NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS 

RECOVERY RECORDS OF ADULT GREEN TURTLES 

OBSERVED OR ORIGINALLY TAGGED AT FRENCH FRIGATE 

SHOALS, NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 

GEORGE H. BALAZS 

NOAA-TM-NMFS-S WFC-36 

August 1983 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

Southwest Fisheries Center 
NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS 

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RECOVERY RECORDS OF ADULT GREEN TURTLES 

OBSERVED OR ORIGINALLY TAGGED AT FRENCH FRIGATE 

SHOAL§, NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS' 

L 

GEORGE H. BALAZS 

Y 

Southwest Fisheries Center Honolulu Laboratory 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

Honolulu , Hawaii 9681 2 

NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-36 

August 1983 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

John V. Byrne, Administrator 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

William G. Gordon, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries 

' This is Sea Grant Cooperative Report UNIHI-SEAGRANT-CR-83-03 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

Y 

Introduction .......... History of tagging . . . e . . Recovery data . . e . . . . Long-distance migrations . Reproductive cycles e . . Site fixity ........ Longevity ......... Frequency of tag recoveries 

Tag loss ......... Key to abbreviations . . . a 

Acknowledgments ........ Literature cited ........ 

.................. 1 

1 

2 

.................. 3 

.oe.eee.eeeem.oo.* 4 .................. 4 .................. 4 

a 0 e e e 0 0 b a 9 ..e 5 

.................. 5 

.................. 

.................. 

*4O.**.b~.bP..*.Db 4 

.................. 7 

.................. 8 

LIST OF TABLES 

1, 

2. 

3, 

4. Shedding rates of Inconel tags: 59 recoveries of double-tagged 

green turtles at French Frigate Shoals during the 1981 and 1982 

breeding seasons (analysis by 9. A. Wetherall) ......... 3 8 

Expeditions to tag green turtles at French Frigate Shoals made 

Recovery data for male green turtles observed or originally tagged 

Recovery data for female green turtles observed or originally 

during the 10-year period, 1973-82 ............... 10 

at French Frigate Shoals .................... tagged at French Frigate Shoals ................ 20 

11 

LIST OF FIGURES 

.- 

1. French Frigate Shoals and the Hawaiian Archipelago ....... 39 

3. Adult green turtles basking on East Island ........... 40 

4. Adult male green turtle basking OQ East Island ......... 41 

5. Adult female green turtle nesting on East Island . . . . . 41 

6, Adult female green turtle swhing near bottom ......... 42 

7. Front flipper showing standard placement of tag ........ 42 

2, East Island, French Frigate Shoals ............... 40 

I 1 

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, recommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material 

mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or 

to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends 

or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned 

herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to came directly or indirectla 

the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS 

publication. 

1 
INTRODUCTION 

This report presents a complete and concise record of tag recoveries 

for the adult Hawaiian green turtle, Chelonia mydas, made from 1973 

through 1982 in association with the breeding colony of French Frigate 

Shoals (FFS). 

monitored and tagged green turtles that assemble each summer at FFS as 

migrants originating from foraging pastures throughout the Hawaiian 

Archipelago. 

of the year to tag and observe turtles present outside the breeding 

season. A list of all expeditions is presented in Table 1. A total of 

385 research days and nights has been spent at this location. 

During this 10-year period, the author has systematically 

Visits to this site have also been made during other times 

At least 90% of the reproduction by green turtles in the Hawaiian 

Islands takes place within the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge 

at FFS. 

the archipelago and contains 11 sand islets extending over 26 km of reef 

(Fig. 1). Most nesting occurs on East (4.0 ha) and Whale-Skate (6.8 ha) 

Islands; nesting activity is lower on Trig, Tern, Gin, and Little Gin. 

East Island has been the major site of tagging over the past 10 years. 

This crescent-shaped atoll is located at about the midpoint of 

A rare terrestrial basking habit is displayed by green turtles at FFS 

Male8 and females regularly haul out to rest along the shoreline 

and several other isolated sites in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 

(NWHI). 

during the daytime and also occasionally at night. This behavior has 

allowed relatively easy tagging of adult males, a segment of sea turtle 

breeding colonies in other geographical areas that is not usually accessible. 

in the North Pacific, this breeding colony was one of eight designated for 

high priority by the World Conference on Sea Turtle Conservation (1982). 

Due to the unique basking behavior and the isolated position of FFS 

A synopsis of biological information to June 1979 has already been 

prepared on the Hawaiian green turtle (Balazs 1980a). 

given in this present report serve to complement the data in the synopsis. 

Other recent publications available on the Hawaiian green turtle have 

dealt with natural growth rates (Balazs 1982b), habitat usage at FFS 

(Dizon and Balazs 19821, and the ecology of basking (whittow and Balazs 

1979, 1982; Sheekey 1982). Overall accounts of the population that have 

appeared since the synopsis was issued include those by Balazs (1980b, 

1982c, 1982e). 

color photographs showing Hawaiian green turtles. 

The tag recoveries 

A popular article by Wexler (1983) contains an array of 

HISTORY OF TAGGING 

Tagging was begun at FFS in June 1973 using No. 49 and No. 681 Mone12 

alloy flipper tags made by the National Band and Tag Company of Newport, 

Kentucky. In September 1976, the use of these tags was discontinued after 

detection of excessive corrosion. A total of 310 adult turtles had been 

'Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National 

Marine Fisheries Service, NOM. 
2 

E 

marked with these tags between 1973 and 1976. 

tags made of Inconel 625 alloy have been the principal means of marking 

turtles. The dimensions of these tags are 25 x 8 x 9 mm, and up to four 

tags have been applied to each turtle. The No. 49 tags were somewhat 

larger, measuring 40 x 10 x 11 mm. No signs of corrosion have been seen 

to date in the Inconel tags. Corrosion and various other factors affecting the retention of flipper tags have been discussed in Balazs (1982a). 

At the end of 1982, a total of 605 adult turtles had been tagged at FFS 

with Inconel tags. 

Since then, No. 681 flipper 

Prior to 1973, the tagging of green turtles in the NWHI was initiated 

in the early 1960's by the Hawaii State Division of Aquatic Resources 

(formerly Division of Fish and Game). Shortly thereafter, personnel of 

the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (known then as Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife), and the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program 

(Smithsonian Institution), began tagging turtles during intermittent 

survey and inspection visits to the area. 

adults had been tagged as a result of these combined efforts. All turtles 

were tagged with No. 49 Moue1 tags bearing three different return addresses. 

Abbreviations. Amerson (1971) gives a historical overview of tagging and 

turtle observations at FFS until 1969. This present report also includes 

tag recoveries made between 1973 and 1982 of turtles that were initially 

tagged before June 1973. However, tag recoveries made before 1973, but 

not resighted between 1973 and 1982, are not reported here. 

records are fewer in number, due at least in part to excessive corrosion 

and tag loss. Some, but not all, of the pre-1973 tag recoveries are contained in unpublished trip reports of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

The titles, dates, and authors of these reports are listed in Balazs 

(1980b). 

file at the Honolulu office of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. A 

future report will be prepared to summarize the contents of this card 

catalog so that the basic results of this past work will also be readily 

accessible. 

By 1972, approximately 800 

The exact wording of these inscriptions is presented in the Key to 

These earlier 

A card catalog of pre-1973 tagging8 and tag recoveries is on 

RECOVERY DATA 

Over the 10-year period, 294 tagged turtles have been resighted either 

at FFS or at other localities after they were originally tagged at FFS. 

This total consists of 87 males (Table 2) and 207 females (Table 3). In 

most cases, the minimum interval between tag recoveries is the time 

between expeditions undertaken by the author to FFS (as shown in Table 1). 

Short-term recoveries, such as those that frequently occur within a single 

expedition (i.e.$ internesting-interval recoveries), are not presented as 

part of this report. 

Forty-eight of the 87 males shown in Table 2 were recovered only once, 

whereas the remaining 39 (44.8%) were each seen on two or more occasions. 

The male resighted the greatest number of times (10) appears as Entry No. 

9 in Table 2. For the females, 147 of the 207 individuals were recovered 

only once. The other 60 (29.0%) were resighted on two or more occasions. 

Entry No. 24 in Table 3 lists the female seen most often (nine times). 
3 

Long-Distance Migrations 

w 

Migrations by males have been documented by tag recoveries on nine 

occasions during the 10-year period. 

a round-trip voyage by the same male traveling from Pearl and Hemes Reef 

to FFS and back again (Entry No. 21 in Table 2). The other movements by 

males are as follows: 

Two of these resightings constituted 

No. of turtles Higra t ion Table 2 Entry Nos. 

2 Oahu to FFS 24, 61 

1 Pearl and Hemes to FFS 26 

3 FFS to Pearl and Hermes 55, 60, 77 

1 FFS to Lisianski 78 

Migrations by females have been documented on 39 occasions and 

Wo of these were between Pearl and Hemes and FFS, two between 

include 6 round trips (Entry Nos. 11, 39, 41, 101, 104, and 159 in Table 

3). 

Lisianski and FFS, one between Laysan and FFS, and one between Oahu and 

FFS. 

consisted of the following: 

The remaining 27 one-way migrations recorded from tag recoveries 

No. of turtles Migration 

6 

2 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

FFS to Pearl and Hemes 

FFS to Lisianski 

FFS to Laysan 

FFS to Oahu 

FFS to Maui 

FFS to Kauai 

FFS to Hawaii 

FFS to Molokai 

Pearl and Hemes to FFS 

Lisianski to FFS 

Oahu to FFS 

Hawaii to FFS 

Niihau to FFS 

Table 3 Entry Nos. 

105, 106, 151, 153, 204, 205 

147, 206 

156, 157, 158 

5, 150 

16 

17 

53 

207 

12, 14, 37, 42, 43, 103 

10 

28 

76 

13 

Prior to 1973, 32 long-distance migrations were documented from tag 

recoveries made in earlier tagging efforts (see Balazs 1980a). Consequently, a total of 80 migrations (32 + 48 shown in this report) has been 

recorded in the Hawaiian Islands. Of these, 36 are between FFS and the 

main islands located at the southeastern end of the chain, and 44 are 

between FFS and the northwestern sites of Laysan, Lieianski, and Pearl and 

Hemes Reef. 

turtle, the evidence for migrations from tag returns in the Hawaiian 

Islands is among the best gathered anywhere (Meylan 1982). 

When compared with other tagging studies of the green 

The known migrations documented from tagging at other islands in the 

Pacific have been summarized by Balazs (1982d). 
4 

Reproductive Cycles P 

Reproductive cycles, as measured by remigration intervals, have been 

documented in 52 males and 130 females. 

year cycle, 32.7% a 2-year cycle, and 25.0% a 3-year cycle, For the 

females, 36.2% showed a 2-year cycle, 43.1% a 3-year nesting cycles 7.7% a 

4-year cycle, and 12.2% nested at intervale ranging from 5 to 8 years. In 

addition, a single female nested again after an interval of only 1 year. 

All of these intervals are undoubtedly affected to some degree by tag 

shedding rates. 

For males, 42.3% displayed a 1- 

Site Fixity 

A total of 383 tag-recovery data can be used to determine the degree 

of site fixity turtles display for particular islets at FFB. . For the 139 

resightings of males, 86.3% occurred on the same islet where .they were 

previously seen. 

the same islet. Females nesting and basking on East Island showed the 

greatest site fixity; (34.4% of the resightings occurred at this Bame 

location . 

For the 244 resightings of females, 90.6% occurred on 

Longevity 

The longevity and duration of reproductive life for green turtles in 

the wild are presently unknown. 

help to answer these important questions. The longest recovery interval 

thus far recorded for a male in the Hawaiian Islands is 17 yeare, 8 months 

(Entry No. 21 in Table 2). The Pongeet for tl female is 18 years, 3 monthe 

(Entry No. 11 in Table 3). Both of these turtles were originally tagged 

as adults in 1964 while they were basking at Pearl and Hemes Reef. 

Long-term tag recoveries can) however, 

Frequency of Tag Recoveries. 

The percentage of previously tagged turtles seen nesting each summer 

at FFS has increaaed considerably over the 10-year period: 

1973 - 10.0% 

1974 11.9% 

1975 - 2.2% 

1976 - 17.4% 

1977 - 2.6% 

1978 - 707% 

1979 - 19.2% 

1981 - 36.7% 

1980 46.7% 

1982 - 4101% 

The reasons for these higher recovery rates most likely include 1) a 

reduced tag loss from using No. 681 Inconel tags, 2) the practice of 

applying more tags on each turtle, 3) greater survival of turtles in 

resident foraging pastures eince they became legally protected in late 

1978 under the Endangered Species Act, and 4) the greater percentage of 

the adult population tagged at the end of each succeesive year over the 

10-year period. 
h 

5 

The frequency of tag recoveries at FFS during recent years is 

markedly higher when compared with long-term tagging projects at other 

breeding colonies. For example, only approximately 20% of the Caribbean 

green turtles nesting each summer in Costa Rica bear tags that were 

applied during previous years (Meylan 1982). 

Tag Loss 

9 

Attaching two or more tags to each turtle increases the chances for 

future recognition. It also provides a basis for measuring rate of tag 

shedding. During the 1981 and 1982 breeding seasons at FFS, 59 nesting 

females were recovered that had previously been double tagged with Inconel 

tags (one on each front flipper). 

tles ranged from 2 to 5 years. Table 4 presents the estimated probability 

of tag shedding and the 95% confidence limits for each of these time 

intervals. A cumulative shedding rate of 30% after 4 years is indicated 

by these data. Consequently, there is a 9% chance (0.30 x 0.30) that a 

double-tagged turtle will lose both of its tags in 4 years. Tag recoveries anticipated during the 1983 and 1984 breeding seasons will help to 

determine if the rate of tag loss changes after 5 to 6 years. Forthcoming recoveries at FFS will also include a number of recoveries of 

turtles originally receiving three and four tags. 

The recovery intervals for these turThe shedding rates shown in Table 4 are the first values of this kind 

to be computed and published for sea turtles. 

elsewhere, as analyzed and discussed by Hrosovsky and Shettleworth (19821, 

has confounded variables such as tag type (metal versus plastic), tag 

color, front or hindflipper placement, sex, and size class (adult versus 

immature). 

Double tagging conducted 

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS 

The following abbreviations identify the agencies that tagged turtles 

in the Hawaiian Islands. 

FG Tags bearing a return address of the State of Hawaii, Division 

of Fish and Game (now the Division of Aquatic Resources). 

Exact inscription: "RETURN TO FISH & GAME STATE OF HAWAII." 

The letters FG do not actually appear on the tags, but are used 

in the data tables as an abbreviation. 

FW Tags bearing a return address of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service. Exact inscriptions: "U.S. WILDLIFE HONOLULU" or 

"NOTIFY U. S. WILDLIFE HONOLULU, USA" or "BUREAU WILDLIFE 

KAILUA, HAWAII.'' The letters FW do not actually appear on 

the tags, but are used in the data tables as an 

a bb r ev ia t ion. 

T Tag number prefix present on tags used by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service bearing the inscription "BUREAU WILDLIFE 

KAILUA, HAWAII. I' 
6 

Tag numbers shown in the data tables that do not have an FG or FW 

abbreviation all bear one of the following return address inscriptions: 

"UNIV. HAWAII No. 49 Monel tags numbered 601-900 

HIMB BOX 1346 

KANEOHE, 96744" 

"NOTIFY UNIV. HAWAII No. 49 Monel tags numbered 901-1400 

MARINE LAB, BOX 1346 

KANEOHE, HAWAII USA" 

"NOTIFY UNIV. No. 681 Monef tags numbered 1401-1900 

HAWAII HIMB 

KANEOHE, 96744" 

"NOTIFY HIMB Fearing "Tuff-Tex" plastic tags 2001-2015 

UN IVHAWAII " (blue) and 2026-2050 (black) 

"WRITE HIMB No. 681 Inconel tags numbered 2051 and 

UNIVERSITY higher 

HAWAII, 96 7 44" 

Letters and abbreviations refer to the following: 

A 

F 

0 

FF S 

SE 

N 

B 

8 

C 

RC 

D 

A-D meter 

Plastic "Allflex" tags (not inscribed with a return 

addres 8) 

Fearing "Tuff-Tex" plastic tags 

Numbers in parentheses indicate additional tags that 

were applied when a previously tagged turtle was 

recovered. 

French Frigate Shoals 

Southeast Island at Pearl and Hermes Reef 

Nesting 

Basking on shore 

Offshore - turtle recaptured or resighted in the ocean 

Copulating 

Released from captivity after being held for an 

extended period 

Dead 

Small depth meter attached to the carapace (see Balazs 

1980b) 
7 

w 

Freq b Frequency and turtle identification number of radio 

transmitters ueed in a telemetry study at FFS (see 

Dizon and Balazs 1982). 

The following abbreviations are ueed at various places in the data 

tabler to rhow the person responsible for making a tag recovery or, in 

some caoes, initially tagging a turtle, All taggings and tag recoverier 

that bear an expedition number were carried out by the author working at 

FPS (Table 1). 

tagging and tag recoveries made at sites away from FFS where expedition 

In certain instances, the author's initials are given for 

code numbers do not apply. 

AK 

BG 

BP 

BS 

CH 

GB 

JA 

JH 

JL 

RI 

RS 

RW 

ss 

Alan Kam 

Brent Geizentanner 

Bill Puleloa 

Bob Schulmeister 

Craig Harrison 

George Balaas 

John Andre 

John Henderson 

Jerry Ludwig 

Ruth Ittner 

Robert Shallenberger 

Ro na 1 d Wa 1 ke r 

Sheridan Stone 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

In addition to the persons listed above, I want to acknowledge and 

thank the following individuals and organizations for assistance, support, 

and advice in various forms provided over the past 10 years: 

Bardach, Robert Brick, Randall Chau, Richard Coleman, William Coops, John 

Corbin, Andrew Diton, William Gilmartin, Richard Grigg, Philip Helfrich, 

Robert Justman, Eugene Kridler, Fredrick Lighter, Gary Naftel, David 

Olsen, Mark Raueon, Palmer Sekora, Richard Shomuras John Wheeler, G. 

Causey Whittow, Fredrick Yap, Fredrick Zeillemaker, the New Pork 

Zoological Society, National Geographic Society, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, Hawaii Division 

of Aquatic Resources, Hawaii State Office of the brine Affairs Coordinator, Fourteenth U.S, Coast Guard District, U.S. Navy, Federal Aviation 

Administration, and the Hawaii Air National Guard. 

Wetherall for analyzing the tag loss data presented in Table 4, 

John 

I am grateful to Jerry 

This work is in part the result of research sponsored by the 

University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program under Institutional Grant 

Nos. 04-6-158-44114, 04-7-15844129, and 04-8-MDI-178 from NOM Office of 

Sea Grant, Department of Commerce (NX/R-5) . 
3. 

8 

LITERATURE CITED 

hereon, A. B., Yr. 

1971. The natural history of French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern 

Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. 15O:l-383. 

Balazs, G. H. 

1980a. A review of basic biological data on the green turtle in the 

Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. In R. W. Grigg and R. T. Pfund 

(editors), Proceedings of the Symposium on Status of Resource 

Investigations in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, April 24-25, 

1980, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, p. 42-54. Sea Grant 

Misc . Rep. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-MR-80-04. 

1980b. Synopsis of biological data on the green turtle in the 

Hawaiian Islands. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOM Tech. Memo. NMFS, NOAATM-NMFS-SWFC-7, 141 p. 

1982a. Factors affecting the retention of metal tags on sea turtles. 

Mar. Turtle Newel. 2O:ll-14. 

1982b. Growth rates of immature green turtles in the Hawaiian Archipelago. K. A. Bjorndal (editor), Biology and conservation of 

sea turtles, p. 117-125. Smithson. Inst. Press, Wash., D.C. 

1982c. Hawaii's fishermen help sea turtles. Hawaii Fish. News 

7( 11 ) : 8-9 

1982d. Sea turtles: A shared resource of the Pacific Islands. 

South Pac. Corn. Fish. Newsl. 23:22-24. 

f982e. Status of sea turtles in the Central Pacific Ocean. .& K. A. 

Bjorndal (editor), Biology and conservation of sea turtles, p. 243- 

252. Smithson. Inst. Press, Wash., D.C. 

Dizon, A. E., and G. H. Balazs. 

1982. Radio telemetry of Hawaiian green turtles at their breeding 

colony. Mar. Fish. Rev. 44(5):13-20. 

Meylan, A. 

1982. Sea turtle migrations - Evidence from tag returns. K. A. 

Bjorndal (editor), Biology and conservation of sea turtles, p. 91- 

100. Smithson. Inst. Press, Wash. D.C. 

Mrosovsky, N., and S. J. Shettleworth. 

1982. What double tagging studies can tell US. Mar. Turtle Newsl. 

22 : 11-15 . Sheekey, E. A. 

1982. Green turtles basking on Tern Island, French Frigate Shoals. 

'Elepaio 43(6):45-47. 
9 

Wexler, M, 

1983. Treasured islands. Natl. Wildl. 21(2):4-13. 

Whittow, G. C., and G. H. Balazs. 

1979. The thermal biology of Hawaiian basking green turtles 

(Chelonia mydas). (Abstr.) Am. Zool. 19:981. 

1982. Basking behavior of the Hawaiian green turtle (Chelonia 

mvdas). Pac. Sci. 36:129-139. 

World Conference on Sea Turtle Conservation, 1979. 

1982. Sea turtle conservation strategy, action plan, and action 

projects. In K. A. Bjorndal (editor), Biology and 

conservation of sea turtles, p. 565-583 Smithson. Inst. 

Press, Wash., D.C. 
10 

Table 1.--Expeditions to tag green turtles at French Frigate Shoals made 

during the 10-year period, 1973-82. 

Expedition Duration 

No. (days) Dates 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

48 

6 

21 

21 

20 

21 

7 

6 

20 

20 

2 

3 

7 

11 

6 

14 

5 

13 

6 

7 

16 

5 

20 

25 

3 

4 

23 

1 

1 

21 

1 

1 

~ 

1 June-19 July 1973 

11-17 October 1973 

30 May-20 June 1974 

27 June-18 July 1974 

26 July-15 August 1974 

19 September-10 October 1974 

13-20 February 1975 

16-22 May 1975 

6-26 June 1975 

18 July-7 August 1975 

26-28 August 1975 

1-4 December 1975 

15-22 January 1976 

3-19 April I976 

7-13 May 1976 

28 June-12 July 1976 

18-23 November 1976 

20 June-3 July 1977 

22-28 September 1977 

1-8 December 1977 

5-21 June 1978 

2-7 May 1979 

10-30 June 1979 

6 June-1 July 1980 

5-8 September 1980 

15-19 December 1980 

25 May-18 June 1981 

15-16 November 1981 

14-15 April 1982 

5-26 June 1982 

3-4 August 1982 

3-4 September 1982 
11 

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38 

Table 4.--Shedding rates of Inconel tags: 59 recoveries of double-tagged 

green turtles at French Frigate Shoals during the 1981 and 1982 breeding 

seasons (analysis by J. A. Wetherall). 

Estimated 95% confidence limits 

No. of probability on (l-Ki) Recovery No. of 

interval turtles turtles of tag 

in years with no with one shedding Lower Upper (i) tags shed tag shed (l-i4 1 limit limit 

2 12 5 0.17 0.02 0.32 

3 17 10 0.23 0.09 0.37 

4 7 6 0.30 0.07 0.53 

5 1 1 0.33 0.00 0.95 

2rdi 

'i = r + 2rdi si 

A 

where: Ki = Probability of tag retention from the time of tagging until 

the midpoint of the recapture period i years later. 

tagging. di 

tagging. si 

r = Number of turtles recovered with two tags i years after 

r = Number of turtles recovered with one tag i years after 
39 

x 

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0 

z 

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LL 
40 

Figure 2.--East Island, French Frigate Shoals. 

Figure 3.--Adult green turtles basking on East Island. 
41 

Figure 4.--Adult male green turtle basking on East Island. 

Figure 5.--Adult female green turtle nesting on East Island. 
42 

Figure 6.--Adult female green turtle swimming near bottom. 

Figure 7.--Front flipper showing standard placement of tag. 
RECENT TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS 

4 

Copies of this and other NOAA Techntcal Memorandums are available from the National Technical 

Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield. VA 221 67. Paper copies vary in price Microfishe copies cost 53.50. Recent issues of NOAA Technical Memorandums from the NMFS Southwest 

Fisheries Center are listed below: 

NOAA TM-NMFS SWFC 26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

"Possible effects of sampling biases on reproduction rate estimates 

T. POLACHECK 

(January 1983) 

"Reports of porpoise experiment testing detection of on-track 

R. S. HOLT 

(February 1983) 

"Two computer programs to project populations with time-varying 

T. GERRODETTE. D. GOODMAN & J. BARLOW 

(February 1983) 

Report of eastern tropical Pacific research vessel marine mammal 

R. S. HOLT 

(March 1983) 

Estimating age of spotted and spinner dolphins(Stenel1a attenuata 

A. C. MYRICK, JR., A. A. HOHN, P. A. SLOAN, M. KIMURA 

(April 1983) 

Re-estimation of three parameters associated with anchovy 

egg and larval abundance: Temperature dependent incubation 

time, yolk-sac growth rate and egg and larval retention in 

mesh nets. 

N. C. H. LO 

(May 1983) 

"NMFS guidelines on economic valuation of marine recreational 

fishing" 

D. D. HUPPERT 

(June 1983) 

"Summary of environmental and fishing information on Guam and 

the Northern Mariana Islands: A review of the plankton 

communities and fishery resources of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands" 

for porpoise in the eastern tropical Pacific." 

schools (pet dots), March 7-April 5, 1981 " 

vital rates." 

survey, May 15-August 3, 1982. 

and Stenella longirostris) from teeth. 

and D. D. STANLEY 

R. N. UCHIDA 

(July 1983) 

"Some data on dolphin mortality in the eastern tropical Pacific 

1. D. SMITH and N. C. H. LO 

(July 1983) 

"Precision of age determination of northern offshore spotted 

dolphins." 

S. B. REILLY, A. A. HOHN, and A. C. MYRICK, JR. 

(August 1983) 

tuna purse seine fishery prior to 1970." 

c