Conceptual Models for Environme

Exposure Pathways of Antimicrob

Pathways

U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs

Antimicrobial Division

Risk Assessment and Science Support Branc

August 4, 2014
Contributors

• Steven Weiss, Branch Chief

• Donna Randall, Senior Scientist• Laura Parsons, Senior Interdisciplinary Scie

• Siroos Mostaghimi, Environmental Engine

• Patricia Jennings, Environmental Engineer

• Zoe Cavinder, Biologist• Srinivas Gowda, Microbiologist

• Najm Shamim, Chemist

• James Breithaupt, Agronomist
Introduction

• This document includes conceptual mo

which may be used to assess potential 

of environmental exposure to possible

organisms of concern. Every pathway is 

applicable for every chemical, but each

conceptual model demonstrates all rou

dissipation that can occur. This is a livin

document and may be updated as

appropriate.
Diagram Pg Diagram pgAntimicrobial Treatment (Non‐paint) to

Exterior Surfaces such as Sidewalks,

Facades, and Roofing (A and B)

9/10 Biocides in Oil and Gas Extraction ,

Drilling Muds, Hydraulic, Fracking and

Recovery Fluids (A and B)

19

Antifoulant Coatings Used on

Structures, Boats, Ships and Equipment

11 Biocides Added to Oil and Gas Extraction

Open Pit or Produced Water (A and B)

21

Vessel or On‐shore Ballast Water

Treatment

12 Biocides Added to Oil and Gas Separator

System, Pipes Transportation andStorage Tanks

23

Cooling Water Systems (Once Through

and/or Recirculating) (A and B)

13/14 Application of Antimicrobial Paints and

Coatings to Buildings, Houses, Structures

(A and B)

24

In‐Service Use of Disinfectants or

Sanitizers on Indoor Surfaces, Textile

and Plastic/Rubber Material

Preservative Use Sites

15 Pulp and Paper Mill Process Water Use 26

Antimicrobials applied to textile fibers 16 Swimming Pool, Spa Use (A and B) 27

In‐service use of tile grout and caulks

and sealants

17 Wood, treatment, post‐treatment, in‐

service

29

Metal Working Fluids with

Antimicrobials Used as a Materials

Preservative

18 Exterior Application of Wood

Preservative (e.g., Decking, Siding,

Fencing)

30

Conceptual Model Index
Conceptual Exposure Models Developed for Use i

Antimicrobial Use Pattern OECD Emision Scenario Documents that can 

identifying source groups to be considered 

exposure pathways, exposure models and s

Antimicrobial (Non‐Paint) treatment ofsidewalks, facades, roofs, structures

(Slides 9 and 10 – Aquatic and

Terrestrial, respectively)Antifoulant Coatings (Slide 11) http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/di

f/?cote=env/jm/mono(2005)8&doclanguage

Ballast Water (Slide 12) http://www.deltares.nl/en/software/103984

27

Cooling Towers (Slides 13 and 14 –Aquatic and Terrestrial (volatile

substance), respectively)

http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/di

f/?cote=env/jm/mono(2004)9&doclanguage

Disinfecting, Sanitizing, Cleaning and

Laundry Down‐the‐Drain Products (Slide

15)Textile Finishing Treatment (Slide 16)

• Manufacturing Application

• In‐Service Textile Use

http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/di

f/?cote=env/jm/mono(2004)12&doclanguag
Conceptual Exposure Models Developed for Use in 

Antimicrobial Use Pattern OECD Emision Scenario Documents that can b

identifying source groups to be considered an

exposure pathways, exposure models and sce

Material Preservative ‐‐ Adhesives,Caulks, Grouts, Sealants (In‐service

use) (Slide 17)

Material Preservative ‐‐ Metal

Working Fluids (Slide 18)

http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/disp

?cote=env/jm/mono(2011)18&doclanguage=e

Oil and Gas Well Development /

Production Antimicrobials

(Slides 19 and 20 – Aquatic and

Terrestrial, respectively, for fluidsplaced down well bore holes;

Slides 21 and 22 – Aquatic and

Terrestrial, respectively, for open pit,

evaporation ponds, produced water;

Slides 23 – Aquatic for Separator

System, Pipes and Transportation

Systems, Storage Tanks)

http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/disp

?cote=env/jm/mono(2012)7&doclanguage=en
Conceptual Exposure Models Developed for Use in 

Antimicrobial Use Pattern OECD Emision Scenario Documents that can b

identifying source groups to be considered an

exposure pathways, exposure models and sce

Paints and Coatings (Paints, Laquers,

Varnishes), Antimicrobial (Slides 24and 25 – Aquatic and Terrestrial,

respectively); Applies also to “In‐

Service Use of In‐Can Paint or

Coating Material Preservative” where

antimicrobial has a long half‐life or is

stable

http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/disp

?cote=env/jm/mono(2009)24&doclanguage=e

Pulp and Paper Mill Use (Slide 26)

Swimming Pool and Spa Use (Slides 27

and 28 – Aquatic and Terrestrial,respectively)

http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/disp

?cote=env/jm/mono(2004)9&doclanguage=en

Wood Preservative Industrial Use

(Slide 29) Industrial Application (Dip, Pad,

Pressure)

 Storage In‐Use Service

http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/agricultu

iocides/2502747.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/agricultuiocides/2502757.pdf
Conceptual Exposure Models Developed for Use in 

Antimicrobial Use Pattern OECD Emision Scenario Documents that can b

identifying source groups to be considered an

exposure pathways, exposure models and sce

Wood Preservative Professional or

Amateur In‐Service Use (e.g., Decks,

Fences, Siding) (Slides 30 and 31 –

Aquatic and Terrestrial, respectively)
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Antimicrobial Treatment (Non‐paint) to Exterior Surfaces such as Sidewalks, Facades, 

Leaching/Run‐off

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEsrelated to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primReduced cover

Community chan

Modification of P

habitat

Spray‐drift

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake across gills or

integument and/or sediment

ingestion

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption by cell,

roots, or leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g.,amphibians, mollusks, cr

Ingestion

Surface Water

Sediment
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

Routes

AttributeChange(s)

Antimicrobial Treatment (Non‐paint) to Exterior Surfaces such as Sidewalks, Facade

Spray Drift

Terrestrial insects

Individual organismsReduced survival

(emergence*)Reduced growthReduced reproduction**

Food chainReduction in plant biomassReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

H

R

pRC

M

re

Terrestrial plantsGrasses/forbs, fruit,seeds, trees, shrubs

Leaching/Runoff

Terrestrial AnimalsBirds (Reptiles, Amphibians)Mammals

Soil

Ingestion Ingestion

Dermal uptake/

Ingestion

Root uptake

Dermal contact

Contact/Uptake

leaves, stems

BeneficialInsectsReducedsurvival

*Refers to seedling emergence

**Vegetative vigor and seedling emergence endpoints are assumed to be as sensitive or more sensitive than reproduction

endpoint and plant reproduction s not explicitly evaluated.

ExposureMedia
Stressor

Source

Receptors

and Exposure

Routes

AttributeChange(s)

Antifoulant Coatings Used on Structures, Boats, Ships and Equipment

Leaching

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEsrelated to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primReduced cover

Community chan

Modification of P

habitat

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake across gills or

integument and/or sediment

ingestion

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption by cell,

roots, or leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians, mollusks, c

Ingestion

Surface Water

Sediment
Stressor

Source

Receptors

and Exposure

Routes

AttributeChange(s)

Vessel or On‐shore Ballast Water Treatment

Discharge water: harbors

and/or shipping lanes

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEsrelated to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primReduced cover

Community chan

Modification of P

habitat

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake across gills or

integument and/or sediment

ingestion

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption by cell,

roots, or leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians, mollusks, c

Ingestion

Surface Water

Sediment
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary pReduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs re

habitat

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake/gillsor integument

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption/

cell, roots, leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians

Ingestion

Waste Water Treatment Pla

Cooling Water Systems (Once Through and/or Recirculating)

Direct

Discharge

Surface Water

Sediment

Volatilization

Terrestrial

organisms

See Figure (B)

Cooling Ponds/

Irrigation Canals

Terrestrial Soils (Bi

Application)

See

Section X.X
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

Routes

AttributeChange(s)

Cooling Water System (Once Through and/or Recirculating)

Volatilization

Individual organismsReduced survival

(emergence*)Reduced growthReduced reproduction**

Food chainReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

H

C

Mre

Terrestrial Animals

Birds (Reptiles, Amphibians)Mammals

Inhalation

*Refers to seedling emergence

**Vegetative vigor and seedling emergence endpoints are assumed to be as sensitive or more sensitive than reproduction endpoint.

***Hazard assessment for use as irrigation water.

Air

ExposureMedia

Plant Crops***

Contact/Uptake

leaves, stems

Discharge to Cooling

Ponds/Lakes

Ingestion

Water

Discharge to

Irrigation Canals

Irrigation
Stressor

SourceReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary pReduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs re

habitat

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake/gillsor integument

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption by

cells, roots, leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians

Ingestion

Waste Water Treatment Plant (WW

Waste Water Disposal Down‐the‐Drain

Surface Water

Sediment

In‐Service Use of Disinfectants or Sanitizers on Indoor Surfaces,

Textile and Plastic/Rubber Material Preservative Use Sites

Terrestrial Soils 

Applicatio

See

Section X
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary pReduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs re

habitat

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake/gills or integument

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption/cell, roots, leaves

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians

Ingestion

Waste Water Treatment Plant

Antimicrobials applied to textile fibers (synthetic [such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

animal (keratin: wool, silk), and plant) during textile finishing:

Exhaust, padding, or spray application technique

Outdoor Air Surface Water

Sediment

Volatilization Facility Drain Waste Disposal Washing/Leach

In‐Service Use

Terrestrial Soils (

Applicatio

See

Section X.
Stressor

Source

Receptorsand Exposure

Routes

AttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

Habitat in

Reduction Reduced c

Communi

Modificat

habitat

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion 

Uptake/gillsor integument

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption/cell, roots,

leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

PhytoplHerbivoInvertebVertebr

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians

Ingestion

Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP)

WWTPmicroorganisms

Uptake or

sorption

PopulationRespirationinhibition

In‐service use of tile grout and caulks and sealants

Waste Water from Showering and Cleaning

Surface Water

Sediment

T
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary pReduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs re

habitat

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake/gillsor integument

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption/cell, roots,

leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians

Ingestion

On‐Site/Off‐Site Waste Water Treatment Plant

(WWTP)

Metal Working Fluids with Antimicrobials Used as a Materials Preserva

Wastewater disposal from container residues, dragout losses, f

media and other recycling wastes, and spent metalworking flu

Terrestrial Soils (Bi

Application) Air

Evaporation

See

Section X.X

See Section

X.X

Recovery of oil,

recycle, reuse

Surface Water

Sediment
Stressor

SourceReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary pReduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs re

habitat

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake/gillsor integument

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption/cell,

roots, leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians

Ingestion

Deep Well

Injection

Biocides in Oil and Gas Extraction Drilling Muds/Fluids, Hydraulic, Fracking 

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary (Enhanced Oil) Recovery Fluids

Recovered Water/Fluids (Flowback

and Produced), Muds Disposal

Migration into

Groundwater

Waste Water Treatment P

Migration into

Groundwater

Exposed

Groundwater

from Soil

Applications

see Figure (B)

Surface Water

Sediment
Stressor

Source

Receptorsand Exposure

Routes

AttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

(emergence*)Reduced growthReduced reproduction**

Food chainReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

H

R

pRC

M

re

Terrestrial Animals

Birds (Reptiles, Amphibians)Mammals

Ingestion

Irrigation Water

Recovered Water (Flowback and Produced) Disposal

Terrestrial plantsGrasses/forbs, fruit,seeds, trees, shrubs

Contact/Uptake

leaves, stems

Ingestion

*Refers to seedling emergence

**Vegetative vigor and seedling emergence endpoints are assumed to be as sensitive or more sensitive than reproduction

endpoint and plant reproduction s not explicitly evaluated.

Soil

Root uptake

Se

aq

Biocides in Oil and Gas Extraction Drilling Muds/Fluids, Hydraulic, Fracking F

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary (Enhanced Oil) Recovery Fluids

ExposureMedia

Open Pit Storage or Evaporation Pond
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary pReduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs re

habitat

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake/gillsor integument

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption/

cell, roots, leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians

Ingestion

Waste Water Treatment P

Biocides Added to Oil and Gas Extraction Open Pit or Produ

Disposal

Deep Well Injection

Migration into

Groundwater

Exposed

Groundwater

from Soil

Applications see

Figure (B)

Surface Water

Sediment
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

Routes

AttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

(emergence*)Reduced growthReduced reproduction**

Food chainReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

H

R

pRC

M

re

Terrestrial Animals

Birds (Reptiles, Amphibians)Mammals

Ingestion

Biocides Added to Oil and Gas Extraction Open Pit or Evaporation Ponds

Irrigation Water

Disposal

Terrestrial plantsGrasses/forbs, fruit,seeds, trees, shrubs

Contact/Uptake

leaves, stems

Ingestion

*Refers to seedling emergence

**Vegetative vigor and seedling emergence endpoints are assumed to be as sensitive or more sensitive than reproduction

endpoint and plant reproduction s not explicitly evaluated.

Soil

Root uptake

Leachi

Exposure Surface WaterMedia
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary pReduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs re

habitat

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake/gillsor integument

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption/

cell, roots, leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians

Ingestion

Waste Water Treatment P

Biocides Added to Oil and Gas Separator System, Pipes and Transportation System

Disposal of Waste Fluids

Deep Well Injection

Migration into

Groundwater

Surface Water

Sediment

Terrest

(Biosolids 

S

Secti
Stressor

SourceReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Application of Antimicrobial Paints and Coatings to Buildings, Houses, Str

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEsrelated to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary proReduced coverCommunity change

Modification of PCEs rela

habitat

Overspray

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake across gills or

integument and/or sediment

ingestion

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption by

cell, roots, or leaves,

Riparian

plant

terrestrial

exposure

pathways see

Figure (B)

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g.,amphibians, mollusks, cr

Ingestion

Surface Water

Sediment

Waste 

Disp

from 

Leaching from Exterior Facades

and Structures to Storm Drains
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

Routes

AttributeChange(s)

Overspray

Terrestrial insects

Individual organismsReduced survival

(emergence*)Reduced growthReduced reproduction**

Food chainReduction in plant biomassReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

H

R

pRC

M

re

Terrestrial plantsGrasses/forbs, fruit,seeds, trees, shrubs

Terrestrial AnimalsBirds (Reptiles, Amphibians)Mammals

Soil

Ingestion Ingestion

Dermal uptake/

Ingestion

Root uptake

Dermal contact

Contact/Uptake

leaves, stems

BeneficialInsectsReducedsurvival

*Refers to seedling emergence

**Vegetative vigor and seedling emergence endpoints are assumed to be as sensitive or more sensitive than reproduction

endpoint and plant reproduction s not explicitly evaluated.

Application of Antimicrobial Paints and Coatings to Buildings, Houses, Struc

Leaching/Run

ExposureMedia
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary pReduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs re

habitat

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake/gills

or integument

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption/cell, roots,

leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians

Ingestion

On‐Site/Off‐Site Waste Water Treatment Plant

(WWTP)

Pulp and Paper Mill Process Water Use

Disposal

Terrestrial Soils (B

Application

Air stripping

See

Section X.X

Surface Water

Sediment

Terrestrial birds

and mammals

Inhalation

exposure

pathway see

Figure (B)

Volatilization
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary pReduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs re

habitat

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake/gills

or integument

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption/cell,

roots, leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians

Ingestion

Waste Water Treatment Pla

Swimming Pool and/or Spa Use

Disposal of Water 

sanitary drain syst

Disposal of water to

stormwater drain

Surface Water

Sediment

Soil

See Figure (B)

Disposal of water to

ground surface

Terrestrial So

(Biosolids Applic

See

Section X.X
Stressor

SourceReceptorsand Exposure

Routes

AttributeChange(s)

Terrestrial insects

Individual organismsReduced survival

(emergence*)Reduced growthReduced reproduction**

Food chainReduction in plant biomassReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

H

R

pRC

M

re

Terrestrial plantsGrasses/forbs, fruit,seeds, trees, shrubs

Terrestrial AnimalsBirds (Reptiles, Amphibians)Mammals

Soil

Ingestion Ingestion

Dermal uptake/

Ingestion Root uptake

BeneficialInsectsReducedsurvival

*Refers to seedling emergence

**Vegetative vigor and seedling emergence endpoints are assumed to be as sensitive or more sensitive than reproduction

endpoint and plant reproduction is not explicitly evaluated.

Swimming Pool and/or Spa Use 

Disposal of water to

ground surface

ExposureMedia
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

Habitat in

Reduction Reduced c

Communi

Modificat

habitat

Surface Water/Sediment

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion 

Uptake/gillsor integument

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption/cell, roots,

leaves,

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

PhytoplHerbivoInvertebVertebr

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g., amphibians

Ingestion

Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP)

WWTPmicroorganisms

Uptake or

sorption

PopulationRespirationinhibition

Dip, Pad or Pressure

Treated Wood Process

Facility Drain

Post‐Treated Wood

Product Storage

Leaching and Run‐off

In‐U

Trea

Le

Terrestrial Soils

(Biosolids Application)

See

Section X.X
Stressor

SourcesReceptorsand Exposure

RoutesAttributeChange(s)

Exterior Application of Wood Preservative by Professional or Amate

(e.g., Decking, Siding, Fencing)

Leaching/Run‐off

Individual organismsReduced survival

Reduced growthReduced reproduction

Food chainReduction in algaeReduction in preyModification of PCEsrelated to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary proReduced coverCommunity change

Modification of PCEs rela

habitat

Overspray

Aquatic Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

ExposureMedia

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake across gills or

integument and/or sediment

ingestion

Aquatic Plants

Non‐vascularVascular

Uptake or sorption by

cell, roots, or leaves,

Riparian plant

terrestrial

exposure

pathways see

Figure (B)

Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebrates

Phytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates

*As used here this term refers to animals (terrestrial or aquatic) that eat not just fish but any aquatic animal (e.g.,amphibians, mollusks, cr

Ingestion

Surface Water

Sediment

Wa

Bru

Wash‐
Stressor

Sources/ExposureMediaReceptorsand Exposure

Routes

AttributeChange(s)

Overspray

Terrestrial insects

Individual organismsReduced survival

(emergence*)Reduced growthReduced reproduction**

Food chainReduction in plant biomassReduction in preyModification of PCEs related

to prey availability

H

R

pRC

M

re

Terrestrial plantsGrasses/forbs, fruit,seeds, trees, shrubs

Terrestrial AnimalsBirds (Reptiles, Amphibians)Mammals

Soil

Ingestion Ingestion

Dermal uptake/

Ingestion

Root uptake

Dermal contact

Contact/Uptake

leaves, stems

BeneficialInsectsReducedsurvival

*Refers to seedling emergence

**Vegetative vigor and seedling emergence endpoints are assumed to be as sensitive or more sensitive than reproduction

endpoint and plant reproduction s not explicitly evaluated.

Exterior Application of Wood Preservative by Professional or Amateurs 

(e.g., Decking, Siding, Fencing)

Leaching/