)^7^ Diseases of

North American Forest Trees

Planted Abroad

LIBRA

AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 100

Ü. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Diseases of

North American Forest Trees

Planted Abroad

An Annotated List

by Perley Spaulding,

formerly forest pathologist

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station

Forest Service

Agriculture Handbook No. 100

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

June 1956
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In this work John A. Stevenson's "Foreign Plant Diseases" (U. S.

Dept. Agr. unnumbered pubhcation, 198 pp., 1926) has served as a

rehable guide. Information on the occurrence of tree diseases in this

country has been obtained from the ''Index of Plant Diseases in the

United States/' by Freeman Weiss and Muriel J. O'Brien (U. S. Dept.

Agr. Plant Dis. Survey Spec. Pub. 1, Parts I-V, 1263 pp., 1950-53).

These two publications have been indispensable.

The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dean George A.

Garratt for providing free access to the Ubrary of the School of

Forestry, Yale University.

The common names and authorities for the Latin names of the

trees, shrubs, and woody vines were supplied by W. A. Dayton. His

assistance is very much appreciated.

Acknowledgment is also made to Bertha Mohr, who checked the

data presented in this handbook. She is to be commended for her

competent handling of an intricate job involving many strange technical names and for detecting errors and discrepancies.

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1956

For sale by the Sup^intendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office

Washington 25, D. C. - Price 45 cents
CONTENTS

Page

Introduction1

The diseases3

Viruses4

Bacteria4

Fungi5

Mistletoes 40

Host index of the diseases 43

Species planted abroad 51

Locations of foreign plantings I37

III

Diseases of North American Forest

Trees Planted Abroad '

INTRODUCTION

Diseases of forest trees may be briefly defined as abnormal physiology caused by fom* types of factors, singly or in combination: (a)

nonliving, usually referred to as nonparasitic or site factors; (b) animals, including insects and nematodes; (c) plants; and (d) viruses.

This handbook and the two others to follow deal only with the diseases

attributable to plants and viruses as pathological factors.

Even though diseases caused by nonliving factors are not included,

it must be clearly understood that low vigor of trees, not only resulting

from adverse site factors but also induced by defoliation, can be disastrous because of susceptibility to severe attacks by semipathogens.

Particularly is this true of planted and exotic trees. Diseases of slight

importance on naturally regenerated trees in their native range are

often serious to trees on unsuitable sites and may be destructive to

exotics. Conversely, obligate parasites tend to attack the most vigorous host trees and leave subnormal ones unscathed. Since subnormal

vigor may decrease the danger from obligate parasites, it may increase

danger from semiparasites. Although growth vigor of exotics is desirable, it is no guarantee that an exotic will not be attacked if planted

extensively.

The pests that cause tree diseases do not confine their activities to

international boundaries. Many diseases have been introduced into

North America from abroad; for example, white pine blister rust, larch

canker, and Ceratostomella disease of elms from Europe; and the chestnut bark disease from China. These introductions into this country

and similar ones into many other countries make it essential to have

readily available more information on forest tree diseases of all

countries.

To this end a survey was made of the infectious forest tree diseases

of the world. The causal agents include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and

the higher plants known as mistletoes and dwarf mistletoes. Diseases

of fruit and nut trees are not included imless the hosts are growing in

a wild state. The term "trees'' is used in the broad sense and includes

trees, shrubs, and woody vines.

Robert Hartig, who is rightly called ''the father of forest pathology,''

began his investigations about 1870; and, except for a few earlier publications that have been reviewed, this survey covers the period subsequent to that year.

* The term '^North American" as used in this publication includes the area of

Alaska, Canada, and the United States.
2 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

The publications examined include numerous forestry and arboricultural journals, abstracting journals, reports by forestry organizations, numerous pathological and mycological articles, and some recent comprehensive annotated lists of the fungi of some foreign

countries.

The results of this survey will be published in three Agriculture

Handbooks, of which two are to be issued later:

This publication lists the foreign plant pathogens that have been

reported to attack North American trees abroad, indicates the seriousness of the attack, and includes a host list of these diseases. As an aid

to future inquiries into their diseases, a list is also given of those plantings of North American trees that seem likely to be of interest. This

list is in two parts: (a) general locations (p. 51), and (b) specific access

points for those locations (p. 137).

To avoid much repetition, the authorities of the scientific names of

the pathogens and the common names of the diseases are given in the

list of diseases and nowhere else. In the same manner, the authorities

of scientific tree names and their common names are given in the list

of species planted abroad.

The second publication will list the North American plant pathogens

that are known to attack foreign tree species growing in the United

States.

The third will list the foreign infectious tree diseases with some indication of the damage they do, and the potential menace to North

American forests of those diseases not known here.

More than 3,000 articles and books are included in the bibliography

compiled for this survey. This bibliography is too large to publish as

part of this handbook but is available for reference on index cards

filed at the Forest Insect and Disease Laboratory, Northeastern Forest

Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn.
THE DISEASES

This section lists the diseases Imown to attack North American

trees in foreign countries. Included are diseases already present in

North America, as well as those not known to occur here and which

are indicated by an asterisk (*) preceding the scientific name of the

pathogen.

This name includes the authority for the name, followed by (x),

(xx), or (xxx), indicating the class of parasitism of the pathogen. It is

believed important to point out this feature as foretelling possible

action of the pathogens if, and when, they should arrive in this

coimtry. Accordingly, three classes have been set up.

The first (x) class causes disease occasionally and includes semipathogens that normally live saprophytically but under suboptimum

conditions for the tree, or imder especially favorable conditions for

the organism.

The second (xx) class includes wound parasites that can attack

trees only through wounds that expose the inner tissues. Nearly all

decays of living trees and a considerable number of other diseases are

of this type. Many woimd parasites can live saprophytically.

Class three (xxx) pathogens are aggressive parasites, able to attack

healthy trees. In fact many pathogens, such as the white pine blister

rust fimgus, attack the most vigorous and thrifty trees, whereas the

suppressed individuals escape.

Fungi are living organisms and exhibit individuality. Moreover,

of late years it has been found that many fimgus species have numerous

races, sometimes varying in pathogenicity. Parasites that are widely

and generally distributed in other countries may have especially

aggressive races that are not yet in the United States. For example,

the black stem rust of wheat has been found to have hundreds of races

varying in pathogenicity and to he developing new races. Such action

is to be expected of tree-inhabiting fimgi, such as Armillaria mellea

with its worldwide range and recognized varieties. Although this

fungus is common in om: forests, its introduction on nursery trees,

wood, or in sou from overseas might materially increase the root-rot

problem for some of oiu* tree species. This same fact is undoubtedly

true, though probably to a lesser extent, for other pathogens native

both here and on other continents.

Diseases caused by algae and lichens are not included because they

are few and relatively imimportant.

Diseases of holarctic trees are included as diseases of North American

trees although they usually occur on their hosts around the globe.

Also included are diseases of herbaceous alternate hosts of forest tree

diseases, when the only record on a North American host is on that

herbaceous host.

Wherever a common name for a disease is known, it is given; the

above-mentioned symbols for parasitism foUow. Synonyms of Latin

tree and fungus names are not given, the name used being that

believed to be generally accepted or most common.
4 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Where possible, specific locations of North American trees on

which a disease has been reported are indicated by numbers in parentheses and the locality, following the name of each country. The

numbers refer to places listed under ''Locations of Foreign Plantings''

(p. 137). The use of these numbers is rather infrequent, mainly

because, in reporting the diseases encountered, the authors generalized

to such an extent that in many places only the names of the countries

where they were found were given. The list of ''Locations of Foreign

Plantings'' is primarily for use with "Species Planted Abroad" (p. 51).

Diseases are segregated into four groups according to the type of

causal agent and listed alphabetically :

Viruses, by common names.

Bacteria, by Latin names.

Fungi, by Latin names.

Mistletoes, by Latin names.

Each disease is annotated with the available data on life history,

severity, and general distribution.

Viruses

Virus diseases have been known the world over for many years,

but their cause has become known only within a few decades. Economic crops have received the most study. Some forest tree viruses

are well known and there are, undoubtedly, numerous undiscovered

viruses that will be found when more intensive studies can be made.

*Virus, Mosaic (xxx) maple mosaic

The mosaic virus diseases are indicated by the following leaf

abnormalities, singly or in combination: yellow mottling, vein etching,

ring spot, leaf curling, reduction in size, and abnormal form. Severe

attacks may causs leaves, branches, and even entire trees to die.

Acer negundo: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia.

Virus, Mosaic (xxx) poplar mosaic

See account of symptoms imder maple mosaic. Poplar mosaic is

reported in Bxilgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

PopuLus balsamifera: Bulgaria.

Virus, Witches' broom (xxx) black locust witches' broom

A witches' broom disease of black locust in the United States was

found to be caused by a virus in 1933. The witches' brooms have

been known in various places in this country for many years. Since

1933 it has been reported in Europe, where black locust is very widely

distributed in France and Bulgaria.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Biügaria; France (La Boulaye, Saone-etLoire).

Bacteria

Pseudomonas berberidis (Thornberry & Anderson) Stapp (xxx)

barberry bacterial blight

Appears as watersoaked spots on leaves, petioles, and shoots, and

dieback follows. Occurs in the United States and Denmark.

Berberís canadensis: Denmark.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 5

'^'Pseudomonas syringae Van Hall f. populea Sabet & Dowson (xx)

poplar bacterial canker

Cankers develop as local swellings on pale colored bark; a slimy

exúdate oozes from cracks or lenticels and drys to a slimy layer.

Young branches are killed. On older parts the cankers become

swollen and form irregular callus. Small red stripes develop in the

wood. The disease develops rapidly in the spring and later becomes

quiescent. Present in most poplar-growing countries of Europe;

not known on poplar in the United States.

Populus trichocarpa: British Isles.

"^Xanthomonas acernea (Ogawa) Burkh. (x) maple bacteriosis

A bacterial disease of maple causing watersoaked spots on leaves,

resulting defoliation, and drooping of young shoots is described in

Japan. A slightly different organism causing maple leaf spot has been

reported from California. There seems to be uncertainty about the

identity of the two.

Acer negundo: Japan.

Acer saccharinum: Japan.

Xanthomonas juglandis (Pierce) Dowson (xxx) walnut blight

Black spot on leaves, shoots, and green nuts of Juglans spp.,

causes chief losses in the nut crop. Occurs on the Pacific Coast,

British Columbia, eastern United States, Mexico, West Indies, Chile,

Europe, Iran, South Africa, New Zealand, Tasmania, and Australia.

Juglans hindsii: France.

Fungi

Acanthostigma parasiticum (Hart.) Sacc. (xxx)

conifer needle blight

The dead needles hang by mycelial threads and are overgrown beneath by a white coating. This blight is common locally on spruce in

Germany and Bornhohn Island on natural reproduction and even on

100-year stands on Bornholm. It occurs on spruces and has been

found on Tsuga canadensis, A single occurrence on Abies balsamea in

Nova Scotia is the only one known in North America.

Tsuga canadensis: Germany (9).

Aleurodiscus amorphus (Pers. ex Fr.) Rabenh. (x)

pink disk canker

Dying of bark on stems of young suppressed Abies and occasionally

of other conifers. Small pink disks up to 0.25 inch across grow attached to the dead bark. These disks are the fungus fruiting bodies.

The disease is known in Europe and North America and apparently is

native on both continents. Is usually a saprophyte but occasionally

can become actively parasitic. Damage is not very important.

Pseudotsuga menziesii: Poland (14).

Armiliaria mellea Vahl ex Fr. (x) shoestring root rot

Distributed almost everywhere in the world where trees grow. Is

reputed to have caused heavy damage in many countries on diverse
6 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

tree species. Hundreds of articles have been published in forestry

journals describing attack of this fungus and attempting to explain its

often contradictory behavior under similar conditions.

In early years the general opinion was that this disease was caused

by a virulent parasite able to attack vigorous trees and kill them in

but a few years. More recently, numerous investigations by foresters

and forest pathologists have shown that site conditions adverse to the

growth of apparently healthy trees have preceded attacks of the

fimgus. In other words, the fungus is not the primary factor in the

disease, and it might not have appeared at all if the tree had not become temporarily slowed down in its most vigorous growth.

The fungus is present in every tree stand, ready and able to attack

under those conditions. If not thus attacked, the tree usually would

recover but is unable to survive under the additional handicap of some

roots killed by Armillaria mellea. The result is that the fungus is

found on the dying tree and often is believed to be the primary factor

in its death, whereas the fimgus merely gives the death blow to a tree

struggling to recover from an earlier severe injury due to drought,

insect defoliation, or unsuitable soil. To avoid trouble the forester

must handle his trees so as to keep them growing vigorously. Fetch

has reported that the so-called A, mellea as reported in Ceylon, Java,

and West Africa really is A. juscipes Fetch.

Armillaria mellea varies much in appearance and aggressiveness in

different forest trees. Numerous varieties have been described by

mycologists; it is likely that truly parasitic (pathogenic) strains exist

within its tremendous worldwide range. Many fimgi are known to

have strains or races, varying from true parasites to saprophytes unable to become parasitic under any condition.

Abies lasiocarpa: Germany (104).

A. procera: British Isles (general).

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana: British Isles (general) : Germany (38,

44, 83); New Zealand (3).

C.thyoides: Germany (44, 104).

Libocedrus decurrens: Germany (104).

Parthenocissus quinquefolia: Netherlands (7).

Picea engelmannii: Germany (38).

P. pungens: Germany (38).

P. sitchensis: British Isles (46, 99); Denmark (Lundbygaard,

Sydsjaelland); Germany (38).

Pinus banksiana: Germany (9).

P. contorta: Germany; New Zealand (3).

P. elliottii: Mauritius; Nyasaland; South Africa.

P.jeffreyi: Germany (104).

P. monticola: Germany.

P. ponderosa: New Zealand (3).

P. radiata: New Zealand (forests, general).

P. rigida: British Isles; Germany (9).

P. 5iro6u5; Belgium; British Isles (15, 115); Czechoslovakia

(1); Germany (4, 5, 9, 29, 39, 44); New Zealand (3); Foland

(3); Switzerland (1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20).

P. taeda: Mauritms.

Psmdotsuga menziesii: British Isles (general); Denmark: France:

Germany (9).
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 7

Sequoia gigantea: Belgium.

Thuja occidentalis: British Isles (15); Finland; Germany (104);

Sweden.

T. plicata: British Isles (Forest of Dean, near Monmouth);

Germany (104); Poland (Pomorze, Wirty State Forest).

Tsuga heterophylla: British Isles.

*Ascochyta cladrastidis Kab., & Bub. (xxx) leaf spot

Leaf spot; small, rounded, reddish brown with yellowish margin in

Bohemia.

Cladrastis lutea: Czechoslovakia (1).

*Ascochyta diervillae Kab. & Bub. (xxx) leaf spot

Rounded to irregular brown leaf spot in Bohemia.

DiervUla lonicera: Czechoslovakia (1).

*Ascochyta pteleae Bub. & Kab. (xxx) leaf spot

Leaf spot in Bohemia.

Ptelea trifoliata: Czechoslovakia (1).

*Ascochyta robiniae Sacc. & Speg. (xxx) leaf spot

Grayish leaf spot in Italy.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Italy.

*Ascochyta vulgaris Kab. & Bub. var. symphoricarpi Grove (xxx)

leaf spot

Leaf spot at Kew.

Symphoricarpus racemosus: British Isles (74).

*Ascochyta zimmermanni hugonis Bub. (xxx) leaf spot

Leaf spot in Moravia.

Osmaronia cerasijormis: Czechoslovakia (Eisgrub).

*Ascochytula symphoricarpi Died, (xxx) stem canker

Stem canker in British Isles.

Symphoricarpus racemosus: British Isles (74).

*Botryodiplodia rhois Sacc. & Petr. (xxx) dîeback

Dieback in Moravia.

Bhus typhina: Czechoslovakia (Weisskirchen).

Botrytis cinérea Pers. ex Fr. (xx) gray mold blight

May attack the current season's growth of many trees, both conifers

and broadleaf, in early youth. The fungus is favored by high humidity

and often is associated with damping-off. There appear to be numerous races of the fungus, ranging from aggressive parasites to innocuous

saprophytes. The blight is distributed practically over the world

except the Arctic and Antarctic regions.

Aesculus parviflora: Germany.

A. pavia: British Isles (74).

Cupressus macrocarpa: New Zealand.

Pinus radiata: New Zealand.

Prunus besseyi: British Isles.
8 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pseudotsuga menziesii: Belgium; British Isles; Denmark; France;

Germany (104).

Thuja plicata: New Zealand.

Cenangium abietis (Pers. ex Fr.) Rehm (x) dieback of pines

Usually saprophytic but occasionally becomes parasitic on pines

severely injured by drought or excess water. Appears as dieback on

tree branches more than 5 years old. Twigs wither in spring. Insect

injury may induce attacks also.

Pinus attenuata: Germany (29).

P. contorta: Norway (Fana).

P. rigida: Germany; Poland (3).

P. strobus: Germany (83); Poland (3).

Ceratostomella pilifera (Fr.) Wint. (xx) bluing of sapwood

Bluing of the sapwood of living trees leads to death of those affected

by interrupting water conduction.

Pinus radiata: New Zealand; South Africa (3).

Ceratostomella ulmi Buis, (xxx) Ceratostomella disease of elm

This elm disease was found first in the United States at two points

in Ohio in 1930, and in New Jersey in 1933. It came to this country

on elm burl logs imported from Europe for veneer manufacture.

In Europe the disease was noted first in 1918 ; it has spread over Europe

eastward to Russia and the Balkans. All American and European

elms are susceptible. Resistance of some Asiatic elms has led to the

supposition that the disease came to Europe from Asia in World War

I. It has extended in this country from Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee eastward to the Atlantic Coast. An extensive outbreak is in

the Province of Quebec. Symptoms of the disease are yellowing or

wilting of leaves on one or more branches; others are then attacked

until the tree is dead. The sapwood shows brown spots or annual

rings. Other elm diseases affect the trees in much the same way; so

it is necessary to culture and identify the fungus to be certain of

identification. Selection of resistant trees for propagation and crossbreeding resistant elm species with our American elm appear to

promise means of contrjl.

Ulmus americana: Belgium; Italy; Netherlands; Romania.

*Chrysomyxa abietis (Wallr.) Ung. (xxx)

spruce needle cushion rust

Autoecious, overwintering in infected needles of the previous year,

fruiting in the spring after mfection, and infecting the current year's

needles. Attacks the young leaves of Picea spp. from northern

Scandinavia and western Russia southward; causes partial defoliation in severe outbreaks. Usually this rust is not considered very

damaging, but occurrences are reported of extensive defoliation.

Introduced at Louisville, Ky., in 1907, on imported nursery stock of

Picea abies from Denmark. Not known to have become established

here.

Picea engelmannii: Denmark (3); Norway (Nannestad, T0mte,

Holla, Nord-Rana).

P. glauca: Norway (Time).
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 9

P. pungens: Denmark; (3) Germany; Norway (Nord-Rana).

P. rubens: British Isles (Argyllshire or Newcastleton Forest).

P. sitchensis: British Isles; Norway (Hoyland, Sandved).

Chrysomyxa cassandrae (Peck & Clint.) Tranz. (xxx)

Chamaedaphne-spruce needle rust

Holarctic. Heteroecious, accompanying Chamaedaphne and spruces

aromid the world in the North Temperate Zone. Overwinters on

Chamaedaphne leaves. Forms yellow rust pustules on the lower side

of spruce needles in great quantities and orange pustules on the lower

surface of Chamaedaphne leaves. Rusted spruce needles are shed

prematurely and some damage can be caused in nurseries.

Chamaedaphne calycvXata: Asia (1).

Chrysomyxa empetri (Pers.) Schroet. (xxx)

Empetrum-spruce needle rust

Holarctic. Heteroecious, accompanying Empetrum and spruces

ov?r northern Europe, northern Asia, and northern North America.

This disease forms yallow rust pustules on all sides of the spruce

needles and the upper side of Empetrum leaves. Overwinters on

Empetrum leaves.

Empetrum nigrum: Norway (3).

Chrysomyxa ledi (Alb, & Schw.) d By. var. rhododendri (DC.)

Savile (xxx) Rhododendron-spruce needle rust

Heteroecious. Distributed in alpine regions of Europe, Siberia,

Japan, and China. Reported in Canada from Newfoundland to

northern British Columbia on wild Rhododendron lapponicum (L.)

Wahl, and in the State of Washington on cultivated rhododendrons.

On Rhododendron the rust overwinters in a dormant state within the

leaves. In the spring small, dark red cushions appear on the lower

side of the leaves and set free tiny spores, which infect needles of

spruces in the vicinity. In late summer yellow zones appear on the

infected needles; then irregular, white, toothlike projections form in

a single series along the inner side of each needle. They set free

yeUow spores that mfect Rhododendron leaves and new shoots, and

start the cycle over again. Diseased needles dii and fall, so that

spruces heavily attacked may be almost entirely leafless and may

suffer considerable damage. Entire forests of spruce may be thus

attacked. This disease has threatening possibilities for our spruces

if it becomes established south of its native range.

Picea pungens: Germany.

Chrysomyxa pyrolae (DC.) Rostr. (xxx) Pyrola-spruce cone rust

Holarctic. Reports of this disease mention the American species

of Pyrola but no American spruce. Hence the listing of these native

herbs. r^ ^ ^

Heteroecious, accompanying Pyrola and spruce froni Greenland

to Alaska, south to Maryland, New Mexico, and California; also

Europe, Siberia, Kamchatka, Japan, Chma, and India. The rust

forms yellow, powdery, large pustules, mostly on the outer side of the

green cone scales on spruces. On Pyrola the rust forms large, orange,

powdery pustules or reddish, waxy cushions on the lower side of the
10 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

leaves. Overwinters on Pyrola leaves. Seeds of infected cones are

aborted by the rust appropriating much of the food material. Damage is unimportant as many cones usually remain free of the rust.

Pyrola minor: Asia (1); Norway (3).

P. rotundifolia: Norway (3).

P. rotundifolia americana: Norway.

P. secunda: Asia (1); Norway (3).

*Chrysomyxa woronini Tranz. (xxx)

Ledum-spruce stunted shoot rust

Heteroecious. On Picea abies this rust causes deformed, shortened,

conelike shoots with short, broad needles of a pale color. The rust

forms linear cushions on either side of the midrib. The rust is reported

to have Ledum as its alternate host. Has been found in northern

and middle Sweden, northeast Norway, Finland, adjacent areas of

northwest Russia southward to the Neva River, northern Estonia,

Siberia, and Kamchatka. Reported once on niu-sery plants of

Douglas-fir in Scotland, but report appears doubtful. Is not considered very damaging.

Pseudotsuga menziesii: British Isles (Scotland).

Ciborinia candoUeana (Lev.) Whetzel (xxx) oak leaf blotch

A brown blotch of oak leaves. Causes general infection over the

entire trees and defoliation in heavy attacks. Even nursery plants

are infected. Chestnut is also attacked. The disease is known in

Great Britain, Denmark, France, and Germany.

Quercus rubra: British Isles.

Coleosporium campanulae (Pers.) Lev. (xxx)

bluebell-pine needle rust

Holarctic. Heteroecious. Forms numerous small, orange, powderypustules in summer followed by red cushions, both on the lower leaf

surface of bluebell. In spring, infection of needles of hard pines leads

to formation on the lower surface of a series of flattened white tubes

about K inch long, projecting at right angles. Powdery yellow spores

are set free by breakage of the tips and start a new cycle by infecting

bluebell leaves in the vicinity. Damage is slight, as only heavily

diseased needles are cast prematurely. This rust is widely distributed

from New Hampshire to Wisconsin, south to the Gulf of Mexico, and

in central California; also generally in Europe and Asia.

Campanula rotundifolia: Norway (3).

^CoUetotrichum magnoliae Cámara (xxx) leaf spot

Magnolia grandiflora: Portugal (3).

*Colletotrichum mahoniae Fabricatore (xxx) leaf spot

Small, gray, rounded leaf spot.

Mahonia aquijolium: Italy (Rome).

*Coniophora bourdotii Bres. (x) butt rot

Psuedotsuga menziesii: British Isles.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD H

Coniophora puteana (Schnn. ex Fr.) Karst, (xx) butt rot

Sequoia gigantea: British Isles (Scotland, St. Andrews).

Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Br. (xxx) pink disease

The pink disease attacks broadleaved trees and shrubs throughout

the tropics of the world, especially where crops such as tea, coffee,

Cinchona, cacao, and rubber are grown. Keported in North America,

but doubtful. It appears as a pink coating on branches and leaves,

which may be killed if heavily attacked. Entire trees of native species

are often killed.

Cupressus macrocarpa: Kenya.

Coryneum cardinale Wagener (xx) cypress canker

Cypress canker and dieback occm-s in western California on Monterey cypress and its varieties, Cupressus lusitanica, Thuja orientalis,

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Lihocedrus decurrens, and Juniperus chinensis var. Jemina. It is also reported on Cupressus macrocarpa on the

North Island of New Zealand, in Kenya, Italy, and France. Cankers

form at the forks of branches or where they join the trunk, and the

distal end dies. Thus, scattered twigs and branches die back, finally

killing the entire tree. The future of Monterey cypress in the United

States is threatened because of the limited range of the tree and the

presence of the disease well over that limited range.

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana: New Zealand.

Cupressus macrocarpa: France (59); Italy; Kenya; New Zealand

(3).

Thuja plicata: New Zealand.

*Coryneum tiliaecolum Ferr. & Lindegg (x) canker

Associated with bark cankers on branches.

Tilia americana: Italy (Piacenza).

*Cronartium kamtschaticum J0rstad (xxx) Castilleja cronartium

Believed to be Peridermium kurUense Diet, on Pinus pumila with

its alternate Cronartium stages on Castilleja pallida and Pedicularis

spp. No inoculation experiments have been made to prove identity

of the Peridermium and Cronartium stages.

Castilleja pallida: Asia (1).

'^'Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miy. (xxx)

Asian pine-oak blister rust

This rust greatly resembles our eastern pine gall rust, Cronartium

cerebrum (Pk.) Hedge. & Long. In fact, the two have been accepted

as identical untu recently when significant differences were found.

Oaks are the principal alternate hosts, hard pines the coniferous hosts,

of both species. Cronartium quercuum is known in China and Japan

definitely. Probably in India, Siberia, Korea and Europe.

Quercus palustris: Japan.

Cronartium ribicola A. Fisch, (xxx) blister rust

This rust is known to have been in the United States as early as

1898. It came to us from Europe in young trees of Pinus strobus,

was imported in large numbers from 1907 to 1910, and was planted
12 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

in widely scattered localities in the northern States westward to

Minnesota. A single shipment of 1,000 infected transplants went

dh-ectly from France to Vancouver, B. C, in 1910. The blister rust

has spread over the entire range of Pinus montícola, into northern

California on P. lambertiana, on P.flexilis in Montana, and is common

on P, albicaulis near timberline in the Pacific Northwest and British

Columbia.

The original home of this blister rust is believed to be eastern

Siberia, from whence it was carried to Europe about 100 years ago.

Thus, it has traversed the North Temperate Zone around the world.

This disease requires alternate Ribes hosts to complete its life cycle.

As the fungus cannot spread directly from pine to pine, removal of the

Ribes to a sufficient distance from valuable white pine stands will

control attacks. At heavy expense, justified by the high value of

lumber, a catastrophe like that of the chestnut blight can be, and is

being, avoided.

Pinus albicaulis: British Isles (97); Sweden (Harnosand).

P. aristata: British Isles (97).

P. baljouriana: Belgium (17); Germany (104).

P. flexilis: Belgium (9, 17, 35) ; British Isles (Scotland) ; Denmark

(3); France (6); Germany (44, Aschaffenberg); Lithuania

(Kaunas Botanical Garden); Norway (Bergen, Fjosanger,

Söfteland); Sweden (1, 3, 4, 5).

P. lambertiana: Belgium (9, 17, 35); British Isles (92, 97); France

(2, 6); Germany (44, Bremen).

P. montícola: Belgium (9, 38) ; British Isles (10, 92, 97) ; Denmark

(5) ; Finland (2) ; Germany (104,109,115) ; Sweden (Harnosand).

P. strobus: Belgium (6, 12, 14, 32); British Isles (15, 70, 86, and

Ireland); Czechoslovakia; Denmark; Estonia (1); Finland

(2, 4); France; Germany (4, 9, 56, 72, 74, 94, 100, Black

Forest, Saxony, Schorndorf); Latvia (1); Lithuania; Norway

(3); Poland (3, 10, 14); Russia (4, 5); Sweden; Switzerland

(1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20).

Ribes americanum: Belgium.

R. odoratum: Belgivun; Denmark; France; Norway; Switzerland.

R. sanguineum: Belgium; British Isles (Scotland); Denmark

(Falster, Stubbekobing) ; France; Norway; Switzerland (21).

*Crumenula pinícola (Rehm) Karst, (xx) pine dieback

Causes bark wounds on trunks and branches and kills entire trees

in Norway.

Pinus contorta: Norway (Nord-Rana, Revelen near Mo).

P, strobus: Denmark; Norway.

*Crumeniila sororia Karst, (xx) pine pitch canker

A small cuplike fungus causing pine bark cankers with exuding

pitch. An active wound parasite. Reported damaging in Finland,

Denmark, and Netherlands.

Pinus contorta: Finland (Urjala, near Lake Nuutajärvi).

*Cucurbitaria piceae Borthwick (xx) spruce bud bligh<

Bud blight of blue spruce is reported in Germany and Switzerland

causing considerable damage. Several years may elapse before
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 13

affected trees show definite symptoms. The buds are swollen at first

and then die, and the new growth is suppressed. As a result the tree

develops a stunted appearance. The mycelium perennates in the

tissues.

Picea pungens: Germany; Switzerland.

Cucurbitaria pithyophila (Fr.) de N. (xx) bark canker

Rough bark cankers with granules buried in the fissures. Extension

of the canker around the infected part girdles it, and kills the upper

part. Reported on Abies, PinuSj and Picea in Europe and Japan.

Reported in the United States as a saprophyte.

Abies procera: Germany.

Picea pungens: Germany.

Pinus strobus: Denmark; Germany.

Cumminsiella sanguínea (Peck) Arth. (xxx) Mahonia rust

Autoecious. Native in North America. First reported in Europe

in 1922, in Scotland; it had spread well over Europe by 1930. Forms

brownish powdery pustules and brown cushionlike spore masses on

the lower leaf surface.

Mahonia aquifolium: Norway (3), general in southern Norway.

Cytospora chrysosperma Fr. (xx) poplar and willow canker

This canker occurs on woody parts, from twigs to large trunks, as

rounded, deadened areas of bark. Sprouts often develop just below

the canker. Yellow to reddish spore tendrils form on the dead bark.

Infection starts in some injury or on dead twigs. The imperfect

Cytospora stage is most common on partly living, diseased trees; but

there is an ascogenous stage, Valsa sórdida Nits. This develops later

and not as commonly as the Cytospora, Trees weakened by drought

are especially hable to attack. Once entry to the tree is established,

Cytospora becomes parasitic and may penetrate practically the entire

trunk and branches. This disease is reported from North America,

south to Mexico, Argentina, Australia, and Europe.

Populus balsamifera: British Isles (general).

P, deltoides: Germany.

Daedalea unicolor Bull, ex Fr. (xx) trunk rot

A gray to white, small, shelf fungus with irregularly shaped pores

beneath, often spHtting into teeth. This trunk rot usually grows on

living and dead broadleaved trees, in overlapping groups, and causes

a wMte heart rot in living trees. Unlike most heart rot fungi, it

progresses rather rapidly within the infected tree and encroaches on

the sapwood imtil the tree is killed or broken over by wind. It is

common as a saprophyte but readUy makes entry to living trees

through dead companion sprouts, broken branches, and fire scars. It

ranges in Canada and the United States wherever broadleaved forests

grow, is reported pathogenic on maple and black locust in Hungary

and Italy, and is probably generally distributed in Europe, India,

Siberia, Japan, and Anglo-Egyptian Suda,n.

Acer rubrum: Hungary; Italy (2).

A, saccharinum: Hungary.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Hungary.

383008—56 2
14 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dasyscypha calyciformis Willd. ex Rehm (x) fir canker

A small cup fungus, pure yellow inside, on conifers (mostly Abies),

commonly saprophytic, but occasionally parasitic. European in

distribution. Reported in United States, but apparently questionable.

Abies balsamea: Norway (Aas, East Aker, Trondheim).

A. concolor: Norway.

A, fraseri: Norway.

A. grandis: Norway (Rogaland).

Picea sitchensis: Denmark (Palsgaard).

Pinus contorta: Denmark.

Dasyscypha pini (Brunch.) Hahn & Ayers (xxx) pine canker

A large cup fungus up to 1 inch or more in diameter, often crowded

on cankers caused by it. Fruits on the dead bark of cankers, but not

on dead stems beyond the cankers. Disk orange-yellow (not reddish)

within, with pale cinnamon hairs externally. Parasitic on pines at

high altitudes and northern latitudes in Europe and North America

from upper Michigan to Montana, Washington, and British Columbia.

Evidently native to both continents.

Pinus contorta: Norway.

Dasyscypha resinaría (Cke. & Phill.) Rehm (xxx) conifer canker

A small cup fungus up to about K inch across, with pale orange

disk inside; grows on pitchy cankers of pines, spruces, firs, and Douglasfir in Europe and North America.

Pinus contorta: Norway.

Pseudotsuga menziesii: Norway.

*Dasyscypha subtilissima (Cke.) Sacc. (xxx) pine canker

A small cup fungus growing on blackened, sunken pitchy cankers

of pines in northern Europe.

Pinus contorta: Finland; Norway.

P. strobus: Norway.

Diaporthe oncostoma (Duby) Fckl. (xx) black locust dieback

Appears as small cankers on branches, resulting in dieback in the

United States and Europe.

Robinia pseudoacacia: France.

Didymascella thujina (Durand) Maire (xxx) cedar leaf blight

A small, round, brown to black, cushionlike fungus embedded usually in the upper leaf surface. This fungus causes shedding of affected

leaves especially near the ground where moisture is high. Small trees

are often killed; older ones may be generally infected but are not so

seriously affected. Nursery trees have been seriously attacked in

Europe but can be protected by applicatiDns of fungicides, whereas

older stands cannot now be so treated. Leaf blight is largely a disease

of Thuja plicata but is known also on T, occidentalis in North America.

Evidently it has been carried to Europe on seeds. It is known in

western Europe and New Zealand.

Thuja occidentalis: Belgium; British Isles (general).

T. plicata: Belgium; British Isles (widely distributed; severe in

Ireland); Denmark; Netherlands; New Zealand.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 15

Didymascella tsugae (Farl.) Maire (xxx) hemlock leaf blight

Hemlock {Tsuga canadensis) is subject to a leaf blight similar to that

of cedars. The fungus is minute, cushionlike, dark brown, embedded

in the lower leaf surface on either side of the midrib, and bursting the

overlying epidermis. It occurs on green and dead leaves of lower,

shaded branches, but occasionally on upper branches. The diseased

leaves soon fall and leave heavily infected trees with a noticeably thin

appearance. ^ The blight is known from New England, New York,

North Carolina, Wisconsin, and Alaska. It apparently was carried to

Scotland shortly before 1937, when it was first discovered there.

Tsuga canadensis: British Isles (Scotland).

*Diplodia acicola Sacc. (x) needle blight

Small, dark pustules on needles of several hard pines in Spain and

Portugal. Associated with other fungi in a general dying of stands

over considerable areas.

Pinus radiata: Portugal; Spain (1).

Diplodia natalensis P. Evans (xx) needle blight

Reported on various hardwood and coniferous trees in North

America, South Africa, and China. Leaves of hard pines turn bronze

green in watersoaked areas in Austraha. Old leaves are affected first.

Diseased trees die in about 6 weeks. First infections are on the side of

the tree sheltered from sun and wind.

Pinus elliottii: AustraUa (6).

P. taeda: Australia (6).

Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx. (xxx) leaf and twig blight

Leaf and twi^ blight of conifers; also a serious sap stain of lumber.

Serious on exotics, especially in New Zealand, Australia, and South

Africa. Appears to have been carried wherever extensive forest planting has been done. In North and South America, Europe, Asia,

Africa, and Australia. Saprophytic on wood and aggressively parasitic on woimded living trees. Can infect unwounded trees but usually

not so seriously.

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana: New Zealand.

Pinus contorta: New Zealand.

P. coulteri: AustraUa.

P. elliottii: Argentina (1) ; Australia; Mauritius; South Africa (4).

P. muricaia: New Zeland.

P. palustris: South Africa (4).

P. ponderosa: AustraUa (1); New Zealand.

P. radiata: Argentina (1); Australia (1); New Zealand; South

Africa (1, 4).

P. sabiniana: France (near Paris).

P. strobus: British Isles.

P. taeda: South Africa (4).

Pseudotsuga menziesii: New Zealand.

Diplodina parasitica (Hart.) PriU. (xxx) spring dieback

Dieback of spruce leaders and branches, and blight of young seedlings. Resembles frost injury. In Europe from the British Isles
16 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

eastward through Belgium, France, and Germany to Russia. Reported from Maine and North Carolina. Severe attacks have

damaged pole stands in Europe. Nursery beds may be much injured.

Picea pungens: Norway (Ringebu).

P. sitchensis: British Isles (Aberdeenshire) ; Poland (3).

Dothichiza populea Sacc. & Briard (xx) poplar canker

Infections first appear as brown, rounded to elliptical spots in the

bark of young stems, frequently with dead leaves or twigs at the

center. The bark dies to the wood. Later, the bark bursts open by

pressure of callus beneath the edges of dead tissue. Growth of the

canker stops after the new wood layer forms and resumes the next

spring. Cankers often girdle small branches, which then die. Water

sprouts form below the girdle, but they are soon girdled in turn. In

the spring pimples form on the dead areas and exude tendrils of tiny

spores to start new infections. Their germ tubes can enter uninjured tissue, but injuries greatlv favor rapid spread of the disease.

It was known in Europe as early as 1884 and has spread well over

Europe. Activity in breeding and propagating poplars has accelerated

its process from country to country over western Europe and in the

Argentme, as well as Canada and the United States. It is limited to

planted stands.

Populus balsamifera: Netherlands.

P, deltoides: Belgium; France; Italy; Netherlands.

P. fremontii: Netherlands.

P, fremontii var. wislizenii: Netherlands.

P. trichocarpa: Netherlands.

*Dothidea noxia Ruhl. (xx) oak branch canker

Branch canker, starting in wounds and killing the distal end of the

branch. Occm-s in Germany. Serious locally. Also attacks chestnut

and beech.

Castanea dentata: Germany (Saxony).

Quercus rubra: Germany (10, 104, Mecklenburg, Saxony).

*Erysiphe polygoni DC. f. robiniae hispidae Nann. (xxx)

powdery mildew

On leaves in Italy.

Robinia hispida: Italy.

*Excipula strobi Fr. (xxx)

Parasitic on stems.

Pinus strobus: Denmark.

Femes annosus (Fr.) Cke. (x) root rot

No shoestrings are formed. A thin filmy white mycelial tissue may

form between the bark and wood. In advanced decay, small pockets

containing white fibers form. Some pockets have a black spot in the

middle of the white fibers.

Found throughout the North Temperate Zone usually on conifers

but occasionally on hardwoods. Widely distributed in North America,

but has not been considered serious until late years. Root rot is
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 17

appearing in plantations and will become more serious as young plantations increase in age.

In Europe root rot is considered to be a serious disease factor.

Much study has been given it there. The general opinion is that adverse sou conditions for the trees control its development. The

forests there are largely planted and have been for several generations,

on the same areas. The soil has become depleted and is often not of

optimum character for the species of tree planted. Losses are heavy.

It is stated that "half of all Danish firs are destroyed by this fungus!''

Thinning of infected stands has been found to increase the damage;

stumps of healthy trees removed by thinning becoming promptly

infected and serve as new centers of infection. Continued experiments

in England indicate that newly cut stumps are infected, presumably

by spores. Prompt painting of newly severed stumps brought about

nearly complete absence of the disease one year later.

Abies balsamea: Denmark (Palsgaard plantage) ; Norway (Forde,

Jelsa near Stavanger, Mo, Ostlandet, Kogaland, Sogn).

A. grandis: British Isles (general) ; Norway.

A. procera: British Isles; Denmark; Norway (Njaheiene, Rogaland, Time).

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana: British Isles.

Juniperus communis: Belgium.

Picea glauca: Denmark; Norway (Rogaland, Sogn).

P. pungens: Norway (Akershus).

P. sitchensis: British Isles (general); Denmark (11); Germany

(94); Norway (Rogaland).

Pinus banksiana: Denmark

P. contorta: Denmark (general) ; Finland (present where grown) ;

Norway (Akershus).

P. palustris: Denmark.

P. strobus: Belgiiun; British Isles; Czechoslovakia; Denmark;

Germany (9); Switzerland (1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20).

Pseudotsuga menziesii: British Isles (7, Forest of Dean near

Monmouth); Denmark; Norway (Rogaland).

Sequoia gigantea: British Isles (4).

S. sempervirens: British Isles.

Thuja occidentalis: Denmark.

T. plicata: British Isles (49).

Tsuga heterophylla: British Isles; Norway (Akershus, Hordaland),

Fomes applanatus (Pers. ex S. F. Gray) Gill, (xx)

white mottled rot

Apparently native weU over the world in naturally wooded regions.

Typical occurrence is in older trees in large trunk wounds caused by

fire, falling trees, and large broken branches. This rot occurs on

living broadleaved species and is destructive to hardwood and coniferous K)gs. Rot in the tree usually extends but a few feet from the

point of entry. The conk is often called "artist's fungus,'' as the

white lower surface, where scratched, turns dark brown.

. Populusbalsamifera: Norway.

P. deltoides: Denmark.
18 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Fomes connatus (Weinm. ex Fr.) Gill, (xx) white spongy rot

A typical heart rot of hardwoods in the North Temperate Zone;

also reported in South Africa. Obtains entry in large wounds near

the butt of the tree caused by floating ice cakes, frost cracks, and

large branches broken out of the trunk. The conk is perennial,

white, usually less than 6 inches across, corky and often with moss

growing on the rough upper side. The rot usually extends but a

few feet from the point of entry.

Populus deltoides: Denmark; Norway.

Fomes fraxineus (Bull, ex Fr.) Cke. (xx) soft, white heart rot

A corky to rigid conk, light colored with reddish stains, usually

near the bases of living hardwood trees. Widely and sparsely distributed in eastern Canada, eastern United States, and Europe; also

reported from Japan. Damage is negligible because of very scattered

distribution.

Robinia pseudoacacia: British Isles; Russia (3).

Fomes igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx. (xx) white heart rot

White heart rot of hardwoods is practically worldwide; it is known

on all continents and on a great number of broadleaved species. The

conk is woody, brown to black, usually rough with numerous cracks

and crevices on the upper side, grayish to brown beneath. This rot

is variable in appearance and has developed an aspen form, a birch

form, and a typical form on each of its other hosts. Entry to the

tree trunk is usually through dead branches or other large injuries

on the trunk. The decay is a white, spongy heart rot boimded by

dark zones or lines. The damage caused is tremendous because most

of the valuable hardwood timber species are attacked at about the

time of commercial maturity.

Populus deltoides: Denmark; Norway.

Fomes pini (Brot, ex Fr.) Karst, (TO) Ted ring rot

Red ring rot caused by F, pini (formerly Trametes pini) occurs in

coniferous forests throughout the North Temperate Zone. Nearly

all conifers are susceptible. Entry to the tree trunk is through

branches killed by shading, stubs of broken living branches, or woimds

where living branches 2 inches or more in diameter are removed.

The typical conk is brown throughout (nearly black with age on top),

rough, and much cracked above and rather thick. A small variety

grows as a small, flat, brown plate on the bark or lower side of a

branch. The decay is a small white pocket-form with thin, nearly

sound, wooden layers between adjacent pockets. The damage caused

is well known and feared by foresters handling coniferous stands in

all parts of the northern hemisphere.

Abies balsamea: Denmark.

Pinus strobus: Germany (29); Poland (14).

Pseudotsuga menziesii: Belgium.

Fomes robustus Karst, (xx) white trunk rot

White rot of heart and sapwood of conifers, hardwoods, and cacti is

widely distributed in Alaska, Canada, and the United States; also in

Europe, Asia, Austraha, and South Africa. It is uncommon every-
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 19

where. Because of its sparse occurrence, damage caused is relatively

light. Like the heart rots generally, entry to the tree trunk is through

wounds.

Robinia pseudoacacia: South Australia.

^Fusarium herbarum Cda. ex Fr. (x) wilt, dieback

The species of Fusarium are small, inconspicuous fungi that live in

the soil as saprophytes, but some are aggressive parasites on roots of

many plants and cause wilt of the upper parts by interrupting water

conduction. They often cause damping-oif of seedlings and inflict

heavy damage. They occur everywhere that trees grow. High moisture of soil and air favors them. Wilt or dieback may be caused on

stems and branches, and leaf spots appear on trees beyond the seedling

stage. Here they form grayish or white, cottony wefts on the surface

and small pustules exuding light-colored spore masses. They can be

identified only with a misroscope.

Bobina pseudoacacia: Germany.

Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, amend Snyder & Hansen (xxx)

damping-off

Damping-oflF of seedlings. See description under F. herbarum.

Pinus radiata: Argentina.

Fusarium pseudacaciae Rapaics (x) wilt, dieback

Stem infection. See description under F. herbarum.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Himgary (Debrecen).

Fusarium sambucinum var. coeruleum Wr. (x) wilt, dieback

Dieback of branches. See description under F. herbarum.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Germany.

Fusarium yogelii P. Henn. (xxx) leaf spot

Associated with leaf spot in Germany and Poland. See description

under F. herbarum.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Germany (Tamsel); Poland (14).

*Fusicoccum mac-alpini Sacc. (x) brown leaf spot

On Hving leaves in AustraHa.

Quercus coccinea: Austraha (central part).

Fusoma parasiticum Tub. (xxx) damping-oflf

Damping-off of coniferous seedlings in northern Europe and also in

United States. Causes heavy losses in seedbeds. See general description under Fusarium herbarum.

Abies balsamea: Germany (104).

A, concolor: Germany (104, Breslau).

A. procera: Germany (104).

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana: Germany (104).

Juniperus virginiana: Germany (104).

Libocedrus decurrens: Germany (104).

Picea engelmannii: Germany (104).

P. glauca: Germany (104).

P. pungens: Germany (104).

P. rubens: Germany (104).
20 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

P. sitchensis: Germany (104).

Pinus banksiana: Germany (104).

P. contorta: Germany (104).

P. ponderosa: Germany (104).

Pseudotsuga menziesii: Germany (104).

Thuja occidentalis: Germany (104).

T. plicata: Germany (104).

Tsuga canadensis: Germany (104).

Ganoderma sessile Murr, (xx) stringy white rot

A large, leathery to corky, shelflike conk with reddish, thin, 'Varnish'' upper surface. At the base of various living hardwood trees,

entering large basal wounds and causing a stringy white rot. Widely

distributed in the temperate zones.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Argentina.

Gloeosporium acerinum West, (xxx) maple leaf spot

Leaf spot and twig blight of Acer spp. in Europe and the United

States.

Acer negundo: British Isles.

Gloeosporium inconspicuum Cavara (xxx) wilt

On wilting leaves in Europe and United States.

Ulmus americana: Italy (Pavia).

*Gloeosporium microstromoides Moesz (x) gray seedpod spot

Forms gray spots on seed pods.

Catalpa bignonioides: Himgary (Budapest).

Gloeosporium quercinum West, (xxx) brown leaf spot

Causes dead, shriveled, brown spots on the edges of cm-led leaves

in Europe and North America.

Quercus alba: Germany.

Q. bicolor: Germany.

Q. coccinea: Netherlands.

Q. macrocarpa: Germany.

Q. prinus: Germany.

Q. rubra: Netherlands.

Q, stellata: Germany.

'^Gloeosporium vagans Syd. (xxx) leaf spot

Causes small, reddish-brown to purple-brown leaf spot.

Acer pensylvanicum: Germany (Tamsel).

*Gloeosporium variabilisporum Kab. & Bub. (x) leaf spot

Causes confluent, marginal, tan to brown leaf spot.

Quercus rubra: Czechoslovakia (1, Gross-Skal).

*Giiomonia cerastis (Riess.) negundinis Karak. (xxx) leaf spot

Acer negundo: Russia (9).
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 21

Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. & de N. (xxx) Juglans leaf spot

AflFects all Juglans and some Carya species of North America,

Europe, and Asia. The leaf spots are small, white to grayish yellow

with brown edges, irregular, limited to interveinal areas on the lower

leaf surface or on the young fruits. Heavily spotted leaves and

fruits may fall prematurely. Continued attacks may weaken trees

until they die.

Juglans californica: France.

J. cinérea: France.

Gnomonia véneta (Sacc. & Speg.) Kleb, (xxx)

Platanus defoliation, twig blight

Causes brown spots along the main leaf veins, on petioles, and on

young twigs leading to premature leaf fall and twig blight. Distributed in North America and Europe and reported in Argentina.

Platanus occidentalis: British Isles (74, southern England and

Midlands); Germany (Göttingen); Italy; Netherlands.

Gymnosporangium aurantiacum Chev. (xxx) cedar rust

Heteroecious. Causes elongated swollen stems on Juniperus

communis and J. communis var. saxatilis and swollen, rounded spots,

each with several small tubes containing light brown spores, on the

lower leaf surface of Sorbus spp. in Europe and North America.

Juniperus communis: Norway.

Sorbus americana: Norway.

Gymnosporangium bermudianum (Farl.) Earle (xxx) cedar apple

Forms perennial globose stem galls.

Juniperus virginiana: Bermuda.

Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme (Jacq. ex Pers.) DC. (xxx)

cedar rust

Heteroecious. Forms slight swelling of stems of Juniperus communis. Has alternate stage on leaves and fruits of Crataegus and

Sorbus, forming white upright tubes containing yellowish spores.

These tubes spring from swollen, reddish leaf or fruit spots. In

North America and Europe.

Sorbus americana: Norway.

Gymnosporangium juniperinum (L. ex Pers.) Alart. (xxx)

cedar rust

Heteroecious. Forms hemispheric swellings on stems and twigs

of Juniperus communis and J, communis var. saxatilis, and on thickened spots on the lower leaf sm-face of Sorbus spp. Each spot bears

several small tubes containing chestnut-brown spores. Native in

Europe and the Kocky Mountains from Colorado to Alberta and

British Columbia.

Crataegus succulenta: Norway (southern).

^Gymnosporangium mespili (DC.) Kern (xxx) cedar rust

Heteroecious. Causes slight stem swelling on Juniperus sabina, J.

phoenicea. and J. virginiana. Alternate hosts are species of Crataegus.
22 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cotoneaster, and Mespilus. Thickened, roundish spots bear slender

tubes containing the spores. Distributed in Europe, Siberia, Kashmir, and India.

Juniperus virginiana: Denmark (Dalum, Horsens).

'^Gymnosporangium sabinae Dicks, ex Wint. (xxx) cedar rust

Heteroecious. Causes swelling of stems of Juniperus sabina, J,

oxycedrus, J, phoeniceay and J. virginiana. On leaves of Pyrus spp.

it forms thickened discolored spots bearing large acorn-shaped spore

containers. Limited to Europe, not known in the United States.

Juniperus virginiana: France; Germany (general with the hosts).

*Helícobasidíum mompa Tanaka (xxx)

This disease attacks many kinds of plants. Kazuo Ito recently

listed 104 host species in 76 genera and 45 families. Six species listed

are common in the United States and many others belong in genera

represented in our forests. The known range of the fungus is stated

to be all parts of Japan, Korea, Formosa, and certain unnamed districts in China. The fungus normally lives on living and dead roots

in the soil, readily attacks living roots encountered by it, and finally

kills the entire plant. It has caused large losses in mulberry trees

grown for their leaves as food for silkworms. Food plants such as

sweet potatoes and garden vegetables are attacked causing heavy

local losses. Trees may be attacked through the small roots, and as

a result infection extends into larger roots and finally to the root

crown and even higher. The fruiting body is a brown to purple

mycelial velvety mat on the surface of dead bark at the base of the

tree. Purple rhizomorphs form on the surface of dead parts and

small purplish-brown sclerotia form within the bark tissues or in

fissures. Should be excluded at all costs.

Asimina triloha: Japan (general).

Cercis canadensis: Japan.

Liriodendron tulipifera: Japan (Meguro, Tokyo).

Pinus strobus: Japan.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Japan (Koma Forest Experiment Station).

Thuja occidentalis: Japan (Meguro, Tokyo).

Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.) Pat. (xxx) damping-off

Caused by rotting of nursery seedling roots when attacked by a

number of soil-infesting fungi, which can be identified only by microscopical and cultural studies. The disease is widely distributed in

temperate regions and is aggravated by soil conditions suboptimal for

the seedlings.

Picea sitchensis: British Isles (14, 70).

Herpotrichia nigra Hart, (x) brown felt blight

Foimd in high elevations or m boreal regions where heavy snow

cover lingers late in the spring. It is present in such locations in

Siberia, Europe, and North America. Young conifers are especially

liable to attack because their lower branches load down with snow and

are pressed close to the wet soil. The fungus is favored by low temperature and high humidity so that it coats the needles and twigs with a
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 23

gray to black felt of mycelium, which often kills most of the needles.

In Europe nurseries at high elevations have had to be abandoned.

Picea glauca: Norway (Bardu).

P, pungens: Norway (Fredriksberg, Malselv) ; Switzerland (5,

Uri).

Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds. ex Fr.) Kummer (x)

root and butt rot

Soft brown root and butt rot of both conifers and hardwoods;

widely but sparsely distributed in North America and Europe. The

fungus associated with it has gills and is shaped like the cultivated

mushroom. It is one of the unimportant butt rots that may develop

more aggressively in one locality than another.

Picea sitchensis: British Isles.

Thuja plicata: British Isles.

Hypoderma desmazierii Duby (xxx) conifer needle cast

Needle casts of cedars, firs, larches, pines, and spruces are widely

and generally distributed in Europe, Asia, and North America. The

fimgi causing them are numerous and resemble each other superficially

in forming black swollen spots or streaks mostly on the lower surface

of the needles. Affected needles turn red to brown, finally gray, and

usually fall soon after. All needles even if in the same bundle are

not affected. Young seedlings are damaged most seriously; susceptible species in nurseries are sometimes killed. Trees 5 years old

or more show individual resistance and remain unaffected among

heavily diseased trees in a stand.

Pinus banksiana: Yugoslavia.

P.flexilis: Yugoslavia.

P. strohus: Austria; British Isles; Czechoslovakia; Denmark;

France; Germany (9); Russia (5).

Hypodermella ampia (J. J. Davis) Dearn. (xx) needle cast

See needle cast under Hypoderma desmazierii. Probably introduced to New Zealand fron North America.

Pinus banksiana: New Zealand.

Hysterograpliium fraxini (Pers. ex Fr.) de N. (x)

Causes circular depressed spots in the bark of young stems and

branches. The fimgus forms small black oblong blisters with a furrowed opening, scattered over the dead bark. The affected parts often

die. A severe outbreak in an ash plantation, 8 to 10 feet tall, occurred

in Denmark. The fungus is well known in Europe and North America.

It is usually saprophytic but occasionally can become aggressively

parasitic.

Fraxinus americana: Denmark.

*EabatielIa polyspora (Bub. & Syd.) Karak. (x) leaf spot

Causes angular dark brown spots on the upper leaf surface in

Germany.

Acer saccharinum: Germany (Tamsel in Marchia).
24 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Lophodermina juniperina (Fr.) Tehon (xxx) needle cast

See needle cast under Hypoderma desmazierii. In Europe and

North America.

Juniperus virginiana: Denmark (Ilofmansgave).

Lophodermina nitens (Darker) Tehon (xxx) needle cast

See needle cast under Hjpoderma desmazierii. In Europe and

North America.

Pinus albicaulis: Germany (Mecklenburg).

P. strobus: Germany.

*Lophodermium macrosporum (Hartig) Rehm (xxx) needle cast

See needle cast under Hypoderma desmazierii. In Europe.

Picea pungens: Denmark (Forsthaven) ; Norway (As, Mo).

P. sitchensis: Belgium; Denmark (Tegelstruphegn).

Lophodermium piceae (Fckl.) Hoehn. (xxx) needle cast

See needle cast under Hypoderma desmazierii. In Europe and North

America. ^

Picea engelmannii: Norway (As).

P, glauca: Denmark; Norway (Molde).

P. mariana: Norway (general on Picea).

P. pungens: Norway.

P. sitchensis: British Isles (Glentress) ; Denmark (Asserbo, Soholt).

Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad. ex Fr.) Chev. (xxx) needle cast

See needle cast under Hypoderma desmazierii. In Europe, Asia,

Africa, New Zealand, and North America.

Picea sitchensis: British Isles (Scotland); Denmark.

Pinus banksiana: Norway (As, Farsund, UUensaker) ; Poland (3) ;

Russia (1).

P. contorta: Denmark (general where grown); Norway (Jaeren,

Mo).

P.flexilis: Norway (Saltdal).

P. ponderosa: Germany; Russia (1).

P. radiata: New Zealand; South Africa; Spain (1).

P. rigida: Denmark; Germany; Russia (1).

P. strobus: Belgium; Denmark; Germany; Norway.

Macrophomina phaseoli (Maubl.) Ashby (x)

Rhizoctonia root rot

A root rot of many trees and other plants occm's in practically all

parts of the ^^^orld where root crops can be raised. A sterile fungus of

the rhizoctonia type is usually associated with it, but occasionally

fruiting bodies are produced. Some fruiting bodies have been obtained in pure cultures. Damage is sometimes heavy, especially in

the tropics.

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana: Ceylon.

Cupressus macrocarpa: Ceylon; Uganda.

Pinus echinata: South Africa.

P. muricata: South Africa.

P. radiata: South Africa.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 25

Melampsora allii-populma Kleb, (xxx) poplar-garlic rust

Heteroecious. This European rust is one of several occurring on

poplar leaves. All rusts have a powdery yellow early stage followed

by a brown to black, flat, crustlike phase. The rusts have different

alternate hosts and may be damaging to both the poplars and the

alternate hosts.

Populus trichocarpa: British Isles (Scotland).

Melampsora larici-epitea Kleb, (xxx) willow rust

Holarctic. Heteroecious. The willows of North America are attacked by several rusts, and those of the Old World harbor a score or

more that have a series of alternate hosts many of which are economic

trees and shrubs. On the willows they form small, yellow, powdery

pustules followed later by brown, waxy-looking, small, flat crusts.

These growths are usually on the lower leaf surface but occasionally

on the upper side or even on young shoots. Considerable damage is

caused in willow holts by premature defoliation caused by heavy and

continued attacks.

Salix herbácea: Norway.

S. reticulata: Norway.

^Melampsora larici-populina IQeb. (xxx) larch-poplar rust

See description under M. allii-populina.

Populus balsamifera: British Isles; Norway (3, general in southwest on Populus spp.).

P. deltoides: Norway (north to Arctic circle).

P. trichocarpa: British Isles; Norway.

Melampsoridium betulinum (Pers.) Kleb, (xxx) larch-birch rust

Heteroecious. On larch leaves, cylindrical tubular outgrowths

filled with orange powdery spores form on the lower leaf surface.

On the lower surface of birch leaves, small yellow to orange powdery

pustules are followed by small, waxy brown crusts breaking through

the leaf epidermis. Widely distributed in North America, Em-ope,

and Asia. Some damage is done to young birch seedlings.

Betula lenta: Norway (As).

Larix laricina: Denmark (Tange Skov).

*Melasmia empetri Magn. (xxx) crowberry black spot

Holarctic. Appears as black spots on young twigs, the latter

abnormally elongated on which small leaves grow. The attacked

shoots die. Reported from Russia, Sweden, Germany, and Scotland.

Empetrum nigrum: British Isles.

Meria laricis Vuill. (xxx) larch needle cast

This larch needle cast appears on the new yoimg needles and may

be confused with frost injury. The affected needles die beyond the

point of infection. The fungus fruits form in the stomata, mostly

on the lower needle surface, and appear as white dots much like the

nonnal stomata. This disease damages especially 1-year and 2-year

seedlings but may attack trees of any age. It overwinters on dead

needles and is spread from one place to another by infected plants
26 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

shipped to uninfected nurseries. Moist weather greatly favors severe

outbreaks. Larch needle cast is widespread, though scattered, in

Europe and has been reported once on Larix occidentalis in the northern

Rocky Mountains. Attention was drawn to it because of its appearance earlier than the usual leaf cast by Hypodermella laricis.

Larix occidentalis: British Isles.

*Microdiplodia solitaria Bub. (xxx) magnolia leaf spot

Causes solitary, irregular leaf spots on the upper leaf surface; dry

and gray with brown edges above, dingy yellow beneath. Reported

from Italy.

Magnolia grandiflora: Italy (Arco, Venetia trident).

Microsphaera alni extensa (Cke. & Pk.) Salmon (xxx)

oak powdery mildew

Appears on both surfaces of oak leaves as a white powdery coating.

Late in summer tiny black globular bodies form on the white coating.

First found in France in 1907, and spread over Europe in 1908. For

a number of years only the immatiu*e conidial form of the fungus

developed in Europe. In the conidial stage of the powdery mildews,

it is practically impossible to determine the fungi specifically, and a

number of guesses were made concerning this one. About 1920 the

perfect stage developed and was found to be Microsphaera alni

extensa, apparently the same as this long-known fungus of North

America. Oak powdery mildew has never caused serious trouble

here but was disastrous in Europe to Old World oaks, especially on

young coppice and nm-sery stock. Older trees that had suffered

severe defoliation by insects were killed over an extensive area.

Quercus alba: Austria; France (Basque Provinces).

Q. bicolor: Austria.

Q. ilicifolia: France (Basque Provinces).

Q. imbricaria: France (Basque Provinces).

Q, laurifolia: Argentina; Madagascar; Rhodesia.

Q. lyrata: Argentina; Madagascar; Rhodesia.

Q. macrocarpa: Argentina; Austria; France (Basque Provinces);

Madagascar; Rhodesia.

Q. nigra: Argentina; Madagascar; Rhodesia.

Q. palustris: Argentina; Austria; Brazil; France (Basque Provinces); Madagascar; Rhodesia.

Q, phellos: Argentina; France (Basque Provinces); Madagascar;

Rhodesia.

Q. prinus: France (Basque Provinces).

Q. rubra: Austria; France (Basque Provinces).

Q. velutina: France (Basque Provinces).

Milesia kriegeriana Magnus (xxx) Abies-fern rust

There are about 50 species of these rusts, all with one stage of their

life cycle on the needles of Abies spp. and the other on the leaves

of various ferns. Many rusts cannot be distinguished from each

other in the fir stage, but the fern stages show dSferences by which

they can be identified. A considerable number of the fern rusts havenot
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 27

yet been connected with their fir stages. They are found practically

throughout the range of Abies. Damage caused is not important

Abies concolor: British Isles; Switzerland.

A. grandis: British Isles; Switzerland.

MUesia polypodü (H. P. Bell) FauU (xxx) Abies-fern rust

See description under M. kriegeriana.

Abies concolor: British Isles; Switzerland.

Milesia scolopendrii (Fckl.) Arth. (xxx) Abies-fern rust

See description under M. kriegeriana.

Abies concolor: British Isles; Switzerland.

Monochaetia unicornis (Cke. & EU.) Sacc. (xx) cypress canker

This cypress canker is a girdling stem canker of Cupressus, which

gains entry to the inner bark through wounds. It is probably native

m North America and has been carried to Africa and Austraha where it

greatly damages plantations of all species of Cupressus grown there.

Chamaecyparis thyoides: Kenya.

Cupressus arizonica: Kenya.

G. macrocarpa: Kenya.

Mycosphaerella platanifolia (Cke.) Wolf (xxx) brown leaf spot

A large irregidar brown leaf spot of Platanus spp. in Japanese nurseries. Possibly the same as a similar leaf spot of Platanus in the

United States.

Platanus ocddentalis: Japan.

*Myxosporium abietinum Rostr. (xxx) root collar girdle

A serious girdling near the root collar of conifers reported in Denmark.

Picea sitchensis: Denmark (Glorup).

Pinus strobus: Denmark (Silkeborg).

Pseudotsuga memiesii: British Isles; Denmark (Früsenborg).

Naemacyclus niveus (Pers. ex Fr.) Sacc. (xx) hard pine leaf cast

See needle cast imder Hypoderma desmazierii. Distributed widely

in Europe; reported in northern and eastern Africa, in northeastern

United States, Quebec, Colorado, and the Pacific coast.

Pinus radiola: Kenya; Spain (1).

Nectria cinnabarina Tode ex Fr. (xx) hardwoods dieback

This Nectria has two growth stages. The first to form is a small,

pinkish, cushionlike body breaking through the affected bark in warm

weather. The second appears as groups of tiny, globular, cinnabar-red

bodies crowded closely together, forming in late fall or early winter

some weeks or even months after the early stage. The fungus is one

of the numerous saprophytic forms whose growth is occasionally favored by uncommon conditions so that it becomes aggressively parasitic. It is distributed generally in North America and Europe; it is

reported in Siberia, Ceylon, India, and Japan and also in New Zealand
28 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

and Brazil. Being so widely distributed, it may have developed

parasitic strains.

Acer pensylvanicum: Netherlands (2).

A, saccharum: Netherlands (2).

Quercus rubra: Germany (Saxony).

Robinia pseudoacacia: Netherlands (2).

Nectria cucurbitula Tode ex Fr. (xx) ' conifer dieback

Dieback of firs, spruces, and pines originates in an injury to the

bark, giving entry of the fungus spores to the inner bark tissues.

Apparently it is more prevalent in Europe than in North America.

Wounds made by hail and insects feeding are especially favorable for

fungus development, an area of bark being killed and enlarged untU

the stem is girdled and the tip killed back. Conifer dieback seems t^

be hmited to Europe and North America.

Abies amabilis: Norway (Bergen).

A. balsamea: Norway.

A. concolor: Norway.

A, procera: Norway.

Picea glauca: Norway (Hoyland).

P. sitchensis: British Isles (26, 50).

Pinus strobus: Denmark.

Nectria ditissima Tul. (xx) hardwoods perennial canker

Many hardwoods are affected by the large perennial canker with

greatly swollen irregular callus edges, in North America and Europe

generally. This canker is reported also in Brazil, South Africa, and

Madagascar. It is severe on cultivated apple and has been called

''European apple canker.'^ There is much uncertainty, both in

Europe and Ainerica, as to which species of Nectria is the cause.

Populus deltoides: Belgium; Denmark.

Nectria galligena Bres. (xx) hardwoods perennial canker

See discussion imder N. ditissima. Possibly identical with iV.

ditissima.

Populus deltoides: Belgium.

*Oidium orbiculare Nann. (xxx) powdery mildew

Powdery mildew of leaves.

Robinia hispida: Italy (11).

*Ophiostoma piceae (Munch.) Syd. (xx) blue sapwood stain

Blue stain in living sapwood of conifers. An Old World species.

Thuja occidentalis: Japan.

Ovularia destructiva (Plowr. & Phil.) Mass. (xxx) leaf spot

Known in the United States and northern Europe.

Myrica gale: Denmark.

Pellicularia filamentosa (Pat.) Rogers (xxx) web blight

Causes web blight of upper parts of seedlings. Widely distributed

in the North Temperate Zone.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Japan (north).
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 29

Pestalotia funérea Desm. (x) conifer leaf blight

Caused by one of the numerous fungi that are normally saprophytic

but occasionally become parasitic. Widely distributed over the

world.

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana: Germany (9, 29, 44, Saxony) ; Netherlands; New Zealand; South Africa.

Cupressus macrocarpa: New Zealand.

Finns radiata: South Africa.

Pseudotsuga memiesii: France; Germany.

Thuja occidentalis: Denmark; Germany (44).

T. plicata: British Isles; Germany (29, 44, 100).

*Pestalotia hartigii Tub. (x) stem girdle

Found usually on nursery transplants, the stem being girdled near

the groimd but continuing to grow above the constriction. Apparently

no successfid inoculations have been made. It has been suggested

that stem girdle is primarily due to high surface soil temperatiu-es,

but this fact is disputed where mulch was used for winter protection.

Affects both conifers and hardwoods. Known over most of Europe

and reported doubtfully from South Africa. Said to have caused

much damage in Germany to natural beech reproduction.

Ahies lasiocarpa: Norway (Softeland).

Pinus radiata: South Africa.

Pseudotsuga menziesii: Germany (9, Saxony).

Pestalotia macrotricha Kleb, (xx) rhododendron leaf spot

A silvery gray spot with numerous black dots on the upper leaf

surfaces, brown below. Entry to inner leaf tissues is made through

injuries. A weak parasite. Kjaown in North America, Europe, and

India. Mostly on rhododendrons but occasionally on related species.

Kalmia latijolia: Italy.

Rhododendron maximum: Italy.

*Pestalotia populi-nigrae Sawada & Ito (xx) poplar shoot wilt

A black poplar yoimg-shoot wilt has been known several years in

Japan. Current-year shoots show brown areas by mid-June with

one or more dead leaves. The areas enlarge rapidly, and often

girdle the shoot. Losses in nursery stock may be considerable.

Popvlus nigra, P, nigra itálica, and P. deltoides are attacked naturally.

Inoculations succeeded also on P. simonii Carr. and P. maximowiczii

Henry, which showed resistance.

Populus deltoides: Japan.

Phacidium infestans Karst, (xxx) conifer snow blight

Snow blight of conifers is apparently native in northeastern United

States and eastern Canada, and in Em-ope north of 60° lat. It is

favored by heavy snowfaU that remains into late spring. The moist

condition under melting snow with accompanying low temperatures

appears to be necessary for the fungus. The disease appears when

the snow melts as a gray-brown mat on the lower branches that had

been pressed down on the ground by the snow. The needles are

killed below the snow level, but all parts above the snow remain healthy

and green. Considerable damage may be done in nurseries and on

383008—56 3
30 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

naturally developed reproduction to a height of 2 or 3 feet. Larger

trees are able to overcome the loss of their lowest branches.

Abies balsamea: Sweden.

A. concolor: Sweden.

Picea engelmannii: Sweden.

P. pungens: Sweden.

Pinus ponderosa: Sweden.

P. strobus: Sweden.

Phaeocryptopus gäumanni (Rhode) Petr. (xxx)

Douglas-fir needle cast

First found in 1925 in Switzerland, causing needle cast of Douglasfir trees about 20 years old. This fungus was at first confused with

a similar one on the needles of Abies in Europe and North America,

but it was found to be distinct and was given its own name. Needles

of the previous years' growth are cast, by severe continued attacks,

and only the current year's needles are left to support the trees. If

continued a number of years, this loss causes decline and final death.

The disease appears to be native but relatively innocuous in this

country on the Pacific coast and in the Southwest. It has been

found in New England damaging plantations. It appears to have

been introduced into Europe from North America and is present in

Europe from Great Britain eastward to Austria. Inroads of this

and other pests of Douglas-fir in Europe caused alarm, but more

recently it has been found that in each district there is a race of

Douglas-fir that is resistant.

Pseudotsuga menziesii: Austria; Belgium; British Isles (69);

Denmark; France; Germany (Württemberg); Italy; Latvia;

Netherlands; Poland; Sweden; Switzerland; Yugoslavia.

Phleospora robiniae (Lib.) Hoehn. (xxx) leaf spot

Leaf spot in France and Italy; also eastern United States.

Robinia pseudoacacia: France; Italy.

Phomopsis abietina (Hart.) Wilson & Hahn (xx) fir canker

A girdling canker of firs and Douglas-fir kiUs branches and stems

in young trees. It is known in Europe and North America but

occurs locally.

Abies balsamea: Denmark (Holt Plantage, Jutland).

Juniperus virginiana: Denmark (Wedellsborg, Fimen).

Pseudotsuga menziesii: Germany (29).

Phomopsis juniperovora Hahn (xxx) Juniper and cypress blight

Blight of junipers and cypress species in seed and transplant beds is

serious from the Middle West to the Atlantic coast in the United

States. Losses may be very high. Resinous cankers of the stems

cause death of affected branches and trees. It is also reported in

Now Zealand, Mozambique, Netherlands, France, and Denmark.

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana: New Zealand.

Cupressus macrocarpa: New Zealand.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 31

*Phomopsîs pseudotsugae Wilson (xxx) bark canker

This fungus causes bark canker on trunks and branches of Douglasfir, Abies alba, Larix spp., Cedrus spp., and Sequoia gigantea. It is

knovra only in Europe and apparently is of Old World origin. The

cankers form in the dormant season of one year and continue no

further. The tree heals over the wound on larger stems and leaves

a loose flake of bark, which often hangs on a dead branchlet near the

middle of the canker. On branches the part above the canker commonly dies, and the dead bark on the canker is not immediately

sloughed off. Small trees may be girdled like the branches and killed.

Larger trees are not seriously damaged.

Abies grandis: British Isles to Czechoslovakia—general.

Finns strobus: Denmark; Germany (104).

Pseudotsuga menziesii: Belgium; British Isles (94); Czechoslovakia; Denmark; France; Germany; Netherlands; Norway;

Sweden.

Sequoia gigantea: British Isles to Czechoslovakia—general.

Tsuga heterophylla: British Isles to Czechoslovakia—general.

Phomopsis strobi Syd. (xxx) pine canker

Causes bark cankers on the stems and branches of pines in the

United States, Europe, and New Zealand. In New Zealand considerable damage has been caused by dieback.

Pinus muricata: New Zealand.

P. radiata: New Zealand.

P. strobus: British Isles: Denmark.

Pseudotsuga menziesii: New Zealand (3).

Phragmidium andersoni Shear (xxx) cinquefoil rust

Holarctic. Autoecious. Native in North America, northern Europe,

Siberia, Kamchatka, and Japan.

Potentilla fruticosa: Kamchatka.

Phragmidium fusiforme Schroet. (xxx) rose rust

Autoecious. On lower surface of leaves and on stems, powdery

yellow to brown pustules. Native in North America from Alaska

to Oregon and eastward to Ontario, Minnesota, and Michigan; also

in Siberia, Japan, Kamchatka, and mountains of Empope, Finland,

and Russia.

Rosa acicularis: Kamchatka.

Phragmidium tuberculatum J. Müll, (xxx) rose dust

Autoecious. Appears on lower leaf surface as powdery yellow to

brown pustules. Native in Em-ope, Asia, and North Africa.

Rosa acicularis: Kamchatka.

Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst, (xxx) powdery mildew

Native in North America and Europe. Probably throughout the

North Temperate Zone on many broadleaf trees.

Corylus americana: Denmark (common).
32 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Phyllosticta garryae Cke. & Hark, (xxx) leaf spot

Large leaf spot, gray with purple edges. Native in California.

Probably carried to Europe on nursery stock.

Garrya elliptica: British Isles (74).

*Phyllosticta macrocarpae Montem. (xxx) leaf spot

Leaf spot large, reddish, irregular, in interveinal areas.

Quercus macrocarpa: Italy (Ghislieri Garden, Papiae).

Phyllosticta magnoliae Sacc. (xxx) leaf spot

Spots usually on the upper leaf surface, variable in shape, bleached,

with indefinite margins. Reported in United States, England,

France, Germany, and Italy.

Magnolia grandiflora: British Isles (74) ; France; Italy; Germany.

Phyllosticta neomexicana Bub. & Kab. (x) leaf spot

Spots on both leaf surfaces, sparse, circular to angular, 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter, brownish yellow, drying gray. Reported only

from Bohemia.

Robinia neomexicana: Czechoslovakia (1).

*PhyUosticta pallidocarpa Bub. & Sereb. (x) leaf spot

Spots rounded to oblong, 1 to 5 millimeters x 0.5 to 1.5 centimeters,

gray with brownish edges. Known only in Russia.

Ribes aureum: Russia (8).

Phyllosticta populi-nigrae Allesch. (x) leaf spot

Spots irregular, brown, with indistinct margins. Germany and

England.

Populus balsamifera: British Isles (Ainsdale, South Lancaster).

Phyllosticta pteleae Hollos (x) leaf spot

Spots large, irregular, dark brown above, grayish brown below,

paUid in the middle. Reported in Hungary.

Ptelea trifoliata: Hungary (Nagy-Koros).

Phyllosticta rubiodorati Bub. & Kab. (x) leaf spot

Spots on upper leaf surface, sparse, rounded, 1 centimeter across,

brown to reddish brown, the dry center lacerated. Reported from

Bohemia.

Rubus odoratus: Czechoslovakia (1, Turnau).

Phyllosticta sassafras Cke. (x) leaf spot

Leaf spot rounded, dark colored, causing yellowing and leaf fall.

Italy and United States.

Sassafras albidum: Italy (11).

Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. et Cohn) Schroet. (xxx)

seedling blight, crown canker

On first-year seedlings of broadleafs and conifer in Europe.

Has been known there for many years, causes damping-off; and on

cotyledons and first leaves bhghts the entire plant. Kjiown in North
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 33

America but not as damaging as in Europe. Older trees are attacked

by being bark-girdled at the base. This fungus is becoming serious

in North America but is little mentioned in Eiu-ope. The trouble is

prevalent practically wherever trees are extensively planted in Europe,

eastern Asia, Africa, South America, and North America. The fungus

lives in soil and usually causes root rot or bark canker near the soil.

Abundant moisture greatly favors outbreaks. The fungus is believed

to have come to North America from the Old World many years ago.

Pinus strobus: Germany (9).

Robinia pseudoacacia: Germany.

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands (x)

seedling blight, crown canker

Both broadleaf and coniferous nursery seedlings are subject to root

rot; older trees show dying of bark near ground level with some liquid

exudation. Death often follows. This disease is very widespread

on all the continents.

Castanea dentata: Spain (Corunna).

Pinus radiata: Argentina.

Pseudotsuga menziesii: Portugal.

Quercus rubra: France.

Phytophthora citrophthora (R. E. & E. H. Sm.) Leon, (x)

root rot

On hardwoods and Pinus radiata in Argentina: also in United States.

Acer negundo: Argentina.

Juglans nigra: Argentina.

Magnolia grandiflora: Argentina.

Pinus radiata: Argentina.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Argentina.

from every continent.

Magnolia grandiflora: Argentina.

Pleospora herbarum (Pers. ex Fr.) Rabh. (xxx) leaf spot

Brown leaf spots due to cork formation are associated with the

fungus on the leaf surface. Known in Europe and the United States.

Arctostaphylos manzanita: British Isles (England).

Pleurotus mitis Pers. ex Fr. (xx) trunk canker

Enters injmies on trunks, mostly of conifers but occasionally of

broadleaf species. In Europe and North America.

Pinus strobus: Switzerland.

Polyporus schweinitzii Fr. (xxx) red-brown butt rot

Distributed widely throughout the Northern Hemisphere and reported in Australia. It occurs mostly in conifers, rarely in hardwoods.

In North America it causes much more damage than any other butt
34 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

rot; in Europe it appears to be much less important. The fungus is

large, velvety brown on top and greenish brown below; often centrally

stalked when growing from a buried root, with little or no stem when

growing laterally on the sides of trunks; brittle and soft; corky when

dry.

Picea sitchensis: British Isles (Perthshire).

Finns strobus: Denmark.

Pseudotsuga menziesii: British Isles (Perthshire).

Thuja plicata: Poland (Pomorz, Wirty State Forest).

Polyporus sulphureus Fr. (xxx) sulphur fungus, brown rot

The sulphur fungus in the United States is typically sulphur yellow

above, varying to salmon or orange; in Europe it is described as orange

to red. It fruits in a series of closely overlapping irregular shelves,

growing out from the side of living trees where a large wound has been

made by a large broken branch or a falling tree. It is firm and watery

when fresh, drying to white, rigid, and brittle. It is widely distributed

and common on hardwoods and conifers in the North Temperate Zone,

and is reported from Australia and South Africa. It causes a brown

cubical rot of the heartwood, with felthke sheets of mycelium in the

cracks of the rotted wood.

Gleditsia triacanthos: Denmark (South Forsthaven).

Prunus serótina: Denmark.

P. virginiana: Denmark.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Denmark (Faruna, Seeland); France;

Japan.

Puccinia cariéis (Schum.) Schroet. (xxx) cluster-cup rust

Heteroecious. The cluster-cup rust of Ribes spp. has no connection

with the pine blister rusts. Sedges (Carex spp.) are the alternate hosts.

The Ribes stage looks like tiny cups on the lower side of the leaves and

on the fruits. The cups contain orange, dusty spores, which can infect

the leaves and stems of sedges. The rust is distributed in temperate

Europe, Asia, and North America and is reported in New Zealand.

Practically no damage is caused except in large plantings of Ribes, and

an occasional outbreak may defoliate bushes or spoil fruits.

Ribes aureum: Denmark (Skaarup, Stengaarden).

i?. sanguineum: British Isles (Scotland); Denmark (Havrehed,

Himmelbjerget).

R, triste: Kamchatka.

Puccinia ribis DC. (xxx) ribes rust

Autoecious. Common on wild Ribes in the United States; also in

Eiu-ope, Japan, and Kamchatka. No damage is known.

Ribes triste: Kamchatka.

Pucciniastrum myrtilli (Schum.) Arth. (xxx)

Hemlock-Ericaceae rust

Holarctic. Heteroecious. The earliest life stage develops on the

lower side of hemlock leaves where it forms white, tubidar outgrowths

containing yellow powdery spores. Various Ericaceae are the alternate hosts on which this disease forms pustules with powdery yeUow

spores on the lower leaf surface. This stage is followed by an over-
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 35

wintering stage within the epidermal cells of the host leaf. Widely

distributed in the North Temperate Zone and in South America. No

serious damage is reported.

Vaccinium vitis-idaea: Asia (1).

*Pucciniastrum padi (Kunze & Schm.) Diet, (xxx)

spruce cone-cherry rust

Heteroecious. The first life stage of this rust appears on the inner

side of scales of yoimg cones of Picea abies as rather large powdery

brown pustules. The later stage is on the leaf surfaces of Prunus

padus, P. serótina, and P. virginiana. There it forms small yellowishwhite pustules on the lower leaf surface, which are followed by small

brown crusts on the upper surface. Spores from Prunus leaves infect

spruce cones in early summer; additional spores form that in turn

infect young Prunus leaves. There the fungus overwinters to resume

growth the next spring.

This rust occurs in Europe and Asia. It is reported in Dominican

Republic on cultivated Prunus spp., apparently introduced, as it is

not known otherwise in North America. Infected spruce cones fail

to produce seeds.

Prunus serótina: Germany.

P. virginiana: Norway (3).

Rehmiellopsis abietis (E. Rostr.) O. Rostr. (xxx) fir tip blight

Attacks the cm-rent year's leaves of the genus Abies. In severe

attacks most of the leaves of the new twig growth are killed. Repeated

attacks decrease the foliage so much that the tree dies. Poor site

conditions appear to induce attacks. Found on Abies lasiocarpa

living leaves in British Colmnbia once. Whether this is due to

introduction of Abies from Europe is unknown.

Abies balsamea: Norway (everywhere grown).

A. magnifica: British Isles (Peebles, Scotland).

A. procera: British Isles (37, Midlothian); Denmark (Bornholm).

Rhabdocline pseudotsugae Syd. (xxx) Douglas-fir mottled leaf cast

The first symptom of this disease is a slight yellow spotting near

the ends of the needles in fall or early winter. The color changes to

brown, sharply delimited from the normal green. These areas give

the affected needles a mottled appearance. The color turns uniformly

brown in severe attacks; in June the blisterlike fruiting bodies form

and the leaves fall, giving the tree a sparsely leaved appearance.

Repeated attacks cause the loss of all but the current year's needles.

The disease is general in North America and in Europe where Douglasfir is planted. It is an excellent example of the result of shipping

young trees to new regions. The future of Douglas-fir in Europe is

seriously questioned, but it has been found that ''green'' Douglas-fir

is relatively resistant in Germany. Trees up to 30 years old may be

heavily attacked, but older ones seem able to resist without serious

injury. Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca is more susceptible than

P. menziesii var. menziesii and is still threatened in Europe. Its use

there may have to be discontinued.

Pseudotsuga menziesii: Austria; Belgium; British Isles; Czechoslovakia (1, Marienbad) ; Denmark; France (Nancy) ; Germany
36 AGRICUÉTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(49, Württemberg); Netherlands; Norway; Switzerland;

Yugoslavia.

Pseudotsuga memiesii var. glauca: Belgium (Malmedy); British

Isles (48, Kirkennan and Munches Estates, southwest of

Dumfries); Denmark; Germany; Netherlands.

Rhizina undulata Fr. (xxx) root rot

Occurs as local patches of dead and dying young conifers m nurseries

and natural reproduction. Roots of diseased trees are matted together with white strands of mycelium and exuded resin. The annual

fruiting bodies develop on the soil as dark brown irregular objects with

an undulant surface and white mycelial strands growing down to

affected roots. Since the disease is found only where fire has been a

year or more previously, it is not usually serious. It is widely spread

in North America and Europe.

Picea sitchensis: Gevinanj.

Pinus strobus: Germany.

Pseudotsuga memiesii: Germany.

Tsuga mertensiana: Germany.

Rhizosphaera kalkhoifii Bub. (xxx) spruce mottled leaf cast

Usually in late summer needles of the current season become mottled

with yellow. The affected needles fall in the second summer and leave

only those of the current season. The disease begins on the lower

branches and progresses slowly upward. It is known in North America

only on spruces in the eastern United States and in southern Quebec,

mostly on Picea pungens, but is not known in the native range of this

tree. This disease is also reported in Europe on spruces, firs, pines, and

Douglas-fir. Its original home is not known. Damage consists of the

lower branches dying; in Great Britain this leaf cast is reported as

killing 14- to 20-year-old trees.

Picea glauca: British Isles (Scotland); Netherlands (2).

P. mariana: British Isles (Scotland).

P. pungens: British Isles; Norway (Skien, Mosjoen).

P. sitchensis: British Isles (106).

Rhytisma acerinum Pers. ex Fr. (xxx) maple tar spot

Maple leaf tar spot forms shiny, black, thickened, slightly raised

blotches up to K ii^ch across on the upper side of the leaf. Many

species of Acer are attacked in North America, Europe, and Asia. The

disease is very common in the United States. Severe infection causes

early leaf fall, but damage is slight.

Acer negundo: Germay (10).

A. pensylvanicum: Germany.

A. saccharinum: Denmark (Tange Skov, Funen).

A, saccharum: Germany (10).

*Rosellinia quercina Hart, (x) oak root rot

There are a number of Rosellinia species that cause root rot of trees,

mostly of younger ages. The species appear much alike, cause similar

symptoms, and are apt to attack both broadleafs and conifers. All

seem to be favored by wet soils. Wilting of entire plants or terminal

shoots, soon followed by death of the plant, is the chief signal of
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 37

trouble. The roots are covered with white strands of myceUum on the

outside of the bark or between the bark and wood. Sclerotial masses

form on the strands and the latter darken in color. Finally, tiny black

globular bodies form that contain the reproduction spores. The fungus

can Uve in the soil saprophytically on dead plant material but is very

ready to attack living roots. The oak Rosellinia is reported from

northern Europe where it inflicts heavy damage in forest nurseries and

reproduction. It attacks other hardwoods also and is reported in

Japan.

Myrica gale: Denmark (''Asserbo sand dunes/' Seeland).

^Rosellinia radiciperda Mass. (x) New Zealand root rot

See Rosellinia quercina for an account of the appearance of this

disease. The New Zealand root rot attacks both hardwoods and

conifers and devastates large areas. Well-cultivated land is said to

become free from this trouble, but when the forest is newly cleared,

it is serious. This disease appears to be limited to New Zealand.

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana: New Zealand (widespread).

Pinus strohus: New Zealand.

Schizophyllum commune Fr. (xx)

A small gray fan-shaped conk, downy above with forked gills below,

causes a superficial white rot, especially imder sunscorched bark of

living trees. Distributed generally in North America, Europe, Asia,

and in South Africa and Venezuela.

Robinia pseudoa^a^ia: Portugal.

Scleroderris abietina (Lager.) Gremmen (xx)

needle and twig blight

Causes pine needle and twig blight and considerable damage by

killing trees in severe outbreaks. Proved culturally to be the

ascigerous stage of Brunchorstia destruens Eriksson. In Finland,

Pinus contorta is one of the most successful conifers, but fungus diseases

are causing serious losses. The parasites are usually of niinor importance or saprophytic in other countries. Widely distributed in

Europe.

Pinus contorta: Finland (Urjala near Lake Nuutajärvi).

P. mordicóla: British Isles (Scotland).

P. radiata: Spain.

P. resinosa: Denmark.

P. sabinianxi: Russia.

P. strohus: British Isles (Scotland).

Septoria acicola (Thuem.) Sacc. (x) pine needle blight

On needles of Pinus radiata in Spain. Reported on numerous

species of pine in the United States.

Pinus radiata: Spain (1).

Septoria cm-vata (Rab. & A. Braun.) Sacc. (xxx) brown leaf spot

Rounded brown leaf spot of Robinia pseudoacacia in Eiu-ope.

Also reported in Ohio.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Germany; Italy; Poland (14); Russia.
38 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Septoria myricae Trail (xxx) leaf spot

Leaf spots greenish tinged with brown, 1 to 3 millimeters across,

in Scotland and United States.

Myrica gale: British Isles (Scotland, near Aberdeen).

*Septoria pseudacacia C. Massai, (xxx) leaf spot

Leaf spot of Robinia pseudoacacia.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Italy (Calavena near Tregnano, Verona).

*Sphaerella elatior Sacc. & Speg. (xxx) leaf spot

Liriodendron tulipifera: Italy (Conegliano).

*SphaereUa pseudoacacia Auersw. (xxx) leaf spot

On petioles.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Germany; Italy (Verona).

*SphaerelIa robiniae Siemaszko (xxx) leaf spot

On leaves.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Russia (Smela District).

*Sphaerella sassafras Ell. & Ev. var. major Nann. (xxx) leaf spot

Causes yellowing and leaf fall.

Sasscbfras albidum: Italy (11).

Stagonospora pini Grove (x) needle blight

On needles of Pinus aristata in Bohemia and on P. sylvestris in

Ireland. Reported in the United States.

Pinus aristata: Czechoslovakia (1, Kostelec-on-Cemymi Forest).

Stereum rugosum Pers. ex Fr. (xx) trunk rot

Conk flat with slight shelving 1 to 3 inches across, concentrically

fiu*rowed, bufif to gray above. Lower surface bleeds if bruised when

fresh. On hardwood trees. Conunon in Europe, rare in North

America.

Quercus rubra: Germany.

Stereum sanguinolentum Alb. & Schw. ex Fr. (xx) trunk rot

Conk K to 3 inches across, nearly white, flat, and tending to be

circular in outline. Lower surface gray, bleeding if bruised when

fresh, becoming cracked when dry. It is generally distributed in

Canada and the United States, and in Europe. It is also reported in

Siberia, Australia, and New Zealand.

Pinus radiata: New Zealand.

Taphrina farlowii Sadebeck (xxx) swollen fruits

Generally present in eastern United States on wild cherries. Also

found at Charlottenburg, Germany, on Prunus serótina. Evidently

introduced with its host.

Prunus serótina: Germany (Charlottenburg).
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 39

Taphrina populina Fr. (xxx) leaf blister

A small yellow convex-concave spot on Populus leaves. Widely

distributed in Europe, locally in eastern North America, occasionally

in western North America. Also in China, India, and Japan. Damage is slight.

Populus deltoides: Denmark.

Taphrina sadebeckii Johans. (xxx) alder leaf blister

A yellow leaf spot of Alnus spp., up to 1 centimeter in diameter.

In Europe and Japan.

Alnus rugosa: Sweden (4).

Trametes suaveolens Fr. (xx) willow white mottled rot

Mostly on willows, but occasionally on poplars and others. Northern United States and Canada east of Rocky Mountains; and in

Europe, Siberia, and South Africa.

Populus deltoides: Denmark.

Trametes trogii Berk, (xx) trunk rot

Conk grows nearly flat with small, narrow, shelflike outgrowths;

smoky tinged with olive, with coarse brownish hairs on top. Pore

surface almost white. On hardwoods usually. Rare. Reported as

damaging in Argentina, affecting the trees so that they gradually faU

over and finally die. In United States, unconmion.

Pinus radiata: Argentina.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Argentina.

Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae (Pers.) Diet, xxx Prunus rust

Heteroecious. Attacks numerous wild cherry species, forming

brown, powdery pustules on the lower leaf siu-face. Various herbaceous plants are alternate hosts for the parasite. Generally distributed in eastern North America and occasionally on the Pacific

Coast; also in Central and South America, and in the Old World

wherever stone fruits are grown. Severe attacks cause defoliation

and may kill trees.

Prunus serótina: Guatemala; Mexico.

P. virginiana: Norway.

Trichoscyphella willkommii (Hart.) Nannf. (xxx) larch canker

Attacks young larch stems and branches. Lives perennially but

usually girdles only those 1-5 years old. Fruits annually on the inner

edges of the canker, which usually exudes resin. The parasite is a

small cup, 3-6 millimeters across, orange within and white outside.

It occurs in Europe wherever larch is planted in quantity. In 1927

it was discovered in eastern Massachusetts on trees imported some

years before. All diseased trees found were destroyed, and it is

believed not to have become established, although repeated inspections have found one to several cankers not previously detected. It

was found on the closely related Pseudolarix amabilis (Neis.) Rehd.
40 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Reports of this on other host genera are believed to be errors in

identification owing to earlier confusion of this fungus with others

closely related. Very damaging in Europe, being called by European

foresters the worst enemy of larch. According to Oppermann it "is

more severely damaging to Larix occidentalis Nutt. than any other

larch, therefore it should not be grown in Denmark." This damage

abroad may indicate danger to this species in its native range if the

disease once reaches it.

Larix laricina: British Isles (64); Norway (Söfteland).

L. occidentalis: British Isles; Denmark (5).

Pseudotsuga menziesii: Norway (Söfteland).

Uncinula aceris (DC. ex Mérat) Sacc. (xxx) maple powdery mildew

Appears as a white or gray, powdery, thin film mostly on the lower

leaf surface. In late summer tiny black globular specks, scattered

over the white film, develop. Severe attacks may cause defoliation.

Usually not damaging except to nursery stock. Widely distributed

in North America and Europe, also reported in Japan.

Acer negundo: Germany.

Valsa nivea Fr. (xx) dieback

Very common. North America and Europe.

Populus deltoides: Denmark.

Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berth, (xxx) Verticillium wilt

First appears as sudden wilting of leaves of single branches, or of

one side of the crown, of larger hardwood trees. Small nursery trees

wilt and die promptly. This wilt especially attacks nursery, shade,

and ornamental trees growing on land that is under cultivation or that

has been cultivated. Diseased stems show dark streaks in one or

more of the annual rings. The fungus lives in the soil as a saprophyte

and attacks roots. Maples are especially susceptible.

The disease was first known in 1879 in Germany. It is now widespread in North America and Europe and is reported from Africa,

Australia, and New Zealand. Because of its easy carriage in infected

soil, care should be taken not to ship nursery stock from an infected

area.

Acer negundo: Italy (Emilian region).

Liriodendron tulipifera: France.

RhiLS glabra: Netherlands (2).

i?. typhina: Germany; Netherlands (2).

Ribes sanguineum: Netherlands.

Robinia pseudoacacia: Italy.

Mistletoes

*Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M. Bieb. (xxx) dwarf mistletoe

European dwarf mistletoe of juniper occiurs in southern Europe.

Attacks Juniperus communis and «/. oxycedrus and is reported growing
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 41

on Chamcbecyparis thyoides, causing witches' broom formation on it.

Entry should be strictly forbidden.

Œamaecyparis thyoides: Yugoslavia (Istria Peninsula).

*Viscum album L. (xxx) European mistletoe

This mistletoe is similar to that found in southern United States

in general appearance and in having several varieties or races. It

attacks both hardwoods and conifers. A very dangerous threat.

Abies balsamea: Germany.

A. concolor: Germany.

Acer nigrum: Czechoslovakia (Eisgrub); Germany (Munich).

A, rubrum: France (57); Poland (10).

A. saccharinum: Czechoslovakia (Eisgrub) ; Germany (Munich) ;

Poland (10).

Aesculus octandra: Germany (Munich).

Celtis occidentalis: Germany (Munich).

Crataegus pedicellata: Germany (Munich).

Fraxinus americana: Czechoslovakia (Eisgrub) ; Germany (Munich) .

F. pennsylvanica: Germany (Munich).

Gleditsia triacanthos: France (57).

Juglans cinérea: France (57).

J. nigra: Czechoslovakia (Eisgrub); France (57); Germany

(Munich).

Juniperus virginiana: Germany.

Picea pungens: Germany.

P. sitchensis: Germany.

Pinus banksiana: Germany.

P. resinosa: Germany.

P. strobus: Germany.

Populus balsamijera: Germany.

Quercus rubra: Czechoslovakia (Eisgrub); Germany (Mimich).

Robinia pseudoacacia: Czechoslovakia (Eisgrub) ; France (57) ;

Poland (10).

Tilia americana: Germany.

HOST INDEX OF THE DISEASES

The host trees are listed alphabetically by their Latin names. The

reported pathogens on each host are listed alphabetically within their

groups by their Latin names but without authorities or common

names because these are given in the precedmg section.

Abies amabilis Pacific silver fir

Nectria cucurbitula

Abies balsamea balsam fir

Dasyscypha calyciformis

Fomes annosus

F. pini

Fusoma parasiticum

Nectria cucurbitula

Phacidium infestans

Phomopsis abietina

Rehmiellopsis abietis

Viscum album

Abies concolor white fir

Dasyscypha calyciformis

Fusoma parasiticum

Milesia kriegeriana

M. polypodii

M. scoiopendrii

Nectria cucurbitula

Phacidium infestans

Viscum album

Abies fraseri Fraser fir

Dasyscypha calyciformis

Abies grandis grand fir

Dasyscypha calyciformis

Fomes annosus

Milesia kriegeriana

Phomopsis pseudotsugae

Abies lasiocarpa subalpine fir

Armiliaria melisa

Pestalotia hartigii

Abies magnifica California red fir

Rehmiellopsis abietis

Abies procera noble fir

Armiliaria mellea

Cucurbitaria pithyophila

Dasyscypha calyciformis

Fomes annosus

Fusoma parasiticum

Nectria cucurbitula

Rehmiellopsis abietis

Acer negundo boxelder

Virus, mosaic

Xanthomonas acernea

Gloeosporium acerinum

Gnomonia cerastis negundinis

Phytophihora citrophthora

Rhytisma acerinum

Uncinula aceris

Verticillium albo-atrum

Acer nigrum black maple

Viscum album

Acer pensylvanicum striped maple

Gloeosporium vagans

Nectria cinnabarina

Rhytisma acerinum

Acer rubrum red maple

Daedalea unicolor

Viscum album

Acer saccharinum silver maple

Xanthomonas acernea

Daedalea unicolor

Kabatiella polyspora

Rhytisma acerinum

Viscum album

Acer saccharum sugar maple

Nectria cinnabarina

Rhytisma acerinum

Aesculus octandra yellow buckeye

Viscum album

Aesculus parviflora

Botrytis cinérea

Aesculus pavia

Botrytis cinérea

bottlebrush buckeye

red buckeye

43
44 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Alnus rugosa speckled alder

Taphrina sadeheckii

Arctostaphylos manzanita

big manzanita

Pltospora herharum

Asimina triloba pawpaw

Helicohasidium mompa

Berberis canadensis

Allegany barberry

Pseudomonas herheridis

Betula lenta sweet birch

Melampsoridium hetulinum

Campanula rotundifolia bluebell

Coleosporium campanulae

Castanea dentata American chestnut

Doihidea noxia

Phytophthora cinnamoni

Castilleja pallida paintedcup

Cronartium kamtschaticum

Catalpa bîgnonîoides southern catalpa

Gloeosporium microstromoides

Celtis occidentalis hackberry

Viscum album

Cercis canadensis eastern redbud

Helicohasidium mompa

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana

Port-Orford-cedar

Armiliaria mellea

Diplodia pinea

Fomes annosus

Fusoma para^iticum

Macrophomina phaseoli

Pestalotia funérea

Phomopsis juniperovora

Rosellinia radiciperda

Chamaecyparis thyoides

Atlantic white-cedar

Armiliaria mellea

Monochaetia unicornis

Arceuthohium oxycedri

Chamaedaphne calyculata leatherleaf

Chrysomyxa cassandrae

Cladrastis lutea yellowwood

Ascochyta cladrastidis

Corylus americana

American hazel (or filbert)

Phyllactinia corylea

Crataegus pedicellata

scarlet hawthorn

Viscum album

Crataegus succulenta

ñeshy hawthorn

Gymnosporangium juniperinum

Cypressus arizonica Arizona cypress

Monochaetia unicornis

Cupressus macrocarpa

Monterey cypress

Botrytis cinérea

Corticium salmonicolor

Macrophomina phaseoli

Monochaetia unicornis

Pestalotia funérea

Phomopsis juniperovora

Diervilla lonicera

dwarf bushhoneysuckle

Ascochyta diervillae

Empetrum nigrum black crowberry

Chrysomyxa empetri

Melasmia empetri

Fraxinus americana white ash

Hysterographium fraxini

Viscum album

Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash

Viscum album

Garrya elliptica wavyleaf silktassel

Phyllosticta garryae

Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocast

Polyporus sulphureus

Viscum album

Juglans californica California walnut

Gnomonia leptostyla

Juglans cinérea butternut

Gnomonia leptostyla

Viscum album

Juglans hindsii Hinds walnut

lianthomonas juglandis

Juglans nigra black walnut

Phytophthora citrophthora

Viscum album

Juniperus communis common juniper

Fomes annosus

Gymnosporangium auraniiacum

Lophodermina juniperina

Juniperus virginiana eastern redcedar

Fusoma parasiticum

Gymnosporangium bermudianum

G. mespili

G. sabinae

Lophodermium juniperinum
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 45

Phomopsis ahietina

Viscum album

Ealmia latifolia mountain-laurel

Pestalotia macrotricha

Larix laricina tamarack

- Melampsoridium hetulinum

Trichoscyphella mllkommii

Larix occidentalis western larch

Meria laricis

Trichoscyphella willkommii

Libocedrus decurrens incense-cedar

Armiliaria mellea

Fitsoma parasiticum

Liriodendron tulipifera

yellow-poplar (tuliptree)

Helicohasidium mompa

Sphaerella elatior

Verticillium albo-atrum

Magnolia grandiflora

southern magnolia

Microdiplodia solitaria

Phyllosticta magnoliae

Phytophthora citrophthora

P, parasitica

Mahonla aquifolium Oregon grape

Cumminsiella sanguinea

Myrica gale sweetgale

Rosellinia querdna

Septoria myricae

Osmaronia cerasiformis osoberry

Ascochyta zimmsrmanni hugonis

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Virginia creeper

Armiliaria mellea

Picea engelmannii Engelmann spruce

Armillaria mollea

Chrysomyxa dbietis

Fusoma parasiticum

Lophodermium piceae

Phacidium infestans

Pícea glauca

Chrysomyxa ahietis

Fomes annosus

Fusoma parasiticum

Herpotrichia nigra

Lophodermium piceae

Nectria cucurbitula

Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii

white spruce

Picea mariana black spruce

Lophodermium piceae

Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii

Picea pungens blue spruce

Armillaria melea

Chrysomyxa abietis

C. ledi var. rhododendri

Cucurbitaria piceae

C. piihyophila

Diplodina parasitica

Fomes annosus

Fusoma parasiticum

Herpotrichia nigra

Lophodermium macrosporum

L. piceae

Phacidium infestans

Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii

Viscum album

Picea rubens red spruce

Chrysomyxa abietis

Fusoma parasiticum

Picea sîtchensis Sitka spruce

Armillaria mellea

Chrysomyxa abietis

Dasyscypha calyciformis

Diplodina parasitica

Fomes annosus

Fusoma parasiticum

Helicobasidium purpureum

Hypholoma fasciculare

Lophodermium macrosporum

L. piceae

L. pinastri

Myxosporium abietinum

Nectria cucurbitula

Polyporus schweinitzii

Rhizina undulata

Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii

Viscum album

Pinus albicaulls whitebark pine

Cronartium ribicola

Lophodermina nitens

Pinus aristata bristlecone pine

Cronartium ribicola

Stagonospora pini

Pinus attenuata knobcone pine

Cenangium abietis

Pinus balfouriana foxtail pine

Cronartium ribicola

383008—56-
46 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pinus banksiana

Armiliaria mellea

Fomes annosus

Fusoma parasilicum

Hypoderma desmazierii

Hypodermella ampia

Lophodermium pinastri

Viscum album

jack pine

Pinus contorta

Armiliaria mellea

Cenangium ahietis

Crumenula pinicola

C. sororia

Dasyscypha calyciformis

D. pini

D. resinaria

D. subtilissima

Diplodia pinea

Excipulina pinea

Fomes annosus

Fusoma parasilicum

Lophodermium pinastri

Scleroderris dbietina

Pinus coulteri

Diplodia pinea

Pinus echinata

Macrophomina phaseoli

Pinus e]]iottii

Armiliaria mellea

Diplodia natalensis

D. pinea

Pinus fíexilis

Cronartium ribicola

Hypoderma desmazierii

Lophodermium pinastri

Pinus Jeffrey!

Armiliaria mellea

Pinus lambertiana

Cronartium ribicola

lodgepole pine

Coulter pine

shortleaf pine

slash pine

limber pine

Jeffrey pine

sugar pine

Pinus montícola

Armillaria mellea

Cronartium ribicola

Scleroderris dbietina

Pinus muricata

Diplodia pinea

Macrophomina phaseoli

Phomopsis strobi

Pinus palustris

Diplodia pinea

Fomes annosus

western white pine

bishop pine

longleaf pine

Pinus ponderosa ponderosa pine

Armillaria mellea

Fusoma parasilicum

Lophodermium pinastri

Phacidium infestaña

Pinus radiata Monterey pine

Armillaria mellea

Botrytis cinérea

Ceratostomella pilifera

Diplodia acicola

D. pinea

Fusarium oxysporum

Lophodermium pinastri

Macrophomina phaeseoli

Naemacyclus niveus

Pestalotia funérea

P, hartigii

Phomopsis strobi

Phytophthora cinnamomi

P. citrophthora

Scleroderris dbietina

Sepioria acicola

Slereum sanguinolentum

Trámeles trogii

Pinus resinosa

red pine ("Norway pine")

Scleroderris dbietina

Viscum album

Pinus rígida pitch pine

Armillaria mellea

Cenangium abietis

Lophodermium pinastri

Pinus sabiniana Digger pine

Diplodia pinea

Scleroderris dbietina

Pinus strobus eastern white pine

Armillaria mellea

Cenangium abietis

Cronartium ribicola

Crumenula pinicola

Cucurbitaria pithyophila

Dasyscypha subtilissima

Diplodia pinea

Excipula strobi

Excipulina pinea

Fomes annosus

F. pini

Helicobasidium mompa

Hypoderma desmazierii

Lophodermina nitens

Myxosporium abietinum

Nectria cucurbitula
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 47

Phacidium infestans

Phomopsis pseudotsugae

P. strobi

Phytophihora cactorum

Pleurotus mitis

Polyporus schweinitzii

Rhizina undulata

Rosellinia radiciperda

Scleroderris abietina

Viscum album

Pinus taeda loblolly pine

Armillaria mellea

Diplodia naialensis

D. pinea

Platanus occidentalis

American sycamore

Gnomonia véneta

Mycosphaerella platanifolia

Populus balsamifera balsam poplar

Virus, mosaic

Cytospora chrysosperma

Dothichiza populea

Fomes applanatits

Melampsora larici-populina

Phyllosticta populi-nigrae

Viscum album

Populous deltoides eastern cottonwood

Cytospora chrysosperma

Dothichiza populea

Fomes applanatus

F. connatus

F. igniarius

Melampsora larici-populina

Nectria ditissima

N. galligena

Pestalotia populi-nigrae

Taphrina populina

Trámeles suaveolens

Valsa nivea

Populus fremontii Fremont cottonwood

Dothichiza populea

Populus fremontii var. wislizenii

Rio Grande cottonwood

Dothichiza populea

Populus trichocarpa black cottonwood

Pseudomonas syringae f. populea

Dothichiza populea

Melampsora allii-populina

M. larici-populina

Potentilla fruticosa cinquefoil

Phragmidium andersoni

Prunus besseyi Bessey cherry

Botrytis cinérea

Prunus serótina black cherry

Polyporus sulphureus

Pucciniastrum padi

Taphrina farlowii

Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae

Prunus virginiana

common chokecherry

Polyporus sulphureus

Pucciniastrum padi

Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae

Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir

Aleurodiscus amorphus

Armillaria mellea

Botrytis cinérea

Chrysomyxa woronini

Dasyscypha resinaria

Diplodia pinea

Fomes annosus

F. pini

Fusoma parasiticum

Myxosporium abietinum

Pestalotia funérea

P. hartigii

Phaeocryptopus gâumanni

Phomopsis abietina

P. pseudotsugae

P. strobi

Phytophthora cinnamomi

Polyporus schweinitzii

Rhabdocline pseudotsugae

Rhizina undulata

Trichoscyphella willkommii

Ptelea trifoliata common hoptree

Ascochyta pteleae

Phyllosticta pteleae

Pyrola minor snowline pyrola

Chrysomyxa pyrolae

Pyrola rotundifolia European pyrola

Chrysomyxa pyrolae

Pyrola secunda sidebells pyrola

Chrysomyxa pyrolae

Quercus alba white oak

Gloeosporium quercinum

Microsphaera alni extensa

Quercus bicolor swamp white oak

Gloeosporium quercinum

Microsphaera alni extensa
48 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Quercus coccínea scarlet oak

Fusicoccum mac-alpini

Gloeosporium quercinum

Quercus ilicifolia bear oak

Microsphaera alni extensa

Quercus imbricaría shingle oak

Microsphaera alni extensa

Quercus laurifolia laurel oak

Microsphaera alni extensa

Quercus lyrata overcup oak

Microsphaera alni extensa

Quercus macrocarpa bur oak

Gloeosporium quercinum

Microsphaera alni extensa

Phyllosticia macrocarpae

Quercus nigra water oak

Microsphaera alni extensa

Quercus palustris pin oak

Microsphaera alni extensa

Quercus phellos willow oak

Microsphaera alni extensa

Quercus prinus chestnut oak

Gloeosporium quercinum

Microsphaera alni extensa

Quercus rubra northern red oak

Cihorinia candolleana

Dothidea noxia

Gloeosporium quercinum

G. variahilisporum

Microsphaera alni extensa

Nectria cinnabarina

Phytophthora cinnamomi

Steréum rugosum

Viscum album

Quercus stellata post oak

Gloeosporium quercinum

Quercus velutina black oak

Microsphaera alni extensa

Rhododendron maximum

rosebay rhododendron

Pestalotia macrotricha

Rhus glabra smooth sumac

Verticillium albo-atrum

Rhus typhina staghorn sumac

Botryodiplodia rhois

Verticillium albo-atrum

Ribes americanum

American black currant

Cronartium ribicola

Ribes aureum golden currant

Phyllosticia pallidocarpa

Puccinia caricia

Ribes odoratum clove currant

Cronartium ribicola

Ribes sanguineum winter currant

Cronartium ribicola

Puccinia caricis

Verticillium albo-atrum

Ribes triste American red currant

Puccinia caricis

P. ribis

Robinia hispida rose-acacia locust

Erysiphe polygoni

Robinia neomexicana

New-Mexican locust

Phyllosticia neomexicana

Robinia pseudoacacia black locust

Virus, witches' broom

Ascochyta robinias

Daedalea unicolor

Diaporthe oncostoma

Fames fraxineus

F. robustus

Fusarium herbarum

F. pseudacaciae

F. sambucinum var. coeruleum

F. vogelii

Ganoderma sessile

Helicobasidium mompa

Nectria cinnabarina

Pellicularia filamentosa

Phleospora robiniae

Phytophthora cactorum

P. citrophthora

Polyporus sulphureu^s

Schizophyllum commune

Septoria cúrvala

S, pseudacacia

Sphaerella robiniae

Trámeles trogii

Verticillium albo-atrum

Viscum album

Rosa acicularis prickly rose

Phragmidium fusiforme

P. tuberculatum

Rubus odoratus fragrant thimbleberry

Phyllosticia rubiodoraii

Salix herbácea pygmy willow

Melampsora larici-epitea
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 49

Salix reticulata netleaf willow

Melampsora larici-epitea

Sassafras albidum sassafras

Phyllosticta sassafras

Sphaerella sassafras

Sequoia gigantea giant sequoia

Armillaria mellea

Fomes annosus

Phomopsis pseudotsugae

Sequoia sempervirens redwood

Fomes annosus

Sorbus americana

American mountain-ash

Gymnosporangium aurantiacum

G. clavariaeforme

Symphoricarpos albus

common snowberry

Ascochyta vulgaris var. symphoricarpi

Ascochytula symphoricarpi

Thuja occidentalis

northern white-cedar

Armillaria mellea

Didymascella thujina

Fomes annosus

Fusoma parasiticum

Helicohasidium mompa

Pestalotia funérea

Thuja plicata western redcedar

Armillaria mellea

Botrytis cinérea

Didymascella thujina

Fomes annosus

Fusoma parasiticum

Hypholoma fasciculare

Pestalotia funérea

Polyporus schweinitzii

Tilia americana American basswood

Viscum album

Tsuga canadensis eastern hemlock

Acanthostigma parasiticum

Didymascella tsugae

Fusoma parasiticum

Tsuga heterophylla

western hemlock

Armillaria mellea

Fomes annosus

Phomopsis pseudotsugae

Tsuga mertensiana

mountain hemlock

Rhizina undulata

Ulmus americana American elm

Ceratostomella ulmi

Gloeosporium inconspicuum

Vaccinium vitis-idaea cowberry

Pucciniastrum myrtilli

SPECIES PLANTED ABROAD

^ In this survey of diseases of North American trees abroad, the locations of selected foreign plantations of North American trees are listed.

The general locations of plantings are listed by countries, with annotations describing numbers or areas of each tree species and types of

stands. This list may seem long, but it must be remembered that

in Europe there are hundreds of town, communal, and state forests

as well as a great number of large wooded estates. Exotics are commonly planted in all of them. Where only the country is given, there

is no information concerning locality in that country.

Inspection of this list revealí^ that ver}^ few of our species are reported

in Asia. Yet the tree flora of Asia is much more closely related to

that of North America than is that of any other region. Many

Asiatic trees belong to the same genera as many of the North American

timber trees. Because of this similarity and the large number of

Asiatic tree species, their parasitic diseases are a great potential threat

to North American forests and vice versa. If and when such matters

may be possible, test plantings of selected American trees in forested

areas of Asiatic countries woidd give information on their value and

usefulness, as well as their susceptibility to Asiatic tree diseases.

Such tests might be of great value to either part of the problem, and

the value is likely to increase with the age of the plantations.

Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes Pacific silver fir

This species is the most vigorous of the genus Abies in Europe. It thrives in

northwestern Germany and parts of Denmark. There are many fine trees in

England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Belgium: Cedrogne, Grand Bois, St. Michel (plantations), Tervueren (group

planting).

British Isles: Introduced about 1830; cultivated as ornamental in moister

areas; not grown in plantations. Bedgebury, Cluny, Dawyck, Hope Toun,

Murthly, New Forest, Nymans, Tubney.

Denmark: Langdal plantation.

Finland: Mustila.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Côtes, Fosse, Maulévrie, Trianon (Ecole

d'Horticulture).

Germany: Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Eberswalde (groups and mixed stands),

Frankfurt a. Main, Falkenstein, Fürstlich Drehna, Gadow, Harburg a. d.

Elbe, Hohen-Niendorf, Kromlau, Pforten (large group), Prussia (groups

of 5 ares or more), Riddagshausen, Schwerin, Tannenhöft, Tharandt,

Weinheim (mixed plantings).

Italy: Florence, Rovelli nurseries (Lac Majeur region).

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Norway: Söfteland, south of Bergen.

Poland: Glogau, Gosda.

Sweden: Jönköping.

51
52 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. balsam fir

Australia: Westbourne Woods.

Austria: Altmünster; also five areas (1,900 trees) in state and communal

forests, locations unknown.

Belgium: Cedrogne, Gedinne, Grand Bois, St. Michel (plantations), Tervueren.

British Isles: No horticultural value in England. More successful in Denmark and Norway. Bagley Wood, Bedgebury, Benmore, Cluny, Nymans,

Stanage Park, Tubney.

Denmark: Häsede, Knuthenborg, Sölestedgaard (group plantings).

Finland: Mustila, Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Fremont, Harcourt, Maulévrie, Mt. Aigoual, Pézanin, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture), Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg (planted in groups and mixtures, 3,700 hectares in

forests), Buddenhagen, Dilborn, Falkenstein, Grafrath, Harburg a. d.

Elbe, Heidelberg, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf, Mainau Island, Passau,

Riddagshausen, Schlemmin (extensive plantings of exotics), SchleswigHolstein, Seebach Forsthaus (groups of 100), Sophienhof (3,600 morgen

planted in closed stands), Tannenhöft, Tharandt, Trier, Weimar, Weinheim. Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wissen.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Norway.

Poland: Danzig, Gleiwitz, Gosda, Königsberg, Klanin, Oliva.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Russia: Bryansk, Moscow.

Sweden.

Switzerland: Engadine.

Abies bracteata D. Don bristlecone fir

Uncommon to rare in Europe.

British Isles: Eastnor Castle, Nymans.

France: Barres, Fosse, Harcourt, Maulévrie, Nouan, Rennes, Vilmorin.

Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. white fir

Old trees in north Scotland; fruited at Barres, France; reproduced naturally at

Côtes, France.

Australia: Westbourne Woods.

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Capucins, Cedrogne, Gedinne, Grand Bois, St. Michel (plantations),

Sept-Fontaines, Tervueren.

British Isles: Does well as ornamental; might be of value as forest tree in

western England and in Scotland. Bagley Wood, Bedgebury, Benmore,

Cirencester, Colesborne, Dawyck, Eastnor Castle, Glendy Woods, Inverary, Linton Park, Monk Hopton, Nymans, Stratfield Saye, Tubney.

Denmark: BrahetroUeborg, Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Gisselfeld, Hásede,

Hostenhuus, Knuthenborg, Langesoe, Sölestedgaard (group planting).

Finland: Helsingfors, Mustila, Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barbier nurseries. Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Champeaux, Fosse,

Harcourt, Limoges, Maulevrie, Mt. Aigoual, Nouan, Rennes, Strasbourg,

Vilmorin, Verrières.

Germany: Aachen, Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Badenweiler, Barnstorf, Bavaria (1,760 trees), Bonn Botanic Gardens, Cannstatt, Cologne
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 53

City Forest, Cronberg, Dahlem, Darmstadt Botanic Garden (3,500 spp.

and varieties), Dörenthe, Eberswalde (group and mixed stands), Erlangen,

Falkenstein, Gracht, Grafrath, Haag Park, Harbke Park (10.5 hectares),'

Harburg a. d. Elbe, Heidelberg City Forest, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf'

Kaartz, Kattmannskamp (groups and mixtures), Lindau, Lousberg Villa,

Mainau Island, Nürnberg, Passau, Pforten (80,000 morgen), Pillnitz'

Prussia, Putbus, Riddagshausen, Scharfenberg (planted close in mixtures),

Schlosse Friedrichshof, Schwerin, Seebach Forsthaus (groups of 100),

Sophienhof (500 trees), Tannenhöft, Tharandt, Weimar, Weinheim

(planted in mixtures and along driveways), Wendisch-Wilmersdorf,

Wiesbaden, Wissen, Wörlitz Park.

Hungary: Godollo.

Italy: Isola Bella (region of Lac Majeur).

Latvia: Riga.

Luxembourg.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

New Zealand.

Norway.

Poland: Alienstein, Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Königsberg,

Oliva, Prussia, Sagan.

Russia: Bryansk region, Moscow.

South Africa.

Spain: Madrid (trees largely same as in Paris).

Sweden: Alnarp, Jönköping.

Switzerland: Lucerne, Zurich.

Yugoslavia.

Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Fraser fir

Belgium: Gedinne, St. Michel (plantations).

British Isles: Short-lived; not grown much. Bedgebury, Cluny, Colesborne,

Murthly, Tubney.

Finland: Mustila, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Harcourt.

Germany: Augsburg, Eisenach, Lousberg Villa, Schleswig-Holstein, Sophienhof, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Norway: Christiana.

Russia: Moscow.

Sweden: Stockholm.

Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl. grand fir

Australia: Victoria.

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Ardennes, Belle-Étoile (Soignes forest), Bloemendael, Cedrogne,

Capucins, Gedinne, Grand Bois, Groenhove, Nassogne, St. Michel (plantations), Sept-Fontaines, Tervueren.

British Isles: Produces a larger volume of timber than any other Abies.

Bagley Wood, Beaufort Castle, Bedgebury, Benmore, Brahan, Cluny,

Colesborne, Dawyck, Dunach, Durris, Eastnor Castle, Fulmodestone

Wood, Glendye Woods, Hatfield Estate, Heckfield. Place, Highclere,

Hope Toun, Inverary, Maiden Bradley Woods, Murthly, New Forest,

Novar Estate, Nymans, Penrhyn Castle, Silia, Stratfield Saye, Tring,

Tubney.
54 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Denmark: Aalholm, Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Hasede, Hindsgavl,

Knuthenborg, Langdal plantation, Langesoe, Sölestedgaard.

Finland: Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Amanee, Barbier nurseries, Banes, Campeaux, Champenous Foret

(Nancy), Côtes, Fosse, Fremont, Harcourt, Jonchere, Limoges, Maulévrie,

Mt. Aigoual, Nouan, Pézanin, Rennes, Sénéclauze Estate, Trianon (Ecole

d'Horticulture), Verrières, Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Augsburg, Barnstorf, Cronberg, Darmstadt Botanic

Garden, Eberswalde (group and mixed stands), Eisenach, Falkenstein,

Freienwalde, Heidelberg City Forest, Hohen-Niendorf, Karlsruhe, Kattmannskamp (groups, mixtures), Lörsfeld, Lousberg Villa, Münster,

Pillnitz, Prussia (in groups of 5 ares or over), Riddagshausen, SchleswigHolstein, Schwerin, Tharandt, Weinheim (in mixtures), WendischWilmersdorf, Wörlitz Park.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

New Zealand.

Norway: Söfteland, south of Bergen.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Switzerland: Canton Bern, Lucerne.

Yugoslavia.

Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. subalpine fir

Belgium: Cedrogne, Gedinne, St. Michel (plantations), Tervueren.

British Isles: Very rare. Bedgebury, Benmore, Cluny, Heckfield Place,

Hope Toun, Murthly, Nymans, Powerscourt, Stanage Park, Stratfield

Saye, Tubney.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

Finland: Mustila, Tammisto.

France: Barbier nurseries. Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Catros, Côtes (reproduced naturally), Fosse, Fremont, Harcourt, Limoges, Maulévrie, Mt.

Aigoual, Nouan, Pézanin, Rennes, Sénéclauze Estate, Vilmorin, Verrières.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Falkenstein, Gadow, Heidelberg, Lousberg

Villa, Seebach, Tannenhöft, Tharandt, Weinheim (forest stand). Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wiesbaden.

Iceland.

Italy : Isola Madre (Lac Majeur region).

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Norway: Söfteland, south of Bergen.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Glogau, Königsberg.

Portugal: Cintra-Pena (one of richest tree collections in Europe).

Russia: Moscow.

Sweden: Jönköping.

Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica (Merriam) Lemm. corkbark fir

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: St. Michel (plantations).

British Isles: Tubney.

Finland: Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Fosse, Harcourt.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Cronberg, Darmstadt Botanic Garden,

Dörenthe, ¡Falkenstein,^ ^Magdeburg, Riddagshausen, Schlemmin,

Schwerin, ;,Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Latvia: Riga.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 55

Netherlands: Schovenhorst, Wageningen.

Poland: Prussia.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Moscow.

Switzerland: Lucerne.

Abies magnifica A. Murr. California red fir

Belgium: Grand Bois.

British Isles: Rare in Ireland; numerous and larger in Scotland; not plentiful

in England. Bayfordbury, Bedgebury, Cluny, Dawyck, Durris, Fulmodestone Wood, Hope Toun, Murthly, Nymans, Tubney.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Knuthenborg.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Côtes, Fosse, Harcourt.

Germany: Augsburg, Cronberg, Dörenthe, Gadow, Heidelberg City Forest,

Hohen-Neindorf, Pforten (large group), Riddagshausen.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

South Africa.

Sweden: Jönköping.

Abies magnifica var. shastensis Lemm. Shasta red fir

Belgium: Tervueren.

France: Barres.

Abies procera Rehd. noble fir

Austria: Altmünster.

Belgium: Bloemendael, Cedrogne, Gedinne, Grand Bois, Louvain, Nassogne,

St. Michel (plantations), Sept-Fontaines, Tervueren, Three Kings Park.

British Isles: Planted extensively under forest conditions; not good in warmer

parts of Britain; does particularly well in northern Scotland. Ardchullary,

Ardvourlie, Bagley Wood, Bedgebury, Benmore, Brahan, Cluny, Colesborne, Corrour, Curraghmore, Dawyck, Dunach, Durris, Falcondale,

Fulmodestone Wood, Hope Toun, Invernesshire, Murthly, New Forest,

Novar Estate, Nymans, Penrhyn Estate, Powerscourt, Silia, Stourhead,

Stratfield Saye, Tubney.

Ceylon: At elevation of 6,000 feet.

Denmark: Brahetrolleborg, Hasede, Hindsgavl, Knuthenborg, Langdal

plantation, Langesoe, Ravnholt, Sölestedgaard.

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Côtes, Fremont, Harcourt, Limoges,

Maulévrie, Mt. Aigoual, Nouan, Rennes Botanic Garden, Trianon (Ecole

d'Horticulture), Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Barnstorf, Cologne, Cronberg, Dilborn, Eisenach,

Falkenstein, Gadow, Hardburg a. d. Elbe, Heidelberg, Hohen-Niendorf,

Kattmannskamp (groups, mixtures), Lindau, Lousberg Villa, Magdeburg,

Muskau, Passau, Pforten, Prussia, Ralswiek, Riddagshausen, Scharfenberg,

Schlemmin, Schleswig-Holstein, Tannenhöft, Tharandt, Trier, Weinheim,

Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wissen, Wörlitz.

Luxembourg.

Netherlands: Arnhem, Het Loo, Schovenhorst.

New Zealand: Wellington.

Norway: Söfteland, south of Bergen.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Glogau, Königsberg, Oliva.

Portugal: Montserrate.
56 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sweden: Alnarp, Jönköping.

Switzerland: Lucerne.

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. sweet acacia

Australia: Rather widely distributed.

Cyprus: Grows well on various soils.

India: Common in moderately dry regions.

Palestine: Widely grown as hedge and windbreak.

Acer circinatum Pursh vine maple

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: Nymans.

Denmark: Copenhagen, Hardenberg.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Strasbourg.

Germany: Dörenthe, Grafrath, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Lousberg Villa,

Magdeburg.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Russia: Ukraine.

Acer glabrum Torr. Rocky Mountain maple

France: Barbier nurseries.

Germany: Lousberg Villa.

Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dipp. Douglas maple

Denmark: Copenhagen Botanic Garden.

Germany: Augsburg, Tannenhöft.

Acer grandidentatum Nutt. bigtooth maple

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Poland: Königsberg.

Acer leucoderme Small chalk maple

France: Barres.

Acer macrophyllum Pursh bigleaf maple

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Uncommon. A few large trees. Cluny, Colesborne.

Denmark: Copenhagen, Hardenberg.

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Bretagne, Champeaux, Harcourt,

Limoges, Maulevrie, Metz, Montpellier, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture).

Germany: Aachen, Augsburg, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Hamburg

Botanic Garden, Lousberg Villa, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Netherlands: Arnhem.

Poland: Königsberg.

Sweden: Lund.

Acer negundo L. boxelder

Argentina.

Austria.

Belgium: Gedinne, Laeken (Royal Park), Louvain.

British Isles: Long grown as ornamental. Cluny, Colesborne, London,

Nymans.

Bulgaria.

Czechoslovakia.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 5?

Denmark: Copenhagen, Ravnholt.

Estonia: Tartu.

France: Barres, Montpellier, Pézanin, Prafranee, Versailles

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Bavaria (530 trees), Berlin, Cannstatt,

Cologne City Garden, Frankfurt a. Main, Gadow, Grambow, Hambach

Heidelberg City Forest, Hohenheim, Karlsruhe, Magdeburg, Mainau

Island, Munster, Muskau, Nürnberg, Potsdam, Prussia, Seebach Sophienhof, Tannenhöft, Teltow, Trier, Wiesbaden, Wilhelma.

Italy: Villa Barbo (Lac Majeur).

Japan: Asakawa.

Lativia: Riga.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Palestine.

Poland: Beuthen, Danzig, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Königsberg.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Russia: Bryansk region, Ukraine.

South Africa.

Sweden: Lund.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Acer nigrum Michx. 1,1^^,^ ^^p,^

Austria: Vienna.

France: Barres, St. Mandé.

Germany: Augsburg, Barnstorf, Giessen, Lousberg Villa, Tannenhöft.

Poland: Königsberg.

Acer pensylvanicum L. striped maple

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Harcourt, Limoges, Maulévrie, Pézanin,

St. Mandé, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture).

Germany: Augsburg, Berlin, Dyck, Eisenach, Fürstlich Drehna, Hamburg

Botanic Garden, Heidelberg City Forest, Karlsruhe, Lousberg Villa"^

Magdeburg, Mainau Island, Tannenhöft.

Netherlands.

Poland: Danzig.

Russia: Bryansk region, Ukraine.

Sweden: Lund.

Acer rubrum L. red maple

Austria: Linz.

Belgium: Gedinne, Lanklaer, Tervueren.

British Isles: Bagshot, London.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Catros, Champeaux, Maulévrie, Morlaix,

Mt. Aigoual, Trianon (Ecole d' Horticulture).

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Barnstorf, Buddenhagen, Cleve, Cologne City

Forest, Destedt Park, Eisenach, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Heidelberg

City Forest, Lousberg Villa, Magdeburg, Mainau Island, Mettlach,

Muskau, Nürnberg, Tannenhöft.

Hungary.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Arnhem.

Poland: Königsberg.
58 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region, Ukraine.

Sweden: Lund.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Acer saccharinum L. silver maple

Austria: Planted in state and communal forests. Two areas with a total

of 500 trees.

Belgium: Cedrogne, Gedinne, Groenendael, Hertogenwald, Laeken (Royal

Park), Louvain, Nassogne, St. Michel (plantations), Tervueren.

British Isles: Much planted as an ornamental. Curraghmore, Nymans.

Denmark: Aalholm.

Finland: Tammisto.

France : Barbier nurseries, Barres, Brest Marine Gardens, Caen, Champeaux,

Cherbourg (several parks), Fosse, Geneste City Park, Harcourt, Limoges,

Metz, Morlaix, Mouillefert, Mt. Aigoual, Pézanin, Prafrance, Rennes,

St. Mandé, Strasbourg, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture).

Germany: Aachen, Altona, Augsburg, Barnstorf, Buddenhagen, Cannstatt,

Cleve, Cologne, Dahlem, Falkenstein, Frankfurt a. Main, Fürstlich

Drehna, Gadow, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Heidelberg City Forest,

Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf, Kalkhorst, ICromlau, Lousberg Villa,

Magdeburg, Mettlach, Muskau, Nürnberg, Passau, Prussia, Ralswiek,

Reinhardtsbrunn, Riddagshausen, Rosenstein Park, Scharfenberg,

Schwerin, Sophienhof, Tannenhöft, Teltow, Weimar, Weinheim, WendischWilmersdorf.

Hungary.

Latvia: Riga.

Japan,

Netherlands: Arnhem, Landfort.

Poland: Beuthen, Danzig, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Gosda, Königsberg.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region, Ukraine.

Sweden: Lund.

Switzerland: Wabern, Zurich.

Acer saccharum Marsh. sngar maple

Austria: Vienna; also two areas (500 trees), locations unknown.

Belgium: Cedrogne, Groenendael, Nassogne, St. Michel (plantations).

British Isles: Nymans. A few large trees. Rarely thrives in England.

Denmark: Hardenberg.

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Bavaria, Berlin, Bishofswalde, Buddenhagen, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Destedt Park, Dyck, Frankfurt a. Main, Grafrath,

Hamburg Botanic Garden, Heidelberg City Forest, Hohenheim, Karlsruhe,

Magdeburg, Passau, Reinhardtsbrunn, Rosenstein Park, Sophienhof (150

trees), Tannenhöft, Weinheim.

Netherlands.

Poland: Alienstein, Königsberg.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Ukraine.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 59

Acer spicatumjLam. mountain^maple

British Isles: Tubney.

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barres.

Germany: Lousberg Villa, Magdeburg, Nürnberg, Wernigerode.

Poland: Königsberg.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Aesculus arguta Buckl. Texas buckeye

France: Barres.

Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. California buckeye

British Isles: Bath Botanic Garden, Nymans.

France: Barres.

Germany: Scharfenberg.

Aesculus glabra Willd. Ohio buckeye

British Isles: Seems to be rare.

France: Barres.

Germany: Cannstatt, Cleve, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Schwerin, Teltow.

Aesculus octandra Marsh. yellow buckeye

British Isles: Charlton Kings, Nymans.

Denmark: Holstenhuus, Ravnholt.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Cologne City Forest, Kalkhorst, Lindau, Ludwigslust, Magdeburg, Münster, Nürnberg, Potsdam, Weinheim.

Netherlands: Het Loo.

Poland: Sagan.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Aesculus parviflora Walter. bottlebrush buckeye

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Germany: Braunfels (Solmsschen Park), Cleve, Cologne Botanic Garden,

Frankfurt a. Main, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Lindau, Lousberg Villa,

Magdeburg, Mainau Island, Muskau, Nürnberg, Riddagshausen.

Switzerland: Constance, Marienberg.

Aesculus pavía L. red buckeye

British Isles: Kew.

France: Vilmorin.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Aesculus pavía var. humílís (Lindl.) Mouillefert ground red buckeye

France: Barres.

Aesculus sylvatica Bartr painted buckeye

France: Metz.

Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh American green alder

France: Barres.
60 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

seaside alder

white alder

red alder

Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl.

British Isles: Kew.

Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Aldenham.

Germany: Darmstadt, Lousberg Villa.

Alnus rubra Bong.

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Colesborne, Kew.

France: Barres.

German}^: Augsburg, Giessen, Weinheim.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng.

France: Barres.

Alnus sinuata (Reg.) Rydb.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Alnus tenuifolia Nutt.

British Isles: Kew.

Germany: Darmstadt.

Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt.

Germany: Weinheim.

Poland: Königsberg.

Amelanchier arbórea (Michx. f.) Fern.

British Isles: New Forest, Nymans.

Denmark: Holstenhuus.

France: Barres, Caen, Metz, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Buddenhagen, Dammerutz, Hohenheim, Nürnberg.

Netherlands: Arnhem.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

speckled alder

Sitka alder

thinleaf alder

saskatoon serviceberry

downy serviceberry

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Med.

France: Barres.

Amelanchier florida Lindl.

France: Barres.

Amelanchier laevis Wieg.

France: Barres.

Germany: Dörenthe.

Amelanchier sanguínea (Pursh) DG.

France: Barres.

Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg.

France: Barres.

Amelanchier utahensis Koehne

Germany: Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Amorpha californica Nutt.

France: Barres.

serviceberry

Pacific serviceberry

Allegheny serviceberry

roundleaf serviceberry

running serviceberry

Utah serviceberry

California amorpha
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 61

leadplant

îndîgobush

dwarf-indigo

heartleaf ampélopsis

Amorpha canescens Pursh

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Amorpha fruticosa L.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Cologne.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Amorpha fruticosa var. tennessensis (Shuttlew.) E. J. Palmer

Tennessee indigobush

France: Barres.

Amorpha nana Nutt.

France: Barres.

Ampélopsis cordata Michx.

France: Barres.

Andrachne phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Muell. Arg.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Anisacanthus wrightii (Torr.) A. Gray

British Isles: Nymans.

Aralia hispida Vent.

France: Barres.

Aralia nudicaulis L.

France: Barres.

Aralia spinosa L.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Arbutus menzlesii Pursh

British Isles: Rather rare in England and Scotland

Tortworth.

France: Maulévrie.

Germany: Weinheim.

Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry

British Isles: England, location unknown.

Arctostaphylos nevadensis A. Gray

Germany: Cronberg.

Arctostaphylos pungens H. B. K.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Vilmorin.

Arístolochía durior Hill

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Aristolochia tomentosa Sims

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Wright's anisacanth

bristly aralia

wild-sarsaparilla

devils-walkingstick

Pacific madrone

Bayfordbury, Nymans,

big manzanita

pinemat manzanita

pointleaf manzanita

common Dutchmans-pipe

wooly Dutchmans-pipe

383008—56-
62 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Aronia arbutlfolia (L.) Pers. red chokeberry

British Isles: Nymans.

France; Barres, Pézanin, Vilmorin.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden, Muskau, Scharfenberg.

Latvia: Riga.

Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott black chokeberry

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Pézanin.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden, Muskau, Scharfenberg.

Poland: Königsberg.

Artemisia tridentata Nutt. big sagebrush

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. giant cane

France: Barres.

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal pawpaw

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Metz, Montpellier, Strasbourg, Trianon (Ecole

d'Horticulture).

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Dörenthe, Giessen, Karlsruhe,

Potsdam.

Italy: Isola Bella (region of Lac Majeur).

Japan: Asakawa.

Atriplex canescens James fourwing saltbush

France: Barres.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Baccharis halimifolla L. eastern baccharis

France: Vilmorin.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Berberís canadensis Miller Allegany barberry

Denmark.

France: Barres.

Betula alleghaniensis Britton yellow birch

Belgium: Gedinne, Lanklaer, Sept-Fontaines, Tervueren.

British Isles: Not common.

Finland: Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barbier nurseries. Barres, Champeaux, Metz.

Germany: Augsburg, Bonn Botanic Garden, Buddenhagen, Cronberg, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Eberswalde (group and mixed stands), Grafrath,

Heidelberg City Forest, Kattmannskamp (groups, mixtures), Lousberg

Villa, Muskau, Passau, Pforten, Prussia, Riddagshausen, Sophienhof

Tannenhöft, Tübingen, Weimar, Weinheim.

Japan: Asakawa.

Poland: Königsberg.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Betula Xcaerulea Blanchard blueleaf birch

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 63

Betula glandulosa Michx. ^ ,. ,

France: Barres.

Betula lenta L. j. %.- .

sweet birch

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Cedrogne, Gedinne, Lanklaer, St. Michel, Tervueren.

British Isles: Kew, Tubney.

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Champenoux, Geneste City Park, Harcourt

Germany: Augsburg, Buddenhagen, Darmstadt Botanic Gardens, Giessen,

Grafrath, Hambach, Hohenheim, Magdeburg, Muskau, Prussia, Sophienhof, Weimar, Wernigerode.

Latvia: Riga.

Norway.

Poland: Allenstein, Königsberg.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Betula nigra L. ,¡^^r ^j^^j^

British Isles: Kew, Nymans, Tortworth.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Pézanin.

Germany: Bonn Botanic Garden, Cologne, Darmstadt Botanic Garden,

Fürstlich Drehna, Grevenbroich, Lousberg Vüla, Magdeburg, Muskau!

Scharfenberg, Sophienhof.

Poland: Beuthen, Königsberg.

Betula occidentalis Hook. water birch

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Kew, Tortworth.

France: Vilmorin.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Betula papyrifera Marsh. paper birch

Belgium: Two areas (900 trees, location unknown) in state and communal

forests. Campine, Cedrogne, Gedinne, Lanklaer, Nassogne, St. Michel,

Tervueren.

British Isles: Bicton, Cirencester, Colesborne, Kew (rare), Nymans, Tubney.

Denmark: Aalholm, Hásede.

Finland: Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Metz.

Germany: Augsburg, Bonn Botanic Garden, Buddenhagen, Cronberg, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Destedt Park, Dyck, Falkenstein, Lousberg Villa,

Mainau Island, Muskau, Pforten, Pillnitz, Riddagshausen, Seebach,

Sophienhof, Tannenhöft, Teltow, Tübingen.

Latvia: Riga.

Poland: Beuthen, Danzig, Freienhuben, Königsberg.

Portugal: Forest of Choupat.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Spain: Madrid.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Betula papyrifera var. commutata (Reg.) Fern. western paper birch

France: Barres.
64 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Betula papyrifera var. humilis (Reg.) Fern. & Raup Alaska paper birch

France: Barres.

Betula populifolia Marsh.

Belgium: Campine, Gedinne, Lanklaer.

British Isles: Cluny, Kew.

Finland: Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Metz, Pézanin.

Germany: Augsburg, Cologne Botanic Garden, Hohen-Niendorf, Lousberg

Villa, Muskau, Tübingen.

Poland: Königsberg.

Betula pumila L. low birch

France: Barres.

Bignonia capreolata L. crossyine

France: Vilmorin.

Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. gum bumelia

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Heidelberg.

Calycanthus fertilis Walt. pale sweetshrub

France: Barres.

Calycanthus floridus L. common sweetshrub

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: Nymans.

Denmark: Hindsgavl, Ravnholt.

France: Barres, Caen, Pézanin, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Braunfels (Solmsschen Park), Cologne,

Wissen.

Poland: Königsberg.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn. California sweetshrub

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Pézanin.

Germany: Augsburg.

Campsis radicans (L.) Seemann trumpetcreeper

France: Pézanin.

Germany: Frankfurt a. Main, Trier.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Carpenteria californica Torr. carpenteria

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Catros, Côtes, Fosse.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American hornbeam

British Isles: Very rare. Cluny, Nymans.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Mouillefert.

Germany: Giessen, Lousberg Villa, Muskau.

Spain: Madrid.

Carya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt. water hickory

Belgium: Lanklaer.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 65

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh,) K. Koch bitternut hickory

Austria: Vienna; also ten areas (3,900 trees) in state and communal forests

Belgium: Cedrogne, Lanklaer, Tervueren.

British Isles: Common; hardiest and best grower, but does not appear to be

used for plantation purposes. Colesborne, Glasnevin, Nymans, Tubney

Denmark: Häsede.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Fosse, Geneste City Park, Maulévrie Montpellier (Ecole d^Agriculture), Nouan, St. Mandé (Ecole d^Arboriculture)

Strasbourg, Versailles (Petit Trianon). '

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Buddenhagen, Darmstadt Botanic Garden

Destedt Park, Frankfurt a. Main, Magdeburg, Muskau, Prussia, Rosenstein Park, Schleswig-Holstein.

Italy: Florence.

Poland: Gosda, Königsberg.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Spain.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Carya glabra (Mül.) Sweet pignut hickory

Belgium: Lanklaer, Tervueren.

British Isles: Grows fairly well, but not much cultivated. Bicton, London

Chue.

Denmark: Copenhagen Botanic Garden.

France: Baleine (old trees). Barres (forest stands), Bois de Boulogne, Champenoux, Geneste City Park, Maulévrie.

Germany: Bonn, Destedt Park, Grafrath, Hohenheim, Muskau, Potsdam,

Prussia, Riddagshausen, Weinheim.

Poland: Königsberg.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch pecan

Belgium: Lanklaer.

British Isles: Does not grow well in England. Tortworth, Tubney.

France: Does not grow well in France. Barres, Catros, Fosse, Geneste City

Park, Maulévrie, MontpeUier, Mouillefert, Mt. Aigoual, Nimes, Pézanin,

Rennes, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture).

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Frankfurt a. Main, Karlsruhe,

Nürnberg.

Italy: Palermo.

Portugal: Coimbre.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Grows well if irrigated and cared for. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

South Africa: Does well on good deep soils with good water supply.

Spain.

Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud. shellbark hickory

Belgium: Lanklaer.

British Isles: Very rare. Tortworth.

Chile.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Fosse, Geneste City Park, Maulévrie, Mouillefert, Pézanin, Strasbourg.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Karlsruhe, Prussia, Sophienhof.

Poland: Oliva.

Romania: Hatarmajor.
66 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRlCULiTUitJü

Carya myrísticaeformís (Michx. f.) Nutt. nutmeg hickory

France: Barres, Villa Thuret (Nice).

Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory

Austria: Linz; also seven areas (3,900 trees) in state and communal forests.

Belgium: Cedrogne, Lanklaer, Louvain, St. Michel (plantations), Tervueren.

British Isles: Not common. Bicton, Colesborne, Nymans, Tubney.

Chile.

Denmark: Häsede, Ravnholt.

France: Baleine (old trees), Barres (forest stands), Bois de Boulogne, Champeaux. Fosse, Maulévrie, Mouillefert.

Germany: Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Bavaria (1,700 trees in state forests),

Bonn, Buddenhagen, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Dörenthe, Eisenach,

Erfurt Forest, Erlangen, Gadow, Gracht, Grafrath, Hambach, Heidelberg

City Forest, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf, Karlsruhe, Lindau, Ludwigslust,

Mainau Island, Muskau, Nürnberg, Potsdam, Prussia, Riddagshausen,

Rosenstein Park, Schwerin, Sophienhof, Tübingen, Weinheim.

Japan: Asakawa.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Arnhem.

Poland: AUenstein, Danzig, Oliva.

Portugal: Bussaco, Cintra-Pena (one of richest tree collections in Europe).

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Carya tomentosa Nutt. mockernut hickory

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Ichteghem, Lanklaer, Tervueren.

British Isles: Not uncommon as ornamental, but not used for plantations.

Nymans, Tortworth.

France: Caen, Fosse, Geneste City Park, Mt. Adgoual.

Germany: Augsburg, Bavaria (groups), Cleve, Dahlem, Grafrath, Muskau,

Prussia, Schleswig-Holstein, Wörhtz.

Poland: Glogau, Königsberg.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

South Africa.

Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don firemass cassiope

British Isles: Nymans.

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American chestnut

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Cluny.

Germany: Baden-Baden, Grafrath, Pforten.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Spain.

Castanea pumila Mill. Allegheny chinkapin

British Isles: Very few grown.

France: Maulévrie, Pézanin, Vilmorin.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl.) A. DC. golden chinkapin

British Isles- Unusual. Kew, Nymans, Tortworth.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 67

Catalpa bîgnonîoîdes Walt. southern catalpa

British Isles: Scattered. Frequently cultivated for ornament. Cardiff

Castle, London, Nymans.

Denmark: Hardenberg, Knuthenborg.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Campeaux, Colmar, Maulévrie, Vilmorin

Germany: Augsburg, Braunfels, Cannstatt, Cleve, Cologne City Forest

Frankfurt a. Oder, Fürstlich Drehna, Heidelberg, Hohenheim, Karlsruhe,'

Kattmannskamp (groups, mixtures), Kromlau, Lindau, Lousberg Villa'

Magdeburg, Mettlach, Nürnberg, Potsdam, Scnwerin, Trier, Wörlitz.

Palestine: Acre, Jerusalem.

Poland: Beuthen.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

South Airica: Tried in arboretum plots; not promising.

Switzerland: Marienberg, Zurich.

Catalpa speciosa Warder northern catalpa

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Louvain.

British Isles: Frequently tried in England but has shown no sign of becoming

a useful timber tree. Nymans, Totten House, Tubney.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Maulévrie, Versailles (Petit Trianon), Villa

Thuret (Nice), Vilmorin.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Cologne, Cronberg, Darmstadt Botanic

Garden, Dörenthe, Gadow, Heidelberg City Forest, Kalkhorst, Karlsruhe,

Prussia, Riddagshausen, Sophienhof, Weinheim, Wissen.

Japan: Asakawa.

Netherlands: Landfort.

Palestine: Acre, Jerusalem.

Poland: Glogau.

Portugal: Forest of Choupat.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Ryukyu Islands.

South Africa: Tried in aboretum plots; not promising.

Ceanothus americanas L. Jerseytea

British Isles: Nymans.

Poland: Gleiwitz, Glogau.

Ceanothus Xdelilianus Spach Delisle ceanothus

France: Barres.

Ceanothus fendleri A. Gray Fendler ceanothus

France: Barres, St. Mandé (Ecole d'Arboriculture).

Poland: Glogau, Königsberg.

Ceanothus ovatus Desf. inland ceanothus

France: Barres.

Ceanothus Xpallidus Lindl. pallidus ceanothus

France: Barres.

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschsch. blueblossom

British Isles: Nymans.
68 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. snowbrush

Germany: Weinheim.

Celastrus scandens L. American bittersweet

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Vilmorin.

Germany: Scharfenberg (planted close in mixtures)

Poland: Königsberg.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Celtis laevigata Willd. sugarberry

British Isles: Kew.

France: Barres.

Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry

Belgium: Louvain.

British Isles: Occasionally cultivated but rare, although it stands the climate

better than other species of Celtis. Kew, London, Nymans, Tubney.

France: Antibes, Barres, Colmar City Park, Geneste City Park, Maulévrie,

Montpellier, Mt. Aigoual, Nimes, Prafrance, Toulon, Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Cannstatt, Cologne, Destedt Park, Hamburg Botanic

Garden, Karlsruhe, Lindau, Lousberg Villa, Magdeburg, Mainau Island,

Munster, Potsdam, Teltow, Tübingen, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Italy: Padua, one large tree.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Palestine: Jerusalem.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Glogau, Königsberg, Oliva.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Ukraine.

South Africa: Tried, but slow growing; location unknown.

Spain : Madrid (trees largely same as at Paris).

Switzerland: Zurich.

Celtis reticulata Torr. netleaf hackberry

France: Barres.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Celtis tenuifolia Nutt. Georgia hackberry

France: Barres.

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. common buttonbush

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Germany: Augsburg.

Poland: Glogau.

Cercis canadensis L. eastern redbud

Austria: Vienna.

France: Barres, Strasbourg, Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Augsburg, Braunfels, Dörenthe, Hamburg Botanic

Garden, Karlsruhe, Lousberg Villa, Potsdam.

Japan.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Poland: Glogau.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Switzerland: Zurich.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 69

Cercis occidentalis Torr. California redbud

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Cercocarpus argenteus Rydb. sUver cercocarpus

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. birchleaf cercocarpus

France: Barres.

Cercocarpus montanus Raf. mountain cercocarpus ("mountain mahogany")

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Chamaebatiaria millefolium (Torr.) Maxim. tansy

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Vilmorin.

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Pari. Port-Orford-cedar

Austria: Linz. Also 46 areas (16,400 trees) planted in state and communal

forests.

Belgium: Ardennes, Beernem (roadside). Capucins, Gedinne, Grand Bois,

Groenhove, Lanklaer, Nassogne, Raevels, St. Michel, Sept-Fontaines'

Soignes Forest, Three Kings Park, Tervueren, Vogelsanck Park.

British Isles: Hardy. Common ornamental, limited plantations. Bagley

Wood, Bedgebury, Benmore, Brahan, Cirencester, Cluny, Curraghmore,

Colesbome, Dawyck, Hope Toun, Lynedoch, Murthly, Novar, Nymans,'

Penrhyn, Pontyclun, Tubney.

Ceylon: Successful in hilly country at 4,000-6,000 feet.

Denmark: Aalholm, Brahetrolleborg, Fuglsang, Gissslfeld, Häsede, Hindsgavl, Knuthenborg, Langesoe, Sölestedgaard.

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Champenoux, Fremont, Harcourt, Keranflech, Limoges, Lusse, Maulévrie, Montpellier, Mt. Aigoual, Nice, Nimes,

Prafrance, Rennes, Sénéclauze Estate, Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Badenweiler, Barnstorf, Bavaria (state forests had 139,000), Braunfels, Cleve, Dahlem,

Eberswalde, Erfurt Forest, Freienwalde a. Oder, Fürstlich Drehna,

Gadow, Grafrath, Haag Park, Harburg a. d. Elbe, Harzburg (forest test

plots), Heidelberg City Forest, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf, liten,

Kaartz, Kalkhorst, Karlsruhe, Lindau, Lousberg Villa, Mainau Island,

Münster, Muskau, Passau, Pforten, Pillnitz, Prussia, Putbus, Riddagshausen, Rättgen, Scharfenberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Sahwerin, Seebach,

Sophienhof, Spessart, Tannenhoft, Tharandt, Trier, Weimar, Weinheim,

Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wiesbaden, Wörlitz Park.

India.

Italy: Apennine mountains, Florence, Lac Majeur region.

Japan: Asakawa.

Kenya: Grows in the highlands.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Arnhem, Het Loo, Schovenhorst.

New Zealand: Successful at 200 to 1,500 feet in areas of no drought and no

strong winds. Erua State Forest (1,100 acres), Hanmer Springs.

Poland: Allenstein, Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Königsberg,

Oliva.
70 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Portugal: Bussaco, Coimbre.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

South Africa: Single trees, a few arboretum plots; growth raipd in some

areas; hardy. Frankenvvald (Transvaal), 250 hectares.

Spain: Madrid (trees largely same as at Paris).

Sweden: Alnarp, Jönköping.

Switzerland: Constance, Lausanne, Lucerne Marienberg, Zurich.

Yugoslavia.

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska-cedar

Belgium: The best conditions are found in lower Belgium. Gedinne, St.

Michel, Tervueren, Vogelsanck Park.

British Isles: One of the finest shipbuilding timbers of the world. Elwes

planted 10,000 trees on his estate (Colesborne). Bagley wood, Bedgebury, Brahan, Cirencester, Cluny, Colesborne, Curraghmore, Dawyck,

Eastnor Castle, Hope Toun, Murthly, Neath, Nymans, Penrhyn, Tubney.

Denmark: Brahetrolleborg, Knuthenborg, Ravnholt.

France: Barres, Champenoux, Colmar City Park, Fremont, Harcourt,

Limoges, Maulévrie, Montpellier, Mt. Aigoual, Nice, Rennes, Sénéclauze

Estate, Vilmorin.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Badenweiler, Cleve, Cologne,

Dilborn, Dörenthe, Eisenach, Erlangen, Falkenstein, Frankfurt a. Oder,

Grafrath, Harbke Park, Heidelberg City Forest, Hohenheim, HohenNiendorf, Kaartz, Kalkhorst, Karlsruhe, Kromlau, Lindau, Lousberg

Villa, Magdeburg, Mainau Island, Muskau, Nürnberg, Pillnitz, SchleswigHolstein, Schwerin, Seebach, Trier, Türnich, Weinheim WendischWilmersdorf, Wernigerode, Wilhelma, Wörlitz Park.

India.

Italy: Villa Barbo (region of Lac Majeur).

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Norway: Söfteland, south of Bergen.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Glogau, Oliva.

Sweden: Jönköping.

Switzerland: Constance, Lucerne, Marienberg, Zurich.

Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P. Atlantic white-cedar

Belgium: St. Michel.

British Isles: Has no forest value in Britain. Bedgebury, Kew, Nymans.

Denmark : Brahetrolleborg.

France: Barres, Pézanin, Vilmorin.

Germany: Grevenbroich, Scharfenberg, Tharandt, Weinheim.

India.

Italy: Villa Barbo (Lac Majeur region).

Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh striped pipsissewa

British Isles: Nymans.

Chionanthus virginicus L. fringetree

Austria: Altmunster, Vienna.

France: Barres, Catros, Champeaux, Maulévrie, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Braunfels, Cologne Botanic Garden, Dahlem, Dörenthe,

Hamburg Botanic Garden, Karlsruhe, Weinheim, Wörlitz.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 71

Douglas rabbitbrush

yellowwood

Poland: Glogau.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Chrysothamnus vîscîdîflorus (Hook.) Nutt.

British Isles: Nymans.

Cladrastis lutea (Michx. f.) K. Koch

Belgium: Court-Saint-Etienne.

British Isles: Colesborne, Highclere, Kew, Nymans, Syon, Tubney.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Fremont, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agriculture), Morlaix, Mt. Aigoual, Nantes Botanic Garden, Rennes, Sénéclauze

Estate, Strasbourg, Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Cologne, Destedt Park, Frens,

Hamburg Botanic Garden, Karlsruhe, Lousberg Villa, Ludwigslust, Magdeburg, Münster, Nürnberg, Riddagshausen, Scharfenberg, Tübingen,

Weinheim, Wiesbaden, Wörlitz.

Poland: Gosda.

Clematis crispa L. curly clematis

France: Barres.

Clematis fremontll S. Wats.

France: Barres,

Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Clematis ochroleuca Ait.

France: Barres.

Clematis pitcheri Torr. & Gray

France: Barres.

Clematis texensis Buckl.

France: Barres.

Clematis virginiana L.

France: Barres.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Clethra acuminata Michx.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Muskau.

Clethra alnifolia L.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Caen, Vümorin.

Germany: Cleve, Cronberg, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf (in park).

Latvia: Riga.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Fremont clematis

western virginsbower

chrome clematis

Pitcher clematis

scarlet clematis

virginsbower

cinnamon clethra

summersweet clethra

Clethra tomentosa Lam.

France: Barres.

woolly clethra
72 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC. Carolina snailseed

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. sweetfern

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Germany: Cronberg, Dörenthe, Muskau, Scharfenberg.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Cornus alternifolia L. f. alternate-leaf dogwood

Austria: Vienna.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden, Munster, Scharfenberg.

Cornus alternifolia var. argéntea Temple silverleaf dogwood

France: Barres.

Cornus amomum Miller silky dogwood

France: Barres.

Cornus asperifolia Michx. roughleaf dogwood

France: Barres.

Cornus ñorida L. flowering dogwood

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Catros, Fosse, Harcourt.

Germany: Cologne Botanic Garden, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Destedt

Park, Freiburg Botanic Garden, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Kromiau,

Lousberg Villa, Mainau Island, Munster, Pforten, Wendisch-Wilmersdorff,

Wörlitz.

Italy: Rovelli nurseries (region of Lac Majeur).

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Poland: Oliva.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Cornus glabrata Benth. brown dogwood

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Cornus nuttallii Audubon Pacific dogwood

France: Barres, Catros, Fosse.

Cornus obliqua Raf. pale dogwood

France: Barres.

Cornus occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Coville western dogwood

France: Barres.

Cornus racemosa Lam. gray dogwood

France: Barres.

Romania: Hatarmajor

Cornus rugosa Lam. roundleaf dogwood

France: Barres.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 73

Cornus stolonifera Michx. red-osier dogwood

British IsJes: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Germany: Augsburg, Nürnberg.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Cornus stolonifera var. coloradensis (Koehne) Schneid.

Colorado red-osier dogwood

France: Barres.

Corylus americana Marsh. American hazel (or JBIbert)

France: Barres.

Corylus cornuta Marsh. beaked hazel (or filbert)

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Lousberg Villa, Muskau.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp.

California hazel (or filbert)

France: Maulévrie.

Ryukyu Islands.

Cotinus obovatus Raf. American smoketree

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Cowania mexicana D. Don clifirose

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Crataegus arnoldiana Sarg. Arnold hawthorn

France: Barres.

Crataegus canbyi Sarg. Canby hawthorn

France: Barres.

Crataegus coleae Sarg. Cole hawthorn

France: Barres.

Crataegus collina Chapm. sandhill hawthorn

France: Barres.

Crataegus crus-galli L. cockspur hawthorn

Belgium: Sept-Fontaines.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Geneste City Park.

Germany: Muskau, Ralswiek.

Japan: Asakawa.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Crataegus dilatata Sarg.

France: Barres.

Crataegus divida Sarg.

France: Barres.
74 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Crataegus douglasii Lindl.

Germany: Lousberg Villa.

Crataegus induta Sarg.

France: Barres.

Crataegus mollis Scheele

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Crataegus nítida (Engelm.) Sarg.

France: Barres.

black hawthorn

turkey hawthorn

downy hawthorn

glossy hawthorn

scarlet hawthorn

Washington hawthorn

dotted hawthorn

Crataegus pedicellata Sarg.

British Isles: Nymans.

Denmark: Aalholm.

France: Caen, Geneste City Park.

Germany: Augsburg, Lousberg Villa, Wendisch-Wümersdorf (in park).

Latvia: Riga.

Poland: Glogau.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Crataegus pennsylvanica Ashe Pennsylvania hawthorn

France: Barres.

Crataegus phaenopyrum (L. f.) Med.

France: Barres.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Crataegus punctata Jacq.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany : Aachen, Lousberg Villa.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Crataegus submoUis Sarg.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Crataegus succulenta Schrad.

Norway.

Crataegus uniflora Muenchh.

France: Barres.

Crataegus viridis L.

British Isles: Nymans.

Cupressus arizonica Greene

Austria: Vienna.

AustraUa: Australian Capital Territory, Queensland.

British Isles: Introduced 1880; suitable only in warmest parts of England

and Ireland; no plantation value. Bagley Wood, Bedgebury, Nymans.

Cyprus.

France: Barres, Fosse, Maulévrie, Montpellier, Vilmorin.

Germany: Cronberg, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Mainau Island.

India.

Quebec hawthorn

fleshy hawthorn

one-flower hawthorn

green hawthorn

Arizona cypress
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 75

Italy: Apennine mountains.

Kenya.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Nyasaland: Successful as individual tree and in small trial plots, chiefly

over 4,000 feet. Exact locations not known.

Palestine: Acre, Jerusalem; also trial plantations.

South Africa: Location unknown; introduced 1908; hardiest cypress.

Southern Rhodesia: Locations unknown; grows best at 3,000 to 5,000 feet.

Switzerland: Lucerne.

Cupressus goveniana Gord. Gowen cypress

British Isles: Not common; grows only in mildest situations. Bedgebury,

Nymans.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agriculture), Nice.

South Africa: Locations unknown; small-scale trials as ornamental and in

arboretum plots.

Capressus maenabiana A. Murr. MacNab cypress

British Isles: Not common.

Bedgebury Nymans.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agriculture).

Germany: Cologne.

Italy; Rovelli nurseries (Isola Madre, region of Lac Majeur).

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. Monterey cypress

Australia: Austrahan Capital Territory, Queensland, Victoria (Ballarat

Water Commission).

British Isles: Much planted for shelter and ornament in western and southern

England. Bagley Wood, Bicton, Chiswick, Cluny, Colesborne, Dublin,

Hope Toun, Murthly, Northerwood, Nymans, Penrhyn, Pontyclun,

Tresco, Tubney.

Ceylon: Introduced about 1883; successful; plantations date from 1920.

Chue.

Cyprus: Introduced successfully on a small scale.

France: Barres, Brest, Catros, Champeaux, Cherbourg (several parks),

Keranflech, Martinvast, Maulévrie, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agriculture),

Morlaix, Nantes Botanic Garden, Nice, Pézanin, Prafrance, Rennes,

Vilmorin.

India.

Italy.

Kenya.

New Zealand: Canterbury, Erua State Forest (14 acres), South Island.

Nyasaland: Location unknown; successful at 2,000-3,000 feet.

Palestine: Jerusalem, Acre.

Portugal: Coimbre.

Ryukyu Islands.

South Africa: Widely planted; oldest plantation about 1898.

Southern Rhodesia: Grows best at 5,000 feet; locations unknown.

Spain: Madrid.

Tanganyika: Location unknown; successful on small scale.

Uganda: Few small plantations near the lake (Victoria?).
76 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cyrilla racemiflora L. swamp cyrilla

British Isles: Nymans.

Decumaria barbara L. southeast decumaria

British Isles: Nymans.

Dendromecon rígida Benth. stiff bushpoppy

British Isles: Nymans.

Diervilla lonicera Miller dwaft bushhoneysuckle

France: Barres.

Germany: Augsburg.

Diervilla riyularis Gattinger Georgia bushhoneysuckle

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Diervilla sessilifolia Buck!. southern bushhoneysuckle

France: Barres.

Diospyros virginiana L. common persimmon

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: Nymans.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Catros, Champeaux, Geneste City Park,

Grève, Morlaix, Mouillefert, Nice, Nimes, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture),

Vilmorin.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Hohenheim, Karlsruhe, Mainau

Island, Münster, Scharfenberg.

Italy: Isola Bella (region of Lac Majeur).

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Dirca palustris L. Atlantic leatherwood

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Versailles (Petit Trianon).

Germany: Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. silverberry

British Isles: Nymans.

' Germany: Augsburg.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Euonymus americana L. eastern wahoo

Germany: Cologne.

Euonymus occidentalis Nutt. western wahoo

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American beech

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Eastnor Castle, Torworth, Tubney.

Denmark: Knuthenborg.

France: Barres, Caen, Champeaux, Geneste City Park, Maulévrie, Metz.

Germany: Augsburg, Buddenhagen, Cologne, Darmstadt Botanic Garden,

Mettlach, Muskau, Weinheim.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 77

Italy: Rovelli nurseries (region of Lac Majeur).

Netherlands: Landfort, Wageningen.

Poland: Glogau, Königsberg.

Pendiera rupîcola A. Gray .ü^ fendlerbush

Austria: Vienna.

France: Barres, Metz, St. Mandé (Ecole d'Arboriculture), Strasbourg

Vilmorin. *

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir. swamp-privet (Texas forestiera)

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Forestiera ligustrina (Michx.) Poir. privet forestiera

Germany: Scharfenberg.

Forestiera neomexicana A. Gray New Mexican forestiera

France: Metz.

Fothergilla gardenii Murray dwarf fothergilla

British Isles: Nymans.

Germany: Augsburg.

Poland: Königsberg.

Fothergilla major (Sims) Lodd. large fothergilla

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Fraxinus americana L. white ash

Austria: Locations unknown; 11 areas (3,000 trees) planted over 100 years

in state and communal forests.

Australia: Wirrabara forest (south Australia).

Belgium: Cedrogne, Gedinne, Groenendael, Lanklaer, Tervueren.

British Isles: Rather uncommon; quick-growing, but not grown as forest

tree. Cirencester, Colesborne, Fawley Court, Nymans, Tortworth,

Tubney.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

Estonia: Tartu.

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barres, Champenoux, Maulévrie, Mt. Aigoual, St. Mandé (Ecole

d'Arboriculture), Schlumberger.

Germany: Augsburg, Bavaria (100,000 planted in state forests), Cannstatt,

Cologne City Forest, Eberswalde, Eisenach, Erfurt, Giessen, Grafrath,

Hambach, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Hohen-Niendorf, Lindau, Lousberg

Villa, Münster, Muskau, Prussia, Rosenstein Park, Scharfenberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Schwerin, Sophienhof, Teltow, Weinheim, WendischWilmersdorf, Wilhelma.

Hungary.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Landfort.

Palestine: Acre.

Poland: Beuthen, Danzig, Freienhuben, Königsberg, Prussia.

383008—56 6
78 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region.

South Africa: Frankenwald (Transvaal); successful as ornamental.

Spain: Madrid.

Switzerland: Lausanne.

Yugoslavia: Croatia.

Fraxinus anómala Torr. singleleaf ash

British Isles: Kew.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Fraxinus berlandieriana A. DC. Berlandier ash

France: Barres.

Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. Carolina ash

British Isles: Kew.

Finland: Pekola (forest).

France: Maulévrie, Mt. Aigoual.

Germany: Augsburg, Coesfelder Berg (forest plantings), Cologne Botanic

Garden, Giessen, Muskau.

Latvia: Riga.

Poland: Allenstein, Gosda, Königsberg.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Fraxinus cuspidata Torr. fragrant ash

France: Barres.

Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon ash

Belgium: Geddinne, Lanklaer, Tervueren.

British Isles: Colesborne, Tortworth, Tubney.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Mt. Aigoual.

Germany: Augsburg, Lousberg Villa.

Fraxinus nigra Marsh. black ash

Austria: 1 area (130 trees) ; location unknown.

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Kew, Cluny.

France: Barres, Maulévrie.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. green ash

Belgium: Gedinne, Tervueren.

British Isles: Common but known only as ornamental. Colesborne, Nymans.

Tubney.

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Maulévrie, Trianon (Ecole d^Horticulture).

Germany: Altona, Cannstatt, Cologne, Destedt Park, Fürstlich Drehna,

Gadow, Hambach, Schwerin.

Poland: Glogau.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Ukraine.

South Africa: Location unknown; used only as ornamental.

Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush pumpkin ash

France: Barres, Champeaux.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 79

Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. blue ^sh

British Isles: In botanic gardens.

France: Champeaux, Maulévrie.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Fraxinus texensis (A. Gray) Sarg. Texas ash

British Isles: Kew.

Fraxinus velutina Torr. velvet ash

British Isles: Kew.

France: Barres.

Fremontia californica Torr. California fremontia

British Isles: Nymans.

Garrya elliptica Dougl. wavyleaf silktassel

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Rennes Botanic Garden.

Germany: Heidelberg.

Garrya fremontii Torr. Fremont silktassel

Germany: Heidelberg.

Garrya wrightii Torr. Wright silktassel

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Gaultheria procumbens L. checkerberry wintergreen

Belgium: Beernem.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Gaultheria shallon Pursh salal

British Isles: Dropmore, New Forest, Nymans.

France: Barres.

Germany: Weinheim.

Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. & Gray dangleberry

British Isles: Nymans.

Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. Carolina-jessamine

British Isles: Nymans.

Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. waterlocust

British Isles: Kew.

Germany: Cologne City Garden.

Gleditsia Xtexana Sarg. Texas honeylocust

British Isles: Nymans.

Gleditsia triacanthos L. honeylocust

Argentina: Buenos Aires.

Belgium: Court-Saint-Etienne, Louvain, Tervueren, Zangerey.

British Isles: Fairly common in gardens, particularly in England. London,

Nymans.

Cyprus: Grown in protected places up to 1,000 feet elevation; locations

unknown.

Denmark: Aalholm, Copenhagen, Charlottenlund, Fuglsang.
80 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

France: Barres, Colmar, Fremont, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agriculture),

Mt. Aigoual, Nantes Botanic Garden, Nimes, Prafrance, Rennes Botanic

Garden, Schlumberger, Villa Hanbury (Nice), Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Altona, Augsburg, Bamberg, Braunfels, Cannstatt,

Cologne City Forest, Cronberg, Erlangen, Frankfurt a. Oder, Fürstlich

Drehna, Hiedelberg, Hohen-Niendorf, Kalkhorst, Ludwigslust, Magdeburg,

Mettlach, Muskau, Nürnberg, Potsdam, Riddagshausen, Scharfenberg,

Seebach, Teltow, Trier, Tübingen, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf

Wiesbaden, Wilhelma, Wissen.

Netherlands: Landfort.

Palestine: Acre, Jerusalem.

Poland: Beuthen, Glogau, Königsberg, Oliva.

Portugal: Coimbre.

Russia: Bryansk region, Ukraine.

South Africa: Locations unknown; grown for many years; hardy.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Gleditsia trîacanthos var. elegantissima (Grosdemange) Rehd.

bushy honeylocust

France' Barres,

Gordonia lasianthus (L.) Ellis loblolly-bay

British Isles: Nymans.

Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch Kentucky coffeetree

Belgium: Héverlé, Tervueren, Waremme.

British Isles: Not common. Coleshorne, Kew, Nymans, Tubney.

Denmark: Aalholm, Fuglsang, Gisseifeld, Hardenberg, Holstenhuus.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Cherbourg, Colmar City Park, Fosse,

Geneste City Park, Harcourt, Montpellier (Ecole d'-agriculture), Morlaix,

Nice, St. Mandé (used as a street tree), Schlumberger, Strasbourg, Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Augsburg, Braunfels, Dyck, Dest^dt Park, Eisenach,

Erlangen, Frankfurt a. Main, Frankfurt a. Oder, Harbke Park, Hohenheim, Karlsruhe, Lindau, Magdeburg, Mainau Island, Mettlach, Nürnberg,

Pillnitz, Potsdam, Putbus, Ralswiek, Schwerin, Sophienhof, Tübingen,

Weimar, Weinheim, Wilhelma, Wissen.

Latvia: Riga.

Poland: Glogau, Königsberg.

Portugal: Coimbre.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Ukraine.

Spain: Madrid.

Swedf^n: Alnarp.

Switzerland: Marienberg.

Halesîa Carolina L. Carolina silverbell

Belgium: Beernem. Voeelsanck Park.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Brest Marine Gardens, Catros, Geneste

City Park, Harcourt.

Germany: Augsburg, Cleve, Dorenthe, Dyck, Frankfurt a. Oder, Ludwigslust, Magdeburg, Münster, Muskau, Wörlitz.

Netherlands: Wagenineen.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Ohva, Sagan.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 81

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Halesia Carolina var. montícola Rehd. mountain silverbell

France: Barres.

Germany: Weinheim.

Halesia diptera Ellis two-wing silverbell

British Isles: Kew, Nymans.

France: Barbier nurseries.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Hamamelis vernalis Sarg. vernal witch-hazel

France: Barres.

Hamamelis virginiana L. witch-hazel

Austria: Vienna.

Denmark: Aalholm.

France: Barres, Catros, Champeaux, Maulévrie, Vilmorin.

Germany: Cologne Botanic Garden, Destedt Park, Hamburg Botanic

Garden, Magdeburg.

Latvia: Riga.

Poland: Beuthen, Königsberg, Oliva.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Holodiscus discolor fPursh) Maxim, creambush rockspirea

British Isles: Nymans.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Caen, Vilmorin.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt.) Heller bush rockspirea

France: Barres.

Hydrangea arborescens L. smooth hydrangea

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Hydrangea arborescens forma grandiflora Rehd. snowhill hydrangea

France: Barres.

Hydrangea cinérea Small ashy hydrangea

France: Barres.

Hydrangea cinérea forma sterilis Rehd. sterile ashy hydrangea

France: Barres.

Hydrangea quercifolia Bartr. oakleaf hydrangea

France: Barres.

Hydrangea radiata Walt. silverleaf hydrangea

France: Barres.

Hypericum frondosum Michx. golden St, Johnswort

France: Vilmorin.
82 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Hypericum galioides Lam. bedstraw St. Johnswort

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Hypericum prolifícum L. shrubby St. Johnswort

France: Barres.

Ilex cassina L. dahoon

Germany: Heidelberg.

Ilex decidua Walt. possumhaw

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres.

Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray smooth winterberry

France: Barres.

Ilex montana Torr. & Gray mountain winterberry

France: Barbier nurseries.

Ilex opaca Ait. American holly

British Isles: Often grown; locations unknown.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen.

France: St. Mandé (Ecole d'Arboriculture).

Germany: Heidelberg.

Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray common winterberry

British Isles: Nymans.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen.

France: Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Giessen, Scharfenberg.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Königsberg.

Ulîcium ñoridanum Ellis Florida anise-tree

British Isles: Nymans.

Italy: Isola Bella (region of Lac Majeur).

Itea yirginica L. Virginia sweetspire

British Isles: Nymans.

France : Barres, Brest Marine Gardens, Catros, Limoges, Pézanin, Vilmorin

Germany: Cronberg, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Scharfenberg.

Poland: Glogau, Königsberg.

Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray cliff jamesia

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: Nymans.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Pézanin, St. Mandé (Ecole d^Arboriculture), Vilmorin.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Lindau.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Poland: Königsberg.

Jamesia americana var. rosea Purpus rose cliff jamesia

British Isles: Nymans.

Juglans californica S. Wats. California walnut

France: Champeaux, Maulévrie.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 83

Juglans cinérea L. hutternut

Austria: 1 area (600 trees, location unknown); planted in state and communal forests.

Belgium: Cedrogne, Lanklaer, Nassogne, St. Michel, Sept-Fontaines

Tervueren. '

British Isles: Colesborne, Kilmacurragh, Stratfield Saye, Tubney.

Denmark: Copenhagen Botanic Garden, Häsede.

Finland: Mustila, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Mt. Aigoual, Pézanin, Trianon (Ecole d^Horticulture), Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Augsburg, Barnstorf, Braunfels, Cologne City Forest,

Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Eisenach, Giessen, Heidelberg City Forest^

Hohenheim, Ludwigslust, Mainau Island, Mettlach, Münster, Nürnberg'

Schleswig-Holstein, Schwerin, Seebach, Sophienhof, Teltow.

Latvia: Riga.

Poland: Glogau, Königsberg, Oliva.

Russia: Baltic Provinces, Bryansk region.

Ryukyu Islands.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Juglans hindsii Jeps. Hinds walnut

France: Barres.

Juglans major (Torr.) Heller Arizona walnut

France: Barres.

Juglans microcarpa Berlandier little walnut

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: Colesborne, Kew, Tortworth.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Metz, Mt. Aigoual.

Poland: Glogau.

Juglans nigra L. black walnut

Argentina.

Austria: 19 areas (16,400 trees, locations unknown) planted in state and

communal forests.

Belgium: Planted extensively along main roads. Cedrogne, Hertogenwald,

Héverlé, Laeken (Royal Park), Lanklaer, Nassogne, St. Michel, SeptFontaines, Tervueren, Vogelsanck Park.

British Isles: Requires exceptionally favorable soil and climatic conditions.

Ballykilcavan, Bedgebury, Bisham Abbey, Bute House, Cirencester, Colesborne, Highclere, Stratfield Saye, Tubney.

Denmark: Aalholm, Copenhagen Botanic Garden, Gisselfeld, Sölestedgaard

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barres, Brest Marine Gardens, Champenoux, Fremont, Geneste

City Park, Harcourt, Limoges, Maulévrie, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agriculture), Morlaix, Mt. Aigoual, Nimes, Pézanin, Schlumberger, Tarbes,

Vilmorin.

Germany: Altendöbern, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Bavaria (state forests),

Biebrich, Buddenhagen, Cannstatt, Cleve, Darmstadt Botanic Garden,

Destedt Park, Eberswalde, Erfurt Forest, Erlangen, Frankfurt a. Oder,

Gadow, Gracht, Grafrath, Hambach, Harbke Park, Harzburg, Heidelberg,

Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf, Karlsruhe, Lindau, Magdeburg, Mettlach
84 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Muskau, Nürnberg, Potsdam, Prussia, Putbus, Rosenstein Park, Scharfenberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Schwerin, Sophienhof, Teltow, Tübingen, Weimar, Weinheim, Wissen, Wörlitz.

Italy: Apennine mountains.

Latvia: Riga.

Luxembourg.

Netherlands: Arnhem, Landfort, Vogelzanck.

Poland: Glogau, Gumbinnen, Königsberg.

Portugal: Bussaco, Forest of Coupât, Montserrate.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region.

South Africa: Small experimental plantations; show good growth; locations

unknown.

Spain.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Yugoslavia.

Juniperus ashei Buchholz Ashe juniper

South Africa: Small trials made; locations unknown; hardy but slow-growing.

Juniperus communis L. common juniper

Belgium: Héverlé.

France: Grève, Maulévrie, Vilmorin.

Juniperus deppeana Steud. alligator juniper

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: Bedgebury, Kew.

France: Barres, Fosse, Nice, Pézanin.

South Africa: Arboretum plots; locations unknown; hardy but slow-growing,

Juniperus flaccida Schlecht. drooping juniper

France: Angers.

British Isles: Bicton.

Italy: Genoa Botanic Garden, Naples Botanic Garden.

Juniperus occidentalis Hook. western juniper

British Isles: Dawyck.

France: Barres, Maulévrie.

Germany: Mainau Island.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little Utah juniper

France: Barres.

Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Rocky Mountain juniper

British Isles: Dawyck.

France: Barres.

Germany: Cronberg.

Juniperus virginiana L. eastern redcedar

Austria: Altmünster; also 3 areas (1,600 trees) planted in state and communal forests.

Belgium: Hertogenwald, Héverlé, Louvain, Tervueren.

Bermuda.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 85

British Isles: Frequently but not extensively planted; hardy. Cardiff

Nymans, Tubney. * '

Denmark: Aalholm, BrahetroUeborg, Copenhagen, Fuglsang.

France: Barres, Catros, Champeaux, Colombez, Fosse, Fremont, Geneste

City Park, Grève, Harcourt, Maulévrie, Metz, Montpellier (Ecole

d'Agriculture), Mt. Aigoual, Nimes, Prafranee, Seneclauze Estate Versailles (Petit Trianon), Villa Thuret (Nice), Vilmorin. '

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Barnstorf, Bavaria, Braunfels

Cronberg, Dammerutz, Dyck, Eisenach, Falkenstein, Frankfurt a. Oder,'

Gadow, Haag Park, Hambach, Heidelberg City Forest, Hohen-Niendorf|

Kromlau, Lindau, Magdeburg, Mainau Island, Münster, Muskau, Nürnberg, Prussia, Putbus, Riddagshausen, Schleswig-Holstein, Schlosse

Friedrichshof, Schlemmin, Schlenderhan, Schwerin, Teltow, Tharandt

Tübingen, Weimar, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wümersdorf, Wissen Wörlitz

Park.

Hungary.

India.

Italy: Apennine mountains, Isola Madre (region of Lac Majeur).

Japan: Asakawa.

Latvia: Riga.

Luxembourg.

Netherlands: Het Loo, Schovenhorst, Vogelzanck.

Poland: AUenstein, Glogau, Gosda, Königsberg, Prussia, Sagan.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region, Ukraine.

South Africa: Widely planted in some areas; locations unknown; hardy.

Spain: Madrid.

Switzerland: Constance, Wabern.

Kalmia angustifolia L. lambkill kalmia

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Dörenthe.

Kalmia latifolîa L. mountain-laurel

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Beernem, Vogelsanck Park.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Brest Marine Gardens, Caen, Versailles (Petit Trianon),

Vümorin.

Germany: Cleve, Dörenthe, Grevenbroich, Heidelberg.

Italy.

Poland: Oliva.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. bog kalmia

British Isles: Nymans.

Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch tamarack

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Occasionally planted; has slight or no forest value in Britain.
86 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Ardchullary, Bedgebury, Colesborne, Dropmore, Hargham, Nymans,

Tubney.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen.

Finland: Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Metz, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture), Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Grafrath, Heidelberg, Sophienhof, WendlischWilmersdorf.

Norway.

Poland: Königsberg.

Russia: Bryansk region, Moscow.

Larix lyallii Pari. subalpine larch

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Needs a colder climate than that of Britain. Dawyck, Nymans.

Larix occidentalis Nutt. western larch

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Cedrogne, Gedinne, St. Michel, Tervueren.

British Isles: Inferior to common larch; no silvicultural value. Ardchullary,

Bayfordbury, Bedgebury, Brocklesby Park, Glendye Woods, Gordon

Castle, Kew, Novar Estate, Tubney.

Denmark: Egelund.

Finland: Helsingfors, Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Champeaux, Pézanin, Vilmorin.

Germany: Altona, Weinheim.

Russia: Bryansk region, Moscow.

Sweden.

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder Labradortea

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Vilmorin.

Germany: Heidelberg.

Leiophyllum buxifolium (Bergius) Ell. box sandmyrtle

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Vilmorin.

Leucothoë axillaris (Lam.) D. Don coast lencothoë

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Geneste City Park, Pézanin.

Leucothoë edîtorum Fern. & Schub. drooping leucothoë

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Leucothoë populifolîa (Lam.) Dipp. Florida leucothoë

France: Geneste City Park.

Leucothoë racemosa (L.) A. Gray sweetbells leucothoë

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Libocedrus decurrens Torr. incense-cedar

Australia: Australian Capital Territory.

Austria: Altmünster.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 87

Belgium: Calmpthout, Gedinne, St. Michel, Tervueren, Three Kings Park,

Waremme.

British Isles: Bagley Wood, Bedgebury, Bicton, Brahan, Colesborne,

Dropmore, Eastnor Castle, Frogmore, Fulmodestone Wood, Heckfield

Place, Hope Toun, Monk Hopton, Murthly, Silia, Tubney.

Denmark: Aalholm, Hasede, Knuthenborg, Langesoe, Ravnholt.

France: Barres, Brest Marine Gardens, Champeaux, Champenoux, Fosse,

Fremont, Geneste City Park, Harcourt, Maulévrie, Montpellier, Mt!

Aigoual, Nantes, Nice, Prafrance, Rennes, Sénéclauze Estate, Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Badenweiler, Cannstatt,

Cleve, Cologne Botanic Garden, Cronberg, Darmstadt Botanic Garden,

Eisenach, Erlangen, Gadow, Hiedelberg City Forest, Hohenheim, Hohen^

Neindorf, Kalkhorst, Karlsruhe, Lehrte, Lindau, Lousberg Villa, Mainau

Island, Münster, Pillnitz, Potsdam, Prussia, Ralswiek, Riddagshausen,

Schwerin, Tharandt, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wiesbaden,

Wörlitz.

Italy: Isola Madre, Rovelli nurseries (both in Lac Majeur region).

Japan: Asakawa.

Netherlands: Arnhem, Schovenhorst.

New Zealand: Wellington (fine old trees).

Poland: Oliva.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Russia: Ukraine.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Switzerland: Constance, Zurich.

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume common spicebush

France: Maulévrie, Strasbourg, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Münster, Potsdam, Scharfenberg.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben.

Liquidambar styraciflua L. sweetgum

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Court-Saint-Etienne, Laeken (Royal Park), St. Michel, SeptFontaines, Tervueren, Vogelsanck Park, Waremme, Zangerey.

British Isles: Favorite ornamental, useless in forestry; scarce in England.

Bedgebury, Fota, Nymans, Syon.

Denmark: Hardenberg.

France: Baleine, Barbier nurseries, Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Caen, Catros,

Côtes, Geneste City Park, Harcourt, Limoges, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agricultiu-e), Mt. Aigoual, Nimes, Nouan, Prafrance, Rennes, Trianon (Ecole

d'Horticulture), Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Cologne City Forest, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Frankfurt a. Main, Karlsruhe, Ludwigslust, Münster, Nürnberg, Potsdam,

Riddagshausen, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wörlitz.

Italy: Isola Madre (region of Lac Majeur), Naples, Palermo.

Japan: Asakawa.

Netherlands: Amhem, Vogelzanck.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Glogau, Königsberg.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Ukraine.

South Africa: Locations unknown; few ornamentals and arboretum plots.

Spain.

Switzerland: Marienberg, Zurich.
88 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Liriodendron tulipifera L. yellow-poplar (tuliptree)

Austria: Linz.

Belgium: Beernem (roadside tree), Bloemendael, Laeken (Royal Park),

Lovenjoul, Luxembourg Park, St. Michel, Sept-Fontaines, Vogelsanck

Park, Waremme, Zangerey.

British Isles: Ornamental; attains large size; not grown as forest tree. Bedgebury, Cluny, Killerton, London, Longleat, Margam, Nymans, Powderham,

Syon, Tubney, Westonbirt.

Denmark: Aalholm, Brahetrolleborg, Häsede, Holstenhuus, Langesoe.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Bordeaux, Brest Marine Gardens, Caen,

Colmar City Park, Fremont, Geneste, Harcourt, Limoges, Metz, Montpellier, Morlaix, Nantes, Nimes, Porzantrez, Quimper, Rennes, Versailles

(Petit Trianon), Villa Thuret, Vilmorin.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Bamberg, Braunfels, Buddenhagen, Cleve, Cologne City Garden, Cronberg, Eisenach, Frankfurt a.

Oder, Freiburg Botanic Garden, Fürstlich Drehna, Gadow, Grafrath,

Harbke Park, Harzburg, Heidelberg City Forest, Hohenheim, Kaartz,

Kalkhorst, Karlsruhe, Kromlau, Lehrte, Lindau, Lousberg Villa, Magdeburg, Mettlach, Münster, Muskau, Nürnberg, Pforten, Potsdam, Putbus,

Ralswiek, Riddagshausen, Schwerin, Seebach, Sophienhof, Trier, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wiesbaden, Wörlitz.

Italy: Villa Troubetzkoy (region of Lac Majeur).

Japan: Asakawa.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Arnhem, Het Loo, Landfort, Vogelzanck.

Poland: Beuthen, Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Königsberg, Oliva.

Portugal: Bussaco, Porto.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Ukraine.

South Africa: Location unknown; some specimen trees have grown well.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Switzerland: Constance, Marienberg, Zurich.

Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. tanoak

British Isles: Unknown except at Kew.

Lonicera dioica L. limber honeysuckle

France: Barres.

Lonicera flava Sims. yellow honeysuckle

France: Vilmorin.

Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks bearberry honeysuckle

France: Pézanin.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Lonicera proliféra (Kirchn.) Rehd. grape honeysuckle

France: Pézanin.

Lonicera sempervirens L. trumpet honeysuckle

British Isles: Nymans.

Germany: Heidelberg.

Romania: Hatarmajor.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 89

Lonicera utahensis S. Wats. Utah honeysuckle

Germany: Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Lupinus arboreus Sims tree lupine

France: Vilmorin.

Lycium pallidum Miers pale wolfberry

British Isles: Nymans.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. he-huckleberry (maleberry)

France: Barres.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Lyonia mariana (L.) D. Don staggerbush lyonia (staggerbush)

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Madura pomífera (Raf.) Schneid. Osage-orange

British Isles: Nymans, Tubney.

France: Barres, Cherbourg (several parks), Maulévrie, Montpellier (Ecole

d'Agriculture), Mt. Aigoual, Nantes, Nimes, Pézanin, Prafranee, Rennes,

Vilmorin.

Germany: Karlsruhe, Mainau Island, Ralswiek, Tübingen.

Italv.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Portugal: Forest of Choupat.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Ukraine.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Magnolia acuminata L. cucumbertree

Belgium: Beernem, Héverlé, Sept-Fontaines.

British Isles: Southern England and Ireland. Colesborne, Margam, Nymans, Tubney.

Denmark: Aalholm, Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Gisselfeld, Häsede,

Knuthenborg.

Finland: Mustila.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Catros, Champeaux, Fosse, Geneste

City Park, Harcourt, Metz, Morlaix, Nantes, Prafranee, Sénéclauze Estate,

Vilmorin.

Germany: Altendöbern, Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Braunfels, Cologne

City Garden, Dammerutz, Destedt Park, Eisenach, Frankfurt a. Oder,

Giessen, Grambow, Harbke Park, Hohen-Niendorf, Karlsruhe, Lehrte,

Lindau, Magdeburg, Mettlach, Muskau, Nürnberg, Pforten, Potsdam,

Putbus, Rosenstein Park, Schloss Dyck, Schwerin, Sophienhof, Wilhelma,

Wörlitz.

Netherlands: Het Loo.

Poland: Glogau, Gosda, Königsberg, Oliva.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Sweden: Alnarp, Lund.

Switzerland: Marienberg, Zurich.
90 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Magnolia acuminata var. cordata fMichx.) Sarg. yellow cncumbertree

France: Fosse, Harcourt, Strasbourg.

Germany: Ausgburg.

Netherlands: Wageningen,

Portugal: Montserrate.

Magnolia fraseri Walt. Fraser magnolia

British Isles: Very uncommon in England. Cardiff, Nymans.

France: Barres, Fosse.

Germany: Karlsruhe.

Magnolia grandiflora L. southern magnolia

Argentina.

British Isles: Briton Ferry, Powderham.

Denmark: Knuthenborg.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Bordeaux, Brest Marine Gardens, Catres,

Cherbourg (several parks), Fosse, Geneste City Park, Limoges, Maulévrie,

Montpellier, Nantes Botanic Garden, Nice, Nimes, Prafrance.

Germany: Cronberg, Heidelberg, Mainau Island.

Italy: Region of Lac Majeur.

Portugal: Porto.

Spain.

Magnolia macrophylla Michx. bigleaf magnolia

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Fosse, Fremont, Harcourt, Prafrance, Trianon (Ecole

d'Horticulture), Versailles (Petit Trianon).

Germany: Baden-Baden, Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Portugal: Bussaco, Montserrate, Porto.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Magnolia tripétala L. umbrella magnolia

Belgium: Beernem.

British Isles: Claremont, Nymans.

France: Barres, Geneste City Park, Harcourt, Prafrance, Trianon (Ecole

d'Horticulture).

Germany: Baden-Baden, Braunfels, Destedt Park, Dorenthe, Giessen,

Karlsruhe, Lindau, Ludwigslust, Trier.

Netherlands: Landfort, Wageningen.

Poland: Glogau, Gosda, Oliva.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Magnolia virginiana L. sweetbay

British Isles: Rare, except in botanic gardens. Nymans.

France: Catros, Fosse, Geneste City Park, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture),

Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Cleve, Nürnberg, Wörlitz.

Italy: Villa Barbo (region of Lac Majeur).

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben.

Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. Oregon-grape

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Weinheim.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 91

Italy.

Norway.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Mahonia aquifolium var. juglandifolla Jouin

France: Barres.

Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Mahonia pinnata (Lag.) Fedde

Germany: Heidelberg.

Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don

France: Barres.

Germany: Weinheim.

Mahonia Xwagneri (Jouin) Rehd.

France: Banes.

Malus coronaria (L.) Mill.

France: Barres.

Malus diversifolia (Bong.) Roem.

France: Barres.

Menispermum canadense L.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Münster.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Menziesîa pilosa (Mîchx.) Juss.

British Isles: Nymans.

Moms rubra L.

France: Versailles (Petit Trianon)

Germany: Augsburg.

Poland: Königsberg.

Russia: Ukraine.

Myrica californica Cham.

France: Maulévrie.

Myrica cerifera L.

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: New Forest, Nymans.

France: Mt. Aigoual, Vilmorin.

Germany: Muskau.

Poland: Gleiwitz, Königsberg.

Portugal: Lisbon.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

purple Oregon-grape

Fremont mahonia

Cascades mahonia

cluster mahonia

creeping mahonia

Wagner mahonia

sweet crab apple

Oregon crab apple

common moonseed

Allegany menziesia (^'skunkbush")

red mulberry

Pacific bayberry

southern bayberry
92 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Myrica gale L. sweetgale

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: Nymans.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Mt. Aigoual.

Latvia: Riga.

Poland: Königsberg.

Myrica pensylvanica LoiseL northern bayberry

Austria: Vienna.

France: Barres.

Neviusia alabamensis A. Gray snowwreath

British Isles: Nymans.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Netherlands: Wageningen,

Nyssa aquatica L. water túpelo

British Isles: Scarcely known in England.

France: Fosse, Harcourt, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture).

Germany: Destedt Park, Münster.

Ryukyu Islands.

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. black túpelo; blackgum

Belgium: Brasschaet.

British Isles: Scarce in England. Bicton, Nymans, Stratfield Saye.

France: Barres, Geneste City Park.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Grafrath, Hamburg Botanic Garden,

Heidelberg City Forest, Weinheim.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora (Walt.) Sarg. swamp tnpelo; blackgum

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Stratfield Saye.

Oplopanax horridus (Smith) Miq. American devilsclub

Finland: Mustila.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Opuntia imbricata (Haw.) DC. walkingstick chlola

British Isles: Nymans.

Osmaronia cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray) Greene osoberry

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Maulévrie, Vilmorin.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden, Nürnberg.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch eastern hophornbeam

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Rare, but grows well. Colesborne, Tortworth, Tubney.

France: Barres, Strasbourg.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 93

Germany: Cannstatt, Lousberg Vüla, Muskau, Riddagshausen, ScharfenRomania: Hatarmajor.

Pachistima canbyi A. Gray

British Isles: Nymans.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Parkinsonia aculeata L.

Cyprus: A few healthy plants. Locations unknown.

Jerusalem-thorn

thicket creeper

Virginia creeper

India: Locations unknown; cultivated, becoming naturalized in dry regionsoften used for hedges. '

Palestine: Locations unknown; planted experimentally under arid conditionspromising. '

South Africa: Locations unknown; grown as ornamental; thriving.

Parthenocissus inserta (Kerner) Fritsch

France: Barres.

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Penstemon heterophyllus Lindl.

British Isles: Nymans.

Peraphyllum ramosissimum Nutt.

British Isles: Nymans.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Philadelphus californicus Benth.

France: Barres.

Philadelphus floridus Beadle Beadle mockorange

France: Barres.

Philadelphus gordonlanus Lindl. Gordon mockorange

France: Barres.

Philadelphus gordonlanus var. columbianus (Koehne) Rehd.

Columbia River mockorange

France: Barres.

Philadelphus grandiflorus Willd.

France: Barres.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Philadelphus hirsutus Nutt.

British Isles: Nymans.

Russia: Bryansk region.

383008—56 7

beard tongue

squaw apple

California mockorange

big scentless mockorange

hairy mockorange
94 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Philadelphus inodorus L.

France: Barres.

Poland: Gleiwitz,

Russia: Bryansk region.

Philadelphus laxus Schrad.

France: Barres.

Philadelphus lewisii Pursh

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Philadelphus microphyllus A. Gray

France: Barres.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Philadelphus pubescens Loisel.

France: Barres.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Philadelphus pubescens var. intectus (Beadle) A. H. Moore

France: Barres.

Physocarpus bracteatus (Rydb.) Rehd.

France: Barres.

Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze

Russia: Bryansk region.

Physocarpus intermedlus (Rydb.) Schneid, var. parTifolius Rehd.

scentless mockorange

drooping mockorange

Lewis mockorange

littleleaf mockorange

hoary mockorange

twinpod ninebark

Pacific ninebark

dwarf niinois ninebark

mallow ninebark

mountain ninebark

common ninebark

France: Barres.

Physocarpus malvaceus (Greene) Kuntze

France: Barres.

Physocarpus monogynus (Torr.) Coult.

France: Barres.

Poland: Königsberg.

Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.

British Isles: Cluny, Nymans.

France: Barres.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Picea breweriana S. Wats.

Belgium.

British Isles: Bedgebury, Dawyck, Kew, Stanage Park.

France: Barres, Fosse.

Germany: Dörenthe, Tannenhöft, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Picea englemannii Parry Engelmann spruce

Austria: 2 areas (1,300 trees, locations unknown) planted in state and communal forests.

Belgium: Bloemendael, Cedrogne, Gedinne, Sept-Fontaines, Tervueren.

British Isles: Cultivated as ornamental; no importance for forest purposes;

inferior to common spruce in growth. Ardchullary, Bedgebury, Benmore,

Dawyck, Isle of Man, Murthly, Nymans, Tubney.

Brewer spruce
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 95

Denmark: Copenhagen, Gisselfeld.

Finland: Mustila, Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Harcourt, Maulévrie, Vilmorin.

Germany: Altendöbern, Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Barnstorf, Cronberg, Frankfurt a. Oder, Freienwalde a. Oder, Gadow, Heidelberg City

Forest, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf, Lousberg Villa, Nürnberg, PiUnitz

Prussia, Putbus, Riddagshausen, Schlemmin, Schleswig-Holstein, Schwerin^

Seebach, Sophienhof, Tharandt, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wernigerode, Wilhelma, Wörlitz Park.

Iceland.

Italy: Rovelli nurseries (region of Lac Majeur).

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Norway.

Poland: Allenstein, Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Sagan,

Portugal: Bussaco.

Russia: Bryansk region, Moscow.

Sweden: Alnarp, Jönköping.

Switzerland: Planted at high elevations for protection. Pontresina St.

Moritz.

Picea glauca (Moench) Voss white spruce

Australia: Canberra, Tasmania.

Austria: 4 areas (2,000 trees, locations unknown) planted in state and

communal forests.

Belgium: Cedrogne, Gedinne, Grand Bois, St. Michel, Three Kings Park,

Tervueren.

British Isles: Very hardy; in Scotland and northern England is used on cold

exposed sites at high elevations. Scattered throughout these countries

and Ireland as shelter tree. Bagley Wood, Bayfordbury, Bedgebury,

Benmore, Colesborne, Hope Toun, Isle of Man, Lovat, Nymans, Penrhyn,

Tubney.

Denmark: Used as a shelter tree. Aalholm, Copenhagen.

Finland: Mustila, Tammisto.

France: Barres (forest stands). Bois de Boulogne, Champeaux, Fremont,

Geneste City Park, Harcourt, Limoges, Mt. Aigoual, Nouan, Sénéclauze

Estate, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture), Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, IBaden-Baden, Bavaria (state forests), Berlin, Coesfelder Berg, Eisenach, Frankfurt a. Main, Frankfurt a. Oder, Fürstlich

Drehna, Gadow, Grafrath, Heidelberg City Forest, Hessen-Nassau, HohenNiendorf, Kromlau, Kattmannskamp (groups, mixtures), Lindau, Lousberg

Villa, Mainau Island, Pforten, Pillnitz, Ralswiek, Reinhardtsbrunn,

Riddagshausen, Schlemmin, Schleswig-Holstein, Schlosse Friedrichshof,

Schwerin, Seebach, Sophienhof, Tannenhöft, Tharandt, Weinheim,

Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wilhelma, Wörlitz Park.

Iceland.

Latvia: Riga.

Luxembourg.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Norway: Locations unknown; some in the north and others south of the

Dovrefjell.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Gosda, Königsberg, Prussia.
96 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Portugal: Bussaco.

Russia: Bryansk region, Moscow.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Switzerland: Lucerne, St. Moritz, Wabern, Zurich.

Picea glauca var. albertiana (S. Brown) Sarg. western white sprnce

Belgium: Gedinne, Nassogne.

British Isles: Bedgebury, Hope Toun, Murthly, Tubney.

France: Barres, Champeaux.

Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. black spruce

Belgium: Gedinne, Grand Bois, Hertogenwald, Laeken, St. Michel,

Tervueren.

British Isles: Very hardy but slow growing; not planted on a large scale.

Bagley Wood, Beaufort Castle, Benmore, Cardiff, Cluny, Hope Toun,

Nymans, Penrhyn, Tubney.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen.

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Geneste City Park, Harcourt, Maulévrie,

Nimes, Rennes Botanic Garden, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture), Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Barnstorf, Bavaria, Buddenhagen, Eisenach, Falkenstein, Gadow, Grevenbroich, Heidelberg City Forest, Hohenheim, Lousberg

Villa, Magdeburg, Muskau, Pforten, Pillnitz, Riddagshausen, Schlemmin,

Schwerin, Sophienhof, Tannenhöft, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wernigerode,

Wörlitz Park.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst, Wageningen.

Norway.

Poland: Gleiwitz, Glogau, Sagan.

Russia: Moscow.

Spain: Madrid (trees largely same as at Paris).

Sweden: Alnarp.

Switzerland: Lucerne.

Picea pungens Engelm. blue spruce

Austria: Three areas (3,300 trees, locations unknown) planted in state and

communal forests.

Belgium: Brasschaet, Cedrogne, Gedinne, St. Michel, Sept-Fontaines,

Tervueren.

British Isles: Usually unsatisfactory; should be used in mountains. Bedgebury, Colesborne, Hope Toun, Murthly, Nymans, Tring, Tubney.

Denmark: Copenhagen, Gisselfeld, Hindsgavl, Solestedgaard.

Finland: Mustila, Pekola, Tammisto.

France : Barbier nurseries, Barres, Champeaux, Fremont, Harcourt, Limoges,

Maulévrie, MontpelUer (Ecole d'Agriculture), Mt. Aigoual, Nouan, Vilmorin.

Germany: 15 acres of test plots (locations unknown); also considerably

planted as ornamental; very hardy. Altendöbern, Altona, Augsburg,

Baden-Baden, Barnstorf, Bavaria (11,000 trees), Braunfels, Coesfelder

Berg (forest plantings), Cologne Botanic Garden, Cronberg, Dahlem,

Dammerutz, Eberswalde (group and mixed stands), Falkenstein, Frankfurt a. Oder, Freienwalde a. Oder, Gadow, Haag Park, Heidelberg,

Hohengehren Forstamt, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf, Kaartz, Karlsruhe,

Kattmannskamp (groups, mixtures), Kromlau, Lindau, Lousberg Villa,
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 97

Passau, Pforten, Pillnitz, Prussia, Ralswiek, Riddagshausen, Röttgen

Scharfenberg, Schlemmin, Schleswig-Holstein, Schlosse Friedrichshof'

Schwerin, Seebach, Sophienhof, Tannenhöft, Tharandt, Trier, Weimar'

Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wernigerode, Wilhelma. Wörlitz Park'

Estonia: Tartu.

Hungary: Godollo (best of spruce;.

Italy: Isola Madre, Villa Troubetzkoy (both in region of Lac Majeur).

Latvia: Riga.

Luxembourg,

Netherlands: Landfort, Schovenhorst.

Norway.

Poland: Allenstein, Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Königsberg,

Prussia.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region, Moscow.

Sweden: Jönköping.

Switzerland: Engadine, Lucerne, Wabern, Zurich.

Yugoslavia.

Picea rubens Sarg. red spruce

Austria: Altmünster.

Belgium: Gedinne, Grand Bois, Hertogenwald, St. Michel, Tervueren.

British Isles: Avondale, Bayfordbury, Bedgebury, New Forest, Stanage

Park.

Denmark: Fuglsang.

Finland: Mustila, Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barres (forest stands), Maulévrie, Nouan, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture).

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Schwerin, Tharandt.

Latvia: Riga.

Luxembourg.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Russia: Bryansk region, Moscow.

Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka spruce

Australia: Tasmania, Victoria (Ballarat Water Commission), Westbourne

Woods.

Austria: Vienna; also 34 areas (10,800 trees) planted in state and communal

forests.

Belgium: Ardennes, Beemem, Belle-Étoile, Cedrogne, Court-Saint-Etienne,

Gedinne, Grand Bois, Groenendael, Groenhove, Lovenjoul, Nassogne,

Raevels, St. Michel, Tervueren, Vogelsanck Park.

British Isles: Said to be the most important forest tree in Britain. More

than 20 million planted annually by the Forestry Commission in western

and northern forests. Ardchullary, Bagley Wood, Beaufort Castle, Beauly,

Bedgebury, Benmore, Bicton, Caimhill plantations, Cirencester, Cluny,

Colesborne, Curraghmore, Dawyck, Denbighshire, Dunach, Dunster,

Durris, Fulmodestone Wood, Glendye Woods, Isle of Man, Lake Vyrnwy,

Leighton Hall, Limerick, Moorburnhead plantation, Murthly, New Forest,

Nymans, Penrhyn, Philiphaugh, Powerscourt, Scone Estate, Somerset

Co. Lands, Stanage Park, Stourhead, Stratfield Saye, Tubney.

Denmark: Aalholm, Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Hasede, Langdal, Solestedgaard.

Finland: Mustila, Tammisto.
98 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

France: Amanee (forest stand), Barbier nurseries, Barres, Champeaux,

Champenoux, Côtes, Fremont, Harcourt, Jonchere, Limoges, Maulévrie,

Mt. Aigoual, Nouan, Sénéclauze Estate, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture),

Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Badenweiler, Barnstorf, Bavaria (state

forests), Buddenhagen, Coesfelder Berg (forest plantings), Cologne, Cronberg, Eberswalde, Eisenach, Erfurt Forest, Freienwalde a. Oder, Gadow,

Grafrath, Haag Park, Hambach, Harzburg, Heidelberg City Forest,

Hessen-Nassau, Hohengehren Forstamt, Hohen-Niendorf, Kattmannskamp, Lousberg Villa, Mettlach, Muskau, Prussia, Ralswiek, Riddagshausen, Schleswig-Hosltein, Schlosse Friedrichshof, Schwarzwald, Seebach,

Sophienhof, Tannenhöft, Teltow, Tharandt, Trier, Weinheim, WendischWilmersdorf, Wörlitz Park.

Iceland.

India: Kulu.

Luxembourg.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

New Zealand: Hanmer Springs.

Norway: Söfteland, south of Bergen.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Königsberg.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Yugoslavia.

Pieris ñoribunda (Pursh) Benth. & Hook. mountain pieris

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Germany: Altona.

Pinus albicaulis Engehn. whitebark pine

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Kew, Nymans.

Germany: Augsburg, Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Pinus aristata Engelm. bristlecone pine

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Nymans, Tubney.

Czechoslovakia: Bohemia.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Strasbourg.

Germany: Augsburg, Cronberg, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Grafrath,

Tannenhöft, Wörlitz Park.

Iceland.

Pinus attenuata Lemm. knobcone pine

British Isles: Hardy; grows fairly well on light loam; no silvicultural importance. Bagley Wood, Bedgebury, Bury Hill, Kew.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Pézanin, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture),

Vilmorin.

Germany: Wörlitz Park.

New Zealand.

Portugal: Bussaco.

South Africa: Under trial in arboreta (locations unknown); not promising.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 99

Pinus balfouriana Grev. & Balf. foxtail pine

British Isles: Edinburgh, Glasnevin, Kent, Tubney.

France: Catros, Maulévrie, Pézanin, Vilmorin.

Germany: Grevenbroich.

Pinus banksiana Lamb. j^^j^ plj^^

Australia: New South Wales (forests), Westbourne Woods.

Austria: Two areas (1,600 trees, locations unknown); planted in state and

communal forests.

British Isles: Hardy, slow-growing, not important forest tree; should be used

only in elevated or exposed places. Balmoral, Beaufort Castle, Bedgebury,

Hursley Park, Maiden Bradley Woods, Nymans, Tubney.

Belgium: Cedrogne, Court-Saint-Etienne, Gedinne, Raevels, St. Michel,

Three Kings Park, Tervueren, Wenduyne.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Sölestedgaard.

Finland: Mustila, Pekola.

France: Barres, Harcourt, Maulévrie, Mt. Aigoual, Vilmorin.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Bavaria (state forests—574,000

trees), Cologne Botanic Garden, Dörenthe, Eberswalde, Freienwalde a.

Oder, Gadow, Grafrath, Hambach, Hessen-Nassau, Hohen-Niendorf,

Kattmannskamp, Passau, Potsdam, Prussia, Scharfenberg, Schlemmin,

SchwarzwaJd, Sophienhof, Teltow, Tharandt, Weinheim, Wörhtz Park.

Hungary: GodoUo.

Japan: Asakawa.

Korea: Plantation made about 1930, 4J4 miles northwest of Suwan.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

New Zealand: Hanmer Springs, South Island (elevation 1,300-2,000 feet).

Norway.

Poland: Beuthen, Danzig, Glogau, Gosda, Oliva, Prussia.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Baltic Provinces, Bryansk region, Moscow, Ukraine.

South Africa: Under trial, locations unknown.

Yugoslavia.

Pinus cembroides Zuce. Mexican pinyon

British Isles: Few specimens in England. Kew, Nymans.

France: Fosse, Maulévrie, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agriculture).

Italy: Rovelli nm-series (region of Lac Majeur).

South Africa: Locations unknown; under trial in arboreta; growth satisfactory.

Pinns contorta Dougl. lodgepole pine

Austraha: New South Wales, Tasmania, Westbourne Woods.

Belgium: Gedinne, Grand Bois, Groenendael, Nassogne, Raevels, Tervueren,

Three Kings Park, Wenduyne.

British Isles: Being used for forest planting where the site is too bleak and

poor for other species. Also in Ireland, Bagley Wood, Balmoral, Bayfordbury, Beaufort Castle, Bedgebury, Bicton, Cluny, Dunach, Isle of Man,

Monk Hopton, Moorburnhead plantation, Westonbirt,

Czechoslovakia: Bohemia.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Hasede, Hindsgavl, Hiu-up, Sölestedgaard.
100 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Estonia: Tartu.

Finland: Mustila, Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Champeaux, Fosse, Harcourt, Maulévrie,

Nouan, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Bavaria (state forests, 64,000 trees),

Coesfelder Berg (forest plantings), Falkenstein, Gadow, Grafrath, Heidelberg, Hohen-Niendorf, Schleswig-Holstein, Teltow, Tharandt, WendischWilmersdorf, Wörlitz Park.

Hungary: Godollo.

Iceland.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

New Zealand: Erua State Forest, Hanmer Springs.

Norway: In north and also south of the Dovrefjell.

Poland: Glogau, Königsberg, Sagan.

Russia: Bryansk region, Moscow.

South Africa: Location unknown; tried mainly in arboreta; proved hardy but

slow growing and branchy.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Pinus coulteri D. Don Coulter pine

Algeria: Djebel Ouach.

Australia: Australian Capital Territory, Hobart, Victoria (Ballarat Water

Commission), Westbourne Woods.

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Grown only as ornamental. Fulmodestone Wood, Kew, Nymans, Stratfield Saye, Tubney.

France: Barres, Côtes, Fosse, Limoges, Maulévrie, Montpellier (Ecole

d'Agriculture), Nimes, Pézanin, Prafrance, Sénéclauze Estate, Strasbourg.

Germany: Cronberg, Dörenthe, Heidelberg.

Italy: Villa Barbo (region of Lac Majeur).

New Zealand: South Island. Grew very well.

South Africa: Location unknown; arboreta plots generally satisfactory after

10 years' trial.

Pinus echinata Mill. shortleaf pine

Australia: New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia.

British Isles: Very rare. Dropmore, Nymans.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Nouan, Pézanin, Sénéclauze Estate, Vilmorin.

India.

New Zealand: Waipona.

North Rhodesia.

Ryukyu Islands.

South Africa: Knysna.

Pinus edulis Engelm. pinyon

British Isles: Very rare. Kew, Nymans.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Champeaux, Harcourt, Pézanin, Strasbourg, Vilmorin.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Dörenthe, Grafrath.

Pinus elliottil Engelm. slash pine

Argentina: Province of Buenos Aires.

Australia: New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 101

British Isles: Bedgebury.

Mauritius.

New Zealand: Waipona.

North Rhodesia.

Nyasaland.

Ryukyu Islands.

South Africa: Knysna; shows promise in variety of locations.

Pinus flexiUs James ,¡^1^^^ p.^^

Australia: Westbourne Woods.

Belgium: Groenendael, Tervueren.

British Isles: Rare. Kew, Murthly, Nymans, Tubney.

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Fosse.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Dörenthe, Erlangen, Haag Park

Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Hungary :Godollo.

Lithuania.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Norway.

Switzerland: Lucerne.

Yugoslavia.

Pinus glabra Walt. spruce pine

Portugal: Bussaco.

Pinus jeffre3d Grev. & Balf. Jeffrey pine

Australia: Australian Capital Territory, Hobart (Tasmania), New South

Wales, Victoria (Ballarat Water Commission), Westbourne Woods.

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Ardennes, St. Michel, Three Kings Park, Tervueren.

British Isles: Bagley Wood, Balmoral, Cluny, Colesborne, Dawyck, Dropmore, Fulmodestone Wood, Hope Toun, Nymans, Powis Castle, Stratfield

Saye, Tubney.

Denmark: Aalholm, Fuglsang, Hindsgavl, Knuthenborg.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Côtes, Maulévrie, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agriculture), Mt. Aigoual, Sénéclauze Estate, Verrières.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Coesfelder Berg, Cronberg, Darmstadt Bot.

Garden, Falkenstein, Freienwalde a. Oder, Gadow, Heidelberg, Hohenheim, Lindau, Mainau Island, Pforten, Prussia, Scharfenberg, Sophienhof,

Tharandt, Villa Selve, Weinheim, Wernigerode.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Norway: Christiana.

Poland: Danzig, Glogau, Gosda, Königsberg, Oliva.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Leningrad [St. Petersburg].

South Africa.

Sweden: Stockholm.

Switzerland: Lucerne, Wabern.

Pinus lambertiana Dougl. sugar pine

Australia: New South Wales (shows healthy growth in south at 3,500 feet).

Belgium: St. Michel, Three Kings Park, Tervueren.
102 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

British Isles: Uncommon. Fruits only in southern England. Bayfordbury,

Dropmore, Eastnor Castle, Fulmodestone Wood, Hope Toun, Murthly,

Nymans, Tubney, Westonbirt.

France: Barres, Catros, Fosse, Harcourt, Maulévrie, Sénéclauze Estate.

Germany: Grafrath, Kalkhorst, Weinheim.

Italy: Rovelli nurseries (region of Lac Majeur).

Netherlands: Wageningen.

New Zealand: Rotorua.

Poland: Gosda.

Portugal: Bussaco.

South Africa: Location unknown; arboretum plot 10 years old shows promise,

but trees sufiFer from drought.

Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém. singleleaf pinyon

British Isles: Scarce. Mostly in botanic gardens.

France: Côtes, Harcourt, Maulévrie, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agriculture),

Pézanin, Villa Thuret, Vilmorin.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Pillnitz.

Italy: Florence, Isola Bella (region of Lac Majeur).

Pinus montícola Dougl. western white pine

Australia: New South Wales.

Belgium: Tervueren, Three Kings Park, Virton.

British Isles: Specimen trees are fairly common, but it is not successful as a

forest tree due to attacks by Cronariium ribicola. ArdchuUary, Bagley

Wood, Cluny, Corrour, Dawyck, Dropmore, Hope Toun, Murthly,

Stratfield Saye, Tubney.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Egelund.

Finland: Mustila, Pekola.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Fosse, Fremont, Geneste City Park, Harcourt,

Maulévrie, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Grafrath, SchleswigHolstein, Tharandt, Weinheim, Wilhelma, Wörlitz Park^

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Pinus muricata D. Don bishop pine

Australia: New South Wales, southern Australia (southeastern forests),

Westbourne Woods.

British Isles: Hardy but rare. Bayfordbury, Bedgebury, Eastnor Castle,

Leighton Buzzard, Nymans.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Fosse, Harcourt, Maulévrie, Pézanin, Vilmorin.

New Zealand: Fairly extensive plantings on both islands; much used for

shelter belts.

North Rhodesia.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

South Africa: Locations unknown; planted on moderate scale in various soils

and at different elevations; hardy to frost; suffers from drought.

Pinus palustris Mill. longleaf pine

Australia: East Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Westbourne Woods.

Better adapted to coastal conditions than any other species.

British Isles: Bagley Wood, Bedgebury, Kew, Murthly, Tubney.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Bordeaux, Geneste City Park, Maulévrie, Montpellier (Ecole

d'Agriculture).
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 103

Italy: Rovelli nurseries (region of Lac Majeur).

Japan: Asakawa.

New Zealand; Waipona.

North Rhodesia.

Ryukyu Islands.

South Africa: Frankenwald (Transvaal), Knysna (Midland Conservancy),

Zululand (plantations).

Pinus ponderosa Laws. Ponderosa pine

Australia: Canberra, Hobart (Tasmania), Melbourne, New South Wales»

Queensland, Victoria (Ballarat Water Commission), Westbourne WoodsAustria: Vienna.

Belgium: Cedrogne, Court-Saint-Etienne, Gedinne, Groenendael, Nassogne,

Raevels, Tervueren, Three Kings Park, Wenduyne.

British Isles: Grown in many parts of the country though not to any extent

as plantation tree; best in southern England. Bagley Wood, Bayfordbury,

Cluny, Dropmore, Eastnor Castle, Hope Toun, Murthly, Nymans, Stratfield Saye, Tubney.

Czechoslovakia.

Denmark: Fuglsang.

Finland: Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Champenoux, Côtes, Fosse, Harcourt, Martinvast, Maulévrie, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agriculture), Mt. Aigoual, Pézanin,

Rennes, Sénéclauze Estate, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture), Villa Thuret.

Germany: Aachen, Altona, Augsburg, Bavaria (state forests), Coesfelder

Berg (forest plantings), Cronberg, Dammerutz, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Erlangen, Freienwalde a. Oder, Gadow, Grafrath, Grevenbroich,

Haag Park, Hambach, Heidelberg City Forest, Hessen-Nassau, Hohenheim, Hohengehren Forstamt, Hohen-Niendorf, Kalkhorst, Magdeburg,

Passau, Pforten, Prussia, Riddagshausen, Schleswig-Holstein, Schlosse

Friedrichshof, Schwerin, Sophienhof, Tharandt, Weinheim, WendischWilmersdorf, Wernigerode, Wilhelma.

Hungary: GodoUo.

India: Raniket.

Italy: Apennine mountains, region of the lakes.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst, Wageningen.

New Zealand: Successful extensively on both islands; 94,000 acres estimated.

Canterbury, Erua State Forest, Hanmer Springs, South Island.

North Rhodesia.

Norway.

Poland: Glogau, Gosda, Königsberg, Oliva, Prussia.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Baltic Provinces.

South Africa.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica (Engelm.) Shaw Arizona pine

Australia: Australian Capital Territory.

India: Raniket.

North Rhodesia.

South Africa: North Transvaal (best variety).
104 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pinus pungens Lamb. Table-Mountain pine

British Isles: Bayfordbury, Nymans.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Côtes, Geneste City Park, Maulévrie,

Nouan.

Germany: Bavaria (11,000 in state forests).

Italy: Villa Troubetzkoy (region of Lac Majeur).

South Africa.

Pinus quadrilolia Pari. Parry pinyon

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Grignon, Mouillefert.

Pinus radiata D. Don Monterey pine

Planted extensively in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand where it produces remarkable timber crops on short rotations in spite of heavy losses inflicted

by Diplodia pinea.

Argentina: Buenos Aires (Province); other areas not stated.

Australia: Canberra, Fraser Island, New South Wales, Queensland, South

Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Westbourne Woods.

Belgium.

British Isles: Hardy rapid grower only in southwest England and along coast;

soldom used as plantation tree. Abundant in Ireland. Bayfordbury,

Bedgebury, Benmore, Bicton, Colesborne, Cufifnells, Curraghmore, Dropmore, Dunster, Heckfield Place, Longleab, New Forest, Nymans, Penrhyn,

Powerscourt, Tubney.

Chile: In south 49,000 acres; location unknown.

France: Barres, Brest Marine Gardens, Cherbourg (several parks), Côtes,

Keranflech, Martinvast, Maulévrie, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agriculture),

Morlaix, Prafranee. Villa Thuret, Vilmorin.

Germany: Dörenthe, Grafrath.

Italy: Apennine mountains, region of Lac Majeur.

Kenya: A few trees showing promise; location unknown.

Madeira Island (Africa) : Abundant; locations unknown.

New Zealand: Extensively planted at 1,500 to 2,500 feet; easily established,

rapid-growing; 500,000 acres estimated. Canterbury, Hanmer Springs,

South Island.

North Rhodesia.

Nyasaland: Unsuccessful.

Portugal: Bussaco, Coimbre.

Ryukyu Islands.

South Africa: Cape Colony, Frankenwald (Transvaal), Midland Conservancy (extensively planted).

South Rhodesia: Location unknown; grows best at 5,000 feet and higher

with adequate rainfall.

Spain: Guipúzcoa; also large plantations made—locations not stated.

Switzerland.

Uruguay: San Jorge.

Pinus resinosa Ait. red pine ('^Norway pine")

Australia: Victoria (8 acres).

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Occasional specimen tree ; not promising for plantation purposes.

Bayfordbury, Bedgebury, Dropmore, Kew.

Czechoslovakia.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 105

Denmark.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Pezanin, Vilmorin.

Germany: Wörlitz Park.

New Zealand: Promising; locations unknown.

Poland: Glogau.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Pinus rígida MiU, pitch pine

Australia: Westbourne Woods.

Austria: 3 areas (68,600 trees, locations unknown) planted in state and communal forests.

Belgium: Arendonck, Brasschaet, Cedrogne, Gedinne, Hertogenwald, St.

Michel.

British Isles: Hardy, but growth not good enough to use as forest tree.

Dropmore, Murthly, Nymans.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Häsede, Sölestedgaard.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Catros, Côtes, Geneste City Park, Harcourt, Keranflech, Maulévrie, Mt. Aigoual, Sénéclauze Estate.

Germany: Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Bavaria (state forests, 69,000 trees),

Coesfelder Berg (forest plantings), Cologne Botanic Garden, Cronberg,

Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Eberswalde, Erlangen, Freienwalde a. Oder,

Gadow, Grafrath, Heidelberg City Forest, Kattmannskamp, Kromlau,

Lousberg Villa, Muskau, Passau, Pforten, Prussia, Riddagshausen, Schlemmin, Schleswig-Holstein, Schwarzwald, Sophienhof, Weinheim, Wörlitz

Park.

Japan: Asakawa.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst, Wageningen.

Poland: Danzig, Glogau, Gosda.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Baltic provinces, Bryansk region, Ukraine.

South Africa: Small-scale trials, locations unknown; not drought hardy;

generally not worth growing.

Sweden: Alnarp, Stockholm.

Switzerland: Lucerne.

Pinus sabiniana Dougl. Digger pine

Australia: Hobart (Tasmania), Victoria, Westbourne Woods.

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Ardennes, Tervueren.

British Isles: Very rare; not hardy; adapted only to milder parts of Britain.

Ba3rfordbury, Nymans.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Fosse, Limoges, Montpellier (Ecole d'Agriculture), Nimes, Pézanin, Rennes, Sénéclauze Estate, Villa Thuret,

Vilmorin.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Dörenthe, Wörlitz.

India.

Italy: Region of Lac Majeur, in several places.

Russia: Soukhoum.

' South Africa: Location unknown; very hardy, fairly fast growing.

Pinus serótina Michx. pond pine

British Isles: Very rare, not well adapted to Britain. Bayfordbury, Nymans.
106 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pinus strobus L. eastern white pine

Australia: New South Wales, Victoria, Westbourne Woods.

Austria: 20 areas (16,400 trees locations unknown); planted in state and

communal forests.

Belgium: Antwerp (Campine), Ardennes Belle-Étoile (Soignes Forest),

Brasschaet, Cedrogne, Gedinne, Gooreynd, Grand Bois, Groenhove,

Hertogenwald, Héverlé, Louvain, Louvenjoul, Luxembourg Park, St.

Michel, Sept-Fontaines, Tervueren, Three Kings Park, Vogelsanck Park,

Zangerey.

British Isles: Hardy; little used for plantations because of blister rust; once

widely and successfully grown in Great Britain. Bagley Wood, Balmoral,

Bedgebury, Benmore, Colesborne, Dunach, Hope Toun, London, Longleat,

Maiden Bradley Wood, Murthly, New Forest, Novar Estate, Nymans,

Penrhyn, Tavistock Woods, Tring, Tubney, Windsor Forest.

Chile.

Czechoslovakia.

Denmark: Copenhagen, Häsede, Sölestedgaard.

Estonia: Tartu.

Finland: Mustila, Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barbier nurseries. Barres, Catros, Champeaux, Fremont, Geneste

City Park, Harcourt, Limoges, Maulévrie, Mt. Aigoual, Prafrance,

Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture), Versailles (Petit Trianon), Vilmorin.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Badenweiler, Bavaria (state

forests had 15 million), Braunfels, Buddenhagen, Cleve, Cronberg, Dammerutz, Eberswalde, Eisenach, Erfurt Forest, Erlangen, Falkenstein,

Frankfurt a. Oder, Fürstlich Drehna, Gadow, Gracht, Grafrath, Grambow, Harbke Park, Harzburg, Heidelberg City Forest, Hessen-Nassau

(Wilhelmshöhe), Hohengehren Forstamt, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf,

Kalkhorst, Karlsruhe, Kattmannskamp, Kromlau, Lehrte, Lindau,

Lousberg, Villa, Ludwigslust, Marienhof, Moselle, Münster, Muskau,

Nürnberg, Passau, Pforten, Pillnitz, Schleswig-Holstein, Schwarzwald,

Schwerin, Seebach, Sophienhof, Teltow, Tharandt, Trier, Tübingen,

Weimar, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wiesbaden, Wilhelma, Wörlitz

Park.

Hungary: GodoUo.

Italy: Apennine mountains. Isola Bella (region of Lac Majeur).

Japan: Asakawa, Tokyo University Forest.

Latvia: Riga.

Lithuania.

Netherlands: Arnhem, Landfort, Schovenhorst, Vogelzanck.

New Zealand: Erua State Forest, Hanmer Springs, North Island, Rotorua.

Norway: Christiana; other locations unknown.

Poland: Beuthen, Danzig, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Königsberg, Oliva, Prussia,

Sagan, Zielonka State Forests.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor, Neagratal.

Russia: Bryansk region, Cernymi Lesy Forest, Kostelec Forest, Mohkovsk

District, Moscow, Tambov-Ryazan Region, Ukraine.

South Africa.

Sweden: Stockholm.

Switzerland: Baden, Bremgartenwald, Fribourg, Langenthal, Lenzbourg,

Morat, Neuchatel Canton, Rütiwald, Vaud Canton, Witen, Zofingen.

Yugoslavia.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 107

Pinus taeda L. ,^1,,^,,^ ^.^^

Australia: Fraser Island, New South Wales, Queensland, South and Western

Australia, Westbourne Woods.

British Isles: Bayfordbury, Bedgebury.

France: Barres, Bordeaux, Geneste City Park, Rennes Botanic Garden

Vilmorin. '

Germany: Dörenthe, Riddagshausen.

India: Kulu.

Japan: Asakawa.

Mauritius: Location unknown; does well at 1,200 feet with adequate rainfall.

New Zealand: Waipona.

North Rhodesia.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Ryukyu Islands.

South Africa: Knysna, Zululand.

South Rhodesia: Locations unknown; grows best at 5,000 feet with adequate

rainfall.

Pinus torreyana Parry Torrey pine

Australia: Westbourne Woods.

British Isles: Bayfordbury, Kew, Nymans.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Pézanin, Vilmorin.

New Zealand: Christchurch, Rotorua.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Pinus virginiana Mill. Virginia pine

British Isles: Very scarce; has no commercial value in Britain. Bayfordbury,

Nymans, Tortworth.

France: Barres, Fremont, Geneste City Park, Maulévrie, Pézanin, Vilmorin.

Germany: Schlemmin.

Norway.

Poland: Königsberg.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Russia: Moscow.

Ryukyu Islands.

Planera aquatica Gmel. planertree

France: Barres.

Germany: Giessen, Karlsruhe.

Platanus occidentalis L. American sycamore

Belgium: Gooreynd, Héverlé, Nassogne, St. Michel, Tervueren, Waremme.

British Isles: Tender; no trees of any size; very rare in Europe. Cluny,

London (scarce and poor).

Denmark: Aalholm.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Metz, Pézanin.

Germany: Biebrich, Cologne, Destedt Park, Frankfurt a. Oder, Heidelberg

Kalkhorst, Lake Constance, Lindau, Mettlach, Potsdam, Prussia, Schwerin,

Weinheim, Wissen.

Italy: Apennine mountains.

Japan: Asakawa.

Poland: Olivia.
108 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Platanus wrightii S. Wats. Arizona sycamore

South Africa: Location unknown; growing well as a street and ornamental

tree.

Populus angustifolia James narroleaf cottonwood

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Kew.

France: Barres.

Populus balsamifera L. balsam poplar

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Widely grown in England as ornamental; useless for timber.

Bulgaria.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne.

Germany: Altona, Buddenhagen, Cannstatt, Cologne Botanic Garden,

Destedt Park, Scharfenberg, Schwerin.

Latvia: Riga.

Norway: Tröndelag County, location unknown.

Russia: Bryansk region, Ukraine.

South Africa: Still under trial in various zones; location unknown.

Populus Xcanadensis Moench Carolina poplar

Belgium: Tervueren.

Germany: Cologne, Erlangen, Gadow, Magdeburg, Prussia, Weinheim.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands.

Portugal: Cintra-Pena

Switzerland.

Populus deltoides Bartr. eastern cottonwood

Belgium: Abundantly distributed in this country. Court-Saint-Etienne,

Waremme.

British Isles: Widely planted. Bicton, London, Tubney.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Metz, Prafrance, Vilmorin.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Eisenach, Muskau, Prussia,

Weinheim.

India: Kulu.

Japan: Asakawa.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands.

Norway.

Romania: Hatarmajor (plantations).

South Africa.

South Rhodesia: Location unknown; grows best at 5,000 feet and higher.

Populus fremontii S. Wats. Fremont cottonwood

British Isles: Glasnevin, Kew.

Denmark: Copenhagen Botanic Garden.

Poland: Königsberg.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 109

Populus fremontU var. wislizenü S. Wats. Rio Grande cottonwood

France: Barres.

South Africa: Location unknown; hardy to frost; shows good growth even

on dry sites; planted mainly as street and ornamental tree.

Populus grandidentata Michx. bigtooth aspen

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Grayswood (England only)

France: Barres, St. Mandé (Ecole d'Arboriculture)

Populus tremuloides Michx. quaking aspen

Belgium: Tervueren.

France: Barres, Metz.

Germany: Muskau.

Poland: Königsberg.

Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray black cottonwood

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Grown since 1892 but only in arboreta and gardens; hardy,

fast growing. Dawyck, Edinburgh, Grayswood, Kew, London.

Denmark: Copenhagen Botanic Garden.

France: Barres, Cotros.

Germany: Römerpark, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Iceland.

Norway.

Poland: Gleiwitz, Königsberg.

South Africa: Location unknown; still under trial in various zones.

Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. mesquite

Cyprus: Locations unknown; introduced 1918; grows well in protected areas

in rich loam; drought resistant.

Nigeria: Promising; locations unknown.

Pakistan: Of great value in afforestation work; drought resistant. Baluchistan, Punjab, Sind.

Ryukyu Islands.

South Africa: Location unknown; hardy, grows well.

Prosopis pubescens Benth. screwbean mesquite

South Africa: Location unknown; grown in similar locations as P. juliflora

but on smaller scale.

Prunus americana Marsh. American plum

Germany: Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Chickasaw plum

France: Barres.

Prunus besseyi Bailey Bessey cherry

British Isles: East Mailing.

Germany: Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Prunus emarginata Dougl. bitter cherry

France: Barres.

38300&—56
lio AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt.) D. Dietr. hollyleaf cherry

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Prunus marítima Marsh. beach plum

France: Barres.

Prunus nígra Ait. Canada plum

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Prunus pensylvanica L. f. pin cherry

France: Barres.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Muskau.

Poland: Königsberg.

Prunus pumila L. sand cherry

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Scharfenberg.

Prunus serótina Ehrh. black cherry

Austria: 1 area (500 trees, location unknown) ; planted in state and communal

forests.

Belgium: Campine, Cedrogne, Gedinne, Gooreynd, Groenendael, Lanklaer,

St. Michel, Tervueren.

British Isles: Planted for forestry tests, Scotland and England. Tubney.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barbier nurseries. Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Caen, Catros, Champeaux, Champenoux, Geneste City Park, Harcourt, Limoges, Maulévrie,

Metz, Mt. Aigoual, Nice, Rennes, Sénéclauze Estate.

Germany: Altendöbern, Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Barnstorf, Bavaria

(state forests had 1,000), Braunfels, Buddenhagen, Cannstatt, Cologne

City Forest, Cronberg, Eberswalde, Frankfurt a. Main, Gadow, Grafrath,

Hambach, Harzburg, Heidelberg City Forest, Hohen-Niendorf, Kattmannskamp, Kromlau, Lousberg Villa, Magdeburg, Muskau, Nürnberg,

Passau, Potsdam, Prussia, Riddagshausen, Schleswig-Holstein, Seebach,

Sophienhof, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

, Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Vogelzanck.

Poland: Danzig, Gleiwitz, and western section.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Switzerland.

Prunus serótina var. alabamensis (Mohr) Little Alabama black cherry

France: Barres.

Prunus virginiana L. common chokecherry

Belgium: Capucins, Cedrogne, Court-Saint-Etienne, Raevels.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

Finland: Tammisto.

France: Barres, Metz, Vilmorin.

Germany: Cannstatt, Cologne, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Hohen-Niendorf,

Karlsruhe, Lousberg Villa, Magdeburg, Schwerin.

Latvia: Riga.

Norway: Tröndelag County, location unknown.

Russia: Bryansk region.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD HI

Prunus yirginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr. western chokecherry

Germany: Lousberg Villa.

Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr bigcone Douglas-fir

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Bayfordbury, Bedgebury.

France: Barres, Harcourt.

Germany: Grafrath, Tübingen.

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Douglas-fir

Australia: Not very promising; slow-growing, adversely affected by dry

winds and frosts; shows great promise on good sites on Mt. Lofty range.

Australian Capital Territory, Melbourne, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia.

Austria: Locations unknown; 89 areas (93,335 trees) planted in state and

communal forests.

Belgium: Antwerp (Campine), Ardennes, Assenois, Beernem, Belle-Étoile,

Bloemendael, Capucins, Cedrogne, Court-Saint-Etienne, Gedinne, Grand

Bois, Groenhove, Lanklaer, Louvenjoul, Luxembourg Park, Meerdael,

Nassogne, Raevels, St. Michel, Tervueren, Three Kings Park, Vogelsanck

Park.

British Isles: Extensively planted; the tallest tree of Britain is of this species;

thrives best on good sites with rainfall 28 to 80 inches. Ardchullary,

Bagley Wood, Balmoral, Bedgebury, Benmore, Bicton, Brahan, Cluny

Castle, Colesborne, Dalforgan, Dawyck, Denbighshire, Dropmore, Dunach, Dunster Estate, Durris, Fulmodestone Wood, Glendye Woods, Hatfield Estate, Heckñeld Place, Hope Toun, Hursley Park, Lake Vyrnwy,

London, Longleat, Maiden Bradley Woods, Moorburnhead plantation,

Murthly, New Forest, Novar Estate, Nymans, Penrhyn, Powerscourt,

Powis Castle, Somerset County Lands, Stanley, Stourhead, Stratñeld Saye,

Tortworth, Tring, Tubney.

Czechoslovakia: Forest plantings, pure and mLxed. Kysihybli Arboretum.

Denmark: Aalholm, Copenhagen, Fuglsang, Gisselfeld, Hindsgavl, Langdal,

Langesoe, Solestedgaard.

Estonia: Tartu.

Finland: Helsingfors, Tammisto.

France: Amanee, Barbier nurseries. Barres, Catros, Champeaux, Champenoux, Fremont, Geneste City Park, Harcourt, Keranflech, Limoges, Morlaix, Mt. Aigoual, Nouan, Rennes Botanic Garden, Sénéclauze Estate,

Strasbourg, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture), Versailles (Petit Trianon),

Vilmorin.

Germany: Altona, Baden-Baden, Badenweiler, Bamberg, Bavaria (1,000,000

in state forests), Buddenhagen, Cleve, Coesfelder Berg (forest plantings),

Cologne, Cronberg, Dahlem, Dörenthe Eberswalde, Erfurt Forest, Erlangen, Fürstlich Drehna, Gadow, Gracht, Grafrath, Haag Park, Hambach,

Hamburg, Harburg, Harzburg, Heidelberg City Forest, Hohengehren Forstamt, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf, Lehrte, Kaartz, Kalkhorst, Kattmannskamp, Kjomlau, Lindau, Lousberg Villa, Magdeburg, Marienhof,

Nürnberg, Passau, Pforten, Pillnitz, Potsdam, Prussia, Reinhardtsbrunn

Riddagshausen, Scharfenberg, Schlemmin, Schleswig-Holstein, Schwarz-,

wald, Schwerin, Seebach, Teltow, Tharandt, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wörlitz, Württemberg.
112 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Hawaii.

India: Kulu, Punjab.

Italy: Region of Lac Majeur—everywhere.

Japan: Asakawa.

Luxembourg.

Netherlands: Arnhera, Het Loo, Schovenhorst.

New Zealand: Estimated 64,000 acres; successful at 1,000-5,000 feet with

rainfall of 40 to 60 inches. Canterbury, Erua State Forest, Hanmer

Springs, South Island.

Norway: Söfteland, south of Bergen.

Poland: Allenstein, Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Sagan, Zielonka

State Forests.

Portugal: Bussaco, Cintra-Pena.

Russia: Bryansk region, Cernymi Lesy, Kostelec, Moscow.

South Africa: Locations unknown; some older plantations fairly promising;

not likely to become of commercial importance.

Sweden: Jönköping, Lund, Stockholm.

Switzerland: Bienne (Vaud Canton), Lucerne, Zurich.

Yugoslavia.

Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco

Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Gedinne, Tervueren.

British Isles: Bedgebury, Duns Castle, Kew.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen.

Finland: Helsingfors, Mustila, Pekola.

France: Barres, Caen, Harcourt, Maulévrie, Metz, Mt. Aigoual, Nouan,

Prafrance.

Germany: Augsburg, Frankfurt a. Oder, Grafrath, Seebach, Tharandt,

Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wiesbaden, Wörlitz Park.

Hungary: GodoUo.

Italy: Villa Barbo (region of Lac Majeur).

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region, Moscow.

Sweden.

Switzerland.

Ptelea baldwinii Torr. & Gray Baldwin hoptree

France: Barres.

Ptelea nitens Greene shiny hoptree

France: Barres.

Ptelea polyadenia Greene

France: Barres.

Ptelea trifoliata L. common hoptree

Belgium: Sept-Fontaines.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Cannstatt, Cologne, Destedt Park, Kalkhorst, Magdeburg, Seebach, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 113

Japan: Asakawa.

Latvia: Riga.

Poland: Beuthen, Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Königsberg.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. antelope bitterbrush

France: Barres.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Quercus agrifolia Née California live oak

British Isles: Kew.

France: Barres.

Quercus alba L. ^hite oak

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Lanklaer, Tervueren.

British Isles: Tortworth.

Denmark: Häsede.

France: Barres, Fosse, Maulévrie, Toulouse, Vilmorin.

Germany: Badenweiler, Coesfelder Berg, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Karlsruhe, Lousberg Villa, Muskau, Pforten, Rosenstein Park, Weinheim,

Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Poland: Beuthen.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Ukraine.

Quercus arkansana Sarg. Arkansas oak

France: Barres.

QuercusXbebbiana Schneid. Bebb oak

France: Barres.

Quercus bicolor Willd. swamp white oak

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Lanklaer, Tervueren.

British Isles: Coombe Wood, Kew, Syon House.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Fosse, Geneste City Park, Prafranee, Vilmorin*

Germany: Cologne Botanic Garden, Potsdam.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Ukraine.

Quercus coccínea Muenchh. scarlet oak

Belgium: Bloemendael, Gedinne, Lanklaer, Nassogne, Tervueren.

British Isles: Briton Ferry, New Forest, Nymans, Syon House, Tring.

Denmark: Copenhagen, Hardenberg.

Finland: Helsingfors, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Catros, Champeaux, Côtes, Geneste City Park, Harcourt,

Limoges, Maulévrie, Mt. Aigoual.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Buddenhagen, Cologne, Darmstadt Botanic

Garden, Destedt Park, Fürstlich Drehna, Gadow, Giessen, Grafrath,

Hamburg Botanic Garden, Heidelberg City Forest, Hohen-Niendorf,

Kromlau, Lörsfeld, Lousberg Villa, Ludwigslust, Magdeburg, Schwerin,

Sophienhof, Wienheim.

Italy: Appennine mountains, Villa Troubetzkoy (region of Lac Majeur).

Latvia: Riga.
114 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Netherlands.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Königsberg.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Sweden: Alnarp.

QuercusXdeamîî Trel. Deam oak

France: Barres.

Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn. blue oak

Belgium: Tervueren.

Quercus falcata Michx. southern red oak

British Isles: Kew, Nymans.

France: Barres, Geneste City Park, Prafrance, Vilmorin.

Germany: Muskau.

Italy: Villa Troubetzkoy (region of Lac Majeur).

Quercus gambelii Nutt. Gambel oak

France: Barres.

Quercus garryana Dougl. Oregon white oak

Belgium: Tervueren.

France: Côtes.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

QuercusXheterophy11a Michx. f. Bartram oak

British Isles: Kew

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Maulévrie, Verrières.

Germany: Tannenhöft.

Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. bear oak

British Isles: Kew, Tortworth, Westonbirt.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Côtes, Geneste City Park, Mt. Aigoual, Toulouse, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Muskau, Pforten.

Russia: Ukraine.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Quercus imbricaría Michx. shingle oak

Belgium: Lanklaer.

British Isles: Not common.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen.

France: Barbier nurseries. Barres, Fosse, Limoges, Maulévrie, Rennes,

Toulouse.

Germany: Augsburg, Barnstorf, Cronberg, Darmstadt Botanic Garden,

Eisenach, Fürstlich Drehna, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Kromlau, Lousberg Villa, Mainau Island, Nürnberg, Riddagshausen, Schwerin, Tannenhöft.

Italy: Villa Troubetzkoy (region of Lac Majeur).

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Glogau, Königsberg.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Ukraine.

Sweden: Alnarp.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 115

Quercus incana Bartr. bluejack oak

British Isles: Extremely rare. Kew.

Quercus Xjackiana Schneid. Jacks oak

France: Barres.

Quercus kelloggii Newb. California black oak

British Isles: Rare. Kew, Tortworth.

France: Barres.

Quercus laevis Walt. turkey oak

France: Geneste City Park.

Germany: Destedt Park,

Quercus laurifolia Michx. laurel oak

France: Barres, Geneste City Park, Maulévrie.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben.

Quercus X leana Nutt. Lea oak

British Isles: Kew.

France: Barres.

Quercus lobata Née California white oak

British Isles: Not successful. Kew.

France: Barres, Maulévrie.

Quercus lyrata Walt. overcup oak

British Isles: Kew.

France: Barres.

Germany: Destedt Park.

Russia: Ukraine.

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. bur oak

Austria: Vienna; also 2 areas (600 trees) planted in state and communal

forests.

Belgium: Gedinne, Lanklaer, Sept-Fontaines, Tervueren.

British Isles: Eastnor Castle, Fota, Kew.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Côtes, Maulévrie, Metz, Montpellier, Mt.

Aigoual, Schlumberger, Toulouse, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture),

Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Augsburg, Cologne City Garden, Destedt Park, Dörenthe,

Frankfurt a. Main, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Hohenheim, Lousberg

Villa, Muskau, Pillnitz, Schwerin, Tannenhöft, Wiesbaden.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Landfort.

Poland: Beuthen, Danzig, Freienhuben, Glogau, Königsberg.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region, Ukraine.

Spain: Madrid.

Yugoslavia.

Quercus marUandica Muenchh. blackjack oak

British Isles: Rare and short lived. Nymans.

France: Barres.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Magdeburg, Muskau, Tannenhöft.
116 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Quercus michauxii Nutt. swamp chestnut oak

France: Barres.

Germany: Tannenhöft.

Quercus nigra L. water oak

Belgium: Lanklaer.

British Isles: Not common. Kew, Nymans.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Geneste City Park, Limoges, Maulévrie.

Germany: Augsburg, Muskau, Lousberg Villa, Riddagshausen.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben.

Quercus palustris Muenchh. pin oak

AustraUa: Australian Capital Territory.

Austria: Locations unknown; planted in state and communal forests.

Belgium: Bloemendael, Campine, Cedrogne, Gedinne, Gooreynd, Hertogenwald, Lanklaer, Luxembourg Park, Nassogne, St. Michel, Tervueren,

Zangerey.

Brazil.

British Isles: Grows better in England than any American oak except

Q. rubra; occasional trees planted for ornament because of beautiful

foliage. Nymans, Syon House, Tortworth.

Nymans, Syon House, Tortworth.

Denmark: Hardenberg, Hásede, Holstenhuus.

Finland: Helsingfors, Tammisto.

France: Amanee, Beleine, Barbier nurseries. Barres, Bois de Boulogne,

Caen, Catros, Champeaux, Champenoux, Côtes, Fosse, Geneste City

Park, Harcourt, Limoges, Maulévrie, Metz, Nouan, Rennes Botanic

Garden, Sénéclauze Estate, Tarbes, Toulouse, Verrières, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Bavaria (15,000 in state forests), Buddenhagen, Cologne

Botanic Garden, Cleve, Cronberg, Dammerutz, Darmstadt Botanic

Garden, Dilborn, Erlangen, Falkenstein, Fürstlich Drehna, Gadow,

Grafrath, Grambow, Haag Park, Hohen-Niendorf, Karlsruhe, Kattmannskamp, Kromlau, Ludwigslust, Magdeburg, Maskau, Odelsheim Oberforst,

Reinhardtsbrunn, Riddagshausen, Scharfenberg, Schleswig-Holstein,

. Schwerin, Sophienhof, Teltow, Weinheim, Wörlitz.

Italy: Villa Troubetzkoy (region of Lac Majeur).

Japan: Asakawa.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Landfort, Vogelzanck.

Poland: Beuthen, Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Gosda, Königsberg.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Russia: Ukraine.

South Africa: Location unknown; thrives well in heavy soils.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Yugoslavia.

Quercus phellos L. willow oak

Belgium: Brasschaet, Laeken, Lanklaer, Louvenjoul, Vogelsanck Park.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Baleine, Barbier nurseries, Barres, Caen, Catros, Champeaux, Côtes,

Geneste City Park, Maulévrie, Prafrance, Rennes, Toulouse, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Cleve, Cologne, Fürstlich Drehna, Hamburg Botanic

Garden, Heidelberg City Forest, Karlsruhe, Lousberg Villa, Magdeburg,

Muskau, Potsdam, Riddagshausen, Schleswig-Holstein, Teltow, Wörlitz.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 117

Netherlands: Vogelzanck.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz.

Quercus prinoides Willd. dwarf chinkapin oak

British Isles: Very rare. Kew, Tortworth.

Qnercns pnnus L. chestnut oak

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: Lanklaer, LfOuvain, Tervueren.

British Isles: Not successful. Kew.

Denmark: Sölestedgaard.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Catros, Champeaux,

Fosse, Maulévrie, Toulouse, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture).

Germany: Augsburg, Destedt Park, Dyck, Giessen, Hohenheim, Mettlach,

Muskau, Wöriitz.

Netherlands: Arnhem.

Poland: Königsberg.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Ukraine.

Quercus reticulata Humb. & Bonpl. netleaf oak

South Africa: Location unknown. Some good trees (from 1910) are growing.

Quercus rubra L. northern red oak

American red oak is the most widely and extensively planted deciduous exotic

in western Europe. Robinia pseudoacacia may be distributed as widely, but its

main timber stands are concentrated largely in Romania and Hungary.

Austria: Locations unknown; 45 areas (66,800 trees) planted in state and

communal forests.

Belgium: Beernem (avenue borders) Bloemendael, Brasschaet, Campine,

Gedinne, Gooreynd, Groenendael, Groenhove, Laeken, Lanklaer, Luxembourg Park, Meerdael, Raevels, St. Michel, Tervueren, Three Kings Park,

Vogelsanck, Waremme, Zangerey.

British Isles: Usually planted as ornamental but may have silvicultural

value on light soils. Beaufort Castle, Colesborne, Killerton, Tortworth,

Tubney.

Denmark: Aalholm, Häsede.

Estonia: Tartu.

Finland: Helsingfors, Mustila, Tammisto.

France: Amanee, Barbier nurseries, Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Catros,

Champeaux, Champenoux, Côtes, Fosse, Fremont, Geneste City Park,

Harcourt, Keranflech, Limoges, Maulévrie, Metz, Morlaix, Mt. Aigoual,

Nimes, Nouan, Rennes Botanic Garden, Schlumberger, Sénéclauze Estate,

Tarbes, Toulouse, Versailles (Petit Trianon) Villa Thuret.

Germany: Aachen, Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden (177 hectares in 1906),

Bamberg, Barnstorf, Bavaria (large plantings), Braunfels, Buddenhagen,

Cleve, Cologne City Forest, Dyck, Eberswalde, Elberbarg, Erlangen,

Falkenstein, Frankfurt a. Oder, Fürstlich Drehna, Gadow, Giessen, Gracht,

Grafrath, Haag Park, Hambach, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Harbke Park,

Heidelberg City Forest, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf, Kaartz, Karlsruhe,

Kattmannskamp, Kromlau, Lindau, Lousberg Villa, Ludwigslust, Magdeburg, Mettlach, Münster, Muskau, Nürnberg, Prussia (100 acres in

1900), Putbus, Ralswiek, Reinhardtsbrunn, Riddagshausen, Röttgen,

Scharfenberg, Schlemmin, Schleswig-Holstein, Schwerin, Sophienhof,

Teltow, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wöriitz.
118 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Italy: Apennine mountains, region of Lac Majeur.

Latvia: Riga.

Luxembourg.

Netherlands: Landfort.

Poland: Allenstein, Danzig, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Gosda, Königsberg, Prussia.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region, Ukraine.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Switzerland: Lenzburg, Lucerne, Zofingen, Zurich.

Yugoslavia.

Quercus shumardii Buckl. Shumard oak

British Isles: Kew.

Quercus shumardii var. texana (Buckl.) Ashe Texas oak

Germany: Tannenhöft.

Quercus stellata Wangenh. post oak

France: Barres, Maulévrie.

Germany: Muskau, Weinheim.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Quercus velutina Lam. black oak

Belgium: Gedinne, Sept-Fontaines, Tervueren, Zangerey.

British Isles: Not common. Grows well in south England. Killerton,

Syon House, Tortworth.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Côtes, Geneste City

Park, Maulévrie, Metz, Toulouse.

Germany: Augsburg, Badenweiler, Buddenhagen, Dyck, Gadow, HohenNiendorf, Kromlau, Muskau, Pforten, Ralswiek, Riddagshausen, Schleswig-Holstein, Sophienhof, Tannenhöft.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Glogau, Königsberg.

Russia: Ukraine.

Quercus virginiana Mill. live oak

Cuba.

France: Montpellier, Villa Thuret.

Spain.

Quercus wislizenii A. DC. interior live oak

British Isles: Kew.

Rhamnus californica Eschsch. California buckthorn

France: Mouillefert, Vilmorin.

Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Carolina buckthorn

British Isles: Nymans.

Denmark: Copenhagen Botanic Garden.

France: Barres.

Rhamnus crocea Nutt. hoUyleaf buckthorn

France: Barres.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 119

Rhamnus purshiana DC cascara buckthorn

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr. ñame azalea

British Isles: Nymans

Rhododendron canadense (L.) Torr. rhodora

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Vilmorin.

Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. Catawba rhododendron

Germany: Dyck, Heidelberg, Potsdam.

Latvia: Riga.

Rhododendron macrophyllum D. Don Pacific rhododendron

Germany: Weinheim.

Rhododendron maximum L. rosebay rhododendron

Germany: Heidelberg.

Italy.

Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr. pinxterbloom azalea

France: Barres.

Rhododendron occidentale (Torr. & Gray) A. Gray western azalea

British Isles: Nymans.

Rhododendron vaseyi A. Gray pinksheli azalea

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Rhododendron viscosum var. glaucum (Ait.) Torr. blueleaf swamp azalea

France: Barres.

Rhus aromática Ait. fragrant sumac

France: Barres.

Germany: Karlsruhe.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Rhus copallina L. shining sumac

France: Barres.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Rhus glabra L. smooth sumac

Belgium: Court-Saint-Etienne.

France: Barres.

Germany: Frankfurt a. Main, Grevenbroich, Lousberg Villa, Scharfenberg.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Baarn.

Rhus typhina L. staghorn sumac

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Dyck, Eisenach, Lousberg Villa, Seebach, Sophienhof, Trier.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Baarn.
120 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Poland: Beuthen, Sagan.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Ribes americanum Miller

Belgium.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Ribes aurenum Pursh

Belgium.

British Isles: Cluny, Nymans.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

France: Vilmorin.

Latvia: Riga.

Norway.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Switzerland.

American black currant

golden currant

Ribes bracteosum Dougl.

Poland: Königsberg.

Ribes coloradense Coville

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Ribes curvatum Small

France: Barres.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Ribes cynosbati L.

France: Barres.

Ribes divericatum Dougl.

France: Barres.

Ribes X fuscescens Jancz.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Ribes glandulosum Grauer

British Isles: Nymans.

Ribes glutinosum Benth. var. albidum (Paxt.) Jancz

France: Barres.

Ribes inebrians Lindl.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Ribes irriguum Dougl.

France: Barres.

Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.

British Isles: Nymans

Germany: Scharfenberg.

Ribes leptanthum A. Gray

France: Barres.

stink currant ("California black currant")

Colorado currant

Georgia currant

pasture gooseberry

straggly gooseberry

tawny currant

skunk currant

white nutmeg currant

squaw currant

Idaho gooseberry

prickly currant ("swamp currant")

trumpet gooseberry
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 121

Ribes lobbii A. Gray

British Isles: Nymans.

Ribes montigenum McClatchie

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Ribes nevadense Kellogg

France: Barres.

Ribes odoratum Wendl.

France: Barres.

Switzerland.

Ribes sanguineum Pursh

Belgium.

British Isles: Nymans.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands.

Norway.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Switzerland.

Ribes speciosum Pursh

British Isles: Nymans.

Ribes triste Pall.

Asia: Kamchatka.

Ribes viburnifolium A. Gray

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Robinia hispida L.

Belgium: Court-Saint-Etienne.

British Isles: Kew, London, Nymans.

France: Montpellier, Vilmorin.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Italy: Isola Madre (region of Lac Majeur), Sienna.

Robinia kelseyi Hutchins

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Lobb gooseberry ("gummy gooseberry")

winter currant

Sierra currant

clove currant

winter currant

fuchsia gooseberry

American red currant

Catalina currant

rose-acacia locust

Kelsey locust

Robinia neomexicana A. Gray New-Mexican locust

British Isles: Colesborne, Kew.

Denmark: Gisselfeld.

France: Barres, Maulévrie, Vilmorin.

Germany: Cannstatt, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Kalkhorst, Lousberg Villa.

Latvia: Riga.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Robinia pseudoacacia L. black locust

Argentina.

Austraha: Australian Capital Territory, South Australia, Victoria.
122 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Belgium: Bloemendael, Campine, Laeken, Louvain, Raevels, Tervueren,

Waremme.

British Isles: Frequently planted as ornamental in warmer parts of country.

Cirencester, London, New Forest, Nymans, Tubney.

Bulgaria.

China.

Cyprus: Locations unknown; planted on roadsides and mixed with other

trees in small plantations, up to 5,000 feet.

Czechoslovakia.

Denmark: Aalholm, Copenhagen, Gisselfeld, Ravnholt.

France: Barres, Colmar City Park, Fremont, Jardins des Plantes, Montpellier, Vilmorin.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Bavaria (state forests had 2,000), Braunfels,

Cannstatt, Cologne City Forest, Eisenach, Frankfurt a. Main, Frankfurt

a. Oder, Grafrath, Harbke Park, Heidelberg City Forest, Hohengehren

Forstamt, Kaartz, Kalkhorst, Karlsruhe, Magdeburg, Mainau Island,

Mettlach, Münster, Muskau, Pforten, Potsdam, Putbus, Riddagshausen,

Rosenstein Park, Teltow, Trier, Tübingen, Weimar, Weinheim, WendischWilmersdorf, Wiesbaden, Wissen.

Hungary: Had 70,000 hectares in 1899.

India: Punjab; grows well at 4,000-6,000 feet in Himalayas.

Italy: Apennine mountains, region of the Lakes.

Japan: Asakawa.

Korea: ''. . . is planted everywhere."

Latvia: Riga.

Netheriands: Het Loo.

Pakistan: Punjab, Quetta (Baluchistan).

Palestine : Locations unknown, grown in gardens, planted up to 2,000 feet.

Poland: Gleiwitz, Glogau, Königsberg, Sagan, Zielonka state forests.

Portugal: Lisbon.

Romania: Location unknown; plantation, 5,000-6,000 hectares.

Russia: Bryansk region, Caucasus, Ukraine.

Ryukyu Islands.

South Africa: Frankenwald (Transvaal); very hardy, useful for reclamation.

Spain: Madrid.

Switzeriand: Constance, Zurich.

Uruguay: San Jorge.

Yugoslavia: Serbia, Szabadke (center of planting district).

Robinia viscosa Vent. clammy locust

British Isles: Kew, Nymans.

France: Maulévrie, Montpellier, Nantes Botanic Garden, Vilmorin.

Rosa acicularis Lindl. prickly rose

Asia: Kamchatka.

Rosa blanda Ait. meadow rose

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Vilmorin.

Rosa californica Cham. & Schlecht. California rose

France: Barres.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 123

Rosa Carolina L.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Rosa foliolosa Nutt.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.

France: Barres.

Rosa nítida Willd.

British Isles: Nymans.

Rosa nutkana Presl.

France: Barres.

Rosa pisocarpa A. Gray

France: Barres.

Rosa setigera Michx.

France: Barres, Pézanin.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Rosa yirginiana Mill.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. fendleri (Crép.) Rydb.

France: Barres.

Rubus deliciosas Torr.

France: Vilmorin.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Rubus leucodermls Dougl.

France: St. Mandé (Ecole d'Arboriculture).

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Rubus odoratus L.

France: Mt. Aigoual.

Germany: Frankfurt a. Main, Hamburg Botanic

Latvia: Riga.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Rubus paryiflorus Nutt.

British Isles: Nymans.

Latvia: Riga.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Rubus spectabilis Pursh

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd.

Portugal: Lisbon.

Carolina rosa

leafy rose

baldhip rose

shining rose

Nootka rose

peafruit rose

prairie rose

Virginia rose

Fendler rose

boulder raspberry

whitebark raspberry

fragrant thimbleberry

Garden.

western thimbleberry

salmonberry

cabbage palmetto
124 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Salix argophylla Nutt.

France: Barres.

Salix candida Flügge

Germany: Lousberg Villa.

Salix discolor Mühl.

Germany: Lousberg Villa.

Salix eriocephala Michx.

France: Barres.

Salix interior Rowlee

France: Barres.

Salix lasiolepis Benth.

France: Barres.

Salix lucida Mühl.

Germany: Lousberg Villa.

Salix nigra Marsh

Germany: Lousberg Villa.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Salix planifolia Pursh.

Germany: Lousberg Villa.

Salix rígida Mühl.

Germany: Lousberg Villa.

Salix sericea Marsh.

France: Barres.

Sambucus cailicarpa Greene

France: St. Mandé (Ecole d'Arboriculture)

Sambucus canadensis L.

West Indies: Barbados.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Germany: Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Sapindus marginatus Willd.

British Isles: Nymans.

Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees

Belgium: Beernem, Héverlé, Tervueren, Three Kings Park

British Isles: Rare in England. Nymans.

silverleaf willow

sage willow

pussy willow

Missouri River willow

sandbar willow

arroyo willow

shining willow

black willow

planeleaf willow

heartleaf willow

silky willow

Pacific red elder

American elder

Florida soapberry

black greasewood

sassafras

France: Barres, Brest Marine Gardens, Caen, Catros, Geneste City Park,

Harcourt, Morlaix, Nantes Botanic Garden, Pézanin, Porzantrez, Rennes,

Versailles (Petit Trianon), Vilmorin.

Germany: Bonn Botanic Garden, Cleve, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Freiburg Botanic Garden, Giessen, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Heidelberg City

Forest, Karlsruhe, Scharfenberg.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 125

Italy: Isola Madre (region of Lac Majeur), Siena.

Japan: Asakawa.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Portugal: Porto.

Romania: Hatarmajor,

Sequoia gigantea (Lindl.) Decne. giant sequoia

Algeria: Djebel Ouach.

Australia: Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania,

Victoria (Ballarat Water Commission), Westbourne Woods.

Austria: Vienna.

Belgium: The best conditions are found in lower Belgium. Ardennes, Assenois, Belle-Etoile, Laeken, Luxembourg Park, Rhode-Sainte Genèse,

St. Michel, Sept-Fontaines, Tervueren.

British Isles: Much planted in Ireland, England, and Scotland as ornamentals

and in avenues; not used for plantations. Ashton, Bagley Wood, Bedgebury, Benmore, Brahan, Cluny, Colesborne, Dalforgan, Hope Toun, Long

Ashton, Murthly, New Forest, Nymans, Penrhyn, Powderham, Powerscourt, Somerset County Lands, Stratfield Saye, Swansea, Tring, Tubney.

Denmark: Aalholm, Fuglsang, Häsedd.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Brest Marine Gardens, Catros, Cherbourg,

Colmar, Fosse, Jonchere, Maulévrie, Metz, Morlaix, Mt Aigoual, Nantes

Botanic Gorden, Nimes, Prafrance, Rennes Botanic Garden, Sénéclauze

Estate, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture), Verrières, Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Alt-ona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Badenweiler, Braunfels,

Cannstatt, Cleve, Cologne, Cronberg, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Dörenthe,

Gracht, Grafrath, Haag Park, Harburg a. d. Elbe, Hohenheim, Kaartz,

Kalkhorst, Karlsruhe, Lehrte, Lindau, Magdeburg, Mainau Island, Passau,

Potsdam, Putbus, Reinhardtsbrunn, Riddagshausen, Sophienhof, Trier,

Weinheim, Wiesbaden

Italy: Florence, Villa Troubetzkoy (region of Lac Majeur).

Luxembourg.

Netherlands: Arnhem, Het Loo, Schovenhorst, Wageningen,

New Zealand: Canterbury.

Poland: Danzig, Sagan.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Ryukyu Islands.

South Africa: Location unknown; under trial on small scale; doing weD,

Sweden: Hardy in southwest.

Switzerland: Constance, Lucerne, Marienberg, Zurich.

Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. redwood

Algeria: DjebeCOuach.

Australia: Australian Capital Territory, Queensland, South Australia,

Victoria (Ballarat Water Commission), Westbourne Woods.

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Tender where not sheltered; 90-year-old grove in Montgomeryshire is the heaviest stand of timber in the island. Bagley Wood, Bedgebury, Benmore, Cluny, Colesborne, Cuffnells, Dalforgan, Dropmore,

Eastnor Castle, Fulmodestone Wood, Hatfield Estate, Inverary, Leighton

Hall, London, Longleat, Monk, Hopton, Montgomeryshire, Neath, New

Forest, Nymans, Penrhyn, Stratfield Saye, Stourhead, Tubney»

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Fuglsang.

883008^56 ^9
126 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Bordeaux, Fosse, Fremont, Geneste City

Park, Jonchere, Keranflech, Martinvast, Metz, Montpellier, Morlaix, Mt.

Aigoual, Nantes Botanic Garden, Nice, Nimes, Pézanin, Prafrance, Rennes,

Sénéclauze Estate, Tarbes, Verrières, Vilmorin.

Germany: Aachen, Cologne, Cronberg, Heidelberg, Mainau Island, Weinheim.

Hawaii.

Italy: Isola Madre (region of Lac Majeur).

Japan: Asakawa.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

New Zealand: Canterbury, Hanmer Springs, North Island.

Palestine: Jerusalem.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Ryukyu Islands.

South Africa: Location unknown; planted experimentally; small stands

doing well.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Shepherdia argéntea (Pursh) Nutt. silver buffaloberry

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, St Mandé (Ecole d'Arboriculture), Strasbourg, Villraorin.

Germany: Cronberg, Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Scharfenberg,. Weinheim.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Poland: Königsberg.

Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. russet buffaloberry

Austria: Vienna.

Germany: Aujisburg.

Sorbus americana Marsh. American monntain-ash

Belgium: Cedrogne.

British Isles: Tortworth.

Denmark: Copenhagen.

France: Barres, Maulévrie.

Germany: Frankfurt a. Main.

Norway.

Poland: Königsberg.

Sorbus X arnoldiana Rehd. Arnold mountain-ash

France: Barres.

Sorbus decora (Sarg.) Schneid. showy mountain-ash

France: Barres.

Sorbus scopulina Greene Greenes mountain-ash

France: Barres.

Germany: Weinheim,

Spiraea alba Du Roi narrowleaf meadowsweet spirea

France: Barres.

Spiraea corymbosa Raf.

British Isles: Cluny.

France: Barres.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 127

Spiraea douglasii Hook.

Austria: Vienna.

British Isles: Cluny, Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Latvia: Riga.

Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh.

France: Barres.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Spiraea menziesii Hook.

France: Barres.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Spiraea tomentosa L.

Austria: Vienna.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Staphylea trifolia L.

France: Barres.

Germany: Augsburg.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Königsberg.

Stewartia malacodendron L.

British Isles: Nymans.

Stewartia ovata (Cav.) Weatherby

British Isles: Nymans.

Styrax americana Lam.

France: Barres.

Symphoricarpos albas (L.) Blake

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Weinheim.

Latvia: Riga.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench

France: Barres.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Poland: Gleiwitz.

Symphoricarpos oreophilus A. Gray

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden

Symphoricarpos rotundifolius A. Gray

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden.

Douglas spirea

broadleaf meadowsweet spirea

Menzies spirea

hardback spirea

American bladdernut

Virginia stewartia

mountain stewartia

American snowbell

common snowberry

spreading snowberry

western snowberry

Coralberry; Indian-currant

mountain snowberry

roundleaf snowberry
128 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE

Symphorîcarpos utahensis Rydb. Utah snowberry

France: Barres.

Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. baldcypress

Australia: Melbourne, Queensland, Sydney.

Austria: Altmünster, Vienna.

Belgium: The best conditions are found in lower Belgium. Bloemendael,

Brasschaet, Louvain, Lovenjoul, Rhode-Sainte Genèse, St, Michel, SeptFontaiiics, Vogelsanck Park, Waremme, Zangerey.

British Isles: Thrives in midland and southern counties of England and Ire*

land. Bedgebury, Broadlands, Curraghmore, Dropmore, Exeter, Edinburgh, Hatfield, Heckfield Place, Hope Toun, Kew, London, Murthly,

New Forest, Nymans, Penrhyn, Reading, Salisbury, Swansea, Syon,

Tring, Windsor.

Chile.

Denmark: Aalholm, BrahetroUeborg, Gisselfeld, Hasede, Knuthenborg,

Ravnholt, Solestedgaard.

France: Barres, Bois de Boulogne, Bordeaux, Ca^n, Catros, Fontainebleau,

Fremont, Geneste City Park, Harcourt, Jonchere, Limoges, Montpellier,

Morlaix, Mt. Aigoual, Nantes Botanic Garden, Nimes, Prafrance, Rennes,

Strasbourg, Toulon, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture), Versailles (Petit

Trianon), Vilmorin. -

Germany: Altendobern, Altona, Augsburg, Cannstatt, Cleve, Cologne City

Forest, Cronberg, Dyck, Eisenach, Erlangen, Falkenstein, Frankfurt a.

Oder, Gadow, Harbke Park, Heidelberg, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf,

Karlsruhe, Lindau, Lousberg Villa, Magdeburg, Mainau Island, Mettlach,

Münster, Muskau, Nürnberg, Pforten, Potsdam, Putbus, Riddagshausen,

Scharfenberg, Schlosse Friedrichshof, Schwerin, Tübingen, Weimar,

Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Wiesbaden, Wörlitz.

India: Kulu.

Italy: Apennine mountains, Pisa.

Japan: Asakawa.

Netherlands: Het Loo, Landfort, Vogelzanck.

Norway: Location unknown; not hardy.

Poland: Beuthen, Danzig, Freienhuben, Glogau, Königsberg, Sagan.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Ukraine.

Ryukyu Islands.

South Africa: Few good trees in botanic gardens; plantation trials not

promising. Cape Town.

Spain: Madrid.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Switzerland: Lucerne, Marienberg, Zurich,

Yugoslavia.

Taxodium distichum var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet pondcypress

British Isles: Kew, North Wales.

Taxodium mucronatum Ten. Montezuma baldcypress

Belgium: Three Kings Park.

France: Barres.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 129

Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific yew

France: Barres.

Taxus canadensis Marsh. Canada yew

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Germany: Falkenstein, Scharfenberg, Schlenderhan.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben.

Thuja occidentaUs L. northern white-cedar

Austria: Altmûnster.

Belgium: Louvain, Sept-Fontaines, Tervueren.

British Isles: Auchendrane, Bedgebury, Cluny, Mumbles, Nymans, Tubney.

Cyprus: Location unknown; used only for hedges; successful.

Denmark: Aalholm, Fuglsang, Hardenberg, Knuthenborg, Solestedgaard.

Finland: Mustila, Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Martinvast, Maulévrie, Metz, Montpellier, Mt. Aigoual

Nimes, Prafrance, Vilmorin.

Germany : Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Bavaria (state forests had 11,000),

Biebrich, Braunfels, Buddenhagen, Cologne, Cronberg, Dahlem, Dilbom,

Eisenach, Erlangen, Falkenstein, Frankfurt a. Oder, Fürstlich Drehna,

Grafrath, Grambow, Harff, Heidelberg, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf,

Kattmannskamp, Kromlau, Lindau, Lousberg Villa, Mettlach, Münster,

Muskau, Nürnberg, Pillnitz, Ralswiek, Riddagshausen, Scharfenberg,

Schleswig-Holstein, Schlosse Friedrichshof, Seebach, Sophienhof, Tharandt, Trier, Tübingen, Weimar, Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf,

Wernigerode, Wörlitz Park.

Japan: Asakawa.

Latvia: Riga.

Luxembourg.

Netherlands: Arnhem, Het Loo, Schovenhorst.

Palestine: Location unknown; satisfactory as an ornamental.

Poland: Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Königsberg, Oliva,

Portugal: Cintra-Pena.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region, Moscow.

Sweden: Alnarp, Upsala.

Switzerland: Constance, Lucerne, Wabern.

Thuja plicata Donn western redcedar

Austria: Altmunster; also 9 areas (6,000 trees) planted in state and communal

forests.

Belgium: Ardennes, Beernem, Belle-Etoile, Bloemendael, Capucins, Gedinne,

Grand Bois, Groenhove, Louvain, Nassogne, Raevels, St. Michel, SeptFontaines, Tervueren, Three Kings Park, Vogelsanck Park, Waremme.

British Isles: Ardchullary, Bagley Wood, Bedgebury, Benmore, Bieten,

Brahan, Cirencester, Cluny, Colesbome, Denbighshire, Dunster, Fulmodestone Wood, Inverary, Keir, Lake Vyrnwy, Leighton Hall, Leonardslee, Murthly, New Forest, Novar Estate, Nymans, Penrhyn, Pontyclun,

Powerscourt, Stratfield Saye, Tubney,

Denmark: Aalholm, BrahetroUeborg, Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Fuglsang, Hasede, Hindsgavl, Holstenhuus, LangdaJ, Langesoe, Ravnholt,

Solestedgaard.

883008—66 ^10
130 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Finland: Mustila, Tanimisto.

France: Barres, Catros, Champeaux, Champenoux, Dijon, Fremont, Geneste

City Park, Harcourt, Keranflech, Limoges, Martinvast, Maulévrie, Metz,

Montpellier, Morlaix, Mt. Aigoual, Nimes, Prafrance, Rennes Botanic

Garden, Sénéclauze Estate, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture), Villa Thuret,

Vilmorin.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Barnstorf, Bavaria, Cologne, Darmstadt

Botanic Garden, Dilborn, Eberswalde, Erlangen, Frankfurt a. Main,

Freienwalde a. Oder, Gadow, Grafrath, Hambach, Harburg a. d. Elbe,

Harzburg, Heidelberg City Forest, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf, Kaartz,

Kalkhorst, Lindau, Lousberg Villa, Mainau Island, Münster, Muskau,

Potsdam, Prussia, Riddagshausen, Röttgen, Schlemmin, Schlosse Friedrichshof, Schwerin, Seebach, Sophienhof, Tharandt, Trier, Tübingen,

Weinheim, Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Worlitz Park.

India: Kulu.

Italy: Apennine mountains, Rovelli nurseries (region of Lac Majeur).

Latvia: Riga.

Netherlands: Arnhem, Het Loo, Schovenhorst.

New Zealand: Erua State Forest (1,800 acres), Hanmer Springs.

Norway: Söfteland, south of Bergen.

Poland: Allenstein, Danzig, Freienhuben, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Königsberg.

Portugal: Bussaco, Cintra-Pena.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Moscow, Ukraine.

South Africa.

Switzerland: Constance, Lucerne, Marienberg, Zurich.

Tilia americana L. American basswood

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Kew, Nymans, Tubney.

Finland: Tammisto.

France : Barbier nurseries. Barres, Champeaux, Geneste City Park, Harcourt,

Morlaix, Versailles (Petit Trianon).

Germany: Augsburg, Gadow, Muskau, Pforten, Ralswiek, Teltow, Tübingen,

Weinheim.

Italy: Location unknown; central part.

Latvia: Riga.

Poland: Beuthen, Glogau, Königsberg, Sagan.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Spain.

Tilia carolîniana Mill. Carolina basswood

Germany: Augsburg.

Tilia heterophylla Vent. white basswood

Belgium: Tervueren.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Morlaix.

Germany: Cannstatt, Ludwigslust, Mettlach, Putbus.

Netherlands: Het Loo.

Switzerland: Marienberg, Zurich.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 131

Torreya california Torr. California torreya

Belgium: Sept-Fontaines.

British Isles: Hardy; uncommon in Ireland and Great Britain. Nymans.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen.

France: Barbier nurseries, Barres, Côtes, Fremont, Maulévrie, Metz, Rennes,

Vilmorin.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Dörenthe, Heidelberg, Mainau

Island, Tannehöft, Wörlitz.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst.

Switzerland: Lucerne, Zurich.

Torreya taxifolia Am. Florida torreya

France: Brest Marine Gardens, Maulévrie, Metz.

Toxicodendron quercifolium(Michx.) Greene poisonoak

France: Metz, Vilmorin.

Germany: Karlsruhe, Lousberg Villa, Mainau Island, Potsdam, Seebach.

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze poisonivy

France: Barres.

Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze poison sumac

France: Barres.

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. eastern hemlock

Belgium: Belle-Etoile, Brasschaet, Gedinne, Gooreynd, St. Michel, Three

Kings Park Tervueren, Vogelsanck Park, Zangerey.

British Isles: Almost useless for forest purposes. Benmore, Bury St. Edmunds, Carton, Cluny, Curraghmore, Dalkeith, Dunkeld, Inverary,

Neath, Nymans, Penrhyn, Stratfield Saye, Tubney.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Häsede, Langesoe, Knuthenborg.

France: Barres, Catros, Fremont, Geneste City Park, Harcourt, Limoges,

Mt. Aigoual, Rennes, Seneclauze Estate, Trianon (Ecole d'Horticulture),

Vilmorin.

Finland: Tammisto.

Germany: Aachen, Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Barnstorf, Bavaria,

Braunfels, Buddenhagen, Cleve, Coesfelder Berg, Cologne, Cronberg,

Dammerutz, Dilborn, Dyck, Erfurt Forest, Erlangen, Falkenstein, Frankfurt a. Main, Gadow, Gracht, Grafrath, Harburg a. d. Elbe, Heidelberg

City Forest, Hohenheim, Hohen-Niendorf, Kaartz, Kalkhorst, Karlsruhe,

Kattmannskamp, Kromlau, Lindau, Lousberg, Villa, Ludwigslust,

Magdeburg, Mettlach, Münster, Muskau, Nürnberg, Pforten, Pillnitz,

Potsdam, Ralswiek, Reinhardtsbrunn, Riddagshausen, Schleswig-Holstein,

Schlosse Friedrichshof, Schwerin, Seebach, Sophienhof, Tannenhöft,

Tharandt, Trier, Weinheim, Wörlitz Park.

Italy: Region of the Lakes.

Japan: Asakawa.

Latvia: Riga.

Luxembourg.

Netherlands: Arnhem, Het Loo, Landfort, Schovenhorst, Vogelzanck.

Poland: Danzig, Frienhuben, Gleiwitz, Glogau, Königsberg, Oliva, Sagan,

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region, Moscow.
132 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sweden: Alnarp.

Switzerland: Lucerne.

Yugoslavia.

Tsuga caroHniana Engelm. Carolina hemlock

Belgium.

British Isles: Kew, Nymans.

France: Barres, Harcourt, Pézanin.

Germany: Augsburg, Tannenhöft, Wörlitz.

Netherlands: Schovenhorst, Wageningen.

Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. western hemlock

Belgium: Belle-Etoile, Brasschaet, Capucins, Grand Bois, Turnhout.

British Isles: Grows well in many parts; being increasingly planted in British

forests. Bagley Wood, Benmore, Brahan, Cardiff, Cluny, Dawyck, Dropmore, Dunach, Dunster, Durris, Fulmodestone Wood, London, Murthly,

Novar Estate, Nymans, Silia, Swansea, Tubney.

Denmark: Copenhagen, Hindsgavl, Langdal, Langesoe.

France: Barres.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden, Grafrath, Harburg a. d. Elbe, Heidelberg, Hohen-Niendorf, Mainau Island, Schwerin, Tübingen, Weinheim.

Iceland.

Netherlands: Arnhem, Schovenhorst.

New Zealand: Erua State Forest, Hanmer Springs, Rotorua.

Norway: Softeland, south of Bergen.

Poland: Glogau.

Switzerland: Lucerne.

Yugoslavia.

Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Can*. mountain hemlock

Belgium: Gedinne, Grand Bois, St. Michel, Tervueren, Vogelsanck Park.

British Isles: Ardchullary, Benmore, Cairnies, Dawyck, Eastnor Castle,

Heckfield Place, Murthly, Nymans, Stratfield Saye.

Denmark: Charlottenlund, Hasede.

Finland: Mustila, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Fosse, Fremont, Harcourt, Jonchere, Limoges, Martinvast,

Maulévrie, Montpellier, Mt. Aigoual, Nouan, Vilmorin.

Germany: Altona, Augsburg, Baden-Baden, Barnstorf, Coesfelder Berg,

Cronberg, Dahlem, Dilborn, Dörenthe, Eberswalde, Eisenach, Falkenstein,

Gadow, Grafrath, Heidelberg City Forest, Karlsruhe, Lousberg Villa,

Muskau, Pforten, Pillnitz, Prussia, Scharfenberg, Schleswig-Holstein,

Schlosse Friedrichshof, Schwerin, Sophienhof, Tannenhoft, WendischWilmersdorf, Wernigerode, Wörlitz Park.

Iceland.

Italy: Rovelli nurseries (region of Lac Majeur).

Netherlands: Het Loo, Schovenhorst.

Poland: Glogau, Königsberg, Oliva.

Sweden: Alnarp.

Switzerland: Zurich.

Ulmus alata Michx. winged elm

British Isles: Kew, Nymans.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 133

Ulmus americana L. American elm

Belgium: Lanklaer, Tervueren.

British Isles: Scattered in Ireland, England, and Scotland. Cirencester,

Colesborne, Nymans, Tortworth, Tubney.

Finland: Pekola, Tammisto.

France: Barres, Champeaux.

Germany: Augsburg, Biebrich, Destedt Park, Gadow, Giessen, Harbke Park,

Harzburg, Lousberg Villa, Muskau, Reinhardtsbrunn, Teltow, Weinheim,

Weindisch-Wilmersdorf.

Italy.

Netherlands.

Poland: Königsberg.

Portugal: Bussaco.

Romania.

South Africa: Location unknown; promising.

Spain.

Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. cedar elm

British Isles: Kew.

France: Barres.

Ulmus rubra Mühl. slippery elm

Belgium: Lanklaer, Tervueren.

British Isles: Kew.

France: Barres, Champeaux, Strasbourg.

Germany: Augsburg, Erlangen, Tübingen.

Poland: Königsberg.

Ulmus serótina Sarg. September elm

British Isles: Nymans.

Ulmus thomasii Sarg. rock elm

British Isles: Rare, unsuitable.

Germany: Darmstadt Botanic Garden,

Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. California-laurel

British Isles: Kew, Nymans.

France: Barres, Fosse.

Germany: Heidelberg.

Ungnadia speciosa Endl. Mexican-buckeye

British Isles: Nymans.

Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. lowbush blueberry

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. tree sparkleberry

British Isles: Nymans.

Vaccinium corymbosum L. highbush blueberry

France: Barres.
134 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Yaccinium hirsutum Buckl. hairy whortleberry

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cranberry

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Vilmorin.

Vaccinium ovatum Pursh box blueberry

British Isles: Nymans.

Vaccinium oxycoccos L. small cranberry

France: Vilmorin.

Vaccinium pallidum Ait. Blueridge blueberry

France: Barres.

Vaccinium stamineum L. common deerberry

British Isles: Nymans.

Viburnum acerifolium L. mapleleaf viburnum C'dockmackie")

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden.

Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. hobblebush viburnum

Austria: Vienna.

Viburnum cassinoides L. withered viburnum

Austria: Vienna.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Cologne Botanic Garden, Hamburg Botanic Garden, Lousberg

Villa.

Viburnum dentatum L. arrowwood viburnum

Germany: Cologne Botanic Garden, Lousberg Villa, Magdeburg.

Viburnum lentago L. nannyberry

France: Barres.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden, Lousberg Villa, Magdeburg.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Russia: Bryansk region.

Viburnum molle Michx. Kentucky viburnum

Germany: Lousberg Villa.

Viburnum nudum L. possumhaw viburnum

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

Germany: Muskau, Pforten.

Viburnum prunifolium L. blackhaw

France: Barres.

Germany: Nürnberg.

Viburnum pubescens Pursh downy viburnum

France: Barres.

Viburnum scabrellum Chapm.

France: Barres.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 135

Viburnum trilobum Marsh.

France: Barres.

Germany: Lousberg Villa.

Vitis acerifolia Raf.

France: Barres.

Vitis aestivalis Michx.

France: Barres.

Vitis argentifolia Munson

France: Barres.

Vitis arizonica Engelm.

France: Barres.

Germany: Wendisch-Wilmersdorf.

Vitis baileyana Munson

France: Barres.

Vitis candicans Engelm.

France: Barres.

Vitis champini Planch.

France: Barres.

Vitis doaniana Munson

France: Barres.

Vitis labrusca L.

France: Barres.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Vitis monticola Buckl.

France: Barres.

Vitis palmata Vahl

France: Barres.

Vitis riparia Michx.

France: Barres.

Vitis rupestris Scheele

France: Barres.

Vitis Tulpina L.

France: Barres.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Washingtonia filifera (Linden) H. Wendl.

France: Region of Nice.

Italy: Isola Madre (region of Lac Majeur).

Portugal: Bussaco.

Wistaria frutescens (L.) Poir.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Vilmorin.

American cranberrybush

Longs grape

summer grape

blueleaf grape

canyon grape

possum grape

mustang grape

Champin grape

Doan grape

fox grape

sweet mountain grape

cat grape

riverbank grape

sand grape

frost grape

California washingtonia

American wistaria
136 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres.

Romania: Hatarmajor.

Yucca filamentosa L.

France: Vilmorin.

Yucca glauca Nutt.

British Isles: Nymans.

Yucca gloriosa L.

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Region of Nice, Vilmorin.

Yucca recurvifolia Salisb.

British Isles: Nymans.

Zaiithoxylum americanum Mill.

France: Pézanin, Vilmorin.

Germany: Hamburg Botanic Garden, Nürnberg.

Netherlands: Wageningen.

Zenobia pulverulenta (Bartr.) Pollard

British Isles: Nymans.

France: Barres, Vilmorin.

yellowroot

Adams-needle yucca

small soapweed

moundlily yucca

curveleaf yucca

common prickly-ash

dusty Zenobia
LOCATIONS OF FOREIGN PLANTINGS

Specific locations of foreign plantings of North American trees are

given as accurately as possible. Usually the nearest railroad station

or village and the distance to the plantings are stated. Each planting

is numbered, this number serving as a cross-reference in the section

"The Diseases" (p. 3) to aid in locating the plantings where diseases

have occurred.

Algeria

1 Djebel Ouach.

Argentina

1 Buenos Aires (Province).

Asia

1 Kamchatka.

Australia

1 Canberra (Australian Capital

Territory).

2 Frazer Island.

3 Hobart (Tasmania).

4 Melbourne.

5 New South Wales.

6 Queensland.

7 Sydney.

8 Victoria (Ballarat Water Commission).

9 Westbourne Woods, near Canberra.

10 Wirrabara Forest, South Asutralia.

Austria

1 Altmünster, near Gmunden.

2 Linz.

3 Vienna.

Belgium

1 Antwerp.

2 Ardennes.

3 Arendonck.

4 Assenois, Belgian Luxembourg.

5 Beernem, west of Flanders.

6 Belle-Etoile (Soignes Forest).

7 Bloemendael, near Beernem.

8 Brasschaet, near Antwerp.

9 Calmpthout Arboretum, near Antwerp.

10 Campine, near Antwerp.

11 Capucins Forest, between Soignes

and Tervueren.

12 Cedrogne, near Bruges.

13 Court-St. Etienne,

14 Gedinne, communal forest—Namur

Province.

15 Gooreynd, Antwerp Campine.

16 Grand Bois, St. Jean, Haut

Ardennes.

17 Groenendael Arboretum, near Brussels [groups up to 100 of each

species].

18 Groenhove, near Thourout.

19 Hertogenwald, Gilleppeniver near

Eupen.

20 Héverlé Forest, south of Louvain.

21 Ichteghem.

22 Laeken, near Brussels.

23 Lanklaer, Limbourg Province.

24 Longchamps Park (Waremme).

25 Louvain.

26 Louvenjoui, near Louvain.

27 Luxembourg Park, Manternach

Forest.

28 Meerdael, Louvain.

29 Nassogne.

30 Raevels, between canal branching

toward Turnhout and Dutch

frontier.

31 Rhode-Sainte Genèse, south of

Brussels.

32 St. Michel.

33 Sept-Fontaines, Rhode-St. Genèse.

34 Soignes Forest (Belle-Etoile experimental plots).

35 Tervueren.

36 Three Kings Park, near Bruges.

137
138 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

37 Turnhout.

38 Virton.

39 Vogelsanck Park at Zolder.

40 Waremme (Longchamps Park).

41 Wenduyne.

42 Zangerey Park, between Munsterbilsen and Eygenbilsen Campine.

Brazil

Location unknown.

British Isles

1 Aldenham, near Radlet railroad

station.

2 Ardchullary, 5 miles from Callander.

3 Ardvourlie, Hebrides.

4 Ashton, near Bristol.

5 Auchendrane, near Ayr (southwest

Scotland).

6 Avondale, near Rathdrum.

7 Bagley Wood, 2.5 miles from

Oxford.

8 Bagshot, railroad station 18 miles

from Reading.

9 Ballykilcavan, between Stradbally

and Athy Moone, north of

Carlow.

10 Balmoral.

11 Bath.

12 Bayfordbury, 2 miles south of

Hertford.

13 Beaufort Castle (Lovat) Inverness,

near Beauly.

14 Beauly.

15 Bedgebury, Goudhurst railroad station, 40 miles southeast of

London.

16 Benmore, near Dunoon.

17 Bicton, 1 * mile north of East

Bardleight railroad station.

18 Bisham Abbey, near Marlow.

19 Brahan, 5 miles west of Conon.

20 Briton Ferry at Neath.

21 Broadlands, near Romsey.

22 Brocklesby Park, 2 miles south of

Brocklesby railroad station.

23 Bury Hill, 1.5 miles southwest of

Andover.

24 Bury St. Edmunds.

25 Bute House, Petersham.

26 Cairnhill (plantations), near Dunfermline.

27 Cairnies, near Perth.

28 Cardiff (Castle).

29 Carton, Maynooth.

30 Charlton Kings, near Cheltenham.

31 Chiswick Garden (Royal Horticultural Society), Horsley railroad station 22 miles south of

London.

32 Cirencester.

33 Claremont Park, near Esher.

34 Cluny, 10 miles southwest of

Kingussie.

35 Colesborne (Elwes), near Cheltenham.

36 Coombe Wood (Veitch nursery), 2)4

miles north of Brandon between

Rugby and Coventry.

37 Corrour, Invernesshire.

38 Cuffnells, near Lyndhurst.

39 Curraghmore, near Waterford.

40 Dalforgan.

41 Dalkeith.

42 Dawyck, near Peebles (2,000 acres).

43 Denbighshire.

44 Dropmore, 2.5 miles southeast of

Bourne End railroad station.

45 Dublin.

46 Dunach, near Oban.

47 Dunkeld.

48 Duns Castle, 1 mile from Duns

Railroad station.

49 Dunster Estate, Alcombe near

Minehead on Bristol Channel.

50 Durris, near Kincardine.

51 East Mailing.

52 Eastnor Castle, 2 miles southeast

of Ledbury.

53 Edinburgh.

54 Exeter.

55 Falcondale, Cardigan.

56 Fawley Court, near Henley.

57 Fota, near Cobh (Queenstown).

58 Frogmore, near Windsor Castle.

59 Fulmodestone Wood, near Kings

Lynn.

60 Glasnevin (Dublin).

61 Glendye Woods, Banchory railroad

station.

62 Gordon Castle, 10 miles north of

Keith.

63 Grayswood, near Haslemere.

64 Hargham, 11 miles east of Thetford.

65 Hatfield Estate, near Hatfield.

66 Heckfield Place, Hampshire.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 139

67 Highclere Castle, 2 miles southwest

of Highclere.

68 Hope Toun, 6 miles east of Linlithgow.

69 Hursley Park, Winchester (Hants).

70 Invernesshire.

71 Inverary.

72 Isle of Man.

73 Keir, 1 mile northwest of Bridge of

Allan; near Dunblane.

74 Kew, 20 miles west of London.

75 Killerton, 5 miles east of Exeter.

76 Kilmacurragh, definite location not

known.

77 Leighton Buzzard.

78 Leonardslee, near Horsham.

79 Limerick.

80 Linton Park, near Maidstone

81 London.

82 Long Ashton, near Bristol.

83 Longleat, 2 miles east of Frome.

84 Lovat (Beaufort Castle), Inverness,

near Beauly.

85 Lynedoch, near Balgowan railroad

station.

86 Maiden Bradley Wood, near Frome.

87 Margam.

88 Monk Hopton, near Bridgenorth,

30 miles north of Worcester.

89 Montgomeryshire.

90 Moorburnhead Plantation, 4 miles

south southeast of Newcastleton.

91 Mumbles.

92 Murthly, near Dunkeld, Peebles.

93 Neath.

94 New Forest (65,000 acres), 3 miles

from Lyndhurst railroad station.

95 Northerwood, at Lyndhurst, Hampshire.

96 Novar Castle, near Novar railroad

station (25 miles north of Dingwall).

97 Nymans, 2 miles from Handcross

railroad station.

98 Penrhyn, near Bangor, Wales.

99 Philiphaugh, 3 miles from Selkirk.

100 Pontyclun, near Cardiff.

101 Powderham, near Exminster railroad station, 5 miles south of

Exeter.

102 Powerscourt, near Bray railroad

station, 15 miles from Dublin.

103 Powis Castle, near Welshpool railroad station, Wales.

104 Reading.

105 Salisbury.

106 Scone Estate, 2 miles north of

Perth.

107 Silia, near Presteigne.

108 Somerset Co. Lands, Quantock

Hills, 1.5 hours drivée from

Taunton.

109 Stanage Park, near Knighton.

110 Stanley, near Perth.

111 Stourhead, 7 miles east of Witham

railroad station.

112 Stratfield Saye, 2.5 miles southeast

of Mortimer railroad station.

113 Swansea.

114 Syon, near Kew.

115 Tavistock Woods, Tavistock.

116 Tortworth, 2 miles northwest of

Charñeld railroad station.

117 Totten House, Marlborough.

118 Tresco (Island).

119 Tring, 32 miles northwest of London.

120 Tubney, 6.5 miles from Oxford.

121 Vyrnwy, near Aberystwyth, Wales.

122 Westonbirt, 3.5 miles southwest of

Tetbury.

123 Windsor Forest.

Bulgaria

Locations unknown.

Ceylon

Locations unknown.

Chile

Locations unknown—in south,

49,000 acres.

China

Locations unknown.

Cuba

Locations unknown.

Cyprus

Locations unknown.

Czechoslovakia

1 Bohemia.

2 KysihybU Arboretum, near Banska

Stiavnica.

Denmark

1 Aalholm, near Nysted.

2 Brahetrolleborg.
140 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

3 Charlottenlund.

4 Copenhagen.

5 Egelund, 5 miles south of Fredensborg.

6 Fuglsang (Lolland), halfway between Nysted and Nyköbing

(Maribo County).

7 Gisselfeld, 12 miles east of Naestved.

8 Hardenberg, near Nysted.

9 Häsede, near Haslev.

10 Hindsgavl (Fyn), Odense County.

11 Holstenhuus (Fyn), southwest of

BrahetroUeborg (Svendborg

County).

12 Knuthenborg (Lolland), near Bandholm.

13 Langdal plantation, Hurup, inside

Lim Fjord (Jutland), Hj0rring

County—northernmost county in

country.

14 Langesoe (Fyn), southwest of Ulstrup; halfway between Stillebaek and Trostrup (Odense

County).

15 Ravnholt (Fyn).

16 Sölestedgaard Estate (Lolland); 10

miles east of Nakskov (Maribo

County).

Estonia

1 Tartu.

Finland

1 Helsinki (Helsingfors) Botanical

Garden.

2 Mustila Arboretum, 35 kilometers

from Koria.

3 Pekola, unable to locate.

4 Tammisto, southwest Finland on

large inland lake.

France

1 Amanee.

2 Angers.

3 Antibes, Villa Thuret (state arboretum) .

4 Baleine.

5 Barbier nurseries, LaFerté St.

Aubin railroad station.

6 Barres, Nogent-sur-Vernisson railroad station; National Arboretum with numerous forest

plantations; best in France and

perhaps Europe.

7 Beam, Basses-Pyrenees.

8 Beuvronne, LaFerté St. Aubin railroad station.

9 Bois de Boulogne, near Paris.

10 Bonsecours [Nat. Ecole des Eaux

et Forêts],

11 Bordeaux.

12 Brest (Marine Gardens).

13 Bretagne.

14 Caën.

15 Catros, 10 kilometers from Bordeaux, begun late 1700*s; seed

from America.

16 Champeaux, 4 kilometers from Gacé.

17 Champenoux, near Nancy.

18 Cherbourg.

19 Colmar.

20 Colombez.

21 Côtes commune, Loges-en-Josas;

park near Jouy-en-Josas, 10

miles southeast of Paris.

22 Dijon.

23 Ecole d'Horticulture, Trianon, Versailles.

24 Fontainebleau.

25 Fosse, Montoir-sur-le-Loir.

26 Fremont, 12 kilometers from Cherbourg.

27 Geneste City Park, 15 kilometers

from Bordeaux. In 1860 said to

be one of the three most important forests of exotics in France.

28 Grève, near Tonnay-Charente. Calcareous soil.

29 Grignon, Nat. Ecole d'Agricole

30 Harcourt, Serquigny railroadstation.

One of best arboreta in France.

Begun 1851 by Pepin.

31 Jardins des Plantes, Paris.

32 Jonchere.

33 Keranflech.

34 Limoges.

35 Lusse.

36 Martinvast, near Cherbourg.

37 Maulévrie Arboretum, Angers.

2,000 spp. One of best in France.

38 Metz.

39 Mont Aigoual, 50 kilometers from

Nimes. Mountain with "Atlantic" and '* Mediterranean" climatic slopes. Under National

Ecole des Eaux et Forêts direction. There are 5 arboreta at
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 141

different elevations and aspects:

L'Hort de Dieu, 1,300 m.;

Lafour, 900 m. ; Fuechagut, 1,000

m.; St. Sauveur, 800-900 m.;

Trevezel.

40 Montpellier, Ecole d'Agricole.

41 Morlaix.

42 Mortola, between Menton and

Ventimille.

43 Mouillefert.

44 Nantes.

45 Nice (Chambrun Park).

46 Nimes.

47 Nouan, 5 kilometers from Gien.

48 Pézanin, Dompierre-les-Ormes.

49 Porzantrez, near Morlaix.

50 Prafrance, Anduze.

51 Quimper.

52 Rennes.

53 St. Mandé, Ecole d'Arboriculture,

near Paris.

54 Schlumberger, near Colmar (toward Vosges Mountains).

55 Segrez (Allard).

56 Sénéclauze, near Bourg-Argental.

57 Strasbourg Botanic Garden.

58 Tarbes.

59 Toulon.

60 Toulouse.

61 Trianon, Ecole d'Horticulture.

62 Verrières.

63 Versailles (Petit Trianon).

64 Villa Hanbury (Nice).

65 Villa Thuret, 12 miles from Nice.

66 Vilmorin, Verrieres-le-Buîsson railroad station.

Germany

1 Aachen.

2 Altendöbern, near Kottbus.

3 Altona.

4 Augsburg.

5 Baden-Baden.

6 Badenweiler.

7 Bamberg.

8 Barnstorf, about 50 kilometers

south of Bremen.

9 Bavaria (State).

10 Berlin.

11 Biebrich, near Wiesbaden.

12 Bishofswalde.

13 Bonn.

14 Braunfels.

15 Buddenhagen.

16 Canstatt, 3 miles east of Stuttgart

17 Cleve. ^

18 Coesfelder Berg, near Coesfeld.

19 Cologne.

20 Constance (Lake).

21 Cronberg a. Taunus Mountains.

22 Dahlem, near Berlin.

23 Dammerutz.

24 Darmstadt.

25 Destedt.

26 Dilborn, near Brugen 36 kilometers

from Cleve.

27 Dörenthe, near Ibbenbüren.

28 Dyck.

29 Eberswalde.

30 Eisenach.

31 Elberbarg (Hessen-Nassau

Province).

32 Erfurt Forest.

33 Erlangen.

34 Falkenstein, near Frankfort a.

Main.

35 Frankfort a. Main.

36 Frankfort a. Oder.

37 Freiburg.

38 Freienwalde, 38 miles northwest

of Berlin.

39 Freising.

40 Fürstlich Drehna, near Kottbus.

41 Gadow Forest (2,500 hectares)

between Wittenburg and Lenz.

42 Giessen.

43 Gracht, near Cologne.

44 Grafrath, 20 miles from Munich.

45 Grambau.

46 Grevenbroich.

47 Haag Park, near Cleve.

48 Hambach.

49 Hamburg.

50 Harbke Park, 4 kilometers from

Helmstedt.

51 Harburg, 12 kilometersfrom Altona.

52 Harff.

53 Harzburg, near Wernigerode.

54 Heidelberg City Forest.

55 Hessen-Nassau Province.

56 Hohengehren Forstamt, vicinity of

Stuttgart.

57 Hohenheim, near Stuttgart.

58 Hohen-Niendorf, near Rostock.

59 liten, near Lehrte.

60 Kaartz, near Brüel, 30 kilometers

from Schwerin (Mecklenburg).
142 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

61 Kalk hörst.

62 Karlsruhe.

63 Kattmannskamp, near Münster.

64 Kroinlau, near Kottbus.

65 Lehrte.

66 Lindau.

67 Lürsfeld (Klettenburg Park), near

Cologne.

68 Lousberg Villa, near Aachen.

69 Ludwigslust, about 30 kilometers

south of Schwerin.

70 Magdeburg.

71 Mainau Island, near Lindau.

72 Marienhof.

73 Mettlach.

74 Moselle.

75 Münster.

76 Muskau, 40 kilometers south southeast of Kottbus.

77 Nürnberg.

78 Ödelsheim Oberforst (Hessen-Nassau Province).

79 Passau.

80 Pforten, near Kottbus (80,000

morgen).

81 Pillnitz.

82 Potsdam.

83 Prussia (State).

84 Putbus, on Rugen Island.

85 Ralswiek.

86 Reinhardtsbrunn, Fröttstedt railroad station.

87 Riddagshausen, near Braunschweig.

88 Römerpark (Cologne).

89 Rosenstein Park, near Stuttgart.

90 Röttgen, near Cologne.

91 Scharfenberg, near Berlin.

92 Schlemmin, W. Mecklenburg.

93 Schlenderhan.

94 Schleswig-Holstein (State).

95 Schloss Dyck.

96 Schlosse Friedrichshof, near Cronberg.

97 Schwarzwald.

98 Schwerin (Mecklenberg).

99 Seebach, near Gotha.

100 Sophienhof (Vorpommern).

101 Spessart.

102 Tannenhöft, near Altona.

103 Teltow, 10 miles south of Berlin.

104 Tharandt, near Dresden.

105 Trier.

106 Tübingen.

107 VülaSelve (Cologne).

108 Weimar.

109 Weinheim.

110 Wendisch-Wilmersdorf, Berlin suburb.

111 Wernigerode.

112 Wiesbaden.

113 Wilhelma.

114 Wissen, 20 kilometers from Cíeve.

115 Wörlitz Park, near Dessau.

Hawaii

Location unknown.

Hungary

1 Godollo, near Budapest.

Iceland

Location unknown.

India

1 Kulu.

2 Punjab.

3 Raniket.

TJ._,|„ Italy

1 Apennine mountains.

2 Florence.

3 Genoa Botanical Garden.

4 Isola Bella, Lac Majeur.

5 Isola Madre, Lac Majeur.

6 Naples Botanical Garden.

7 Padua.

8 Palermo.

9 Pisa.

10 Rovelli Brothers (nurseries)—one of

the richest collections in Italy;

mostly young plants, but some

very old trees also.

11 Siena (Province).

12 Villa Barbo, Lac Majeur.

13 Villa Troubetzkoy, Lac Majeur.

Japan

1 Asakawa Arboretum.

2 Tokyo University Forest.

Kenya

Locations unknown.

Latvia

1 Riga.

Lithuania

Locations unknown.

Luxembourg

Locations unknown.

Madeira Islands

1 Garnacha.
DISEASES OF NORTH AMERICAN FOREST TREES PLANTED ABROAD 143

Netherlands

1 Arnhem.

2 Baarn.

3 Het Loo, near Apeldoorn.

4 Landfort, near Cleve, Germany.

5 Schovenhorst, 2 kilometers from

Putten.

6 Vogelzanck, % hour by rail from

Hasselt.

7 Wageningen.

New Zealand

1 Canterbury.

2 Christchurch.

3 Erua State Forest (Central North

Island).

4 Hanmer Springs.

5 Rotorua.

6 Waipona.

7 Wellington.

Nigeria

Locations unknown.

North Rhodesia

Location unknown.

Norway

1 Christiana.

2 Salmon Arm.

3 Tröndelag County.

4 Westland.

Nyasaland

Location unknown.

Pakistan

1 Punjab.

2 Quetta (Baluchistan).

3 Sind.

Palestine

1 Acre.

2 Jerusalem.

Poland

1 Allenstein.

2 Beuthen.

3 Danzig.

4 Freienhuben, near Danzig.

5 Gleiwitz.

6 Glogau.

7 Gosda.

8 Gumbinnen.

9 Klanin.

10 Königsberg.

11 Oliva, near Danzig.

12 Prussian (State) East.

13 Sagan.

14 Zielonka State Forests (Ponzaú

Province).

Portugal

1 Bussaco.

2 Choupat Forest, near Coimbre.

3 Cintra-Pena, near Lisbon.

4 Coimbre.

5 Lisbon.

6 Montserrate, near Cintra.

7 Porto.

Romania

1 Hatarmajor, southeast of Tem

var.

2 Neagratal, hear Brosteni.

Russia

1 Baltic Provinces.

2 Bryansk region.

3 Caucasus.

4 Mokhovsk District.

5 Moscow.

6 Soukhoum.

7 Leningrad [St. Petersburg].

8 Tambov-Ryazan region.

9 Turkmenistan.

10 Ukraine.

11 Uzbekistan.

Ryukyu Islands

Locations unknown.

South Africa

1 Cape Colony.

2 Cape Town.

3 Frankenwald (Transvaal).

4 Knysna (Midland Conservancy)

5 North Transvaal.

6 Zululand.

South Rhodesia

Locations unknown.

Spain

1 Guipúzcoa.

2 Madrid.

Sweden

1 Alnarp, near Malmoe.

2 Jönkoping.

3 Lund.

4 Stockholm,

5 Upsala.
144 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 100, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Switzerland

1 Baden.

2 Bienne (Vaud Canton), 17 miles

north-northwest of Bern, near

Lake of Biel.

3 Bremgartenwald, near Bern.

4 Constance.

5 Engadine.

6 Fribourg.

7 Langenthal.

8 Lausanne.

9 Lenzbourg.

10 Lucerne.

11 Marienberg on Lake Constance.

12 Morat.

13 Neuchatel Canton.

14 Pontresina.

15 Rütiwald, near RütL

16 St. Moritz.

17 Vaud Canton.

18 Wabern, near Bern.

19 Witen, near Rorschach.

20 Zofíngen.

21 Zurich.

Uganda

Location unknown other than "near

the Lake" (Lake Victoria?).

Uruguay

1 San Jorge (160 miles north of

Montevideo).

West Indies

1 Barbados.

Yugoslavia

1 Croatia.

2 Serbia.

3 Szabadke (Subotica), 100 miles

south of Budapest.

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