U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Biostratigraphy and Physical Stratigraphy of 

the USGS-Cannon Park Core (CHN-800), 

Charleston County, South Carolina

By Laurel M. By bell, Kevin J. Conlon, Lucy E. Edwards, 

Norman O. Frederiksen, Gregory S. Gohn, and Jean M. Self-Trail

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE REPORT 98-246

Prepared in cooperation with the 

Charleston Commissioners of Public Works

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity 

with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North 

American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm 

names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government.
CONTENTS

Abstract...................................................................................................................................................^

Introduction.............................................................................................................................................^

Purpose and Scope.............................................................................................................................4

Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................................^

Unit Conversions...............................................................................................................................6

Methods............................................................^^

Lithology ...........................................................................................................................................6

Paleontology ......................................................................................................................................6

Results....................................................................................................................................................12

General Core Stratigraphy................................................................................................................ 12

Paleontology ....................................................................................................................................12

Donoho Creek Formation (Black Creek Group)................................................................................ 14

Peedee Formation............................................................................................................................. 18

Rhems Formation (Black Mingo Group) ..........................................................................................20

Lower Bridge Member of the Williamsburg Formation (Black Mingo Group) .................................23

Chicora Member of the Williamsburg Formation (Black Mingo Group)...........................................23

Cross Member of the Santee Limestone............................................................................................24

HarleyvilleFormation (Cooper Group).............................................................................................25

Ashley Formation (Cooper Group)...................................................................................................26

Sediment Accumulation Rates.................................................................................................................26

References..............................................................................................................................................28

FIGURES

1. Map of South Carolina showing location of corehoies discussed in text.............................................5

2. Stratigraphic column and gamma-ray log for Cannon Park corehole................................................7

3. Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil occurrences in the Cannon Park core........................................8-9

4. Cenozoic calcareous nannofossil occurrences in the Cannon Park core.......................................10-11

5. Paleocene dinocysts from the Cannon Park core.............................................................................. 13

6. Eocene dinocysts from the Cannon Park core.................................................................................. 15

7. Pollen from the Cannon Park core................................................................................................... 16

8. Series, stages, calcareous nannofossil zones, and formations in the Mesozoic portion of the Cannon 

	Park core and in the C-15 and St. George cores in South Carolina.................................................. 17

9. Cretaceous age-depth relations in Cannon Park core....................................................................... 19

10. Cenozoic age-depth relationship in Cannon Park core..................................................................... 19

11. Series, stages, calcareous nannofossil zones, and formations in the Cenozoic portion of the Cannon 

	Park core and in the C-15 and Pregnall cores in South Carolina......................................................22
TABLE

1. Cretaceous and Tertiary calcareous nannofossil datums used to calculate sediment accumulation 

rates for Cannon Park core, S.C.......................................................................................................27

	APPENDIXES

1. Important calcareous nannofossil datums.........................................................................................32

2. Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil species considered in this report..................................................33

3. Cenozoic calcareous nannofossil species considered in this report....................................................35

4. Cenozoic dinoflagellate species considered in this report..................................................................37

5. Cenozoic pollen taxa considered in this report..................................................................................39

6. Cenozoicdinocystdata.....................................................................................................................39

7. Cenozoic pollen data........................................................................................................................47

8. Cenozoic lithologic data for the Cannon Park core...........................................................................48

9. Cretaceous lithologic data for the Cannon Park core.........................................................................59
BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PHYSICAL 

STRATIGRAPHY OF THE

USGS-CANNON PARK CORE (CHN-800), 

CHARLESTON COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA

By Laurel M. Bybell 1 , Kevin J. Conlon2, Lucy E. Edwards 1 , 

Norman O. Frederiksen1 , Gregory S. Gohn1 , and Jean M. Self-Trail 1

ABSTRACT

The Cannon Park corehole was drilled within 

the city limits of Charleston, S.C., to a depth of 

1,012 ft below land surface. Based on microfossil 

studies, sediments in this core are Late Cretaceous 

(Campanian and Maastrichtian), Paleocene, Eocene, 

and Oligocene in age. From oldest to youngest, the 

marine sedimentary units that were encountered and 

their ages are the (1) Donoho Creek Formation of 

late Campanian age - calcareous nannofossil Zone 

CC 21 and Subzones CC 22b and CC 22c; (2) 

Peedee Formation of late Maastrichtian age - 

Subzones CC 25b, CC 26a, CC 26b; (3) Rhems 

Formation of early and late Paleocene age - 

calcareous nannofossil Zones NP 1, NP 4; (4) Lower 

Bridge Member of the Williamsburg Formation of 

late Paleocene age - Zone NP 5; (5) Chicora Member 

of the Williamsburg Formation of late Paleocene age 

- Zone NP 8; (6) Cross Member of the Santee 

Limestone of middle Eocene age - Zones NP 16, NP 

17; (7) Harleyville Formation of late Eocene age - 

Zones NP 18, NP 19/20; (8) Ashley Formation of 

late Oligocene age - Zone NP 24; and (9) Wando 

Formation, which had no apparent microfossils in 

the Cannon Park core, but is of Pleistocene age 

elsewhere in the Charleston area. Where possible, 

comparison is made between the age of sediments in

the Cannon Park core and in other cores in South 

Carolina.

INTRODUCTION 

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

In November and December of 1994, the 

Cannon Park corehole (CHN-800) was drilled in 

Cannon Park in the city of Charleston, S.C. (fig. 1). 

The site is located in the Charleston 7.5' quadrangle 

at lat 32°46'55"N., long 79°56'41"W. Ground 

elevation at the site is 4 ft above sea level. The 

corehole, which was cored continuously to a total 

depth of 1,012 ft below land surface, recovered 

Upper Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene 

sediments that were dated using microfossils 

(calcareous nannofossils, dinocysts, and pollen). 

The Cannon Park core currently (July 1998) is stored 

at the College of Charleston in Charleston, S.C.

In this report, we provide strati graphic, lithologic, and paleontologic data and analyses for the 

Cretaceous and Paleogene portions of the Cannon 

Park core. Calcareous nannofossils were studied 

from the Cretaceous and Paleogene units, whereas 

dinoflagellates and pollen were studied only from the 

Paleogene units. Laurel M. Bybell provided

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192

U.S. Geological Survey, Sullivans Island, SC 29482
 34'

Georgia

33

79°

nnon Park

Figure 1. Map of South Carolina showing location of coreholes discussed in text.
Cenozoic calcareous nannofossil data and is the 

compiler for this paper; Kevin J. Conlon provided 

the lithologic data for the Cenozoic portion of the 

core; Lucy E. Edwards studied the Cenozoic 

dinocysts; Norman O. Frederiksen studied the 

Cenozoic pollen; Gregory S. Gohn provided 

lithologic data for the Cretaceous portion of the core; 

and Jean M. Self-Trail studied the Cretaceous 

calcareous nannofossils.

Other recent paleontologic and lithologic studies 

of cores from the southeastern U.S. include: 

Edwards and others (1997) and Self-Trail and Gohn 

(1996) in Dorchester County, S.C.; Self-Trail and 

Bybell (1997) in Jasper County, S.C.; and Clarke 

and others (1996) and a new volume that includes 

papers by Bukry, Bybell, Edwards, Edwards and 

others, Falls and Prowell, Frederiksen, Frederiksen 

and others, Gibson, and Gohn (in press) in Screven 

and Burke Counties, Ga. Earlier publications by 

Hattner and Wise (1980), Hattner and others (1980), 

Habib and Miller (1989), and Moshkovitz and Habib 

(1993) also provided micropaleontological data for 

South Carolina and Georgia sediments.

AKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Bruce G. Campbell of the U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources Division District 

Office in Columbia, S.C., for organizing the drilling 

of and developing the funding for the Cannon Park 

corehole. The corehole was drilled by the U.S. 

Geological Survey's (USGS) Eastern Region 

Geologic Mapping Team drill crew for the South 

Carolina District of the USGS Water Resources 

Division as part of a cooperative project with the 

Charleston Commissioners of Public Works. USGS 

drillers at the Cannon Park site were Eugene F. 

Cobbs, Eugene F. Cobbs III, and Donald G. Queen. 

We thank Nancy J. Durika and Thomas P. Sheehan 

for processing the palynological samples and 

Amanda J. Chapman for processing the calcareous 

nannofossil samples. We thank Michael P. Katuna 

of the College of Charleston and Lucy McCartan of 

the U.S. Geological Survey for their thoughtful 

reviews of this paper.

UNIT CONVERSIONS

U.S. customary units are used throughout this

report, except for descriptions of grain size, pore 

size, and measurements used in processing methods, 

which are given in metric' units. To convert 

millimeters to inches, multiply the value in millimeters by 0.03937. To convert micrometers to 

inches, multiply the value in micrometers by 

0.00003937. To convert feet to meters, multiply the 

value in feet by 0.3048.

METHODS 

LITHOLOGY

Generalized lithologic descriptions of the core 

were made at the site during drilling operations. 

These descriptions were augmented by additional 

lithologic information gathered during a second 

examination of the core in the laboratory. General 

lithologic descriptions of the core, including semiquantitative visual estimates of grain size, particle 

abundances, colors, and related information, are 

given in appendixes 8 and 9.

In some cases, depths for stratigraphic contacts 

picked from the geophysical logs may vary by one to 

three feet from depths picked in the core for the 

same contacts. These variations result from inherent 

uncertainties in choosing precisely the positions of 

contacts on the logs and from small errors in 

assigned core depths caused by unrecovered 

intervals. Log depths are used in the stratigraphic 

discussions in this report. Core depths appear in 

appendixes 8 and 9.

PALEONTOLOGY

CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS

Thirty-two Cretaceous and sixty Cenozoic 

calcareous nannofossil samples were examined from 

the Cannon Park core at approximately 1- to 10-foot 

intervals. A small amount of sediment was extracted 

from the central portion of a core segment (freshly 

broken where possible). The samples were dried in a 

convection oven to remove residual water, and the 

dry sediment was placed in vials for long-term 

storage in the calcareous nannofossil laboratory at 

the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, Va. Semiconsolidated or consolidated samples were ground 

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sample was placed in a beaker, stirred, and settled 

through 20 ml of water. An initial settling time of 

one minute was used to remove the coarse fraction, 

and a second settling time of 10 minutes was used to 

remove the fine fraction. Smear slides were 

prepared from the remaining suspended material. 

Cover slips were attached to the slides using Norland 

Optical Adhesive (NOA-65), a clear adhesive that 

bonds glass to glass and cures when exposed to 

ultraviolet radiation. Samples were examined with 

either a Zeiss Photomicroscope III or a Zeiss 

Axiophot 2.

PALYNOLOGY

Thirty-eight samples were examined for pollen 

content, and nineteen of these also were examined 

for dinocysts. All samples were treated with 

hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and nitric acids. For 

some samples, organic material was separated by 

using a series of soap washes and swirling. Material 

was stained with Bismark brown, sieved at 10-200 

|4.m, and mounted for light microscope observation 

using glycerin jelly. Many of the 38 samples from 

the Cannon Park core that were examined for pollen 

were screened at >10uin and <40um to concentrate 

the angiospenn pollen.

RESULTS 

GENERAL CORE STRATIGRAPHY

The Cretaceous and Cenozoic sections in the 

Cannon Park core consist entirely of marine 

sediments (fig. 2). The Upper Cretaceous section 

consists primarily of bioturbated, calcareous, silty 

and sandy clays and similar muddy fine sands that 

are assigned to the Donoho Creek Formation of the 

Black Creek Group and the overlying Peedee 

Formation. Similar bioturbated, calcareous, finegrained marine deposits constitute the Paleocene 

section. Well-sorted shelly sands and sandy, shelly 

limestones are present near the top of the Paleocene 

section. The Paleocene sediments are assigned to the 

RJiems Formation and overlying Williamsburg 

Formation of the Black Mingo Group. The middle 

Eocene section consists of fine-grained limestone 

assigned to the Cross Member of the Santee 

Limestone. The upper Eocene section consists of

calcareous clays and clayey fine-grained limestones 

assigned to the Harleyville Formation of the Cooper 

Group. The Oligocene section consists of microfossiliferous, phosphatic, clayey fine sand assigned to 

the Ashley Formation of the Cooper Group. A 

Pleistocene section consisting of shelly, muddy sands 

and silty clays is present at the top of the core and 

has been mapped at Charleston by Weems and 

Lemon (1993) as the Wando Formation. These 

surficial Pleistocene deposits are not considered 

further in this report.

PALEONTOLOGY

The calcareous nannofossil zonation used for the 

Cretaceous strata is based primarily on the zonation 

of Sissingh (1977) as modified by Perch-Nielsen 

(1985). The calcareous nannofossil zonation used 

for the Cenozoic strata is based primarily upon the 

zonation of Martini (1971) and secondarily on the 

zonation of Bukry (1973) and Okada and Bukry 

(1980). Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy is 

based on the highest and lowest occurrences of 

species; FAD indicates a first appearance datum, and 

LAD indicates a last appearance datum. Important 

Paleogene FAD's and LAD's are given in appendix 

1. A list of Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil 

species that are considered in this report is given in 

appendix 2, and a list of Cenozoic species is given in 

appendix 3.

The calcareous nannofossil assemblages were 

sufficient in number of specimens, diversity of taxa, 

and preservational state in the Cannon Park samples 

to allow placement of samples within one specific 

zone or subzone. Calcareous nannofossil contamination is confined primarily to reworked 

specimens of Cretaceous species into Paleocene 

sediments, although there is sporadic reworking of 

older Cretaceous calcareous nannofossils into 

younger Cretaceous sediments (fig. 3). Cretaceous 

calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellates are 

reworked up into various parts of the RJiems 

Formation (figs. 4-5). There is a small amount of 

downhole contamination caused by the coring 

operation. In particular, middle Eocene calcareous 

nannofossils were introduced into the coarser 

grained parts of the RJiems Formation and the Lower 

Bridge Member of the Williamsburg Formation. In 

addition, samples from the upper and lower parts of 

the upper Paleocene Chicora Member of the

12
Group

Formation

Member

Species Depth (ft)

Kallosphaeridium brevibarbatum de Coninck 1969

Chiropteridium lobospinosum (Gocht 1956) Gocht 1960

Deflandrea spinulosa Albert! 1959

Deflandrea phosphoritica Eisenack '\938lD.heterophlycta Defl.&Cooks. 1955

Membranophoridium aspinatum Gerlach 1 961

Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach 1 961 (verm.)

Wetzeliella Eisenack 1938 spp.

Turbiosphaera sp. aff. T. magnified Eaton 1976 of Edwards (1989)

Amphorosphaelidium multispinosum (Davey & Williams 1966) Sarjeant 1981

Deflandrea delineate Cookson & Eisenack 1965

Fibradinium annetorpense Morgenroth 1 968

Spinidinium Cookson & Eisenack 1962 spp.

Phelodinium sp. of Edwards (1989)

Tanyosphaeridium xanthiopyxides (Wetzel 1933) Stover & Evitt 1978

Lejeunecysta Artzner & Dorhofer 1978 sp.

Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

small peridiniacean forms

Palaeocystodinium Albert! 1 967 sp.

Hafniaspha era Hansen 1977 sp.

?Andalusiella rhombohedra of Edwards and others (1984)

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

Damassadinium califomicum (Drugg 1967) Fensome et al. 1993

Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965

Palaeocystodinium golzowense Albert! 1 961

Spiniferites Mantel! 1850 spp.

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

Hystrichosphaeridium tubiferum (Ehrenberg 1838) Deflandre 1937

Hafniasphaera septata (Cookson & Eisenack 1 967) Hansen 1 977

Palaeoperidinium pyrophorum (Ehrenberg 1 838) Sarjeant 1 967

Oligosphaeridium complex (White 1842) Davey & Williams 1966

Cribroperidinium giuseppei (Morgenroth 1966) Helenes 1984

Cyclapophysis monmouthensis Benson 1 976

Deflandrea cf. D. diebelii Albert! of Drugg (1967)

Deflandrea n. sp. aff. D. truncata Eisenack 1 938

Exochosphaeridium Davey et al. 1966 sp.

Membranosphaera maastrichtica Samoilovitch 1 961

Phelodinium Stover & Evitt 1978 spp.

Spinidinium densispinaturm Stanley 1965

Systematophora placacantha (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Davey et al. 1969

Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack 1954) Eisenack & Gocht 1960

Andalusiella sp. aff. A. polymorpha of Edwards (1980) 

reworked Cretaceous specimens

Black Mingo Group

Rhems

->j

CO 

O)

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

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X

X

X

X

X

9

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. X . X . X .

X . X X . X .

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X X X X . X .

X . . . .XX

X X X X X X X

X X X X X . .

.XX. .XX

XXX. .XX

XX . X X X X

X X X X X X X

XX . X X X X

X ......

X . X X . . .

. . . . . R R

Wmsburg

LB

-b*

(0 

CO

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Chicora

-b. CO -*. ->J 

ro 03

. X

c .

c .

c .

c .

c .

c .

X X

. X

X X

. X

. X

. X

. X

X X

X X

X .

Figure 5. Paleocene Dinocysts from the Cannon Park core. Wmsburg, Williamsburg; LB, Lower Bridge Member; X, present; C, 

contaminant; R, reworked.

13
Williamsburg Formadon contain a significant 

amount of downhole contamination of calcareous 

naniiofossils from the overlying middle Eocene 

Santee Limestone (fig. 4). There also are conspicuous numbers of Oligocene and quesdonably 

Eocene dinoflagellates in the lower part of the 

Chicora Member. The upper and lower portions of 

the Chicora Member are much coarser grained than 

the underlying or overlying sediments, and thus 

much more prone to contamination during the coring 

process. Paleocene and quesdonably Eocene 

dinoflagellates are reworked into the upper Eocene 

Harleyville Formadon, and there is a minor amount 

of reworking of late Eocene calcareous nannofossil 

specimens from the top of the Harleyville Formadon 

into the lowest Ashley Formation sample (late 

Oligocene age).

Occurrences of dinocysts in the Cannon Park 

core are shown in figures 5 and 6. A list of dinocyst 

species that are considered in this report is given in 

appendix 4, and appendix 6 contains detailed information about dinocyst occurrences in the core. 

There is no widely accepted standard zonation for 

dinoflagellate cysts. However, there are lowest and 

highest occurrences that have proved to be useful in 

correlating dinocyst-bearing sediments, both on a 

local and an intercontinental basis, and where 

possible they are used for the Cannon Park 

sediments.

Occurrences of pollen and spores are shown in 

figure 7. A list of pollen species that are considered 

in this report is given in appendix 5, and appendix 7 

contains information about pollen occurrences in the 

core. A pollen zonation has been proposed for the 

Paleocene of the eastern United States (Frederiksen, 

1991, 1998), but no pollen zonation has been 

proposed for the Eocene of this region. However, 

higher resolution correlations can be obtained using 

lowest and highest occurrences of individual pollen 

taxa rather than zones, and that is the method used 

for pollen age determinations in this report.

DONOHO CREEK FORMATION 

(upper part) Black Creek Group

1,012.0-826.6 ft

Late Campanian

Zone CC 21 and Subzones CC 22b and CC 22c

LITIIOSTRATIGRAPHY

The Donoho Creek Formation consists of at

least 185 ft of fine-grained marine sediments. The 

recovered Donoho Creek secdon extends from the 

base of the Cannon Park core at 1,012.0 ft to an 

unconformable contact with the Peedee Formadon at 

826.6 ft (figs. 2, 8). An additional unconformable 

contact is present within the Donoho Creek ?ccdon 

at 954.1 ft. Regionally, the Donoho Creek 

Formation is known to consist of two, and locally 

three, subunits divided by unconformable contacts 

(Self-Trail and Gohn, 1996)(fig. 8).

The Donoho Creek secdon from 1,012.0 to 

954.1 ft consists of bioturbated, calcareous, muddy, 

very fine to fine quartz sands and similar clayey 

quartz silts. The sand-silt fraction coarsens upward 

slightly within the interval from silt and very fine 

sand in the lower part to very fine and fine sand 

(widi about 5 to 10 percent medium sand) in the 

upper part. Small to trace amounts of silt- and sandsized mica and glauconite are present throughout 

this interval, as are sparse, sand-sized molluscan 

fragments. Microfossils are moderately common. 

The entire interval is bioturbated, and clay-lined 

burrows are discernible throughout the secdon. 

Small, irregular secondary nodules, in which calcite 

replaces the clay matrix, are irregularly spaced 

throughout the secdon.

At the contact at 954.1 ft, calcite-cemented, 

slightly muddy, very fine to medium quartz sand is 

overlain by calcareous, muddy, very fine to fine sand 

that contains phosphate sand and granules, cemented 

intraclasts, and common shell fragments in its basal 

6 inches. The contact is sharp and 1 to 2 inches of 

relief are seen in the core. This upper part of the 

Donoho Creek interval also consists of calcareous, 

bioturbated, muddy, very fine to fine sands. Small to 

trace amounts of glauconite, mica, and sand-sized 

shell fragments again are present, as are small, 

secondary, calcite nodules. Unlined, sand-filled 

burrows are present above about 905 ft. The secdon 

from 878 to 865 ft consists primarily of bioturbated, 

calcareous, silty clay. Thin (tenths of an inch thick), 

inclined (less than 20 degrees), silt laminae are 

spaced every 4 to 6 inches in the upper part of this 

clay interval.

CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS

The Donoho Creek Formation of the Black 

Creek Group is represented by 23 samples 

containing a flora indicative of calcareous 

nannofossil Zone CC 21 and Subzones CC 22b and

14
Group

Formation

Member

Species Depth (ft)

Pentadinium membranaceum (Eisenack 1965) Stover & Evitt 1978 

Cordosphaeridium funlculatum Morgenroth 1966 

Glaphyrocysta cf. G. ? vicina (Eaton 1976) Stover & Evitt 1978 

Hystrichostrogyton conlnckii Heilmen-Clausen 1985 

WetzeHella Eisenack 1938 spp.

Pentadinium laticinctum Geriach 1961 (verm.) 

Pentadinium laticinctum Geriach 1961 subspjafc/ncium 

BaOacasphaera baculata Drugg 1970 

BaOacasphaera compta Drugg 1970 

Deflandrea phosphoriOca Eisenack 1938/D./>eterop/)/ycte Defl. & Cooks. 1955

Dapsilidinium pseudocolligerum (Stover 1977) Bujak et al. 1980 

Polysphaeridlum zoharyi (Rossignol 1962) Bujak et al. 1980 

Chariesdownia variabilis (Bujak 1980) Lentin & Vozzennikova 1989 

Corwdinium incomposltum (Drugg 1970) Stover & Evitt 1978 

Fibrocysta Stover & Evitt 1978 sp.

Hystrichokolpoma cinctum Klumpp 1953 

Melitasphaeridlumpseudorecurvatum (Morgenroth 1966) Bujak et al. 1980 

Samlandia chlamydophora sensu Stover and Hardenbol (1993) 

Pentadinium laticinctum Geriach 1961 (knobby) 

Palaeocystodlnium golzowense Albert! 1961 

Selenopemphix Benedek 1972 spp. 

Corwdinium sp. I of Edwards (1984) 

Heteraulacacysta porosa Bujak et al. 1980 

Homotrybllum Davey & Williams 1966 sp.

Lentinia senate Bujak 1980 

Chariesdowniea coieothrypta (Wms. & Downie1966) Lentin & Vozzh. 1989 

Rottnestja borussica (Eisenack 1954) Cookson & Eisenack 1961 

Spiniferites pseudofurcatus (Klumpp 1953) Sarjeant 1970 

Cordosphaeridium cantharellus (Brosius 1963) Gocht 1969

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp. 

Dinopterygium cladoides sensu Morgenroth 1966 

Millioudodinium sp. I of Edwards (1984) 

Ennaedocysta Stover & Williams 1995 spp. 

Cribroperidlnium gluseppei (Morgenroth 1966) Helenes 1984

Diphyes collig&rum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965 

Homotryblium piectilum Drugg & Loeblich Jr. 1967 

Lejeunecysta Artzner & Dorhofer 1978 sp. 

Ungutodinium machaerophorum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967 

Systematophora placacantha (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Davey et al. 1969

Tectatodinium pellitum Wall 1967 

Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack 1954) Eisenack & Gocht 1960 

Spiniferites Mantel! 1850 spp. 

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms 

Operculodlnium Wall 1967 spp.

Samlandia chlamydophora Eisenack 1954 

Distatodlnium elllpticum (Cookson 1965) Eaton 1976 

Hystrichokolpoma rigaudiae Deflandre & Cookson 1955 

Phthanoperidinium comatum (Morgenroth 1966) Eisenack & Kjellstrom 1971 

Hafnlasphaera Hansen 1977 sp.

Pentadinium goniferum Edwards 1982 

Pentadinium polypodum Edwards 1982 

Rhombodlnium draco Gocht 1955/R glabrum (Cookson 1956) Vozzh. 1967 

"ArBosphaeridium" polypetallum Islam 1983 

Eocladopyxis sp. of Williams and Brideaux (1975)

Glaphyrocysta cf. G. ? vicina (Eaton 1976) Stover & Evitt 1978 

Hystrichostrogyton membranlphorum Agelopoulous 1964 

Pentadinium Geriach 1961 n. sp. D 

Rhombodlnium sp. I of Edwards (1984)

small peridiniacean forms 

Eocladoyxis Morgenroth 1966 n. sp.

Santee Fm

Cross Mbr.

$ rv) Ul

. . X 

. . X 

. . X 

. . X 

. . X

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X

?

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X

X 

X

X 

X

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X

X

X 

X

X 

X 

X

X . . 

X . . 

X . . 

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Cooper Group

Harteyville Fm.

'A

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X

X

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X

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X

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X 

X 

X 

X

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X 

X 

X 

X

8

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X

X 

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X

X

X 

X 

X 

X

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X 

X

KJ

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X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X

X

X 

X

X

X

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X

X

?

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X

KJ

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X

X

X

X 

X

X 

X

X

X 

X 

X

X 

X

X 

X

X

^2

X 

X

X

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X

X ....

R R

R

Figure 6. Eocene dinocysts from the Cannon Park core. X, present; ?. questionably present; 

R, reworked.

15
Formation

Cannon Park core Depth (ft)

Species Sample

Aesculiidites circumstriatus

Bombacacidites nacimientoensis

Bombacacidites reticulatus 

Carya <29ym

Caryapollenites prodromus group

Choanopollenites alabamicus 

Favitricolporites baculoferus 

Intratriporopollenites pseudinstructus

Lanagiopollis cribellatus

Longapertites sp. 

Milfordia minima 

Momipites coryloides 

Momipites dilatus

Momipites flexus

Momipites microfoveolatus

Momipites strictus

Momipites tenuipolus group

Myocolpopollenites reticulatus 

Nudopollis endangulatus

Nudopoilis terminalis 

Nudopollis thiergartii

Piolendpollis endocuspoides

Plicatopollis triorbicularis type

Plicatopollis triradiatus

Polyatriopollenites sp.

Porocolpopollenites ollivierae

Pseudoplicapollis cf. P. endocuspis 

Pseudoplicapollis limitatus 

Pseudoplicapollis serenus

Psilodiporites iszkaszentgyorgyi

Retitrescolpites anguloluminosus

Sparganiaceaepolfenites sp.

Spinaepollis spinosus

Subtriporopollenites anulatus 

Subtriporopollenites nanus 

Thomsonipollis magnificus

Triatriopollenites subtriangulus

Triatriopollenites triangulus 

Tricolpites asper 

Trudopollis spp. 

Ulmipollenites krempii

Ulmipollenites tricostatus

Rhems Fm.

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Bridq

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. X

X .

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X .

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X X 

. X

. X

X X

X X

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X X

X X

9

X .

X X

X X 

X X

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X X 

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Ch

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X

X 

X

X

X

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X

X 

X

X

X

X

X

X

Figure 7. Pollen from the Cannon Park core. Lower Bridge, Lower

Bridge Member of the Williamsburg Formation;

Ch, Chicora Member of the Williamsburg Formation;

X, present, P, probable occurrence ; ?, questionable occurrence.

16
Formations

St. George Cannon Park

Peedee Peedee Formation Formation

Peedee 

Formation

Donoho Creek Fm.

Donoho Creek 

Formation

Donoho Creek Donoho Creek Formation Formation

Bladen 

Bladen Formation

Coachman

Undifferentiated

Coachman 

Formation

Cane Acre 

Formation

Cane Acre 

Formation

Caddin 

Formation

Middendorf 

Formation Not Studied

Figure 8. Series, stages, calcareous nannofossil zones, and formations in the 

Mesozoic portion of the Cannon Park core and other studied cores. The time 

scale is modified from Gradstein and others (1995). Placement of the CampanianMaastrichtian boundary is from Odin, compiler (1996). Angled line pattern indicates 

that there are no sediments of this age in the core.

17
CC 22c (fig. 3). Preservation of calcareous 

nannofossils from the Donoho Creek Formation is 

moderate to good, and floral abundances are 

abundant to common. The lowest seven samples, 

from 1,010.4 to 960.7 ft, are placed in Zone CC 21 

based on the co-occurrence of Quadrum sissinghii 

(FAD marks the base of Zone CC 21) and 

Ceratolithoides aculeus (FAD marks the base of 

Zone CC 20) and the absence of Quadrum thfidum 

(FAD marks the base of Zone CC 22). It cannot be 

determined whether the Cannon Park corehole 

reached the base of Zone CC 21.

The physical unconformity at 954.1 ft also is 

recorded by the calcareous nannofossil assemblage as 

the boundary between Zones CC 21 and CC 22. In 

the Cannon Park core, Subzone CC 22a is missing, 

and Zone CC 21 is possibly truncated. This 

unconformity also is present in other South Carolina 

cores (St. George and C-15; figs. 1, 8)(Self-Trail and 

Gohn, 1996; Self-Trail and Bybell, 1997) where it is 

overlain either by Subzone CC 22a or Subzone CC 

22b. Due to the paucity of marker species in the 

Cannon Park core, however, this hiatus is not 

evident when viewing the sediment accumulation 

plot (fig. 9).

The samples from 953.0 to 930.3 ft are placed in 

Subzone CC 22b based on the absence of 

Lithastrinus grillii (LAD marks the top of Subzone 

CC 22a) and Reinhardtites levis (FAD marks the 

base of Subzone CC 22c) and the presence of 

Quadrum trifidum (FAD marks the base of Subzone 

CC 22a) and Reinhardtites anthophorus (LAD 

marks the top of Subzone CC 22c). It should be 

noted, however, that L. grillii becomes somewhat 

sporadic near the top of its range, and it is therefore 

possible that these three samples belong in Subzone 

CC 22a rather than CC 22b. However, because L. 

grillii does occur in sediments lower in the section, it 

is more probable that its true range is represented in 

this core. The remaining 13 samples (926.3 to 838.3 

ft) from the top of the formation are placed in 

Subzone CC 22c based on the co-occurrence of 

Reinhardtites levis and Reinhardtites anthophorus.

At 826.6 ft, the Donoho Creek Formation is 

truncated by an unconformity that encompasses the 

Campanian/Maastrichtian boundary. This unconformity has been recorded elsewhere in South 

Carolina (fig. 8)(Self-Trail and Bybell, 1997), as 

well as from New Jersey (Sugarman and others, 

1995).

PEEDEE FORMATION

826.6-743.8 ft

Late Maastrichtian

Subzones CC 25b, CC 26a, CC 26b

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY

The Peedee Formation is approximately 83 ft 

thick between the basal contact at 826.6 ft and the 

Peedee-Rhems Formation contact (CretaceousTertiary boundary) at 743.8 ft. The sharp contact 

between the Donoho Creek Formation and the 

Peedee Formation at 826.6 ft is burrowed, and 2 

inches of relief are seen in the core. The upper foot 

of the Donoho Creek consists of calcite-cemented, 

silty, very fine to fine sand. The basal 3.5 ft of the 

Peedee consists of bioturbated, calcareous, muddy, 

very fine to fine sand with common calcite-cemented 

intraclasts, small molluscan fragments, and 

phosphate sand and granules. Phosphate constitutes 

5 to 10 percent of the sediment at the base of the 

Peedee, but decreases in abundance upward.

The Peedee section above its basal 3.5 ft consists 

of massive to thoroughly bioturbated and texturemottled, strongly calcareous, clayey quartz silt. Very 

fine quartz sand is present in the upper 10 to 20 ft of 

the Peedee section. Disseminated, sand-sized 

molluscan fragments are sparse, but an abundant 

microfauna is present. Mica and glauconite are 

present in small to trace amounts.

CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS

The Peedee Formation consists of sediments of 

late Maastrichtian age (Zones CC 25 and CC 26). 

Calcareous nannofossils were examined from nine 

samples taken from the Peedee Formation (fig. 3). 

Calcareous nannofossil preservation throughout the 

Peedee Formation was moderate to good, and 

abundances were typically high. The lower two 

samples (825.2 and 823.3 ft.) are placed in Subzone 

CC 25b based on the presence of Lithraphidites 

quadrat us (FAD defines the base of Subzone CC 

25b) and the absence of Nephrolithus frequens and 

Ceratolithoides kamptneri (FAD's define the base of 

Zone CC 26), Micula murus (FAD defines the base 

of Subzone CC 25c), and Reinhardtites levis (LAD 

marks the top of Zone CC 24;.

Subzone CC 26a extends from 810.2 to 771.0 ft 

and is represented by five samples. Identification

18
700

800

900

Q. 

O 

Q

1000

1100

A Last appearance datum 

 First appearance datum

Cretaceous/Tertiary contact

60 65 70 

Age (Ma)

75 80

Figure 9. Cretaceous age-depth relationship in Cannon Park core, S.C., using calcareous nannofossil 

datums. Ages of datums are assinged by Henriksson (1994), Berggren and others (1995), and Erba 

and others (1995).

a. a> Q

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

\_\ft-tft

 First appearance datum

A Last appearance datum

+ Interpolated ages

20 30 40 50 60 70

Age (Ma)

Figure 10. Tertiary age-depth relationship in Cannon Park core, S.C., using calcareous nannofossil 

datums. Ages of datums are as assigned by Berggren and others (1995). Interpolated ages are based 

on Berggren and others (1995) and unpublished data. The ages assigned to these datums are 

preliminary and are in the process of being refined and calibrated.

19
of this subzone was based on the first appearance of 

Ceratolithoides kamptneri at 810.2 ft, a species 

whose FAD often is used as a proxy for the Subzone 

CC 25c/26a boundary. The latest Maastrichtian 

Subzone CC 26b is represented by two samples 

(760.9 and 745.2 ft) that contain both Nephrolithus 

frequens and Micula prinsii (FAD defines the base of 

Subzone CC 26b)(figs. 2, 3). Thus, the Peedee 

Formation from the Cannon Park core contains a 

fairly complete uppermost Cretaceous sequence.

Use of the calcareous nannofossil zonation for 

the late Maastrichtian can be uncertain at times due 

to the diachronous nature of some of the marker 

species. For example, the FAD of Nephrolithus 

frequens is used by many calcareous nannofossil 

experts to delineate the base of Subzone CC 26a 

(Perch-Nielsen, 1985). However, Huber and 

Watkins (1992) demonstrated the diachronous nature 

of N. frequens by showing that it first appears in the 

lower Maastrichtian at high paleolatitudes and does 

not occur in the low latitudes until the latest 

Maastrichtian (well into Subzone CC 26b). This 

delayed appearance is observed in the Cannon Park 

core in South Carolina, where N. frequens does not 

appear until latest Maastrichtian Subzone CC 26b, 

where it co-occurs with M. prinsii (fig. 3).

An unconformity, representing at least Subzone 

CC 25c, probably is present between Subzones CC 

25b and CC 26a in the Cannon Park core. Micula 

mums, whose FAD typically marks the base of 

Subzone CC 25c, has its first appearance at 790.1 ft, 

approximately 20 ft higher in the section than the 

FAD of Ceratolithoides kamptneri (810.2 ft), the 

proxy marker for the base of Subzone CC 26a. 

However, Micula murus typically is found to have its 

first occurrence higher in the section in South 

Carolina than is reported elsewhere, and it is 

possible that variation in its overall range may be 

due changes in the paleoenvironmcnt such as 

variation in water depth. If the latter case is true, 

then M. murus cannot be used to define the base of 

Subzone CC 25c in South Carolina.

RHEMS FORMATION 

Black Mingo Group

743.8-498.0 ft

Early and late Paleocene

Zone NP 1 and upper Zone NP 4

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY

The Rhems Formation occurs between a basal 

unconformable contact at 743.8 and an upper 

unconformable contact at 498.0 ft, a thickness of 

approximately 246 ft. There is an additional 

unconformable contact within the Rhems section at 

724.0 ft.

The thin section between 743.8 and 724.0 ft 

consists of bioturbated, calcareous, muddy, very fine 

to fine sand. Just above its base, this unit contains 

10 to 15 percent phosphate, sand, granules, and 

small pebbles in its basal few feet. These phosphatic 

sediments overlie strongly bioturbated, calcareous, 

muddy, very fine sand at the top of the Peedee 

Formation along a sharp, strongly burrowed contact. 

The Rhems section between 724.0 and 498.0 ft 

consists of a monotonous section of bioturbated, 

moderately calcareous silty clays, clayey silts, and 

muddy very fine sands. A few feet of phosphate- and 

glauconite-rich sediments overlie the contact at 

724.0 ft.

CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS

Twenty-nine calcareous nannofossil samples 

were examined from the Rhems Formation between 

743.2 and 510.0 ft (fig. 4). All of these samples had 

abundant to common calcareous nannofossil floras 

with generally moderate to poor preservation. There 

are reworked Cretaceous specimens throughout the 

Rhems Formation. The oldest calcareous nannofossil zone in the Paleocene is Zone NP 1 (Martini, 

1971). As reported by van Heck and Prins (1987), 

there is a series of first occurrences (FAD's) in the 

lower part of Zone NP I that can be used to 

subdivide this zone. From oldest to youngest, these 

include the FAD's of Cruciplacolithus primus, 

Placozygus sigmoides. Cruciplacolithus intermedius, 

and Cruciplacolithus asymmetricus, which are 

present in the Cannon Park Core. Above these 

datums, the FAD of Cruciplacolithus tenuis defines 

the base of Zone NP 2.

Six samples were examined from the base of the 

Rhems at 743.8 ft to a lithologic contact at 724.0 ft 

(743.2, 741.2, 736.0, 733.0, 731.0, and 726.0 ft)(fig. 

4). The presence of numerous specimens of the 

genus Thoracosphaera clearly places this interval 

within the Paleocene rather than the Cretaceous. In 

addition, all six of these samples can be placed more 

accurately in the upper part of Zone NP 1 because

20
they contain the species C. primus, P. sigmoides, and 

Cruciplacolithus intermedius. Cruciplacolithus 

asymmetricus first appears in the third sample above 

the base of the Rhems Formation at 736.0 ft. 

Cruciplacolithus tenuis does not occur in any of 

these lower six samples. The Rhems Formation in 

the C-15 sidewall cores from Jasper County, S.C. 

(fig. 1) also contains upper Zone NP 1 sediments 

(fig. 1 l)(Self-Trail and Bybell, 1997).

The lithologic contact at 724.0 ft is an unconformity that includes all of Zones NP 2 and NP 3. 

The first sample examined above the unconformity, 

at 723.3 ft, can be placed in Zone NP 4 based on the 

presence of Ellipsolithus bollii and Toweius pertusus 

(FAD's in Zone NP 4) and the absence of any 

species that first appear in Zone NP 5. A total of 

twenty-three samples was examined between the 

depths of 723.3 and 510.0 ft, and they all indicate 

Zone NP 4. Berggren and others (1995) placed the 

early-late Paleocene boundary in the middle of Zone 

NP 4. Therefore, the Zone NP 4 samples from 

Cannon Park are either early or late Paleocene in age 

or both, based solely on calcareous nannofossils. 

The upper part of the Rhems Formation in the C-15 

material could not be dated (Self-Trail and Bybell, 

1997).

DINOCYSTS

Eight samples were examined from the Rhems 

Formation for dinocysts (fig. 5). The sample from 

736.0 ft has fair diversity and moderate preservation 

with no one species dominating the assemblage. 

Cyclapophysis monmouthensis occurs in the Late 

Cretaceous and early Paleocene in Maryland 

(Benson, 1976), and Deflandrea n. sp. aff. D. 

truncata is found in the early Paleocene in cores 

from Georgia. These forms are consistent with the 

Zone NP 1 age determination made with the 

calcareous nannofossils.

The remaining seven samples between 695.1 

and 510.0 ft were placed in Zone NP 4 using 

calcareous nannofossils. All of these samples have 

low diversity dinocyst assemblages that are 

dominated by small, pale pcridiniacean forms. 

Similar forms are common in Paleocene sediments 

in the Ellenton Formation in South Carolina 

(Prowell and others, 1985) and in Georgia (Leeth 

and others, 1996; Huddlestun and Summerour, 

1996). There is reworking of Cretaceous forms in 

two of these samples.

POLLEN

Twenty-four samples were examined for pollen 

from the Rhems Formation (fig. 7). Eight of these 

samples were barren of pollen, and eleven samples 

contained pollen taxa with nondiagnostic ranges 

(appendix 7). However, five samples contained agediagnostic taxa. A sample from 710.0 ft contains 

Pseudoplicapollis serenus, whose range top 

coincides with the boundary between the early and 

late Paleocene. The sample from 705.0 ft lacks the 

lower Paleocene species P. serenus. It contains 

Subtriporopollenites nanus, which is not known to 

range lower than the Coal Bluff Marl Member of the 

Naheola Formation (Zone NP 5) of the eastern Gulf 

Coastal Plain. However, this species is absent in the 

well-studied Clubhouse Crossroads core in South 

Carolina, so the range base of the species is not 

reliably known at present. If this species ranges 

down into Zone NP 4, as it does in the Cannon Park 

core, then its range base is more likely to be in the 

upper part rather than the lower part of that zone. In 

other words, in combination with nannofossils 

indicative of Zone NP 4, the presence of 

Subtriporopollenites nanus presumably indicates a 

position in upper Zone NP 4 or in the late Paleocene. 

For the purposes of this paper, we tentatively are 

placing the early-late Paleocene boundary between 

710.0 and 705.0 ft in the Cannon Park core. The 

sample from 699.6 ft contains Aesculiidites 

circumstriatus, which has its range base very close to 

the Zone NP 4-NP 5 boundary in both the eastern 

Gulf Coast and in the Clubhouse Crossroads core. 

Therefore, this sample seems to be high up in Zone 

NP 4 (late Paleocene).

The sample from 670.0 ft contains a specimen 

that probably belongs to the Caryapollenites 

prodromus group, which has its FAD very close to 

the Zone NP 4-NP 5 boundary in both the eastern 

Gulf Coast and in the Clubhouse Crossroads core. 

Therefore, this sample also seems to be high up in 

Zone NP 4. The sample from 655.0 ft contains 

Triatriopollenites triangulus, which has its range 

base in the lowermost part of the Oak Hill Member 

of the Naheola Formation, close to the Zone NP 4- 

NP 5 boundary, in the eastern Gulf Coast. 

Therefore, this sample also seems to be high up in 

Zone NP 4 (late Paleocene).

21
Williamsburg 

Formation

Figure 11. Series, stages, calcareous nannofossil zones, and formations in the 

Cenozoic portion of the Cannon Park core and other studied cores. The time 

scale is modified from Berggren and others (1995). Angled line pattern indicates 

that there are no sediments of this age in the core.

22
LOWER BRIDGE MEMBER 

Williamsburg Formation (Black Mingo Group)

498.0-429.0 ft 

Late Paleocene - lower Zone NP 5

UTHOSTRATIGRAPHY

The Lower Bridge Member of the Williamsburg 

Formation is present from 498.0 to 429.0 ft in the 

Cannon Park core, a thickness of 69 ft. Sediments in 

this interval resemble those of the underlying Rhems 

Formation, but are separated from the Rhems by an 

unconformable contact at 498.0 ft that is mantled by 

calcareous, muddy fine sand, which contains 

common phosphate granules and pebbles at the base 

of the Lower Bridge. The Lower Bridge is a 

homogeneous section of bioturbated, moderately 

calcareous, clayey quartz silts and muddy, very fine 

quartz sands. Microfossils and comminuted 

molluscan fragments are moderately common.

CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS

Three calcareous nannofossil samples were 

examined from the Lower Bridge Member (497.7, 

492.0, and 439.0 ft)(fig. 4). All three samples are 

placed in the lower part of Zone NP 5 based on the 

presence of Chiasmolithus bidens (FAD occurs near 

the base of Zone NP 5) and the absence of any 

species that first appear in the upper part of Zone NP 

5 (for example, Heliolithus cantabriae) or in Zone 

NP 6 (for example, Heliolithus kleinpellii). Both of 

these species do occur in overlying Cannon Park 

sediments. Fasciculithus tympaniformis (FAD 

defines the base of Zone NP 5) is absent in the 

Cannon Park core. In fact, members of the genus 

Fasciculithus never have been observed in large 

numbers in any South Carolina sediments. In the C15 sidewall cores, the Williamsburg Formation, 

which was not differentiated into members, contains 

sediments from Zone NP 5, as well as from Zone NP 

6 (fig. 1 l)(Self-Trail and Bybell, 1997).

DINOCYSTS

One sample from the Lower Bridge (497.7 ft) 

was examined for dinocysts (fig. 5). Unlike the 

underlying samples, small peridiniacean forms do 

not dominate this sample. The lowest occurrence of 

Deflandrea delineata is in this sample and may 

prove to be a useful correlation datum in the lower

part of the upper Paleocene.

POLLEN

Three samples were examined from the Lower 

Bridge for pollen (fig. 7; appendix 7). The sample 

from 497.7 ft was barren, and the samples from 

492.0 and 439.0 ft contained nondiagnostic taxa.

CHICORA MEMBER 

Williamsburg Formation (Black Mingo Group)

429.0-355.0 ft 

Late Paleocene - Zone NP 8

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY

The Chicora Member of the Williamsburg 

Formation extends from 429.0 to 355.0 ft in the 

Cannon Park core. The Chicora Member is 74 ft 

thick and is lithologically the most heterogeneous 

unit encountered in the core. The Lower BridgeChicora contact is sharp between the muddy, very 

fine quartz sands of the Lower Bridge and the better 

sorted, macrofossiliferous quartz sands of the 

Chicora. In addition to the macrofossiliferous sands, 

quartzose shell limestones with high moldic 

porosities, muddy very fine quartz sands, muddy 

quartz silts, and silty clays are present in the 

Chicora.

CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS

Five samples were examined from the Chicora 

Member for calcareous nannofossils (fig. 4). The 

lowest sample at 412.2 ft contained abundant 

downhole contamination from the overlying middle 

Eocene Santee Limestone and could not be dated. 

Three samples from 399.0, 378.1, and 378.0 ft have 

common calcareous nannofossils with moderate 

preservation. All three samples were placed in Zone 

NP 8 based on the presence of Heliolithus riedelii 

(FAD defines the base of Zone NP 8) and the 

absence of any species that first occur in Zone NP 9 

or younger zones. The uppermost calcareous 

nannofossil sample from the Chicora at 367.4 ft also 

contained a substantial amount of downhole 

contamination from the Santee Limestone and could 

not be dated. The Pregnall core in Dorchester 

County, S.C. (fig. 1) contains Chicora Member 

sediments that can be placed in undifferentiated

23
Zone NP 7/8, as well as in Zone NP 9 (fig. 

ll)(Edwards and others, 1997). No sediments of 

comparable age were found in the C-15 sidewall 

cores (fig. 11).

DINOCYSTS

Two samples were examined from the Chicora 

for dinocysts (fig. 5, appendix 6). The lower sample 

(412.2 ft) has downhole contamination of late 

Oligocene and possibly Eocene age. The calcareous 

nannofossil sample from the same depth also had 

downhole contamination. The upper dinocyst 

sample (378.1 ft) has a low-diversity assemblage, 

which is dominated by Turbiosphaera sp. aff. T. 

magnified of Edwards (1989). The overlap of 

Damassadinium californicum and Kallosphaeridium 

brevibarbatum indicates a late Paleocene age, which 

is consistent with the Zone NP 8 placement based on 

calcareous nannofossils.

POLLEN

Three samples were examined from the Chicora 

Member for pollen (fig. 7; appendix 7). The two 

samples from 412.2 and 378.1 ft were barren of 

pollen. The sample from 378.0 ft contains 

Sparganiaceaepollenites sp. and Nudopollis 

thiergartii. The range base of Sparganiaceaepollenites sp. is probably in calcareous nannofossil 

Zone NP 6 or NP 7, and the range top of Nudopollis 

thiergartii is generally at about the top of Zone NP 8. 

although the species may continue as rare specimens 

(possibly reworked) into Zone NP 9. The presence 

of these two species indicates an age that is most 

probably from Zone NP 6 to Zone NP 8, which is 

consistent with the Zone NP 8 placement based on 

calcareous nannofossils.

CROSS MEMBER 

Santcc Limestone

355.0-312.6 ft 

Middle Eocene - Zones NP 16 and NP 17

LITHOSTRATIGRAPIIY

The Cross Member of the Santee Limestone is 

present from 355.0 to 312.6 ft in the Cannon Park 

core, a thickness of approximately 42 ft. The contact 

of the Cross Member with the underlying Chicora

Member of the Williamsburg Group is sharp and is 

mantled by a 4-inch-thick bed of phosphate granules 

and pebbles at the base of the Cross Member. The 

Cross Member consists of a monotonous section of 

massive to faintly mottled, partially silicified, finegrained limestone. Glauconite and clay occur in 

trace amounts in the Cross Member, and 

comminuted macrofossils are sparse.

CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS

Five samples from the Cross Member were 

examined for calcareous nannofossils (fig. 4). 

Calcareous nannofossils are abundant in all five 

samples, and there is moderate to poor preservation. 

The lower four samples from 353.0, 345.0, 331.7, 

and 326.0 ft were placed in the middle Eocene Zone 

NP 16 based on the presence of large specimens of 

Reticulofenestra umbilicus (FAD very near the base 

of Zone NP 16) and Chiasmolithus bidens (LAD 

defines the top of Zone NP 16). Recent work in 

South Carolina by one of the authors (LMB) has 

shown that there is a series of FAD's within Zone 

NP 16 that offer the potential for further subdividing 

this zone. Preliminary data indicate that this series 

of FAD's from oldest to youngest includes 

Dictyococcites bisect us, Cribrocentrum reticulatum, 

Pemma papillatum, Helicosphaera compacta, and 

Helicosphaera reticulata. It is expected that 

examination of additional wells in South Carolina in 

the future will be able to confirm or disprove this 

hypothesis. If this subdivision is accurate, then the 

presence of Dictyococcites bisectus, C. reticulatum, 

P. papillatum, and, most importantly, H. compacta 

throughout the Cross Member indicates placement 

within the upper part of Zone NP 16. Helicosphaera 

reticulata is only present at 331.7 ft. The uppermost 

Cross Member sample at 315.0 ft is placed in Zone 

NP 17 based on the absence of both Chiasmolithus 

bidens (LAD defines the top of Zone NP 16) and 

Chiasmolithus oamaruensis (FAD defines the base of 

Zone NP 18). The Cross Member in the C-15 

sidewall cores is younger than in the Cannon Park 

core and contains calcareous nannofossils only from 

Zone NP 17 (Self-Trail and Bybell, 1997), while the 

Cross Member in the Pregnall core contains 

sediments from both Zones NP 17 and NP 18 but 

lacks sediments of Zone NP 16 age (Edwards and 

others, 1997)(fig. 11). Older middle Eocene 

limestones in the Pregnall core (lower part of Zone 

NP 16), which are assigned to the Moultrie Member

24
of the Santee Limestone, are absent in the Cannon 

Park core.

DINOCYSTS

Three samples were examined for dinocysts 

from the Cross Member (fig. 6, appendix 6). All 

contain Homotryblium plectilum, Pentadinium 

goniferum, and the late middle Eocene species 

Pentadinium polypodum. Preservation is good. The 

lowest sample (353.0 ft) shows moderate diversity 

and dominance by H. plectilum and Rhombodinium 

draco, whereas the upper samples (331.7 and 315.0 

ft) show high diversity with no one species 

dominating. The lowest occurrences of 

Cordosphaeridium cantharellus (331.7 ft) and 

Heteraulacacysta porosa (315.0 ft) may prove to be 

important dinocyst datuins in the upper part of the 

middle Eocene.

POLLEN

All three samples from the Cross Member that 

were examined for pollen (353.0, 331.7, 315.0 ft) 

were barren (appendix 7).

HARLEYVILLE FORMATION 

Cooper Group

312.6-208.0 ft 

Late Eocene - Zones NP 18-19/20

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY

The Harleyville Formation is present between 

312.6 ft and 208.0 ft in the core for a total thickness 

of 104.6 ft. The basal 10 ft of the Harleyville section 

contains abundant glauconite. About 30 to 40 

percent of very fine to medium-grained glauconite 

sand is present at the base of the unit, which 

decreases to about 20 to 30 percent 5 ft above the 

base. The basal contact of the Harleyville Formation 

with the underlying Cross Member of the Santee 

Limestone is highly burrowed with glauconite-filled 

burrows extending down at least 4 ft from the 

contact into the Cross Member. The Harleyville 

sediments are similar to the fine-grained limestones 

of the Cross Member. However, the Harleyville 

section contains more terrigenous clay, and most of 

the unit is a marl (as used by Pcttijohn, 1957, p. 410) 

that has subequal amounts of clay and fine-grained

calcium carbonate.

CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS

Nine samples were examined for calcareous 

nannofossils from the Harleyville Formation (fig. 4). 

Calcareous nannofossils were abundant in all nine 

samples, and the preservation ranged from good to 

moderate. The lowest four samples from 311.8, 

308.6, 302.3, and 295.3 ft can be placed in Zone NP 

18 based on the presence of Chiasmolithus 

oamaruensis in the lower two samples and the 

absence of Isthmolithus recurvus (FAD defines the 

base of Zone NP 19/20) in all four samples. The five 

samples from the upper part of the Harleyville at 

291.0, 279.0, 262.0. 226.0, and 210.5 are placed in 

Zone NP 19/20 because they contain I. recurvus, as 

well as Discoaster saipanensis, Discoaster 

barbadiensis, or Cribrocentrum reticulatum (all 

three species have their LAD's very near or at the 

top of Zone NP 19/20). A very thin section of the 

Harleyville Formation in the Pregnall core is in Zone 

NP 18 only and is overlain by Oligocene sediments 

(Edwards and others, 1997)(fig. 11). There are no 

sediments from Zone NP 19/20; hence the Pregnall 

core contains neither the upper part of the 

Harleyville Formation or the younger upper Eocene 

Parkers Ferry Formation (also Zone NP 19/20 in 

age). The Harleyville Formation in the Clubhouse 

Crossroads #1 core contains sediments that can be 

placed in both Zone NP 18 and NP 19/20, and the 

Parkers Ferry in this core also contains sediments of 

Zone NP 19/20 age. There is no direct physical 

evidence that the sediments in the Cannon Park core 

from Zone NP 19/20 would be other than a 

continuation of the Harleyville Formation (for 

example, there is no evidence of an unconformity or 

change in lithology).

DINOCYSTS

Five samples were examined for dinocysts from 

the Harleyville Formation (fig. 6, appendix 6). All 

have good preservation and contain the late Eocene 

species Datiacasphaera baculata and Batiacasphaera compta. The lower two samples (302.3 and 

295.3 ft) have high diversity assemblages with no 

single dominant species and contain specimens that 

are probably reworked (of early middle Eocene age). 

The calcareous nannofossils from these depths 

indicate placement in Zone NP 18. The upper three

25
samples (262.0, 241.5, and 210.5 ft) represent a 

more inshore environment than the samples below, 

as they are dominated by Homotryblium plectilum. 

They are assigned to calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 

19/20. The lowest occurrence of Cordosphaeridiwn 

funiculatum (262.0 ft) may prove an important 

datum in the upper Eocene.

POLLEN

All five samples that were examined from the 

Harleyville Formation for pollen were barren 

(appendix 7).

ASHLEY FORMATION 

Cooper Group

208.0-74.0 ft 

Late Oligocene - Zone NP 24

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY

The Ashley Formation is present from 208.0 to 

74.0 ft in the Cannon Park core. This 134-ft-thick 

section consists of massive to bioturbated, 

abundantly microfossiiiferous, phosphatic, muddy, 

very fine quartz sand. The contact of the Ashley 

Formation with the underlying Harleyville Formation is sharp and unconfonnable with abundant 

phosphate granules and pebbles in the lower few feet 

of the Ashley Formation section above the contact.

CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS

Nine samples were examined for calcareous 

nannofossils from the Ashley Formation from 208.0 

to 74.6 ft (fig. 4). Calcareous nannofossils are 

abundant to frequent, and the preservation ranges 

from good to moderate. All nine samples can be 

placed in Zone NP 24 based on the presence of 

Helicosphaera recta (FAD occurs within Zone NP 

24) and Sphenolithus distentus (LAD defines the top 

of Zone NP 24) throughout this interval and the 

occasional presence of Sphenolithus ciperoensis 

(FAD defines the base of Zone NP 24). The Ashley 

Formation in the Pregnall core also contains 

sediments that can be placed definitely in Zone NP 

24, as well as one sample that questionably has been 

placed in Zone NP 25 (Edwards and others, 

1997)(fig. 11). The Ashley Formation in the 

Clubhouse Crossroads #1 core consists entirely of

sediments placed in Zone NP 24.

DINOCYSTS AND POLLEN

No samples were examined from the Ashley 

Formation for dinocysts or pollen.

SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION RATES

Sediment accumulation rates were calculated 

using calcareous nannofossil datums from the 

interval between 1,010.4 and 207.0 ft. This 803-ftthick cored interval represents approximately 47 my. 

Ages and core depths for the calcareous nannofossil 

datums that were used to calculate the sediment 

accumulation rates are listed in Table 1 and plotted 

on figures 9 and 10.

Only one major hiatus is recorded from the Late 

Cretaceous of the Cannon Park hole (fig. 9). This 

disconfonnity occurs across the CampanianMaastrichtian boundary and represents at least 6.7 

Ma. Minimum sedimentation rates below this 

unconformity average 83.1 ft/my and decrease 

dramatically above the unconformity to 

approximately 29.0 ft/my. Low sedimentation rates 

persisted throughout the latest Maastrichtian and 

into the earliest Paleocene (calcareous nannofossil 

Zones NP 1 and NP 4). Based on the sediment 

accumulation rate plot, the late Maastrichtian 

package of sediment appears to be fairly complete at 

this site, with only a small disconfonnity recorded 

between calcareous nannofossil Subzones CC 25b 

and CC 26a (figs. 2, 8). Although the uppermost 

Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossil Subzone CC 

26b and lowermost Paleocene Zone NP 1 are present 

in the Cannon Park core, there is an unconformity at 

the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. This is based on 

a change in the sedimentation rate across the 

Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, a lithologic change in 

the sediments, and the absence of the lowest part of 

Zone NP 1.

The oldest Paleocene sediments (lowest Zone 

NP 1) are known to be missing at Cannon Park 

because Cruciplacolithus primus occurs in the lowest 

Tertiary sample (743.2 ft) (fig. 10). This species 

first occurs in the lower part of Zone NP 1 but not at 

the base of Zone NP 1 (van Heck and Prins, 1987). 

In complete Danian sections, a brief period of rapid 

nannofossil evolution occurs right above the 

Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, which is represented

26
FAD

FAD

LAD

LAD

LAD

LAD

LAD

FAD

FAD

LAD

LAD

LAD

LAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

FAD

LAD

LAD

LAD

LAD

FAD

FAD

Species

Helicosphaera recta ( + )

Sphenolithus distentus

Reticulofenestra umbilica

Cyclococcolithus formosus

Discoaster saipanensis

Discoaster barbadiensis

Cribrocentrum reticulatum

Isthmolithus recurvus

Chiasmolithus oamaurensis

Pseudotriquetrarhabdulus inversus ( + )

Camplyosphaera dela ( + )

Chiasmolithus grandis

Chiasmolithus solitus/bidens

Helicosphaera compacta ( + )

Cribrocentrum reticulatum

Dictyococcites bisectus ( + )

Reticulofenestra umbilicus

Heliolithus riedelii

Discoaster mohleri

Heliolithus kleinpelli

Chiasmolithus bidens

Ellipsolithus spp.

Cruciplacolithus tenuis

Cruciplacolithus asymmetricus ( + )

Cruciplacolithus intermedius ( + )

Cruciplacolithus primus

Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary

Micula prinsii

Nephrolithus frequens

Ceratolithoides kamptneri

Micula murus

Lithraphidites quadratus

Reinhardtites levis

Quadrum trifidum

Aspidolithus parcus

Reinhardtites anthophorus

Quadrum trifidum

Quadrum sissinghii

Age

29.80

31.50

32.30

32.80

34.20

34.30

35.00

36.00

37.00

37.02

37.05

37.10

40.40

41.50

42.00

43.00

43.70

57.30

57.50

58.40

60.70

62.20

64.50

64.65

64.75

64.80

65.00

66.00

67.20

67.70

68.50

68.60

69.40

71.30

74.60

75.30

76.10

77.10

Depth (ft)

207.0

207.0

210.5

210.5

226.0

210.5

210.5

291.0

311.8

315.0

315.0

326.0

326.0

353.0

353.0

353.0

353.0

399.0

399.0

399.0

497.7

723.3

723.3

736.0

743.2

743.2

743.8

760.9

760.9

810.2

790.1

825.2

828.3

828.3

828.3

828.3

953.0

1010.4

Table 1. Cretaceous and Tertiary nannofossil datums used to calculate sediment 

accumulation rates for Cannon Park core, S.C. FAD, first appearance datum of species; 

LAD, last appearance datum of species. Ages of datums are from Henriksson (1994), 

Berggren and others (1995), and Erba and others (1995). Interpolated ages are based on 

Berggren and others (1995) and unpublished data of Bybell.

27
by blooms of the genera Thoracosphaera, 

Neobiscutum, and Futyania (Pospichal, 1996). At 

Cannon Park, these events were not recorded. In 

addition, a hiatus occurs within the lower Paleocene 

section between Zones NP 1 and NP 4 and spans 

approximately 2 my. Following this hiatus, the 

sedimentation rate for the upper Paleocene Zone NP 

4 increased to 85.3 ft/my, which is the highest value 

for the endre core.

The late Paleocene is largely unrepresented at 

Cannon Park. The date for the FAD of 

Chiasmolithus bidens at 60.7 my, which was taken 

from Berggren and others (1995), is too old and 

plots off the curve in figure 10. There is a new 

species of Chiasmolithus that is similar to C. bidens, 

which first occurs in Zone NP 4 at approximately 

60.7 my. It is probable that Berggren and others 

(1995) used the FAD of this new species instead of 

the FAD of C. bidens. Zone NP 5 sediments are 

overlain unconfonnably by Zone NP 8 sediments, 

which represents a hiatus of at least 1.1 my. 

Uppermost upper Paleocene (Zone NP 9) through 

lower middle Eocene (Zone NP 15) sediments are 

absent at this site. A similar pattern was recorded 

from this interval in the C-15 core in Jasper County 

(fig. 1, Self-Trail and Bybell, 1997), where 

approximately 20 my was not recorded.

The lower upper Eocene sediment accumulation 

rate is a minimum of 50.6 ft/my. The uppermost 

Eocene and lowennost Oligocene are missing at this 

site, resulting in a hiatus of at least 2.7 my.

REFERENCES CITED

Benson, D.G., 1976, Dinoflagellate taxonomy and 

biostratigraphy at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, 

Round Bay, Maryland: Tulane Studies in Geology and 

Paleontology, v. 12, no. 4, p. 169-233.

Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Swisher, C.C., and Aubry, 

M.-P., 1996, A revised Cenozoic geochronology and 

chronostratigraphy, in Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., 

Aubry, M.-P., and Hardenbol, Jan, eds., 

Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic 

correlations. Society of Economic Paleontologists and 

Mineralogists Special Volume 54, p. 130-212.

Black, Maurice, and Bames, Barbara, 1959, The structure 

of coccoliths from the English Chalk: Geological 

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31
APPENDIX 1. Useful Cenozoic calcareous nannofossil datums.

The following calcareous nannofossil species can be used to date sediments of Paleocene to late Oligocene age. 

Many, but not all, of these species are present in the Cannon Park core. FAD is a first appearance datum, and LAD is 

a last appearance datum. Zonal markers for the Martini (1971) NP zones are indicated with an *, and a # indicates a 

zonal marker for the Bukry (1973, 1978) and Okada and Bukry (1980) CP zones. One of us (Bybell) has found the 

remaining species to be biostratigraphically useful in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coastal Plains.

LAD Zygrhablithus bijugatus - top of Zone NP 25, late Oligocene

LAD Dictyococcites bisectus - top of Zone NP 25, late Oligocene

LAD *#Sphenolithus distentus - top Zone NP 24, top Zone CP 19a, late Oligocene

FAD Helicosphaera recta - lower Zone NP 24, early Oligocene

FAD *#Sphenolithus ciperoensis - base of Zone NP 24, base Zone CP 19a, early Oligocene

FAD Sphenolithus distentus - within Zone NP 23, base Zone CP 18, early Oligocene

LAD *#Reticulofenestra umbilicus - top of Zone NP 22, top Zone CP 16c, early Oligocene

LAD *Cyclococcolithus formosus - top Zone NP 21, early Oligocene

LAD Isthmolithus recurvus - within Zone NP 21, early Oligocene

LAD *#Discoaster saipanensis - top of Zone NP 19/20, top Zone CP 15b, late Eocene

LAD tiDiscoaster barbadiensis - top of Zone NP 19/20, to of Zone CP 15b, late Eocene; actually has its LAD slightly

below the LAD of D. saipanensis

LAD Cribrocentrum reticulatum - very near top of Zone NP ' 19/20, late Eocene 

FAD *Isthmolithus recurvus - base of Zone NP 19/20, late Eocene 

FAD *#Chiasmolithus oamaruensis - base of Zone NP 18, base Zone CP 15a, late Eocene 

LAD Pseudotriquetrorhabdulus inversus - within Zone NP 17, middle Eocene 

LAD Campylosphaera dela - within Zone NP 17, middle Eocene 

LAD Daktylethra punctulata - within Zone NP 17, middle Eocene 

LAD Chiasmolithus grandis - within Zone NP 17, middle Eocene 

LAD Chiasmolithus bidens/solitus - top of Zone NP 16, middle Eocene; these two species are not differentiated in

this study.

FAD Helicosphaera reticulata - upper Zone NP 16, middle Eocene 

FAD Helicosphaera compacta - upper Zone NP 16, middle Eocene 

FAD Cribrocentrum reticulatum - lower Zone NP 16, middle Eocene 

FAD Dictyococcites bisectus - lower Zone NP 16, middle Eocene 

FAD ttReticulofenestra umbilicus - large forms first appear near base of Zone NP 16, base Zone CP 14a, middle

Eocene

FAD Neochiastozygus junctus - within Zone NP 8, late Paleocene 

FAD *Heliolithus riedelii - base of Zone NP 8, late Paleocene

FAD tiDiscoaster mohleri - probably equivalent to base Zone NP 7, base CP 6, late Paleocene 

FAD *Heliolithus kleinpellii - base Zone NP 6, late Paleocene 

FAD Heliolithus cantabriae - upper Zone NP 5, late Paleocene 

FAD Toweius eminens var. tovae - within Zone NP 5, late Paleocene 

FAD Chiasmolithus bidens - lower Zone NP 5, late Paleocene 

FAD *#Fasciculithus tympaniformis - base of Zone NP 5, base CP 4, late Paleocene 

FAD Toweius pertusus - within Zone NP 4

FAD Ellipsolithus distichus - near base of Zone NP 4, early Paleocene 

FAD Ellipsolithus bollii - near base of Zone NP 4, early Paleocene 

FAD * Ellipsolithus macellus - base of Zone NP 4, early Paleocene 

FAD Chiasmolithus consuetus - within Zone NP 3, early Paleocene 

FAD *Chiasmolithus danicus - base of Zone NP 3, early Paleocene 

FAD *#Cruciplacolithus tenuis - base Zone NP 2, early Paleocene 

FAD Cruciplacolithus asymmetricus - upper Zone NP 1, early Paleocene 

FAD Cruciplacolithus intermedius - within Zone NP 1, early Paleocene 

FAD Placozygus sigmoides - within Zone NP 1, early Paleocene

32
FAD Cruciplacolithus primus - within Zone NP 1, early Paleocene

FAD increased Thoracosphaera specimens - lower Zone NP 1, early Paleocene

APPENDIX 2. Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil species considered in this report

(in alphabetical order by genus).

Acuturris scotus (Risatti 1973) Wind & Wise in Wise and Wind (1977)

Ahmuellerella octoradiata (Gorka 1957)Reinhardt 1964

Ahmuellerella regularis (Gorka 1957) Reinhardt & Gorka 1967

Arkhangelskiella cymbiformis Vekshina 1959

Arkhangelskiella speciallata Vekshina 1959

Aspidolithus parcus constrictus (Hattner, Wind, & Wise 1980) Perch-Nielsen 1984

Aspidolithus parcus expansus Wise & Watkins in Wise (1983)

Aspidolithus parcus parcus (Stradner 1963) Noel 1969

Axopodorhabdus albianus (Black 1967) Wind & Wise 1983

Biscutum constans (Gorka 1957) Black in Black and Barnes (1959)

Biscutum notaculum Wind & Wise in Wise and Wind (1977)

Biscutum zulloi Covington 1994

Braarudosphaera bigelowii (Gran & Braarud 1935) Deflandre 1947

Broinsonia dentata Bukry 1969

Broinsonia enormis (Shumenko 1968) Manivit 1971

Calculites obscurus (Deflandre 1959) Prins & Sissinghi in Sissingh (1977)

Centosphaera barbata Wind & Wise in Wise and Wind (1977)

Ceratolithoides aculeus (Stradner 1961) Prins & Sissingh in Sissingh (1977)

Ceratolithoides arcuatus Prins & Sissingh in Sissingh (1977)

Ceratolithoides kamptneri Bramlette & Martini 1964

Chiastozygus amphipons (Bramlette & Martini 1964) Gartner 1968

Chiastozygus litterarius (Gorka 1957) Manivit 1971

Chiastozygus propagulis Bukry 1969

Corollithion? completum Perch-Nielsen 1973

Corollithion exiguum Stradner 1961

Corollithion signum Stradner 1963

Cretarhabdus conicus Bramlette & Martini 1964

Cretarhabdus multicavus Bukry 1969

Cretarhabdus schizobrachiatus (Gartner 1968) Bukry 1969

Cribrocorona gallica (Stradner 1963) Perch-Nielsen 1973

Cribrosphaerella ehrenbergii (Arkhangelsky 1912) Deflandre in Piveteau (1952)

Cyclagelosphaera margerellii Noel 1965

Cylindralithus crassus Stover 1966

Cylindralithus duplex Perch-Nielsen 1973

Cylindralithus nudus Bukry 1969

Cylindralithus serratus Bramlette & Martini 1964

Discorhabdus ignotus (Gorka 1957) Perch-Nielsen 1968

Eiffellithus eximius (Stover 1966) Perch-Nielsen 1968

Eijfellithus gorkae Reinhardt 1965

Eijfellithus parallelus Perch-Nielsen 1973

Eijfellithus turriseiffellii (Deflandre in Deflandre and Pert, 1954) Reinhardt 1964

Gartnerago diversum Thierstein 1972

Gartnerago obliquum (Stradner 1963) Noel 1970

Gephyrorhabdus coronadventis (Reinhardt 1966) Hill 1976

Glaukolithus compactus (Bukry 1969) Perch-Nielsen 1984

Glaukolithus diplogrammus (Deflandre in Deflandre and Pert, 1954) Reinhardt 1964

Goniolithus Jluckigeri Deflandre 1957

Hexalithus gardetae Bukry 1969

Kamptnerius magnijicus Deflandre 1959

Kamptnerius punctatus Stradner 1963

33
Lithastrinus grillii Stradner 1962

Lithastrinus septinarius Forchheimer 1972

Lithraphidites carniolensis Deflandre 1963

Lithraphidites grossopectinatus Bukry 1969

Lithraphidites kennethii Perch-Nielsen 1984

Lithraphidites praequadratus Roth 1978

Lithraphidites qttadratus Bramlette & Martini 1964

Loxolithus armillus (Black in Black and Barnes, 1959) Noel 1965

Lucianorhabdus arcuatus Forchheimer 1972

Lucianorhabdus cayeuxii Deflandre 1959

Lucianorhabdus maleformis Reinhardt 1966

Manivitella pemmatoidea (Deflandre in Manivit, 1965)Thierstein 1971

Markalius inversus (Deflandre in Deflandre and Pert, 1954) Bramlette & Martini 1964

Micula concava (Stradner in Martini and Stradner, 1960) Verbeek 1976

Micula decussata Vekshina 1959

Micula mums (Martini 1961) Bukry 1973

Micula praemurus (Bukry 1973) Stradner & Steinmetz 1984

Micula prinsii Perch-Nielsen 1979

Microrhabdulus attenuatus (Deflandre 1959) Deflandre 1963

Microrhabdulus belgicus Hay & Towe 1963

Microrhabdulus decoratus Deflandre 1959

Monomarginatus pleniporus Wind & Wise in Wise and Wind (1977)

Nephrolithus frequens Gorka 1957

Ottavianus terrazetus Risatti 1973

Percivalia porosa Bukry 1969

Placozygusfibuliformis (Reinhardt 1964)Hoffinann 1970

Placozygus sigmoides (Bramlette & Sullivan 1961) Romein 1979

Pontosphaera multicarinata (Gartner 1968) Shafik & Stradner 1971

Prediscosphaera arkhangelskyi (Reinhardt 1965) Perch-Nielsen 1984

Prediscosphaera cretacea (Arkhangelsky 1912) Gartner 1968

Prediscosphaera grandis Perch-Nielsen 1979

Prediscosphaera intercisa (Deflandre in Deflandre and Fert, 1954) Shumenko 1976

Prediscosphaera majungae Perch-Nielsen 1973

Prediscosphaera spinosa (Bramlette & Martini 1964) Gartner 1968

Prediscosphaera stoveri (Perch-Nielsen 1968) Shafik & Stradner 1971

Quadrum gothicum (Deflandre 1979) Prins & Perch-Nielsen in Manivit, Perch-Nielsen, and others (1977)

Quadrum sissinghii Perch-Nielsen 1986

Quadrum trifidum (Stradner in Stradner and Papp, 1961) Prins & Perch-Nielsen in Manivit and others (1977)

Reinhardtites anthophorus (Deflandre 1959) Perch-Nielsen 1968

Reinhardtites levis Prins & Sissingh in Sissingh (1977)

Repagulum parvidentatum (Deflandre & Fert 1954) Forchheimer 1972

Retacapsa angustiforata Black 1971

Retemediaformus teneraretis Varol 1991

Rhagodiscus angustus (Stradner 1963) Reinhardt 1971

Rhagodiscus reniformis Perch-Nielsen 1973

Rhagodiscus splendens (Deflandre 1953) Verbeek 1977

Rhombolithion rhombicum (Stradner & Adamiker 1966) Black 1973

Rotellapillus crenulatus (Stover 1966) Perch-Nielsen 1984

Rotellapillus munitus (Perch-Nielsen 1973) Perch-Nielsen 1984

Rucinolithus magnus Bukry 1975

Scapholithus fossilis Deflandre in Deflandre and Fert (1954)

Sollasites barringtonensis Black 1967

Sollasites lowei (Bukry 1969) Roth 1970

Stovarius asymmetricus (Bukry 1969) Perch-Nielsen 1984

Stovarius biarcus (Bukry 1969) Perch-Nielsen 1984

Stovarius coronatus (Bukry 1969) Perch-Nielsen 1984

Stradneria crenulata (Bramlette & Martini 1964) Noel 1970

Tetrapodorhabdus deconts (Deflandre in Deflandre and Fert, 1954) Wind & Wise in Wise and Wind (1977)

34
Tranolithus gabalus Stover 1966

Tranolithus minimus (Bukry 1969) Perch-Nielsen 1984

Tranolithus phacelosus Stover 1966

Vekshinella aachena Bukry 1969

Vekshinella parma Wind & Wise in Wise and Wind (1977)

Vekshinella stradneri Rood and others 1971

Watznaueria barnesae (Black in Black and Bames, 1959) Perch-Nielsen 1968

Watznaueria biporta Bukry 1969

Watznaueria supracretacea (Reinhardt 1965) Wind & Wise 1976

Zeugrhabdotus acanthus Reinhardt 1965

Zeugrhabdotus erectus (Deflandre in Deflandre and Pert, 1954) Reinhardt 1965

Zeugrhabdotus obliqueclausus Varol 1991

Zeugrhabdotus pseudanthophorus (Bramlelle & Martini 1964) Perch-Nielsen 1984

APPENDIX 3. Cenozoic calcareous nannofossil species considered in this report

(in alphabetical order by genus).

Blackites creber (Deflandre in Deflandre and Pert, 1954) Stradner & Edwards 1968

Blackites spinosus (Deflandre & Pert 1954) Hay & Towe 1962

Blackites tenuis (Bramlette & Sullivan 1961) Sherwood 1974

Braarudosphaera bigelowii (Gran & Braarud 1935) Deflandre 1947

Braarudosphaera discula Bramlette & Riedel 1954

Braarudosphaera stylifer Troelsen & Quadros 1971

Bramletteius serraculoides Gartner 1969

Campylosphaera dela (Bramlette & Sullivan 1961) Hay & Mohler 1967

Cepekiella lumina (Sullivan 1965)Bybell 1975

Chiasmolithus bidens (Bramlette & Sullivan 1961) Hay & Mohler 1967

Chiasmolithus consuetus (Bramlette & Sullivan 1961) Hay & Mohler 1967

Chiasmolithus expansus (Bramlette & Sullivan 1961) Hay, Mohler, & Wade 1966

Chiasmolithus grandis (Bramlette & Riedel 1954) Hay, Mohler, & Wade 1966

Chiasmolithus oamaruensis (Deflandre in Deflandre and Pert, 1954) Hay, Mohler, & Wade 1966

Chiasmolittius solitus (Bramlette & Sullivan 1961) Hay, Mohler, & Wade 1966

Chiasmolithus titus Gartner 1970

Coccolithus cribellum (Bramlette & Sullivan 1961) Stradner 1962

Coccoliuius eopelagicus (Bramlette & Riedel 1954) Bramlette & Sullivan 1961

Coccolitltus pelagicus (Wallich 1877) Schiller 1930

Coronocyclus nitescens (Kampuier 1963) Bramlette & Wilcoxon 1967

Cribrocentrum reticulatum (Gartner & Smith 1967) Perch-Nielsen 1971

Cruciplacolitfius asymmetricus van Heck & Prins 1987

Cruciplacolithus edwardsii Roinein 1979

Cruciplacolithus intermedius van Heck & Prins 1987

Cruciplacolithus primus Perch-Nielsen 1977

Cruciplacolithus tenuis (Stradner 1961) Hay & Mohler in Hay, Mohler, and others (1967)

Cyclagelosphaera alia Perch-Nielsen 1979

Cyclagelosphaera prima (Bukry 1969) Bybell & Self-Trail 1995

Cyclagelospfiaera reinhardtii (Perch-Nielsen 1968) Romein 1977

Cyclococcolitliusformosus Kampuier 1963

Cyclococcolittius protoannulus (Gartner 1971) Haq & Lohmann 1976

Cyclococcolitlius robustus (Bramlette & Sullivan 1961) Locker 1973

Dictyococcites bisectus (Hay, Moliler, & Wade 1966) Bukry & Percival 1971

Dictyococcites scrippsae Bukry & Percival 1971

Discoaster barbadiensis Tan Sin Hok 1927

Discoaster mohleri Bukry & Percival 1971

Discoaster saipanensis Bramlette & Riedel 1954

Discoaster tanii Bramlette & Riedel 1954

Discoaster \voodringii Bramlette & Riedel 1954

35
EllipsolithusbolliiPerch-Nielsen 1977

Ellipsolithus macellus (Bramlette & Sullivan 1 % 1) Sullivan 1964

Ericsania obruta Perch-Nielsen 1971

Ericsania subpertusa Hay & Mohler 1967

Fasciculithus billiiPerch-Hielsen 1971

Fasciculithus involutes Bramlette & Sullivan 1 % 1

Fasciculithusjanii Perch-Nielsen 1971

Fasciculithus tympaniformis Hay & Mohler in Hay and others (1967)

GoniolithusfluddgeriDeQandre 1957

Hoyella situliformis Gartner 1 969

Helicosphaera bramlettei (Muller 1970) Jafar & Martini 1975

Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich 1877)Kamptner 1954

Helicosphaera compacta Bramlette & Wilcoxon 1 %7

Helicosphaera euphrutis Haq 1966

Helicosphaera intermedia Martni 1%5

Helicosphaera lophota (Bramlette & Sullivan 1 % 1) Locker 1973

Helicosphaera recta (Haq 1966) Jafar & Martini 1975

Helicosphaera reticulata Bramlette & Wilcoxon 1967

Helicosphaera seminulum Bramlette & Sullivan 1961

Heliolithus cantabriae Perch-Nielsen 1971

Heliolithus kleinpellii Sullivan 1964

Heliolithus riedelii Bramlette & Sullivan 1961

Hornibrooldna area Bybell & Self-Trail 1995

Isthmolithus recurvus Deflandre in Deflandre and Pert (1954)

Lanternithus duocavus Locker 1967

Lantemithus minutus Stradner 1962

Lithostromation operosum (Deflandre in Deflandre and Pert, 1954) Bybell 1975

Lithostromation perdurum Deflandre 1942

Lithostromation simplex (Klumpp 1953) Bybell 1975

Markalius apertus Perch-Nielsen 1979

Markalius inversus Bramlette & Martini 1964

Neochiastozygus concinnus (Martini 1961) Perch-Nielsen 1971

Neochiastozygus imbriei Haq & Lohmaiui 1975

Neochiastozygusjunctus (Bramlette & Sullivan 1 96 1) Perch-Nielsen 1971

Pedinocyclus larvalis Bukry & Bramlette 1971

Pemma basquense (Martini 1959) Bybell & Gartner 1972

Pemma papillatum Martini 1959

Placozygus sigmoides (Bramlette & Sullivan 1961) Romein 1979

Pontosphaera a/to Roth 1970

Pontosphaera multipora (Kamptner ex Deflandre 1959) Roth 1970

Pontosphaera punctosa (Bramlette & Sullivan 1961) Perch-Nielsen 1984

Pontosphaera pygmaea (Locker 1967)Bystricka&Lehotayova 1974

Pseudotriquetrofiiabdulus inversus (Bukry & Bramlette 1969) Wise in Wise and Constans (1976)

Reticulofenestra abisecta (Mailer 1970) Roth & Thierstein 1972

Reticulofenestra daviesii (Haq 1968) Haq 1971

Reticulofenestra floridana (Roth & Hay in Hay and others, 1967) Theodoridis 1984

Reticulofenestra hillae Bukry & Percival 1971

Reticulofenestra pseudolockeri Jurasova 1974

Reticulofenestra umbilicus (Levin 1965) Martini & Ritzkowski 1968

Rhabdosphaera vitrea (Deflandre in Deflandre and Pert, 1954) Bramlette & Sullivan 1961

Scyphosphaera expansa Bukry & Percival 1971

Sphenolitfius ciperoensis Bramlette & Wilcoxon 1967

Sphenolitlius distentus (Martiiu 1965) Bramlette & Wilcoxon 1967

Sphenolitiius moriformis (BrOnnimami & Stradner 1960) Bramlette & Wilcoxon 1967

SphenolitfiusobtususBukry 1971

SpfienolitJius predistentus Bramlette & Wilcoxon 1967

Sphenolitfius primus Perch-Nielsen 1971

Sphenolidius pseudomdians Bramlette & Wilcoxon 1967

36
Sphenolithus radians Deflandre in Grasse (1952)

Toweius eminens var. eminens (Bramlette & Sullivan 1 % 1) Gartner 1971

Taweius eminens var. tovae (Perch-Nielsen 1971) Bybell & Self-Trail 1995

Tcnveius pertusus (Sullivan l%5)Romein 1979

Tnmsversopontis pulcher (Deflandre in Deflandre and Pert, 1954) Perch-Nielsen 1967

Transversopontis pulcheroides (Sullivan 1964)Baldi-Beke 1971

Tnmsversopontis zigzag Roth & Hay in Hay and others (1967)

Zygodiscus herlyni Sullivan 1964

Zygrhablithus bijugatus (Deflandre in Deflandre and Pert, 1954) Deflandre 1959

APPENDIX 4. Cenozoic dinoflagellate species considered in this report 

(in alphabetical order by genus).

Amphorosphaeridium multispinosum (Davey & Williams 1966) Sarjeant 1981

? Andalusiella rhombohedra of Edwards and others (1984)

Andalusiella sp. aff. A. polymorpha of Edwards (1980)

Batiacasphaera baculata Drugg 1970

Batiacasphaera compta Drugg 1970

Cfiarlesdowniea coleothrypta (Williams & Downie 1966) Lentin & Vozzhennikova 1989

Chiropteridium lobospinosum (Gocht 1956) Gocht 1960

Cleistosphaeridium polypetallum (Islam 1983) Stover & Williams 1995

Cordosphaeridium cantharellus (Brosius 1963) Gocht 1969

Cordosphaeridium funiculatum Morgenroth 1966

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

Corrudinium incompositum (Drugg 1970) Stover & Evitt 1978

Corrudinium sp. I of Edwards (1984)

Cribroperidinium giuseppei (Morgenroth 1966)Helenes 1984

Cyclapophysis monmouthensis Benson 1976

Damassadinium californicum (Drugg 1967) Fensome et al. 1993

Dapsilidinium pseudocolligerum (Stover 1977) Bujak et al. 1980

Deflandrea delineata Cookson & Eisenack 1965

Deflandrea phosphoritica Eisenack 1938

Deflandrea phosphoritica Eisenack 1938/D. heterophlycta Deflandre & Cookson 1955

Deflandrea spinulosa Alberti 1959

Deflandrea sp. cf. D. diebelii Alberti of Drugg (1967)

Deflandrea n. sp. aff. D. truncata Eisenack 1938

Remarks: a rather large, circumcavate form with a granulate endocyst.

Dinopterygium cladoides sensu Morgenroth 1966

Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965

Distatodinium ellipticum (Cookson 1965) Eaton 1976

Ennaedocysta Stover & Williams 1995 sp.

Eocladopyxis Morgenroth 1966 n. sp. A

Remarks: The processes resemble those of Polysphaeridium zoharyi (Rossignol 1962) Bujak et al. 1980, but the 

separation of the individual paraplates requires placement in the genus Eocladopyxis Morgenroth 1966.

Eocladopyxis sp. of Williams and Brideaux (1975)

Exochosphaeridium Davey et al. 1966 sp.

Fibradinium annetorpense Morgenroth 1968

Fibrocysta Stover & Evitt 1978 sp.

Glaphyrocysta sp. cf. G.? vicina (Eaton 1976) Stover & Evitt 1978

Hafniasphaera septata (Cookson & Eisenack 1967) Hansen 1977

Hafniasphaera Hansen 1977 sp.

Heteraulacacysta porosa Bujak et al. 1980

Homotryblium plectilum Drugg & Loeblich 1967

Homotryblium Davey & Williams 1966 sp.

Hystrichokolpoma cinctum Klumpp 1953

Hystrichokolpoma rigaudiae Deflandre & Cookson 1955

37
Hystrichosphaeridium tubiferum (Ehrenberg 1838)Deflandre 1937

Hystrichostrogylon coninckii Heilmen-Clausen 1985

Hystrichostrogylon membraniphorum Agelopoulous 1964

Impagidinium Stover & Evitt 1978 sp.

Kallosphaeridium brevibarbatum de Coninck 1969

Lejeunecysta Artzner & D6rh6fer 1978 spp.

Lentinia serrata Bujak 1980

Lingulodinium machaerophorum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Melitasphaeridium pseudorecurvatum (Morgenroth 1966) Bujak etal. 1980

Membranophoridium aspinatum Gerlach 1961

Membranosphaera maastrichtica Samoilovitch 1961

Millioudodinium sp. I of Edwards (1984)

Oligosphaeridium complex (White 1842) Davey & Williams 1966

Operculodiniwn centrocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Operculodinium Wall 1967 sp.

Palaeocystodinium golzowense Alberti 1961

Palaeoperidinium pyrophonan (Ehrenberg 1838)Sarjeant 1967

Palaeoperidinium Alberti 1967 sp.

Pentadinium goniferum Edwards 1982

Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach 1961 (knobby)

Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach 1961 (verm.)

Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach 1961 subsp. laticinctum

Pentadinium membranaceum (Eisenack 1965) Stover & Evitt 1978

Pentadinium polypodum Edwards 1982

Pentadinium Gerlach 1961 n. sp. D

Remarks: In this undescribed form of Pentadinium Gerlach 1961, the periphragm in the paracingular region is 

separated from the endophragm only along the ventral side; the wall layers are appressed laterally and dorsally. 

The wall surface is smooth.

Phelodinium sp. of Edwards (1989)

Phelodinium Stover & Evitt 1978 spp.

Phthanoperidinium comatum (Morgenroth 1966) Eisenack & Kjellstrom 1971

Phthanoperidinium Drugg & Loeblich 1967 sp.

Polysphaeridium zoharyi (Rossignol 1962) Bujak et al. 1980

Rhombodinium draco Gocht 1955

Rhombodinium draco Gocht 1955/7?. glabrum (Cookson 1956) Vozzhennikova 1967

Rhombodinium sp. I of Edwards (1984)

Rottnestia borussica (Eisenack 1954) Cookson & Eisenack 1961

Samlandia chlamydophora Eisenack 1954

Samlandia chlamydophora sensu Stover and Hardenbol (1993)

Selenopemphix Benedek 1972 spp.

Spinidinium densispinatum Stanley 1965

Spinidinium Cookson & Eisenack 1962 sp.

Spiniferites pseudofurcatus (Klumpp 1953) Sarjeant 1970

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 spp.

Systematophora placacantha (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Davey et al. 1969

Tanyosphaeridium xanthiopyxides (Wetzel 1933) Stover & Evitt 1978

Tectatodinium pellitum Wall 1967

Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack 1954) Eisenack & Gocht 1960

Thalassiphora Eisenack & Gocht 1960 sp.

Turbiosphaera sp. aff. T. magnifica Eaton 1976 of Edwards (1989)

Wetzeliella Eisenack 1938 spp.

38
APPENDIX 5. Cenozoic pollen taxa considered in this report 

(in alphabetical order by genus).

Aesculiidites circumstriatus (Fairchild in Stover, Elsik, and Fairchild, 1968)

Bombacacidites nacimientoensis (Anderson 1960) Elsik 1968

Bombacacidites reticulatus Krutzsch 1961

Carya <29 mm of Frederiksen and Christopher (1978)

Caryapollenites prodromus group of Frederiksen (1991)

Choanopollenites alabamicus (Srivastava 1972) Frederiksen 1979

Favitricolporites baculoferus (Pflug in Thompson and Pflug, 1953) Srivastava 1972

Intratriporopollenites pseudinstructus Mai 1961

Lanagiopollis cribellatus (Srivastava 1972) Frederiksen 1988

Milfordia minima Krutzsch 1970

Momipites coryloides Wodehouse 1933

Momipites dilatus Fairchild in Stover, Elsik, and Fairchild (1966)

Momipites flexus Frederiksen 1979

Momipites microfoveolatus (Stanley 1965) Nichols 1973

Momipites strictus Frederiksen & Christopher 1978

Momipites tenuipolus group of Frederiksen and Christopher (1978)

Myocolpopollenites reticulatus Elsik in Stover, Elsik, and Fairchild (1966)

Nudopollis endangulatus (Pflug in Thomson and Pflug, 1953) Pflug 1953

Nudopollis terminalis (Pflug & Thomson in Thomson and Pflug, 1953) Elsik 1968

Nudopollis thiergartii (Thomson & Pflug 1953) Pflug 1953

Piolencipollis endocuspoides Frederiksen 1979

Plicatopollis triorbicularis type of Frederiksen & Christopher (1978)

Plicatopollis triradiatus (Nichols 1973) Frederiksen & Christopher 1978

Porocolpopollenites ollivierae (Gruas-Cavagnetto 1976) Frederiksen 1983

Pseudoplicapollis limitatus Frederiksen 1978

Pseudoplicapollis serenus Tschudy 1975

Pseudoplicapollis sp. cf. P. endocuspis Tschudy 1975 of Frederiksen (1979)

Psilodiporites iszkaszentgyorgyi (Kedves 1965) Elsik 1988

Retitrescolpites anguloluminosus (Anderson 1960) Frederiksen 1979

Spinaepollis spinosus (Potonie 1931) Krutzsch 1961

Subtriporopollenites anulatus Pflug & Thomson in Thomson & Pflug (1953)

Subtriporopollenites nanus (Pflug & Thomson in Thomson & Pflug, 1953) Frederiksen 1980

Thomsonipollis magnificus (Pflug in Thomson & Pflug, 1953) Krutzsch 1960

Triatriopollenites subtriangulus (Stanley 1965) Frederiksen 1979

Triatriopollenites triangulus Frederiksen 1979

Tricolpites asper Frederiksen 1978

Ulmipollenites krempii (Anderson 1960) Frederiksen 1979

Ulmipollenites tricostatus (Anderson 1960) Frederiksen 1980

APPENDIX 6. Dinocyst data

Rhems Formation

R5093 Q (736.0-736.3 ft)

Preservation: fair, Diversity: moderate, nothing dominates.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 1; Cyclapophysis monmouthensis Benson 1976 is late Cretaceous and early

Paleocene in Maryland (Benson, 1976); Deflandrea n. sp. atT. D. truncata Eisenack 1938 is early Paleocene in cores

in Georgia.

lAndalusiella rhombohedra of Edwards and others (1984)

Andalusiella sp. AIT. A. polymorpha of Edwards (1980)

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

Cribroperidinium giuseppei (Morgenroth 1966)Helenes 1984

Cyclapophysis monmouthensis Benson 1976

Damassadinium californicum (Drugg 1967) Fensome et al. 1993

39
Deflandrea cf. D. diebelii Alberti of Drugg (1967)

Deflandrea n. sp. aff. D. truncata Eisenack 1938

Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965

Exochosphaeridium Davey et al. 1966 sp.

Hafniasphaera septata (Cookson & Eisenack (1967) Hansen 1977

Hystrichosphaeridium tubiferum (Ehrenberg 1838) Deflandre 1937

Membranosphaera maastrichtica Samoilovitch 1961

Oligosphaeridium complex (White 1842) Davey & Williams 1966

Palaeocystodinium golzowense Alberti 1961

Palaeoperidinium pyrophorum (Ehrenberg 1838)Sarjeant 1967

Phelodinium Stover & Evitt 1978 spp.

Spinidinium densispinatum Stanley 1965

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 spp.

Systematophora placacantha (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Davey et al. 1969

Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack 1954) Eisenack & Gocht 19960

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

A contact within the Rhems is at 724 ft.

R5093AA (695.1-695.4 ft)

Preservation: good; Diversity: low, dominated by small peridiniacean forms.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 4. Paleocene small, pale peridiniacean facies.

lAndalusiella rhombohedra of Edwards and others (1984)

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

Damassadinium californicum (Drugg 1967) Fensome et al. 1993

Hafniasphaera septata (Cookson & Eisenack 1967) Hansen 1977

Hafniasphaera Hansen 1977 sp.

Oligosphaeridium complex (White 1842) Davey & Williams 1966 ?

Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Palaeocystodinium golzowense Alberti 1961

Palaeoperidinium pyrophorum (Ehrenberg 1838) Sarjeant 1967

Palaeoperidinium Alberti 1967 sp.

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 sp.

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

small peridiniacean forms

R5093 P (690.0-690.3 ft)

Preservation: fair, Diversity: low, dominated by small peridiniacean forms.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 4. Paleocene small, pale peridiniacean facies.

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

Damassadinium californicum (Drugg 1967) Fensome et al. 1993 ?

Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965 ?

Hafniasphaera septata (Cookson & Eisenack 1967) Hansen 1977

Hafniasphaera Hansen 1977 sp.

Lejeunecysta Artzner & DOrhOfer 1978 sp.

Palaeocystodinium golzowanse Alberti 1961

Palaeocystodinium Alberti 1961

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 spp.

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

small peridiniacean forms

R5093 AE (670.0-670.3 ft)

Preservation: fair, Diversity: low dominated by small peridiniacean forms.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 4. Paleocene small, pale peridiniacean facies, first good Phelodinium sp. of

Edwards (1989).

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

Damassadinium californicum (Drugg 1967) Fensome et al. 1993 ?

Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965 ?

Hafniasphaera Hansen 1977 sp.

40
Oligosphaeridium complex (White 1842) Davey & Williams 1966 ?

Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Palaeocystodinium golzowense Albert! 1961

Palaeocystodinium Alberti 1967 sp.

Phelodinium sp. of Edwards (1989)

Tanyosphaeridium xanthiopyxides (Wetzel 1933) Stover & Evitt 1978

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

small peridiniacean forms

R5093 O (650.0-650.3 ft)

Preservation: fair, Diversity: low, dominated by small peridiniacean forms.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 4. Paleocene small, pale peridiniacean facies.

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

Damassadinium californicum (Drugg 1967) Fensome et al. 1993

Hafniasphaera septata (Cookson & Eisenack 1967) Hansen 1977

Hafniasphaera Hansen 1977 sp.

Lejeunecysta Artzner & Dorhflfer 1978 sp.

Oligosphaeridium complex (White 1842) Davey & Williams 1966 ?

Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Palaeocystodinium Alberti 1967 sp.

Phelodinium sp. of Edwards (1989)

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 spp.

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

small peridiniacean forms

R5093 N (605.0-605.3 ft)

Preservation: fair, sparse; Diversity: low, dominated by small peridiniacean forms.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 4. Paleocene small, pale peridiniacean facies.

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 sp.

Damassadinium californicum (Drugg 1967) Fensome et al. 1993

Hafniasphaera septata (Cookson & Eisenack 1967) Hansen 1977

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 spp.

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

small peridiniacean forms

R5093M (550.0-550.3 ft)

Preservation: fair, Diversity: low, dominated by small peridiniacean forms.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 4. Paleocene small, pale peridiniacean facies. Contains Cretaceous reworking.

lAndalusiella rhombohedra of Edwards and others (1984)

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965

Hafniasphaera septata (Cookson & Eisenack 1967) Hansen 1977

Hafniasphaera Hansen 1977 sp.

Lejeunecysta Artzner & DorhOfer 1978 sp.

Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Palaeocystodinium golzowense Alberti 1961

Palaeocystodinium Alberti 1967 sp.

Phelodinium sp. of Edwards (1989)

Spinidinium Cookson & Eisenack 1962 sp.

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 sp.

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

small peridiniacean forms

reworked Cretaceous specimen

R5093L (510.0-510.3 ft)

Preservation: fair, Diversity: low, dominated by small peridiniacean forms.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 4. Paleocene small, pale peridiniacean facies. Contains Cretaceous reworking.

lAndalusiella rhombohedra of Edwards and others (1984)

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

41
Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965

Fibradinium annetorpense Morgenroth 1968

Hafniasphaera septata (Cookson & Eisenack 1967) Hansen 1977

Palaeocystodinium golzowense Alberti 1961

Palaeocystodinium Alberti 1967 sp.

Phelodinium sp. of Edwards (1989)

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 sp.

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

small peridiniacean forms

reworked Cretaceous specimens

RhemsAVilliamsburg contact is at 498 ft.

Lower Bridge Member of the Williamsburg Formation

R5093 K (497.7^98.0 ft)

Preservation: good; Diversity: low, nothing dominates (NOT dominated by small peridiniacean forms).

Age: Calcareous nannofossil lower Zone NP 5. Paleocene, facies change, lowest Dejlandrea delineata Cookson &

Eisenack 1965.

Amphorosphaeridium multispinosum (Davey & Williams 1966) Sarjeant 1981

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

Damassadinium californicum (Drugg 1967) Fensomeetal. 1993

Deflandrea delineata Cookson & Eisenack 1965

Fibradinium annetorpense Morgenroth 1968

Hafniasphaera septata (Cookson & Eisenack 1967) Hansen 1977

Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Palaeoperidinium pyrophorum (Ehrenberg 1838) Sarjeant 1967

Spinidinium Cookson & Eisenack 1962 sp.

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 sp.

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

small peridiniacean forms

Lower Bridge/Chicora contact is at 429 ft.

Chicora Member of the Williamsburg Formation

R5093 J (412.2^ 12.4 ft)

Preservation: fair, diversity: low, few in-place specimens; dominated by foraminiferal linings.

Age: Mixed; Paleocene with late Oligocene and possibly Eocene contamination.

Hystrichosphaeridium tubiferum (Ehrenberg 1838) Deflandre 1937

Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 sp.

Turbiosphaera sp. aff. T. magni/ica Eaton 1976 of Edwards (1989)

miscellaneous areoligeracean fonns

+Chiropteridium lobospinosum (Gocht 1956) Gocht 1960 ? (frag)

 ^ Deflandrea phosphoritica Eisenack 1938/'Deflandrea heterophlycta Deflandre & Cookson 1955

+Deflandrea spinulosa Alberti 1959

+Membranophoriditim aspinatum Gerlach 1961

+Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach 1961 (verm.)

+Wetzeliella Eisenack 1938 spp. 

(+ = not known from the Paleocene; presumably a contaminant)

R5093 I (378.1-378.3 ft)

Preservation: fair, sparse; Diversity: low, dominated by Turbiosphaera sp. alT. T. magni/ica Eaton 1976 of Edwarc.

(1989).

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 8. Late Paleocene, overlap of Damassadinium californicum (Drugg 1967)

Fensome et al. 1993 and Kallosphaeridium brevibarbatum de Coninck 1969.

lAndalusiella rhombohedra of Edwards and others (1984)

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

Damassadinium californicum (Drugg 1967) Fensome et al. 1993

Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965

42
Kallosphaeridium brevibarbatum de Coninck 1969

Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Phdodinium sp. of Edwards (1989)

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 sp.

Turbiosphaera sp. afF. T. magnified Eaton 1976 of Edwards (1989)

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

The Williamsburg/Santee contact is at 355 ft.

R5093H (353.0-353.2 ft)

Preservation: good, Diversity: moderate, dominated by Homotryblium plectilum Drugg & Loeblich 1967 and

Rhombodinium draco Gocht 1955

Age: Calcareous nannofossil upper Zone NP 16. Late middle Eocene.

Cleistosphaeridium polypetallum (Islam 1983) Stover & Williams 1995

Cribroperidinium giuseppei (Morgenroth 1966) Helenes 1984

Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965

Eocladopyxis sp. of Williams and Brideaux (1975)

Glaphyrocysta cf. G.I vicina (Eaton 1976) Stover & Evitt 1978

Hafniasphaera Hansen 1977 sp.

Homotryblium plectilum Drugg & Loeblich 1967

Hystrichokolpoma rigaudiae Deflandre & Cookson 1955

Hystrichostrogylon membraniphorum Agelopoulous 1964

Lejeunecysta Artzner & DfirhSfer 1978 sp.

Lingulodinium machaerophorum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Operculodinium Wall 1967 sp.

Pentadinium goniferum Edwards 1982

Pentadinium polypodum Edwards 1982

Pentadinium Gerlach 1961 n. sp. D

Phthanoperidinium comatum (Morgenroth 1966) Eisenack & Kjellstrom 1971

Rhombodinium draco Gocht 1955/R. glabrum (Cookson 1956) Vozzhennikova 1967

Rhombodinium sp. I of Edwards (1984)

Sam landia chlamydophora Eisenack 1954

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 spp.

Systematophora placacantha (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Davey et al. 1969

Tectatodinium pellitum Wall 1967

Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack 1954) Eisenack & Gocht 1960

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

R5093G (331.7-332.0 ft)

Preservation: good; Diversity: moderate, nothing dominates.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil upper Zone NP 16. Late middle Eocene.

Charlesdowniea coleothrypta (Williams & Downiel966) Lentin & Vozzhennikova 1989

Cordosphaeridium canthardlus (Brosius 1963) Gocht 1969

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 sp.

Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965

Distatodinium ellipticum (Cookson 1965) Eaton 1976

Ennaedocysta Stover & Williams 1995 sp. ?

Hafniasphaera Hansen 1977 sp.

Homotryblium plectilum Drugg & Loeblich 1967

Hystrichokolpoma rigaudiae Deflandre & Cookson 1955

Lejeunecysta Artzner & D6rh6fer 1978 sp.

Lingulodinium machaerophorum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Millioudodinium sp. I of Edwards (1984)

Pentadinium goniferum Edwards 1982

Pentadinium polypodum Edwards 1982

Phthanoperidinium comatum (Morgenroth 1966) Eisenack & Kjellstrom 1971

Rhombodinium draco Gocht \955/R. glabrum (Cookson 1956) Vozzhennikova 1967

Rottnestia borussica (Eisenack 1954), Cookson & Eisenack 1961

43
Samlandia chlamydophora Eisenack 1954

Spiniferites pseudofurcatus (Klumpp 1953) Sarjeant 1970

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 spp.

Systematophora placacantha (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Davey et al. 1969

Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack 1954) Eisenack & Gocht 1960

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

R5093F (315.0-315.3 ft)

Preservation: good, Diversity: high, nothing dominates.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 17. Late middle Eocene, lowest occurrence ofHeteraulacacysta porosa Bujak

etal. 1980. Highest occurrence of Pentadinium goniferum Edwards 1982 and Pentadinium polypodum Edwards

1982.

Charlesdowniea coleothrypta (Williams & Downiel966) Lentin & Vozzhennikova 1989

Cordosphaeridium cantharellus (Brosius 1963) Gocht 1969

Corrudinium sp. I of Edwards (1984)

Dinopterygium cladoides sensu Morgenroth 1966

Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965

lEocladoyxis Morgenroth 1966 n. sp.

Heteraulacacysta porosa Bujak et al. 1980

Homotryblium plectilum Drugg & Loeblich 1967

Homotryblium Davey & Williams 1966 sp.

Hystrichokolpoma rigaudiae Deflandre & Cookson 1955

Lejeunecysta Artzner & DQrhofer 1978 sp.

Lentinia serrata Bujak 1980

Lingulodinium machaerophorum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Millioudodinium sp. I of Edwards (1984)

Palaeocystodinium golzowense Alberti 1961

Pentadinium goniferum Edwards 1982

Pentadinium polypodum Edwards 1982

Phthanoperidinium comatum (Morgenroth 1966) Eisenack & Kjellstrom 1971

Rhombodinium draco Gocht 1955/7?. glabrum (Cookson 1956) Vozzhennikova 1967

Samlandia chlamydophora Eisenack 1954

Selenopemphix Benedek 1972 spp.

Spiniferites pseudofurcatus (Klumpp 1953) Sarjeant 1970

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 spp.

Systematophora placacantha (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Davey etal. 1969

Tectatodinium pellitum Wall 1967

Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack 1954) Eisenack & Gocht 1960

miscellaneous areoligeracean fonns

The Santee/Harleyville contact is at 312 ft. 

Harleyville Formation

R5093 E (302.3-302.6 ft)

Preservation: good, Diversity: high, nothing dominates.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 18. Late Eocene, lowest occurrence of Batiacasphaera baculata Drugg 1970

and Batiacasphaera compta Drugg 1970. Probably contains reworked specimens (R) of early middle Eocene age

(Eocladopyxis Morgenroth 1966 n. sp. A).

Batiacasphaera baculata Drugg 1970

Batiacasphaera compta Drugg 1970

Charlesdownia variabilis (Bujak 1980) Lentin & Vozzennikova 1989

Charlesdowniea coleothrypta (Williams & Downie 1966) Lentin & Vozzheiuiikova 1989

Cordosphaeridium cantharellus (Brosius 1963) Gocht 1969

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 sp.

Corrudinium incompositum (Drugg 1970) Stover & Evitt 1978

Dapsilidinium pseudocolligerum (Stover 1977) Bujak et al. 1980

Deflandrea phosphoritica Eisenack 1938

44
Diphyes colligerum (Deflaiidre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965

Distatodiniwn ellipticum (Cookson 1965) Eaton 1976

(R)Eocladopyxis Morgenroth 1966 n. sp. A

Fibrocysta Stover & Evitt 1978 sp.

Hafniasphaera Hansen 1977 sp.

Homotrybliwn plectilum Drugg & Loeblich 1967

Hystrichokolpoma cinctunt Klumpp 1953

Hystrichokolpoma rigaudiae Deflandre & Cookson 1955

Impagidinium Stover & Evitt 1978 sp.

Lingulodinium machaerophorum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Melitasphaeridium pseudorecurvatum (Morgenroth 1966) Bujak et al. 1980

Operculodinium Wall 1967 sp.

Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach 1961 (knobby)

Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach 1961 subsp. laticinctum

Phthanoperidinium comatum (Morgenroth 1966) Eisenack & Kjellstrom 1971

Polysphaeridium zoharyi (Rossignol 1962) Bujak et al. 1980

Rhombodinium draco Gocht 1955

Rottnestia borussica (Eisenack 1954) Cookson & Eisenack 1961

Samlandia chlamydophora Eisenack 1954

Samlandia chlamydophora sensu Stover and Hardenbol (1993)

Spiniferites pseudofurcatus (Klumpp 1953) Sarjeant 1970

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 spp.

Systematophora placacantha (Deflandre & Cookson 1955)Davey et al. 1969

Tectatodinium pellitum Wall 1967

Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack 1954) Eisenack & Gocht 1960

Thalassiphora Eisenack & Gocht 1960 sp.

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

R5093 D (295.3-295.6 ft)

Preservation: good; Diversity: high, nothing dominates.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 18. Late Eocene. Probably contains reworked specimens of early middle

Eocene age (Eocladopyxis Morgenroth 1966 n. sp. A).

Batiacasphaera baculata Drugg 1970

Batiacasphaera compta Drugg 1970

Charlesdowniea coleothrypta (Williams & Downiel966) Lentin & Vozzhemiikova 1989

Cordosphaeridium cantharellus (Brosius 1963) Gocht 1969

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

Cribroperidinium giuseppei (Morgenroth 1966)Helenes 1984

Dapsilidinium pseudocolligerum (Stover 1977) Bujak et al. 1980

Deflandreaphosphoritica Eisenack 1938/D. heterophlycta Deflandre & Cookson 1955

Dinopterygium cladoides sensu Morgenroth 1966

Distatodinium ellipticum (Cookson 1965) Eaton 1976

(RyEocladopyxis Morgenroth 1966 n. sp. A

Homotryblium plectilum Drugg & Loeblich 1967

Hystrichokolpoma rigaudiae Deflandre & Cookson 1955

Lejeunecysta Artzner & DOrhoTer 1978 sp.

Lingulodinium machaerophorum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Melitasphaeridium pseudorecurvatum (Morgenroth 1966) Bujak et al. 1980

Operculodinium Wall 1967 sp.

Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach 1961 (verm.)

Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach subsp. laticinctum

Phthanoperidinium Drugg & Loeblich 1967 sp.

Samlandia chlamydophora Eisenack 1954

Samlandia chlamydophora sensu Stover and Hardenbol 1993

Spiniferites pseudofurcatus (Klumpp 1953) Sarjeant 1970

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 spp.

Systematophora placacantha (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Davey et al. 1969

Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack 1954) Eisenack & Gocht 1960

45
Wetzeliella Eisenack 1938 spp. 

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

There is an environmental change between these two samples; more inshore stratigraphically above here.

R5093 C (262.0-262.3 ft)

Preservation: good; Diversity: high, dominated by Glaphyrocysta spp. and Homotryblium plectilwn Drugg & Loeblich

1967.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 19/20. Late Eocene. Lowest Cordosphaeridium funiculatwn Morgenroth

1966.

Batiacasphaera baculata Drugg 1970

Batiacasphaera compta Drugg 1970

Charlesdawnia variabilis (Bujak 1980) Lentin & Vozzennikova 1989

Cordosphaeridium cantharellus (Brosius 1963) Gocht 1969

Cordo sphaeridium funiculatum Morgenroth 1966

Corrudinium incompositum (Drugg 1970) Stover & Evitt 1978

Deflandrea phosphoritica Eisenack 1938/D. heterophlycta Deflandre & Cookson 1955

Dinopterygium cladoides sensu Morgenroth 1966

Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965

Distatodinium ellipticwn (Cookson 1965) Eaton 1976

Ennaedocysta Stover & Williams 1995 sp.

Fibrocysta Stover & Evitt 1978 sp.

Glaphyrocysta cf. G.I vicina (Eaton 1976) Stover & Evitt 1978

Homotryblium plectilum Drugg & Loeblich 1967

Hystrichokolpoma cinctum Klumpp 1953

Hystrichokolpoma rigaudiae Deflandre & Cookson 1955

Hystrichostrogylon coninckii Heilmen-Clausen 1985

Lejeunecysta Artzner & Dorhofer 1978 spp.

Lingulodinium machaerophorum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Millioudodinium sp. I of Edwards (1984)

Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Palaeocystodinium golzo\vense Alberti 1961

Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach 1961 (venn.)

Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach subsp. laticinctum

Phthanoperidinium comatum (Morgenroth 1966) Eisenack & Kjellstrom 1971

Samlandia chlamydophora Eisenack 1954

Selenopemphix Benedek 1972 spp.

Spiniferites pseudofurcatus (Klumpp 1953) Sarjeant 1970

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 spp.

Systematophora placacantha (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Davey et al. 1969

Tectatodinium pellitum Wall 1967 ?

Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack 1954) Eisenack & Gocht 1960

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

R5093 8(241.5-241.8 ft)

Preservation: good; Diversity: moderate, dominated by Homotryblium plectilum Drugg & Loeblich 1967.

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 19/20. Late Eocene.

Batiacasphaera baculata Drugg 1970

Batiacasphaera compta Drugg 1970

Charlesdowniea coleothrypta (Williams & Downiel966) Lentin & Vozzheimikova 1989

Cordosphaeridium cantharellus (Brosius 1963) Gocht 1969

Cordosphaeridium funiculatum Morgenroth 1966

Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 spp.

Cribroperidinium giuseppei (Morgenroth 1966)Helenes 1984

Dapsilidinium pseudocolligerum (Stover 1977) Bujak et al. 1980

Deflandrea phosphoritica Eisenack 1938

Dinopterygium cladoides sensu Morgenroth 1966

Homotryblium plectilum Drugg & Loeblich 1967

46
Lejeunecysta Artzner & Dorhofer 1978 spp.

Lingulodinium machaerophorum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Operculodinium Wall 1967 sp.

Palaeocystodinium golzowense Alberti 1961

Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach subsp. laticinctum

Polysphaeridium zoharyi (Rossignol 1962) Bujak et al. 1980

Samlandia chlamydophora Eisenack 1954

Spiniferites pseudofurcatus (Klumpp 1953) Sarjeant 1970

Tectatodinium pellitum Wall 1967

Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack 1954) Eisenack & Gocht 1960

Wetzeliella Eisenack 1938 sp.

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

R5093 A (210.5-210.7 ft)

Preservation: good; Diversity: moderate, dominated by Homotryblium plectilum Drugg & Loeblich 1967. Reworked

specimens, (R).

Age: Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 19/20. Late Eocene.

Batiacasphaera baculata Drugg 1970

Batiacasphaera compta Drugg 1970

Charlesdowniea coleothrypta (Williams & Downiel966) Lentin & Vozzheimikova 1989

Cordosphaeridium funiculatum Morgenroth 1966

Cribroperidinium giuseppei (Morgenroth 1966) Helenes 1984

Deflandrea phosphoritica Eisenack 1938/D. heterophlycta Deflandre & Cookson 1955

Diphyes colligerum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Cookson 1965

Homotryblium plectilum Drugg & Loeblich 1967

Lejeunecysta Artzner & Dorhofer 1978 spp.

Lingulodinium machaerophorum (Deflandre & Cookson 1955) Wall 1967

Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach subsp. laticinctum

Pentadinium membranaceum (Eisenack 1965) Stover & Evitt 1978

Rottnestia borussica (Eisenack 1954) Cookson & Eisenack 1961

Spiniferites pseudofurcatus (Klumpp 1953) Sarjeant 1970

Spiniferites Mantell 1850 spp.

Systematophora placacantha (Deflandre & Cookson 1955)Davey etal. 1969

Tectatodinium pellitum Wall 1967

Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack 1954) Eisenack & Gocht 1960

Wetzeliella Eisenack 1938 sp.

miscellaneous areoligeracean forms

(R) small peridiniacean forms

APPENDIX 7. Summary of samples examined for pollen.

Thirty-eight samples from the Camion Park corehole were examined for pollen, as shown on the following list.

Palynology No. Depth

R5093 A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F

G

H

210.5-210.7' 

241.5-241.8' 

262.0-262.3' 

295.3-295.6' 

302.3-302.6' 

315.0-315.3'

331.7-332.0' 

353.0-353.2'

Stratigraphic 

Unit

Harleyville Fm.

do.

do.

do.

do.

Cross Mbr.

Santee Ls

do.

do.

Shown in Provides data 

pollen about sample 

occurrence ages 

chart

47
Y

I

J

X

W

K

L

M

N

AM

AL

AK

AJ

AI

O

AH

AG

AF

AE

AD

AC

A

P

AA

V

U

T

S

R

Q

378.0'

378.1-378.3'

412.2-412 .4'

439.0' 

492.0'

497.7-498.0'

510.0-510.3'

550.0-550.3'

605.0-605.3'

620.0-620.3'

625.0-625.3'

630.0-630.3'

635.0-635.3'

645.0-645.3'

650.0-650.3'

655.0-655.3'

660.0-660.3'

665.0-665.3'

670.0-670.3'

675.0-675.3'

679.7-680.0'

684.7-685.0'

690.0-690.3'

695.1-695.4'

699.6-699.9'

705.0-705.3'

710.0-710.3'

713.7-714.0'

726.0-726.3'

736.0-736.3'

Chicora Mbr.

Williamsburg Fm. 

do.

do.

Lower Bridge Mbr. 

Williamsburg Fm. 

do.

do.

Rhems Fm.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

X

X 

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X 

X 

X

Nineteen of the samples were barren of pollen or contained so little pollen that no analysis could be made, 

but 19 other samples contained enough taxa that they were worth recording on the accompanying chart, in which X = 

present; P = probably present; ? = possibly present. Six of the latter 19 samples had pollen taxa (listed in the chart) 

that provide some information about sample ages, and these ages are discussed in the text.

APPENDIX 8. Cenozoic lithologic data from the Cannon Park core

Pleistocene sediments 

Run 2: 7.5-9 ft

Fill; SAND, fine to medium with brick fragments grading into wood fragments from 8 to 9 ft.

Run 3: 9-14 ft

CLAY, silty with macrofossil fragments; gray (2.5Y5/1).

Run 4: 14-19 ft

CLAY, silty; silt (2 to 5%); sand, very fine to fine; well-consolidated with trace heavy minerals; mica (1-5%); 

local shell fragments (1 -5%), organic matter (10-15%); low-angled crossbeds in organic-rich layers; gray 

(2.5Y5/1).

Run 5: 19-24 ft

CLAY, silty; gray (2.5Y5/1); same as above.

Run 6: 24-29 ft

48
24-27.3 ft: CLAY, silty, silt (1-5%); sand, very fine to fine; well consolidated; mica (1-5%); organic matter (5- 

10%);gray(2.5Y5/l).

27.3-28 ft: Organic-rich layer, very dark gray (2.5Y3/1) with orange staining (oxidized); dark-yellow-brown 

(10YR4/6).

28-29 ft: SAND, fine to medium, angular, well sorted; clay matrix (2-5%); poorly consolidated; trace heavy 

minerals; mica (2-3%); organic matter (5-10%); light gray (2.5Y7/1).

Run 7: 29-34 ft

29-29.5 ft: SAND; same as above, grades into:

29.5-32 ft: SAND, clayey to SAND; quartz, fine to medium, subangular, well-sorted; organic-rich clay matrix 

(5-10%); poorly consolidated; trace heavy minerals; mica (1-2%); dark-gray (2.5Y4/1); grades into:

32 ft: Lag deposit: SAND; quartz, fine to coarse; quartz gravel (up to 5 mm); subangular to well rounded, poorly 

sorted; well-rounded phosphate gravel.

32-34 ft: SAND, quartz, fine to medium, subangular, well-sorted, poorly consolidated, clay matrix (1 -3%); 

abundant shell fragments (20-30%); trace heavy minerals; mica (2-5%); light-brown-gray (2.5Y6/2); increase in 

clay content around 33 ft to (10-15%).

Run 8: 34-44 ft

34 ft: Possible contact; burrows filled with shell fragments and fine quartz sand from above.

34-42 ft: CLAY, silty, SILT, and SAND, very fine (5%) in thin laminations (2 mm thick); trace heavy minerals; 

thin lamination of shell fragments (2-5 mm thick); well-consolidated; gray (5Y6/1).

42-44 ft: No recovery.

Run 9: 44^9 ft

CLAY, silty with very fine to fine quartz sand in thin laminations (2-3 mm thick), subangular, well-sorted; 

well-consolidated; trace shell fragments; trace organic matter (<5%); trace mica (1-2%); gray (5Y6/1).

Run 10:49-59 ft

CLAY, silty with very fine to fine quartz sand in thin laminations (2-3 mm thick); increase in quartz sand 

laminations as above; light-olive-gray (5Y6/2).

Run 11: 59-65 ft

59-61 ft: CLAY, silty with very fine to fine quartz sand laminations (same as above); grades into: (increase in 

sand content).

61-65 ft: SAND, clayey, silty; quartz, very fine to fine, angular to subangular, well-sorted, semi-consolidated in 

10-20% clay matrix; parts as if thinly laminated (alternating clean sand with clayey sand); mica (1-2%); trace 

heavy minerals; light-yellow-brown (2.5Y6/3); grades into:

Run 12: 65-75 ft

65-71 ft: CLAY, silty with very fine to fine quartz sand lamination (<5%); well consolidated; light-brown-gray 

(2.5Y6/2); grades into: (increase in quartz sand lamination at 71 ft).

71-74 ft: CLAY, silty with very fine to fine quartz sand laminations (1-2 mm thick, 30-40%); in clay matrix 

(50-60%); quartz sand, subangular, well-sorted; well-consolidated; mica (1-2%); trace heavy minerals; increase 

in phosphate (20%) in sand laminations; light-brown-gray (2.5Y6/2).

Tertiary System

49
Upper Oligocene

Ashley Formation (Cooper Group)

74 ft: Contact: Top of Cooper Group, Ashley Fm.

At contact: SAND, fine to medium, subangular, and well sorted; phosphate gravel (2-6 mm).

74-75 ft: CLAY, calcareous, microfossiliferous, silty/sandy, quartz, fine to medium, angular (5-8%) in 

calcareous clay, foraminifers abundant; trace heavy minerals; partially to heavily bioturbated; well-consolidated; 

small macrofossil fragments (locally up to 30%), locally dissolved; pale-olive (brownish) (5Y6/4).

Run 13: 75-84 ft

CLAY, calcareous, microfossiliferous, silty/sandy, same as above; highly bioturbated, common small fossil 

fragments.

Run 14: 84-89 ft

Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

Run 15: 89-95 ft

CLAY, calcareous, microfossiliferous, silty/sandy; same as above; quartz, very fine to fine, subangular, 

abundant microfossils, macrofossil fragments; bioturbated; shell fragments; trace heavy minerals; wellconsolidated; pale-yellow (olive) (5Y7/4).

Run 16: 95-97 ft

CLAY, calcareous; same as above.

Run 17: 97-104 ft

97-98 ft: CLAY, calcareous, microfossiliferous, sandy, same as above; possible burrowing.

98-104 ft: No recovery.

Run 18: 104-105 ft

CLAY, calcareous; same as above; possible burrows.

Run 19: 105-110 ft

105-108 ft: CLAY, calcareous, microfossiliferous, silty/sandy, same as above.

106.7 ft: nodules (5-10 mm) within the matrix; higher calcite cement (<clay content); highly bioturbated.

Run 20: 110-120 ft

110-112 ft: CLAY, calcareous; same as above; bioturbated; abundant nodules; grades into:

112-117 ft: CLAY, calcareous, microfossiliferous, silty/sandy, quartz, very fine to fine, subangular, abundant 

foraminifers but decrease from section above; trace glauconite; trace heavy minerals; olive to pale-olive 

(5Y5/4).

117-120 ft: No recovery.

Run 21: 120-130 ft

120-125 ft: CLAY, calcareous; same as above; abundant foraminifers.

125-130 ft: Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

Run 22: 130-140 ft

CLAY, calcareous; same as above; abundant foraminifers.

50
138.5 ft: pecten fragments.

Run 23: 140-150 ft

CLAY, calcareous, microfossiliferous, silty/sandy, same as above; foraminifers decreasing in size; pale-olive 

(5Y6/4).

Run 24: 150-160 ft

CLAY calcareous; same as above; abundant foraminifers; common pecten fragments; trace glauconite.

Run 25: 160-165 ft

Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

Run 26: 165-171 ft

CLAY, calcareous; same as above.

Run 27: 171-181 ft

CLAY, calcareous; same as above; common shell fragments; trace glauconite.

Run 28: 181-191 ft

CLAY, calcareous; same as above; common shell fragments; glauconite (5%); trace phosphate.

186 ft: increase in glauconite (5-10%); trace pyrite; pecten fragments.

Run 29: 191-201 ft

CLAY, calcareous, microfossiliferous, silty/sandy, quartz, very fine to fine, subrounded; abundant foraminifers; 

glauconite (10-15%); phosphate (5-10%), very coarse; trace heavy minerals; phosphate pebbles (up to 2 mm); 

pale-olive (5Y6/3).

Run 30: 201-211

201-208 ft: CLAY, calcareous; same as above; quartz, fine to medium, subrounded to round (20-30%); 

foraminifers common to abundant; phosphate, fine to very coarse, black phosphate, subangular to round, brown 

phosphate, well-rounded, medium to coarse; glauconite (10%); trace heavy minerals; trace spicules; pale-olive 

(5Y6/3).

206-208 ft: increase in phosphate and glauconite content; increase in phosphate pebbles (2-10 mm). 

Upper Eocene 

Harleyville Formation (Cooper Group)

208 ft: Contact: Ashley Fm/Harleyville Fm

208-211 ft: CLAY, calcareous, microfossiliferous, fine, silty; very fine as compared with above formation.

Run 31: 211-219 ft

CLAY, calcareous, microfossiliferous, fine-grained, silty/sandy; quartz, very fine to fine, subangular to 

subrounded (10-15%); abundant to common foraminifers; trace glauconite; trace heavy minerals; pale-yellow 

(olive) (5Y7/3).

Run 32: 219-224 ft

Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

Run 33: 224-232 ft

224-225 ft: Dense silicified zone.

51
225-232 ft: CLAY, calcareous; same as above.

Run 34: 232-239 ft

CLAY, calcareous; same as above; common shell fragments; trace glauconite; looks as if there are bedding 

features (clean sand with foraminifers interbedded with clayey beds <1 mm in thickness).

Run 35:239-242 ft

239-241 ft: CLAY, calcareous; same as above; increase in phosphate, very fine (15-20%); spicules (15%); trace 

glauconite.

241-242 ft: No recovery.

Run 36: 242-252 ft

242-244.5 ft: CLAY, calcareous; same as above.

243.5-244.5 ft: Silicified zone; sheeting appearance (lenses). 

244.5-252 ft: No recovery.

Run 37: 252-262 ft

252-253 ft: Dense silicified zone; more lithified than surrounding matrix.

253-256 ft: CLAY, calcareous, microfossiliferous, silty/sandy, quartz, very fine to fine, subangular to 

subrounded; abundant foraminifers (50+%); common glauconite (15-20%); trace phosphate; trace heavy 

minerals; clay matrix (15-20%); common shell fragments; common spicules; light-gray (2.5Y7/2).

255.5-256 ft: Dense silicified zone. 

256-262 ft: No recovery.

Run 38:262-272 ft 

CLAY, calcareous; same as above; increase in shell fragments (common to abundant), possible burrows; 

increase in glauconite content.

268.5-269.5 ft: Dense silicified zone. 

271.5-272 ft: Dense silicified zone.

Run 39:272-277 ft 

No recovery.

Run 40: 277-282 ft

CLAY, calcareous; same as above; abundant shell fragments.

277.5-278.5 ft: Dense silicified zone. 

278.5 ft: Dissolution feature (~2cm thick).

Run 41:282-292 ft

CLAY, calcareous, silty/sandy, quartz, very fine to fine, subangular to subrounded (10-20%); bioturbated, 

microfossiliferous, abundant foraminifers (40%+); abundant glauconite (15-20%); trace phosphate, trace heavy 

minerals, clay matrix (10-15%); common shell fragments; light-gray (2.5Y7/2).

282.7-283.9 ft: Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD Columbia, SC.

52
284.5-285 ft: Dense silicified zone. 

286.5-286.8 ft: Dense silicified zone. 

289.8-290 ft: Dense silicified zone. 

290 ft: Common to abundant oyster fragments.

Run 42: 292-302 ft

CLAY, calcareous; quartz, very fine to fine, subangular to subrounded (5% from 292-294 ft), decrease at about 

294 ft to about 1-5%; abundant foraminifers (25-35%); abundant glauconite (15-20%); trace phosphate; trace 

heavy minerals; common shell fragments; clay matrix (15%); light-gray (2.5Y7/2).

295-295.4 ft: Dense silicified zone.

295.5-302 ft: Numerous burrows filled with higher content of glauconite and trace of phosphate and increase in 

sand content (10%); numerous shell fragments.

297.7-299.1 ft Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

Run 43: 302-312 ft

302-303 ft: Calcareous clay, same as above.

303-312 ft: CLAY, silty/sandy, calcareous; quartz, very fine to fine, subangular (1-5%), highly glauconitic, 

bioturbated, microfossiliferous; abundant foraminifers (15-20%); common shell fragments; abundant glauconite 

(20-30%); trace phosphate; trace heavy minerals; trace to common spicules; abundant burrows; trace to common 

oyster fragments from 306.5 ft down.

303 ft: Dense silicified zone; abundant spicules within 3 cm above silicified zone.

Higher glauconite content within burrows then surrounding matrix; burrows have a higher quartz content.

307 ft and 310 ft small nodules or clasts.

Middle Eocene

Cross Member of the Santee Limestone

Run 44: 312-322 ft

312.6 ft: contact Harleyville Formation/Cross Member

LIMESTONE, fine-grained; quartz, very fine to fine (2-5%); bioturbated, abundant foraminifers, glauconite 

(20% from 312-320 ft; 5% from 320-322).

314-315 ft: Dense silicified zone; common to abundant radiolarian spicules above zone.

Run 45: 322-332 ft

322-324 ft: Dense silicified zone.

LIMESTONE, fine-grained; microfossiliferous, slightly clayey, quartz, very fine to fine (2-4%); abundant 

foraminifers (poorly preserved, silica replacement); trace glauconite; siliceous spicules; white (5Y8/1).

326.4-328.5 ft: Dense silicified zone. 

Run 46: 332-342 ft

53
LIMESTONE, fine-grained; same as above.

Run 47: 342-352 ft

LIMESTONE, fine-grained; same as above; increase in phosphate content, subangular, fine to medium; trace 

glauconite.

351.7-352 ft- Dense silicified zone.

Run 48: 352-357 ft

352-355.0 ft: Lag deposit above 2-cm-thick phosphatic crust. LIMESTONE; quartz, fine to medium, 

subrounded to round (20-25%); abundant glauconite, medium to coarse, subrounded to round; common pyrite; 

common to abundant phosphate, sand and granules; bioturbated; white (N8/) with dark grains.

Upper Paleocene

Chicora Member of the Williamsburg Formation (Black Mingo Group)

355.0 ft: Contact: Cross Member/Chicora Member.

355.0-357 ft: LIMESTONE, molluscan, moldic, glauconite/quartz-rich; moderate to high, solution-enhanced, 

meso- to megamoldic porosity (20%); some calcite spar coatings on surfaces; molluscan dominated.

Run 49: 357-362 ft

LIMESTONE, molluscan, moldic, quartz-rich; quartz, fine to medium, subrounded (20-25%); abundant 

glauconite; meso- to megamoldic porosity (15-20%), voids (3-8 mm in length); spar cement coatings; common 

oyster shells; molluscan dominated.

357.7-362 ft: No recovery.

Run 50: 362-367 

No recovery.

Run 51:367-369 ft

367-368 ft: SANDSTONE, calcareous cemented; semi-consolidated; quartz, fine to coarse, subangular to 

subrounded (60-70%); trace to common glauconite; shell fragments (15%); nibble zone with clasts (10-40 mm 

in length), gray limestone abov^elow, greenish-gray (10Y6/1).

368-369 ft: No recovery.

Run 52: 369-371 ft

LIMESTONE, molluscan, moldic, quartz-rich; quartz, very fine to fine, subangular to subrounded (20%); trace 

glauconite/phosphate; shell fragments; meso- to megamoldic porosity (15-20%), voids (3-10 mm in length); 

gray (N6/).

369.5- 371 ft: No recovery.

Run 53: 371-376 ft

371-371.5 ft: SAND, fossiliferous, poorly consolidated to unconsolidated; quartz, fine to coarse, subangular to 

subrounded (60-70%); shell fragments (15%); trace foraniinifers; trace heavy minerals.

371.5-372 ft: LIMESTONE, molluscan, moldic, quartz-rich; quartz, very fine to fine, subrounded (20-30%); 

spar cement coatings; meso- to megamoldic porosity (20%); light-gray (N7/).

372-376 ft: No recovery. 

Run 54: 376-380 ft

54
376-377 ft: Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

377-379 ft: CLAY, silty with thin sand lamination (2 mm thick, fine), angular to subangular, grades into:

379-380 ft: SAND/MUD, calcareous; quartz, fine to fine angular to subangular (25-30%); shell fragments; trace 

phosphate/glauconite; common clasts of limestone, calcareous clay balls; light-gray (2.5Y7/1).

Run 55: 380-385 ft

380-382 ft: No recovery.

SAND/MUD, calcareous; interbedded with clasts of quartz-rich shelly limestone; quartz, very fine to fine; lightgray (n7/); same as above.

Run 56: 385-390 ft

SAND/MUD, calcareous with clasts of quartz-rich shelly limestone; same as above.

386.7-390 ft: No recovery.

Run 57: 390-395 ft

SAND/MUD, fossiliferous, calcareous with clast of quartz-rich shelly limestone; semi-consolidated; quartz, 

very fine to medium, angular to subrounded, 60%; shell fragments; common foraminifers 5%; trace 

phosphate/glauconite; spar cement coatings; interparticle to meso- to megamoldic porosity (15-20%); lightgreenish-gray (10Y7/1).

Run 58: 395-400 ft

395-398 ft: SAND/MUD, fossiliferous, calcareous with intraclast of quartz-rich shelly limestone; same as 

above.

398-400 ft: SAND/MUD, bioturbated, calcareous; quartz, very fine to medium, subangular to subrounded; trace 

phosphate (<5%); trace glauconite; trace heavy minerals; foraminifers (<5%); shell fragments; greenish-gray 

(10Y6/1).

Run 59:400-405 ft

SAND/MUD, bioturbated, calcareous with intraclast of quartz-rich shelly limestone; quartz, very fine to 

medium, subangular to subrounded; phosphate (<5%); trace glauconite; trace heavy minerals; foraminifers 

(<5%); spar cement coatings; greenish-gray (10Y6/1).

Run 60:405-412 ft

405-410 ft: Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

Run 61:412-417 ft

SAND, fossiliferous, calcareous; quartz, fine to medium, subangular to rounded; glauconite (5%); trace 

phosphate; shell fragments; poorly to semi-consolidated; white (5Y8/1).

415-417 ft: No recovery.

Run 62: 417-418.5 ft

SAND, fossiliferous, calcareous; same as above.

Run 63: 418.5-422 ft

418.5-421 ft: SAND, fossiliferous, interbedded with quartz-rich glauconite shelly limestone clasts; glauconite 

(10-15%); poorly consolidated.

421-422 ft: No recovery.

55
Run 64:422^25 ft

SAND, fossiliferous, glauconitic, calcareous with clasts of quartz-rich shelly limestone; same as above; semi- to 

well-consolidated; increase in quartz (50-60%) and glauconite (15-20%) content; increase in shell fragments; 

interparticle to meso- megamoldic porosity (15-20%).

Run 65:425^27 ft

SAND, fossiliferous; same as above; quartz fine to medium, subrounded to rounded; glauconite (10-15%); trace 

phosphate; shell fragments; poorly to semi-consolidated; white (5Y8/1).

Run 66:427^31 ft

427-429 ft: SAND, fossiliferous; same as above.

Upper Paleocene

Lower Bridge Member of the Williamsburg Formation (Black Mingo Group)

429 ft: contact between Chicora Member and the Lower Bridge Member of the Williamsburg Fm.

429-429.5 ft: LIMESTONE, shelly, moldic, glauconite/quartz-rich; quartz, fine to medium, subrounded to 

rounded; common glauconite (10%); trace phosphate; spar cement coating; meso- to megamoldic porosity (15- 

20%).

429.5^31 ft: No recovery.

Run 67:431-432 ft

LIMESTONE, shelly, moldic, quartz-rich; same as above.

Run 68:432^37 ft

CLAY (siltstone/claystone), bioturbated, silty/sandy, moderately calcareous; quartz, very fine to fine, angular to 

subangular (20-30%); sparse to common glauconite (<10%); common mica (10-15%); siliceous spicules; trace 

foraminifers; trace heavy minerals; trace phosphate; gray (5Y5/1).

Run 69:437-442 ft

CLAY (siltstone), silty/sandy, bioturbated, moderately calcareous; same as above.

Run 70:442-452 ft

CLAY, bioturbated, silty/sandy, same as above.

442-443 ft: Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

Run 71 .-452^62 ft

CLAY (siltstone), moderately calcareous, silty/sandy, well-indurated; quartz, very fine to fine, subangular to 

angular (20-30%); common glauconite; common mica (5%); siliceous spicules; trace heavy minerals; gray 

(5Y5/l)to(5Y6/l).

Run 72: 462-472 ft

CLAY (siltstone), silty/sandy, moderately calcareous; same as above.

Run 73:472-482 ft

CLAY (siltstone), silty/sandy, moderately calcareous; same as above.

Run 74: 482-492 ft

CLAY, silty/sandy, same as above.

482-485 ft: Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

56
Run 75:492-502 ft

492-494 ft: CLAY, silty/sandy, same as above.

494-498 ft: CLAY, silty/sandy, bioturbated, glauconitic, calcareous; quartz, very fine to medium, subangular to 

subrounded (10-15%); abundant glauconite (10-15%); common phosphate, glauconite/phosphate pebbles (2-5 

mm in diameter); trace pyrite; greenish-gray (4/2).

497.5-498 ft: Highly glauconitic (25-35%).

Lower and Upper Paleocene

Rhems Formation (Black Mingo Group)

498 ft: Contact between Williamsburg Formation and the Rhems Formation.

498-502 ft: CLAY, silty/sandy, bioturbated, moderately calcareous; decrease in glauconite content (<10%).

Run 76: 502-507 ft

CLAY, silty/sandy, moderately calcareous, interbedded with quartz sand; quartz, very fine to medium, 

subangular to angular (5-10%); common to trace glauconite; common mica; siliceous spicules; trace heavy 

minerals; gray (5Y6/1).

Run 77: 507-512 ft

CLAY, silty, moderately calcareous; same as above.

Run 78: 512-521ft

CLAY, silty/sandy, moderately calcareous, interbedded with quartz sand lenses (5-10mm thick); same as above.

512-513.3 ft: Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

Run 79: 521-531 ft

CLAY, silty/sandy, moderately calcareous, interbedded with quartz sand (trace to common); same as above.

Run 80: 531-541 ft

CLAY (siltstone), silty.

Run 81: 541-551ft

CLAY, silty/sandy, moderately calcareous; well indurated; quartz, very fine to fine, subangular to angular (5- 

10%); common mica (5%); siliceous spicules; trace heavy minerals; gray (5Y6/1).

Run 82: 551-561 ft

CLAY, silty, moderately calcareous; same as above.

Run 83: 561-571 ft

CLAY, silty/sandy, same as above.

567.5-569 ft: Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

Run 84: 571-581 ft

CLAY, sandy/silty clay, same as above; increase in sand content (10-15%).

Run 85: 581-590 ft

CLAY, sandy/silty, same as above.

Run 86: 590-600 ft

57
CLAY, silty to SAND, clayey, well indurated; quartz, very fine to medium, subangular (20%); moderately 

calcareous; common mica (5-10%); trace glauconite; trace foraminifers; siliceous spicules; moderately 

bioturbated; gray (5Y6/1).

590-590.5 ft Dense silicified zone.

Run 87: 600-610 ft

CLAY, silty to SAND, clayey, same as above.

Run 88: 610-617 ft

SAND, clayey, same as above.

Run 89: 617-622 ft

CLAY, silty SAND, clayey, same as above.

617-619.8 ft: Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

Run 90: 622-632 ft

CLAY, silty to SAND/SILT, clayey, well indurated; quartz, very fine to medium, subangular (25-35%); 

common mica (10-15%); trace foraminifers; bioturbated; siliceous spicules; gray (5Y6/1).

Run 91: 632-642 ft

CLAY, sandy to SAND, clayey, well indurated; common to abundant mica (15%); same as above.

637.4-642 ft: No recovery.

Run 92: 642-647 ft

CLAY, sandy to SAND, clayey, same as above.

Run 93: 647-652 ft

CLAY, sandy to SAND, clayey, same as above.

Run 94: 652-661 ft

CLAY, sandy to SAND, clayey, bioturbated, well-indurated; quartz, very fine to medium, subangular to 

subrounded (30-40%); moderately calcareous; common to abundant mica (15%); foraminifers; siliceous 

spicules; burrows filled with clean sand, fine to medium, subangular to subrounded, well-sorted; gray (5Y6/1).

652-653.2 ft: Sample with Frank Chapelle, USGS-WRD, Columbia, SC.

Run 95: 661-671 ft

CLAY, sandy to SAND, clayey, bioturbated; same as above.

666-666.3 ft: Dense silicified zone. 

669-671 ft: No recovery.

Run 96: 671-681 ft

CLAY, sandy to SAND, clayey, bioturbated; same as above.

Run 97: 681-691 ft

CLAY, sandy to SAND, clayey, bioturbated; same as above.

Run 98: 691-701 ft

CLAY, sandy to SAND, clayey, bioturbated; same as above.

58
Run 99: 701-710 ft

CLAY, sandy, to SAND, clayey, bioturbated; well indurated; quartz, very fine to medium, subangular to 

subrounded (30-40%); moderately calcareous; common to abundant mica (15%); foraminifers; siliceous 

spicules; sand filled burrows; gray (5Y6/1).

701.5-702 ft: Dense silicified zone with inclined bedding. 

707-707.5 ft: Dense silicified zone.

Run 100: 710-720 ft

CLAY, sandy to SAND, clayey, bioturbated; same as above.

718-718.8 ft: Dense silicified zone; white (N8/).

Run 101:720-730 ft

720-722.8 ft: SAND, clayey, highly bioturbated, well indurated; moderately calcareous; same as above.

722.8-725.5 ft: SAND, clayey, highly bioturbated, glauconite/phosphate-rich; abundant glauconite-filled 

burrows; phosphate pebbles (2-7 mm in diameter); trace macrofossils; common foraminifers, common to 

abundant siliceous spicules; common mica; dark-yellowish-brown (10YR4/2).

725.5 ft: contact.

Run 102: 730-740 ft

SAND, clayey, highly bioturbated, glauconitic, phosphatic; same as above.

738-740 ft: No recovery.

Run 103: 740-747 ft

740-743.8 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine to fine, muddy, poorly sorted; phosphate (5-15%, increasing downward, 

sand, granules, and small pebbles), glauconite (5%, sand-sized); common microfossils; irregular patches of 

calcium-carbonate cement; dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1).

743.8 ft: Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, sharp, burrowed.

Maastrichtian 

Peedee Formation

743.8-747 ft: SAND, very fine, and SILT, quartz, clayey; mica (1-3%, silt); common microfauna; common 0.5- 

inch-diameter, unlined burrows containing quartz-phosphate sand from above; color- and texture-mottled 

(bioturbated); dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1).

APPENDIX 9. Cretaceous lithologic data for the Cannon Park core

Run 103: 740-747 ft: REPEATED DESCRIPTION 

Rhems Formation (part)

740-743.8 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine to fine, muddy, poorly sorted; phosphate (5-15%, increasing downward, 

sand, granules, and small pebbles), glauconite (5%, sand-sized); common microfossils; irregular patches of 

calcium-carbonate cement; dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1).

743.8 ft: Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, sharp, burrowed.

Maastrichtian 

Peedee Formation

59
743.8-747 ft: SAND, very fine, and SILT, quartz, clayey, mica (1-3%, silt); common microfauna; common 0.5- 

inch-diameter, unlined burrows containing quartz-phosphate sand from above; color- and texture-mottled 

(bioturbated); dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1).

Run 104: 747-750 ft

SAND, very fine, and SILT, quartz, clayey, mica (trace); common microfauna; color- and texture-mottled 

(bioturbated); brownish-gray (5YR4/1).

Run 105: 750-760 ft (No recovery)

Run 106: 760-770 ft

SILT, quartz, clayey, mica (1%, silt), sulflde nodule at 760.5 ft; abundant microfauna; sparse, disseminated, 

sand-sized, molluscan fragments; massive to texture-mottled (bioturbated), common silt-filled burrows; dense; 

olive-gray (5 Y4/1).

Run 107: 770-780 ft

SILT, quartz, clayey, mica (1%, silt); abundant microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan 

fragments; massive to texture-mottled (bioturbated), common silt-filled burrows; dense; olive-gray (5Y4/1).

Run 108: 780-790 ft

SILT, quartz, clayey, mica (1%, silt); abundant microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan 

fragments; massive to texture-mottled (bioturbated), common silt-filled burrows; dense; olive-gray (5Y4/1).

Run 109: 790-795 ft

SILT, quartz, clayey; mica (1%, silt), large wood fragment at 790.8 ft; abundant microfauna; sparse, 

disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan fragments; massive to texture-mottled (bioturbated), common silt-filled 

burrows; dense, slightly waxy, olive-gray (5Y4/1).

Run 110: 795-800 ft

CLAY, silty, mica (1%, silt); abundant microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan fragments; 

massive to texture-mottled (bioturbated), common silt-filled burrows; dense, slightly waxy, olive-gray (5Y4/1).

Run 111: 800-810 ft

800-801.1 ft: SILT, quartz, clayey; mica (1%, silt); abundant microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized, 

molluscan fragments; massive to texture-mottled (bioturbated); dense, slightly waxy; olive-gray (5Y4/1).

801.1-810 ft: No recovery.

Run 112: 810-820 ft

SILT, quartz, clayey; mica (1%, silt); abundant microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan 

fragments; massive to texture-mottled (bioturbated); sparse, incipient calcium-carbonate nodules (very light 

gray); dense, slightly waxy, olive-gray (5Y4/1).

Run 113: 820-830 ft

820-823 ft: SILT, quartz, clayey, mica (1%, silt); abundant microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized, 

molluscan fragments; massive to texture-mottled (bioturbated); dense, slightly waxy; olive-gray (5Y4/1). 

Broadly gradational down into lithology below.

823-826.6 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine to fine, muddy; phosphate (5-10% at base, decreasing upward; very fine 

sand to granules), common granule- to small-pebble-sized intraclasts of calcareous sandy mud; abundant 

microfossils; sparse to common, disseminated, sand- and granule-sized molluscan fragments; texture-mottled 

(bioturbated); dense; olive-gray (5Y4/1).

826.6 ft: MAJOR CONTACT - sharp, 2 inches of relief due to burrowing

Campanian

Donoho Creek Formation (part)

60
826.6-827.5 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine to fine; mica (trace); fabric-selective, calcium-carbonate cement 

replaces matrix; very light gray (N8). Gradational down into lithology below.

827.5-830 ft; SAND, quartz, very fine to fine, muddy, mica (1%, silt-very fine sand); sparse microfauna; 

sparse, disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan fragments; strongly bioturbated (isolated clay blebs are truncated 

burrow linings); brownish-gray (5YR4/I).

Run 114: 830-840 ft

830-837.5 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine to fine, muddy; mica (1-3%, very fine-medium sand); sparse microfauna; 

sparse, disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan fragments; strongly bioturbated (isolated clay blebs are truncated 

burrow linings); brownish-gray (5YR4/1).

837.5-840 ft: No recovery.

Run 115: 840-850 ft

840-841.2 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine to fine, muddy, mica (1%, silt-very fine sand); sparse microfauna; 

sparse, disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan fragments; strongly bioturbated (isolated clay blebs are truncated 

burrow linings); brownish-gray (5YR4/1). Gradational down into lithology below.

841.2-843.2 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine to fine; mica (trace); fabric-selective, calcium-carbonate cement 

replaces matrix; very light gray (N8). Sharp basal contact.

843.2-844.2 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine to fine, muddy mica (1%, silt-very fine sand); sparse microfauna; 

sparse, disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan fragments; strongly bioturbated (isolated clay blebs are truncated 

burrow linings); brownish-gray (5YR4/1).

844.2-850 ft: No recovery.

Run 116: 850-853 ft

850-852.3 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine to fine, muddy, mica (1%, silt-very fine sand); sparse microfauna; 

sparse, disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan fragments; strongly bioturbated (isolated clay blebs are truncated 

burrow linings); brownish-gray (5YR4/1).

852.3-853 ft: No recovery.

Run 117: 853-860 ft

SAND, quartz, very fine to fine, muddy, mica (1%, silt-very fine sand); sparse microfauna; sparse, 

disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan fragments; strongly bioturbated (isolated clay blebs are truncated burrow 

linings); brownish-gray (5YR4/1).

Run 118: 860-869 ft

860-863.7 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine to fine, muddy mica (1-3%, very fine to medium), sparse microfauna; 

sparse to common, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; strongly bioturbated, abundant clay-lined 

burrows and unlined sand-filled burrows; brownish-gray (5YR4/1). Gradational down into lithology below.

863.7-865 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine to fine, silty; mica (1-3%, very fine to medium); strongly bioturbated; 

fabric-selective, calcium-carbonate cement replaces matrix; very light gray (N8).

865-869 ft: CLAY, silty, mica (1%, silt); common microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan 

fragments; common, small, unlined, sand-filled burrows; common, 0.1-inch-thick, slightly inclined, 

discontinuous and continuous, silt laminae; dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1).

Run 119: 869-874 ft

CLAY, silty, mica (1-3%, silt-very fine); common microfauna; bioturbated, dominantly unlined, silt-filled 

burrows; dominantly greenish-black (5G2/1).

Run 120: 874-880 ft

CLAY, silty, mica (1-3%, silt-very fine); common microfauna; bioturbated, dominantly unlined, silt-filled 

burrows; dominantly greenish-black (5G2/1).

61
Run 121: 880-890 ft

880-881.5 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine-fine, muddy, mica (1-3%, very fine-medium), glauconite (trace-1%, very 

fine-fine); common microfauna; sparse to common, disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan fragments; bioturbated, 

common clay-lined, sand-filled burrows and unlined sand-filled burrows; olive-gray (5Y4/1). Gradational down 

into lithology below.

881.5-883.5 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine-fine; phosphate and glauconite (3-5%, very fine-coarse); strongly 

bioturbated; fabric-selective, calcium-carbonate cement replaces matrix; very light gray (N8). Gradational 

down into lithology below.

883.5-890 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine-fine, muddy, mica (1-3%, very fine-medium), glauconite (trace-1%, very 

fine-fine); common microfauna; sparse to common, disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan fragments; bioturbated, 

common clay-lined, sand-filled burrows and unlined sand-filled burrows; olive-gray (5Y4/1).

Run 122: 890-900 ft

SAND, quartz, very fine-fine, muddy, mica (1-3%, very fine-medium), glauconite (trace-1%, very fine-fine); 

common microfauna; sparse to common, disseminated, sand-sized, molluscan fragments; bioturbated, common 

clay-lined, sand-filled burrows and unlined sand-filled burrows; olive-gray (5Y4/1).

Run 123: 900-910 ft

900-905.2 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine-fine, muddy; mica (3-5%, very fine-medium), glauconite (1-3%, very 

fine-fine), common microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; bioturbated, common 

clay-line, sand-filled burrows and unlined sand-filled burrows, dominantly dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1). Sharp 

lower contact.

905.2-906.3 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine-fine; phosphate and glauconite (3-5%, very fine-coarse); strongly 

bioturbated; fabric-selective, calcium-carbonate cement replaces matrix; very light gray (N8).

906.3-910 ft: No recovery.

Run 124: 910-915 ft

SAND, quartz, very fine-fine (5% medium), muddy, mica (1%, very fine-medium), glauconite and phosphate 

(3-5%, very fine-fine); common microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; bioturbated; 

common clay-lined burrows and unlined, sand-filled burrows; dominantly brownish-gray (5YR4/1).

Run 125: 915-920 ft

SAND, quartz, very fine-fine (5% medium), muddy, mica (1%, very fine-medium), glauconite (1%, very finefine); common microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; bioturbated; common claylined burrows and unlined, sand-filled burrows; dominantly brownish-gray (5YR4/1).

Run 126: 920-930 ft

SAND, quartz, very fine-fine (5% medium), muddy; mica (1%, very fine-medium), glauconite (1%, very finefine); common microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; bioturbated; common claylined burrows and unlined, sand-filled burrows; dominantly brownish-gray (5YR4/1).

Run 127: 930-940 ft

SAND, quartz, very fine-fine (5% medium), muddy; mica (1-3%, very fine-medium), glauconite (1%, very finefine); common microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; bioturbated; coin -on claylined burrows and unlined, sand-filled burrows; dominantly brownish-gray (5YR4/1).

Run 128: 940-950 ft

SAND, quartz, very fine-fine (5% medium), muddy, mica (1%, very fine-medium), glauconite (1%, ver icfine); common microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; bioturbated; common .ylined burrows and unlined, sand-filled burrows; dominantly brownish-gray (5YR4/1).

Run 129: 950-960 ft

950-954.1 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine-fine, muddy; phosphate and glauconite (1 % increasing to 5-10% in oasal 

0.5 ft, very fine sand-granules); common microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments - 

increasingly common and larger (up to 0.5 in.) in basal 0.5 ft; bioturbated; sparse clay-lined burrows; several 

cemented fine-grained intraclasts up to 0.5 in. in basal 0.5 ft; brownish-gray (5YR4/1).

62
954.1 ft: Major contact - sharp, 1 to 2 inches of relief due to burrowing.

954.1-955.3 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine-medium, slightly muddy, sparse microfauna; partially cemented 

(irregular nodules) by calcium carbonate, amount of cementation decreases downward; very light gray (N8).

955.3-960 ft: No recovery.

Run 130: 960-965 ft

960-962 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine-fine (5% medium), slightly muddy, sparse microfauna; sparse, 

disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; strongly bioturbated to massive; dark-greenish-gray (5G4/1).

962-965 ft: No recovery.

Run 131: 965-967.5 ft

SAND, quartz, very fine to fine, muddy, sparse microfauna; sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan 

fragments; bioturbated, at base, to massive; dark-greenish-gray (5G4/1).

Run 132: 967.5-968.5 ft

SAND, quartz, very fine-fine; strongly bioturbated; fabric-selective, calcium-carbonate cement replaces matrix; 

very light gray (N8).

Run 133: 968.5-970 ft

968.5-969.5 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine-fine; strongly bioturbated; fabric-selective, calcium-carbonate cement 

replaces matrix; very light gray (N8).

969.5-970 ft: No recovery.

Run 134: 970-975 ft

970-972.3 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine-fine, muddy; mica (trace, silt-very fine sand), glauconite (1%, very finefine); sparse microfauna; very sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; bioturbated, common 

clay-lined burrows; dominantly greenish-gray (5GY6/1).

972.3 ft-973 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine-fine; strongly bioturbated; fabric-selective, calcium-carbonate cement 

replaces matrix; very light gray (N8).

973-975 ft: No recovery.

Run 135: 975-980 ft

975-977 ft: Sample removed; no description.

977-980 ft: No recovery.

Run 136: 980-990 ft

980-983 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine-fine, muddy, mica (1%, silt-very fine sand), glauconite (1-3%, very finefine); sparse microfauna; very sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; bioturbated - common 

clay-lined burrows; dominantly greenish-gray (5GY6/1). Broadly gradation down into...

983-990 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine, and SILT, quartz, clayey, mica (1%, silt to very fine sand), glauconite 

(trace, silt to very fine sand), plant material (trace, silt to very fine sand); sparse to common microfauna; very 

sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; bioturbated; dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1).

Run 137: 990-1,000 ft

SAND, quartz, very fine, and SILT, quartz, clayey; mica (1%, silt to very fine sand), glauconite (trace, silt to 

very fine sand), plant material (trace, silt to very fine sand); sparse to common microfauna; very sparse, 

disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; bioturbated; dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1).

Run 138: 1,000-1,003.5 ft

63
SAND, quartz, very fine, and SILT, quartz, clayey, mica (1%, silt to very fine sand), glauconite (trace, silt to 

very fine sand), sparse to common microfauna; very sparse, disseminated, sand-sized molluscan fragments; 

bioturbated; dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1).

Run 139: 1,003.5-1,012 ft

1,003.5-1,004.5 ft: SAND, quartz, very fine, and SILT, quartz; mica (1%, silt-very fine sand); strongly 

bioturbated; fabric-selective, calcium-carbonate cement replaces matrix; light-olive-gray (5Y6/1). Gradation at 

base down to...

1,004.5-1,010.8 ft SAND, quartz, very fine, and SILT, quartz, clayey, mica (1%, silt-very fine sand), 

glauconite (trace, very fine-fine), plant material (trace, silt-very fine sand); common microfauna; bioturbated - 

common clay-lined burrows; olive-gray (5Y3/2).

1,010.8-1,012 ft: No recovery. 

Bottom of core: 1,012ft.

64
Figure Captions

Figure 1. Map of South Carolina showing location of coreholes discussed in text. 

Figure 2. Stratigraphic column and gamma-ray log for Cannon Park corehole. Solid

circles indicate position of microfossil samples. 

Figure 3. Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil occurrences in the Cannon Park core. For

figures 5 and 6, the following symbols are used in the body of the figure: X, present;

C, specimens from downhole contamination; R, reworked specimens; ?, questionable

occurrence. Abundances: A, abundant or greater than 10 specimens per field of view

(FOV) at Xl,250; C, common or 1 to 9 specimens per FOV at Xl,250; F, frequent or

1 specimen per 1 to 10 FOV at XI,250. Preservation: G, good; M, moderate; P,

poor. 

Figure 4. Cenozoic calcareous nannofossil occurrences in the Cannon Park core.

Abundances were determined for a field of view at X500 magnification. 

Figure 5. Paleocene dinocysts from the Cannon Park core. 

Figure 6. Eocene dinocysts from the Cannon Park core. 

Figure 7. Pollen from the Cannon Park core. 

Figure 8. Series, stages, calcareous nannofossil zones, and formations in the Mesozoic

portion of the Cannon Park core and other studied cores. The time scale is modified

from Gradstein and others (1995). Placement of the Campanian-Maastrichtian

boundary is from Odin, compiler (1996). 

Figure 9. Cretaceous age-depth relationship in Cannon Park core, S.C., using calcareous

nannofossil datums. Ages of datums are assigned by Henriksson (1994), Berggren and

others (1995), and Erba and others (1995). 

Figure 10. Tertiary age-depth relationship in Cannon Park core, S.C., using calcareous

nannofossil datums. Ages of datums are as assigned by Berggren and others (1995).

Interpolated ages are based on Berggren and others (1995) and unpublished data. The

ages assigned to these datums are preliminary and are in the process of being refined

and calibrated. 

Figure 11. Series, stages, calcareous nannofossil zones, and formations in the Cenozoic

portion of the Cannon Park core and other studied cores. The time scale is modified

from Berggren and others (1995). Angled line pattern indicates that there are no

sediments of this age in the core.

Table 1. Cretaceous and Tertiary calcareous nannofossil datums used to calculate

sediment accumulation rates for Cannon Park core, South Carolina. B = base, or 

first occurrence of species; T = top, or last occurrence of species. Ages of datums 

are from Henriksson (1994), Berggren and others (1995), and Erba and others 

(1995). Interpolated ages are based on Berggren and others (1995) and 

unpublished data of Bybell.

65