# Patent

## Title
Process for the production of carbon black

## Abstract

A process for treating carbon black with a sulfur-containing compound to obtain a surface modified carbon black that can decrease the hysteresis of a polymer composition by at least 1%.

## Background
FIELD OF DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure relates to a low hysteresis carbon black and an improved process for obtaining the low hysteresis carbon black.
BACKGROUND
A variety of carbon blacks are known in the art. These carbon blacks primarily differ in properties from each other and are made by different procedures. The use of the carbon black depends upon its properties. Since the carbon black as such cannot be sufficiently characterized by its chemical composition or by its ingredients, it has become widely accepted to characterize the carbon black by the properties it exhibits. Thus, the carbon black can, for e.g., be characterized by its surface area, which is usually an inverse measurement of the primary particle size. Another important characteristic of the carbon black is its structure, which is a measure of the complexity of the individual carbon black aggregates or of the number of primary particles “fused” together in one carbon black aggregate.
One common application of the carbon black is as a performance enhancing filler in rubber and other polymers. The reinforcing action of the carbon black depends on the interaction, both chemical and physical, between the carbon black and the polymeric matrix. This interaction also governs the performance of the filled rubber/polymer and its applications in several aspects. Efforts have been made to correlate properties of the rubber incorporating the carbon black and properties of the carbon black. There is not found any single property of carbon black that, if made high or low enough, results in an ideal rubber composition. Where certain properties of the carbon black are related to abrasion resistance of the rubber, others are related to the tensile strength or heat build-up.
It is found that high abrasion resistance of a carbon black/rubber composition is one desirable property of such composition. Another desirable property is low heat build-up or low hysteresis. The heat build-up is a measurement of how much of the elastic deformation energy put into a product made of carbon black/rubber compound remains in the compound as heat after the deformation forces have been released. The hysteresis or heat build-up is measured by measuring the temperature of a sample subjected to deformations. This property is extremely crucial when making tires with such carbon black/rubber composition. The higher the heat build-up, the greater the energy loss of the vehicle using the tyres (hence, lower the fuel efficiency); also, chances are that tires made from such rubbers are destroyed sooner. It is, therefore, very desirable to reduce the heat build-up of rubber compositions by providing low hysteresis carbon black. Several attempts have been made in the past to provide processes for producing low hysteresis carbon blacks. Some of these processes are cited below.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,493 discloses a process and apparatus for producing carbon blacks which give low hysteresis and good wear when used in rubber compounds for reinforcement, particularly in rubber tires. The process comprises supplying a linear, substantially non-swirling flow of the combustion gases into a feedstock oil injection zone in a reactor, supplying at least two independently controlled streams of carbon black feedstock oil into separate segments of the flow of the combustion gases in the feedstock oil injection zone, wherein separate carbon black forming reactions are respectively effected in separate segments of the flow of combustion gases, and immediately thereafter supplying the combustion gas segments in which said separate carbon black forming reactions have been effected into an aggregate-forming zone whereby a carbon black product is produced which, when compounded in rubber compositions, provides said rubber compositions with improved hysteresis loss and treadwear resistance properties.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,327,069 discloses a process for producing carbon black of negative tint residual by pyrolytic decomposition of hydrocarbons in a carbon black furnace. The process comprises producing a first carbon black forming mixture in a first carbon black forming zone which is a high structure zone, passing the first carbon black forming mixture from the first carbon black forming zone to a second carbon black forming zone which is a low structure zone to produce a second carbon black forming mixture, passing the second carbon black forming mixture into a quench zone where the second carbon black forming mixture is contacted with a quench fluid to produce a carbon black containing smoke at a temperature below carbon black formation temperature, and separating carbon black of negative tint residual from the smoke.
The known processes of the prior art require complex process control to obtain carbon black with low hysteresis. There is, therefore, felt a need for a simple process for producing carbon black in-which the surface chemistry of the carbon black is conveniently altered during the manufacturing process to produce carbon black, which, when combined with rubber compositions decreases the hysteresis and thus lowers the heat build-up in the rubber composition to thereby provide high-performance tires.
OBJECTS
It is therefore an object of the present disclosure to provide a simple and economic process for the preparation of surface modified carbon black which when combined with rubber/polymer compositions as reinforcement helps to reduce the hysteresis; the surface modified carbon black is particularly suitable for making high-performance rubber tires.
These objects and other advantages of the present disclosure will be more apparent from the following description.
SUMMARY
In accordance with the present disclosure, there is provided a process for producing a surface modified carbon black comprising the step of treating carbon black with a sulfur-containing compound to obtain the surface modified carbon black which when combined with a polymer composition alters the carbon black-polymer interaction to decrease the hysteresis of the polymer composition by at least 1%, preferably by about 1% to 20%.
Typically, the sulfur-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of sodium sulfate, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium polysulfide, sodium thiosulfate, phenylene disulfide, alkali metal sulfate, alkali metal sulfite, alkali metal sulfide, alkaline earth metal sulfate, alkaline earth metal sulfite, alkaline earth metal sulfide, and mixtures thereof.
Typically, the sulfur-containing compound is used in an amount in the range of 0.005-1% of the carbon black.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the sulfur-containing compound is added during the manufacturing of the carbon black or after the manufacturing of the carbon black.
Typically, the method step of treating carbon black with a sulphur-containing compound is carried out by a technique selected from the group consisting of pouring, spraying, injecting, dispersing and diffusing.
In accordance with the one of the embodiments of the present disclosure the sulfur-containing compound is in the form of dispersion.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure the process further comprises a step of mixing the sulfur-containing compound with process water to pelletize the carbon black.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
The invention will now be described with the help of the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a comparison of curing curves of rubber compounds prepared with unmodified carbon black N234 (A) and sodium sulphide treated modified carbon black N234 (B), in accordance with the present disclosure; and
FIG. 2 illustrates a comparison of Tan Delta curves of rubber compounds prepared With unmodified carbon black N234 (A) and sodium sulphide treated modified carbon black N234 (B), in accordance with the present disclosure.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present disclosure envisages a surface modified carbon black, which when combined with a polymer composition, alters the carbon black-polymer interaction to decrease the hysteresis of the polymer composition by at least 1%. The properties of the carbon black that make it a useful additive/reinforcement in the polymer are established in the carbon black during its manufacturing. The properties like particle size, shape and degree of aggregation are controlled by regulating the operating parameters during the manufacturing process. It is found that the surface chemistry of the carbon black, formed in the manufacturing process, impacts the performance of the carbon black as reinforcement in a polymer composition. The surface chemistry of the carbon black can be changed by introducing surface modifying compounds onto the carbon black surface, preferably during the manufacturing of the carbon black. A benefit of altering the surface chemistry of the carbon black is to modify the carbon black-polymer interactions when the carbon black is added to a polymer composition, so as to reduce the hysteresis of the polymer-carbon black compound. The carbon black obtained in accordance with the process of the present disclosure is particularly suitable for making rubber compositions with low hysteresis for use in making tires with low heat build-up.
The process for producing surface modified carbon black comprises the step of treating carbon black with a sulfur-containing compound in an amount in the range of 0.005%-1% of the carbon black to effect formation of surface groups. The surface modified carbon black thus obtained when combined with a polymer composition alters the carbon black-polymer interaction to decrease the hysteresis of the polymer composition by at least 1%, preferably by about 1% to 20%. The sulfur-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of sodium sulfate, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium polysulfide, sodium thiosulfate, phenylene disulfide, alkali metal sulfate, alkali metal sulfite, alkali metal sulfide, alkaline earth metal sulfate, alkaline earth metal sulfite, alkaline earth metal sulfide, and mixtures thereof.
In accordance with the present disclosure the carbon black is treated with a sulphur-containing compound by a technique selected from the group consisting of pouring, spraying, injecting, dispersing and diffusing.
The sulfur-containing compound is preferably introduced in the carbon black during the manufacturing of the carbon black in the furnace reactor by a method selected from pouring, spraying, injecting, dispersing and diffusing, resulting in the surface modified carbon black whose surface is treated such as to provide beneficial properties of reduced hysteresis in a polymer composition in which the modified carbon black is used as reinforcement.
The sulfur-containing compound can be alternatively added by a technique such as spraying on the carbon black surface post-manufacturing.
In accordance with the one of the embodiments of the present disclosure the sulfur-containing compound is in the form of dispersion. Typically, the dispersion is prepared by mixing the sulfur-containing compound with a solvent, preferably water, for convenient introduction on the carbon black surface. The sulfur-containing compound can be mixed with process water provided to pelletize the carbon black during the manufacturing process.
The sulfur-containing compound when added in an amount in the range of 0.005%-1% of the carbon black, results in the formation of surface groups on the carbon black, which alter the carbon black-polymer interactions due to formation of bonds between the carbon black particles and polymer molecules, when added to a polymer composition to reduce the hysteresis of the composition. The lower hysteresis manifests itself in the form of lower tan delta of the composition. Tan delta, the ratio of the viscous component to the elastic component of the response to a deformation, is a measure of the hysteresis of the composition. A lower tan delta indicates a composition with lower hysteresis. The results indicating the reduced Tan Delta in surface modified carbon black are illustrated in the FIG. 2.
The disclosure will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting examples which do not limit the scope and ambit of the disclosure.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
500 g of unpelletized carbon black (N234 grade) was taken in a tray and sprayed uniformly with a solution of 2.5 g Na2S in water (500 mL), with slow exposure of all surfaces of the carbon black to the solution. The carbon black was turned over several times over a period of 2 hours, to promote good coverage. The resultant modified carbon black was heated in an oven under a reducing atmosphere, at 800° C. for 8 hours, with a turnover of 4-5 times every 2 hours. The dried modified carbon black was used to prepare a rubber compound and tested (Labeled: N234-1-LAB). The properties of this compound were compared with those of a rubber compound prepared using unmodified carbon black N234 (Labeled: N234-UNMOD).
Preparation of Rubber Compound
The composition of the tested rubber compounds are provided herein below.











Ingredients
Quantity, parts per hundred (pph)
















Natural Rubber (RSS4 Grade)
75


Butadiene Rubber (1220 Grade)
25


Carbon Black (N234 grade)
50


Zinc Oxide
4


Stearic Acid
2


Antioxidant (6PPD)
1.5


Sulfur
1


Accelerator (CBS)
1









The ingredients were mixed on a 2-roll mill at a friction ratio of 1:1.4 for a duration of about 24 minutes. The rollers were maintained at a temperature of 70° C.
Testing of Rubber Properties:
The properties of the prepared rubber compounds were tested. A summary of the test results is given in Table 1.







TABLE 1







Comparison of properties of rubber compounds using unmodified


carbon black N234, and sodium sulfide treated modified carbon


black N234, in lab-scale production












Maximum Tan Delta
% Reduction in



Loading of
Value (from Rubber
Tan Delta vs.


Sample Name
Na2S, ppm
Process Analyzer)
baseline













N234-UNMOD
0
0.218
0


(Baseline)


N234-1-LAB
5000
0.211
3.21









Example 2
100 ppm of sodium sulfide (Na2S) per unit mass of carbon black, was added to the manufacturing process in the pelletization step, by adding a 2% solution of Na2S in water (previously prepared) at an appropriate flow-rate into the pelletizer. The treated carbon black was then dried as per the usual industrial process, in a rotary drier. The samples of the treated, pelleted, dried carbon black were collected and compounded with rubber for testing (Labeled: N234-2-IND).
Preparation of Rubber Compound
The composition of the tested rubber compounds are provided herein below.











Ingredients
Quantity, parts per hundred (pph)
















Natural Rubber (RSS4 Grade)
75


Butadiene Rubber (1220 Grade)
25


Carbon Black (N234 grade)
50


Zinc Oxide
4


Stearic Acid
2


Antioxidant (6PPD)
1.5


Sulfur
1


Accelerator (CBS)
1









The ingredients were mixed on a 2-roll mill at a friction ratio of 1:1.4 for a duration of about 24 minutes. The rollers were maintained at a temperature of 70° C.
Testing of Rubber Properties
The properties of the prepared rubber compounds were tested. A summary of the test results is given in Table 2.







TABLE 2







Comparison of properties of rubber compounds using unmodified


N234, and sodium sulfide treated modified carbon black N234,


in industrial process












Maximum Tan Delta
Reduction in Tan



Loading of
Value (from Rubber
Delta vs.


Sample Name
Na2S, ppm
Process Analyzer)
baseline, %













N234-UNMOD
0
0.196
0


(Baseline)


N234-2-IND
100
0.189
3.57









From the Examples 1 & 2 it is clearly demonstrated that a significant reduction in tan delta is achieved by both the lab treatment and the industrial treatment. However, the industrial treatment of the carbon black, during its manufacturing, with very small amounts of sodium sulfide, is more effective in reducing the tan delta of the rubber compound.
The curing curves of the rubber, compounded with the unmodified carbon black N234, and sodium sulfide treated modified carbon black N234 are shown in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings. The hysteresis in the rubber compounds prepared using the carbon black is estimated by measuring the curing tan delta of the compound, and is shown in FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings.
The curing curves A and B illustrated in the FIG. 1 clearly show that the rubber compound containing the sodium sulfide treated modified carbon black N234 of the present disclosure cures more easily, likely because of the greater interactions between the rubber polymer and the surface groups on the treated carbon black as compared to the rubber compound with the unmodified carbon black. Likewise, the tan delta curves A and B illustrated in the FIG. 2 show that the rubber compound prepared with the sodium sulfide treated modified carbon black N234 of the present disclosure exhibits a lower tan delta, and therefore a lower hysteresis, than the rubber compound prepared with the unmodified carbon black.
Technical Advantages
The process as described in the present disclosure has several technical advantages including but not limited to the realization of: the disclosure provides a simple and economic process for producing a surface modified carbon black, in which carbon black is treated with a sulfur compound in an amount in the range of 0.005%-1% of the carbon black to effect in-situ formation of surface groups to produce the surface modified carbon black which when combined with a polymer composition alter the carbon black-polymer interaction to decrease the hysteresis of the polymer composition by at least 1%, preferably by about 1% to 20%, the surface modified carbon black is particularly suitable for making high performance tires with reduced hysteresis and low heat build-up.
Throughout this specification the word “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.
The use of the expression “at least” or “at least one” suggests the use of one or more elements or ingredients or quantities, as the use may be in the embodiment of the invention to achieve one or more of the desired objects or results.
Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like that has been included in this specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the invention. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the invention as it existed anywhere before the priority date of this application.
The numerical values mentioned for the various physical parameters, dimensions or quantities are only approximations and it is envisaged that the values higher/lower than the numerical values assigned to the parameters, dimensions or quantities fall within the scope of the invention, unless there is, a statement in the specification specific to the contrary.
In view of the wide variety of embodiments to which the principles of the present invention can be applied, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are exemplary only. While considerable emphasis has been placed herein on the particular features of this invention, it will be appreciated that various modifications can be made, and that many changes can be made in the preferred embodiments without departing from the principle of the invention. These and other modifications in the nature of the invention or the preferred embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure herein, whereby it is to be distinctly understood that the foregoing descriptive matter is to be interpreted merely as illustrative of the invention and not as a limitation.

## Claims

1. A process for producing a surface modified carbon black comprising the step of treating carbon black with a sulfur-containing compound to obtain the surface modified carbon black which when combined with a polymer composition alters the carbon black-polymer interaction to decrease the hysteresis of the polymer composition by at least 1%, wherein the sulfur-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal sulfate, alkali metal sulfite, alkali metal sulfide, alkaline earth metal sulfate, alkaline earth metal sulfite, alkaline earth metal sulfide, and mixtures thereof, wherein the sulfur-containing compound is used in an amount in the range of 0.005-1% by weight of the carbon black.

2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sulfur-containing compound is further selected from the group consisting of sodium sulfate, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium polysulfide, sodium thiosulfate, and mixtures thereof.

3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decrease in the hysteresis of the polymer composition is in the range of 1% to 20%.

4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sulfur-containing compound is added during the manufacturing of the carbon black.

5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sulfur-containing compound is added after the manufacturing of the carbon black.

6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method step of treating carbon black with a sulfur-containing compound is carried out by a technique selected from the group consisting of pouring, spraying, injecting, dispersing and diffusing.

7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sulfur-containing compound is in the form of dispersion.

8. The process as claimed in claim 1, further comprises a step of mixing the sulfur-containing compound with process water to pelletize the carbon black.

9. A surface modified carbon black prepared according to the process of claim 1 comprising a sulfur-containing compound, wherein the sulfur-containing compound is surface bounded by surface modification of a carbon black with the sulfur-containing compound selected from the group consisting of alkali metal sulfate, alkali metal sulfite, alkali metal sulfide, alkaline earth metal sulfate, alkaline earth metal sulfite, alkaline earth metal sulfide, and mixtures thereof, and wherein the surface modified carbon black when mixed with an elastomeric polymer exhibits a decrease in the hysteresis of the elastomeric polymer by at least 1%.

10. An elastomeric composition comprising the carbon black prepared accordingly to claim 1.

11. An elastomeric composition comprising the surface modified carbon black of claim 9.