

EPT . (17)

This formula shows how to convert from the energy of the projectile as measured in the

target frame to the energy of the target as measured in the projectile frame. It is easily

shown that a similar formula holds for the kinetic energies,

TTP = mT

mP

TPT . (18)

18
Consider the reaction p +12 C. Assuming that the mass of 12C is roughly 12 times the

mass of the proton, gives

TpC = 1

12

TCp , (19)

which says that the kinetic energy of the proton in the C frame is 1

12 times the kinetic

energy of the C in the proton frame. That is, the kinetic energy of the projectile in the

reaction p +12 C is 1

12 times the kinetic energy of the projectile in the 12C + p reaction.

Here, the kinetic energy is measured in MeV and not MeV/n. Note that for the special

case of a nucleon-nucleus reaction, if the kinetic energy is measured in MeV/n then there

is no mass conversion factor. That is, for example, if the kinetic energy of the nucleus

is 1000 MeV/n in a nucleus-nucleon reaction then the inverse kinematic kinetic energy

of the nucleon in the nucleon-nucleus reaction will also be 1000 MeV/n (which for the

case of a nucleon is 1000 MeV). Thus, for nucleon-nucleus reactions, inverse kinematics

is trivial when measuring in units of MeV/n. Finally, one can easily show that equation

(18) implies that the speed of the projectile in the target frame is the same as the speed

of the target in the projectile frame, as it should be. Each observer sees the other one

moving at the same speed,

βTP = βPT . (20)

19
5 Appendix 2: Relations between cross sections

It is important to note that the charge changing cross section is not simply the sum of

the elemental cross sections, i.e.

σ(cc) = 

ZF

σ(ZF).

Similarly, the elemental cross section is not simply the sum of the isotopic cross sections,

i.e.

σ(ZF) = 

AF

σ(AF).

To see this, consider the following reaction.

Be + T → F+T,

where T represents the target and F represents the fragments. Rewrite this reaction in

terms of nuclear charge denoted by numbers, i.e.

4+T → 31 + T

→ 22 + T

→ 211 + T

→ 111 + T

where, for example, the notation 4 + T → 31 + T means 4 + T → 3 + 1 + T which is the

reaction Be + T → Li + H + T.

The cross section for producing ZF = 1, 2, 3 (H,He,Li) contains the following terms,

σ(3) ∼ |
31|t|i|2

σ(2) ∼ |
22|t|i + 
211|t|i|2

σ(1) ∼ |
31|t|i + 
211|t|i + 
111|t|i|2,

where transition operator t matrix elements are denoted as 
f|t|i. The initial state is

|i≡|4+T and the T state is suppressed (not written explicitly) in the final states 
f|.

Statistical weighting factors due to different possible arrangements of the final states are

not written explicitly. For example, there would be a factor of 3! outside the 
111|t|i

term.

The charge changing cross section contains the following terms

σ(cc) ∼ |
31|t|i + 
22|t|i + 
211|t|i + 
111|t|i|2

.

20
Even if one ignores all the cross terms resulting from expanding the modulus squared |x|

2,

such as 
31|t|i
22|t|i, it is evident that



ZF

σ(ZF) > σ(cc),

where 

ZF σ(ZF) = σ(3) + σ(2) + σ(1). This is because

|
31|t|i|2 + |
22|t|i + 
211|t|i|2 + |
31|t|i + 
211|t|i + 
111|t|i|2

> |
31|t|i + 
22|t|i + 
211|t|i + 
111|t|i|2,

assuming that minus signs don’t occur in cross terms such that significant cancellations

occur. A similar argument also shows that



AF

σ(AF) > σ(ZF).

21
Table 1: Symbols

Symbol Meaning

n Neutron

p Proton

d Deuteron

t Triton

h Helion

α Alpha particle

Z Proton number

N Neutron number

A Nucleon number (A ≡ Z+N)

AP Nucleon number of projectile

AT Nucleon number of target

AF Nucleon number of fragment

H Heavy ion (A > 4)

L Light ion (A ≤ 4)

P Projectile

T Target

F Fragments (Defined as projectile nuclei that have lost one of more nucleons.

However, a projectile nucleus in the final state is not classified as a fragment.)

X Unspecified reaction product

HP Heavy ion projectile

HT Heavy ion target

HF Heavy ion fragment

LP Light ion projectile

LT Light ion target

LF Light ion fragment

AZ Isotope

AP ZP Projectile isotope

AT ZT Target isotope

AF ZF Fragment isotope

MeV/n Kinetic energy in units of MeV per nucleon

e.g. 100 MeV/n for 12C implies a nuclear kinetic energy of 1200 MeV

GeV/n Kinetic energy in units of GeV per nucleon

22
Table 2: Reaction notation.

Symbol Explanation

P+T → F + X Notation for an inclusive nuclear reaction. The projectile appears

first on the left hand side, and the target appears second. The

projectile fragment F appears first on the right hand side.

AP ZP + AT ZT → AF ZF + X Isotopic notation for an inclusive nuclear reaction.

23
Table 3: Cross section definitions. Several names are listed for σ(ZF), in accordance with

literature conventions.

Symbol Names Explanations

ZF Fragment proton number

σ Total cross section

σΔZ≥1 Total charge changing cross section Cross section for a reaction where

Charge changing cross section the projectile nucleus is not observed

in the reaction products.

σ(ZF) Partial charge changing cross section

Projectile fragmentation cross section

Fragmentation cross section

Fragment production cross section

Partial fragmentation cross section

Elemental fragmentation cross section

σ(AF ZF) Isotopic cross section

24
Table 4: Kinematic variables (with c ≡ 1).

Variable Meaning

T Kinetic energy

E Total energy, E = T + m

p ≡ |p| Magnitude of 3-momentum, as in E2 = p2 + m2

θ Angle

Ω Solid angle

pz Longitudinal 3-momentum

p⊥ Transverse (perpendicular) 3-momentum

y Rapidity

p ̃ 4-momentum,  ̃p2 = E2 − p2 = m2

Table 5: Charge changing total cross section measurement recommendations.

A range of targets is needed. The notation (T) indicates that only a few additional targets

are required. The notation, “< π threshold” signifies projectile energies below the pion

threshold. As explained in the text, H and He projectiles are not considered for charge

changing measurements.

Cross < π threshold Low energy Medium energy High energy

section projectile projectile projectile projectile

σ O,Fe − C,Fe(T) C,Fe

25
Table 6: H elemental and 1,2,3H isotopic fragment measurement recommendations. “All” projectiles signifies He, C, O, Si, Fe. Projectiles needed for only H targets

are listed with (H). Projectiles needed for a range of targets, except H, are listed with (H). /

No parentheses indicates that a range of targets, including H, is needed. The notation (T)

means that only a few additional targets are required. H projectiles are not considered.

Cross Frag- Below π threshold Low energy Medium energy High energy

section ment projectile projectile projectile projectile

σ H All He,O,Si,Fe(T) All All

1,2,3H He(T),C,O(H),Si,Fe He(H),O(T),Si,Fe / He(H),C(H),O,Si,Fe / All

dEdΩ H All All All All

1,2,3H He(H),C,O(H),Si,Fe O,Si,Fe All All

Table 7: He elemental and 3,4,6He isotopic fragment measurement recommendations. “All” projectiles signifies He, C, O, Si, Fe. Projectiles needed for only H targets

are listed with (H). Projectiles needed for a range of targets, except H are listed with (H). /

No parentheses indicates that a range of targets, including H, is needed. The notation

(T) indicates that only a few additional targets are required.

Cross Frag- Below π threshold Low energy Medium energy High energy

section ment projectile projectile projectile projectile

σ He All He,O,Si,Fe(T) All All

3He He(T),C,O(H),Si,Fe He(H),O(T),Si,Fe / He(H),C(H),O,Si,Fe / All

4He He(T),C,O(H),Si(H),Fe / He,Si(H),Fe / He,C(H),O,Si,Fe / All

6He All He,O(T),Si,Fe He,C(H),O,Si(H),Fe / All

dEdΩ He All All All All

3He He(H),C,O(H),Si,Fe O,Si,Fe All All

4He He(H),C,O(H),Si,Fe O,Si,Fe All All

6He All He,O,Si,Fe All All

26
Table 8: Medium-light (ZF=3 - 9) elemental and isotopic fragment measurement recommendations. A complete measurement set for C, O, Si and Fe projectiles

would be required to fill this gap. Projectiles needed for only H targets are listed with (H).

Projectiles needed for a range of targets, except H, are listed with (H). No parentheses /

indicates that a range of targets, including H, is needed. H and He projectiles are not

considered, because projectile fragmentation will not produce medium-light fragments.

Cross Fragment Below π threshold Low energy Medium energy High energy

section projectile projectile projectile projectile

σ Elemental C(T),O,Fe − C(H),O(H),Fe / C,Fe

Isotopic C(H),O,Si,Fe Fe(H) / C(H),O,Si(H),Fe / C,O,Si,Fe

dEdΩ Elemental C,O,Si,Fe C,O,Si,Fe C,O,Si,Fe C,O,Si,Fe

Isotopic C,O,Si,Fe C,O,Si,Fe C,O,Si,Fe C,O,Si,Fe

Table 9: Medium (ZF=10 - 19) elemental and isotopic fragment measurement

recommendations. Projectiles needed for only H targets are listed with (H). Projectiles

needed for a range of targets, except H, are listed with (H). No parentheses indicates that /

a range of targets, including H, is needed. Projectiles with Z ≤ 10 are not considered,

because projectile fragmentation will not produce medium fragments.

Cross Fragment Below π threshold Low energy Medium energy High energy

section projectile projectile projectile projectile

σ Elemental Fe − Fe Fe

Isotopic Si(H),Fe / − Fe Fe(H) /

dEdΩ Elemental Si,Fe Si,Fe Si,Fe Si,Fe

Isotopic Si,Fe Si,Fe Si,Fe Si,Fe

27
Table 10: Heavy (ZF=20 - 30) elemental and isotopic fragment measurement

recommendations. Projectiles needed for only H targets are listed with (H). Projectiles

needed for a range of targets, except, H are listed with (H). No parentheses indicates that /

a range of targets, including H, is needed. Projectiles with Z ≤ 20 are not considered,

because projectile fragmentation will not produce heavy fragments.

Cross Fragment Below π threshold Low energy Medium energy High energy

section projectile projectile projectile projectile

σ Elemental Fe − Fe Fe

Isotopic Fe − Fe Fe(H) /

dEdΩ Elemental Fe Fe Fe Fe

Isotopic Fe Fe Fe Fe

Table 11: Non-light (ZF ≥ 3) isotopic fragment total cross section measurement recommendations for 12C, 16O, 28Si, 56Fe projectiles. Fragment recommendations are listed in terms of fragment charge ZF. Measurements should be made for

as many fragment masses AF as possible, on a variety of targets.

Projectile Below π threshold Low energy Medium energy High energy

projectile projectile projectile projectile

12C − − − ZF = 1 − 6

16O ZF = 3 − 8 − ZF = 3 − 8 ZF = 3 − 8

28Si ZF = 3 − 14 ZF = 3 − 7 ZF = 3 − 14 ZF = 3 − 14

56Fe ZF = 3 − 26 − ZF = 3 − 26 ZF = 3 − 17, 19,

20,22,25,26

28
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Z Projectile

Z Target

Charge Changing, s, T<280MeVên

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Z Projectile

Z Target

Charge Changing, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

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Z Target

Charge Changing, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

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20

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100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Charge Changing, s, T¥15GeVên

Figure 1: Charge changing total cross sections.

29
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s H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 2: Elemental total cross sections for H fragments.

30
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1H

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Z Target

Isotopic, s, T<280MeVên

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Isotopic, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

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Isotopic, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

s

1H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

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60

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100

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Isotopic, s, T¥15GeVên

Figure 3: Isotopic total cross sections for 1H fragments.

31
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Isotopic, s, T<280MeVên

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Isotopic, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 4: Isotopic total cross sections for 2H fragments.

32
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Figure 5: Isotopic total cross sections for 3H fragments.

33
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Figure 6: Isotopic energy differential cross sections for 1H fragments.

34
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Figure 7: Isotopic energy differential cross sections for 2H fragments.

35
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Figure 8: Isotopic energy differential cross sections for 3H fragments.

36
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Z Target

Elemental, dsêdW, T<280MeVên

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WWW

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Elemental, dsêdW, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

Figure 9: Elemental angular differential cross sections for H fragments.

37
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Isotopic, dsêdW, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 10: Isotopic angular differential cross sections for 1H fragments.

38
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Isotopic, dsêdW, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

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20

40

60

80

100

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Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 11: Isotopic angular differential cross sections for 2H fragments.

39
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W

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3H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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Isotopic, dsêdW, T<280MeVên

W

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100

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Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

W

W

3H

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0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 12: Isotopic angular differential cross sections for 3H fragments.

40
z z

z z

z z

z z

z z

z z

z z

¶

1H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdp¶, dsêdpz

Figure 13: Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for 1H fragments covering all

energies.

41
z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

2H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdp¶, dsêdpz

Figure 14: Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for 2H fragments covering all

energies.

42
z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

3H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdp¶, dsêdpz

Figure 15: Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for 3H fragments covering all

energies.

43
D

D

D

H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, Double, T<280MeVên

D

D

H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, Double, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

Figure 16: Elemental double differential cross sections for H fragments.

44
D

D

D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

DD

D

D DD DD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D

DDDDDDD

DDDDDD

D

D

DD

D

D

D

D

DDD

D

DD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

1H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, T<280MeVên

D

D

D

D

DD D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD D

D

D DD D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D

D

D

D

D

D D

D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D DD D

D

DDDDDDDD

DDDD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

1H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

1H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

DD

1H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, T¥15GeVên

Figure 17: Isotopic double differential cross sections for 1H fragments.

45
D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

DD

DD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

2H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, T<280MeVên

D

D

D

D D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D

D

D

D

D

2H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

D

D

D

2H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 18: Isotopic double differential cross sections for 2H fragments.

46
D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

D

DD

D

DD

DD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

3H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, T<280MeVên

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

D

3H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

D

D

3H

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 19: Isotopic double differential cross sections for 3H fragments.

47
s

He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, T<280MeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

s

s

He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

s

He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, T¥15GeVên

Figure 20: Elemental total cross sections for He fragments.

48
s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

sss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

3He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, T<280MeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

sss

s

s

sss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

3He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

3He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 21: Isotopic total cross sections for 3He fragments.

49
s

s

s

s

ss s

s

s

s

s

sss

s

sss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

sss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, T<280MeVên

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

sss

s

s

sss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

s s

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, T¥15GeVên

Figure 22: Isotopic total cross sections for 4He fragments.

50
s

s

s

s

6He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, T<280MeVên

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

ss

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

6He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

6He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 23: Isotopic total cross sections for 6He fragments.

51
E

E

E

EE

E

E

E

EE

E

E

E

He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdE, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

Figure 24: Elemental energy differential cross sections for He fragments.

52
E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

3He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdE, T<280MeVên

Figure 25: Isotopic energy differential cross sections for 3He fragments.

53
E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdE, T<280MeVên

E E

E

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdE, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

Figure 26: Isotopic energy differential cross sections for 4He fragments.

54
E

E

E

6He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdE, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 27: Isotopic energy differential cross sections for 6He fragments.

55
W

W

W

W

He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdW, T<280MeVên

W

WWW

W

He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdW, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

Figure 28: Elemental angular differential cross sections for He fragments.

56
WW

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

3He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, T<280MeVên

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

3He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

W

W

W

3He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 29: Isotopic angular differential cross sections for 3He fragments.

57
W

W

W W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

WW

W

W

W

W

W

W

W W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, T<280MeVên

W

W

W

W

W

W

WW

W

W

W

W

W

W

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

W

W

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 30: Isotopic angular differential cross sections for 4He fragments.

58
W

W

6He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

W

W

6He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 31: Isotopic angular differential cross sections for 6He fragments.

59
z z

z z

z z

z z

z z

z z

z z

3He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdp¶, dsêdpz

Figure 32: Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for 3He fragments covering all

energies.

60
z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdp¶, dsêdpz

Figure 33: Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for 4He fragments covering all

energies.

61
z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

¶

¶

¶

¶

6He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdp¶, dsêdpz

Figure 34: Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for 6He fragments covering all

energies.

62
D

D

D

He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, Double, T<280MeVên

D

D

He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, Double, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

Figure 35: Elemental double differential cross sections for He fragments.

63
D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DDD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DDD

3He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, T<280MeVên

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD D

D DD

D

D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

3He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

D

D

3He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 36: Isotopic double differential cross sections for 3He fragments.

64
D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

D D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, T<280MeVên

D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

D

D

4He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 37: Isotopic double differential cross sections for 4He fragments.

65
D

D

D

6He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, T<280MeVên

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

6He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

D

D

6He

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 38: Isotopic double differential cross sections for 6He fragments.

66
s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, T<280MeVên

s ss s

s

ss ss s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ssss s

ss

ss

s sss

s

s s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

sss

ss

ss s

ss

ss

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s s s s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s ss

s

s

s

ss s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s sssssss ss ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

sss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

sss

sss

ss

s

s

s

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, T¥15GeVên

Figure 39: Elemental total cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments.

67
s

s

s

s

s s

s

s

s s

s

s

s

s

s

s s s

s

ss

s

sss

s

s s s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

ssss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

sss

sss

ssss

ss

s

sss

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

ssss

s

s

s

s

s

ss

sss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

sss

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

ss

ssss

ss

s

sss

ss

ss

s

sss

sss

s

ssss

sss

sss

s

s

s

s

s

s

sss

s

s

s

sss

s

s

sss

s

s

s

sss

s

s

s

s

sss

ss

s

s

sss

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s

s s

s

s s s s s

s s s s s

s

s s s s s

s s s s

s s s s s s s s s s s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, T<280MeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ssss s s

s s sssssss s s s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s sss s s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s

s

s

s s

s s ssss

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

sss

s

s

s s

s

sss

s

ss

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

ss

s

ssss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

sss

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

ssss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

ssss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

sssss

ssssss

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

sss

s

s

s s

s

s

s

ss

s

sss

ss

sssss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

ssss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

sss

s

sss

sss

s

sssss

sss

sss

s

s

s

sss

s

s

s

sss

s

s

s

s

s

sss

ss

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s s

s s s s

s s s s

s s s s s s s s

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

sss

s

ssss

s

s

s

sssss

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ssss

s

sss

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, T¥15GeVên

Figure 40: Isotopic total cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments.

68
E

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdE, T<280MeVên

E

E

E

E

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdE, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

E

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdE, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

E

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdE, T¥15GeVên

Figure 41: Elemental energy differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments.

69
E

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdE, T<280MeVên

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdE, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

Figure 42: Isotopic energy differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments.

70
WW

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W W

W W

W

W

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdW, T<280MeVên

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdW, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

WW

W

W

W

W

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdW, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

W

W

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdW, T¥15GeVên

Figure 43: Elemental angular differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments.

71
W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, T<280MeVên

W

W

W

W

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

W

W

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 44: Isotopic angular differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments.

72
¶

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdp¶, dsêdpz

Figure 45: Elemental momentum differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments

covering all energies.

73
z

z z z

z z

z z

z z

z z

z z

z z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

¶

¶

¶ ¶

¶

¶

¶

¶

¶

¶

¶ ¶

¶

¶

¶

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdp¶, dsêdpz

Figure 46: Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for Z = 3−9 fragments covering

all energies.

74
D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

DD

D

D

D

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, Double, T<280MeVên

D

D

D D

D

D

D

D D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D

D

D D

D

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, Double, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

DD

D

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, Double, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 47: Elemental double differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments.

75
D

D

D

D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D

D D

D

D

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, T<280MeVên

D D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

D

D

ZF = 3 - 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 48: Isotopic double differential cross sections for Z = 3 − 9 fragments.

76
s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, T<280MeVên

sss s s sss s

s

s

ss s s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s s s s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s ss

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

sssss ss ss s s ssss s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, T¥15GeVên

Figure 49: Elemental total cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments.

77
s

sss

sss

s

s

s s

s

ss

sss

s

sss

s

s

s

s

sss

ssss

s

sss

ssssssssss

ssssss

sssss

ssssssssss

sssssss

sssss

sssssssss

sssssss

sssss

sssssssss

sss

s

s

s

s

s

s

sss

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s

s

ss

s

s

ss

ss

s

sss

s

ss

ss

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

ssss

ss

s

s

s

ssss

sss

s

s

s

s

ssss

ss

s

s

s

s

s

sss

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s s s s s

s s s s s

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

ss s s s

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, T<280MeVên

s

s

s

s

sssss s s s s

sssss s s s s s s s s

s

s

s s

s

s

s

s s

s s ss s s ssssss s

sss

s

s

ss

ss

ss

s

ss

ssss

s

ssss s s s sss s s s

s

s

ss

s

s

ssssss

sssssss

sssss

sssssssss

sssssss

sssss

sssssssss

sss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s

s

ss

s

s

ss

sssss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

ssss

ss

s

s

s

sssss

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

ssss

sss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

ss

s

s

s s s s

s s s s

s s s s s s s s s s s s

s s s s

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

s

s

s

s

ss

sss

s

ss

sssss

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, T¥15GeVên

Figure 50: Isotopic total cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments.

78
E

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdE, T<280MeVên

Figure 51: Elemental energy differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments.

79
E

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdE, T<280MeVên

E

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdE, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 52: Isotopic energy differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments.

80
W W

W

WW W

W

W

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdW, T<280MeVên

W

WW

W

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdW, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

W

W

W

W

W

W

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdW, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

W

W

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, dsêdW, T¥15GeVên

Figure 53: Elemental angular differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments.

81
W

W

W

W

W

W

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, T<280MeVên

W

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

W

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 54: Isotopic angular differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments.

82
¶z

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdp¶, dsêdpz

Figure 55: Isotopic momentum differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments

covering all energies.

83
D

D

D

D

D D

D

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, Double, T<280MeVên

D D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, Double, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

DD

D

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, Double, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

D

D

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, Double, T¥15GeVên

Figure 56: Elemental double differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments.

84
D

D

ZF = 10 - 19

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, T<280MeVên

Figure 57: Isotopic double differential cross sections for Z = 10 − 19 fragments.

85
s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s s s

s

s

s

s

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s

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s s sss s s

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 20 - 30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

Figure 58: Elemental total cross sections for Z = 20 − 30 fragments.

86
s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

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ss

sss

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s

s s ss s s s

s ss s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s

s ss s s

s

ZF = 20 - 30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, T<280MeVên

s s s

s s ss

s s

s s s

s

s

s s

s

s

s

sss

s

s

s

s s

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ss

s s s s s

s s s s s s s s s s s s

s s s s

ZF = 20 - 30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

ss

s

s

s

ssss

s

s

s

s

s

s

sss

ss

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 20 - 30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

ZF = 20 - 30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, s, T¥15GeVên

Figure 59: Isotopic total cross sections for Z = 20 − 30 fragments.

87
W

ZF = 20 - 30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

W

ZF = 20 - 30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

W

ZF = 20 - 30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, dsêdW, T¥15GeVên

Figure 60: Isotopic angular differential cross sections for Z = 20 − 30 fragments.

88
D

D

D

D

D

D

D

ZF = 20 - 30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Elemental, Double, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

Figure 61: Elemental double differential cross sections for Z = 20 − 30 fragments.

89
D

ZF = 20 - 30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Z Projectile

Z Target

Isotopic, Double, T¥15GeVên

Figure 62: Isotopic double differential cross sections for Z = 20 − 30 fragments.

90
a

a a

a a a

a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa a a a a a a

a

a

a

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aaa aa a aa

a aa aaa aaa aaa a a a

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

5000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

Z Projectile

T Projectile HMeVênL

H target, All cross sections

a

a

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a a

a

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a a

a a

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a

a a a a a a a

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a

a

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

500

1000

1500

2000

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Z Projectile

T Projectile HMeVênL

H target, All cross sections

Figure 63: All cross sections for H targets. The right hand panel is the same as the left

panel, except zooming in to energies less than 3 GeV/n.

91
s

s

s s

s

s s

s

s s

s

s s

4He proj

0 1 2 3 4

0

1

2

3

4

Z Fragment

A Fragment

Isotopic, s, T<280MeVên

s

s

s

s s

4He proj

0 1 2 3 4

0

1

2

3

4

Z Fragment

A Fragment

Isotopic, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

s

s s

s

s

s

4He proj

0 1 2 3 4

0

1

2

3

4

Z Fragment

A Fragment

Isotopic, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 64: Isotopic total cross sections for 4He projectiles.

92
s

s

s

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s s

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12C proj

0 2 4 6 8

0

5

10

15

20

Z Fragment

A Fragment

Isotopic, s, T<280MeVên

s

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0 2 4 6 8

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Z Fragment

A Fragment

Isotopic, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

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12C proj

0 2 4 6 8

0

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Z Fragment

A Fragment

Isotopic, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 65: Isotopic total cross sections for 12C projectiles.

93
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16O proj

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

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Z Fragment

A Fragment

Isotopic, s, T<280MeVên

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A Fragment

Isotopic, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

16O proj

0 2 4 6 8 10

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Z Fragment

A Fragment

Isotopic, s, T¥15GeVên

Figure 66: Isotopic total cross sections for 16O projectiles.

94
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Isotopic, s, T<280MeVên

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A Fragment

Isotopic, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

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28Si proj

0 5 10 15

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Z Fragment

A Fragment

Isotopic, s, 3GeVênbT<15GeVên

Figure 67: Isotopic total cross sections for 28Si projectiles.

95
sss

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ss s s

56Fe proj

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Z Fragment

A Fragment

Isotopic, s, 280MeVênbT<3GeVên

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

56Fe proj

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Z Fragment

A Fragment

Isotopic, s, T¥15GeVên

Figure 68: Isotopic total cross sections for 56Fe projectiles.

96
Table 12: Data Reference. Assume reactions are inclusive unless stated as exclusive (excl) under the Type column.

Kinetic energy numbers with or without a decimal point are in units of GeV/n or MeV/n respectively. Abbreviationsare as follows: cc = charge changing, elem = elemental, iso = isotopic, inel = inelastic, mult = multiplicity, ex =exclusive, emd = electromagnetic dissociation, inv kin = inverse kinematics, corr = correlations, fiss = fission, pol= polarization, imf = intermediate mass fragments, triple = triple differential cross section, quad = quadrupledifferential cross section. Also rev = review and means that data from other sources are reviewed in the reference.This table is continued in the following pages.

Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Abdurakhimov81] 4He 4.5 Li,C,Al,Cu 1−3H,3He iso

σ

[Abe87] 3He 9,15 12

C n,14

O iso dΩ ex

[Abe87a] 3He 8,15 26Mg n,28Si iso dΩ ex[Abramov10] 12

C 300 Be 1,2H iso

Ed3σ

d3p

[Aksinenko80] 4He,12

C 3.66 Li,C,Ne,Al inel

σ mult

Cu,Zn,Pb

[Aladashvili81] 4He 1.93 1H n, 1−3H,3He,

π iso

σ ex

[Alard75] 1H 600 C,Al,Fe,Au9Be,40Ca 1−3H,3,4He iso σ, dE, dEdΩ[Alexakhin00] 14

N 52 Ag 1−3H iso dEdΩ mult

[Alexander63] 1H

0.5

−

6.2 238

U 67Cu,90,93,99Mo,111Ag iso

σ

121,123

−125,130,132,133

−135I

112Pd,132,134Te

[Alvarez10] 238

U 1.0 Be

APt

−

AFr iso

σ

[Anderson83] 1,2H,4He,12

C 400,1.05,2.1 H,C,Cu,Pb 1,2,3H,3,4,6,8He iso dpdΩ

[Anikina83] 20Ne 3.3 C,Al,Cu,Pb inel

σ

[Apollonio10] 1H 2.2,4.1,7.1 Be,C,Al,Cu 1H iso dpdΩ

8.0,11.1 Sn,Ta,Pb

[Armbruster04] 238

U 1.0 1H

A

N

−

A

U iso

σ

[Asano85] 1H 500 Ta,W,Au

ACo

−

AHg iso

σ

[Asano88] 1H 12.0 Ta,W,Au

ANa

−

APt iso

σ

[Auble83] 16

O 52,100,147 Al,Ni,Sn,Au 1,2,3H,3,4He iso σ, dEdΩ

[Audouin06] 208Pb 500 1H

ATm

−

ABi iso

σ

[Austin62] n,1H 120,153 12

C 11B,11

C iso

σ ex

97
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Avan84] 1H 200 6Li,27Al,58Ni,197Au 1H iso dEdΩ[Avdeyev02] 4He,12

C 3.65,1.87 Au

C elem dΩ, dEdΩ mult

[Awes79] 16

O 20 238

U 1−3H,4He iso dE, dΩ

[Awes80] 16

O 20 238

U 1−3H iso dEdΩ

[Awes81] 16

O 20 238

U 1−3H,4He iso dE, dΩ, dEdΩ

[Badala93] 16

O 94 Al,Ni,Au 4He iso

[Badran01] 7Li 1 − 13 56Fe 1−3H,4He,52,54Mn iso

σ,dEdΩ

56

−58,60Co,60,61Cu

[Baker58] 1H 1.0

−

3.0 C,Al,Cu,Ag,Au 7Be iso

σ

[Banaigs87] 4He 1.53 2H,3,4He 4He iso

d

Ω, dpdΩ

[Bandyopadhyay02] 7Li,19

F 7,5 12C,24Mg 1−3H,4He iso dEdΩ

[Barrette95] 28Si 13.7 Al,Cu,Sn,Pb 6,8He,8,9Li,10,11Be,13

B iso σ, dE, dp

⊥ w(p

⊥)

[Barrette00] 197Au 10.6 197Au 2,3H,3,4He iso dpdy mult[Bastid90] 20Ne 400,800 NaF,Pb H,He elem dpdΩ[Basu07] 16

O

5 40Ca 1H, 4He iso dEdΩ

[Batzel54] 1H 10

− 33 Mg,Al 22Na iso

σ

[Bazin90] 86Kr 44 27Al,103Rh 12C,16O,23Na,19

−25Ne iso dp,yield

197Au 40

−47Ca,

AZn

−

ASr

[Beck76] 1H 558 Be,C,Al,Fe 1,2H iso dΩ,dEdΩ

Cu,Ge,W,Pb

[Beene81] 16

O

7

− 11 154Sm n,4He iso

σ mult,ex

[Benenson67] 1H 43,52 12

C 1H,10

C iso dΩ ex

[Benioff60] 1H 5.7 Be,C,N,O 3H,7Be,11C,13N, iso

σ ex

F,Na,Al 14,15O,18F,24Ne,22Na,27Mg

98
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Benlliure98] 238

U 750 208Pb 62

−71Zn,66

−73Ga,67

−76Ge,69

−77As iso

σ

71

−79Se,75

−81Br,75

−84Kr,77

−86Rb

80

−90Sr,82

−93Y,84

−93Zr,87

−97Nb

89

−100Mo,91

−102Tc,91

−105Ru,95

−107Rh

97

−107Pd,100

−111Ag,102

−114Cd,104

−116In

107

−118Sn,109

−121Sb,111

−124Te,114

−126I

[Benlliure99] 197Au 950 Be 192

−195Ir,190

−194Os,189

−194Re, iso

σ

187

−192W,185

−189Ta,184

−188Hf

[Benlliure01] 197Au 800

H 38

−42Ar,40

−44K,42

−47Ca,44

−49Sc, 46

−52Ti, 48

−54

V iso

σ

50

−57Cr,52

−59Mn,54

−61Fe,57

−64Co,59

−66Ni,61

−68Cu

63

−71Zn,65

−75Ga,68

−77Ge,70

−80As,72

−82Se,74

−84Br

77

−87Kr,79

−89Rb,81

−91Sr,84

−94Y,87

−96Zr,89

−99Nb

91

−101Mo,93

−104Tc,96

−106Ru,98

−108Rh, 100

−110Pd

102

−112Ag,105

−114Cd, 107

−116In,109

−119Sn,111

−121Sb

114

−123Te, 118

−125I, 120

−127Xe,125

−130Cs

[Benlliure02] 197Au 800 1H Ca

− Xe elem

σ

42

−47Ca, 46

−52Ti,53

−59Mn,57

−64Co iso

σ

61

−67Cu,65

−75Ga,70

−80As,74

−83Br

78

−89Rb,84

−94Y,89

−99Nb,93

−104Tc

98

−108Rh,105

−112Ag,107

−116In,111

−121Sb

156

−177Lu,159

−178Hf,160

−182Ta,163

−185

W

164

−186Re,169

−191Os,168

−193Ir,173

−196Pt

174

−196Au

[Benlliure10] 208Pb,238

U 1.0 Be

AYb

−

AFr iso

σ

99
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Bernas65] 1H 44

− 25.0 12C,16

O 6He,6,7Li,7Be iso

σ

[Bernas67] 1H 20

− 10.0 12

C 6−9Li,7,10Be,10B,10,11 iso

σ rev 1H 1 − 10.0 14

N 6,8,9Li,7,11Be,10,11B,

10

−12C,13N,14,15

O 1H 10

− 10.0 16

O 6,7,9Li,7Be,10

B

10,11,14C,13N,15

O 1H 20

−

5.7 12C,16O,14

N n,1H,11C,13N,15O,22Na (p,pn),ex

19F,23Na 1H 150 12

C n,1,3H,4He,6−9Li,7,8,10Be ex

10,11B,10

−12

C 1H 150 14

N n,1H,4He,6,8,9Li,7,10Be ex

10B,10

−12C,13N,13,14

O 1H 150 16

O n,1H,4He,6,7,9Li,7,9,12Be ex

13N,14,15

O 1H 150 7Li,9Be,10,11B,13

C n,1H,4He,8Li,7Be,13,17

N ex

18O,19,20

F 14,15O,17,18F,19Ne

[Bernas97] 238

U 750 Be

ACa

−

APd iso

σ

[Bernas03] 238

U 1.0 1H

ANi

−

AEu elem,iso

σ

[Bernas06] 238

U 1.0 1H

AGd

−

ARe iso

σ

[Bertrand73] 1H 30

− 60 12C,27Al,54,56Fe 1−3H,3,4He iso dE, dΩ, dEdΩ, σ

120Sn,197Au,209Bi

[Bertrand74] 4He 15 12C,16O,54Fe 1−3H,3,4He iso

σ,dE,dEdΩ

[Bhattacharya91] 4He 15 Al Li

−

O elem σ, dEdΩ

[Bhattacharya95] 7Li

5 Mg Be

−

F elem σ, dEdΩ

[Bhattacharya96] 19

F

5 12

C Li

− Na elem σ, dΩ, dθ, dEdΩ

[Billerey81] 14

N

7 27Al H,He,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,Cl elem dΩ1dΩ2 ex

[Binns87] 56Fe,84Kr 1.0

− 1.7

H, C, CH2, Al Sn

− Pt cc,elem

σ

132Xe,165Ho197Au

[Bizard77] 4He 1.01 1H 3He iso σ, dΩ, dpdΩ[Blank94] 58Ni 585 Be 40

−44Sc,40

−46Ti,43

−48

V iso

σ

43

−49Cr,47

−52Mn,46

−54Fe

50

−56Co,50

−57Ni

100
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Bloch88] 14

N 20,35 Ag

n,

6−8 Li,7−10Be,10,11

B iso σ, dEdΩ mult,ex

[Bobchenko79] 1H

4.2

−

8.1 Be,B,C,F,Mg,Al total

σ

S,Ca,Ti,V,Fe,Cu inelNb,Cd,Sn,Ta,Pb,U

[Bogatin76] 1H 660 10,11B,58,64Ni,112,124Sn 3,4He iso dEdΩ 1H 200

− 20.0 Al,Fe,Pb 3H,7Be iso

σ rev

[Boger94] 86Kr

6

−

9 63Cu

H

− Cr elem σ, dΩ, dEdΩ 4He iso dΩ, dEdΩ ex

[Bolshakova09] 1H 7.1,8.0 Be 1H iso dpdΩ[Bolshakova09a] 1H

2.2

− 14.1 Be 1H iso dpdΩ

[Bolshakova09b] 1H

2.2

− 14.1 Ta 1,2H iso dpdΩ

[Bolshakova10] 1H

2.2

− 14.1 Cu 1,2H iso dpdΩ

[Bolshakova10a] 1H

2.2

− 14.1 Pb 1,2H iso dpdΩ

[Brechtmann86] 56Fe 1.7 Ag

O

− Mn elem

σ

[Brechtmann88] 32

S 720 H,C

C

−

P cc,elem

σ

[Brechtmann88a] 32

S 700,1.2,200.0 H,C,Al,

O

− Mn cc,elem

σ emd

Cu,Ag,Pb

[Brechtmann88b] 16

O 60.0,200.0 H,C,Al C,N cc,elem

σ emd

Cu,Ag,Pb

[Brechtmann89] 28Si 14.5 H,C,Al

C

− Al cc,elem

σ emd

Cu,Ag,Pb

[Britt61] C,O 7,9,11 Au,Bi 1H,4He iso σ, dE, dΩ[Brohm95] 46,47Ti,48

−51

V 500

− 750 CH2 cc

σ

49

−53Cr,50

−56Mn

51

−58Fe

54

−55,57

−60Co

56,59

−63Ni

61,62,65Cu63,64,67,68Zn69,70Ga72,73Ge,74,75As76,77Se

101
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Bubak07] 1H 2.5 Au

C

− Al elem σ, dEdΩ 1−3H,3,4,6He,6−9Li iso σ, dEdΩ 7,9,10Be,10

−12

B

[Budzanowski08] 1H 1.2,1.9,2.5 Au 1−3H,3,4,6He,6−9Li iso dEdΩ, σ 7,9,10Be,10

−12

B

[Budzanowski09] 1H 175 Ni 1−3H,3,4He,6,7Li iso dEdΩ, σ 7,9Be,10,11

B

[Budzanowski09a] 1H 10

−

3.0 Ni 1−3H,3−6He,6−8Li,7−10Be iso

σ rev

10,11B,12C,14N,21,22Ne,26Al36Cl,36,38Ar,44,46Sc,44Ti48V,48,51Cr,52,54Mn,55

−57Co

56,57Ni

[Budzanowski10] 1H 1.2,1.9,2.5 Ni,Au 1−3H,3,4He,6−8Li,7,9,10Be,11

B iso dEdΩ, σ

[Caamano04] 36Ar 1.05 9Be 12,13N,13

−16O,17,18

F iso

σ w(pz)

17

−20Ne,20

−22Na,20

−23Mg

22

−25Al,24

−27Si,27

−29

P

29

−31S, 31

−33Cl,33,34Ar

[Caretto58] 1H 1.0

−

6.0 Cu,Ag,Ta 24Na,18

F iso

σ

Au,Pb,U

[Casarejos06] 238

U 1.0 2H

ACe

−

ANp iso

σ

[Caskey88] 14

N 35 165Ho 6−9Li,7,9,10Be iso dΩ, dEdΩ w(p)

10

−13B,10

−15

C dpdΩ

[Charvet87] 84Kr 35 93Nb H,He elem dE[Chen94] 4He,22Ne,26Mg,32

S 400

− 900

H cc

σ

40Ca,52Cr,58Ni

[Chen94a] 12

C 20 Ag 43K,48Sc,48V,52Mn,52Fe,55Co iso

σ

57Ni,62Zn,67Ga,71As,87Y,89Zr,93Mo,95Tc,97Ru,99Rh,100,101Pd105,106Ag,107Cd,109,111In,113Sn

102
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Cheshire74] 12C,16

O 2.1 CsI,W cc

σ

[Chiba91] 1H 831 H,C

n iso dEdΩ ex

[Chrien80] 1H 800 Li,6Li,12C,27Al 1H iso dEdΩ

40Ca,51V,90Zr,Pb

[Christie93] 139La 1.2 H,C Fe

− Ba cc,elem

σ w(p

⊥)

Pb cc

σ

[Chulkov00] 14Be,10

−19B,12

−20

C 930

C cc

σ n removal

14

−23N,16

−24O,18

−27

F

[Clerc95] 208Pb 1.0 Cu 199

−207Pb,196

−207Tl iso

σ

238

U 950 Cu 230

−237U,227

−237Pa iso

σ

[Cline76] 1H 590 Al,Fe,

ABe,

AO,

A

F, ANa iso

σ

Ni,Cu

AAl,

ACl

−

AK,

ASc

A

V

−

AZn

[Cocconi61] 1H

8.0

− 24.0 Be 1H iso dpdΩ

[Cordell81] 1H 600 27Al,181Ta 1H iso dEdΩnnn[Courtenay- 1,2H 10

− 340 C,N,Ne 8Li iso

σ

Wright50] Ar,Kr,Xe[Cowley80] 1H 100 58Ni 1H iso dEdΩ ex[Cowley98] 1H 392 40Ca 1H iso dEdΩ ex[Cowley00] 1H 392 40Ca 1H iso dEdΩ ex[Crandall56] 1,2H,2,3He 43

− 350 12C,27Al 3He,11C,24Na iso

σ ex

103
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Cumming58] 1H 350

−

4.0 12

C 11

C iso

σ ex

[Cumming62] 1H 28.0 C,Al

ABe

−

AMg iso

σ

[Cumming62a] 1H

2.0

− 28.0 12

C 11

C iso

σ ex

[Cumming63] 1H 30

− 28.0 C,Al 7Be,11C,24Na,18

F iso

σ rev

[Cumming76] 1H 28.0 Cu 7Be,22,24Na,28Mg, iso

σ

12

C 2.1 38S,34,38,39Cl,37,39,41,42Ar

42,43K,47Ca,43,44,47,48Sc,48

V

48,49,51Cr,52,54,46Mn,52,59Fe55,56,58,60,61Co,56,57,65Ni60,61,64Cu,62,63,65Zn,66,67Ga

[Cumming78] 40Ar 2.0 Cu 7Be,22,24Na,28Mg iso

σ

37,39Ar42,43K, 43,44,46

−48Sc

48V,48,51Cr,52,54,46Mn52,59Fe,55

−58,60Co,56,57Ni

61,64Cu,62,65Zn,66,67Ga

[Cummings90] 56Fe,139La 500

− 1.6 H,C,CH2 Ne

− Mn, Co elem

σ

Δ

Z = +1

165Ho,197Au C,Al,Cu,Pb Tc

− Pt, Hg

[Currie56] 1H 450,2.05 C,N,O,Mg,Al 3H iso

σ

Fe,Ni,Ag,Pb

[Currie59] 1H 120

−

6.2 C,N,O,Mg,Al,Fe,Ni,Ag,Pb 3H iso

σ rev

[D’Auria68] 4He

2

−

6 59Co n,1H,4He iso

σ,dEdΩ rev,reac

[Deak90] 14

N 35 Ag n,6,7Li,7−10Be iso dEdΩ ex

10

−12B, 11

−13C,14,15

N

[de Jong98] 208Pb 1.0 Cu

APr

−

ABi iso

σ

[De Lellis11] 12

C 313 emulsion 8Be iso

σ

[Devins69] 1H 30 7Li 1−3H,4,5He,5,6Li iso dΩ, dEdΩ ex[Dey09] 20Ne 8,9,10 12C,27Al 1−3H,4He,Ne,Na,Mg,Al iso dΩ, dEdΩ ex[Dittrich90] 1H 50

− 20.0 O,Mg,Al,Si,Mn,Fe,Ni 10Be,26Al iso

σ rev

[Doering78] 4He 180 Al,Ag,Ta 1,2,3H,3,4He iso dEdΩ

104
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Dostrovsky61] 1H 940,1.84,2.9 Cu,Zn,Ag,In,Au,Pb,U 6He,8Li,7Be,13

N iso

σ

[Dostrovsky65] 1H 1.0,2.8

B

− F,Na

− Si,S 1H,9Li,16C,17

N iso

σ ex

Ca,Ti,Ni,CuNb,Ag,La,PrNd,Ta,W,Pb,U

[Dudkin90] 56Fe 1.8 H,CNO,AgBr H,He elem,cc

σ mult

[Dufauquez06] 1H 27,63 Al,Si 1−3H,3,4He iso dΩ, dEdΩ 4He 6,11,15 Si n,1−3H,3,4He,6Li,7Be iso dΩ, dEdΩ ex,mult[Duisebayev03] 1H 30 90,92Zr,92Mo 1,2H iso σ, dE, dEdΩ[Duisebayev05] 1H 30 56Fe 1H,4He iso

σ,dE

[Edge69] 1H 1.0,2.0,3.0 Be,C,Cu,Pb 1H iso dE, dEdΩ[Ellegaard85] 3He 500,667,767 1H 3H iso dEdΩ ex Δ++[El Nadi64] 1H,3He 2,19 14

N 2H,4He iso

d

Ω

[El Nadi02] 28Si 3.7,14.6,200.0 Emulsion He elem

σ rev,mult

[Engelage86] 12

C 2.1 12

C

3

× 4He iso,ex dE w(pz)

w(p

⊥)

[English73] 1H 11.5,300.0 Ag 7Be,24Na,28Mg,44,47,48Sc iso

σ

48V,52Mn,67Ga,69Ge74As,73Se,76,77Br,83,84Rb87Y,86,89Zr,90Nb,95,96Tc97Ru,101,103Rh,106Ag

[English74] 1H 300.0 Ag 7Be,22,24Na,28Mg,38Cl iso

σ

41Ar,

ASc

−

AAg

[English74a] 1H 11.5 Ag 7Be,22,24Na,38Cl,41Ar iso

σ

44,46

−48Sc,48V,

AMn

−

ACo

ACu

−

AGa,

AAs

−

ABr

ARb

−

ANb,

ATc

−

AAg

[Enke99] 1H 1.2,1.8 Fe,Ni,Ag,Ta

n, 2−3H,3,4He elem,iso dΩ, dE, σ mult

W,Au,Pb,U

105
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Enqvist99] 238

U 1.0 Pb

A

H

−

ABi iso

σ

[Enqvist01] 208Pb 1.0 1H

ATi

−

ATe,

APm

−

APb iso

σ

[Enqvist02] 208Pb 1.0 2H

ATi

−

APb iso

σ

[Erb76] 12

C 12

C 4He,20Ne iso dEdΩ ex

[Eyal73] 16

O 8,10 197Au

C elem dEdΩ

12C,16

O 8,10 197Au Li,Be,B,C,N elem σ, dΩ

12C,16

O 8,10 197Au 202

−205Po,198

−203Bi,196

−203Pb iso

σ

195

−201Tl,195,197Hg,192

−199Au

[Fernandez05] 208Pb 500 1H

A

V

−

ABa iso

σ

[Fink87] 1H 41

− 600 Ti,Fe,Ni 41Ca iso

σ

[Fink90] 1H 40

− 200 Ti 42,43K,44,46

−48Sc,48V,41Ca iso

σ

[Fink00] 1H 20

−

3.0 K,Ca,Ti,Fe 36Cl iso

σ

[Fireman55] 1H 2.2 N,O n,3H iso

σ

[Flesch99] 56Fe 700 H,C,Al,Cu,Ag,Pb

C

− Cr elem

σ

[Flesch01] 28Si 490 CH2,C,Al

C

− Al cc,elem

σ

Cu,Ag,Pb

[Fohr11] 112Sn 1.0 112Sn

ANe

−

ASn iso

σ

124Sn 1.0 124Sn

ANe

−

ASn iso

σ

[Fontes71] 1H 150,600 12

C 6,7Li,7,9,10Be iso

σ 4He 100

− 137 12

C 6,7Li,7,9,10Be iso

σ

[Fontes77] 1H 41,49,150,600,25.0 12

C 7Be,10,11

B iso

σ 4He 100

− 160 12

C 7Be,10,11

B iso

σ

[Fortney80] 1H 800,3.0,11.5,400.0 238

U 44,46

−48Sc iso

d

Ω

[Fortney80a] 1H 400.0 238

U 44,46

−48Sc iso dEdΩ

[Fortsch88] 1H 90,200 12

C 1H iso dEdΩ

[Fortsch91] 1H 100

− 200 58Ni 1H iso dEdΩ, dE, σ

[Fortsch07] 12C,27Al 13 12C,27Al 7,9Be, iso dEdΩ

B

− Si elem dEdΩ

[Frankel81] 40Ar 100

U

B

− Ne elem dEdΩ

[Frascaria75] 1H 156 4He 1,2,3H iso dEdΩ ex

106
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Friedlander54] 1H 2.2 Cu

ABe

−

AZn iso

σ

[Friedlander55] 1H 400

−

3.0 Al n,1H,7Be,11

C iso

σ ex

13N,15O,18F,22Na

[Friese93] 136Xe 760 Al 116Rh,119Pd,122Ag,124Cd iso

σ

127In,129,130,132Sn132,133Sb,134,135Te,136I

[Fukuda84] 14

N 9,11,15 93Nb 1−3H,3,4He iso σ, dEdΩ

[Fukuda84a] 14

N 15 232Th 1−3H,4He iso dEdΩ

[Fulmer81] 16

O 13 12C,56Fe,91Zr He,He elem dΩ, dEdΩ

[Furukawa71] 1H

5

− 50 Si,Al,Mg 22Na,26Al iso

σ

[Galin74] 40Ar 4,5 Se 1H,4He,Li iso,elem σ, dΩ, dEdΩ[Galin74a] 14

N 6,9 103Rh 1−3H,4He iso σ, dΩ, dEdΩ

[Gazzaly78] 40Ar 1.8 Be,Cu 1−3H iso dpd

Ω

[Geaga80] 1H,12C,40Ar 1.05,2.1,4.89,7.71,400.0 C,Al 1H iso dpdΩ[Geer95] 197Au 10.6

H, C, CH2, Al Sn

− Pt, Hg cc,elem

σ emd

Cu,Sn,Pb

[Goldhaber78] 12

C 2.1 Be 10Be iso dpz w(pz) 4He,20Ne 250,400,1.05,2.1 C,U 1−3H,3,4He type dpdΩ

[Golovchenko01] 12

C 32 - 102 CH2 B cc,elem

σ

[Golovchenko02] 12

C 112 - 254

C, CH2, H2O Be,B cc,elem

σ

[Gonthier80] 16

O 19 Ti 4He iso dE

[Gooding60] 1H 153 12

C 11

B iso

σ ex

[Gooding61] 4He 229 He,C

2

× 4He iso,ex dΩ

[Gosset77] 4He,12C,20Ne 250,400,2.1 Al,U 1−3H,3,4He,7Li,7,9,10Be iso dEdΩ mult

10B,12C,14N,16

O

[Gradsztajn65] 1H 156 12

C 6He,6−9Li,9,10Be iso

σ

10,11B,10,11

C

[Graulich00] 1H 1 18

F 1H,4He15

O iso dEdΩ

[Green80] 1H 100

− 100.0 Ag 3,4He,6,7Li,7−10Be,B,C,N elem,iso σ, dΩ, dEdΩ rev

O,F,Ne,Na11C,24Na,32

P

[Green87] 1H 190,300 Be,Ag 1−3H,3,4,6He,6,7Li,7Be iso dEdΩ

107
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Greiner75] 12C,16

O 1.05,2.1 Be, CH2, C, Al 1−3H,3−6He,6−9Li iso dpz w(pz)

Cu,Ag,Pb 7−11Be,8−13B,9−15

C

12

−16N,13

−15

O

[Griffiths69] 1H 30,50 3,4He n,1,2H,3He iso σ, dΩ, dEdΩ ex[Guertin05] 1H 63 208Pb n,1−3H,3,4He iso σ, dE, dEdΩ[Gupta99] 7Li

6 58Ni 1−3H,3,4He,7Li iso dΩ, dEdΩ d3σ dEαdΩαdΩt

[Gutbrod76] 4He,20Ne 250,400,2.1

U 1,2,3H,3,4He iso dEdΩ

[Harada99] 1H 14,18,26 12

C 1H,4He,8Be iso dEdΩ ex

[Hautala02] 1H 197 C,Ca,Pb

n iso dEdΩ pol

[He94] 197Au 2250.0 C,Al,Fe,Cu,Sn,Pb Yb

− Pt cc,elem

σ

[Heckman72] 14

N 2.1 H,C 6,7Li,7,9Be,8,10

−12

B iso dΩ (0o) 9−13C,12,13

N

[Heckman78] 12C,14N,16

O 2.1 Emulsion H,He elem dΩ

12C,14N,16

O 2.1 Emulsion 1−3H,

3,4 He iso w(p),mult

[Heilbronn91] 14

N 35 Ag 6,7Li,9,10Be,11,12B,12

−14

C iso dEdΩ

[Henzlova08] 124,136Xe 1.0 Pb

ANe

−

ABa iso

σ

[Herbach06] 1H 1.2 Al,Ti,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zr,Ag 1−3H,3−6He,6−9Li elem,iso σ, dE mult

dΩ, dEdΩ

Ho,Ta,W,Au,Pb,Th,U 7,9,10Be

[Heydegger76] 1H 82

− 800 Mg, Al, SiO2 7Be,22Na,28Mg iso

σ

[Hicks56] 1H 32

− 350 27Al 24Na iso

σ ex

[Hintz52] 1H 10

− 150 12C,27Al,11B,34

S n,1H,18F,22,24Na iso

σ ex

11C,34Cl

[Hirzebruch92] 16

O 900,2.3 H,C,Al,Cu C,N cc,elem

σ emd

3.6,13.5 Ag,Pb,CH2

CR-39(CHO7)

[Hirzebruch95] 197Au 10.0 H,C,Al,Cu,Ag,Pb Os,Ir,Pt,Hg cc,elem

σ emd

[Honda60] 1H 300

− 800 C,Fe 7Be,22Na,26Al,34,36,38Cl iso

σ

42,43K,52,54Mn

[Honda64] 1H 730 Fe 7,10Be,22Na,26Al,32Si iso

σ

34,36,38,39Cl,42Ar40,42,43K,45Ca,46Sc44Ti,52,54Mn

108
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Horvath94] 36Ar 35 Ag 9−11Be,8,11

−13B,11

−15C,12

−16

N iso σ, dΩ, dEdΩ

15

−19O,17

−21F,19

−22Ne

[Horwitz60] 1H

2.0

−

6.0 12

C 11

C iso

σ ex

[Hsi99] 1H 831

− 13.7 197Au

C,

3,4 He elem,iso dE, dEdΩ

[Hudis68] 1H

3.0

− 30.0 C,Ag,Ta,Au,Pb,U 7Be,22,24Na iso

σ

[Hudis68a] 1H 1.0,2.0,3.0 Cu,Ag,Au,U 24Ne,24Na iso

σ

[Hudis70] 1H 3.0,29.0 Cu,Ag,Au,U 20

−22Ne,36

−39,42Ar iso

σ

76

−86Kr,122

−136Xe

[Husain73] 1H 3.0,29.0

V

ABe

−

ACr iso

σ

[Hyde71] 1H 1.0

− 30.0 Ag,Emulsion 1−3H,3,4,6He,6−9Li, iso σ, dEdΩ, dΩ rev 7−10Be,9−13

B

11

−14C,14,15N,18F,

20

−22,24Ne,22,24Na

[Iancu05] 36,40Ar 318

− 361 H,C,Al

N

− Cl cc,elem

σ

Cu,Ag,Pb

[Ieiri89] 2H 33 58Ni 1H iso dEdΩ pol[Inamura79] 14

N

7 159Tb n,4He iso dEdΩ

[Iwamoto10] 1H 300,392 16O,51V,159Tb,181Ta 1H iso dEdΩ

197Au,208Pb,209Bi

[Jacak83] 40Ar Au 42,92,137 10Be iso dEdΩ

A=1

− 14

σ

[Jaderstrom08] 28Si 200,300 1,2H 4He,12C,14N,16O,18

F elem,iso σ, dp, dΩ

20Ne,22Na,26Al,28Si

[Jaros78] 1,2H,4He,12

C 870,2.1 1,2H,He,C tot,inel

σ

[Jilany04] 24Mg Emulsion 3.7 mult[Junghans98] 208Pb,238

U 1.0,950 Cu

A

W

−

A

U iso

σ

109
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Kadkin98] 3He 32 58,64Ni 1−3H,3,4He iso σ, dEdΩ[Karnaukhov03] 1H,4He,12

C 4.0,8.1,14.6,22.4 Au He

− Mg elem yield

[Katcoff59] 1H 2.2 C,Al,Cu,Ag,Au,U 8Li iso dE, dEdΩ[Katcoff68] 1H 3.0,29.0 Ag

AHe

−

AAg iso

σ

[Kaufman80] 1H 200

− 20.0 197Au

ANa

−

AAu iso

σ

[Kavaloski63] 1H 40 12C,16O,24,25Mg 2H iso

d

Ω

32,34S,40Ca

[Kiang89] 1H 35 24Mg n,24Al iso dΩ ex[Kidd88] 12

C 250

C 6−8Li,7,9−11Be iso σ,

dθ, dp

⊥ w(pz) 8,10

−12B,10,11

C w(p

⊥)

[Kim94] 12

C 135 Cu 22,24Na,27,28Mg,29Al iso

σ

34,38,39Cl,41Ar,42

−44

K

47Ca,43,44,46

−48Sc

48V,48,49,51Cr52,54,56Mn,52,53,59Fe55

−58,60

−62Co,57Ni

60,61,64Cu,62,63,65Zn

[Kim02] 1H 10

− 1.0 C,O 10Be,14

C iso

σ

[Kin05] 1H 300,392 12C,27Al,93Nb 1H iso dEdΩ[Knott96] 22Ne,26Mg,32

S 338

− 894

H

B

− Co elem

σ

36,40Ar,40Ca52Cr,58Ni

[Knott97] 36,40Ar 352

− 765

H 17

−21F,19

−23Ne iso

σ

21

−25Na, 22

−28Mg

25

−30Al,26

−32Si

29

−35P,31

−37

S

33

−39Cl

[Kobayashi88] 6,8He,11Li 790 C,Pb 3,4,6,8He,6−9Li iso σ, dp

⊥ w(p

⊥)

emd

110
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Korejwo00] 12

C 3.66

H H,He,Li,Be,B,C elem

σ 1−3H,3,4,6He,6−9Li isoσ 7,9,10Be,8,10

−12B,9−11

C

[Korejwo02] 12

C 1.87,2.69

H 3,4,6He,6−9Li iso

σ 7,9,10Be,8,10

−12B,9−11

C

[Korteling70] 1H 100,200,300 Na

− Se 22,24Na iso

σ

[Korteling70a] 1H 300,400 23Na,24

−26Mg,27Al 18F,22,24Na iso

σ

28

−30Si,31P,32

−34

S

[Kox87] 12C,16O,20Ne

9

− 300 12C,27Al,40Ca reac

σ

54,56,57Fe,89

Y

64,66,68Zn, Ag

[Kreutz93] 197Au 600 C,Al,Cu,Pb He

− Pt cc,elem

σ

type

σ

[Kundu08] 16

O 15,16,18,20 12

C Li,Be,B elem σ, dΩ, dEdΩ

[Kwiatkowski86] 3He 66 Ag Li

− Al elem dEdΩ, σ

[Lafleur66] 1H 30

−

4.0 O,Al 7Be iso

σ rev 1H 30

− 85

O, Al, Ti

− Cu 7Be iso

σ

Ag, Au, Pb

[La Tessa07] 40Ar 400 H,C,Al,Cu,Sn,Pb Ne

− Ar elem

σ

[Lee Aamodt52] 1H 18

− 340 12

C 11

C iso

σ ex

[Leistenschneider02] 17

−21

O 557-635

C 11

−16C,13

−19N,16

−20

O iso

σ

[Lemaire79] 12C,20Ne,40Ar 400,800,2.1 C,KCl,NaF,Pb reac

σ 2,3H, 3He, iso dpdΩ

[Lestringuez71] 1H,4He 600,220

C 7,9,10Be iso

σ

[Letourneau02] 1H 2.5 Au 1−3H,3,4,6He,6,7Li iso dEdΩ, dΩ, σ mult[Lewandowski80] 1H 72 27Al,59Co,90Zr 4He iso dE, dEdΩ

197Au,208Pb,232Th

[Leya98] 1H 13

− 1.6 Mg,Al,Si 3,4He,20

−22Ne iso

σ

[Leya05] 1H 44

−

2.6 Pb 3,4He,21,22Ne,36,38Ar iso

σ

78,80

−86Kr,124,126,128

−134Xe

111
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Liang97] 12C,35Cl,60Ni, 6,12 144Sm,121Sb,96Zr, 1H,4He iso σ, dEdΩ mult[Lindner56] 1H 100

− 340 238U,232Th

ABi

−

ANp iso

σ

[Lindsay62] 1H 27

− 32 Mg,27Al 7Be iso

σ

[Lindstrom75] 12C,16

O 1.05,2.1

H,Be, CH2, C 1−3H, 3,4,6He, 6−9Li iso

σ

Al,Cu,Ag,Pb 7−12Be, 8,10

−13B, 9−15

C

12

−16N, 13

−15

O

[Logan80] 40Ar

9 197Au 1−3H,4He iso dΩ, dEdΩ

[Logan80a] 40Ar 5,7,9 116Sn,154Sm,164Dy,197Au 1H,4He iso σ, dΩ, dEdΩ fission,ex[Loveland77] 12

C 2.1

U

A = 22

− 210 mass

σ

[Loveland77a] 12

C 2.1 Au,Pb

A = 22

− 210 mass

σ

[Lukyanov09] 72Zn 95 Be 47Ca,54V,62Co iso dp

64,68Ni,69Cu 95 Be 35

−40Cl,36

−42Ar,39

−45

K iso

σ

72Zn 41

−48Ca,46

−51Sc,45

−54Ti

48

−56V,50

−58Cr,52

−60Mn

55

−62Fe,57

−64Co,59

−65Ni

64

−68Cu,67

−69Zn

[Machner84] 1H 62,200,558 27Al 1H iso dEdΩ[Marcinkowski98] 1H,n 18,20,26,27 93Nb 1H,n iso dE, dEdΩ[Marquez51] 1H 335 Be,C,Al,Cu,Ag,Au 7Be,11C,18F,22,24Na iso

σ

[Marquez52] 1H 335,420 O,F,Al,Cl,Cu,Ag,Au 7Be,11C,13N, 22,24Na,18

F iso

σ

[Matsuoka83] 2H 28 58Ni,90Zr 1H iso dEdΩ[Meadows51] 1H

4

− 95 24

−26Mg n,1H,22Na iso

σ ex

[Merchel00] 1H 17

−

2.6 Fe,Ni 53Mn,60Fe iso

σ

[Meyer72] n,1H 30

− 300 4He n,1−3H,3He iso

σ ex

[Meyer80] 1H, 4He, 20Ne 400,1.05,2.1 Ag,Au,U He

− Fe elem dEdΩ mult,corr 4He, 20Ne 400,1.05,2.1

U

σ fiss

[McGill84] 1H 800 1,2H,12C,40Ca,208Pb 1H iso

σ,dpdΩ

112
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Michel79] 1H 12

− 45 V,Fe,Co

ASc,

AV,

ACr,

AMn iso

σ

AFe,

ACo,

ANi

[Michel85] 1H 10

− 200 Al,V,Mn,Co 22,24Na,43K,47Ca,44,46

−48Sc iso

σ rev

48V,48,51Cr,52,54Mn,55

−58Co

[Michel95] 1H 800

−

2.6

C

− Si, Ca

− Co

AHe

−

AZn iso

σ 1H 20

−

5.0 Mg,Al,Si,V,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu

AHe,

ABe,

ANe,

ANa,

ASc iso

σ rev

AV,

ACr,

ACo

[Michel96] 1H 20

−

3.0 O,Si,Al,Fe 10Be,26Al iso

σ

[Michel97] 1H 10

−

3.0 Al,Fe,Co,Sr,Y,Zr,Nb,Au 7Be,22,24Na,

ASc iso

σ rev

AMn

−

ACo,

AZn

AGe

−

ARu,

ALu

AHf,

ARe

−

AHg

[Mills92] 1H 10

− 200 Cu 46,48Sc,48V,48,49,51Cr iso

σ

52,54,56Mn,52,59Fe55

−58,60Co,56,57Ni

60,61,64Cu,62,63,65Zn

[Miura87] 2H 12.5 31

P n,32

S iso dΩ ex

[Mocko06] 40,48Ca,58,64Ni 140 9Be,181Ta

A

B

−

ACu iso σ, dp

[Mocko07] 86Kr 64 9Be,181Ta

AMn

−

AKr iso σ, dp

[Momota02] 40Ar 90 9Be 6,8−11Be, 10

−15B, 11

−18

C iso

σ w(p

⊥)

13

−21N, 15

−24O, 18

−26

F dp

⊥ (16

−21N)

19

−29Ne, 21

−31Na, 23

−34Mg

25

−36Al, 27

−38Si, 29

−39

P

16

O 290 12

C 7Li,7,9−11Be,8,11

−13

B iso

σ 9−11,13C,12,13,15N,13

−15

O

[Morita82] 12

C 250,1.0 197Au,238

U 43K, 72As,89,97Zr,90Nb, iso dθ

99Mo,97Ru,123,133I,145Eu,149Gd,152Tb,155Dy

113
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Motobayashi84] 3He 33 165Ho,166,167Er n,1−3H iso σ, dE, dΩ, dEdΩ ex 3He 30

− 100 165Ho,166,167Er n,1H iso

σ

[Mougey81] 12

C 86 C,Ag,Au 6−9Li,7,9,10Be iso

σ 8,10

−12B,9−11

C dEdΩ(7Be,10 B)

[Murakami03] 1H,4He,16

O 290

− 12.0 Au

O

− Si elem dEdΩ

20Ne,28Si

[Murphy83] 9Be 27 Au 6,7Li iso dE w(p)[Mustapha99] 197Au 800

H 135

−145Pm,135

−147Sm iso

σ

143

−148Eu,144

−152Gd

145

−154Tb,146

−157Dy

149

−160Ho,150

−167Er

152

−166Tm,155

−170Yb

152

−173Lu,160

−191Hf

162

−180Ta,165

−183

W

167

−191Re,169

−200Os

173

−193Ir,170

−196Pt

178

−196Au,182

−196Hg

[Nagamiya79] 12C,20Ne,40Ar 800 C,NaF,KCl,Pb 1H iso dpdΩ corr[Nagamiya80] 40Ar 800 Pb 1H iso dpdΩ mult[Nagamiya81] 1H,12C,20Ne,40Ar 400,800,2.1 C,NaF, KCl 1,2,3H,3,4He iso σ, dpdΩ

Cu,Pb

[Nakayama07] 7Li 51 4He 7Be iso dEdΩ[Napolitani04] 56Fe 1.0 H,Ti

ALi

−

ACo iso σ, dE, dpz

[Napolitani07] 136Xe 1.0 1H

ALi

−

ABa iso

σ

[Natowitz81] 20Ne 43 Ni,Ag,Ta 1−3H,3,4He iso dEdΩ w(p)[Newton62] 1H 150 7Li 1H iso dΩ[Nicholls72] 1H 141 4He n,1−3H,3,4He iso,inel,elas σ, dE, dEdΩ ex[Nilsen95] 84Kr,109Ag 444

− 1.47

H, Li, C, CH2 Cr

− Ag cc,elem

σ

Al,Cu,Sn,Pb

114
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Nomura78] 14

N 6,7 209Bi n,4He iso

σ

[Notani07] 40Ar 100 Be,Ta 30Mg,36Al iso dpdΩ

A=6

− 39 mass w(p) 6−8Li,9−11Be,10

−14

B iso

σ

12

−17C,13

−20N,15

−24O,

17

−26F,19

−28Ne, 21

−31Na

23

−33Mg,24

−35Al, 26

−36Si

29

−37P,30

−37S,33

−36Cl

35

−38Ar,37

−41

K

[Ogilvie91] 197Au 600 C,Al,Cu Li

−

P elem

σ mult

[Ohnuma86] 1H 35 13

C n,13

N iso dΩ ex

[Ohnuma87] 1H 35,40 12C,16

O n,12N,16

F iso dΩ ex

[Okihana97] 4He 30 6Li 2H,3−5He iso dΩ, dEdΩ ex[Okumusoglu74] 2H

6 1H n,1H iso dEdΩ ex

[Olson81] 18

O 1.7 Be,C,Al,Ti,Cu 6,7Li,10Be,10,12

B iso

σ emd

Sn,W,Pb,U 12

−15C,14

−17

N

16,17O,18

F

[Olson83] 12C,16

O 1.05,2.1 H,Be,C,Al 1−3H,3,4,6He,6−9Li iso

σ emd

Cu,Ag,Pb 7,9−11Be,8,10

−13

B 9−15C,12

−16

N

13

−15

O

[Ozawa00] 40Ar 1.0 Be 11

−19B,13

−22C,14

−23N,16

−24O,18

−29

F iso

σ

[Pakou03] 6Li 1,2 28Si 4He iso σ, dΩ[Pakou05] 7Li 1,2 28Si 4He iso σ, dΩ[Parikh60] 1H 50

− 950 12

C 11

C iso

σ ex

[Parikh60a] 1H 100

− 1.0 27Al,12

C 7Be,11C,18F,24Na iso

σ

[Pate61] 1H 680

− 1.8 235,238U,232Th

AAc

−

ANp iso

σ

[Perdrisat69] 1H 600 2H,4He n,1,3H iso dE, dEdΩ ex[Pereira07] 238

U 1.0 2H

A

V

−

ATm iso

σ

[Perron76] 1H 600,21.0 Fe 7−10Be,22Na,45,46Sc,48

−51

V iso

σ

50

−54Cr,53

−55Mn,56Co

115
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Pfaff95] 86Kr 70 Al 68

−76As,69

−78Se,76

−80Br,73

−82Kr iso

σ w(pz)

75

−85Rb,79

−85Sr,81

−85

Y

[Pfaff96] 78Kr 75 58Ni 61

− 67Zn,62

−70Ga,64

−71Ge iso

σ

66

−73As,68

−74Se,70

−75Br,

72

−76Kr,74

−79Rb,77

−80Sr

[Pfeiffer73] 6,7Li 2,3,4 58Ni,118Sn 2H,4He iso σ, dΩ[Pfutzner95] 56,58Ni,52Fe 470

− 635 Be,Al 54

−57Ni,50

−52Fe iso,emd

σ

[Poppe63] 2H

2

−

6 1,3H

n iso dEdΩ

[Porile64] 1H 29.0 Cu,Fe,Ti 22,24Na,42,43

K iso

σ

[Porile89] 1H 1.6

− 18.1 Xe Be,C,O,N,F elem dE

Li

− Si elem dΩ

[Poskanzer71] 1H 5.5

U 1−3H,3,4,6He,6−9Li,7,9,10Be elem,iso dEdΩ, dΩ, σ

10

−13B,11

−15C,14

−17

N

[Poskanzer75] 1H,4He,16

O 1.05,2.7 Ag,U 3,4He iso dEdΩ, d

θ

[Price91] 28Si 14.5 Cu,Pb

O

− Si cc,elem,emd σ, d

Ω

[Prout02] 1H 197 2H,3,4He

n iso dΩ, dEdΩ pol

[Pugh73] 1H 65,85,100 2H,3,4He n,1,2H iso dEdΩ ex[Radin74] 4He 230 9Be,12C,16O,27Al 7Be,11C,13N,15O,18

F iso

σ

[Raisbeck72] 1H,4He 150,220,600 12

C 6,7Li iso

σ

[Raisbeck74] 1H 150,600 N,Mg,Si 7,10Be iso

σ

[Raisbeck75] 4He 700 C,O 7,9,10Be iso

σ

[Raisbeck75a] 1H 1,2,3,23 Si,Mg,Fe,Ni 7Be,22Na iso

σ

[Ramaty69] 1H 20

−

9.0 H,He,C,N,O n,1−3H,3,4He,

π iso σ, d

Ω rev

[Rayudu63] 1H 130

− 400 Fe,Ni 7Be,32P,48V,51Cr iso

σ

52,54Mn,56Co

[Reeder65] 1H 2.2 14,15N,16,18

O 9Li,7Be iso

σ

[Reedy87] 1H 20

− 10.0 Al,Si 26Al iso

σ

[Reedy07] 1H

5

− 10.0 C,O,Mg,Al,Si 10Be,14C,26Al iso

σ rev

Fe,Ni,K,Ca,Ti,Cr 36Cl,41Ca,53Mn

116
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Regnier79] 1H 80

− 24.0 Sc,Ti,V,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu 36,38,39,42Ar iso

σ

[Reinhold98] 129Xe 790 Al 85

−93Zr,86

−96Nb,88

−98Mo, iso

σ w(pz)

90

−100Tc,92

−103Ru,94

−112Rh

96

−114Pd,101

−117Ag,100

−119Cd

102

−122In,102

−124Sn,108

−127Sb

110

−128Te,113

−124I,115

−126Xe

118

−129Cs

[Reisdorf10] 40Ca,96Ru 400

− 1.9 40Ca,96Ru 1−3H,3,4He iso dy mult

197Au,58Ni 197Au,58Ni96Zr,129Xe 96Zr,129Xe

[Rejmund01] 197Au 800 1H 131

−142Nd,133

−144Pm,134

−147Sm iso

σ

139

−148Eu,141

−152Gd,144

−153Tb

147

−157Dy,148

−159Ho,150

−166Er

153

−169Tm,155

−171Yb,156

−174Lu

159

−176Hf,162

−182Ta,164

−186

W

166

−186Re ,169

−191Os,171

−193Ir

175

−196Pt,174

−196Au,178

−196Hg

[Remington86] 14

N 35 Ni,Ho

n iso σ, dEdΩ ex,multLi,Be,B,C elem

d

Ω ex

[Remsberg63] 1H 370 45Sc,50,52Cr,55Mn,56Fe n,1H,51,52Mn,49Cr iso

σ

58Ni,59Co,65Cu,69,71Ga 55

−57Co,65,66,68Ga

[Remsberg75] 1H 28.0 Au,U C,N,O,F,Ne,Na,Mg elem dΩ, dEdΩ[Renberg71] 1H 220

− 570 H,Be,B,C,O,Na,Al,Fe reac

σ

I,Cu,Ge,Sn,Pb

117
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Ricciardi06] 238

U 1.0

H 15

−17N,16

−19O,19

−21

F iso

σ

20

−24Ne,23

−26Na,24

−30Mg

27

−31Al,28

−32Si,31

−35

P

33

−38S,35

−40Cl,37

−42Ar

39

−46K,41

−48Ca,46

−54Sc

46

−54Ti,48

−54V,48

−58Cr

52

−61Mn,53

−63Fe,56

−66Co

58

−73Ni,60

−76Cu,62

−77Zn

64

−81Ga,67

−84Ge,69

−85As

71

−88Se,73

−94Br,75

−95Kr

78

−98Rb

[Richter92] 1H 100,120,150,200 58Ni,100Mo,197Au 1H iso dEdΩ[Ridikas00] 2H 50 9Be,12C,13Al,58Ni,93Nb 1H iso σ, dΩ mult

181Ta,208Pb,238

U dEdΩ

[Roeder06] 48Ca,40,42

S 100 2H 31

−33Al,33

−36Si,36

−39P,38

−41

S iso

σ

39,40,42Cl,42,44,45Ar,44

−48

K

46,47Ca,48Sc

[Rosenfeld56] 1H 50

− 900 12

C 11

C iso

σ ex

[Rowland58] 1H 1.0,1.9,2.85 C,Al,Cu,Ag,Pb 6He iso

σ

[Roy81] 1H 500 4He,Ni,Ta 1H iso dEdΩ[Rudy75] 12C,1H 2.1,300.0 Ag 7Be,24Na,28Mg iso

σ

42,43K,44,46

−48Sc,48

V

52Mn,66Ga,69Ge74As,73,75Se,76,77Br79Kr

[Samanta92] 4He 13 6Li 2H,4He iso dΩ, dEdΩ[Sampsonidis95] 16O,24Mg 3.65 C,Al,Cu,Ag,Pb C,N,O,F,Ne cc,iso

σ

32

S Na,Mg,Al,Si,P

[Sandoval80] 1H,4He 241

−

2.1 Al,Ca,Ag,U 1−3H iso dEdΩ mult

20Ne,18Ar

118
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Scampoli05] 56Fe 1.0,5.0 CH2, C, Al, Pb cc

σ

[Schaeffer59] 1H 160

−

6.0 Fe 3H,3,4He,21Ne,36

−39Ar iso

σ

[Schall96] 19,20Ne,18

F 200

− 670

H2O, CH2, O2C5H8 B,C,N cc,elem

σ

15,16

O Al,C,14N,12C,10

B

[Schiekel96] 1H 50

−

3.0 Ca,Ti,Fe,Ni,55Mn,59Co 36Cl iso

σ rev

[Schiekel96a] 1H 200

−

2.0 C,N,O,Mg,27Al,Si,Ca 7,10Be,22,24Na,28Mg iso

σ rev

Ti,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu 26Al,36Cl,44

−48Sc

48V, 48,51Cr,47Ca43K,52,54Mn, 59Fe56

−58Co,56,57Ni,65Zn

[Schnabel04] 1H 98

− 1.6 Ni 41Ca iso

σ

[Schweizer79] 4He 180 Al,Ag,Ta Li,Be,B,C,N,O elem dEdΩ[Segel82] 1H 100,164 27Al,58,62Ni,208Pb 1−3H,3,4He iso σ, dΩ, dEdΩ[Sengupta89] 16O,32

S 60.0,200.0 Emulsion 4He iso

σ mult

[Shibata85] 4He 27 165Ho 1H,n iso σ, dE, dEdΩ ex,mult[Shyam99] 1H 7Be 8B iso,emd

σ

[Signorini03] 6Li 5,6,7 208Pb 1,2H,4He iso σ, dΩ ex[Singh90] 32

S 200.0 Emulsion He elem mult

[Singh91] 28Si 14.5 Emulsion He elem mult[Singh94] 1,2H,4He,12

C 4.5 Emulsion iso

σ mult

16O,22Ne24Mg,28Si

[Singh96] 208Pb 10.6,160.0 Emulsion H,He elem mult[Singh10] 84Kr 950 H,CNO,AgBr 4He iso

σ mult

Emulsion

[Singh10a] 84Kr 500

− 1.7 Emulsion 4He iso w(p

⊥) mult

[Sisterson97] 1H 30

− 5000 O,Si 7,10Be,22Na,26Al,7,10Be iso

σ rev

[Siwek-Wilcznska79] 12

C

8

− 17 160Gd 4He iso

σ

[Skoski73] 14

N 270

H 11

C iso

σ

119
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Sobotka83] 3He 30 Ag 4He,Li,7,9Be,B,C,N,O,F elem,iso dΩ, dEdΩ[Souliotis94] 18O,40Ar 80 9Be,27Al,181Ta Li

− Ar elem dΩ

[Sourkes76] 1H 18

− 48 3,4He reac

σ

[Souza09] 6Li 3,4,5 59Co 1,2H,4He iso σ, dΩ, dEdΩ[Stapleton71] 1H 7.0

O 7Be iso

σ

[Steckmeyer89] 40Ar 60 Ag,Au Li

− Cl elem dE, dΩ mult

[Stephan91] Kr 200 Ar

ANa

−

ARb iso dΩ

[Stevenson81] 48Ca 213 Be 20C,27

F iso

σ

[Stock80] 1H,20Ne,49Ar 393,1.04,2.1 Ca,U 1H iso dEdΩ mult[Stolz02] 112Sn 1.015 Be,Cu 75

−77Sr,76

−79Y,78

−81Zr iso

σ

82,83Nb,83

−85Mo,86,87Tc

87

−90Ru,90

−92Rh,91

−94Pd

94

−97Ag,96

−99Cd,98

−107In

100

−109Sn,106

−109Sb,108

−111Te

[Stovall64] 1H 40 C,24Mg,54,56Fe 1H iso dΩ, dEdΩ

58,56Ni,208Pb

[Strauch56] 1H 96 Li

− F,Na

−

S 1H iso dEdΩ

Cu,Ag,Pb,Bi

[Streibel97] 197Au 10.0

C, CH2, Al cc

σ emd

Cu,Ag,Pb

[Sugitate82] 93Nb 1 14

N 1H iso dEdΩ pol

[Symons79] 1H,40Ar 24.0,205 238U,12

C 26

−30Na iso

σ

[Taieb03] 238

U 1.0 1H

A

W

−

A

U iso

σ inv kin

[Tanaka95] 1H 12.0 Au Na elem dΩ, dEdΩ[Tanihata80] 12C,20Ne,40Ar 400,800 C,NaF, KCl,Pb 1H iso dp mult[Tanihata81] 1H 800 C,NaF,KCl,Cu,Pb 1H iso dpdΩ[Tannenwald53]

n 90 4He

n, 1−3H,3,4He iso σ, dE, dΩ ex

[Titarenko98] 1H 10

−

3.0 209Bi

ACo

−

ABi iso

σ rev

[Titarenko02] 1H 1.0 208Pb

ASc

−

ABi iso

σ rev

[Titarenko06] 1H 40

−

2.6 208,natPb,209Bi 7Be,24Na,59Fe,86Rb iso

σ rev

101Rh,173Lu,190,192Ir196Au,199,200Tl,203Pb

120
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Titarenko08] 1H 25

−

3.0 27Al 22Na iso

σ rev 1H 300

−

2.6 56Fe

ABe

−

ACo iso

σ rev

[Tokushuku90] 1h 3.2 Al 1,2H iso dpdΩ[Toshito07] 12

C 200

− 400

H2O, CHO3 Li,Be,B cc,elem

σ

[Trockel88] 12

C 30,48,84 197Au

3

≤

Z

≤ 16 imf

σ

[Tull90] 40Ar 1.65 C,KCl 8−13B,10

−16C,13

−18

N iso σ, dpz, dp

⊥ mult

14

−20O,17

−22F,19

−25Ne elem w(pz)

21

−27Na,23

−30Mg,25

−32Al w(p

⊥)

27

−34Si,29

−36P,31

−38

S

34

−40Cl

[Tyren57] 1H 185

C 1H iso dΩ, dEdΩ

[Tyren66] 1H 460 4He,6,7Li,9Be,10,11

B 1H iso dEdΩ (p,2p)

12C,14N,16O,27Al28Si,31P,32S,40Ar40Ca,51V,59Co

[Uozumi07] 1H 392 12

C 3,4He,6,7Li iso dEdΩ

[Urbon80] 1H 11.5 197Au 24Na iso dE, dΩ[Utsunomiya80] 14

N 6,7,8 159Tb,169Tm,181Ta,197Au,209Bi 1−3H,4He iso σ, dΩ, dEdΩ

[Utsunomiya81] 14

N

8 209Bi 4He iso dΩ, dEdΩ

[Valentin65] 1H 50

−

5.7 7Li,10,11B,13C,14N, n,1H,15O,13N,11

C iso σ, dΩ

19F,23NA,48Ti,51V,52Cr

[Van Bibber79] 16

O 90,120 Al,Au 6−8Li,7,9,10Be,8,10

−12

B iso dΩ, dp

⊥

10

−14C,13

−15N,15

O

[Vaz83] 40Ar

8 Ag,Sm,Au Be,B,C,N,O,F elem

σ 7Li,12C,16O,1H,4He iso σ, dΩ, dEdΩ

[Villagrasa07] 56Fe 300,500

H 16

−19O,17

−22F,18

−24Ne iso

σ

750,1.0,1.5 20

−27Na, 22

−29Mg,24

−31Al

26

−34Si,28

−37P,30

−39

S

32

−41Cl, 34

−44Ar, 37

−46

K

38

−48Ca, 41

−50Sc,42

−52Ti

44

−54V, 46

−55Cr, 49

−56Mn

51

−55Fe, 51

−55Co

121
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Viyogi79] 40Ar 213

C 13

−20O,17

−23F,18

−25Ne iso

σ

20

−27Na,22

−30Mg

24

−32Al,26

−34Si

29

−34P,31

−38

S

[Volnin75] 1H 1.0 112,124Sn,58,64Ni 3,4,6He,6−9Li,7,9Be iso dEdΩ, dΩ

10,11B,12

C

[Waddington93] 197Au 910,10.6 A=1,5,12,30,60,120,200 cc,pickup

σ

910,10.6 H,C,Cu,Pb Pr

− Pt elem

σ

[Waddington00] 197Au 920

− 10.6 H,CH2,C,Al,Cu,Sn,Pb La

− Tl cc,elem

σpickup

[Warner80] 6Li

6

−

8 6Li 4He iso dE, σ ex

[Warner83] 6Li 16 6Li 2H,4He iso dEdΩ triple

quad

[Warner92] 4He 11

− 17 7Li 3H,4He iso dEdΩ ex

[Warner92a] 4He 12

− 20 6Li n,1H,4He iso dEdΩ ex

[Warwick83] 1H,4He 250

−

4.9 Au A = 12

− 140 mass,elem dEdΩ mult

20Ne C - Mg

[Watanabe87] 1H 18 90Zr,93Nb,92,94,96,98,100Mo 1H iso dE, dEdΩ

106Pd,Ag

[Watanabe90] 1H 12,14,16,18 56Fe,60Ni,98Mo,106Pd 1H iso dE, dEdΩ

29,39

[Watanabe95] 1H,n 14,18,21,26 93Nb,98Mo,106Pd 1H,n iso dE, dEdΩ[Webb87] 12

C 2.1

C 11B+p exc dp

⊥

[Webber90] 23Na,24

−26Mg,27Al 600

H 21,22Ne,23Na,25,26Mg iso

σ

28Si,32S,40Ca,56Fe 26,27Al,29,30Si,31

P

122
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Webber90a] 12C, 14N, 16O, 20Ne 300

− 1.6 H,He,C cc,mc

σ

24Mg, 27Al,28Si, 32

S

40Ar, 40Ca, 56Fe, 58Ni

[Webber90b] 11B, 12C, 14N, 16O, 20Ne 300

− 1.6 H,He,C Li

− Mn elem

σ

23Na, 24Mg, 27Al, 28Si32S,40Ar, 40Ca, 56Fe

[Webber90c] 11B, 12C, 14N, 16O, 20Ne 600 H,He,C 7,9,10Be, 10

−12B, 10

−14C, 12

−16

N iso

σ

23Na, 24Mg, 27Al, 28Si 14

−18O, 16

−21F, 18

−24Ne, 21

−25Na

32S,40Ar, 40Ca, 56Fe 22

−27Mg, 24

−30Al,26

−32Si, 28

−35

P

30

−38S,33

−39Cl, 35

−41Ar, 36

−44

K

38

−45Ca,43

−48Sc, 44

−50Ti,47

−52

V

49

−54Cr,51

−55Mn,53

−56Fe

55

−57Co,56,57Ni

[Webber98] 7Li, 9Be, 11B, 12C,14,15

N 353

− 620

H Li

−

F, Si

− Co cc,elem

σ

16O,20,22Ne,56Fe, 58Ni

[Webber98a] 9Be, 11B, 12C,14,15

N 365

− 620

H 7,9,10Be, 10,11B, 10

−14C, 13

−16

N iso

σ

16O,20,22Ne,56Fe, 58Ni 14

−20O, 17

−21F, 18

−21Ne, 32

−36

S

34

−38Cl, 36

−40Ar, 39

−43K, 40

−45Ca

43

−47Sc, 44

−50Ti, 47

−51V, 49

−54Cr

51

−55Mn, 53

−55Fe, 55

−57Co,

[Webber98b] 6Li, 10B, 19F, 21Ne,22,23Na 500-600

H Li

− Mn cc,elem

σ

24,25Mg, 26,27Al, 28,29Si,30,31

P 15

−18O,17

−20F,19

−23Ne iso

σ

32,33S, 34,37Cl, 36,38Ar,42,44Ca 21

−25Na,23

−27Mg,25

−29Al

44,46Sc, 46,48Ti, 48,50V,50,52Cr 27

−31Si,29

−33P,31

−36

S

52,55Mn, 54,56Fe 33

−38Cl,36

−41Ar,39

−43

K

(Z

P = 3, 5, 9

− 18, 20

− 26) 40

−46Ca,43

−48Sc, 45

−50Ti

47

−52V,49

−54Cr, 51

−54Mn

52

−53Fe

123
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Weber92] 86Kr 500 Be 53

−55Sc,56

−58Ti,60,61

V iso

σ

61

−64Cr,64

−66Mn,66

−69Fe

69

−72Co,72

−75Ni

[Weber94] 86Kr 500 Be 41K, 59

−67,70Cu,61

−70,75

−77Zn iso σ, dpz w(pz)

64

−72,76

−78Ga,65

−74,79

−82Ge

68

−77,80,81,83As,70

−79,83,84Se

72

−81Br, 74

−84Kr

[Wefel79] 14

N 530

H Li,Be,B,C elem σ, dΩ, dp

⊥ w(p)

[Wesick85] 1H 100,150 2H,3,4He 1,2H iso dEdΩ ex[West66] 4He 10 59Co,58,60,62Ni,63,65Cu 1H iso σ, dΩ, dEdΩ

Nb,Rh,Pd,Pt

[Westerberg78] 12C,20Ne 13,9 158Gd,150Nd n,4He iso dE, dEdΩ mult[Westfall79] 56Fe 600,1.05,1.88 H,Li,Be,B Al

− Mn cc,mc,elem

σ emd

21.0,24.0 C,S,Cu,Ag 36,38,39,42Ar,45,46Sc,48

−51V, iso

σ rev

Ta,Pb,U 50,51,53Cr,54Mn

[Westfall79a] 48Ca 212 Be 14

−18C,17

−22N,20

−23

O iso

σ

21

−26F,24

−28Ne,27

−31Na

29

−34Mg,32

−36Al,35

−39Si

37

−42P,39

−44S,41

−45Cl

[Westfall82] 20Ne 100,156 Au 1,2H,4He iso dEdΩ[Westfall84] 12

C 35 Au 1−3H,3,4,6He iso dEdΩ

[Wickersham57] 1H 28 4He n,1−3H,3,4He iso σ, dΩ ex[Wilczynski80] 14

N 10 159Tb 4,6He,6,7Li,7−10Be iso

σ

10

−12B,11

−13

C

[Whitfield93] 12

C 90 Cu 22,24Na,28Mg,34,39Cl, iso

σ

41Ar,42,43K,43,44,46

−48Sc

48V,48,49,51Cr,52,54,56Mn52,59Fe,55

−58,60Co

56,57,65Ni,60,61,64Cu62,63,65Zn

124
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Wlazlo00] 208Pb 1.0

H 134

−145Pm,136

−147Sm,138

−151Eu iso

σ

140

−154Gd,142

−157Tb,145

−160Dy

147

−163Ho,149

−166Er,152

−169Tm

154

−172Yb,156

−175Lu,159

−178Hf

161

−182Ta,163

−185W,166

−188Re

168

−190Os ,171

−199Ir,174

−201Pt

177

−205Au,180

−201Hg ,184

−207Tl

188

−208Pb

[Wu79] 1H 90,100 27Al,58Ni 1−3H,3,4He iso σ, dEdΩ, dΩ, dE

90Zr,209Bi

[Yamada79] 14

N 12 154Sm 1−3H iso dE

[Yamaguchi06] 80Kr 1.05 Be 64

−68Ge,66

−70As,68

−72Se iso

σ

70

−74Br,72

−76Kr,74,76,78Rb

[Yamaguchi10] 28Si 90

− 550

C cc

σ

[Yashima03] 1H,He,C,Ne,Ar 100,230 C,Al,Cu 11C,7Be,22,24Na,27,28Mg, iso

σ

29Al,24,38,39Cl,41Ar,42,43

K

44,46

−48Sc,48,49,51Cr,54,56Mn

52,59Fe,55

−58,60

−62Co,57,65Ni

60,61,64Cu,62,63,65Zn

[Yashima04] 1H,He,Ne,C,Ar,Si 100,230,400,800 Al,Cr,Fe 7Be,11C,22,24Na,27,28Mg iso

σ

Ni,Cu,Pb 29Al,34,38,39Cl,41Ar

42,43K,43,44,46

−48Sc,48,49,51Cr

54,56Mn,52,59Fe55

−58,60

−62Co,57,65Ni

60,61,64Cu,62,63,65Zn202Tl,201Pb,204,205Bi

[Yennello91] 3He 300,1.2 Ag

C elem dEdΩ mult

[Yennello93] 3He 160

− 1.2 Ag,197Au Li

− Na elem σ, dΩ, dEdΩ mult

125
Reference Projectile Kinetic Target Fragment Type Cross Other

Energy Section

[Yiou68] 1H 135

− 19.0 O,Al n,1H,6,7Li,7−10Be iso

σ

10,11B,22Na

[Yiou69] 1H 135,600,19.0

O 6,7Li,7,9Be,10

B iso

σ

[Yokoyama01]

C 180,290 Nb,Pr,Au A = 60

− 200

σ

[Yule60] 1H 80

− 500 12C,14N,19F,

A

−1Target iso

σ rev

23Na,27Al,45Sc54Fe,59Co,58Ni63,65Cu,64Zn,69Ga75As,81Br,89

Y

100Ru,100Mo107Ag,127I,133Cs142Ce,181Ta197Au,232Th,238

U

[Zamani10] 2H 250

−

2.5 Pb inel

σ rev

[Zeitlin97] 56Fe 1.05 H,C,Al,Cu,Pb Mg

− Mn cc,elem

σ

[Zeitlin01] 20Ne 600 H,C,Al,Cu,Sn,Ta,Pb

H

−

F cc,elem

σ

[Zeitlin07] 12

C 290,400 H,C,Al,Cu,Sn,Pb

H

−

B cc,elem σ, dΩ

[Zeitlin07a] 28Si 263

− 1.16 H,C,Al,Cu,Sn,Pb

C

− Al cc,elem

σ

[Zeitlin08] 35Cl,40Ar 290,400,650,1.0 H,C,Al,Cu,Sn,Pb

B

− Sc cc,elem

σ

48Ti

[Zeitlin11] 14N,16

O 290

− 1.0 H,C,Al,Cu,Sn,Pb Be

− Na cc,elem

σ

20Ne,24Mg

[Zhou10]

n 37 209Bi

n iso dΩ

[Zhu91] 3He 67 Ag 1H iso dEdΩ

126
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Review of Nuclear Physics Experiments for Space Radiation

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Norbury, John W.; Miller, Jack; Adamczyk, Anne M.; Heilbronn, 

Lawrence H.; Townsend, Lawrence, W.; Blattnig, Steve R.; Norman Ryan 

B.; Guetersloh, Stephen B.; Zeitlin, Cary J.

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Human space flight requires protecting astronauts from the harmful effects of space radiation. The availability of measured 

nuclear cross section data needed for these studies is reviewed in the present paper. The energy range of interest for radiation

protection is approximately 100 MeV/n to 10 GeV/n. The majority of data are for projectile fragmentation partial and total 

cross sections, including both charge changing and isotopic cross sections. The cross section data are organized into categories

which include charge changing, elemental, isotopic for total, single and double differential with respect to momentum, energy 

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Nuclear data; Space radiation

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