/4 ^'^

SUGARCANE

(SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.)

ORIGIN

CLASSIFICATION

CHARACTERISTICS, AND

DESCRIPTIONS

OF REPRESENTATIVE

CLONES

u

AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 122

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SUGARCANE

(SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.)

ORIGIN

CLASSIFICATION

CHARACTERISTICS

AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF REPRESENTATIVE

CLONES

By

Ernst Artschwager

Formerly Senior Botanist

and

E. W. Brandes

Formerly Head Pathologist

Crops Research Division

Agricultural Research Service

AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK No. 122
The garden sugarcanes of Melanesia constitute the

original base from which our present-day varieties

of sugarcane derive. Varietal descriptions of the

Melanesian garden canes and their derivatives are

drawn from a living collection and are here placed on

record. As background material and to promote

fullest interest in use of this extensive store of germ

plasm, what is known or what logically may be inferred concerning the history, value, and use of these

varieties as a group and their interrelationships with

other varietal groups in the genus is given.

CONTENTS

Page

Origin, classification, and characteristics 1

Importance of Saccharum officinarum 3

Colloquial names 3

Relative position of Saccharum

officinarum in the genus 7

Geographic origin and dispersal. 18

Origin 18

Dispersal 21

Collecting expeditions, 1853-

1951 28

Vegetative characters used in the

description and classification

of noble canes 45

Materials and methods 45

Vegetative characters 48

Internode 48

Bud 52

Leaf 56

Page

Vegetative characters used in the

description and classification

of noble canes—Continued

Vegetative characters—Con.

Blade 56

Leaf sheath 57

Auricles 59

Ligule 61

Dewlaps 61

Midrib pubescence 64

Evaluation of characters used_- 65

Descriptions and taxonomic keys

of the clones 81

Descriptions of the clones 83

New Guinea group 83

New Caledonian group 160

Hawaiian group 180 v Miscellaneous noble group 198

Taxonomic keys 253

Literature cited 260

Washington, D. C. Issued January 1958

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, XJ. S. Government Printing Office

Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1.25 (paper)
®

Origin, migration, and diversification centers of noble sugarcanes:

is the location of the origin of Saccharum officinarum, derived from S. robustum, which occurred 8000 to 15000 B. C.

= shows first track of migration of S. officinarum, beginning about 8000 B. C.

— shows second tracks of migration, beginning about 6000 B. C.

— shows third tracks of migration, about 500 to 1100 A. D.

indicates satellite centers of diversity along tracks of migration.

Shaded portion of map indicates outline of the former great Asiatic-Australian Continent.
SUGARCANE CSaccharum officinarum L.>:

ORIGIN, CLASSIFICATION

CHARACTERISTICS, AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF REPRESENTATIVE CLONES '

ORIGIN, CLASSIFICATION

AND CHARACTERISTICS^

A field reconnaissance of the Old World tropics in 1922-23 to collect

sugarcane and a critical review of available data on sugarcane groups

motivated the systematic search for domesticated Saccharum forms

and their near relatives in the presumptive area of their origin, Melanesia. This search also included the areas of their early dispersal—

Indonesia, southeastern Asia, and Polynesia.

The map (frontispiece) reconstructs the postulated origin of domesticated sugarcanes by selection from wild canes in New Guinea and

their migrations prehistorically (transported as stem cuttings by man)

to various centers of diversity. At these centers some canes were

further modified by natural hybridization with other wild grasses.

The shaded portion of the map indicates the outline of the former

great Asiatic-.A.ustralian Continent. The continent in an earlier

geologic epoch (Cretaceous) afforded a land bridge by which some

Asiatic types of cane apparently found their way unaided by man to

what is now Melanesia. Subsequently, when isolated by water

barriers and under different conditions, a different wild cane evolved

in Melanesia than in Asia or other islands of the archipelago. The

phytogeographic studies of Merrill (35) ^ suggest this hypothesis.

1 Submitted for publication January 14, 1957.

2 Introductory section by E. W. Brandes, formerly head pathologist in charge,

Sugar Crops Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

3 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 260.
2 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

This explanation covers both the presence of Saccharum in Melanesia

and the restricted range of the large wild cane, S. robustum Brandes

& Jeswiet ex Grassl, recently found in New Guinea.

The present handbook, describing vegetative characteristics of

a kindred aggregation of Saccharum forms, here designated as garden

sugarcanes of Melanesia and their derivatives, and variously called

''thick-stemmed tropical,'' ''original,'' or "noble" sugarcanes, also

broadly interpreted as the horticultural species S. officinarum L. (29),^

is the fourteenth technical contribution stemming from a comprehensive sugarcane project. The purpose of this project was to gather a

world reference collection of ancestral or precursor wild and domesticated cane varieties and was begun in 1922. The contributions

include separate treatments of the more or less discrete segments of

the reference collection on the subjects of comparative morphology

{1-7, 29), disease reactions {16, 18), geographic origins based on the

ranges of wild forms and centers of diversity of domesticated forms

related to them {13, 18, 19), ecological diversity and adaptation {IJi),

and practical cane breeding {16, 18), which is the central theme of the

project.

The conception of the overall project grew out of the need for

locally adapted, disease-resistant genotypes. In general, groups of

the original Saccharum forms that are related morphologically and

particularly groups of individuals related both in form and in geographic origin are apt to have functional characteristics in common

{16). In other terms, the mode of the phenotype often but^ not

invariably reflects the mode of the genotype in physiological qualities,

including such puzzling characteristics as group adaptability to alien

environments and even group reactions to infections. In fact,

observations on the group reactions of morphologically related Saccharum forms to sugarcane mosaic virus {12, 16) stimulated the

gathering of all cultivated and wild groups of Saccharum and Saccharum relatives from their primary, isolated areas of origin and the

assembling of them for comparative study at each of several stations

at different latitudes in the New World. Duplicating the collection

in that manner was for the purpose of studying adaptability and

insuring the production of normal specimens. The expectation was

that every variety in the collection would be found naturally adapted

4 AUhough no type specimens exist, there is good evidence that Linnaeus

based his species officinarum on the only sugarcane readily available to him,

now known as Creole. The clone gradually disappeared from extensive cultivation between 100 and 150 years ago. Much historical and botanical study has

been devoted to the clone by Deerr (24) y Bremer {21), Grassl (29), and others, but

there remains some confusion as to its identity and synonymy. Creole is an odd

sterile hybrid type with 2n = 81 chromosomes. By an unusually fortunate

circumstance the United States Patent Office published in 1849 (28) a contemporary series of technicallv correct and beautifully executed drawings of Creole

made by Charles L. Fleischmann of Philadelphia. Fleischmann was assisted m

this work which includes enlargements of microscopic features of the clom^

''Otaheite," by the internationally famous Czech botanist Corda. Corda was

recommended for this scientific investigation by Baron Alexander von Humboldt.

The morphological characteristics of Creole, a short, relatively thick-stemmed

greenish-yellow cane with erect leaves, are quite distinctive. The clone proved

to be extremely susceptible to mosaic and is practically extinct. These excellent

drawings of Creole showed that our own specimens from Santo Domingo and

Spain, which had to be destroyed because of mosaic infection, were authentic.
SÜGAKCANE 3

to the photoperiod and as far as practicable to other elements of the

environment in at least one station {14)-

The practical purpose of the overall project was to try to provide

a broader base of knowledge for applied research on the improvement

of sugarcane by breeding, taking into account the elementary characteristics of the plant groups that could be determined by observation, tests, or planned experiments. Regarding the particular group

under reference in this handbook, it is part of our purpose to direct

attention to the exploited and still unexploited values in the largely

untapped reservoir of garden canes.

IMPORTANCE OF SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM

The indispensable sugar-bearing component of essentially all the

numerous and widespread varieties of domesticated sugarcane, which

form a complex of polyploid hybrids, is provided by a few selected

representatives of the tropical, thick-stemmed horticultural species

Saccharum officinarum. The high weight per cane, self-thrashing of

the cane, and the high tonnage per acre of the crop are also directly

endowed by the same selected representatives of the tropical garden

canes under reference in this handbook. Less generally recognized but

nevertheless important qualities found within the species are resistance

to some formidable diseases and, considering the tropical origin, a surprising degree of adaptability to harsh alien climates. In addition to

these cultural qualities, practically all qualities that facilitate the processing of sugarcane in mills—low fiber content, high purity of juice,

i. e., a high proportion of sucrose in the total solids of the parenchyma

(storage) cells and a low proportion of invert sugar, starch, etc.—are

found in the S. officinarum genotype. In short, the S. officinarvm

parent provides all the characteristics esteemed in field and factory

that establisli sugarcane in adapted areas of the Tropics and Subtropics as an economic plant par excellence for production of sugar.

Of necessity in bleeding sugarcane for better adaptation to Temperate

Zone conditions and for resistance to maladies like mosaic and root rot,

S. officinarum forms have been hybridized with other species, notably

the resistant S. spontaneum L. In tiie days before planned hybridization such crosses apparently took place under natural conditions.

It is fortunate that in the one-sided doubling of chromosomes that

has been known to occur in the hybrids of S, officinarum X S, spontaneum, it is the S. officinarum chromosome complement that doubles

(20). Some of the resulting seedlings are not only resistant to certain

diseases and better adapted to some Temperate Zone environments

fringing the Tropics, but they also possess almost undiminished the

desirable qualities of S. offi^cinarum.

COLLOQUIAL NAMES

In coniparatively recent years several collective names descriptive

of the origin, appearance, or use of the numerous and variable varieties, or more properly clones, of Saccharum officinarum have found

their way into sugarcane literature. These collective names, coined

during the early decades of the present century, are convenient and
4 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

reasonably definitiv^e, although, as often happens, more and more

restricted or extended meanings have been attached to them as they

gained currency in the writings of later authors.

In the former Netherlands East Indies the clones of S. officinarum

have been referred to as the original sugarcane varieties (oorspronkelijke Rietsoorten), in distinction from the new seedling varieties

produced in prodigious numbers by planned cane breeding at modern

experiment stations. Jeswiet (30) and Posthumus (3?) made clear

that in using the term they referred to the domesticated tropical

sugarcanes selected and cultiseated for chewing by the indigenous

peoples of the Malay Archipelago. Posthum.us took pains to explain

that the term. ^'originaF' did not necessarily imply ^'ancient,'' or that

this category of canes is not enlarged also at the present time in

Indonesia, however inconspicuously, by continued selection of chance

seedlings. The distinction between original sugarcane varieties and

other categories of varieties seem.ed valid and useful. Extension by

]Brem,er (21) of the term ''originaF' to include another category of

domesticated canes, namely, the predecessors in northern India of the

Coimbatore and other modern seedling varieties, is logical but confusing. The evidence makes clear that these canes also were not

created by purposeful hybridization but represented selections from

chance natural hybrids. Brem,er m.odified the term ''original by

adding a place nam.ö, calling them, the ^'oorspronkelijke BritschIndisch Suikerrietsoorten'' (original British-Indian sugarcane varieties) . Further modification of the place nam.e by elim.inating ''Britsch''

is now obviously necessary. Carried to its logical conclusion, the

extension of m.eaning as used by Bremer would result in a long series

of related but m.ore or less discrete original sugarcane groups that

came into existence prehistorically by prom.iscuous hybridization or

selfing along the track of the m.igrating original sugarcanes from the

Melanesian archipelago.

Another widely accepted alternative name for the varieties of

S. officinarum, coined or adopted from the English langu'îge by the

Netherlanders in Java about 1920, is noble canes, an obvious reference

to their flamboyant colors and large size in striking contrast with the

drab colors and unprepossessing appearance of m.ost canes of other

species. Unlike the term, "original," the term ''noble'' carried no implication of the precursory nature of S. officinarum relative to all

dom.esticated sugarcanes, but the identity of the group referred to is

fairly well understood and there is little likelihood that the word will

be m.isappropriated for other groups of cane. There is in sugarcane

hterature a lack of unanim.ity among writers in the use and meaning

of cognates derived from the expression ''noble canes,'' i. e., nobilize,

nobiUzation, etc. As first used, the sense of nobihze was simply to

improve or ennoble the wild S. spontaneum form.s or form.s of other

groups by hybridizing them, with S. officinarum. In recent literature,

e. g., contributions by H. W. Li (34), nobihze imphes more specifically

the increase in chromosome numbers of species hybrids resulting from

the one-sided doubling of the S. officinarum complement.

The few individuals who have collected S, officinarum varieties

firsthand in the New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, New Guinea, and

adjacent smaller islands of Melanesia are inclined to use the coUec-
SUGARCANE 5

tive name, ^'native garden sugarcane of Melanesia/' or simply ^'native''

sugarcanes of this or that island. They are in fact the only ''native''

domesticated sugarcanes in the sense that among the world's array of

cultivated sugarcanes they are the only ones that were wholly developed, in place, from, indigenous wild ancestral forms. The concept

of S. officinarum sensu Jeswiet does not exclude the num.erous form.s

derived from and closely resembling the native garden sugarcanes of

Melanesia, which had long been established in native cultures of

Indonesia, Indochina, the Philippines, and Polynesia. In fact, the

majority of individual clones listed by Jeswiet 01) in 1925 as typical

of S. officinarum belong to that category, a circum.stance attributable

no doubt to the fact that until 1928 Jeswiet was unfamiliar with the

far richer assortm.ent of form.s in New Guinea. All the collective

nam.es mentioned are suggestive of one or more characteristics peculiar

to the S.^ officinarum type of cane. When used colloquially with discrimination, they identify the type of cane referred to.

Keconciling the synonomy of the numerous colloquial and vernacular names of the multitude of individual clones of S. officinarum

presents almost insurm.ountable difficulties. The difficulties are of

two sorts: (1) The occasional use of the same name for several different

clones; and (2) the almost universpl and unavoidable renaming of the

same clone times without num.ber if it happened to be an adaptable,

globe-girdling sort. The practice of renaming has been most active

since 1850, but, with m.ore penetrating retrospection, it is safe to infer

that the renaming habit was very old a century ago.

Inferentially, let us trace from the beginning the renaming of a clone.

When an individual clone comes into existence, for instance, on some

riverbank in New Guinea near a garden from which the seed has blo^n,

and is selected for some good quality and established as an entity,

an identifying name is given to it in the dialect of the village. If the

variety proves exceptionally desirable, it is carefully weeded and

cuttings may be taken to a daughter village of the same clan or tribe.

Eventually the variety finds its way to a village in the next valley

where the language is different. Step by step over a long period of

time it completes a journey to the coast. Meanwhile the variety has

been renamed innumerable times for various reasons. Sugarcane is

among the recognized spoils of tribal warfare, and in the confusion of a

typical retaliatory raid, usually in the darkness before dawn, the booty

is seized but of course the identifying name is lost. It is characteristic of sugarcane varieties the world over that they do not long remain

nameless. Perhaps the next stage in the wanderings and rechristenings of our variety is when it is taken by Malay prau from the coast

to the nearby Aru Islands or Amboina, both ancient trading and distribution centers; thence, in the course of time possibly to Celebes or

Borneo.

If our hypothetical variety started the second stage of its long migration during the past four centuries, it encountered not only dialects

of entirely different families of native languages in these islands but

several Chinese and European languages as well. The variety, being

an exceptionally desirable one, had been increased long since to large

proportions. Its progress into new territory would be represented on

a chart like the branches of a tree rather than by a single line. This
6 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

normal development generated confusion, and in the far-flung islands

of Indonesia the variety had many names at the same time. The

names at this time usually represented the last stopping places on its

multiple pathways, a fact easily verifiable by studying the local

vernacular names transliterated into Dutch. This fact also tends to

prove that the variety was not indigenous at its place name. The

authentic indigenous names never refer to places. Bandjermasin

hitam-riet did not originate at Bandjermasin nor Zwart Cheribon at

Cheribon. The natural S. officinarum X local S. spontaneum hybrid

Kassoer (not a place name) apparently did originate near Cheribon,

a stopping place on the pathway of the officinarum parent.

European infiltration of the archipelago contributed to the plurality

of names of our variety, when Spaniards, Portuguese, Netherlanders,

Frenchmen, Britons, and others ushered in the epoch of the variety^s

grand tours to the New World. The hazards of transportation in

relatively modern sailing vessels prompted some of the renaming;

identification tags were often molded, mutilated, or lost in shipments.

Louisiana Purple, a rather stable (but not immutable) clone, very

likely has had more than 100 names since some aboriginal horticulturist

thrust a leafy top-cutting from a purple riverbank seedling into his

garden soil.

Most of the name changing of the old migratory S. officinarum

varieties was unavoidable or at least understandable. Some of it was

arbitrary and inexcusable. A flagrant example is afforded by the

wholesale renaming by De Greslan of 60 original varieties of New

Caledonia about 1866 and cited by Sagot and Raoul (38), According

to Sagot, De Greslan prepared an excellently illustrated monograph

on*the varieties with locations and indigenous names and later ^'named

each of these canes after a weU-known person of New Caledonia.''

Sagot published an abstract of the monograph prepared at his request

by De Greslan himself, but Sagot deplored the new names and did

not repeat them in his book. Some of them, however, persist. F. S.

Earle published an annotated Ust of 1,700 names that have been

appHed to cane varieties (^7), of which nearly 1,500 appear to relate to

the S, officinarum garden sugarcanes. Unquestionably, he says, many

of the names are synonyms, owing to the pernicious custom ofrenaming

varieties. We have endeavored to show in the foregoing paragraphs

that in the past most renaming was caused by force of circumstances

and no amount of admonishment could have prevented it.

Fortunately, improved communications today will help to retard

the dupUcating of names for the same clones, but the problem of cane

variety synonomy remains. Solution of the problem can be advanced

only by careful standardized taxonomic studies such as those in

progress on fairly large samplings of the S. officinarum clones at the

present time. The clones important because of outstanding superiority and adaptabihty, which should be given priority in such

studies, represent only a small proportion of the total number. The

outstanding clones nevertheless present the greatest problem, as they

have been given the largest number of names.
SUGARCANE /

RELATIVE POSITION OF SACCHARUM

OFFICINARUM IN THE GENUS

The question of speciation in the genus Saccharum is too complex

and speciaHzed to be discussed at length, but a few observations on

plant genetics may help to explain some of the barriers preventing

clear-cut separation of S. officinarum varieties from those of other

species. Conversely, their assumed genetic history may explain the

existence of some characteristics of these varieties that help to distinguish them from others.

A comparison with other kinds of plants (for example, the nearrelative Sorghum) in which there is more normal, clear-cut separation

of a genus into several species will help to make plain the barriers

referred to. To emphasize the comparison we take liberty to simplify

and idealize the facility of separating species into the kinds of plants

used for comparison. In simplest terms such plants in common with

all plants and animals exhibit diversity or small variations among the

individuals (the basis for organic evolution), but they also exhibit

discontinuity of variation. Instead of a continuous series of small

variations, clear-cut separations will occur in which the variation may

be abrupt and pronounced, followed on a different level by resumption

of the small variations between individuals, then by another abrupt

separation, and so on. This is typical of plants that reproduce

regularly by seeds resulting from frequent interpoUination (sexual

exchange of genes) between the closely similar individuals of each

level but not between the less closely related individuals of different

levels.

Cj^togeneticists have explained the incompatibility between levels

(species) on the basis of nature's devices called ^^isolating mechanisms,'^

which prevent the consummation of mating between the different

strata (39). Up to the present, eight categories of reproductive

isolation have been described. Isolation by different reproductive

seasons at a given locality may be cited as one of nature's devices

that a few sugarcane breeders have circumvented by carrying the

pollen on airplanes to flowering mother plants perhaps 2,000 miles

away (17). In general the species are maintained and kept separate

by mutual exchange of genes entirely within the isolated pool of genes

governing the hereditary characteristics of the particular species.

The plasticity of a species, i. e., its store of potential variants and its

ability to adjust gradually to changing external conditions, is not

impaired by this arrangement nor is there impairment of discontinuous

variability.

The fact of discontinuity of variation in sexually reproducing

organisms is apparent to anyone who has observed the similar yet

undeniably different species of bears in a zoo, and the fact can be

accepted without going into the prolix explanation.

Taxonomists have made use of the discontinuity of variation to

create an elaborate system for natural classification of plants, separating them into races, species, genera, tribes, families, etc., in an
8 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ascending hierarchical order of relationships based on morphology of

the flowers.

Nature, however/has provided some exceptions not fitting entirely

or precisely into the natural classification system. Modification of

sexuality or substitutions in whole or in part for the typical sexual

method of reproduction are found in some familiar plant groups,

including sugarcane. Sugarcane is made up of an aggregation of

facultatively asexual and obligatorily asexual members complicated

by potentialities in some members for wide hybridization. To a

greater or lesser extent, some of the reproductive aberrations tend

to obscure the normal discontinuity of variation and therefore confuse

the boundaries of species.

The conditions preventing clear-cut separations between some

species of Saccharum are more puzzling in the cultivated groups, or

^^species,'' S. oßcinarum, S. sinense Hassk., and S. barberi Jeswiet,

than in the wild-growing species, S. spontaneum and S. robustum.

The sexual conditions or deviations are several, including (1) high

polyploidy, which makes possible in nature some species interbreeding

and, rarely, wide hybridization even with grasses of other genera,

(2) self-fertilization, (3) vegetative propagation of cultivated varieties,

or clones, for centuries with attendant mutations in many unstable

clones, (4) male sterility, (5) incompatibility of the male and female

gametes, and (6), in many clones, absence of floral organs because of

abortive or completely lacking inflorescences, making vegetative

reproduction obligatory. We refer to nonflowering due to innate

sterility, as well as the more common failure to flower of some migrant

forms in alien uncongenial environments.

The consequences of this combination of deviations from typical

sexuality, i. e., frequent random matings in closed systems, are, in the

domesticated original sugarcanes, the development of a miscellaneous

assortment of moderately deflnable groups, each composed of individuals with some characteristics in common and the development of

more numerous odd or intergrading forms interspersed in and between

them. Individuals of fairly well-defined groups of sugarcane owe

their homologies partly to spatial or geographic isolation of long

duration following prehistoric migrations of S. officinarum to islands;

for example, extensions into New Caledonia, certain islands of Indonesia, Hawaiian Islands, and the Philippines, all more or less remote

from the rather restricted natural range in Melanesia of the assumed

principal ancestral form, 8. robustum. Separated from the wild

ancestral form, a part of the evolutionary plasticity was lost to these

groups. Together with the numerous odd forms, the groups constitute

a complex of highly polyploid mutants and hybrids.

In attempting to erect species like those found in sexual groups for

the accommodation of all members of this sugarcane complex, taxonomists have not been able to agree in the past even on generic separations. With gradual accumulation of living and herbarium plant

material and continued careful study in field plots, there have been

revisions of the genus Saccharum, The last and most generally

acceptable revision is that of Jeswiet {SI), which rejects many species

and sets up S. barberi as a new species. In the following key translated from Jeswiet's 1925 paper are given the characters on which the

separation of the species is founded:
SUGARCANE \)

Key to the Species of Saccharum

A. Main axis of inflorescence and cluster axes with long hairs. Glumes

always 4. Lodicules either ciliate or not. If the spikelets of the same

pair do not flower simultaneously, the pedicellate one always blooms

first. Culms green, grayish green, greenish bronze, ivory, or white.

1. Lodicules ciliate. Long subterranean runners present, growing wild

S^ spontaneum L.

2. Lodicules not ciliate. Subterranean runners short. Sugar-producing,

cultivated plants.

a. Leaves broad (to 50 mm.). Tall cane species, nodes all bobbin-shaped,

greenish bronze (among others, Uba cane)

S, sinense Roxb. amend. Jeswiet.

b. Leaves narrow, short inconspicuous cane species. Nodes usually

cylindrical, grayish green, white, or ivory. Rather Hmited to India

and Pakistan (among others, Chunnee cane) S. barberi Jeswiet.

B. Main axis of the inflorescence never having long hairs, often glabrate;

rachis nodes glabrate or with very few hairs. Glumes generally 3, sometimes 4. Lodicules not ciliate. If the spikelets of the same pair bloom at

different times, the sessile one always is the first. Culms differing in

color from pale or dark green to dark yellow, dark red, violet, often

striped. Cultivated plant S. officinarum L.

1. Fourth glume present. Vigorous plants with low sugar percentage.

Types: Among others, Fidji, Ardjoeno, Groen Duitsch Nieuw Guinea.

2. Fourth glume wanting. Plants generally with a high percentage of

sugar. Types: Among others, Cheribon, Batjan, Borneo, Bandjermasin,

Preanger.

Jeswiet was no doubt aware that he was dealing with a complex of

facultatively and obligatorily asexual groups. He attempted to draw

the natural species and race boundaries or artificial boundaries of the

cultivated forms where most convenient, using a minimum of diagnostic characters. He recognized that although the systematic treatment had to rest primarily on comparative morphology it was helpful

to add a physiological character, synthesis and storage of sugar. His

key recognizes close relationship of S. sinense and S. barberi and their

joint relationship with the wild S. spontaneum. Phylogenetic relationship of S. officinarum with the other three species is indicated as somewhat more remote. Separation of S. officinarum into groups is recognized. After nearly 30 years there has been no revision of the genus

but considerably more evidence of relationships has accumulated, not

the least of which was the not unexpected discovery in New Guinea

by Jeswiet of the large feral cane species S. robustum, the closest wild

relative of S, officinarum {IS).

Theoretically, S. robustum, as the direct or cognate sexual ancestor of

S. officinarum, provides a means of approaching more closely the ideal

selection of key characters for use in identifying and separating naturally or artificially its direct or hybrid derivatives. These derivatives

include all the groups of cultivated forms. It is assumed here that S.

robustum is involved in a principal role in the ancestry of all economic

sugarcane. As in the case of S. robustum the same opportunity exists

for selection and use of key characters of other putative ancestors of

S. officinarum, among them Erianthus maximus Bróngn. A penetrating

analysis of the roles of S. robustum and E. maximus in developnient of

the noble cane complex is provided by Grassl (29), who described in

detail the morphology of S. robustum and deposited type specimens in

the United States National Herbarium. He suggested on the basis of

morphological, geographical, and cytological evidence that noble

sugarcanes are most closely related to these two species. A key char-
10 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

acter found by Grassl in certain segments of the noble sugarcane group,

awned third glume, traces back to E. maximus. The secondary importance of E. maximus as a component of the noble group, in the

inclusive sense, is recognized by Grassl. The noble sugarcanes are

readily distinguished from the small wild cane S. spontaneum on the

basis of taxonomic characters of the inflorescence and, although they

can be made to hybridize, relationship is distant. Dr. Jeswiet believed

that certain offtype noble canes like Loethers evidenced some small

admixture of S. spontaneum, partly on morphological grounds and

partly because of the resistance of Loethers to sereh. Similarly, the

susceptibility of Loethers and a few other offtype clones to the fungus

parasite Ustilago scitaminea Syd., the cause of smut in S. spontaneum,

might be caused by limited introgressive hybridization involving

S. spontaneum.

In sunamarizing the observations on speciation of Saccharum and

the relative position of S. officinarum in the genus, it seems clear

that separation of all variants in terms of definitive species names is

beset with difficulties and is particularly misleading in the case of the

cultivated forms. A more factual systematic treatment would be to

exclude from the genus as species all but S. spontaneum and S. rohustum

and recognize the other variants as horticultural species, divided into

two classes if necessary in the future, to distinguish between those

derived by mutation and selection from a single ancestral sexual form

and those derived from two or more such ancestral forms.

Until such drastic revision is made by competent authorities the

needs of classification and convenience are reasonably well met by

Dr. Jeswiet's classification, amended by the addition of S. rohustum

and S, edule Hassk. as follows :

Revision of Part ^'B" of the Key to the Species of Saccharum

B. Main axis of the inflorescence never having long hairs, often glabrate;

rachis nodes glabrate or with very few hairs. Glumes generally 3, sometimes 4. Lodicules not ciliate. If the spikelets of the same pair bloom

at different times, the sessile one always is the first. Culms differing in

color from pale or dark green to dark yellow, dark red, violet.

1. Wild plants up to 10 m. tall, culms with relatively high fiber and low

sucrose content, generally riverbank perennials S. rohustum.

2. Cultivated plants.

a. Inflorescences aborted, leaves more or less pubescent __<S. edule.

b. Inflorescences normal, culms with relatively low fiber and high sucrose

content S. officinarum.

This minor revision is provisional and is proposed to correct the

omission of S. rohustum and S. edule^ pending more formal revision

when the essential morphological and cytogenetic evidence is at hand.

The deficiencies of this combination of naturally and arbitrarily

drawn species boundaries do not defeat or even seriously impair the

convenience and practical usefulness of the systematic arrangement.

Only the intergrades will present difficulties. An experienced observer

can with fair assurance say that a given specimen falls into one of the

six species. No doubt the homogeneity of individuals in groups

sinense and harheri resulted from sexual isolation somewhat different

from the spatial, insular type mentioned as explaining homogeneity

in the New Caledonian and Hawaiian noble groups, but basically the

principles are the same. Relatively few noble canes found their way
SUGARCANE 11

from the primary center of origin and diversity south of the Equator

to the shifting center in India, where they were modified by hybridization with S. spontaneum forms and subsequently were extended

northward. In northern India, which became by far the largest

sugar-producing area, flowering was suppressed. Even in the absence

of inflorescences, the majority of individuals can be identified to the

species or group.

Mention was made of the possibility that the assumed genetic

history of some of the groups may explain the existence of certain

functional as well as morphological characters of individuals in each

of these groups. Conversely, these characters, little used in taxonomy,

might be useful in suggesting the relationships and derivation of

groups. It is known that all hereditary characters in sugarcane

are the expression of self-reproducing particles called genes derived

from their ancestors. The characters in question are of different

sorts; some of them are gross morphological characters, some anatomical, some physiological, and some not measurable except in terms of

visible or detectable reactions of the sugarcane plant. In the lastmentioned category are reactions to disease organisms, cold, photoperiod—all conceded to be derived from parental stock. The numbers

and structures of the chromosomes themselves may be considered

taxonomic characters.

The use of these hereditary characters^ or some of them, is not

new. According to the South African botanist, De Wet (25, p. 204) :

Very early in the history of the taxonomy of grasses some investigators

realized that the fundamentally important question of phylogenetic relationships may not be answered by a study of gross morphology alone. In a

search for evidence bearing on this problem, Duval-Jouve (1875) and PeeLaby (1898) studied the leaf anatomy of different grass genera and came to

the conclusion that anatomical characters might be used taxonomically.

Additional evidence was presented by Hartz (1880) from a study of the types

of starch grains in the Gramineae, and also by Grob (1896) from an examination of the histology of the epidermal surfaces of the leaves.

In more recent tim.es these aids and additional ones have been

used successfully as adjuncts to conventional comparative morphology

in sugarcane taxonomy. Until more is learned about the genetic

history of the différent cane groups and until agreement can be

reached as to what constitutes a sugarcane species, they will continue

to be a main reliance as useful adjuncts to classification. Examples of

these unconventional taxonomic and physiologic characters will

illustrate their usefulness.

EXAMPLES OF USEFUL SUPPLEMENTAL CHARACTERS.—Kinds and

amounts of carbohydrates synthesized and stored in sugarcane,

particularly sucrose and starch, corroborate to a surprising degree the

boundaries of species and racial groups based on taxonomic characters.

It is realized that selection by man rather than natural selection

accounts for high sugar percentage in the cultivated forms, and therefore the significance of this character phylogenetically should not be

overemphasized. Percentage of sugar, however, was found convenient

and useful by Jeswiet in separating groups of Saccharum officinarum.

The starch percentage on the other hand is not only useful but, as the

amount of starch was a secondary consideration in selection by

primitive man, it is much more significant than sugar in suggesting

phylogenetic relationships. A recent paper by Dutt and Narasimhan
12 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(26) reports on the progressive accumulation of starch in different

stem parts of 215 wild and cultivated varieties. Results showed

practically no starch, or traces only, in S. robustum and the 78 tested

varieties of S. officinarum. The 26 varieties of S. spontaneum, 25

of >S. sinense, and 85 of S. barberi showed fair to large accumulations of

starch, but the quantity appeared to be somewhat less in S. sinense

than in S. barberi. S. sinense and S. barberi are believed by Parthasarathy (36) to have arisen in tropical India by promiscuous hybridization of S. officinarum X S. spontaneum. It seems probable that

S. spontaneum may have imparted this character to the hybrid offspring. Under ''Geographic Origin and Dispersal'^ the^ theory of

Parthasarathy and the slight difference between S. sinense and

AS'. barberi in percentage of starch will again be referred to.

On the basis of comparative morphology and use of vegetative

characters only, Barber (9, 10) classified a large segm.ent of the

northern Indian cultivated canes in 5 groups, Sunabile, Mungo,

Nagori, Saretha, and Pansahi. In Jeswiet's revision (31) of Saccharum he singles out as S. sinense the mem.bers of the Pansahi group

and lumps the others as S. barberi, named after Barber. Am.ple

testim.ony of Barber's discernm.ent and good judgm.ent is afforded by

the cytological studies of Bremer (21), which essentially corroborated

the validity of Barber's groups. With a few exceptions the individual

clones of each group were found to have diploid chromosome numbers

in com.m.on. The chromosom.e number per se is not a taxonomic

character, but in the circum.stances described its corroborative value

is impressive. Bremer intimated that the total number of northern

Indian cultivated canes actually studied and classified by Barber was

not complete, having in m.ind no doubt the possibility of ''unclassifiable'' intergrades.

Parenthetically, Bremer objects with some justification to the lumping of four of Barber's separable groups into one species, S. barberi,

but his suggestion that this nam.e be given only to the forms of one

group, Saretha, seem.s even less desirable. None of the five groups

forms a species by any presently acceptable rule. It is believed that

ultimately these clones will be classified in aggregations of lower than

species rank. Under the circumstances the shuffling of species names

now applied to horticultural groups seems prem.ature or im.material.

The significant fact is that the validity of Barber's classification of an

array of subtropical sugarcanes, now believed to be species hybrids,

was corroborated in a large measure by the testimony of Bremer's

chromosome counts.

In a comparatively recent publication, 1915, Barber (8) stated

that all previous classifications of sugarcane known to him m.ade use

of stem, color for separation of canes into the ''m.ain divisions." He

pointed out (pp. 15-16) that reliance upon color for primary separation of groups was unsatisfactory, ''but colour is, none the less, an

important character, and the * * * canes assume quite definite

tints which are of use in rapidly separating them at the mill. * * *

Colour is therefore always carefully noted." Barber's comment on

previous unconventional and amateurish classifications overlooked

some fragments of conventional taxonomic contributions long available in the literature and well summarized by W. Krüger (33) in "Das

Zuckerrohr" in 1899. Barber's observation directed attention to the
SUGAKCANE 13

convenience of stem color as a useful suppleni.ental character in distinguishing individual varieties or clones. It is significant that his

experience was limited essentially to the cultivated canes of northern

India in which stem color is relatively inconspicuous. With the

gradual accumulation of a broader knowledge of sugarcane phylogeny

we may resurrect stem, color as an adjunct of m.orphology in providing

evidence of lines of descent. In other words a broad separation of

the main divisions, or species and groups, can be supported by stem

color. Reference has been m.ade herein to the wide range of striking,

flam.boyant colors of S. ojicinarum, the tropical garden canes of New

Guinea and adjacent islands of Melanesia, and their derivatives

elsewhere. The wild ancestral species S. robustum includes forms with

identical pigments and the same wide range of conspicuous stem

colors—green, yellow, brown, red, and deep purple. In great contrast the form.s of S. spontaneum have green stems except for irregular

reddish blotches that appear on stem,s of som.e forms with exposure

to sunlight. Stem.s of the slender dom.esticated sugarcanes of northern

India studied by Barber, provisionally retained as iS. sinense and

S. barberi, are either green or faintly tinted with the sam.e colors as

found in S. officinarum and S. robustum, but in com.parison with them

are rather drab in color. With a few possible exceptions in the

primitive Saretha group, these northern Indian cultivated form.s are

considered to be hybrids between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum.

The interm.ediate stem, colors do not conflict with the idea of promiscuous natural hybridization of S. officinarum and S. spontaneum

announced by Parthasarathy (36).

The color of the stem., or calm, is a useful adjunct to morphological

characters in the identification of individual sugarcane clones, but

color must be used with understanding of its lim.itations. The

striking range of colors in the dom.esticated sugarcane clones (S.

officinarum) described in this handbook represents different com.binations and concentrations of two series of pigm.ents, the chlorophylls

afid the anthocyanins, and, to a lesser extent, the carotenoids and

zanthophylls. Even in S. officinarum form.s color is subject to various

äternal and external influences and is only relatively constant,

ecognition of causes of color variation found in different specim.ens

of the sam.e clone and in different parts of the sam.e stem, is essential

to practical utilization of the color characteristic. Ultimate causes

of the variations have not been adequately studied, but the observed

variations m.ay be classified. They are mainly of four sorts: (1)

Those correlated with age of the internodes, i. e., juvenile v. m.ature

internodes; (2) those correlated with environm.ent, i. e., exposed to

sunlight or protected by leaf sheaths or otherwise in shade (and

possibly influenced by nutrition or other environm.ental factors); (3)

those correlated with inner m.orphology, which dictates the variable

width of stripes; and (4) those correlated with som.atic aberrations

or mutations, the often observed but little understood color sports or

variants.

In observing color variants in a large collection for m.any years,

one is im.pressed by the evidence that som.e clones are prone to vary

and also to revert in a typical manner, i. e., to produce wholly green

or wholly red sports from a green-red striped form and then revert to

the striped form with no apparent change in the original combination
14 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

and concentration of ""basic pigments. As judged by Finlay color

photographs m.ade about 1925, the great majority of clones remain

as they were when collected, with no color variation except the mentioned progressive color changes in juvenile to m.ature internodes, the

transitory changes caused by environm.ental factors, and the variable

width of stripes in the ribbon canes. For these reasons the stem

color, when used judiciously, is an aid in distinguishing between form.s

of S. qfficinarum. The large sooty patches frequently seen on the

stem epidermis of sugarcane near the point of attachment of leaf

sheaths are the dense, thin stromata of Meliola, a black nonparasitic

fungus that feeds on sugary exudates of the cane or on the honeydew

excreted by sucking insects like mealy bugs.

Of the numerous environmental elements that influence the annually

recurring time of flowering of S. officinarum, the basic one is photoperiod, or the unvarying progressive changes during the year in

relative lengths of days and nights at a given place. Nonstatical

elements such as temperature and water relationships, which vary

somewhat in different years in a given place and at different elevations

in a given area, and also the translocating of the species by man

farther from or closer to the Equator than its center of origin may

modify or even prevent flowering periods but do not obliterate the

innate mechanism of response to photoperiod. That phenomenon is

definitely a genetic character varying in the different species or original

great groups of Saccharum. In their periods of flowering, according

to our experience, hybrids between the basic great groups are intergrading and always intermediate between their parents, suggesting

that the character is heritable in accordance with the multiple-factor

hypothesis. The flowering of S. rohustum and S, officinal urn is

identically responsive to photoperiod and all known forms are '^shortday'' plants. In New Guinea the average period of flowering of the

two species is the same, late March to the end of June with a few

straggling flowers later. When they are displaced to points north

of the Equator, the flowering time is found to respond to the reversed

seasons and takes place in the shortening days from October to late

December or on into January.

As would be expected, the different forms of the more ancient

S'. spontaneum with larger, more varied natural ranges, extending

from 9° S. to 40° N., show considerable variation in response to day

length, but most of them belong to the intermediate class of plants

that flower less readily or not at all when the days are too long or

too short. In sharp contrast the spontaneum forms in the Turanian

Depression east of the Caspian Sea, 40° N., are distinctly long-day

plants. Flower initiation takes place from early June to July.

Flowering of these plants is entirely suppressed in the lower latitudes

(14-)' In New Guinea and in islands about the same numbers of

degrees as New Guinea from the Equator, the spontaneum forms

thus far observed are intermediates, flowering earlier than S. rohustum

and S. officinarum. In that area species hybrids of S. rohustum or

S, officinarum crossed naturally with S. spontaneum, such as Kassoer

and Toledo (officinarumXspontaneum), are relatively rare and are

more apt to occur at the higher elevations to which both S. rohustum

and S. officinarum appear to have been transported by man. Attempts

to duplicate the S. officinarum X S. spontaneum cross in Java proved
SUGARCANE 15

difficult because of the different floweriug ümeBÍ32), In the majority

of places in the world that are aUen to one or the other parent (or

both parents), it is usually necessary in attempting such crosses to

use laggard flowers of S. spontaneum and the earhest flowers of S.

officinarum. There are a few places where synchronization of S.

officinarum flowering period and that of at least some forms of S.

spontaneum is achieved, notably Coimbatore, India. I have not

observed or seen reference to definitely restricted short-day forms of

the species S. spontaneum under natural, undisturbed, conditions.

Day-neutral flowering forms unresponsive to photoperiod have not

been reported in the genus Saccharum. The similar flowering periods

of S. robustum and S. officinarum are consonant with close relationship.

Â^s in the Andropogoneae generally, the basic chromosome number,

X, of both the cultivated S. officinarum and the primitive S. robustum

appears to be 10. The primitive diploid, 2x-:20, has not been found

and may be extinct. AÜ S. robustum forms examined cytologically

thus far are high polyploids and aneuploids. Related members of a

polyploid species are usually found in series with chromosome numbers that are multiples of the basic number. Represented in S.

robustum all multiples of 10 from 2n-60 to 2n-120 have been

reported by one or another investigator {29), Relatively few variants

of that species, sometimes only a single specimen, have been established

in the collections of most institutions, and it can be said therefore

that only a reconnaissance chromosome survey of S. robustum has

been made.^ The majority of forms studied, including the type 28

N. G. 251, are octoploids, 2n=:80. The 28 N. G. 251 was originally

announced as having 2n-=84 (18). That has been corrected m our

recent studies, which indicated also that the type of S. robustum

forma sanguineum probably is a hexaploid (unpublished). Because

of erratic * flowering in southern Florida, only root tip and shoot

meristematic cells were available for study on the latter form, but

the somatic chromosome number appeared to be near 60. The few

studies of meiosis in S, robustum and S. robustum hybrids made by

various competent cytologists provide a fairly well defined picture of

regularity in the process. Normally the 40 bivalents, with no

univalents or multivalents, are formed in the octoploid forms and

this is true of 28 N. G. 251. However, in S. officinarum X S, robustum

hybrids an increase in chromosome numbers beyond the sum of the

monoploid numbers of the parents has been reported (Í5), but such

increase may be exceptional. The concensus is that in such crosses

including reciprocal crosses reduced gametes function on both sides

and thus imply a close relationship of S. robustum and S. officinarum.

Most crosses of S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, on the other hand,

are characterized by unreduced gametes or doubling of the chromosome

complement on the officinarum side, which has been taken to mean a

more distant genetic relationship (36). The solitary exception to

Ö As part of cooperative research of the Sugar Crops Section, U. S. Department

of Agriculture, and the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Su^ar Planters'

Association on cytogenetics of sugarcane, in effect since 1954, Samuel Price,

Plant Geneticist, Sugar Crops Section, Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA,

already has studied a hundred or more variants of S. robustum and hybrids

resulting from planned hybridizations. Thus, for the first time, a serious and

sustained effort is being made to shed light on the cytogenetics of these interesting

forms.

427472—57 2
16 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

the general rule of unreduced gametes on the S. qfficinarum side thus

far known, judging from a study of the literature, is here recorded.

In late August 1952, the writer and H. G. Sorensen gathered and

carried dried, refrigerated pollen of S. spontaneum var. Mandalay

from southern Florida to southern Colombia (lat. 3^ N.) where noble

canes were then in flower and dusted the pollen the following day on

pistils of S. officinarum var. Cana Blanca. A small but vigorous

progeny of 7 hybrid seedlings was obtained by the writer for cytological

study. The following year, in cooperation with H. W. Li, 6 of the

seedlings were found to have inherited the typical 2n(80)+n(48)

complement of chromosomes, but 1 seedling (Palm Beach 52-1-3)

inherited the atypical n(40)+n(48) complement.

When the range of chromosome numbers in S. robustum and in the

large group of S. qfficinarum garden canes described later in this

handbook is considered, the predominant number in both cases is

2n=80.

If every part of all original sugarcanes in the world, both domesticated and wild, could be made to disappear by some magic, leaving

visible only the fungus, bacterial, and virus parasites to present

ghostly outlines of root, stem, leaves, inflorescence, and internal tissues,

it would be possible to lump the unseen canes into groups approximately as they are now classified according to conventional taxonomic

characteristics. This is owing to the high degree of biological specialization in some cane parasites that makes obligatory their association

with certain kinds of sugarcane. Such discriminating selectivity is

not characteristic of all cane parasites, but the phenomenon is common. For various reasons other kinds of cane are uncongenial to

the same parasites; hence, they are called resistant or immune.

It happens that the uncongeniality or resistance is heritable and at

least some offspring are endowed with it. Controlled inheritance of

disease resistance in sugarcane was first dem^onstrated in 1897 by J. D.

Kobus, who crossed the noble cane Black Cheribon that was susceptible to sereh with sereh-resistant Chunnee in Java and obtained a

progeny with some economically useful clones that were resistant to

sereh. In the preparation for that work the assembling of great

numbers of cane varieties by Kobus from many countries for resistance

tests was indiscriminate as to species and racial groups. Because

sereh was known only in Java, varieties gathered elsewhere for testing

had to be selected m.ore or less at random.

The conception of racial susceptibility or resistance to disease in

sugarcane was a gradual developm.ent, obscured very often by limited

evidence and limited vision. Modern technical literature on sugarcane is still cluttered with observations that the tropical noble canes

are ^'susceptible to disease'^ and that, for example, S. spontaneum is

^'disease resistant.^^ These offhand references many tim.es are generalizations and do not specify which one of the hundred or more cane

diseases, if any, is in the mind of the observer.

Not until the worldwide spread of mosaic in the decade 1915-25

directed careful attention to innum.erable varieties of all types of cane,

did the idea of sugarcane racial reaction to disease crystallize and

emerge as one of the useful tools in cane breeding (12, 16). The rare

occurrence of natural m.ass exposure of sugarcane to a particular

disease agency and the deterrents and difficulties standing in the way
SUGARCANE 17

of controlled mass exposure to diseases still remain as obstacles that

retard the accumulation of desired precise knowledge. Enough is

known, however, to provide significant examples of obligate selectivity

in the consorting of particular cane races and disease agencies. The

illustration will be limited to two m.ajor diseases.

1. All forms of S. robustum tested for reaction to the virus of mosaic,

including S. robustum Brandes & Jeswiet f. sanguineum Grassl, were

found readily susceptible with evidence of deleterious effects; all

form.s of its derivative, S. qfficinarum, so far as they have been tested

or observed, are also susceptible and as a rule are m.uch injured—an

added confirmation of close relationship between S. robustum and

S. ojficinarum. In contrast, the form.s of S. spontaneum are immune

to mosaic or at least are so highly resistant that detection of the disease

by outward signs is not possible with certainty—an indication of

remote relationship with S. officinarum.^ The hybrid race S, sinense

(S. officinarum X S. spontaneum if we follow Parthasarathy) is

susceptible, but all forms are extrem.ely tolerant of the effects of

infection. Similarly, the S. officinarum X S. spontaneum race

S. barberi is also susceptible; m.oreover, so far as observation has been

possible, its members show readily detectable outward signs and are

som.ewhat m.ore injured than those of S, sinense. This m.ay be an

indication of different clones of S. officinarum X S. spontaneum

involved in the parentage of the two races, or possibly of the sam.e

combination in reciprocal crosses. The fact remains that a range of

interm.ediates between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum is found in

the two races (S. sinense and S. barberi) so far as susceptibility and

extent of injury are concerned.^

2. S. spontaneum is very susceptible to attack by the pernicious

fungus parasite Ustilago scitaminea that causes the smut disease so

named because it transform.s the growing point of the stems or floral

initials into a sooty, whiplike appendage emerging from the top of the

plant. On S. spontaneum, sm.ut is known in India, Turkestan, Indonesia, and the Philippines, and probably is present but imrecorded

in other oriental countries.

The S. officinarum varieties are singularly free from, attack by

U. scitaminea, although it has been reported sporadically and at long

intervals on a few of the clones like Loethers in Java, Luzon White in

the Philippines, and perhaps a few others. These are offtype S.

6 The occasional occurrence of pionounced symptoms in S. spontaneum has been

noted. In a selfed progeny of 300 8. spontaneum Mandalay seedlings produced

at the Palm Beach Research Farm (Florida) in 1952, 5 individuals became infected

with mosaic, and sharply conspicuous leaf markings were observed. Parthasarathy^s theory of promiscuous natural hybridization, S. officinarum X S. spontaneum,

could account for wild-growing hybrid forms closely resembling S. spontaneum as

readily as for selected domesticated forms with characters resembling S.

officinarum.

7 A puzzling attribute of sugarcane mosaic virus or of the defense mechanisms

of grasses in general was the early discovery that, although the entire range from

extreme susceptibility to immunity is found within the genus Saccharum, certain

grasses in other tribes can become infected transitorily by artificial inoculation or

even by the natural insect vector if the grasses are growing in the vicinity of

infected cane (15). There is no evidence that the disease persists for long in the

grasses remotely related to sugarcane. Sugarcane itself is known to recover, but

the evidence is more convincing for varieties known to have some S. spontaneum

genes (^0).
18 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

officinarum, possibly with a limited admixture of S. spontaneum.

The situation as regards susceptibility and resistance to sm.ut is seen

to be the reverse of that just described for m.osaic, in which S.

officinarum is susceptible and S. spontaneum resistant. The hybrid

races S. sinense X S. barberi and S. officinarum, X S. spontaneum are

notoriously susceptible to smut in India, where it has long been

regarded as a m.ajor disease. The im.proved Coim.batore varieties,

which are recent combinations of S. officinarum and S. spontaneum^

are carefully tested for reaction to smut before they are released for

cultivation. The m.ajority of seedlings are discarded. Fortunately,

owing to this screening process, som.e of the survivors are listed as

tolerant, or even resistant, but most of them are susceptible to sm.ut.

In this reversal of character where S. officinarum plays the part of the

parent endowing resistance to its offspring and, on the other hand,

S. spontaneum is the one conferring susceptibility, we see some curious

and significant im.plications. Up to the tim.e of the m.osaic epiphytotic

the commercial sugar industries of the New World were based exclusively on S. officinarum, and smut was unknown. Now the same

industries are firmly based on hybrid varieties with an admixture of

S. spontaneum for protection against m.osaic, but vulnerable to sm.ut.

The inevitable pursuit, and overtaking, of the host by the highly

specialized parasite has now happened. How it arrived is not

laiown but for the first tim.e in history smut was recently reported in

northern Argentina and rapidly moved into southeastern Brazil.

The presence of S. spontaneum, even though som.ewhat diluted in the

commercial canes of the Americas, could m.ake itself known sans host

plants by the ghostly outline formed by the parasite.

GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN AND DISPERSAL

In foregoing sections we have endeavored to define the complex

group of original noble sugarcanes and to describe their economically

useful qualities that have made them indispensable in the evolution

of all cultivated sugarcane. Of equal importance in a practical sense

is the geographic center of origin and dispersal that necessarily involves the genetic origin of these forms.

ORIGIN

In the introduction of a recent book dedicated to N. I. Vavilov,

Darlington {23, p, 29) says:

A description in terms of formal species names and a single process is likewise

misleading as applied to the origin of the sugar cane. Here we are concerned with a complex of wild forms of Saccharum with chromosome numbers

between 48 and 112, classified under the names spontaneum and robustum and

distributed between Turkestan and Polynesia. These forms, by selection

for size and sugar content, and of course increase of chromosome number,

have given rise to the cultivated species called barberi in India, sinensis in

China, and officinarum in Java and the Pacific. In recent years these have

all been crossed together and with the wild forms and, with further increase

in chromosome number have finally given us the prodigies of Passeroën and

Coimbatore.

Although one may agree with the first sentence, the statement is

otherwise so diffuse that it is likewise misleading and might better have

been omitted. A discriminating review and selection from the litera-
SUGARCANE 19

ture, particularly since 1928, would have made possible an unambiguous concise statement in less words; e. g., one wild Saccharum species

localized in New Guinea, S. rohustum, gave rise by the occurrence of

polyploidy and selection to a group of tropical cultivated canes, S.

oßdnarum; and, as a much later second step, migrating forms of S.

officinarum in southeastern Asia hybridized with forms of the widely

distributed wild S. spontaneum and gave rise to several groups of

subtropical cultivated canes, among them S. sinense and S. barberi.

Compared with nature's evolutionary role and the achievements of

untutored or at least unlettered and forgotten men who selected S,

officinarum, the reference to modern cane varieties bred at modern

experiment stations as ''prodigies'' is overdrawn. For adaptability

and yield in tropical countries the long-term records of the old

Cristalina and Cheribon canes stand comparison very well. Much

to their credit, cane breeders have made dramatic advances in correcting environmental misfits. For example, workers in the United

States Department of Agriculture have recently bred new canes to

fit conditions in southern United States. The tropical S. officinarum

forms cultivated there for more than a century were out of their element and were replaced with species hybrids well adapted to the

chmate. Also to their great credit, as current production statistics

verify, sugarcane breeders have a httle more than held the line against

the challenge of disease and other adversities. Without exception

every significant advance in cane improvement, including the doubling of chromosomes of the valuable S. officinarum gamete, has been

patterned after the guiding inscriptions of nature in the area of origin.

Some of these guides, like the natural species hybrid Kassoer, were

brilhantlyllinterpreted. It is a worthwhile privilege for an observer to traverse that area and try to interpret the inscriptions,

however time-ravaged some of the tablets may be.

The origin of sugarcane is not so cryptic as the origin of many

other cultivated plants in which ancestral forms are wanting; resort

therefore is necessary to circumstantial evidence, questionable human

records, or the testimony of paleontology. The basic wild forms of

sugarcane or their recognizable polyploid cognates are extant. However, the morphological boundaries of the cultivated forms derived

from them, thanks to a measure of biological isolation, are still fairly

discernible.

It is still possible, and this is important, to reach back and recapture

from the wild progenitors and original cultivated groups some genes

useful in holding the line against adversities like diseases. This circumstance is the chief justification for the effort of collecting and

maintaining for study generous samplings of the wild and early

cultivated species, or great groups, of sugarcane. With them, and

with them only, a cane breeder commands the full range of sugarca.ne

diversity and potentialities. One can make a cross and predict with

some degree of confidence that the progeny will include among the

individuals a few with the desired basic quahties. Among these

qualities are adaptability to given environmental factors, reasonably

high sucrose percentage, low fiber percentage, resistance to one or

another of the known disease organisms (which in themselves exchange

genes and mutate), and other heritable quahties known by experience

to reside in the particular parents. If the confusion visualized by
20 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Darlington (£3), or at least by the casual reader of his paragraph,

were literally true, not much would be left of planned cane breeding

except the use by a cane breeder of his favorite ''proven parents/'

which in general are valuable only temporarily and usually for a

particular producing area. Most proven parents represent only small

arcs in the full circle of sugarcane diversity.

The centers of diversity of sugarcane may or may not be the geographic center of origin. Fixing the authentic center of origin depends

on confirmatory evidence, chiefly the coexistence in the area of proved

or credible, putative ancestral forms, as well as the complete range of

diversity. With the domesticated sugarcane the evidence ?ince 1928

(18) is exceptionally trustworthy in estabUshing New Guinea as the

geographic center of origin of the original noble canes and S. rohustum

variants as the sole or principal ancestral forms. Also, on good evidence several shifting or satellite centers of diversity, involving

hybridization with other grasses, have been established, notably

Polynesia {29) and northern India {36), and on collateral evidence

numerous other satellite centers. In contrast with most ancient

cultivated plants, the singular advantage facilitating studies of sugarcane origin lies in the fact that at that center organic evolution of the

principal component of sugarcane continues to operate under natural

conditions. Certainly persevering artificial selection and solicitous

care by NeoUthic horticulturists continue to operate much as they

undoubtedly operated thousands or tens of thousands of years ago {13).

Varieties similar to those described in this publication continue to

evolve there today by unceasing natural backcrossing of the selected

forms with the wild S. rohustum. As the closest wild relative of the

noble sugarcanes, found exclusively in the area where numbers and

diversity of noble canes are incomparably greatest, we take for granted

the parental role of S. robustum. Irrespective of whether or not the

diploid ancestor of S. robustum still exists, the impact of that wild

species continues to create greater diversity. The considerable number of obviously recent natural backcrosses found carefully tended in

village gardens during 1928 testifies that the process of evolution and

selection, however slow or in whatever direction, is unabated.

This explains the far greater scope in diversity of the New Guinea

original forms as compared with the migrant forms of original nobles

carried in past millennia by man to the sites of potential satellite

centers of diversity. These forms had to be limited in numbers

because of the great difiiculties and hazards of travel and represented

only selected small segments of the boundless variants available at the

primary center. There is some evidence that the initial migrant

clones were prudently selected from the higher levels of quality as

chewing canes. On the average they are softer and higher in sucrose

percentage. After they multiplied where conditions favored seedling

production in their new homes and were reselected, the limited

heterogeneity is evidenced by greater uniformity as compared with

the wider heterogeneity and diversity of the larger primary group in

New Guinea. In Polynesia, for example, where land areas are small

and close relatives of the migrant noble canes are scanty, the continued

evolution of wide variants was suppressed. The same is true of New

Caledonia. New Guinea on the other hand possesses the requirements of vast size, diverse climates, and numerous inhabitants and
SUGARCANE 21

may be described as a proving ground for sugarcane where mutations

in Mendelian populations had and perhaps still have full play.^ As

we know, nature has not endowed its creations with a providential

ability to produce only mutations beneficial to exploiters like man.

Many chance seedlings were picked up by primitive man in New

Guinea, which after periods of trial in the gardens were found to be

inferior and were discarded. Some of these inferior garden forms are

in our collections.

DISPERSAL

The dispersal of Saccharum oijicinarum forms from New Guinea and

its eastern outlier islands began in prehistoric times and still continues.

The evidence on early pathways of the migrants is clear enough, and

even the relative times of migrations radiating outward in several

directions from the center can be postulated with fair assurance.

However, the absolute time when the movement outward started is

more obscure. The most that can be said on present evidence is that

initial migrations must have begun many thousands of years ago, long

before the presence of man in Polynesia, and were, in order of time,

southeastward to the compactly grouped islands of Melanesia, westward to Indonesia, and northwestward to continental Asia and the

Philippines. Migrations eastward to the far-flung islands of the

^Tolynesian Triangle^' were comparatively recent; i. e., beginning not

earlier than about 500 A. D. Obviously, in the absence of documentation, reliance must be placed mainly upon botanical evidence,

which is well supported, however, by ethnographical evidence.

Legends, ancient history, and philology are frail reeds upon which to

reconstruct the place of origin and dispersal of an ancient cultivated

plant like sugarcane.

There was no possibility of S. oijicinarum dispersal by natural means;

the character of the propagating material—stem cuttings—and also

the indispensable need for weeding and care of the plants by man

prevented natural dispersal. Natural dispersal by seeds of the wild

progenitor S, robustum was effectively limited by water barriers.

There is some evidence, however, that typical S. robustum was carried

as a minor economic plant by the Papuans to the smaller fringing

islands of New Guinea and southeastward as far as the New Hebrides.

The durable stems are used today in constructing garden fences for

protection against wallabies and pigs, for roof parts of their amazingly

large and elaborate houses, and to some extent as shafts for assagai-like

throwing spears. For arrow shafts the more slender stems of Miscanthus sp. and S. spontaneum are preferred.

This reference to the warlike character and the material culture of

the Melanesians, particularly the Papuans, is not a digression from

the subject. Papuans are and presumably have been from time

immemorial the traditional bitter enemies of their close neighbors to

the west, the Indonesians. As late as 1860, according to Alfred

Rüssel Wallace (^i), the Indonesians had good reason to avoid the

coast of New Guinea and its aggressive, untrustworthy inhabitants.

The Papuans of many remote interior areas of New Guinea can be so

described today. Although conceding that the Papuans are violent

8 See p. 81 for summary characterization of each group of clones.
22 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

and cruel, Wallace rated them intellectually higher than the niore

civilized. Indonesians. It is obvious that occasional contacts and in a

small way even barter between these distinctly different races of

people toolv place, but always, as Wallace described it, on neutral

ground sucli as the Aru Islands, wliere the resident Papuans were less

truculent than those of the main island. There is no reason to doubt

that variations of the barter between sworn enemies may be very old.^

Thus, in what was essentially a state of armed truce and through

intermediaries, some of the products of New Guinea, including sugarcane, were funneled to Indonesia.

It is rather significant to note that in his long account of observations during 6 years of actual travel from island to island of the Malay

Archipelago, the naturalist Wallace took no notice of sugarcane until

his narrative reached the point of describing the Aru Islands off the

south coast of New Guinea. There he was indeed impressed with

the dietary importance of sugarcane as a direct consumptive product

of the garden. In Wallace's words (^i, p. 350) :

The sugar-cane was finer than any I had ever seen. The canes brought to

the boat were often ten and even twelve feet long, and thick in proportion,

with short joints throughout, swelling between the knots with the abundance

of the rich juice. At Dobbo [the trading village] they get a high price for it,

Id. to 3d. a stick, and there is an insatiable demand among the crews of the

praus and the Baba fishermen. Here they [the Papuans] eat it continually.

They half live on it, and sometimes feed their pigs with it. Near every house

are great heaps of the refuse cane; and large wicker-baskets to contain this

refuse as it is produced form a regular part of the furniture of a house. Whatever time of the day you enter, you are sure to find three or four people with

a yard of cane in one hand, a knife in the other, and a basket between their

legs, hacking, paring, chewing, and basket-filling, with a persevering assiduity

which reminds one of a hungry cow grazing, or of a caterpillar eating up a

leaf.

Mr. Wallace's account of cane-chewing 100 years ago is no doubt

unintentionally exaggerated. Although I have seen a young pig bemg

suckled by a Papuan woman, the grown pigs, accordmg to my own

observations, ordinarily are denied the fresh unchewed cane. They

must make shift with the expectorated frass or ''chewings."

The story is quoted because I know of no better way to illustrate

the idifference in long-estabhshed eating habits of Indonesians and

Papuans and the incomparably greater importance and antiquity of

sugarcane in the diet of the Papuans. For ages the Indonesians, like

their relatives of Indochina and China, have been rice eaters. Some

of them chew sugarcane occasionally as an esteemed confection.

The carbohydrate food of Papuans for ages has been obtained from

swamp sago palms (starch) and from taro, yams, and sugarcane

(starch and sugar) cultivated in rain-forest clearings. The sugarcane

is invariably present in the untold thousands of diminutive mixed

gardens in the forests tended by the two million or more part-time

gardeners constituting essentially the entire population of New Guinea

and its outlying isles. How did they learn to eat cane?

9 In 1928, in the upper reaches of the Kikori River, we encountered a curious

"sight unseen" method of barter between hostile tribes of Papuans. The delta

swamp dwellers carried conch shells up the river and left them on neutral ground

for the hill tribe, returning later for products (which we were unable to identity)

left by the hill people. Males of the hill tribe used the shells as a pubic apron,

or sheath, supported from a rattan belt.
SUGARCANE 23

It has been said that in times of famine primitive man would eat

bark, roots, or anything he could chew and swallow. Discovery of

even small amounts of sustaining sweet carbohydrate food within the

hickory-hard rind of stems of wild S. robustum would send a hungry

hard-pressed Papuan of long ago searching for other and possibly

softer specimens. In my own experiments on the practicality of

chewing and taste-testing S. robustum clones, I discovered much variation in hardness ß-nd sweetness. Some, however, including the very

hard red-fleshed S. robustum f. sanguineum, were highly unmanageable.

In our explorations and studies of sugarcane collected in the area of

origin and early dispersal, we were impressed by the fact that the

hard wild canes of robustum type have been found together with the

soft garden canes along only one pathway of migration. This is the

arc of densely distributed islands extending southeastward from the

Bismarck Archipelago to the New Hebrides. Up to the present time,

feral robustum-type sugarcane has not been reported elsewhere. On

this evidence we postulate that the first migrant sugarcane transported

from New Guinea followed this pathway. Corroborative evidence is

found in the fact that this area almost precisely marks the range of the

Papuasians, or Melanesians. Anthropologists have evidence that

Melanesians also reached North Island of New Zealand before the

Polynesian migrations to New Zealand, but because of climatic

limitations sugarcane was not important there.

In connection with the first cane migration, mention should be made

also of another hard-stemmed sugarcane type domesticated and used

extensively by the Papuasians. This cane, according to the evidence

of its vegetative characteristics, doubtless was selected from S.

robustum. This is the odd S. edule with abortive, cauhflowerhke

panicles extensively used as food along the first track of migration.

Clones of S. edule, being completely sterile, survive only under domestication, and the processes of evolution are effectively arrested.

These peculiar garden forms may therefore be very old and could have

arisen from S. robustum earlier than the soft-stemmed chewing canes.

Together with the latter cultigen, specimens of S. edule are found on

the Indonesian Islands west of New Guinea, probably the second

pathway of migration.

The second pathway of migration and by all odds the most important

was westward to islands of Indonesia, Philippines, the Malay Peninsula, Indochina, and the arc around the Bay of Bengal. The importance of that migration lies in the fact that it laid the foundation

for exploitation long afterward, in tropical India, of sugarcane as raw

material in the manufacture of sugar. This marked the transition

of sugarcane cultivation from a horticultural routine to a field crop

operation.

The discovery of practical sugar-making methods ushered in the

period during which first mentions of sugar and sugarcanes were made

in ríH'orded liistory. In his painstaking bibliographic research (24)

Noel Deerr makes the assumption that the knowledge of sugarcane

and sugar displayed in the Indian literature of two or three centuries

on both sides of the beginning of the Christian era and the reference

to sugar by soldiers of Alexander the Great returning from western

India (325 B. C), point to the presence there of the sugarcane for a

period long prior to the time of these earliest records. In our problem
24 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

of locating paths of migration and shifting centers of diversity of

S, officinarum, it is necessary still to rely on the botanical evidence,

but these early records, both Indian and Chinese, are useful in several

details beyond merely establishing more accurately the time and place

of migrations.

The reference to soft and ^^thick" canes (and thus inferentially to

hard and thin ones) and to peeling and chewing sugarcane as a confection suggests that only our migrant noble cane could have been

meant. The noble canes do not grow normally and produce flowers

in India above the Tropics. For an explanation of the presence of

the relatively thinner and harder sugarcanes S. sinense and S. barberi

in subtropical northern India and corresponding parts of China, it is

necessary to return to the safer ground of botanical evidence.

For many years Barber {9, 10) believed the slender cultivated canes

of northern India to have been derived from the indigenous S. spontaneum, but he found some similarities between these cultivated canes

and the tropical noble canes that led him to suggest the possibility

that both types may have had a common origin in S. spontaneum.

Parenthetically, before the discovery in 1928 of S. robustum in New

Guinea, this belief was held generally but vaguely by botanists. In

1920 Barber (11) was driven to conclude that the tropical noble canes

must have had a separate origin in some species other than S. spontaneum—a species ^^now lost in the wild state." He did not attempt

to reconcile the anomaly of intermediate S. spontaneum and tropical

noble cane pulvinar and rhizome characteristics that he had noted

previously in the northern Indian cultivated sugarcanes.

It was left for Parthasarathy, in the light of cytological and taxonomic evidence accumulated since 1920 and the concept of tropical

noble cane origin since 1928, to construct an ingenious and acceptable

explanation of subtropical Indian cane origin; namely, the promiscuous natural hybridization of tropical noble {S. officinarum) forms and

indigenous subtropical (S. spontaneum) forms (36). In the selective

processes by early agriculturists the hybrids were singled out as better

suited to the rigorous climatic conditions northward and became

predominant there. In a later brief publication of the origin of

S. officinarum, not cited, Parthasarathy adduced cytological evidence

to show that S. officinarum may have a basic complement of genes in

common with other fairly close relatives of the Andropogoneae widely

distributed in India. This relationship is obviously quite possible

and readily can be reconciled with our theory of S. officinarum origin.

The obvious purport of the brief paper, however—that S. officinarum

may have originated in India—is not well supported by such evidence.

Although S, spontaneum is found in the islands of Melanesia and

Indonesia, no corresponding need for climatic adaptation had to be

met by early horticulturists and the small wild cane played a minor

role, if any, in the final steps of development of the tropical noble

garden cane.

The documented history of sugarcane in northern India, together

with reasonable inferences on the lapse of time between arrival of the

migrant garden cane and the dates of first documentation in India,

takes us back about 3,000 years. If we consider the perishable nature

of sugarcane propagating material and the hazards of transporting it

long ago, it is not unreasonable to allow an equivalent span of years
SUGARCANE 25

for the slow and interrupted journey from Papuan gardens to Bengal

and Indochina. It is true that the relatively short distances between

the islands ranging westward and northwestward from the island of

New Guinea and the favorable climatic conditions did not impose a

single effective barrier, but barriers imposed by man were formidable.

Even in the Mediterranean countries of those dayfe the lonely

stranger was rare, suspect, and endangered. In New Guinea one

may observe today among Neolithic-age men in the still uncontrolled

parts of the deep interior a projection back to prehistoric conditions

that probably existed on the track of sugarcane migration 6,000 years

ago. If for any reason a man took a walk beyond the area of his

tribal community, he risked his life and therefore he carried very

little except his weapons, his betel-nut chewing equipment, and his

fire-making apparatus conveniently worn as a belt. He was alert,

stealthy, and constantly poised for night. It cannot be assumed that

much of the early dispersal of cane was accomplished by individuals

going about in that manner. Small mass movements of men to

nearby new territory, as when population pressure and the food quest

or intratribal disagreement forced the setting up of a daughter village,

were a more probable method.

Obviously, the establishing of outpost villages by primitive men

would involve extension of their material culture, including domesticated plants. Except under occasional extraordinary circumstances

that could force involuntary small mass movements of men by water,

the encroachment of sugarcane into new territory must have been as

slow, but in the fullness of time as inexorable, as the flow of cooling

lava. If we allow 3,000 generations of cane, propagated annually by

cuttings, for the measure of time on the second track of migration,

it is probably an underestimate. Since conditions at many places

along the track were favorable as potential centers of diversity and

reselection, it is not to be wondered that only a few of the clones in

the present study listed as ^'miscellaneous nobles,^^ i. e., scattered

nobles obtained from various institutions with no authentic information on place of origin, are identical with existing New Guinea nobles.

The wonder is that a fair number of them actually are identical with

or barely distinguishable from clones recently found in New Guinea.

With regard to the types of curiosities or oddities among the noble

canes, it is significant that not a single oddity collected or reported

from the principal satellite centers of diversity like Indonesia, Malay

Peninsula, Indochina, New Caledonia, and Hawaii is missing from

the aggregation of highly diversified forms collected in New Guinea.

These oddities include the striking purple-leaved form sometimes used

as an ornamental, the ^'raf' cane with a felt of hairs on the stem

resembling fur, the ''suede glove'^ canes with dull, chamoislike stem

epidermis, the gigas type called elephant cane, and the ^'egg'^ cane

with zigzag ovoid internodes. In addition there is the primitive

"fish-roe'' cane with cauliflowerlike abortive inflorescence previously

mentioned as probably an earlier mutation from S. robustum.

By no stretch of available botanical evidence or of human credulity

is it possible to make the assumption that these varied forms of conventional nobles and the botanical "jokes'' flowed inward to a vortex

or were drawn from all quarters as by a magnet to New Guinea. That
26 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

would be against all probability in the statistical sense and irrational

in plain horse sense—^soniething like carrying coals to Newcastle.

On the basis of the evidence we are led to believe that sugarcanes,

i. e., the domesticated noble canes, had their origin in New Guinea

and by successive impacts radiated outward. This pyramiding of

evidence on origin and dispersal of the sugarcane may seem to be

pressing the point unnecessarily. However, since every work of

reference and the introduction of every book on sugarcane prominently

display misinformation or a hedging vagueness on the subject, it seerus

appropriate to present what firsthand evidence we have assembled

in a long experience covering all areas mentioned, supplemented by

such interpretations as seem valid.

The last of the classic trails of migration of the noble garden canes

was blazed by those incomparable mariners, the Polynesians. There

is no botanical evidence in the nature of indigenous wild Saccharum

forms in the flora of the Polynesian Islands that could support the

view, formerly held by a number of botanists, that garden chewing

canes originated in those islands. These loosely verified opinions

were held before the discovery of S. robustum in New Guinea. Good

evidence has been presented by Grassl supporting the theory that the

Hawaiian original sugarcanes, or some of them, represent segregates

resulting from natural crosses of the imported Melanesian garden

canes and Erianthus maximus, which is indigenous in New Caledonia,

Fiji, and many Polynesian Islands (29). Where or how the roving

Polynesians picked up the garden sugarcanes from the Melanesians is

not known, but from the evidence of anthropologists on ^'race'' migration it is plain that transportation of the cane eastward began not

more than 1,000 to 1,500 years ago, or at least 1,500 years after arrival

of the cane on its long journey northwestward to the province of

Bengal.

Beginning in 1768 Tahiti became a contributing source of cane

varieties, few in number but important in their impact upon the sugar

industries, particularly in the '^sugar colonies'' of the New World.

The subsequent complex history of modern cane migration during the

next century from these islands and from all the other early centers of

diversity is well summarized by Deerr (24).

The most important and extensive distributions of original noble

canes during that century were from Java and other islands of Indonesia. In small groups, or even singly, a large number of varieties

were carried at different times to Mauritius and the New World sugar

colonies, to South Africa, to Australia, and to European settlements in

southeastern Asia. Most of the identifiable noble canes in India today

trace back to shipments of that period. Soon after the sugar experiment stations were established in Java about 1880, a great backwash

of sugarcane varieties to Indonesia occurred from all sugar-producing

countries, stimulated by the frantic search for varieties resistant to

sereh.^^ Although hundreds of names were attached to the noble

10 Emphasis was given to the assembling of the tropical garden canes. It is

significant that although wild Saccharum forms were not collected, the primitive

domesticated canes of northern India were included and their resistance to sereh

generated an interest in wild canes as breeding material.
SUGARCANE 27

forms retrieved from other countries and to those gathered by intensive search in other islands of Indonesia, it appears from the careful

studies of Jeswiet (30) and Posthumus (37) that less than 50 separable

forms were involved. Since in some cases these included the usual

3-color variants of otherwise identical clones, the actual number of

distinctly different noble forms readily available for procurement and

testing at that time was considerably under 50.

In summarizing the evidence on geographic origin, phylogeny, and

dispersal of the orÍ2:inal, domesticated sugarcane (by common consent

referred to as S. oificinarum), we have mentioned:

1. Existence in New Guinea of great numbers and wide diveisity of

these cultivated garden forms in contrast with relatively few

numbers and greater homogeneity of forms in other centers of

diversity scattered from India to eastern Polynesia. Types of

botanical oddities among the garden forms are found singly or

sparsely in the other centers of diversity. Representatives of all

types are found in New Guinea.

2. The discovery in diverse forms and great abundance of a large wild

sugarcane, S. robustum, limited in known range to New Guinea

and adjacent islands of Melanesia. The small wild cane S.

spontaneum, which was also found in New Guinea, has a wide

range extending from eastern Africa to Melanesia.

3. The close relationship of S. rohustum to the domesticated garden

forms and the more distant relationship of 5^. spontaneum, as

indicated in the revised key to the species of Saccharum. Corroborating the taxonomic evidence, we pointed out a number of

physiological affinities between S. rohustum and S. oificinarum

and a number of physiological differences between S. spontaneum

and S. oificinarum.

i. The postulated pathways of prehistoric migrations of the domesticated sugarcane, transported by man, and relative times of these

migrations radiating from New Guinea, based partly on botanical

evidence and on anthropological and ethnographical evidence.

5. Modification, usually in slight degree, of the domesticated sugarcane

at various centers of diversity along the pathways of migration

by natural hybridization with other grasses, including Erianthus

maximus and S. spontaneum. Modification by hybridization

with S. spontaneum in the higher altitudes of the Tropics was

extreme and resulted in the small, thin-stemmed cultivated

sugarcanes of northern India and southwestern China adapted to

the subtropics. There is good circumstantial evidence that

Linnaeus based his species S. oificinarum on an odd, sterile hybrid

type with 2n=81 chromosomes grown during his time to the

exclusion of other kinds in the Mediterranean countries and the

New World and, more recently, known in Spain as Algarobena

and in the New World sugar colonies as Creole. Being extremely

susceptible to injury by mosaic, the clone is almost extinct.

To this evidence on phylogeny and migration of the domesticated

sugarcane may be added a note on the probable course of the much

earlier migration of wild, primitive Saccharum to New Guinea from

the continent of Asia unaided by man, and the subsequent isolation
28 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

in New Guinea by water barriers of S. robustum or other evolutionary

forms developed there exclusively. This involves the geophysical

evidence interpreted by geologists and the floristic studies of phytogeographers. In the latter field of work we are indebted chiefly to

E. D. Merrill (36), whose classic studies of island floras from Asia to

Australia and whose interpretations of plants in the area give the clue

to our own interpretations of ancient migrations and modifications of

wild Saccharum under conditions undisturbed by man.

The towering, mountainous island of New Guinea is unique among

equatorial islands. At all times torrential mountain streams feed the

broad, meandering rivers of the coastal and lake plains. Among

island land masses it is second in size to Greenland. Reminiscent of

Greenland, great fields of ^'perpetuaP^ snow and ice reside on the

highest peaks of the central chain, a condition found on the Equator

only in eastern Africa and western South America, New Guinea

rests on a continental shelf now submerged only 30 to 40 fathoms,

with parts of the shelf including Australia to the south and nearby

Halmahera to the northwest. Another continental shelf extends

from southeastern Asia to include Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. In a

deep sea trough, or basin, between these two stable regions is an area

of instability that includes the Philippines, eastern Celebes, and the

Spice Islands. In the Cretaceous age all these islands were part of the

great Asiatic-Australian Continent, and apparently some Asiatic types

of plants found their way to New Guinea by that land bridge; but,

subsequently, archipelagic conditions prevailed, and New Guinea has

remained insular except for intermittent land connections with

Australia. Theoretically it was possible for primitive Saccharum to

reach New Guinea from Asia and undergo modification that did not

occur elsewhere. It is clear that the modified wild forms, including

diverse forms of S. robustum^ have been isolated by water barriers for

a long time.

COLLECTING EXPEDITIONS, 1853-1951

Firsthand collecting of original sugarcane varieties on an ambitious

scale within the area of earliest dispersal began soon after the annexation of New Caledonia by France in 1853. Colonists from Reunion

in the Indian Ocean who were familiar with commercial cane cultivation on that island and Mauritius were much impressed by the

wealth of colorful, sweet varieties cultivated by the Melanesian

aborigines of New Caledonia and nearby islands of the New Hebrides.

An active commerce sprang up between these islands and Reunion,

conducted at first by sailing vessels. Colonists came in increasing

numbers from Reunion, bringing with them skilled laborers, sugarmaking machinery, and the arts of sugar fabrication. During the

next two decades some of them returned to Reunion with sizable

collections of the handsome garden canes from Tanna and New

Caledonia.^^ Added to the collection of Caldwell taken from the same

area to Mauritius in 1870 (^4) ? the large numbers of Melanesian garden

1' Oral communication from the late M. Huet, a resident of Noumea since 1869.
SUGARCANE 29

canes carried to Keunion and Mauritius augmented the already established reputations of those two islands as important sources of sugarcane varieties. Some of these Melanesian garden canes under the

names Tanna, Caledonia Queen, Caledonia Ribbon, Yellow Caledonia,

and Kava-rangri (Cavengerie), enjoyed longer or shorter periods of

popularity as important commercial varieties in a number of sugarproducing countries.

Vieillard and Deplanche listed and described very briefly 40 garden

canes of northern New Caledonia in 1863 (38). In 1884 De Greslan

similarly described 60 different cane varieties cultivated in gardens

throughout New Caledonia. Notes on their flowering tendencies

were prepared by De Greslan and later published by Sagot (38). At

the time of publication (1893), Sagot stated that the recent introduction of cattle and the reckless manner of pasturing by the colonists

had brought about the disappearance of many varieties listed by De

Greslan and by Vieillard and Deplanche. The numbers of garden

cane varieties had been reduced by other events. The continuous

series of violent insurrections by the Melanesians from 1853 to 1884,

and, in the neighboring New Hebrides, the exploitation and de^

bauchery of the primitive island people by swarms of lawless labor

recruiters decimated both garden canes and gardeners. The present

40,000 population of the New Hebrides is but a handful compared

with what it was. The wonder is that, after such violent disturbance

of an ancient way of life on the southernmost islands of Melanesia,

the fears of Sagot regarding extinction of the small cane gardens have

not materialized. In 1935 I visited villages of 18 Melanesian tribes

in New Hebrides and New Caledonia and collected 126 clones of

garden canes, together with specimens of wild-growing relatives, including S. robustum in Efate and Erianthus maximus in New Caledonia.

Parenthetically, E. maximus is without question the tall grass collected in Tahiti by botanists who accompanied Capt. James Cook to

that island in 1769 and 1772 and which was misnamed S. spontaneum

by J. G. Forster, botanist of the second voyage. Later collectors

have never confirmed the presence of S. spontaneum in Polynesia.

This error stimulated the assertion, untenable on botanical evidence

but accepted by De Candolle, Sagot (38), and others, that domesticated sugarcane was derived from S. spontaneum in the Polynesian

Islands. Dangling from his main premise, Sagot made the concession

that the sugarcane might also be derived from S. spontaneum at high

elevations in mountainous islands of Malaya, thus encompassing as

the place of origin a considerable part of the earth's surface. I have

myself collected E. maximus in Tahiti and Eaiatea of the Society

Islands as well as in New Caledonia, these representing the eastern

and western extremities of the natural range as known today. I have

not encountered S. spontaneum (or S. robustum) in the Pacific east of

the Papuasian group of islands, despite a 35-year reconnaissance

covering all major groups of mountainous islands. Exploring the

low islands, i. e., atolls and reefs, for cane would be an impossible as

well as an unrewarding task. The ecological conditions of such islands

are unsuitable for the garden canes and their close wild relatives as

well. Garden canes can be made to grow when well tended, however,

on coral atolls like Tongatabu.
30 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

The handsome group of Hawaiian garden canes appear not to have

been distributed elsewhere for commercial exploitation during the

19th century as extensively as were the canes of New Caledonia and

New Ilebrides. Some of them must have been used locally for sugarmaking during the early years of the modern sugar industry, but most

of the Hawaiian canes were soon displaced by varieties from Tanna,

New Caledonia, Tahiti, and Indonesia. The early published records

do not clearly recognize or distinguish different Hawaiian varieties,

although such distinction must have been important to the indigenous

Hawaiians. During the second half of the 19th century Hawaiian

cane names began to appear on lists of varieties in other countries.

There is of record a formal request by the U. S. Secretary of Agriculture for Hawaiian sugarcanes during the reign of Kalakaua, 1879-

91. These were intended for the Louisiana sugar experiment station

established in 1885 at New Orleans as part of the State land-grant

college sponsored by the Federal Government. Seven varieties,

listed as Ko Kea, Manulote, Uwala, Ohia, Akilolo, Honuaula, and

Papaa, were duly received by the American consul at Honolulu in

1887 from Wm. G. Irwin & Co., and were transmitted to New Orleans.

The 30 or more Hawaiian garden canes described herein represent 2

shipments sent to the U. S. Department of Agriculture by courtesy

of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. According to advice

from the association, the second shipment was sent to remedy mislabeling of varieties in the initial shipment. They were originally

assembled as a collection for study on the island of Maui; the collection was initiated in 1920 by W. G. Moir and Edward L. Caum.

As part of the World Reference Collection the fairly homogeneous

group from Hawaii has been further studied in relation to other

groups and has provided some of the evidence leading to interpretations in preceding sections of this handbook on the origin, dispersal,

modification, and diversity of the noble canes.

The second series of large-scale collecting expeditions to Melanesia

began in 1892 when the Queensland Department of Agriculture commissioned Ebenezer Cowley to collect economic plants, including sugarcane, in British New Guinea. The Queensland Acclimatization

Society previously had been active in obtaining cane varieties from

Mauritius and Indonesia for the expanding sugar industry. In some

ways the collecting of cane varieties in New Guinea for Queensland

paralleled the variety collecting in New Caledonia and New Hebrides

for Reunion several decades earlier. Both followed immediately the

formal annexation of new territory and both were sponsored in part

by government and in part by private enterprise. Although the

journey from coastal New Gumea to Queensland is much shorter

than the corresponding voyage from New Caledonia across the Indian

Ocean to Reunion, the problems of seed-cane survival were formidable,

because of the immense size and rough surface features of New Guinea

and other surprising difficulties of interior travel. A walk across

central New Guinea is an undertaking of almost a half year; needless

to say, the first sugarcane collectors did not operate far from the coast,

although the Colonial Sugar Refining Co. expedition under A. M.

Carne crossed the narrow but mountainous eastern peninsula in 1914.
STJCMKCANE 31

Success of the collecting projects has varied. The pioneer venture

of the Queensland Department of Agriculture under Mr, Cowley in

1892-93 met the fate of many pioneers. Not a single variety was

established in Queensland. The buds were either dead on arrival or

were killed by fumigation. A second trip by Mr. Cowley in 1893

resulted in establishing 11 varieties at the Mackay State Nursery.

Without question these experiences were of value in opening the eyes

of the competent authorities to the need of careful planning, and the

Department's next expedition under Henry Tryon in 1895 was better

organized.

Mr. Tryon was a trained entomologist, botanist, and phytopathologist. Thirty-three years after his noteworthy collecting, I had the

privilege of meeting Mr. Tryon in Brisbane. A small, white-whiskered, taciturn individual, he impressed one as a meticulously careful

man who could be trusted to anticipate the needs and to work out

beforehand the requirements in a difBcult job of collecting perishable

cane cuttings. With two other officers of the Department he chartered a cutter at Thursday Island and prudently limited his operations to a short stretch of the southeastern coast, emphasizing the

procurement of propagating material of each variety in superabundance. In about 4 months cane plants and packing material weighing

more than 7 tons were collected and taken by cutter to Cooktown in

northern Queensland, thence to Cairns, the railhead, thence by special

train to final destinations. With careful planning and good luck,

except for a storm that drove the cutter west to the Gulf of Papua,

only 200 pounds of cane plants were lost because of unavoidable

delay in handling. Sixty-six varieties were carefully nursed from

New Guinea to Queensland and New South Wales, among them the

famous Badila, which paid for the cost of the expedition and probably

for much of the subsequent research of the department for the next

half century.

An enlightening historical account of Tryon's and the other sugarcane collecting expeditions to New Guinea, together with an excellent

narrative of their own expedition in 1951, has been given by Buzacott

and Hughes {22). All told there have been 10 collecting ventures,

5 by the Queensland Department of Agriculture (1892, 1893, 1895,

1912, 1951), 3 by the Colonial Sugar Refining Co. (1908, 1914, 1921),

1 by the U. S. Department of Agriculture (1928), and 1 by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (1937).

Up to and including the 1921 collecting in New Guinea, the chief

objective was to discover better garden canes, S. oßcinarum, for

direct exploitation in plantations. No interest had been taken in

wild Saccharum forms and, in fact, there were no authentic records

at that time of the existence of such wild forms in New Guinea.

Renewed interest in the New Guinea garden canes, and in particular

an active curiosity concerning their phylogeny, which stimulated the

next collecting expedition in 1928, was brought about indirectly by a

disease epidemic. For several years prior to 1921 and continuing

thereafter, the ominous virus disease, mosaic, long endemic in the

highland native gardens of Java, had been encroaching on the sugarproducing countries of the New World one by one, beginning in

427472—57 3
32 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Argentina where the disease was first introduced inadvertently on

noble X barberi hybrid canes directly from Java.^^ Like the garden

canes themselves, this virus disease must have originated in New

Guinea, where it is endemic but rather rare because the tiny gardens

are widely spaced and buffered by dense forests, which are obstacles

for the insect vector. It is characteristic of sugarcane mosaic that it

becomes epidemic, accompanied by sharply diminishing crop returns,

only in humid, grassy areas where sugarcane is a monoculture crop.

Waves of epidemics under such conditions are dictated by the character

of seasons that influence populations of the insect vector. Aphis

maidis Fitch, and also the development and flights of their winged

generations.

As early as 1919 evidence of group reactions to infection of three

taxonomically separable classes of sugarcanes was observed (1^), and

objectives for control of mosaic gradually became defined, involving

extensive taxonomic studies of noble, primitive, and wild-growing

sugarcanes. There was precedent in the old sereh investigations for

the anomaly that basically important botanical studies were supported

incidentally as an adjunct of pathological studies. In 1922 and 1923

I searched for mosaic-resistant noble and wild forms and their hybrids

in the western Pacific and Far Eastern countries, and always, as in the

case of the variety Toledo (16), a component of wild cane appeared or

was suspected in the ancestry of resistant forms. Variations in the

severity of reactions of noble canes to the virus prolonged our hope

that resistance might be found in them also. The global spread of

mosaic and the accumulating evidence on susceptibility of all S.

officinarum forms, reaching almost to the saturation point {16, 40)

in humid areas, prompted the idea of the World Reference Collection

of original sugarcane varieties described in the first paragraphs of this

handbook. Obviously the rich assortment of Melanesian canes, including feral forms that we confidently expected to find in New Guinea,

could not be excluded.

Á strong effort was made to launch the New Guinea phase of the

collecting in 1924, first as an independent Federal Government expedition and later in the same year as part of a private plant-hunting

expedition to the Far East. Both efforts failed and that important

phase of the collecting did not come off until more than 3 years later,

in 1928 (13).

These setbacks proved rewarding in two ways. More time was

provided for (1) consideration of the logistics involved in covering an

immense area to collect perishable plant material and (2) study of

what reasonably might be predicted in the way of finding primitive

precursors of garden sugarcanes in New Guinea. As to solution of the

12 When the sugar experiment station at Tucuman, Argentina, was established,

the directorship was offered to Jan Kobus. As a herald of his coming Dr. Kobus

sent from Java the Cheribon X Chunnee hybrids P.O.J. 33, 36, 105, 139, 213,

and 234, but the negotiations broke down and he did not follow. From Tucuman,

cuttings of these hybrids were sent later to Puerto Rico, where in 1919 they were

found to be 100 percent infected with the '^new" disease, mosaic. Reaction to the

disease by these hybrids, however, was mild compared with the severe reaction

of the noble canes then grown commercially, a circumstance that interested me in

their ancestry.
SUGARCANE 33

first problem, it became plain that despite the complete absence of

charted airways and gasoline depots in New Guinea, a large seaplane

was preferable to a boat; better even than the boat we had hoped

to use in late 1924, a specially designed one equipped with deck

greenhouses. «

The second problem of what feral forms reasonably might be predicted called for persevering study on the more quiet front of library

research. Essentially, there was no technical literature in the abbreviated language of science and no herbaria with Papuan collections

worthy of the title. The most prolific reporters on New Guinea and

practically the sole representatives of science were, in those days, the

anthropologists. Physical geography, including weather and brief

comments on flora, had to be dug up and interpreted from voluminous

printed, typewritten, and even handwritten manuscripts mostly on

other subjects by nonspecialists, including those of an assortment of

adventurers with cameras and guns who were attracted by the unknown even as dedicated scientists were attracted. There is a surprising amount of literature of that type on New Guinea, some of it

going back to the closing quarter of the 19th century. Searching for

particular fragments significant in our inquiry and testing their credibility may be likened to reading right through the unabridged dictionary from Á to Z to find a few significant words and more or less

enlightening definitions.

^Wild cane'^ and ^Vild sugar cane" had been mentioned in a vague

and casual manner for 40 years or more in reports and books by missionaries, explorers, government patrol ofiicers, and the government

anthropologists. In the majority of these casual references to wild

canes, it is impossible to determine whether a grass or a palm (rattan)

is meant. In other cases there is no doubt that reference was to a

fairly tall wild grass. In still others a careful study of the references

in context, especially where repeated several times with allusions to

the environment, extent, and compactness of the colonies of plants,

the labor of hacking a path slowly through the growth with a cutlass,

and the attendant great danger of accidental fire, gradually unfolds a

picture that practically proclaims, ^'I am Saccharum.^^

To one experienced in the observation of S. spontaneum in its

gregarious and more or less extensive associations in natural habitats

of the Philippines and Indonesia, there could be little doubt that S.

spontaneum was the plant referred to in some of the more vivid writings. S. spontaneum was not only present, but apparently was present

in both wet and xerophytic associations. The payoff for voracious

reading of botanically sterile matter came with several brief allusions

to ''wild sugar cane," much taller, and with inch-thick stems so tough

that in a thicket, without room for a full swing, the cutlass rebounded

like peas from a tight drumhead. The thick pure stands were mentioned incidentally as bordering watercourses in the highlands and,

in more extensive gregarious associations on the banks of broad,

meandering flood-plain rivers, where it could be assumed they were

subjected to periodic inundation only. These pioneering bushwhackers' brief commentaries fitted the concept of wild, and large,

Saccharum, and together with the theoretical considerations
34 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2^ U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

described under '^geographic origin and dispersaP' tiiey helped to

corroborate that in New Guinea, if anywhere, one should seek the

ancestral forms of the domesticated sugarcane. New Guinea became,

so to speak, the bulPs-eye of the target and to New Guinea in 1928

we directed our steps. Upon my strong urging Jakob Jeswiet had

accepted temporary employment and had agreed to accompany me.

He had previously expressed himself as convinced that direct derivation of S. officinarum from S. spontaneum was impossible (32), but

regarding the place of origin of S. officinarum he agreed with Sagot

(32, 38), whose vague, inclusive theories favoring Polynesia as the

most probable place of origin we have already mentioned in this

section.

I communicated the results of the library research to Dr. Jeswiet

and, while enroute to New Guinea via Australia, I discussed with

him the possibility of finding a second wild Saccharum species. He

fell into the habit of referring in press interviews to ''the possibility

of there being more than one species which has been crossed to produce the noble varieties," and this remark was quoted in Australian

newspapers before we departed from Australia for New Guinea.

The same forecast was written into supporting papers of the formal

letter of authorization for the expedition, issued to me a month or

more before leaving Washington. These details should be given as

an example of predicting the existence of a new Saccharum species

ancestral to the noble canes at a time when most botanists were

content with the old one, S. spontaneum. They also explain my

reference in a previous section of this introduction to the "not unexpected discovery" of S. robustum. My devout hope that we might

discover in the new, primitive New Guinea species genes transmitting

resistance to mosaic was doomed to failure. S, robustum is just too

close, physiologically, to the noble canes and consequently is heir to

the diseases that afflict S. officinarum.

The relative disease resistance or susceptibility of S. robustum and

its derivatives to other serious diseases may prove to be quite the

reverse. Reference has been made herein to the significant fact that

in the hybrids now constituting the world's commercial varieties,

recent invasions by the fungus Ustilago are accountable through the

S. spontaneum line, and such evidence as we have at present indicates

that the same is true of ratoon stunting. In our reference collection

of groups, all of which are subjected to the same field exposure, the

S. robustum and S. officinarum groups are markedly less affected.

At present this is merely a projection, aud therefore extensive, carefully controlled inoculation experiments are indicated.

The collections of 1928 in New Guinea comprised 164 Saccharum

clones classified as 141 officinarum, 10 robustum, 7 spontaneum, 5

(recent) hybrids of officinarum-robustum, and 1 robustum-spontaneum.

The accessions were carried by air from widespread places in the

Territory of Papua, Territory of New Guinea, and Netherlands New

Guinea at irregular intervals in lots of 5 to 25 to Port Moresby.

There the cuttings were treated in bordeaux mixture, the ends dipped

in paraffin, and stored at 45° F., some of them for as long as 65 days,

before being carried to a quarantine greenhouse of the Colonial Sugar
SUGARCANE 35

Refining Co., at Sydney. There was 10 to 15 percent loss of clones.

In addition to the 1928 collections, we received by courtesy of the

Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, Brisbane, and the Colonial

Sugar Refining Co., Sydney, all surviving clones of their previous

New Guinea collections of noble clones. Most of these clones were

eventually established during the next 2 years in greenhouse quarantine near Washington, D. C, and at Djamba Gedeh, Java, and, of

course, in Queensland. Some of the wild forms that were difficult

to ship successfully required two or three successive shipments.

Three important clones, including S. robustum f. sanguineum, which

I discovered on the banks of Sepik River 500 miles from its mouth,

were lost and required re-collecting on special trips back to the natural

habitats by collaborating missionaries and government patrol officers.

The last of the three was finally established after 9 years of effort,

a fair measure of the difficulties of terrain and remoteness of these

habitats.

An illustrated narrative account of the cane collecting, with maps

showing a few territorial features discovered from the air, was published in the National Geographic Magazine (13). The text and the

approximately 100 photographic illustrations in that magazine

graphically portray a study of the natural history background of

sugarcane evolution in New Guinea in much greater detail than is

permissible in the present pubhcation. The illustrations covered a

restricted range of natural-history subjects including geology and

physical geography, flora, plant ecology, and ethnology, i. e., the

material culture of the Stone Age gardeners of the island. All these

subjects are pertinent, and indispensable to development of our

theory of the geographic center or origin of S. robUstum and the origin

of S, qfficinarum by artificial selection of variants of S. robustum. In

the present handbook a limited selection of photographs is presented.

Among them are illustrations of variant forms of the wild S. robustum

in their native habitats and, for comparison, views of the same clones

under cultivation in Florida during the crop year of 1956-57 (figs.

1 to 9).
36 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1.—Saccharum robustum 28 N.G. 251, the type of the species in the type

locality, left bank of the Laloki River, 18 miles northeast of Port Moresby,

Territory of Papua. This relatively long-jointed, broad-leaved clone discovered by J. Jeswiet is greenish yellow vs^hen young, becoming bright yellow.
SUGARCANE 37

âaâiâi

FIGURE 2.—Saccharum spontaneum in the foreground on a stony midland in the

Laloki River and extending to the muddy bank of the river, middle background,

^where it is in competition with the broad-leaved S. robustum.
38 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 3.—A canebrake of Saccharum robustum in the last stage of a losing

struggle witli forest trees and other vegetation. With the building up of silt

from the river which is gradually changing its course and moving toward the

camera, the S. robustum is no longer in the flood waters and is unable to compote with the slowly encroaching trees.
SUGARCANE 39

FIGURE 4.—A typical sugarcane garden community. Tree house dwellings and

gardens of Negritos are about 8 miles west of the right bank of the Ok-tedi

River, a high tributary of the Fly River 40 to 50 miles south of the Victor

Emanuel Range.
40 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Fic.uRE 5.—External morphological characteristics of the stem in 28 N.G. 25,

a soft-stemmed Saccharum officinarum chewing cane collected in the garden of

a pygmy village near the upper Ok-Birak (Fly) River, illustrate the close external resemblance of these forms to the assumed ancestral forms such as 28

N.G. 219 and 28 N.G. 219A, the S. robusium variants found on the Sepik River.

Note the thickness of stems, progressive change in relative lengths of internodes

from base to apex, and the pronounced wax ring just below the nodes, in comparison with 28 N.G. 219 shown in figure 6.
SUGARCANE 41

FIGURE 6.—The large wild Saccharum robustum 28 N.G. 219 growing in peat soil

at Canal Point, Fla. The external stem characteristics of this very hardstemmed S. robustum strikingly resemble those of the soft-stemmed S. ojficinarum shown in figure 5. Stems of both clones when 5 or 6 months old, as

shown, are deep vinaceous purple.
42 AGK. HANDBOOK 122, V. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 7.—A Papuo-Melanesiaii garden of the highlands inland from Rigo on

the south coast. In gross morphology the two long-jointed Saccharum officiiMrum clones in left foreground somewhat resemble S. robustum 28 N.G. 105

shown in figure 8. The clone in center baclvground, near the small boy on

scaffold, one of the numerous Badila relatives, strilúngly resembles S. robustum

28 N.G. 219 shown in figure 9.
SUGARCANE 43

FIGURE 8.—Saccharum robustum clone 28JN.G. 105, growing at Canal Point, Fla.

When grown in well-drained situations there is a marked shortening of internodes and complete absence of the extraordinarily long stolons developed in

its native habitat. This abrupt modification of characters in a clone of S. robustum due to environmental change is significant in the story of S. officinarum

origin from S. robustum. The S. officinarum forms do not have stolons, or

rhizomes.
44 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, V. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTUBE

FIGURE 9.—Saccharum robustum 28 N.G. 219 at Canal Point, Fla., age 1-1 months,

the same clone as shown in figure 6. Note the progressive shortening of internodes apically. Incidentally, the shortening of internodes when S. robustum

is removed from the natural riverbank habitat in New Guinea is noticeable

when it is transplanted for use as garden barricades by the Papuans.
SUGARCANE 45

VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS USED IN THE

DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF

NOBLE CANES ^^

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials for sugarcane study came from the United States Sugar

Crops Field Station at Canal Point, Fla., and were gathered since

1920, largely by E. W. Brandes, from numerous islands of Melanesia,

Indonesia, and Polynesia (table 1). All characters were studied and

illustrations were prepared from fresh material.^*

The stem epidermis was removed with the aid of Schulzens fluid.

For this purpose a small piece of outer stem material was placed in a

test tube containing several crystals of potassium chlorate and a few

cubic centimeters of concentrated nitric acid. The mixture was carefully brought to a boil, and as soon as the epidermis separated off in

the form of a thin pellicle the content of the test tube was emptied into

a petri dish partially filled with water. The epidermis was then

mounted on a slide and stained with chloroiodide of zinc.

The epidermis of the leaf was removed in a similar manner, but the

nitric acid was slightly diluted and the potassium chlorate omitted.

Staining of the preparation was*not necessary.

TABLE 1.—Accession numbers with corresponding importation numbers, clonal designations, and taxonomic group No.

Accession

No.

Importation

No.

Clone

Taxonomic

group

No.i

Accession

No.

Importation

No.

Clone

Taxonomic

group

No. 1

1 707

626

627

520

628

629

630

863

523

632

524

525

526

483

475

527

633

528

634

529

530

635

636

637

463

28N G X 9

23

21

25

8

6

6

21

32

34

23

23

35

37

28

23

7

20

6

5

20

33

30

1

30

26

27

28

29

31

32

34

35

36

37

38

40

41

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

51a

53

54

535

536

482

476

638

368

481

484

537

478

485

486

538

540

379

642

643

488

487

644

645

512

517

646

402

28N. a. 33 31

2 1 34 10

3 2 35._ 33

4 3 36 24

5 4 37 14

6 5 39 23

7 6 40 28,36

g 11 42 22

9 12 43. 14

10 13 44 7

11 14 45 26

12 15 46 23

14 17 47 7

14a 18 51 32

15 20 52 1

16 21 54 1

17 22 55 11

18 23 56 14

19 24 59 12

20 25 62 36

21 26 63 18

22 27 65 13

23

24

30 68 2

31 78 33

25 32 80 27

See table 4 for diagnostic characters of taxonomic groups.

13 This section was prepared by Ernst Artschwager.

June 20, 1957.

Dr. Artschwager died

1* The authors are greatly indebted to B. A. Belcher, in charge of the field station, and to Edwin R. Rice, of the station staff, for assistance in preparing the

material for study and for taking field notes. Mr. Rice also determined the

epidermal pattern for many of the canes. The drawings are by Mrs. Eugenia

Artschwager.
46 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE 1.—Accession numbers with corresponding importation numbers, clonal designations, and taxonomic group No.—Continued

Accession

No.

Importation

No.

Clone

Taxonomic

group

No.i

Accession

No.

Importation

No.

Clone

Taxonomic

group

No. 1

56 648

649

409

516

518

650

505

418

504

651

508

427

507

510

506

655

656

499

501

498

657

658

502

541

659

660

542

661

662

495

706

664

864

980

665

666

545

494

500

493

492

667

546

547

548

668

977

671

672

673

674

675

551

552

676

554

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

322

321

323

326

28 N. G. 83 6

19

33

3

6

28

17

32

6

32

24

11

13

18

33

7,28

14

15

32

25

28

23

35

6

31

26

6

7

26

32

20

20

29

20

33

7

37

30

37

33

28

37

37

17

31

23

24

7

35

28

19

23

27

23

23

28

27

2

17

5

17

5

3

3

19

21

22

25

24

23

34

1

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

137a

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

152

153

154

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

186

186

187

188

189

190

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

327

328

329

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

344

347

348

350

351

246

228

247

249

227

226

624

625

623

1035

879

880

881

882

883

884

885

886

887

888

889

890

891

892

893

896

897

898

900

902

894

895

901

903

904

905

906

908

910

911

912

913

914

915

917

919

907

909

916

825

827

828

831

832

21 N G 21 2

2

22

4

18

13

22

35

20

26

18

23

28

25

25

25

25

25

13

12

33

7

26

3

35

29

18

29

8

7

8

7

7

6

6

2

7

2

6

3

3

8

1

6

3

3

2

6

2

57 84._ 22 58 87 23 60 89 29 61 90 30

62 93 31

63 96 32 64 97 33 66 98 34

67 99 35 69 106 36

.70 107 37 71 109 44

72 no 49

73 202 51 74 203 54

75 204 55

76 206 57

77 207 58

7S 208 96N. G. 14

15 79 209

80 210 16

81 211 22

82 212 24

83 213 24a

84 214 14 N G 124

85 215 190

86 216 241

87 217 37 N. Ö. 6

New Caledonia 5

11

88 220

89 221

90 222 ir^

91 223 17 9ÍÍ 224 18

19 93 256

94 257 90

95 259 21

96 260 24

97 261 25

98 262 29

98a 263 30

31 99 264

100 265 32

101 266 33

102 267 39

103 268 40

104 269 4'^

105 273 49

50 106 274

107 279 51 8

6

2

2

8

g

108 280 53

109 282 64

74 110 284

111 285 76

Ilia 287 78

112 288 80

81

8

113 21xV. G. 1 8

2

3

114 83 2

115 90

91

92

8

5

4

116 4 ___

117 5

118 6 93 4

119

120

94

99

4

g

121

122

122a

123

124

124a

124b

125

10

11

12

13

14____

16

15

17

20

104

116 _

117

130

Hawaiian Original 6

24

26

36 .

8

2,6

3, 6

3

3

3

126 38 2.3

1 See table 4 for diagnostic characters of taxonomic groups.
SUGARCANE 47

TABLE 1.—Accession numbers with corresponding importation numbers,

ignationsy and taxonomic group No.—Continued

clonal des835

888

842

727

826

728

729

730

829

731

830

733

735

736

822

738

744

745

837

834

823

747

749

795

840

841

1047

1580

952

765

1187

1633

757

768

1049

1050

698

1237

771

770

1627

697

1568

1055

1051

1550

1052

1054

988

766

1582

194

1239

696

972

1241

1076

1632

1583

10

70

1058

71

210

31

Hawaiian Original 39

41

43

52

71

Akilolo 20

Akoki 22

Awela 68

Halalii32

Hinahina 18

Iliopua29

Kea31

Kea31

Lalii7

Laukoma 15

Lehu75

Maikoiko 73

Maikoiko 74

Manulele 27

Mlkiol44

Moano 48

Nanahu 40

Ohial

Opukea 34

Pakaweli 2

Pilimai 60 --

Pohina 51

Uahi-a-pele 50

Uala61

Uluhui 67

Aboe

Anoman ---

Ashy Mauritius

Bacoya

Badila Fiji. -

Balghat Thin

Bamboo Blanca

Bamboo Morada

Bandjarmasin Hitam

Banteng

Barbados White

Batee Lupog

Batjan

Batjan Green Sport

Black Cheribon

Black Fiji

Black Tanna

Branche Blanche

Boengaja

Boeton Lichtgroen

Boetota Bilatoe

Bourbonriet

Branchue

Brava de Perico

Calara

Cana Blanca

Caledonia Ribbon

Cavengerie

Cavengerie Sangre de Toro-.

Cebu Light Purple

Ceram Red

Chittan

Creoula

Crystalina

Fiji

Geel Muntok

Gestreept Preanger

Green German New Guinea

Green Ribbon .-_

2

3

2,3

5

6

7

8

5

6

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

280

281

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

293

294

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

304

305

306

307

308

309

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

332

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

180

1290

1060

1570

1062

182

565

1584

5

1422

1293

1553

1068

1294

1585

1295

1069

1070

1071

184

1072

1179

1073

466

1085

1067

1586

1585

1074

759

1075

854

855

856

990

9

737

762

773

1077

104

1318

1560

1424

1556

105

611

850

1081

1082

758

1083

1551

1090

925

926

1348

1588

1093

211

1558

769

1177

1095

1096

Green Striped Preanger.._

Gros Genoux

Haak Kwat Che

HVA124

Hitam Broewang

Horne

Ireng Malang

Kam Shaan Che

Kara-Kara-Wa [32-C-73]-.

Listada -,

Louisiana Purple

Louisiana Striped

Luzon White

Mia Do

Malagache

Mani

Manteiga

Manteiga

Meligeli

Menado Rood

Monjet Gayam

MukChe

Muntok Java

Negrita

Oedang Amboina

Otaheite

Padangsche, Dark Red-_

Padangsche, Light RedPelo de Moca

Pitu

Poetih Borneo

Pundia

Ra Cha

Raratongal

Raratonga2

RaratongaS

Rat Gros Ventre

Rayada

Red Cavengerie

Red Preanger.

Red Tip

Rood Djapara

Rood Egyptisch

Selemi, Bali

Sawoe Kroepoek

Simpson

Soerat Soembawa Wit.-.

Spaansch

Striped Tip

Tahiti 3

Tamarin, Reunion

Teboe Pohina

Tibbo Mird

Tijing, Bali

Timor Riet

Tomohon Wit

Tjemeng Payaman

Tomohon Zwart

Tongatabu 5

Tongatabu 6

Vellai

Vespertina

Wit Manila

Wit Ceram

Wit Djapara

Yellow Bamboo

Yellow Caledonia

Zwart Borneo

Zwart Manila

I See table 4 for diagnostic characters of taxonomic groups.

427472—57-
48 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Ligules were stripped off the blade joint by first detaching the central part with the blade joint only partly open {5) ; next, one flange

was detached clear at its insertion point, then the other. The detached hgule was then placed for a few minutes into an alcoholic solution of chromotrope, dried on filter paper, and mounted on a glass

slide or index card, transparent scotch tape being used as a sealer.

Permanent mounts of young auricles were obtained in a similar

manner.

VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS

INTERNODE

Shape.—^The internodes of a culm are alined or zigzagged, round or

oval, in cross section. The most common forms (fig. 10) are cylindrical, bobbin-shaped, tumescent, conoidal, obconoidal, and concaveconvex. Often there is a bulge or shoulder directly above the growth

ring on the side opposite the bud, and frequently a sharp constriction

m the region of the wax band. Form, length, and thickness of the

mternode are greatly influenced by environmental conditions. The

shape to a certain extent shows considerable variation within the

limits of the clone.

Color—T\\Q color of the culm or stem is a useful morphological

characteristic in the identification of sugarcane clones, but color must

be used with understanding of its hmitations. Separation of Saccharum spontaneum forms or the forms of other groups in which the

range of color is chiefly the expression of different concentrations of

chlorophyll is not very practicable. Essentially the range is confined

to shades of green in such groups. In the more colorful forms of S.

robustum or S. qfficinarum, particularly when combinations of colors

are present in longitudinal strips as in the so-called ribbon canes, the

stem color is more useful as a distinguishing character. The striking

range of colors in the domesticated sugarcane clones (S. oßcinarum)

dealt with here represents different combinations and concentrations

of two series of pigments, the chlorophylls and the anthocyanins, and

to a lesser extent the carotenoids and xanthophylls. Even in S.

officinarum forms, color is subject to various external and internal

influences and is only relatively constant.

Recognition of causes of color variation found in different specimens of the same clone and in different parts of the same stem is

essential to practical utilization of the color characteristic. Ultimate causes of the variations have not been adequately studied, but

the observed variations may be classified to advantage. They are

mainly of four kinds: (1) Those correlated with age of the internodes,

1. e., juvenile v. mature internodes; (2) those correlated with environment, i. e., exposed to sunlight or protected by leaf sheaths or otherwise in shade (and possibly influenced by nutrition or other environmental factors); (3) those correlated with inner morphology that

dictates the variable width of stripes; and (4), those correlated with

somatic aberrations or mutations, the often observed but Kttle understood color sports or variants.

In observing color variants in a large collection for many years, one

is impressed by the evidence that some clones are prone to vary and

also to revert in a typical manner, i. e., they produce entirely green
SUGARCANE 49

or entirely red sports from a green-red striped form and then revert

to the striped form with no apparent change in the original combination and concentration of basic pigments. As judged by Finlay color

photographs made about 1925, the great majority of clones remain as

they were when collected, with no color variations except the men-

* cylindrical tumescent

[\\\V\ ill

'bobbin-shaped

conoidal obconoidal

FIGURE 10.—Types of internodes.

concave-convex
50 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

tioned progressive color changes in juvenile to mature internodes, the

transitory changes caused by environmental factors, and the variable

width of stripes in the ribbon canes. For these reasons the stem color,

when used judiciously, is an aid in distinguishing between forms of

S. officinarum. The conspicuous large sooty patches frequently seen

on the stem epidermis of sugarcane near the point of attachment of

leaf sheaths are the dense, thin stromata of Meliola, a black, nonparasitic fungus that feeds on sugary exudates of the cane or on the

honeydew excreted by sucking insects like mealy bugs. The color of

the culm as seen in freshly cut cross sections may be uniform to the

very center, but usually the outer zone is of a deeper shade.

Wax.—All parts of the culm except the growth ring are covered

with bloom, or wax. Many clones have a heavy wax deposit, while

in others the bloom is thin and shiny. A thicker layer is present just

below the leaf scar, forming a conspicuous ring—the wax band. If

the bloom is very heavy, it is usually confluent with the wax band.

In clones with httle bloom the wax band, whether broad or narrow,

stands out very prominently. Heavy wax deposits greatly influence

the color of the culm, and subsequent discoloration of the wax enhances the color changes already in progress.

Corky cracks.—The surface of the culm is smooth, but in certain

varieties corky cracks (fig. 11, ^) in the nature of small longitudinal

crevices cause a roughening of the stem epidermis. At times the

cracks in localized areas become confluent to form corky patches.

Occasionally there is progressive stem discoloration, giving the surface the appearance of dead stalks.

Growth cracks.—Deeper longitudinal fissures, so-called growth

cracks (fig. 11, A), may be present, alone or in association with corky

cracks.

Hairs.—A distinct pubescence of the culms was observed in 1.7 percent of the varieties studied. The hairs are long and unicellular, and

take the place of the silica cells in the short-cell groups of the stem

epidermis.

Budfurrow.—The bud furrow or eye groove (fig. 11, ^) is a depression in the stalk extending from the bud upward. It may be broad

or narrow, deep or shallow, short or long. If often fades out soon

after its inception, and in many varieties the bud furrow is entirely

wanting. It is subject to much variation within culm limits.

Growth nng.—It is a narrow zone separating the root band from the

internode above. It runs horizontally but often curves slightly upward above the bud (fig. 11, ^). In old internodes it often protrudes,

but in young material it is always slightly depressed or flush, and

usually of a pale color. In mill cane the growth ring is normally

concolorous with the internode above and with the root band.

Root hand.—Morphologically, the root band forms the basal part

of the internode and contains the bud and several rows of root primordia. It may be tall, medium broad, or narrow; cylindrical,

conoidal (fig. 11, D), obconoidal (fig. 11, E), constricted (fig. 11, (7),

or tumescent. The band is usually somewhat taller on the side of the

bud than on the opposite side. Frequently it is straight-sided in the

bud region and obconoidal on the opposite side (fig. 11, B). It is

almost colorless in young stems but concolorous with the rest of the

culm in mill cane. As the name implies, the root band bears the root
SUGARCANE 51

growth rin^

L®''0©®^(2)^^®®^¿^- leafjcar

ivax ring

» 00 e 0(9 ^0 0

ror/v(/ crar/rj

ibud furrow

corky pokh

roof ()rimord¡Q

bud

growth crocti

A

FIGURE 11.—Internode and nodes: .4, Diagrammatic drawing of node and internode; B, tall root band with many rows of root primordia; C, narrow constricted

root band; Z), conoidal root band; Ey obconoidal root band with bud projecting

above growth ring.
52 AGE. HANDBOOK 122, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

primordia. The latter are arranged in regular or staggered rows; the

primordia of the bottom row are often larger and more widely spaced

than those in the upper row. The root primordia remain dormant in

many varieties, but in some they show a tendency to sprout while

the stalks are still actively growing in the field.

Stein epidermis.—The stam epidermis is a valuable diagnostic

character. It consists of long cells alternating with short-cell groups

made up of cork cells and silica cells (fig. 12). Cork and silica cells

occur in single or multiple pairs. The silica cells always have the

characteristic biscuit form, but the cork cells may be long or short,

squarish, rhomboid, or pointed. The epiderm.al pattern, described

below and illustrated in figure 12, may be used singly or in combination.

Seven patterns are recognized as follows:

Type 1.—Cork and silica cells in single pairs alternating with long cells.

Type 2.—Silica cells wanting or very few in number; cork cells solitary or in

groups, squarish, rhomboid, or pointed.

Type 3.—Silica cells wanting in about 50 percent of the short-cell groups.

Type 4.—Most of the cork cells are short- or long-pointed. The long cells are

often curved and their endwalls pointed. There is much variation in the width

of the cells.

Type 5.—The cells are rather narrow, and the elongate-rectangular type of cork

cell predominates, occurring singly or in short connected rows.

Type 6.—The short-cell groups are usually numerous, and occur in multiple

pairs.

Type 7.—The short-cell groups are usually made up of one silica cell and two

cork cells.

Combination patterns.—Usually combination groupings are more diagnostic

than single patterns. The first number of such a combination formula (for

example 1 + 4+6) characterizes the type; additional numbers (in this case 4 and

6) are auxiliary. The formula indicates that the epidermis consists primarily of

single pairs of short-cell groups alternating with long cells, but that pointed cork

cells (as indicated by 4) and multiple pairs of short-cell groups (as indicated by 6)

are also present.

BUD

General characteristics,—The eyes, or buds, of sugarcane are inserted

in the tissue of the root band usually immediately above the leaf scar

(fig. 11, A), occasionally higher. The tip may extend some distance

above the growth ring (fig. 11, £') or stop short of it. The buds may

be large or small, long or short, flat or plump. All young buds and

many mature ones are flat and appressed. They become plump on

maturity and often protrude, pointing away from the stalk at an

oblique angle. The color of the mature bud approximates that of the

culm. Contrasting colors often occur in young buds, which frequently have a reddish tint in the tip and upper wing region.

Sugarcane buds exhibit a diversity of morphological forms. Of

these the more frequently recurring types are illustrated in figure 13.

The visible part of the Í3ud is the outermost bud scale or prophyll,

which is made up of a central disk, or sides, and the wing. The

boundary line between side and wing, the so-called juncture, is not

always clearly marked, and in some varieties with narrow wings the

sides merge imperceptibly with the wing region. The wing is usually

membranaceous and of uniform width. However, in a number of

varieties the wing is broader at the base and often irregularly lobed.

Sometimes the basal lobes are so large as to stimulate small secondary

wings (;ñ.g. 13, A^. In some broad-winged forms the tip region of the
SUGARCANE 53

Type 1 Type 2 Type k

5ri

Type 5 Type 6 Type 7

FiGUBE 12.—Types of stem epidermis.

wing is flat and serrate, and occasionally altogether wanting. Such

buds have the typical crawfish shape. Now and then the wing is

narrow at the base and broadens toward the apex (fig. 13, /). The

germ pore, the place where the growing shoot pushes through the

protecting bud scales, is usually located near the tip, but in round

buds with radial venation the germ pore is more or less central.

Pubescence.—The buds of many varieties are only slightly hairy,

while others have a prominent localized or general pubescence. Of

the 32 hair groups recognized by Jeswiet (SO), some are still considered
54 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, Ü. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 13.—Structure of root band and bud: A, Root band with bud; B, ovate

bud; C, narrow ovate bud; D, tall deltoid bud; E, short deltoid bud; F, squat

rhomboid bud; G, pentagonal bud; H, squarish pentagonal bud with wing inserted high; /, narrow ovate bud with wing broadening toward apex; K, roundish

bud with crawfish-type wing; L, round bud with central germ pore; iki., ovate

bud with emarginate basal wing region; N, ovate bud with secondary wings.

to have diagnostic value, whereas others have been relegated to a

minor position or entirely omitted. A condensed form of Jeswiet's

original descriptions of the more important hair groups is given below

and their location on the prophyll is indicated in figure 14.

(1) Lateral basal groups of long white hairs on anterior sides.

(2) Lateral basal groups of short hairs, often interspersed with long

hairs.
SUGARCANE 55

FIGURE 14.—Hair groups on prophyll: A, anterior side; B, posterior side.
56 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, XJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(3) Long white hairs on basal wing region on anterior side.

(4) Long white lashes on edge of wing.

(6) Bands of short brown hairs between the veins of anterior sides.

(8) Long appressed hairs in anterior juncture.

(9) Long lashes implanted in the germ pore.

(10) Brush of long hairs implanted on posterior tip.

(11) Long white hairs implanted in juncture just below wing tip.

(12) Short brown or black hairs on anterior wing surface.

(13) Long appressed hairs on anterior wing surface.

(14) Long white hairs on posterior wing surface.

(15) Short lashes at tip of wing (part of group 4).

(16) Pointed group of long white hairs in basal depression of anterior

juncture.

(17) Long white hairs between the veins of anterior sides.

(18) Long or short white hairs along basal edge of posterior sides.

(19) Triangular group of long white hairs in basal depression of

posterior juncture.

(20) Short brown hairs between veins of posterior sides.

(21) Short brown hairs on posterior wing surface.

(22) Long appressed hairs in posterior juncture.

(23) Short brown hairs on tip of posterior sides.

(24) Short fringe on overlying membranaceous margin of anterior

sides.

(25) Long white hairs between veins of posterior sides.

(26) Long lashes in corners of wing.

(29) Long white hairs on base of posterior wing surface.

LEAF

The leaves are borne on the culm in two ranks, one at each node.

As new leaves unfold, old ones are shed, so that the number remains

approximately constant throughout the life of a stalk.

Each leaf consists of sheath and blade. At the juncture of sheath

and blade is the blade joint with its specialized regions, while at the

base of the sheath where the leaf joins the stalk, there is a distinct

swelling—the leaf sheath node or sheath base.

BLADE

The blade is erect, erect with drooping tip, ascending, curved, or

drooping. The top is compact or open.

Color of the blade.—The color varies from light to dark green; in

some varieties young leaves are decidedly reddish or purplish, and

there are striped and variegated forms.

Size.—The blades may be long and narrow or relatively broad.

Length and width may vary greatly, but the ratio of length to width,

the so-called leaf module, is relatively constant and constitutes a

reliable character.

Texture.—Some leaves appear thin, others thick; some feel smooth,

others rough to the touch; some leaves are leathery, others appear

succulent.
SUGARCANE 57

Pubescence.—The blade is edged with spineUke hairs pointing upward; directly above the dewlaps these hairs are long and soft. In

many clones of Saccharum robustum the surface of the blade is covered

with a soft velvety pubescence (hair group 67). This group has not

been observed in any of the noble canes.

LEAF SHEATH

The leaf sheath is inserted in the tissue of the node and forms an

open tube with the margins overlapping. It varies greatly in length,

waxiness, and pubescence in the different varieties.

Color.-The sheath is usually light green, sometimes flushed with red

or purple. The basal region often has a purplish hue on the inside. In

some striped canes the color pattern extends into the sheath and sometimes into the lamina. Wax deposits may be light or heavy and show

variation locally and with age.

Base.—Immediately above the line of insertion of the leaf sheath is

the sheath base or leaf sheath node. The sheath in this region often

bulges saclike where it covers the bud. The overlying edge of the

sheath in this region may be slightly decurrent and sometimes terminates in a more or less prominent appendage.

Scar.—In self-cleaning canes, when the leaves drop off, a scar remains that may run horizontally or obliquely to the axis of the culm.

In some varieties the scar is flush with the stalk; in others it sags

and spreads under the bud.

Pubescence.—In some clones the sheath is smooth; in others it is

densely pubescent. Most often, however, the hairs are concentrated

regionally in more or less well-defined groups. The groups themselves

may be prominent, medium well developed, or inconspicuous. If the

groups are sparse and poorly defined, there is usually variation within

culm limits. Also, frequently the degree of pubescence varies with

age; older sheaths may appear smooth, whereas young ones are distinctly hairy. The pubescence of the sheath base is often present

only in the basal leaves of young plants, and absent higher up.

Groups 57 and 60.—Group 57, known as the dorsal field, is found in

many cane varieties. The group may be implanted low, medium, or

high; its shape is linear, lenticular, or irregular. The hairs may be

sharp and spinehke or short and inconspicuous, appressed, oblique,

and often almost erect, especially in the region just below the blade

joint. The group is often very small and recognizable only in young

sheaths.

Occasionally, two linear hair groups or lateral fields are found on

the sides of the leaf sheath, more especially the underlying sheath

margin. Occasionally the lateral fields coalesce with the dorsal field

or become confluent with group 56 (fig. 15) of the overlying sheath

margin. The hairs of group 60 are in general character like those of

the dorsal field.

Group 56.—The upper sheath margin may be smooth or fringed, with

the fringe completely marginal or in the form of a narrow marginal

ledge. Vertically the group nxay be very short and continuous with

the marginal cilia of the auricle. Occasionally the group descends for
58 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

a distance of 5 cm. or more. In hairy sheaths, with well-developed

lateral fields, group 56, when in the form of a narrow ledge, becomes

confluent with the sheath pubescence in general, more especially the

hairs of the lateral fields.

'dewlap

FIGURE 15,—Sheath base and surface view of sheath, showing location of haii

groups.

Groups 59 and 69.—The pubescence of the sheath base (fig. 16, B)

is restricted to a narrow fringe which in its entirety, or sectorially,

forms group 59. When sharply delimited and subtending the bud, the

hairs are referred to as group 69.

Groups 62, 64, and 64e.—The overlying sheath margin in the region

of the sheath base is occasionally hairy. The hairs are usually long

and silky; the surface hairs constitute group 62 and the marginal lashes

group 64 (fig. 15). Both hair groups are rare. If the sheath margin is

decurrent, a small group of cilia is often present just above the insertion of the basal appendage and is referred to as group 64e.
SUGARCANE 59

FIGURE 16.—Blade joint and sheath base: A, Detailed structure of blade joint,

showing location of the various hair groups; B, structure of sheath base, showing

location of hair groups.

AURICLES

Auricles are appendages of the leaf sheath. They are usually

asymmetrical, often weakly developed, and occasionally altogether

wanting (fig. 17, A).

Types.—Noble canes exhibit three types of auricle development:

(1) Clones with two well-developed auricles but with the inner one the

larger (fig. 17, D); (2) clones in which only the inner auricle is well

developed, while the outer one is a transitional structure (fig. 17, C);

and (3) clones in which both outer and inner auricles are of the transitional type (fig. 17, B). Canes with the transitional type of auricle

are very common. There are three subtypes: (1) Sloping-transitional,

(2) horizontal-transitional, and (3) ascending-transitional, represented

by figure 17, F, G, and H, respectively. Other auricle types in an

ascending order of prominence are illustrated in figure 17, /-P.

Insertion.—-The insertion point of the auricle usually coincides with

the termination of the ligule, but in canes with steeply sloping Hgules

the inner auricle, usually in the form of a deltoid hook, is inserted lower

down the sheath margin (fig. 17, i?).

Hair group 54.—The free upper edge of the auricle is smooth or

ciliate. Transitional auricles are usually prominently fringed, but the
60 AGH. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGBICULTURE

L

1 )

FIGURE 17.—Types of auricles: A, Auricles absent; B, auricles transitional; C,

inner auricle calcarate; Z), both auricles lanceolate: E, both auricles transitional

but inner one with small deltoid hook inserted low; F, sloping transitional

auricle; (r, straight transitional; H, ascending transitional; /, dentoid; K^

deltoid; L, short lanceolate; M, unciform; N, calcarate; O, falcate; P, long

lanceolate.
SUGARCANE 61

larger types may be smooth or sparingly to prominently ciliate, in their

entire length or in the basal region only.

Groups 70 and 71.—The outer surface of the auricular apex occasionally bears a small group of hairs. When occurring on the inner

auricle, the group is known as 71 (fig. 17, A)] when on the outer

auricle, it constitutes group 70.

LIGULE

The ligule of sugarcane is a membranaceous appendage attached at

the junction of lamina and sheath. In its young state it is translucent; later it becomes dry, locally discolored, and brokenly indented.

Types.—Four fundamental types are recognized: Deltoid, linear,

crescentiform, and arcuate. The latter two often form intermediate

types that differ from each other by the height and shape of the midrib

sector and the slope and taper of the flanges. The frequently recurringtypes of ligules are illustrated in figure 18.

Pubescence.—The pubescence of the ligule is restricted to the dorsal

surface and the free margin.

Hair group 61.—This group, comprising the cilia along the free margin of the ligule, is invariably present, though in most varieties the

cilia are very short and inconspicuous. Sometimes the cilia are short

in the midrib region and somewhat longer at the flanges. Some clones

have very long cilia and may be identified by this character alone.

Group 66.—The side of the ligule next to the leaf is covered by

inconspicuous semiadnate appressed hairs with thick walls; occasionally this group is very prominent.

Group 65a.—In certain clones there is a bunching of long hairs in

the central part of the ligule (figs. 16, A, and 18). The hairs are

inserted at the basal part of the ligule, and are not adnate.

Group 65a.—Occasionally there is found, either laterally connected

with group 55a, or independent, a row of tall more or less widely

spaced hairs inserted along the base of the ligular flanges (fig. 18).

Sometimes this group is restricted to the terminal flange zone and

may be present when a general dorsal pubescence is lacking. The

hairs project far above the free margin of the ligule.

DEWLAPS

The dewlaps consist of two deltoid or squarish areas that differ in

color and internal structure from the lamina; they form the hinge of

the blade joint. There is a certain amount of variation in the form and

the surface markings of the dewlaps, but on the whole the pattern is

clone-limited. Immature dewlaps are apt to be more asymmetrical

than those of fully grown leaves. The one associated with the overlying sheath margin is usually taller and less steeply sloping than the

other.

Types.—There are three basic patterns: the rectangular type, the

deltoid type, and the ligular type. Many intermediate forms tend to

bridge the difference between the three patterns (fig. 19, A-Q).

Color.—Young dewlaps are concolorous with the lamina, usually a

pale green; in some clones they are bright red or edged with yellow
62 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AG1UCÜLTÜKE

Ligules

66 center

^^<^o.

orbicular-creôcent llat-creôcent

crescent-^ h/. broad ¡o^en<^e ^crescent ^- narroh/ lújenle

crescent, w. /ojen^e

delf-oid linear - crascent

inverted crescent

FIGURE 18.—Types of ligules.

arcuate
SUGABCANE 63

FIGURE 19.—Types of dewlaps: Aj Deltoid; B, flaring deltoid; C, descending

deltoid; Z), double-crescent deltoid; E, squarish deltoid; F, ascending squarish;

G, squarish subcrescent; ii, tall squarish; 7, squarish crescent; K, narrow

squarish; L, ascending ligulate; M, flaring ligulate; Ny narrow double crescent;

O, narrow ligulate; P, broad double crescent; Q, flaring squarish.

427472—57-
64 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

or a tint of red. As the leaf matures the dewlap color deepens, changing to olive, olive brown, or darker tones. The outer surface of the

mature dewlap is more or less heavily waxed. The wax deposit is white

but becomes discolored on aging, thus contributing to the changes in

dewlap color already in progress.

Pubescence.—The outer, or dorsal, surface of the dewlap may be

nearly glabrous or covered with a feltlike pubescence, overlaid regionally by longer hairs. The ventral or inner surface has a short or

medium-long, sparse or dense, pubescence that is covered with long

silky lashes toward the outer edge. The midrib region separating

the two dewlaps may be smooth or hairy.

Groups 58 and 58a.—The hairs of group b^ (fig. 16, A) are short and

feltlike, sparse or dense; occasionally very dense and slightly longer

than is normal for the group. Group 58a is composed of long marginal

hairs. In a few clones these hairs are implanted on a wide base and

may cover most of the dewlap surface. Occasionally, in clones with

hairy sheaths, the hairs of group 60 may project over the base line of

the dewlaps, forming a pseudo 58a.

Group 52.—This group constitutes the basic pubescence of the inner

dewlap surface. The hairs may be sparse or dense, uniformly scattered

or occurring in bands between the veins. They are usually short, but

occasionally semilong and matted—a characteristic diagnostic for a

large number of clones.

Groups 51 and 51a.—The short hairs of the inner dewlap surface

are covered marginally, occasionally entirely, by long hairs. The hairs

are silky and soft, protruding as long lashes above the outer edge of

the leaf. The length of the hair decreases from the outer edge toward

the center. À weakly developed group 51 composed of medium-long

hairs, iif implanted on a broad base, constitutes group 51a. The latter

is transitional between a typical 51 and the semilong matted variant

of group 52.

Group 65.—This group, which is usually in juxtaposition with 65a

of the ligule, forms a narrow file of long or medium-long hairs implanted

at the base of the ligule and extending between leaf edge and midrib

but rarely across it. It may be considered an extension of group 51.

The hairs are evenly spaced or discontinuous and occasionally bunched

along the veins. In some clones group 65 terminates near the midrib,

forming on either side a prominent tuft (Jeswiet's group 68).

MIDRIB PUBESCENCE

In many sugarcane varieties the ventral midrib region between the

two dewlaps is smooth; in others it is hairy. The hairs form discrete

groups or represent an extension of the dewlap pubescence into the

midrib.

Group 52a.—The extension of group 52 into the midrib may be

limited to a few scattered hairs, or may be as prominent as the dewlap

pubescence itself. The hairs are inserted directly behind the ligule

and may range upward for a shorter or longer distance.

Group 55.—This group forms a sparse or prominent tuft of long or

semilong hairs, the width of the midrib or narrower. It is in juxtaposition with group 55a if the latter is also present. Group 55 some-
SUGARCANE 65

times occurs in conjunction with 52a, covering the shorter hairs of the

latter partially or entirely.

Oroup 63.—The hairs of this group form a deltoid or linear patch of

varying length and prominence. The group may occur independently

or in association with 55 or 52a. The hairs are almost always short

and inserted somewhat obliquely, and show up to the naked eye by

their silvery sheen. In a number of clones group 63 is made up of

long or semilong hairs and stands out prominently.

EVALUATION OF CHARACTERS USED

To be of value in classification, a character must be diagnostic and

practical (table 2). It should be constant, appearing on all pertinent

organs of the plant; clear cut and not forming transition series or

transition traps to impair its usefulness; easily seen, and, if used for

primary grouping, manifest a high-percentage distribution among the

clones (table 3).

The relative importance of a character varies with the group of

clones under investigation (table 4). Thus, the lanceolate auricle has

diagnostic value for the New Guinea canes but none for the New

Caledonian or Hawaiian clones, in which it rarely occurs.

A character to be useful in primary separation must be qualitative,

but its quantitative spectrum may be broad or confined. For example,

the leaf sheath may be smooth or hairy (qualitative in primary

separation), with the pubescence sparse or dense, general or topographically^ delimited (quantitative in secondary separation), etc.

Few characters are taxonomically perfect, but many are relatively

constant and suffer little change during ontogeny or deterioration after

maturity.

The modifying effects of environment manifest themselves chiefly

in color changes, wax deposits, and formation of corky cracks. Differential growth rates, often the effect of a changed environment, may

influence the shape, size, and length of the internodes while postdevelopmental changes independent of or accentuated by environment

may affect the ligules, auricles, and buds.

Certain characters are clear cut and sharply delimited; others offer

observational pitfalls. Among the latter, the following deserve special

consideration :

Hair group 65.—This group represents a narrow-file extension of

group 51 in the direction of the midrib. The group as such is often

not clear cut; it may be prominent or inconspicuous, the hairs dense

or sparse, distinct or camouflaged by a co-existing semilong-haired

group 52 or 51a. The group is often developed asymmetrically, being

more prominent on one dewlap than on the opposite one.

Hair group 63.—When we speak of the midrib being hairy, we

commonly make reference to group 63. The hairs of this group are

usually inconspicuous, but in some clones they are semilong and visible

to the naked eye; occasionally the group attains a distinctness approaching that found in certain wild canes. The hairs are usually

inserted low, occasionally some distance above the ligule. A vertical

short group 63 inserted low may be considered identical with group 52a.
TABLE 2.—Relative prominence of various morphologicalfeatures

Acces- Hair groups

^

sion Ligule

2 Inner

auricle^

Bud

No. hairs

*

56 57 58 59 52 65 63 55a 55 61

Mm.

1

+ --

+ "-

+-

-

+-

-

+ --

--

+-

2

1

+-

2

+ -~

+-

—

+-

- ' —--

+-

3

c

+-

3+-+-

-

+-

-—--

+-

2

1

+ . 4 + + - + - _ + + -- + -- — - + - 4.5 L + 5 + -- + ~- + - — + - - + -- - — 4- - • 2 L. + 6 H + . + - - + - - + -- - - +.- 2.5 L + 7 + + . + - — + - - + - — + - 2 L + 8 + . + - + + - - - - - + - 2. 5 1 + 9 + -- + - + - - + - - - - - + - 3.5 1 + -

10

+ --

+-

-

+-

-—--

+-

7

t

+-

11

++-

+-

-

+

-—--

+- 2.5 1,

c

+-

12

+ --

+-+ . -

+-

----

+-

3

f

+-

14

~+-

_

+-

--—-

+- 4.5

c

+ .

14a

-

+-

-

+-

----

+- 4.

5 t,0^

+ .

15

_-

+-

_

+-

----

+- 4.5 d-,

t

+

16

+ --+-

+-

-

+

--—-

+-

2

L . +

-

17

+ . +-++-

+

++ --

+ --

+- 3.

5L

+ .

18 4- --

+-+-

+-

-~-

+- 2.5

L

+

19

+

+ . +-

_

+-

-

+ --

--

+-

2

L

+ .

20

+ --

+ . +

-

+-

—

+ . -

-

+-

2

1

+

21

+

+-

+-

-

+-

----

+- 2.5

1

+

22

+ --

+-

—

+~+-

—-—

+-

4 L,1

+ --

23

+ . + . +

-

-

+

-—--

+-

4

1

+-

24

+-+-

-

+-

-

+ . -

-

+ . 4

1

+ .

25

+ --

+

+-

—

+

----

+-

4 1,0

+-

26

++-

—

+

----

+- 3.5

1

+-

27

_

+-+

-

+-

+-

+ . -

—

+-

3

L

+ --

28

_

+ --

+-

-

+ . -

—--

+-

4

L

+ .

29

-

+-

+-

-

+-+ . -

+ --

-

+-

3L

+-

Ci owoowÜM

hdO>Moddw
31

-

+

32

+ --

+

34

__

35

-

+

36

-

+

37

-

+

38

-

40

+ --

+

41

_

+

43

+ --+

44

+-+

45

46

-

+

47

-

+

48

-

+

49

-

50

-—

51

-—

51a

+

_

53

+

54

—

+

56

++

57

+

58

-

+

60

-

+

61

+ . +

62

+

63

-

64

+ --

+

66

++

67

+~+

69

-

+

70

-

+

71

-

+

72

-

73

~+

74

+

75

+ --

+

+-

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

+-

~

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

-\—

-

+

—

+-

+-

+

-

+-+- 4-+-

+-

- 4-

-

-

+

„

+

-

+-

-

+-

-

+

-

++

+

-

++-

+-

-

+

-

+

+

+

-

+-

-

+- , —

+-

-

+

-

+-

-

+

-

+

-

+-+-

+

- -f

+

+-

_

+-

-

+

—

++

+-

-

+

-

+-

-

+-

-

+

-

+

-

+ . -+ . +

+-

-

+

-

+-

+ . A

-

+

- 4--

+-

+

-

+++ --

+-

-

+

-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+-+ --

+

-

+

—

+-

-

+

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+

+ --

++ -- ++ . + -- + -- + - +++ -- + . + -- + -- +++

__

+- 3.5 L.

__

+-

3d

_-

+- 5.

5 C,

L

__

+- 2.

5 t,

d

+ --

+-+- 4.5

L

+-

3 L.,

C

+-

-

+-

4

d

--

+- 2.5 c,

t

_-

+- 2.

5

1

—_

+-

5

L

_

_

+ , 2.5 t.

d

+-

— +. 3.

51

+-+-

3

1

-

+ --

+ . 4.5 L.

-

+-

3 d,

1

_^

+- 5.5 1,

c

__

+-

4c

+-

-

+

4

d

++ --

+- 3.

5

d

+-

7

c

+-

+ --

+

4 c,

1

-

+-

3

t

—-

+-

4c

_

_

+ - 4 L.

--

+-

4L

__

+-

4

L

__

+-

4

L

——

+-

3

c

_- 4-

- 3.5

1

—-

+- 3,5 1,

C

_

+-

4

1

_

_

+- 2.

5 L.

--

+- 2.5

d

+ --

_

+-

4

L

-

+-

5 1,

f

_

+-

4d

_-

+- 3.5

d

--

+ . 5.5

C

+-

+

4-

4--

4--

4-

4--

4--

See footnotes at end of table.

+. + - + .

4--

w

+-

0

4- . + --

i

4-

o

4- . ^ + - H + -

4--

4--

4- . + .

4- --

4- -- + - + .

4-

4-

4- -- + .-

4- .

4-

(^^
TABLE 2.—Relative prominence of various morphologicaI features—Continued

Acces- Hair groups ^

sion Ligule 2 Inner

auricle ^

Bud No. hairs ^

56 57 58 59 52 65 63 55a 55 61

Mm,

76 + -- + - + - - + . — + -- - _ + - 3. 5 c + .

77 + -- + - + - - + - + - — — — + - 4 d + -

78 + -- + . + - — + — — — + - 4 c +

79 — + . + - — + - — - — _ + - 4.5 1 +

80 + + - + - - + - — - — - + - 3 t, d- + -

81 — ~ + - — + - - — — — + - 5.5 t + -

82 + + . + - + - + -- — _ + - 3.5 1, c H

83 - + + - - + - + - — - + - 3.5 1 + -

84 - + - + - — + . - — — - + - 3.5 1 +

85 + + . + - + + - + -- — - + - 3. 5 c + -

86 + -- + + - + - + — + — — + - 4 C +

87 - + . + - - + + - — _ + - 4 1, c +

88 + + -- + - - + - — - - — + - 3. 5 1, d + .

89 + -- + -- + - - 4- -

- — _ _ + - 3 d-t +

90 + + - + - — + — - — - + - 3 t, d + .

91 — + . + - - + - - - - + - 4.5 L + -

92 + -- + -- + - - + - - — — _ + - 3 t, d + .

93 + -- + - - + — - — - + - 5 d, 1 + -

94 + . + - — + - — + -- + -- - + - 4.5 d, c + -

95 + + - + — + .- — + - 3.5 C +

96 - - + - — + - - — - + - 4.5 t + .

97 + + + - — + - — — _ + - 3.5 1 + -

98 - - + - - + - - — - — + - 6 d + .

98a - + - -1— - + - - - - — + - 6 d, c + -

99 - + 4- - — + - - — - — + - 4.5 L + .

100 - - + - - + + -- — — _ + - 5 c + .

101 - - + - — + + - — — — + - 4.5 c + .

102 — - + - — + - — + -- — — + - 3 c + -- 103 - + . + - + . - - - - + - 4 c + -

00

>

o

w

o

o

W

d

CD

Ö

O

>

o

o

d

d
104

+ --

+

105

+

106

-

+

107

—

108

—

+

109

—

110

+ --

+

111

Illa

+-+

112

+ --

+

113

—

114

—

+

115

—

116

--

117

——

118

_-

119

——

120

+ --

—

121

—

122

——

122a

-

+

123

-

+

124

+ --

+

124a

+

124b

+-+

125

+ . —

126

-

127

+

—

128

+

+

129

130

—

+

131

—-

132

+ --

+

133

+

134

-—

135

+ -- ,,—

136

—

137

--

+

—

+

_

+-

+-+-+-

+

—

+

—

+-

-

+

+ --

+-+-+-

—

+-

_

+-

—

+

—

+

—

+-

-

+-

+-

+-+-

+-

—

+

—

+-

—

+-

—

+

—

+

—

+

+-

+-

—

+

—

+

-

+

-

+-

—

+-

—

+-

—

+

—

+-

—

+-

—

+-

—

+

+ --

+

—

+

—

+-

—

+-

—

+-

—

+-

—

+-

—

+-

-

+-

—

+

—

+-

—

+-

-

+-+-

+-

+

+

—

+

-

+-

—

+

-

+

—

+

—

+

+-+

-

+

_

+

-

+-

—

+-

+ . + — + . - + - — + - — + - — + - - + — + - + - — + - + - + — + + - - + -

++++++++++++

—

_

+-

3

1

——

+-

3

1

_ -..

+-

2d

——

+-

5

c

~

+- 3.5

1

—-

+- 3.5 L.

_

—

+-

2

c

__

+- 4.5

c

——

+-

3

c

_

_

+-

3

1

_

—

+- 4.5

c

+-

—

+ . 4

1

+-

+- 4--

4 L.

—

+-

3

1

——

+-

2

1

—-

+-

3

1

——

+ . 2

i

_—

+- 2.5

1

+-

—

+- 3.5

1

—

+-

4

L

+- +.

+-

3

1

+ ~-

+ --

+- 2.5

t

+ . 4 C,

L

——

+-

3

c

__

+- 2.5 1,

c

——

+- 3.5

L

—-

+ . 4.

5d

-

++-

4 c,

1

—

+

+- 3.5 l,d

+ --

+-

3

t

+ --+

+-

3

c

+ . +

-

4

1

+ --+ --

+- 4.5

t

+- 2.5

c

-—

+-

4L

+ --

—

+- 2.5

1

—

+ . 3.5 c,

I

--

+- 3.5 L,

C

++ - +

-r+++++++++++++++ • +++++++++++++

do>o>

See footnotes at end of table. CO
TABLE 2.—Relative prominence of various morphologicaI features—Continued

Acces- Hair groups ^

sion Ligule 2 Inner

auricle ^

Bud

No. hairs ^

56 57 58 59 52 65 63 55a 55 61

Mm.

137a + -- + -- + - + - - — — — + - 3 d + .-

138 - — + - — + . — — — — + - 4.5 0,1 +

139 _| + - + - — + - - — — + - 4. 5 L, C +

140 + -- + - + - — + - - — - + . - 4.5 L, C +

141 + -- + - + - — + - - — — - + - 4 L +

142 + -- 4- -- + - — + - - — — + . - 4 L, C +

143 + -- + . + - + - + - - — — + . - 4 L +

144 - + - + — + - - + -- + - + -- + - 3.5 c H

145 - + - + - + - - + -- + - 3 c +

146 — + - + - - + — — — — + - 4 1 + -

147 - + -f - — + — _| — - + - 5 1 + .

148 - + - + - - + - — — - + - 5 1, c +

149 + + + - + - + — - + - 3 L + -

150 - - + - — + - + — - + - 4 c + -

151 + -- + . + — + - — + - + - + - 4.5 L. + -

152 - - + - — + - + -- — — + - 4. 5 L. + -

153 - + . + - — + - - — — + - 4 L + -

154 + -- + . + - "~ + + - + -- + - + -- + - 3 1, d + .

156 - + - + - - + - — — — — + - 4 5 d + .

157 - + - + - + - + - — -f -- — + -- + - 3.5 c + -

158 - . + . + + - + - + - + + + . - 3. 5 t + .

159 + - + -- + - — + - - - _ + - 3 t + .

160 -\ + -- + - - + - - - — — + - 4 c + .

161 - + -- + - — + - - _ - - + - 4.5 c + -

162 - + • + - ~ + - - — - + 3.5 1 + .

163 - + -- + - + - - - — + - 4.5 c + -

164 - + . + - + - - _ — - + 3.5 t, 1 + .- 165 + -- + -- + - + - - - - — + - 3 t H

166 - + + + + - + - + + 4 c + .

o
167

_

++

_

+

-

+

-

++

4

u

+-

168

_

+ . +-

_

+-

-

+-

--

+- 4.5 l,f

+-

169

_

+ . +-+-

+-

+ --

+ --

——

+- 3.5

t

+-

170

-

+ --

+-+-

—---

H— 3.

5t -r .

171

_

+++

+

—

+

—-

+

4

t

+ .

172

_

++

+

-

+

--

+ 3.5 et

+ .

173

_

+-

+-+

—-——

+

3

t

+ .

174

_

+ . +-+-

——--

+- 2.5

t

+-

175

-

+ . ++-

+-+

-—-

+

8

t

+ .

176

+ --+ --

+-

+

—

+ --

-—

+- 3.

5

t

+ .

177

+-

+

_

+ . -

-——

+-

4

c

+ .

178

-

+-+-

—

+

—--—

+ 4.

5

c

+ .

179

—

+-+-

_

+-

———-

+ 3.5

d H-

-

180

_

+ . +

—

+-

-

+-

--

+-

4

d

+-

181

_

+ --

+

-

+-

+ --

+-+-

+ --

+-

4

c

+-

182

_

+ . +

_

+

+

--

+

3

c

+-

183

-

+-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+-+-

4c

+ .

184

_

+

+-

_

+-

—

+ --

— -.

+ 3.5

f

+-

185

+ --+-+-

-

+

-

+ --

--

+- 3.5

t

+-

186

++-

-

+ . -+-

--

+

5

c

+-

187

_

+ . +-

-

+-

—

+ . —

-

+

4

t

+ .

188

-

++-+-+

—

+

--

+

4t

+

189

_

+ . +-

+

- 4- . •-

+ 3.5

c

+ .

190 -h

++

-

+++-

+ --

—

+- 2.5

d -,t

+ -

192

++-+-

+-

-

+ --

--

+- 3.

5

t

+-

193

-

+-+-+

+ . —

--—

+-

2

t

+-

194

++-+-+-

----

+- 5.

5 c,

t

+-

195

+ . +++ --+-

—-

+

-

+-

4

t

+-

196

+ -- H- --

+-+

+-

—

+ --

--

+-

3

c

+ .

197

+ . +-+-

-

+ --

+-

-

+-

3

c

+ .

198

+

-

+-+ -'

+-

-

+ --

—-

+- 3.5

t

+ -

199

+ . -+-++-

-

+ --

+ --

-

+-

4 t,c

+ .

200

+-

_

+-+-+-

----

+-

3

c

+ .

201

+

+

+-+-

-

+ --

+ --

-

+-

3

t

+ .

202

+-

+ --

+-

-

+-

----

+-

3

t

+ .

203

+ . +

+-

+ --

+-

--

+ --

-

+-

3

t

+ .

204

+ --+ --

+-

-

+-

--—-

+-

3

c

+

205

+ --+-+-

+-

-

+ --

+ --

-+-

3

c

+ . d>o

See footnotes at end of table.
TABLE 2.—Relative prominence of various morphologicalfeatures—Continued

Acces- Hair groups ^

sion Ligule 2 Inner

auricle ^

Bud No. hairs ^

56 57 58 59 52 65 63 55a 55 61

Mm. 206 + -- - + - - + - - ^ — _ + - 3 0 + .

207 — — + - — + - + -- + — — + - 2 t + .

208 + -- + - + - — + - — — _ + - 3 t + .

209 — + -- + - — + - — — — — + - 4.5 t + .

210 — + + - — + - + -- + . + - + - + - 4. 5 c 4- 212 — — + — + - - + -- + -- + - 3. 5 c +

213 + -- + + - - + - - + . + -- + - 3 1 + . -

213a - + + - + -- + - — + . + -- . _ + - 4 1 + 214 - + -- + - + - + - - + -- + -- _ + - 2. 5 c +

215 - + . + - + - - + - + - + - + - 3.5 c 4- 216 - + - + - + + - - - + - 2. 5 t + .

217 - + . + - + + - + -- - + _ + - 2.5 t +

218 - + + - + + - + - — + - + - + - 2. 5 c, t +

219 + - + - + - + - - + - + -- + - 3.5 t + 220 - + . + - - + - - + _ + - 2. 5 c, t + . 221 - + - + - - + - — _ _ + 5 d- H 222 + - - + - + - + - - + -- + -- _ + - 3.5 c + .

223 - + + - + - + - - + _ + - 3 t + .

224 + - + . + — + + - + -- _ _ + - 2. 5 c +

225 + -- + - + - + -- + - — + . + - + . + - 3. 5 t + . -

226 + ^ - + - + - + - - + -- + - 3 t + .

227 — + . + - + - + - — _ _ + - 3 t 4-. 228 + + + - + - + - + - + -- _ _ + - 3. 5 t

-f- _

229 + . - + - — + - + -- _ _ + - 3. 5 t + .

230 + - - + - - + - - _ _ + - 3 t + .

231 + -- + . + - - + - - - - - + - 2.5 d,l + -

232 - — + + - + + -- - + -- - + - 3. 5 t +

235 — + -- + - - + + - - + -- + -- + - 5 c,l + '

>

o

Ö

w

o

o

u

o

o

h-l

o

d

d
236

-

+-

+-

-

+- ^ 4-

_

__

+-

2

t

+ .

237

+- -f

+-

-

+

-__— 4-

-

3

1

H

237a

-

+ -f-

+ --+-

—___

+-

2

t

+- 238 - + . + - - -f - - _ _ _ + - 2 t -j

239

--

+-

-

+

-- 4- --— 4-

-

5

1 4-

-

240

+ --

+-+-

-

+ 4- 4-

+ --

- j-

_

5c 4- .

241

- -r

+-

-

+-

_ 4-

-

2 c,

t

+

242

-

+ . +

-

+ --

+-

- 4- . -_

+-

4

c

+ .

243

+ --

+ --

+-

-

+ 4- --

+ -- 4- -- 4-

- 4-

-

5 1,

c 4- .

244

+ --

+-

+-

-

+-

- 4-

- 2.

5 d,

1

H

245

+ --

+-+-

-

+-

-_

+ --

_ 4-

- 2.

5 d,

1

+- 245a - 4- --- + - - + - + - 4- - 4- - 4- - 4 t + . -

246

+

+ --+-

+-

+-

- 4-,-- -h 3.

5

c

+

247

+

+

+-

-

+-

___

+-5t+ .

248

+

+-+-

- 4-

-

--_—

+- 3.5

d 4-

-

249

-

+

++-

+ . 4--

--_ 4- . 2 t,

c

+

250

-

+ --

+-

+ -- 4- 4-

-

_

+-

_

+-

4

1+ .

251-

+

+- 4-

-

-_ 4-

-

2

t

+-

CDd 252 - + + - + 4- - + - 4- - + - 4- - 5 d, 1 4- 253 + + - + - - + - 4- - 3.5 L., d 4- - >o

254

-

++-

+- 4-

— 4-

+ 4- 4- 3.

5 t,

c 4- 255 - + . + - - 4- - 4- 4- - + - 3 t H

257

256-

+

+-

- 4- 4-

+ -- 4-

-

+- 4-

- 3.5

1+

1

+-

+ ---+

- 4--- 4-

- 4.

5

t

+

258

+-

+ . +

-

- 4-

-

-

+-

_ 4-

- 2.5

t 4- -- 259 + - + + - - 4- - - - + - _ + - 3 t + - 260 - + -- + + - 4- _ - + - 4- - 4-. 6 c 4-. 262 - + + - - + - — - 4-. 6 L 4-

263a

- 4-

-

+-

- 4- 4-

- 4-- 4- --

_

+-

4

t+ .

264

-

+ . +

-

- 4-

-

_

+-

2

t

+ .

266

+ ~-

+ --

+-

-

+ 4-- 4- --

+ --

_

+-

5 t,d

+ .

267

--

+-

- 4-_ 4-

- 4.

5 t,

d 4-. 268 - + + - - + - 4- - - _ _ 4- - 5 c + . 269 - + + - - + + - + -- 4- -- _ 4- - 4. 5 c 4-. 270 - + + - - + + _ 4- - 5 1 4-

271

+

+-

- 4- 4- --

+ --

+-+- 4-

-

4

L

+ ' 272 + -- + - - 4- - + -- 4- -- 4-- 5 c 4-

-

See footnotes at end of table.

M

CO
TABLE 2.—Relative ^prominence oj various morphological features'—Continued

Acces- Hair groups i

sion Ligule 2 Inner

auricle ^

Bid

No. hairs ^

56 57 58 59 52 65 63 55a 55 61

Mm.

273 + -- + + - 4- - 4- - - + 4 t 4- -

274 + - 4- -

- 4- -- - - - 4- - 3. 5 c 4- -

275 + - + . 4- -

- 4- -- + -- - - + - 4 L 4- --

276 - + - + - + -- + -

- - - - 4- - 3.5 c, 1 + -

277 + -- + -- 4-. - 4- - + -- + -- - 4- - 5 c 4- -

278 - 4- 4- - 4- - 4- -

-

_ - - 4- - 3 t 4- --

280 + -- + -- + .

- 4- 4- - + -- 4- -- 4- - 5 c + .

281 + . + - + - - 4- 4- + -- 4- + 4- - 4 c 4- -

285 + - 4- -

- + + -- + - 4- - 3.5 t + -

286 - + + + - 4- 4- -

- 4- -- 4- - 4. 5 1, c 4-.

287 + -- + -- 4- - 4- 4- - 4- -- 4- -- - 4- - 5 c 4--

288 - + - 4- -

- 4- -- - - - 4-. 4 t 4- -

289 - +. 4- - 4- - — - - - + - 4.5 d 4- -

290 - 4- 4- - + - 4-- _ - - - + - 2.5 t 4- -

291 - + 4- 4- + 4- - 4- -

- 4- - 3.5 t 4-.

293 - + . 4- - ~ 4- - "" 4- + -- + -~ 4- - 3.5 t 4- -

294 - +. 4- - + - 4- 4- -- - 4- - 3.5 t 4---

296 - +. +.

- 4-. ' 4- 4- - + - 4- 4 t 4- --

297 - + -- 4- - 4- -- 4- -

- - - - + - 3.5 1, c +

298 + + 4- - 4- _ + --

- - + 4 t 4- -

299 4- - + - - 4- -

- - - - + - 3.5 C, L 4- -

300 - + 4- -

- 4- -- - - - 4- - 5 t, d 4-.

301 - + . 4- - 4- - 4- -

- - - - 4- - 2.5 t 4- --

302 - + -- 4- -

- 4-- - - - - 4- - 6 t 4- .-

304 - +. 4- -

- 4- 4- - 4- - 4-- + - 4- - 4 1 4-

305 - + + - - 4- - - - 4- - 3.5 t + -

306 - 4- - + - - 4-. - - - - 4- - 3.5 t 4- --

307 - + 4- 4- 4- 4- - 4- - 4- - 4- - 4 t 4-

^

^i^

>

o

Ü

w

o

o

d

Ü

o

>

O

SJ

t—I

O

d

d

w
308

-

+

309

-

+

311

-

+

312

+ --

+

313

+

314

-

315

+ --

+

316

-

+

317 4-

+

318

+

+

319

-

320

-

+

321

-

+

322

--

323

+ --

+

324

+

325

-

+

326

+ --

+

327

-

+

328

++

329

+-

+

330

-

+

332

-

+

334

+ --

+

335

+

336

-

+

337

+ --

+

338

+-

+

339

+

340

+-

+

341

+

+

342

+

343

-

+

344

-

+

345

-

+

346

- -f

+

-

+

-

+

-

+-

-

_¡—

_

+-

-

4-.

- +.-

+-

-

+

-

+.

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

+-++

+-

+-

-

++-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

_

+

-

+-

-

+

-

+-

-

+

-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

- +.

+ --

+-

-

++-

+.

-

+-

-

+-

-

++-

+-

- +.-

+-

-

++

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+

-

+

+ --

+-

-

+-

+-

+-+-+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+

-

+

-

+-

+ --

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+

-

++-

+-

-

++-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+

-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

-

+-

+++

-

+-

+-

4- +++

+ --

-

+- 5.

5 c,l

-

+-

4

t

__

+- 4.5

L

_-

+-

2 t,

d

+-

+-+- 3.5

c

-

+- 2.5

t

+ -~

-

+-

3

d

+ --

+ -- H--

4t

+ --

_

+- 4.

5 1,

t

+-

-

+- 2.5

t

+-

-

+-

4

d

-

+- 4.

5 1,

c

--

+-

4 1,c

+-

-

+-

5 c,

t

+-

-

+- 2.5

t

--

+- 4.5

L

+-

+-

+- 3.5 L.

+- 3.5

t

__

+- 4.5 d,

1

__

+ . 5 L.,1

__

+- 3.5

t

--

+ . 3.5 t,

c

__

+-

7 d,

c

+-

-

+-

5

C

-

+- 3.

5

c

_-

+-

2

c

--

+-

3

d

--

+- 3.5

t

_-

+-

2

t

_—

+ . 2.

5 t,

c

+ --

-

+-

3 c,

d

+-+-

+-

41

+-

+ --+-

4

c

+-

4 0,

F

__

+ . 6

L

--

+- 4.5 0,1

++++++++++++++

See footnotes at end of table.

+ --

d

+ . -

o

+ . > + - o + -- + . H + . + - + - + - + - + - + --

+. ++ . + - ++ --

M

Oi
TABLE 2.—Relative prominence of various morphologicalfeatures—Continued

Accession

Hair groups ^

Ligule 2 Inner

auricle ^

Bud

hairs ^

No.

56 57 58 59 52 65 63 55a 55 61

347

348

349

350

+ -

+

+ -

+

+ ---

+ --

+ .

+ -

+

+ -

+ -

-

+

+

+

+ -

+ - + -- + - + --

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

Mm.

3.5

3.5

4

5.5

c, 1

t

c

l,c

+

+ -

+ -

+ -

+= Prominent, long, tall.

+ . = Medium prominent, medium long.

+ . -=Medimn prominent to medimn sparse.

+ -=Medimn sparse, short, narrow, small, shallow, light.

H =Very sparse, very small.

_j =Inconspicuous to lacking.

-—Lacking.

'Maximum height of ligule, in millimeters, in midrib region.

3 Inner auricle patterns:

c=small calcarate;

C=large calcarate;

d=deltoid;

3 Inner auricle patterns—Continued

f=small falcate;

F=large falcate;

1=short lanceolate;

L=long lanceolate;

L.=medium-long lanceolate;

t=transitional;

u=unciform.

* Pubescence of bud:

+=hairy;

+ .=medium hairy;

-f -=sparse;

H =slightly hairy to smooth.

^

C^

Ö

w

o

o

w

d

QQ

Ü

TJ

O

O

M

O

d

d
SUGARCANE 77

Hair group 61.—^A prominently ciliated ligular margin is characteristic of many New Caledonian clones. In some few clones the ligular

fringe is prominent only in the flange zone or in the midrib region,

making classification on the basis of this character uncertain. By

far the largest number of clones have a short or inconspicuous ligular

fringe (group 61).

Hair group 56.—Only relatively few noble canes have a prominent

fringe along the upper sheath margin. When vertically short or poorly

developed, group 56 is unreliable as a diagnostic character. It may

be absent from some sheaths and manifest varying degrees of development in others—a typical ''transition trap.'' In clones with steeply

sloping transitional auricles a prominent pseudo fringe (formed by

group 54) that may be subtended by a short group 56 or a small deltoid hook is present, a characteristic of many Hawaiian clones.

Hair group 55a.—This group is usually associated with midrib

group 55. It is prominent and constant in some clones, variable in

others.

TABLE 3.—Percentage distribution of some morphological characters

Character

Clones

New

Guinea

New

Caledonian

Hawaiian

Miscellaneous

nobles

Prominent bud furrow

Heavy bloom

Lanceolate inner auricle

Transitional inner auricle

Narrow ligule

Hair group 52 prominent

Hair group 55a present

Hair group 56 present

Hair group 56 prominent

Leaf sheath hairy

Hair group 57 prominent

Hair group 61 long or tall

Midrib hairy

Hair group 63 prominent

Hair group 65 present

Epidermal pattern No. 2

Epidermal pattern No, 2 —

Stem epidermis containing

pointed cork cells

Percent

53

18

28

6,5

36

47

15

40

5.8

71

23

9

40

11

20

15.3

16. 6

42

Percent

50

10

0

51

16

28

10

18

5

97

54

44

48

21

10

17.5

22.5

25

Percent

85

6

0

55

63

3

43

60

26

46

32

3

45.7

14

17

31.4

25.7

34

Percent

44

50

11

46

25.5

50

44

35

8.2

94

45

12

40

4.5

30

12. 7

15.5

31
78 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE 4.—Diagnostic characters used jor grouping of the (1) New

Guinea, {2) New Caledonian, {3) Hawaiian, and (4) miscellaneous

noble canes, and accession number of clones associated with each

taxonomic group. Group characters are distinct for each of the four

major groups of canes

Taxonomic group

No.

Diagnostic characters Accession

No.

New Guinea cane

Nos. : 1

1

2

3_

4_

5_

6_

7_

8_

9_

10_

11_

12_

13_

14_

15.

17_

18_

19_

20 _

21 _

22_

23 _

Groups 63 and 61 prominent

Groups 63 and 52 prominent; buds

hairy.

Groups 63 and 52 prominent; buds

slightly hairy.

Group 63 prominent, 52 sparse, 65

present.

Group 63 prominent, 52 sparse, 65

absent.

Group 63 sparse, 57 prominent, 56

present.

Group 63 sparse, 57 prominent, 56

absent.

Groups 63, 57, 56 sparse, ligule narrow,

prophyll with secondary wings.

Groups 63, 57, 56 sparse, ligule narrow,

secondary wings absent.

Groups 63 and 57 sparse, 56 absent,

ligule narrow, inner auricle, long

lanceolate.

Groups 63 and 57 sparse, 56 absent,

ligule narrow, inner auricle short,

4-5 rows of root primordia.

Groups 63 and 57 sparse, 56 absent,

ligule narrow, inner auricle short,

2-3 rows of root primordia.

Groups 63 and 57 sparse, ligule medium, 55a present.

Groups 63 and 57 sparse, ligule medium, 55a absent, inner auricle long

lanceolate.

Groups 63 and 57 sparse, ligule medium, 55a absent, inner auricle small.

Group 63 sparse, 57 absent, ligule narrow, buds sHghtly hairy.

Group 63 sparse, 57 absent, ligule medium, 52 prominent.

Group 63 sparse, 57 absent, ligule medium, 52 sparse.

Ligule narrow, buds hairy, 56 present. _

Ligule narrow, buds hairy, 56 absent,

inner auricle long lanceolate.

Ligule narrow, buds hairy, 56 absent,

inner auricle small.

Ligule narrow, buds slightly hairy, 56

present.

24, 44, 45, 126

51a, 115, 127,

128

60, 120, 121,149

130

20, 117, 119

6, 7, 19, 20, 56,

61, 66, 82, 85

17, 37, 41, 74, 86,

94, 95, 106,

147

5, 154

1

27

46,70

48, 145

51, 71, 132, 144

31,36,47, 75

76

63, 102, 116, 118

50, 72, 131, 137,

152

57, 109, 122

18, 21, 89, 90, 92,

135

3, 8, 122a

35, 123, 129, 133

2, 11, 12, 16, 32,

40, 80, 104,

110, Ilia, 112,

124b, 137a

See footnotes at end of table.
SUGARCANE 79

TABLE á,—Diagnostic characters used for grouping of the (!) New

Guinea, {2) New Caledonian, (3) Hawaiian, and (4) miscellaneous

noble canes, and accession number of clones associated with each

taxonomic group. Group characters are distinct for each of the four

major groups of canes—Continued

Taxonomic group

No.

Diagnostic characters Accession

No.

New Guinea cane

Nos. 1—Con.

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

New Caledonian

cane Nos.:

1

2

3

4

5___

6

7

8

Ligule narrow, buds slightly hairy, 56

absent.

Ligule medium, buds hairy, secondary

wings present, 56 present.

Ligule medium, buds hairy, secondary

wings present, 56 absent.

Ligule medium, buds hairy, secondary

wings absent, 65 present.

Ligule medium, buds hairy, secondary

wings absent, 65 absent.

Ligule medium, buds slightly hairy, 57

prominent, inner auricle long lanceolate.

Ligule medium, buds slightly hairy, 57

prominent, inner auricle small, 56

present.

Ligule medium, buds slightly hairy, 57

prominent, inner auricle small, 56

absent.

Ligule medium, buds slightly hairy, 57

sparse, 56 present.

Ligule medium, buds slightly hairy, 57

sparse, 56 absent.

Ligule medium, buds slightly hairy, 57

absent, 56 present.

Ligule medium, buds slightly hairy,

57 absent, 56 absent.

Ligule medium, buds medium hairy, 57

absent, inner auricle long lanceolate.

Ligule medium, buds medium hairy,

inner auricle transitional or small.

Culms hairy

Group 61 prominent, 63 absent

Groups 61, 63, and 58 prominent

Groups 61 and 63 prominent, 58 sparse.

Group 61 prominent, 63 sparse

Group 61 short, 63 absent, bud furrow

prominent.

Group 61 short, 63 absent, bud furrow

small.

Group 61 short, 63 sparse

29, 69, 105, 124a

4, 78, 124, 139,

140, 141, 142,

143

38, 84, 87, 136,

148

54, 111,114

15, 34,2 62, 74,

79, 99, 108,

113, 138

91, 151, 153

23, 25, 97

26, 83, 103

9, 43, 64, 67, 77,

88

22, 28, 53, 58,

73, 93, 98a,

146

10, 125

14, 81, 107, 134,

150

34,2 49

14a, 96, 98, 100,

101

169

162, 164, 173,

175, 178, 179,

184, 193

166, 167, 171,

172, 182

187, 188, 189

186

160, 161, 165,

170, 174, 177,

193

156, 158, 159,

163, 194, 195

157, 168, 176,

180, 181, 183,

185, 190, 192

Seo footnotes at end of table.

427472—57 6
80 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, XJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE 4.—Diagnostic characters used for grouping of the (!) New

Guineaj {2) New Caledonian, (3) Hawaiian, and (4) miscellaneous

noble canes, and accession number of clones associated with each

taxonomic group. Group characters are distinct for each of the four

major groups of canes—Continued

Taxonomic group

No.

Diagnostic characters Accession

No.

Hawaiian cane

Nos.:

1 Culms hairy __ _ _ _ 216

2 Sheath smooth, midrib smooth, 56

present.

Sheath smooth, midrib slightly hairy,

56 present.

Sheath smooth, midrib smooth, 56

absent.

Sheath smooth, midrib slightly hairy,

56 absent.

Groups 56 and 57 present

200, 201, 203,

3

204, 203, 230

196, 197, 198,

4

199, 200, 205,

206, 219, 222,

226, 229

None

5 207, 212

6 196, 202, 203,

7 Group 57 present, midrib smooth, 56

absent.

Group 57 present, midrib slightly hairy,

56 absent.

Culms hairy _

208, 213, 225,

224, 228

209, 217, 218,

8

221, 227

210, 213a, 214,

Miscellaneous noble

cane Nos.:

1

215, 220, 223

307, 316

2 Ligule tall (6 mm.), group 61 prominent.

Ligule tall, group 61 short

260, 262, 345

3 302, 308, 332

4 Ligule narrow,^ group 61 prominent

Ligule narrow,' groups 57 and 56 prominent.

Ligule narrow, group 57 prominent, 56

sparse or absent.

Ligule narrow, group 57 sparse

Ligule narrow, group 57 absent

Ligule medium, groups 61 and 56

prominent.

Ligule medium, group 61 prominent,

56 sparse.

Group 61 prominent, 56 absent

Group 61 short, 56 prominent

Buds rhomboid, midrib smooth

Buds rhomboid, midrib slightly hairy,

culms striped.

Buds rhomboid, midrib slightly hairy,

culms not striped.

249, 340

5 318, 341

6 231, 237, 237a,

7

238, 241, 251,

255, 258, 259,

264, 278, 290,

301, 315, 323

236, 244, 245,

8

312, 336, 339

232, 314, 337,

9 ___ _______

339

246, 298, 328

10 273

11 254, 296, 330

12

13

248, 253, 348

235, 239, 250,

14

15

270, 306, 322,

327, 334, 349

263a, 269, 272,

285, 287, 317

240, 243, 245a,

266, 277, 286,

305, 319, 320,

338

See footnotes at end of table.
SUGARCANE 81

TABLE 4.—Diagnostic characters used jor grouping of the (1) New

Guinea, (2) New Caledonian, (3) Hawaiian, and (4) miscellaneous

noble canes, and accession number of clones associated with each

taxonomic group. Group characters are distinct for each of the four

major groups of caries—Continued

Taxonomic

No.

group Diagnostic characters Accession

No.

Miscellaneous noble

cane Nos.—Con.

16 -_ - -- Buds ovate, hairy, group 65 present

Buds ovate and hairy, group 65 absents

Buds slightly hairy, group 65 present. _

Buds slightly hairy, group 65 absent,

sheath hairy, midrib hairy.

Buds slightly hairy, group 65 absent,

midrib smooth, sheath hairy.

Sheath slightly hairy or smooth, midrib

slightly hairy.

Sheath slightly hairy or smooth, midrib

smooth, bloom heavy.

Sheath slightly hairy or smooth, midrib

smooth, bloom light.

252, 256, 268,

17_

271, 291, 304,

325, 342

242, 247, 257,

18

297, 300, 313,

347

280, 281, 329

19 -_ 275, 293, 294

20 __ 247, 289, 300,

21

22 :

321, 324, 346

343

274, 288, 299,

23

311, 326, 344,

350

267, 276, 309,

335

1 In N. G. group Nos. 1 to 19, the midrib is hairy or slightly hairy, i. e., group 63 present; in N. G. group

Nos. 20 to 37, the midrib is smooth, i. e., group 63 absent.

2 Occasionally a clone is placed in two taxonomic groups when diagnostic character is weakly developed

or sporadic in appearance.

DESCRIPTIONS AND TAXONOMIC KEYS

OF THE CLONES ^^^«

Á summary characterization of each group of clones may be useful

in showing homogeneity or diversity. Of the groups of noble canes,

the Hawaiians are most homogeneous and the ^^miscellaneous nobles''

the most diversified in regard to the characters employed in the

description and classification of the clones (see table 3). All groups

have representatives of canes with hairy culms.

HAWAIIAN GROUP.—Most outstanding character for the group is

the long sloping transitional auricle. The auricles are heavily fringed,

with the fringe sometimes descending beyond the insertion point of the

auricle; the inner auricle has, in addition, a small calcarate hook.

The ligules are narrow or medium tall and inconspicuously fringed

15 This section prepared by Ernst Artschwager; clonal descriptions checked by

E. W. Brandes.

16 Footnotes to table 2 (p. 76) explain symbols used in describing hair groups

and bud pubescence characters.
82 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(group 61). Culms only slightly waxy; bud furrows as a rule prominent; flesh soft and of an orange hue. The buds are usually large and

hairy with group 24 diagnostic of the Hawaiian originals. Leaf sheath

and upper sheath margin may be smooth or hairy. The midrib is

smooth, sparsely pubescent, or hairy. Dewlaps ascending ligulate

and sparsely pubescent. Stem-epidermal pattern No. 2 prevalent.

NEW CALEDONIAN GROUP.—This group is sharply subdivided into

clones with a prominent ligular fringe (group 61) and clones with an

inconspicuous group 61; the ligule itself is tall or medium tall—rarely

narrow. The culms are slightly waxy and half of them have a prominent bud furrow. Root bands are more or less narrow and rows of

root primordia few. The leaf sheaths are usually hairy, but the fringe

on the upper sheath margin (group 56) is seldom present. Bud pubescence is often prominent and dewlap hairs (52 and 58) often dense

and semilong. The midrib, behind the ligule, is slightly or prominently hairy on one-half of the clones.

NEW GUINEA GROUP.—In contrast to the Hawaiian and New

Caledonian canes, the New Guinea group contains a large number of

clones with prominent lanceolate auricles. One-half of the clones

have prominent bud furrows and hairy buds. Among the latter is a

subgroup with secondary wing development of the prophyll. Although

only one-third of the clones have smooth sheaths, prominent sheath

pubescence is found in 23 percent of the clones. In about 60 percent

of the clones the midrib is smooth. Prominent midrib pubescence is

rare, and a prominent ligular fringe (group 61) is limited to 9.0 percent

of the clones. The upper sheath margin is fringed in one-third of the

clones but the fringe is prominent in only 5.8 percent of the canes in

this group.

MISCELLANEOUS NOBLES.—This group is as diversified as the one

above. The two groups resemble each other in regard to prominence

of bud furrow, hairiness of buds, prominence of group 56, and smoothness of midrib. Only 6 percent of the clones have smooth sheaths

and less than 5 percent have a prominent midrib pubescence. The

auricles are often of the transitional type, with the prominent lanceolate type restricted to 11 percent of the clones. The culms of at least

one-half of the clones are covered with a heavy bloom. One large

section of the group to which the Preanger canes belong is characterized by a squat rhomboid or pentagonal bud. The miscellaneous

nobles are forms belonging to all the above groups and were picked

up from any available source, mostly from other collections gathered

indiscriminately in the past 50 to 100 years by sugar experiment

stations. In general they represent selections in a continuation of

the screening process in various countries, and therefore many of them

are superior to the forms of other groups.
SUGARCANE 83

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE CLONES

NEW GUINEA GROUP

CLONE 28 N. G. X

IMP. 707,1^ Ace. 1 ''

CULMS.—Red becoming light brown, with narrow wax bands, sparse

bloom, and prominent corky cracks; internodes slightly tumescent,

8 cm. long and 25 mm. across, bud furrow poorly defined or wanting,

flesh white and hard; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average width of

long cells 9.6/>i, stomates absent; growth rings red, medium broad,

tumescent; root bands red, cylindric-obconoidal, 8 and 6 mm. high

with 3 rows of crowded primordia; buds red, 10X8 mm., inserted at

scar and extending up to growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent

basal appendage and truncate-notched tip, wing inserted near middle

of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence sparse, with groups 11, 16,

19, and a divided 10 indicated.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 138 cm.

long and 4.9 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps squarish deltoid, outer

surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with medium groups^ 51 and

52, small midrib group 63; outer auricle transitional and occasionally

subtended by a very short group 56, inner auricle short lanceolate;

hgule shallow crescent, 2 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane with slightly hairy ovate

buds; 3 rows of crowded root primordia; diagnostic hair groups

56+- -, 57H , 63+- -; squarish-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 38 (1)) ; shallow

crescent ligule; short lanceolate inner auricle.

CLONE 28 N. G. 1

IMP. 626, Ace. 2

CULMS.—Dark purplish red, with heavy bloom and merging wax

bands; internodes cylindric, constricted below scar, 9 cm. long and

35X37 mm. across, bud furrow absent, flesh white, soft; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3+4, average width of long cells 9.2/x, stomates

not observed; growth rings greenish red, narrow, flush or slightly

tumescent; root bands ivory but later red, cylindric obconoidal, 12

and 9 mm. high with 4 rows of crowded primordia ; buds red, 9X9 mm.,

inserted at scar and not exceeding growth ring; prophyll round and

swollen at base, broad basal appendage and crescent tip, wing very

small, inserted near apex of prophyll, pubescence sparse, principal

hair groups 1, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Leaf sheaths 37 cm. long, purplish with heavy bloom,

smooth; sheath base prominently decurrent and appendaged; blades

17 Importation No. (Imp.) assigned by Sugar Crops Section. This number,

as well as the clone designation, is used' to identify parts in figures 20 to 36,

pp. 263 to 279.

IS The Accession No. (Ace.) was assigned to the clones for practical reasons

only; it has no taxonomic significance. This number is used in identifying parts

in figures 37 to 61, pp. 280 to 304.
84 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

137 cm. long and 4.7 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps squarish crescent,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51

and sparse group 52; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a

short group 56, inner auricle small calcarate; ligule narrow-flanged flat

crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence wanting.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark purplish-red cane with tall

root bands and 4 or more rows of primordia; round swollen buds with

sparse pubescence; sheath base with prominent appendage; diagnostic

hair group 56H ; calcarate inner auricle; medium-narrow flatcrescent ligule; squarish-crescent dewlap.

CLONE 28 N. G. 2

IMP. 627, Ace. 3

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with rosy blush, constricted wax bands,

sparse bloom, and corky cracks; internodes cylindric and shouldered,

10 cm. long and 26 mm. across, without bud furrow, flesh white, soft;

stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average width of long ceUs lO^t, stomates

present; growth rings greenish red, narrow, tumescent; root bands

greenish red, 8 and 7 mm. high with 4 rows of crowded primordia;

buds green with narrow reddish wings, 13X10 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed

tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, narrow and not fringed,

anterior pubescence sparse, posterior general, outstanding hair groups

10, 11, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Leaf sheath 32 cm. long with heavy bloom and narrow

group 57; blades 138 cm. long and 3.5 cm. broad, module 39; dewlaps

flaring deltoid, outer surface with sparse group 5Sj inner surface with

medium-prominent group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle broad

transitional, inner auricle short lanceolate and fringed nearly to tip;

ligule shallow crescentiform, 2 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Thin yellowish-green cane with

sparse bloom and corky cracks; buds with narrow wings and general

posterior pubescence; root bands with 4 rows of crowded primordia;

diagnostic hair group 57H—; tall flaring-deltoid dewlaps; very narrow

ligule; lanceolate inner auricle.

CLONE 28 N. G. 3

IMP. 520, Ace. 4

CULMS.—Red, becoming brownish or yellowish red, with medium

bloom, corky cracks, and narrow constricted wax bands; internodes

cylindric, 11 cm. long and 36 mm. across, shallow, prominent bud

furrow, flesh white, medium soft; stem-epidermal pattern 2+3, average width of long cells lO.ÔAt, stomates not observed; growth ring red,

narrow, tumescent; root band red, cylindric, 7 and 5 mm. high with

3 to 5 irregular rows of primordia; buds reddish, 13X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll broad deltoid with round-pointed tip, wing with unilateral secondary wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, buds very hairy.
SUGARCANE 85

LEAVES.—Sheath 31 cm. long with heavy bloom and narrow to

medium group 57 and group 60 ; blades 158 cm. long and 5.6 cm. broad,

module 28; dewlaps flaring deltoid crescent, outer surface with sparse

group 58, inner surface with broad group 51 with a few hairs extending

single file toward midrib, dense group 52 and sparse 63 ; outer auricle

deltoid, subtended by a very short 56, inner auricle long lanceolate

and fringed in lower part; ligule broad-centered crescent, 4.5 mm. high,

group 61 short, dorsal pubescence sparse.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Soft red cane with narrow root

bands; small hairy buds with unilateral secondary wing; diagnostic

hair groups 52 + , 56H , 57+-, 63H , 65H ; flaring deltoidcrescent dewlaps (fig. 38(4)); broad-centered crescent ligule; long

laaceolate inner auricle.

CLONE 28 N. G. 4

IMP. 628, Ace. 5

CULMS.—Yellowish green, faint reddish blush, with sparse bloom,

corky cracks, and merging wax bands; internodes cylindric and

shouldered, 12 cm. long and 26 mm. across, without or with small bud

furrow, flesh white, soft; stem-epidermal pattern 2+3, average width

of long cells 9.7M, stomates not observed; growth rings red ohye,

narrow, flush or tumescent; root bands reddish, obconoidal on side

opposite bud, 8 and 6 mm. high with 4 to 6 rows of small crowded

primordia; buds greenish rose, 13X11 mm., inserted at scar and

reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, small secondary wings, pubescence

general and prominent especially on posterior side.

LEAVES.—Leaf sheaths 30 cm. long with heavy bloom, smooth or

with narrow group 57; blades 146 cm. long and 4.4 cm. broad, module

33; dewlaps squarish deltoid or squarish, outer surface with sparse

group 58, inner surface with medium groups 51 and 52, occasionally

small group 63 ; outer auricle broad transitional or small deltoid, subtended by a short group 56, inner auricle medium-long lanceolate and

fringed to tip; ligule shallow crescent, 2 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Soft, thin cane, with medium-tall

root bands and 4 to 6 rows of primordia; hairy buds with small

secondary wings; diagnostic hair groups 56H , 57H , 63H ;

squarish-deltoid or squarish dewlaps (fig. 38 (5)); lanceolate inner

auricle; shallow ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 5

IMP. 629, Ace. 6

CULMS.—Greenish-yellow cane becoming olive purple on maturing,

sparse bloom,corky cracks, constricted merging wax bands; internodes

cylindric and shoiildered, 11 cm. long and 29 mm. across, without or

with small bud furrow, flesh white, soft; stem-epidermal pattern 2,

average width of long cells 9/x, stomates present; growth rings green,

medium broad, flush or tumescent; root bands greenish red, cylindric

but obconoidal on side opposite bud, 10 and 8 mm. high with 3 or 4
86 AGR. HANDBOOK 122 U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

rows of primordia; buds reddish green, plump, 12X9 mm., inserted

at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate deltoid with roundpomted tip, wing inserted at or below middle of prophyll, narrow,

pubescence of anterior side general but sparse, on posterior side prominent.

LEAVES.—^Leaf sheaths 31 cm. long with heavy bloom and more or

less prominent group 57; blades 148 cm. long and 4.4 cm. broad,

module 34; dewlaps flaring deltoid, outer surface with medium group

5S, inner surface with medium groups 51 and 52, small 63 ; outer auricle

broad transitional and subtended by a very short group 56, inner

auricle long lanceolate and fringed nearly to tip; ligule shallow crescentiform, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Soft cane, with plump ovatedeltoid buds prominently hairy on posterior side; diagnostic hair

groups 56H , 57 + ., 63H ; flaring deltoid dewlaps; long lanceolate

inner auricles; shallow crescent ligules.

CLONE 28 N. G. 6

IMP. 630, Ace. 7

CULMS.—Red with sparse bloom, corky cracks, and constricted

merging wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 12 cm. long

and 27 mm. across, small or medium bud furrow, soft, white flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average width of long cells 9.5^, stomates not observed; growth rings red, narrow, tumescent; root bands

red, cylindric, obconoidal on side opposite bud, 8 and 7 mm. high

with 4 rows of small crowded primordia; buds greenish rose, 12x8

mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate with

round-pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, narrow,

small secondary wing may be present, pubescence on anterior side

sparse, posterior side prominent.

LEAVES.—^Leaf sheaths 30 cm. long with heavy bloom and mediumnarrow group 57; blades 128 cm. long and 4.4 cm. broad, module 32:

dewlaps deltoid crescent, outer surface with medium group 58 and

small marginal group 58a, inner surface with small group 51, medium

group 52 and inconspicuous group 63 ; outer auricle small deltoid and

subtended by a very short 56, inner auricle long lanceolate and fringed

to tip; ligule shallow crescentiform, 2 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence wanting.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Soft cane, with ovate-deltoid buds

prominently hairy on posterior side; 4 rows of small crowded primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56H , 57 + ., 63H ; deltoidcrescent dewlaps (fig. 38 (7)); narrow ligule; lanceolate inner auricle.

This variety is very similar to 28 N, G. 5.

CLONE 28 N. G. 11

IMP. 863, Ace. 8

CULMS.—Keddish brown with sparse bloom, corky cracks, broad

merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 32 mm.

across, without or with small bud furrow, soft white flesh; stem-
SUGARCANE 87

epidermal pattern 3, average width of long cells 9.7fx, stomates not observed; growth rings red, medium high, flush or depressed; root bands

red, tumescent, 10 and 8 mm. high with 4 or 5 rows of primordia;

buds red, 11X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll oval with round-pointed tip, wing inserted at or above

middle of prophyll, medium broad and very hairy, pubescence of sides

very sparse or absent.

LEAVES.—Sheath 26 cm. long with medium bloom, medium group

57 and small group 60; sheath base with prominent groups 59 and 69;

blades 143 cm. long and 5 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps squarish

deltoid, outer surface with medium-sparse group 58 and prominent

group 58a, inner surface with prominent group 51 and sparse group 52 ;

outer auricle transitional or small deltoid, inner auricle short lanceolate

and smooth; ligule shallow subarcuate 2.5 mm. high, group 61 medium

long in flange zone, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Tall root bands with 4 or 5 rows of

primordia ; buds with hairy wings and smooth sides ; diagnostic hair

groups 57 + ., 58a+, 59 + , 60+ - 69+; squarish-deltoid dewlaps

(fig. 38 (8)); narrow subarcuate ligule; lanceolate inner auricle.

CLONE 28 N. G. 12

IMP. 523, Ace. 9

CULMS.—Reddish purple, with sparse bloom, inconspicuous corky

cracks, and heav}^ wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered,

12 cm. long and 32 mm. across, without bud furrow, hard grayish

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+3, average width of long cells 9.5//,

stomates not observed; growth ring greenish red, narrow, tumescent;

root bands cylindric, constricted on side opposite bud, 9 and 7 mm.

high with 3 to 5 rows of crowded primordia; buds reddish, 13X10

mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate with

round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, emarginate

with small secondary wings inserted high, general pubescence sparse,

most prominent hair groups 1,2, and 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with heavy bloom and narrow

group 57; blades 150 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, module 21; dewlaps

ascending ligulate, outer surface with medium group 58 and prominent

group 58a, inner surface with medium groups 51 and 52; outer auricle

transitional and subtended by a short 56, inner auricle short lanceolate

and not fringed; ligule crescentiform 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Reddish-purple cane with broad

leaves; 3 to 5 rows of primordia; buds with basal but otherwise sparse

pubescence; diagnostic hair groups 56H , 57H—, 58a+ ; ascending

ligulate dewlaps; short lanceolate inner auricle; medium-tall crescent

ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 13

IMP. 632, Ace. 10

CULMS.—Red with sparse bloom, corky cracks, and prominent wax

bands; internodes slightly bobbin-shaped, 12 cm. long and 23X25

mm. across, medium or small bud furrow, soft brownish flesh; stem-
88 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

epidermal pattern 1+3, average width of long cells 10.6/x, stomates

not observed; growth rings red, narrow, flush or slightly tumescent;

root bands 9 and 8 mm. high, red, tumescent with 3 or 4 rows of

primordia; buds red, 12X9 mm., inserted below scar and reaching

growth ring; prophyll ovate with sharp-pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, narrow, emarginate or lobed, pubescence

sparse, hair group 11 most prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheath 31 cm. long, purplish red with heavy bloom,

smooth; sheath base decurrent; blades with purple cast, 150 cm. long

and 4.6 cm. broad, module 33 ; dewlaps ascending flaring ligulate, outer

surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with sparse group 51 and

medium group 52; both auricles transitional, outer one subtended by

a short group 56; ligule crescent deltoid, 7 mm. high, group 61 short,

dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Leaves purplish; diagnostic hair

group 56+ ; ascending flaring-ligulate dewlaps (fig. 38 (10));

transitional auricles; very tall deltoid-crescent ligule; buds with sparse

pubescence.

CLONE 28 N. G. 14

IMP. 524, Ace. 11

CULMS.—Olive green, with yellow stripes, sparse bloom, and

medium wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly obconoidal and

shouldered, 12 cm. long and 33 mm. across, prominent bud furrow,

soft white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+4, average width of long

cells 10.3iu, stomates absent; growth rings ivory, narrow, flush or

tumescent; root bands slightly conoidal, 9 and 6 mm. high with 3

rows of primordia; buds reddish, 17X10 mm., inserted below scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll long deltoid with narrow

truncate slightly notched tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

medium wide, pubescence general and sparse, most prominent hair

groups 10 and 9.

LEAVES.—Sheath 30 cm. long with sparse bloom and narrow group

57; blades 127 cm. long and 5.7 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps

ascending flaring ligulate, outer surface with medium group 58 and

small group 58a, inner surface with medium group 51 and dense group

52, occasionally inconspicuous group 52a; outer auricle broad transitional and subtended by a very short 56, inner auricle short lanceolate

or calcarate and fringed to tip; ligule narrow orbicular crescent, 2.5

mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence very sparse.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Large deltoid buds with prominent

group 9; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 56 H ; 57 H ; ascending

flaring-ligulate dewlaps (fig. 38 (11)); short lanceolate or calcarate

inner auricle; narrow ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 15

IMP. 525, Ace. 12

CULMS.—Yellowish green, without bloom but prominent wax

bands; internodes slightly obconoidal and shouldered, 13 cm. long and

29 mm. across, medium or prominent bud furrow, white soft flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3 +5, average width of long cells 11M,
SUGARCANE 89

stomates absent; growth rings ivory green, narrow, flush; root bands

ivory green, conoidal, 10 and 9 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia;

buds reddish, 16X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll long deltoid with truncate tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, slightly emarginate and confluent with

sides, pubescence sparse, most prominent hair groups 9 and 10.

LEAVES.—Sheath 30 cm. long with heavy bloom and narrow group

57; blades 121 cm. long and 5.7 cm. broad, module 21 ; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with medium-dense group 58 and prominent

group 58a, inner surface with medium group 51 and sparse group 52;

outer auricle transitional and subtended by a short group 56, inner

auricle small falcate and fringed to tip; ligule subarcuate, 3 mm. high,

group 61 short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Large deltoid buds with prominent

group 9; diagnostic hair groups 56 H , 574—, 58 + ., 58a+ ; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig- '38 (12)); falcate inner auricle; narrow

ligule. This variety is very similar to 28 N. G. 14.

CLONE 28 N. G. 17

IMP. 526f Ace. 14

CULMS.—Red, with sparse bloom, corky cracks, and broad merging

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 27 mm. across, small

bud furrow, soft greenish flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+3, average

width of long cells 9.2/x, stomates few; growth rings red, medium

broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm. high with 2

rows of large, sparse primordia; buds red, 12X9 mm., inserted at

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll long ovate with somewhat pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow,

most prominent hair groups 10 and 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long and smooth; blades 130 cm. long

and 5 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps shallow deltoid crescent, outer

surface with medium sparse group 58, inner surface with prominent

group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle

small calcarate and fringed; ligule strap-shaped or shallow broadcentered crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Thin red cane with 2 rows of

sparse primordia; buds with prominent groups 10 and 11; shallow

deltoid-crescent dewlaps (fig. 38 (14)); small calcarate and fringed

inner auricle; tall ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 18

IMP. 483, Ace. 14A

CULMS.—Red and green striped, with sparse bloom and broad wax

bands; internodes obconoidal and shouldered, 12 cm. long and 28X

30 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, flesh greenish, hard; stemepidermal pattern 1+3+4, average width of long cells 8.3/x, stomates

absent; growth rings striped, medium broad, flush; root bands striped,

slightly conoidal, constricted on side opposite bud, 7 and 6 mm. high

with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds reddish, 12 X 10 mm., inserted
90 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted below middle

of prophyll, medium broad, smooth, pubescence medium sparse but

with prominent hair groups 1, 2, 10, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long and smooth; sheath base slightly

decurrent; blades 160 cm. long and 7.7 cm. broad, module 21 ; dewlaps

narrow squarish or shallow deltoid, outer surface with medium group

5Sj inner surface with smalL group 51 and medium-dense group 52;

outer auricle transitional, inner auricle small calcarate or transitional;

ligule broad-centered crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane with medium-large

buds having prominent groups 10 and 11; narrow root bands with 2

or 2 or 3 rows of primordia; inner auricle transitional or small calcarate; narrow squarish or shallow deltoid dewlaps (fig. 38 (14a));

broad-centered crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 20

IMP. 475J ACC. 15

CULMS.—Light brown becoming olive, with sparse bloom and heavy

wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 10 cm. long and 27X

29 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft gray flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 1+3, average width of long cells 10.4^, stomates absent;

growth rings olive, narrow, tumescent; root bands reddish, conoidal

obconoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high with 2 rows of sparse primordia; buds

reddish, 16X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll long ovate deltoid with somewhat pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, medium wide, pubescence general

and prominent, especially on posterior side, hair groups 10 and 11

conspicuous.

LEAVES.—^Sheaths 34 cm. long and smooth; blades 132 cm. long

and 4.8 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps shallow deltoid ligulate, outer

surface with medium group 58, inner surface with medium group 51

and sparse group 52; both auricles broad transitional, or sometimes

small deltoid and fringed; ligule broad-centered crescent, 4.5 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Light-brown cane with very large

deltoid, hairy buds; 2 rows of sparse primordia; shallow deltoidhgulate dewlaps (fig. 38 (15)); smaU deltoid or transitional auricles;

tall crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 21

IMP. 527, Acc. 16

CULMS.—Yellowish green with sparse bloom, merging wax bands,

and corky cracks; internodes cylindric, 14 cm. long and 26 mm. across,

medium bud furrow, soft gray flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3,

average width of long cells 9.6/x, stomates absent; growth rings olive,

narrow, flush; root bands ivory green, slightly conoidal, 7 mm. high

with 4 rows of small, crowded primordia; buds green with olive wing,

11X8 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll oval
SUGARCANE 91

with broad basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted at or above

middle of prophyll, wing medium, narrow at tip, pubescence in general

sparse, somewhat prominent at base and tip.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with heavy bloom and narrow group

57; blades 140 cm. long and 5 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps ascending

squarish, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with

small group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle broad transitional,

with short group 56, inner auricle medium-long lanceolate; Hgule

shallow crescent, 2 mm. high; group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTEBS.—Soft yellowish-green cane with

medium-large slightly hairy buds, 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 52 +, 56H , 57+ -; ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 38

(16)); lanceolate inner auricle; narrow ligule,

CLONE 28 N. G. 22

IMP. 633, Ace. 17

CULMS.—Yellow to olive without bloom, medium wax bands; internodes cylindric, 11 cm. long and 21X24 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow, hard grayish flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+3+4, average

width of long cells S.T/x, stomates absent; growth rings green, narrow,

tumescent; root bands reddish green, slightly tumescent, 9 and 8 mm.

high with 4 or 5 rows of primordia; buds green with olive wings,

12X8 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovatedeltoid with pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

emarginate at base, pubescence general especially on posterior side

but not prominent, somewhat prominent at base and juncture.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with medium group 57; sheath bases

slightly decurrent, those of crown leaves with prominent 59 and 69;

blades 137 cm. long and 4 cm. broad, module 34; dewlaps shallow

deltoid or ligulate, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface

with medium group 51 which extends as group 65 toward midrib,

medium-prominent group 52 and sparse groups 55 and 63 ; outer auricle

ascending transitional, inner auricle long lanceolate; ligule medium

broad-centered and narrow-flanged crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61

short, dorsal pubescence as 65a and 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Thin yellow cane with deltoid

somewhat hairy buds, emarginate wings; 4 or 5 rows of root primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 55H , 55a-t , 57+ ., 59 + , 63H ,

65 + , 69+; shallow deltoid or ligulate dewlaps (fig. 39 (17)); long

lanceolate inner auricle; narrow crescent ligule with lozenge.

CLONE 28 N. G. 23

IMP. 528, Ace. 18

CULMS.—Bronze green with medium bloom, corky cracks, and

narrow constricted wax bands; internodes cylindric, 13 cm. long and

27X28 mm. across, broad, shallow bud furrow, soft greenish flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 2+3, average width of long cells 9.7/x,

stomates present; growth rings olive, narrow, flush or slightly tumescent; root bands ivory, cylindric obconoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high with
92 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4 or 5 rows of very small reddish, crowded primordia; buds greenish

with red-ohve wings, 13X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth rmg; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, medium wide, pubescence general and more

or less prominent, entire posterior side hairy.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 160 cm.

long and 4.6 cm. broad, module 35; dewlaps slightly flaring squarish

deltoid, outer surface with medium-sparse group 58, inner surface

with small group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle transitional and

subtended by a short group 56, inner auricle long lanceolate and

fringed to tip; ligule shallow crescent, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Medium-thick bronze-colored cane,

with somewhat hairy buds and 4 or 5 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56H ,57+ -; slightly flaring squarish-deltoid

dewlaps (fig. 39 (18)); lanceolate inner auricle; narrow ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 24

IMP. 634, ACC. 19

CULMS.—Olive green with sparse bloom, prominent wax bands, and

corky cracks; internodes cylindric, 14 cm. long and 29 mm. across,

without bud furrow, soft greenish flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2,

average width of long cells 8.3M, stomates absent; growth rings ohve,

narrow, flush; root bands ivory green, cylindric, 9 and 8 mm. high with

4 or 5 rows of small primordia; buds green with reddish wing, 12X10

mm., inserted at scar and extending to growth ring; prophyll round

ovate or deltoid with round-pointed tip, wing inserted at 'or below

middle of prophyll, medium wide to narrow, pubescence of posterior

side general but somewhat sparse, anterior side with medium prominent groups 10, 16.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with heavy bloom and medium

groups 57 and 60; blades 142 cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad, module 31;

dewlaps ascending squarish deltoid, outer surface with medium group

58, inner surface with small group 51, sparse semilong group 52 near

midrib, and small group 63; outer auricle ascending transitional and

subtended by a very short 56, inner auricle long lanceolate and partly

fringed; ligule shallow crescent, 2 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Slender olive-green cane with

round-ovate buds with general pubescence on posterior side; 4 or 5

rows of small root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56H ,

57+ ., 60H—, 63H ; ascending squarish-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 39

(19)); lanceolate inner auricle; narrow ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 25

IMP. 529, Acc. 20

CULMS.—Olive with red blush, sparse bloom, corky cracks, and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, slightly concave-convex,

12 cm. long and 27 mm. across, small bud furrow, soft greenish flesh
SUGARCANE 93

slightly pithy in center; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average width

of long cells 9.6/x, stom.ates absent; growth rings olive, m.edium broad,

flush; root bands greenish red, cylindric, 9 and 7 mm. high with 4 or 5

rows of crowded primordia; buds green with reddish wing, 12X9 m.m.,

inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with

round-pointed slightly notched tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, slightly emarginate, posterior side hairy, anterior with

medium prominent groups 1, 2, 16, 11, 17.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with medium groups 57 and 60;

blades 133 cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps slightly

ascending squarish deltoid, outer surface with dense group 58, inner

surface with medium group 51, sparse semilong group 52 near midrib,

and long-haired group 63 inserted high; outer auricle transitional and

subtended by a short 56, inner auricle short lanceolate; ligule shallow

crescent, 2 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Olive cane with red blush, long

slightly concave-convex internodes, broad ovate buds with prominent

pubescence on posterior side; tall root bands with 4 or 5 rows of small

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56H , 57 + ., 58+, 60M—, 63 + .;

slightly ascending squarish-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 39 (20)); short lanceolate inner auricle; narrow ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 26

IMP. 530, Acc- 21

CULMS.—Red with sparse bloom,^ corky cracks, and narrow constricted wax bands; internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long and 21X22 m.m.

across, without or with medium prominent bud furrow, hard greenish

flesh; stem-epiderm.al pattern 2 +3, average width of long cells 9.2^,

stom.ates absent; growth rings greenish, narrow, tumescent; root

bands reddish, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high with 4 rows of crowded

primordia; buds green, later reddish, 12X8 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, m.edium wide, small secondary wings may be present, posterior side of bud hairy, anterior

side with prominent group 6.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 121

cm. long and 4.7 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps squarish deltoid,

more or less subcrescent, outer surface with sparse group 58 and

marginal group 58a, inner surface with medium, group 51, sparse

group 52 ; outer auricle broad-transitional, subtended by a very short

group 56, inner auricle short lanceolate and fringed to tip; ligule

shallow crescent, 2.5 mm. high; group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^^Thin red cane, with ovate buds

hairy on posterior side, 4 rows of crowded root primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 56-1 , 57H—; squarish-deltoid, more or less subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 39 (21)); short lanceolate inner auricle; narrow

ligule.
94 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

CLONE 28 N. G. 27

IMP. 635, Ace. 22

CULMS.—Dark red with sparse bloom, corky cracks, and prominent

wax bands; internodes somewhat obconoidal and shouldered, 10 cm.

long and 31X34 m.m. across, without bud furrow, soft grayishgreen flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average width of long cells

Uju, stomates absent; growth rings reddish green, m.edium. broad or

narrow, tumescent; root bands red, conoidal, 10 and 8 mm. high with 4

rows 0Ï crowded prim.ordia; buds reddish, 12X10 mm., inserted at

scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, em.arginate,

pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm., long with narrow group 57; blades 150

cm. long and 6 cm. broad, m.odule 25; dewlaps ascending ligulate,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with broad group 51

that extends as group 65 single file toward midrib, sparse group 52;

outer auricle broad transitional, inner auricle short or long lanceolate

and basally fringed; ligule orbicular crescent, 4 m.m. high, group 61

short, dorsal pubescence as 65a and terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red soft cane with smooth buds; 4

rows of crowded root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57+—,

65H—, 65aH—; ascending-ligulate dewlaps; lanceolate inner auricles;

tall orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 30

IMP. 636, Ace. 23

CULMS.—Dark red, faintly striped with lighter red when young,

with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes thick and

short cylindric, 6.5 cm. long and 34 m.m.. across, small bud furrow,

soft gray flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3 + 5, average width of

long cells 7.7M, stom.ates absent; growth rings red, narrow, tumescent;

root bands red, cylindric-conoidal, 7 and 5 m.m.. high with 2 or 3 rows

of sparse primordia; buds red, 11X11 m.m.., inserted at scar and

reaching growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with prominent basal

appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted at middle of prophyll,

emarginate, pubescence sparse, most prominent hair groups 1, 2, 11,

10, 22.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm., long with heavy bloom, and broad shorthaired group 57; blades 160 cm., long and 4.6 cm. broad, m.odule 35;

outer dewlap large ascending squarish, inner dewlap squarish subcrescent, outer surface with m.edium group 58 and sm.all group 58a,

inner surface with m.edium. group 51 and prominent sem.ilong group 52 ;

outer auricle transitional and subtended by a m.edium long 56, inner

auricle short lanceolate and fringed to tip; ligule narrow-flanged

subarcuate with lozenge, 4 mm., high; group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane with thick, short

cylindrical internodes, broad ovate buds with sparse pubescence;

narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows of sparse prim.ordia; diagnostic
SUGARCANE 95

hair groups 52 + , 56 + ., 57 + .; large ascending-squarish outer dewlap, squarish-subcrescent inner dewlap; lanceolate inner auricle;

medium-tall subarcuate ligule with lozenge.

CLONE 28 N. G. 31

IMP. 637, Ace. 24

CULMS.—Bronze green with medium bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes somewhat bobbin-shaped, 9 cm. long and 33X34

mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft grayish-green flesh; stemepidermal pattern 1, average width of long cells 11/x, stomates absent;

growth rings reddish green, narrow, flush; root bands red, tumescent

or conoidal, 7 and 5 mm. high with 3 rows of crowded primordia;

buds reddish, 13X8 mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll long ovate with medium basal appendage and

somewhat pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium

broad, pubescence medium sparse, most prominent hair groups 1, 2,

10, 16, 19, and 3.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 37 cm. long with narrow group 57, blades 145

cm. long and 4.2 cm. broad, module 34; dewlaps ascending flaring

ligulate, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with

medium groups 51, 52, and 63; outer auricle sloping transitional,

inner auricle short or medium-long lanceolate and fringed; ligule

orbicular crescent, 4 mm. high; group 61 medium long, dorsal pubescence more or less prominent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Thick short-jointed cane with

large, slightly hairy buds, narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups

574—, 61 + ., 63 + .; ascending flaring-ligulate dewlaps (fig. 39 (24));

inner auricle medium-long lanceolate; tall orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 32

IMP. 463, Ace. 25

CULMS.—Dark red with heavy bloom and merging wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long and 41 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow, soft white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 4+3 +5, average

width of long cells lOju, stomates absent; growth ring red, medium

broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 9 and 6 mm. high with

1 to 3 rows of primordia; buds green with red wings 13 X 11, inserted

at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll short ovate or

rhomboid, prominent basal appendage and notched tip, broad transparent wing inserted below middle of prophyll, pubescence sparse,

most prominent hair groups 1, 16, 19, 11, and divided group 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with heavy bloom and prominent

short-haired group 57; blades 138 cm. long and 7.5 cm. broad, module

18.4; dewlaps ascending squarish deltoid, or squarish subcrescent,

outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with medium

group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a short 56 in some of the leaves, inner auricle calcarate or

short lanceolate and not fringed; ligule narrow-flanged crescent with

lozenge, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short or absent, dorsal pubescence

absent.

427472—58 7
96 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Dark-red, thick cane with short

ovate sKghtly hairy buds; 1 to 3 rows of large root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 56 H , 57+; ascending squarish-deltoid or

squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 39 (25)); short lanceolate or calcarate inner auricle; medium-tall crescent ligule with lozenge.

CLONE 28 N. G. 33

IMP. 535, Ace. 26

CULMS.—Red, with green or tan stripes, medium bloom, and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long and 46 mm.

across, without bud furrow, medium-hard greenish flesh; stemepidermal pattern 5+3, average width of long cells 9.6/¿ stomates

present; growth rings striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands

striped, cylindric obconoidal, 8 and 6 mm. high with 1 to 3 rows of

sparse primordia; buds greenish red, 11X9 mm., inserted at scar

and extending slightly above growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with

prominent basal appendage and pointed slightly notched tip, wing

inserted near middle of prophyll, broad and emarginate at base, buds

with sparse pubescence, most prominent hair groups 1, 2, 11, 16, 10,

and 22.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with heavy bloom and prominent

group 57; blades 134 cm. long and 5.6 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps

large ascending squarish, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner

surface with medium group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle

sloping transitional, inner auricle short lanceolate and partly fringed;

ligule narrow-flanged crescent with shallow lozenge, 3.5 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane with green or tan stripes,

with short ovate slightly hairy buds; 1 to 3 rows of sparse primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 57+; large ascending-squarish dewlaps

(fig. 39 (26)); short lanceolate inner auricle; medium-narrow ligule

with shallow lozenge.

CLONE 28 N. G. 34

IMP. 536, Ace. 27

CULMS.—Red, with green or yellow stripes, sparse bloom, corky

cracks, and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long

and 34 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, orange flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 1, average width of long cells 11.6/x, stomates absent; growth

rings striped, medium broad, flush or tumescent; root bands cylindric,

8 and 7 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds red, 14X12 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate

with prominent basal appendage inserted low and somewhat pointed

tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad, pubescence very

sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 27 cm. long, striped with sparse bloom and

narrow group 57; blades white-striped, 129 cm. long and 5.9 cm. broad,

module 22; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with dense group

58, inner surface with medium group 51 that extends as group 65

sparingly single file toward midrib, medium group 52, small groups
SUGARCANE 97

52a and medium 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle long

lanceolate and partly fringed; ligule subarcuate with shallow lozenge,

3 mm. high, group 61 medium short, dorsal pubescence as 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane with green or yellow

stripes, with smooth buds; 3 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 57H—, 58 + , 63 + ., 65 H—, 65a H—; ascending-ligulate dewlaps (fig. 39 (27)); lanceolate inner auricle; subarcuate narrow ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 35

IMP. 482, Ace. 28

CULMS.—-Brownish-red cane with medium bloom, prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long and 30X33 mm. across,

prominent bud furrow, soft olive-brown flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

3, average width of long cells 12JLI, stomates absent; growth rings

olive, medium broad, tumescent; root bands reddish, cylindric or

slightly conoidal, 8 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds

reddish olive, 11 X 7 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring;

prophyll ovate with apical appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted

at or below middle of prophyll, narrow, fringed, pubescence medium

to sparse, prominent hair groups 1, 2, 11, 16, 19, 10, 4.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 29 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 133

cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps ascending squarish,

outer surface with medium-dense group 58 and small group 58a,

inner surface with medium group 51, marginal dense group 52; outer

auricle broad transitional or small deltoid, inner auricle long lanceolate

and basally fringed; ligule medium broad-flanged orbicular crescent,

4 mm. high; group 61 medium short, dorsal pubescence general and

somewhat prominent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Ked cane with narrow-winged,

slightly hairy buds with apical appeadage, 3 or 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 51a+, 52 + ., 57 H ; ascending-squarish

dewlaps (fig. 39 (28)); long lanceolate inner auricle; medium broadflanged orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 36

IMP. 476, Ace. 29

CULMS.—Yellowish green with sparse bloom and narrow wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 8.5 cm. long and 40 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow, soft light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+3, average

width of long cells lO^t, stomates absent; growth rings greenish, narrow, flush; root bands ivory, cylindric, 7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows

of primordia; buds green with reddish wings, 18X13 mm., inserted at

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll long deltoid with

small truncate tip, wing inserted very low, narrow, lobed at base,

pubescence sparse, prominent groups 1, 16, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with heavy bloom and narrow group

57; blades 150 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps squarish

crescent, outer surface with medium group 58 and marginal group

58a, inner surface with broad group 51 that extends as group 65 single

file toward midrib, medium group 52; outer auricle sloping transitional,
98 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

iimer auricle very large and long lanceolate, fringed at base; ligule

subarcuate, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as

55a, 65a, and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Yellowish-green cane with large

deltoid buds; 2 or 3 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups

55aH ,57H—, 65 + ., 65aH—; squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 39 (29));

large lanceolate inner auricle; narrow subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 37

IMP. 638, Ace. 31

CULMS.—Olive green or greenish yellow, with sparse bloom and

medium wax bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 35 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1+3+4, average width of long cells 9^, stomates absent; growth rings

greenish, narrow, flush or tumescent; root bands greenish, cylindric

or slightly tumescent, 7 and 5 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia;

buds green with olive wings, 17X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll long deltoid ovate with prominent

basal and small fringed apical appendage, pubescence at base and

tip, prominent hair groups 1, 2, 10, 19, 24.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with heavy bloom and narrow group

57; blades 128 cm. long and 4.4 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps ascending deltoid squarish, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface

with prominent group 51, dense group 52, and medium-sparse groups

52a and 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle medium long

lanceolate and basally fringed; ligule broad-flanged and broadcentered crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence

in flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green or greenish-yellow cane with

large medium-hairy buds; 3 or 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 + , 57 H—, 63 H—; ascending deltoid-squarish dewlaps

(fig. 39 (31)); lanceolate inner auricles; medium-tall ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 39

IMP. 368, Ace. 32

CULMS.—^Dark red with sparse bloom and prominent constricted

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long and 28X29 mm. across,

shallow bud furrow, orange-brown flesh, medium hard; stem-epidermal

pattern 2 +3, average width of long cells 11/x, stomates absent; growth

rings greenish, narrow, flush; root bands reddish, conoidal-obconoidal,

7 and 6 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds deep red, 15X13

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

medium broad, pubescence very sparse, hair groups 1 and 2 prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with heavy bloom and narrow group

57; blades 138 cm. long and 5.6 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps squarish deltoid or flaring ligulate, outer surface with semilong group 58

and marginal group 58a, inner surface with small group 51 and prominent group 52; outer auricle transitional subtended by a short 56,

inner auricle deltoid; ligule flat crescent with shallow lozenge, 3 mm.
SUGARCANE 99

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane with orange-brown

flesh, large smooth buds; 3 or 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52+, 56H , 57H—, 58+; squarish-deltoid or flaring

ligulate dewlaps (fig. 40 (32)); deltoid inner auricle; narrow ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 40

IMP. 481, Ace. 34

CULMS.—Dark red obscurely striped with paler red when young,

sparse bloom, and broad slightly merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 15 cm. long and 33 mm. across, medium or prominent bud furrow,

soft gray flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3, average width of long

cells 9.2/z, stomates absent; growth rings red, medium broad, flush;

root bands 8 and 7 mm. high, red, cylindric, 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green with red wing, 14X8 mm., inserted above scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll long ovate with prominent

basal appendage and somewhat pointed tip, posterior side hairy with

most prominent group 10, anterior side with prominent 11 and less

prominent hair groups 1, 2, 16, and 4.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long and smooth; sheath base slightly

decurrent; blades 140 cm. long and 5.7 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps

slightly flaring shallow deltoid-crescent, outer surface with sparse to

medium group 58, inner surface with medium groups 51 and 52;

outer auricle transitional, inner auricle calcarate or long lanceolate

and basally fringed; ligule broad-centered crescent, 5.5 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red striped cane, with large buds,

prominent hair groups 11 and 10; 2 or 3 rows of root primordia;

slightly decurrent sheath base; slightly flaring shallow deltoid-crescent

dewlaps (fig. 40 (34)); calcarate or long lanceolate inner auricle; tall

crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 42

IMP. 484, Ace. 35

CULMS.—Dark red faintly striped with light red when young, sparse

bloom, corky cracks, and medium wax bands; internodes slightly

tumescent and shouldered, 8 cm. long and 41 mm. across, prominent

bud furrow, hard white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width

of long cells 12;u, stomates present; growth rings greenish red, medium

broad, tumescent; root bands greenish red, cylindric obconoidal,

10 and 7 mm. high with 3 to 5 rows of red primordia; buds greenish red

with red wings, 15X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll long ovate with notched slightly hooked tip,

wing inserted near middle of prophyll, medium-broad, small secondary

wings may be present, posterior side hairy, most prominent hair group

10, anterior side with prominent hair groups 1, 2, and 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long, grayish purple, narrow group 57;

sheath base slightly decurrent with group 69 present in crown leaves;

blades 150 cm. long and 6.5 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps shallow

double crescent or squarish crescent, outer surface with medium

group 58, inner surface with medium-prominent groups 51 and 52 ; both
100 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

auricles transitional or small deltoid; ligule orbicular crescent, 2.5 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Thick dark-red cane with prominent hairy buds; 3 to 5 rows of root primordia : diagnostic hair groups

57 H—, 69 H— ; shallow double-crescent or squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 40 (35)); transitional auricles; narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 43

IMP. 537, Ace. 36

CULMS.—Dark red, with sparse bloom and medium-prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 36 mm. across, prominent

bud furrow, greenish-white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1, average

width of long cells lO/x, stomates present; growth rings ivory green,

narrow, flush; root bands reddish, slightly constricted, 8 and 7 mm.

high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds 17X12 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed

or narrow truncate tip, wing inserted low, medium broad or broad,

pubescence sparse, hair groups 1, 16, 19, 10, 11 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long, greenish purple with narrow to

medium 57; blades 180 cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 32; dewlaps squarish crescent, outer surface with medium or dense group 58

and small marginal group 58a, inner surface with more or less prominent groups 51 and 52; group 55 and semilong 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle broad lanceolate and fringed; ligule narrowflanged crescent with shallow lozenge, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 short,

dorsal pubescence as sparse 55a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Thick dark-red cane with prominent somewhat hairy buds; 3 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 52 + , 52a4-., 55+- 55aH , 57+-, 63+.; squarishcrescent dewlaps (fig. 41 (36)); lanceolate inner auricle; medium-tall

crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 44

IMP. 478, Ace. 37

CULMS.—Yellowish green often splotched with red, reddish when

young, sparse bloom, and broad wax bands; internodes slightly

obconoidal, 10 cm. long and 34X37 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow, soft flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 4 + 1, average width of long

cells 9.6/x, stomates absent; growth rings reddish green, medium

broad, tumescent; root bands red, conoidal, 11 and 9 mm. high with

3 to 5 rows of primordia; buds green with olive wings, 14X12 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

broad crescent tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium

broad or broad, pubescence sparse, most prominent hair group 10,

less evident hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with broad group 57; sheath base

with sectorial 59; blades 150 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, module 21;

dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with medium group 58 and

small marginal group 58a, inner surface with small group 51, dense

group 52, and small group 63; outer auricle transitional or deltoid,

inner auricle large calcarate or medium lanceolate and fringed; ligule
SUGARCANE 101

narrow-flanged crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green medium-thick cane

with oval or slightly squarish buds with prominent group 10; 3 to 5

rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 57 + , 59 H—,

63+--; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 40 (37)); calcarate or

lanceolate inner auricle; narrow crescent ligule.,

CLONE 28 N. G. 45

IMP, 485, Ace. 38

CULMS.—Olive green to yellowish green, with sparse bloom and

medium wax bands; internodes concave-convex and shouldered, 10

cm. long and 36 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, hard white-green

ñesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +6, average width of long cells 8.6M,

stomates present; growth rings reddish green, narrow, tumescent;

root bands reddish green, conoidal-obconoidal with 4 rows of crowded

primordia; buds green with reddish wing, 15X12 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll large deltoid with large

basal appendage and serrate-truncate tip, wing inserted low, medium

wide, emarginate at base and with small secondary wing, pubescence

general and prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheath 34 cm. long and smooth; sheath base of crown

leaves with groups 59 and 69; blades 135 cm. long and 6 cm. broad,

module 22; dewlaps slightly flaring shallow deltoid, outer surface

with medium group 58, inner surface with medium group 51 that

extends as group 65 in single file toward midrib, dense group 52; both

auricles deltoid; ligule medium broad-centered crescent, 4 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 65a and 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-green cane with large hairy

buds and 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +,

55a+-, 59+-, 65+-, 65a+-, 69+; slightly flaring shallow-deltoid

dewlaps (fig. 40 (38)); small deltoid auricles; medium-tall crescent

ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 46

IMP. 486, Ace. 40

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, with sparse bloom, corky cracks, and

constricted wax bands; long cylindrical slightly shouldered internodes,

15 cm. long and 28X30 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft

green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+3, average width of long cells

10.8/x, stomates present; growth rings green, medium broad, depressed

or flush; root bands ivory green, cylindric obconoidal, 8 and 7 mm.

high with 2 to 4 rows of primordia; buds green, 18X10 mm., inserted

at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll long deltoid with

narrow round-pointed tip, wing narrow, inserted low, confluent with

sides, pubescence very sparse, prominent groups 9 and 24 near germ

pore.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 131

cm. long and 5 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps ascending tall squarish

crescent, outer surface with sparse group 58 and small marginal

group 58a, inner surface with medium group 51 and sparse group 52;
102 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, V. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

outer auricle transitional subtended by a small group 56, inner auricle

transitional or small calcarate; ligule narrow crescent, 2.5 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Soft greenish-yellow cane with

large deltoid glabrate buds; 2 to 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 56 H , 57 H—; ascending tall squarish-crescent dewlaps

(fig. 40 (40)); transitional auricles; narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 47

IMP. 538, Ace. 41

CULMS.—Bronze becoming yellowish green, with sparse bloom and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 10 cm.

long and 29 mm. across, inconspicuous bud furrow, hard grayish

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3+4+5, average width of long cells

IOM; stomates absent; growth rings ivory, narrow, flush; root bands

ivory yellow, tumescent-conoidal, 12 mm. high with 4 or 5 rows of

primordia; buds olive red, 12X10 mm., inserted at scai^ and extending

above growth ring; prophyll broad deltoid with truncate-notched tip,

wing broad, inserted below middle of prophyll, pubescence sparse,

noticeable are hair groups 1, 2, basal 4.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with medium group 57, sheath base

slightly decurrent; blades 148 cm. long and 5.2 cm. broad, module 28;

dewlaps crescent-deltoid, outer surface with dense groups 58 and 58a,

inner surface with small group 51, prominent semilong group 52, and

small group 63; outer auricle deltoid, inner auricle short lanceolate

and prominently fringed; ligule narrow-flanged subarcuate, 2.5 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Thin bronze cane becoming yellowish green, with broad deltoid glabrate buds; very tall root bands with

4 or 5 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 57H—, 58 + ,

63H ; crescent-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 40 (41)); short lanceolate

inner auricle; narrow subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 51

IMP. 540, Ace. 43

CULMS.—Green, sometimes faintly striped with yellow, sparse

bloom, and broad wax bands; internodes cylindric and slightly concave-convex, 9 cm. long and 31X33 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow, hard white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of

long cells 12.8AI, stomates absent; growth rings striped, narrow,

tumescent; root bands striped, conoidal on bud side, 10 and 7 mm.

high with 3 rows of primordia; buds green with reddish wing, 15X10

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

long ovate with round-pointed notched tip, wing inserted below middle

of prophyll, medium broad to narrow, pubescence sparse, somewhat

prominent are hair groups 1, 4, 10, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long, striped with heavy bloom and narrow group 57; blades 130 cm. long and 4.3 cm. broad, module 30;

dewlaps shallow, squarish deltoid, outer surface with medium group

58, inner surface with broad group 51 and medium group 52; outer
SUGARCANE 103

auricle small deltoid subtended by a short 56, inner auricle long

lanceolate and fringed; ligule broad-centered strap-shaped or crescent,

5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence prominent in

flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green-and-yellow striped cane with

more or less glabrate buds; 3 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 56H , 57H—; shallow squarish-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 40 (43));

long lanceolate inner auricle; broad strap-shaped or crescent ligule,

CLONE 28 N. G. 52

IMP. 379, Ace. 44

CULMS.—Light reddish brown, with pale-red and green stripes,

medium bloom, and m.erging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 12 cm.

long and 30 m.m. across, small bud furrow, hard white flesh; stemepiderm.al pattern 3, average width of long cells 8.7/x, stom.ates absent;

growth rings striped, narrow, tumescent; root bands striped, cylindric,

8 and 7 mm., high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green with red

wings, 10X8 mm., inserted at scar and extending slightly above

growth ring; prophyll ovate with broad more or less crescent tip, wing

broad, inserted at middle of prophyll, general pubescence sparse with

outstanding hair group 10, and less prominent groups 1, 2, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm., long striped with narrow group 57; blades

137 cm., long and 5.6 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps ascending broad

ligulate, outer surface with prom.inent group 58 and m.arginal group

58a, inner surface with prominent group 51 that passes as group 65 in

narrow file to m.idrib, semilong groups 51a, 52, 52a, and 63; outer

auricle transitional, subtended by a m.edium-short 56, inner auricle

transitional or sm.all deltoid, ligule narrow crescent with shallow

lozenge, 2.5 m.m. high, group 61 tall, dorsal pubescence general.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane with sm.all broadwinged m.ore or less glabrate buds; 3 or 4 rows of root primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 51a+, 52 + , 52a+, 56H—, 57H—, 58 + , 58a+,

61 + , 63 + , 65+; ascending broad ligulate dewlaps (fig. 40 (44)):

transitional auricles; narrow crescent ligule.

sparse bloom, and

12 cm,, long and

light-green flesh;

CLONE 28 N. G. 54

IMP. 642, Ace. 45

CULMS.—Green becoming greenish yellow, with

broad constricted wax bands; internodes cylindric,

32 mm., across, broad bud furrow, medium-hard

stem-epiderm.al pattern 1 +5+4+3, average width of long cells 8.1/x,

stomates present; growth rings light olive, narro^, slightly tumescent; root bands ivory green, cylindric conoidal, 9 ^nd 7 m.m.. high

with 3 to 5 rows of crowded primordia; buds green pr slightly reddish,

17X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll long deltoid with pointed tip, wing inserted low, narrow,

sparsely fringed, pubescence sparse, somewhat prom.inent hair groups

16, 18, and 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm., long, smooth; blades 150 cm. long and 6

cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps crescent-squarish, outer surface with
104 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

semilong dense group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner surface with

prominent group 51 that extends as group 65 single file toward midrib, dense group 52 and sparse semilong group 63 inserted high; outer

auricle deltoid, inner auricle short lanceolate; ligule broad-centered

subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 medium tall, dorsal pubescence

as 65a and 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Slender greenish-yellow cane with

large glabrate deltoid buds; 3 to 5 rows of crowded root prim.ordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55aH—, 58 + , 61 + ., 63 + ., 65-|—,

65aH—; crescent-squarish dewlaps (fig. 41 (45)); short lanceolate

inner auricle; broad-centered crescent or subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 55

IMP. 643, Ace. 46

CULMS.—Yellowish green with red blush or sunscald, sparse bloom,

and tD-edium wax bands; internodes cylindric and slightly shouldered,

9.5 cm. long and 34 mm. across, without bud furrow, soft flesh; stemepidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long cells 10.4/x, stomates

present; growth rings greenish, medium, broad, tum.escent; root bands

green, cylindric, 8 and 7 m.m.. high with 4 or 5 rows of primordia;

buds green, edged in red, 10X7 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with narrow truncate tip, wing

inserted near middle of prophyll, broad and m.em.branaceous, smooth,

pubescence very sparse, hair groups 1, 16, 19 outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 29 cm., long with inconspicuous group 57; blades

168 cm. long and 5.3 cm. broad, module 32; dewlaps squarish crescent,

outer surface with m.edium sparse group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51, dense group 52, sparse medium-long groups 55 and

63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle short lanceolate and

fringed; ligule shallow crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane with red

blush, m.edium-large sm.ooth buds; 3 or 4 rows of root primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55H—, 57H , 63H ; squarish-crescent

dewlaps (fig. 40 (46)); lanceolate inner auricle; shallow-crescent

ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 56

IMP. 488, Ace. 47

CULMS.—^Rosy to bronze, becoming yellowish green, with sparse

bloom and medium wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm., long and

31 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3+4, average width of long cells O.Sju, stom.ates

present; growth.rings olive red, m.edium. broad, slightly tum.escent;

root bands reddish green, cylindric to slightly conoidal, 7 and 6 m.m..

high with 2 or 3 rows of prim.ordia; buds green, edged in red, 15X8

mm., inserted below scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

large ovate with small apical appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow, pubescence m.edium sparse,

outstanding hair groups 10, 11, less so 1, 16, 19, 18, 9.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with narrow group 57; sheath base
SUGARCANE 105

of crown leaves with 59 and 69 ; blades 144 cm. long and 4.1 cm. broad,

module 35; dewlaps slightly ascending squarish, outer surface with

dense group 58 and prominent group 58a, inner with prominent group

51 and dense group 52, inconspicuous groups 63 and 55; outer auricle

transitional, inner auricle m.edium,4ong lanceolate and fringed nearly

to tip; ligule orbicular crescent with lozenge, 4.5 mm. high, group

61 medium, tall, dorsal pubescence short and general.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Bronze to yellowish-green soft cane

with large deltoid buds; 2 or 3 rows or root primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 + , 55+—, 57+-, 58+, 58a+, 59 + , 61 + ., 63+—

69+; slightly ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 40 (47)); lanceolate

inner auricle; tall crescent ligule; sm.all group 9 in germ. pore.

CLONE 28 N. G. 59

IMP. 487, Ace. 48

CULMS.—Red, becoming yellowish green, with sparse bloom and

broad wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 9.5 cm. long

and 35X37 mm. across, without bud furrow; stem-epidermal pattern

3, average width of long cells 12.5/x, stomates absent; growth rings

olive, medium broad, flush; root bands reddish, slightly tumescent or

conoidal, 11 and 10 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds green

flushed with red, 12X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending to growth

ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed slightly notched tip, wing

inserted near middle of prophyll, membranaceous, broad, emarginate

at base, pubescence limited to short sparse hairs.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with narrow group 57 ; blades 144 cm.

long and 6 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps ascending squarish, outer

surface with medium group 58, inner with small group 51 and medium

group 52, small group 63; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner

auricle short lanceolate or deltoid and fringed to tip; ligule narrow

arcuate, 3 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence in flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane with smooth

buds; 3 rows of root primordia; diagnostic bair groups 57H—, 63+ --;

ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 40 (48)); short lanceolate or deltoid

inner auricle; narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 62

IMP. 644, Ace. 49

CULMS.—^Dark vinaceous red, with medium bloom and broad wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 15 cm. long and 29 mm. across, prominent

bud furrow, hard reddish flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+4, average

width of long cells 9.2^, stomates present; growth rings red, medium

broad, slightly tumescent; root bands red, tumescent conoidal, 7 mm.

high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds red, 14X11 mm., inserted at

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with roundpointed or small truncate tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll,

narrow to medium and fringed, pubescence medium prominent, outstanding are hair groups 10 and 11, less so 1, 16, and 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long and smooth; sheath base slightly

decurrent; blades 139 cm. long and 5.1 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps
106 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

shallow deltoid crescent or squarish, outer surface with sparse group

58, inner surface with prominent group 51 and dense group 52; outer

auricle deltoid, inner auricle calcarate or short lanceolate; ligule

strap-shaped or broad-flanged crescent, 5.5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark vinaceous-red long-jointed

cane with prominent medium-hairy buds; 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair group 52+; shallow deltoid crescent or squarish dewlaps (fig. 41 (49)); short lanceolate or calcarate inner auricle; broad

strap-shaped or crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 63

IMP. 645, Ace. 50

CULMS.—^Bronze becoming yellowish green, with medium wax

bands but without bloom; internodes cylindric and slightly shouldered,

10 cm. long and 35X38 mm. across, without bud furrow, soft gray

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 4 + 1, average width of long cells 10.4/>t,

stomates present; growth rings olive, narrow, flush; root bands greenish, slightly conoidal, 11 and 9 mm. high with 3 to 5 rows of crowded

primordia; buds green with red wings, 12X11 mm., inserted at scar

and extending slightly above growth ring; prophyll ovate with roundpointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad and notched

at base, thinning out toward tip, pubescence more or less sparse, most

prominent hair groups 19, 1, 16, 4, 2.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long and smooth; blades 120 cm. long

and 6.5 cm. broad, module 18.4; dewlaps ascending narrow squarish,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51,

prominent group 52, and small group 63; outer auricle transitional,

inner auricle calcarate, and fringed nearly to tip; ligule narrow-flanged

crescent deltoid, 4 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Bronze to yellowish-green cane

with broad ovate more or less smooth buds; 3 to 5 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 63 H ; ascending narrow squarish dewlaps (fig. 41 (50)); calcarate inner auricle; medium-tall crescentdeltoid ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 65

IMP. 512, Ace. 51

CULMS.—Rose-tinted when young, becoming yellowish green, with

sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly

conoidal, 9.5 cm. long and 27X29 mm. across, prominent bud furrow,

soft greenish fiesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +4, average width of long

cells 9/x, stomates absent; growth rings green, medium broad, flush;

root bands ivory green, cylindric to slightly conoidal, 10 and 9 mm.

high with 4 or 5 rows of primordia; buds green with olive wings, 15X10

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll with

truncate or hooked tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, medium

broad, pubescence sparse, with hair groups 1, 16, 19, and 18 most

prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long and smooth, blades 142 cm. long and
SUGARCANE 107

3.5 cm. broad, module 40; dewlaps flaring ligulate or squarish subcrescent, outer surface with matted, semilong group 58 and margmal

group 58a, inner surface with prominent group 51 that extends as

group 65 single file toward midrib, medium group 52, and small group

63; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner auricle deltoid; ligule

broad-centered subarcuate, 4 mm. high, group 61 long, dorsal pubescence as 65a and 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane with prominent, more or less smooth buds; 4 or 5 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 55a+- 58 + , 61 + , 63H , 65+-, 65a+-; flaring

ligulate or squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 41 (51)); deltoid inner

auricle; broad-centered subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 68

IMP. 517, Ace. 51A

CULMS.—Yellow, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands;

internodes cylindric or slightly obconoidal, 15 cm. long and 40 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, flesh greenish, soft; stem-epidermal

pattern 1+4+3, average width of long cells 10M, stomates present;

growth rings yellow green, medium broad, tumescent or flush; root

bands ivory, cylindric conoidal, 10 and 9 mm. high with 5 or 6 rows

of primordia; buds greenish, 15X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate deltoid with narrow truncate

tip, wing inserted far below middle of prophyll, medium broad,

pubescence medium, prominent hair groups 1, 16, 19, 18, 2, 10, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheath 35 cm. long and smooth; sheath base slightly

decurrent; blades 140 cm. long and 7.3 cm. broad, module 19.2;

dewlaps ascending squarish, outer surface with dense semilong group

58, inner surface with prominent group 51 that extends as group 65

single file toward midrib, dense group 52 and prominent semilong

group 63 inserted high; outer auricle transitional with a long narrow

ledge of group 56, inner auricle small deltoid; ligule broad-centered

subarcuate or crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence

prominent as 65a and 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Pale-yellow cane with long internodes, prominent long-deltoid medium-hairy buds; 5 or 6 rows of

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55+—, 55a+, 56+, 58+,

63 + , 65+, 65a+; ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 41 (51a)) small

deltoid inner auricle; subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 78

IMP. 646, Ace. 53

CULMS.—Yellow and green striped, with sparse bloom and medium

wax bands; internodes zigzag, cylindric and slightly shouldered, 11

cm. long and 37 mm. across, small bud furrow, soft white flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 3+4, average width of long cells 11^, stomates

present; growth rings greenish olive, narrow, tumescent; root bands

striped, cylindric to slightly conoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 or 4

rows of primordia; buds green edged in red, 13X10 mm., inserted at

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with very
108 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

prominent basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted below

middle of prophyll, broad and somewhat lobed at base, thinning more

or less abruptly in direction of apex, pubescence very sparse, groups

1 and 2 outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long striped with narrow group 57; blades

135 cm. long and 6.5 cm. broad, module 21; dewlaps red when young,

ascending narrow flaring squarish or ligulate, outer surface with

sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51 and sparse group 52;

outer auricle deltoid, inner auricle calcarate and not fringed; hgule

very tall deltoid-crescent, 7 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence short and semiadnate.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane with smooth buds,

broad basal appendage, and broad basal wing region; 3 or 4 rows of

root primordia; diagnostic hair group 57 H—; ascending narrow flaring

squarish or ligulate dewlaps (fig. 41 (53)), red when young; calcarate

inner auricle ; very tallligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 80

IMP. 402, Ace. 54

CULMS.—Pale red becoming yellowish green, with sparse bloom and

prominent wax bands; internodes slightly bobbin-shaped, 12 cm. long

and 30X33 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, flesh Hght olive and

hard; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average width of long cells 9.6M,

stomates present; growth ring ivory, medium broad, flush; root bands

ivory, conoidal, 10 and 8 mm. high, with 3 or 4 rows of primordia;

buds green with olive wings, 17X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll long ovate with beaked apical appendage, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow and notched

at base, anterior side with prominent hair groups 1, 2, 16, and 11,

posterior side covered with short hair.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 131

cm. long and 5.4 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps large ascending

squarish, outer surface with dense group 58 and marginal group 58a,

inner surface with prominent group 51 that extends as group 65 smgle

file toward midrib, dense semilong group 52, and small group 55;

outer auricle broad transitional or deltoid, inner auricle calcarate

or short lanceolate and fringed to tip ; ligule subarcuate, 4 mm. high,

group 61 long, dorsal pubescence as prominent 65a and 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Hard yellowish-green cane, with

large buds hairy at base and juncture; 3 or 4 rows of root primordia;

large ascending-squarish dewlaps (fig. 41 (54)); diagnostic hair

groups 52 + , 55+—, 55a+-, 57+-, 58 +, 61 +, 65+, 65a+-; calcarate or short lanceolate inner auricle; subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 83

IMP. 648, Ace. 56

CULMS.—Light reddish becoming yellowish green, with sparse bloom

and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric to shghtly bobbinshaped, 11 cm, long and 29 mm. across, small bud furrow, flesh soft,

gray; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long cells 7.8 ß,
SUGARCANE 109

stomates absent; growth rings grayish, medium broad, flush; root

bands ivory, conoidal, 9 mm. high, with 4 or 5 rows of primordia; buds

reddish, 14X10 mm., inserted at scar and reaching above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with long, narrow, truncate-notched tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, broad at base and slightly emarginate,

basally fringed, principal hair groups 1, 2,16, 11,19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with medium group 57 inserted low;

blades 151 cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad, module 33; dewlaps red,

ascending flaring ligulate, outer surface with medium group 58, inner

surface with medium group 51, dense semilong group 52, broad group

52a, and inconsipicuous 63; outer auricle sloping transitional and

subtended by a long 56, inner auricle transitional; ligule flat-centered

subarcuate, 3 to 3.5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence

inconspicuous. • i i j

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with buds

prominently hairy at base and juncture; tall root bands with 4 or 5

rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 52a+, 56+, 57 + .,

63+---; red, ascending flaring-ligulate dewlaps (fig. 41 (56)); transitional auricles; crescent or subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 84

IMP. 649, Ace. 57

CULMS.—Dark red, when young faintly striped with lighter red,

sparse bloom, corky cracks, and medium wax bands; internodes

cylindric to tumescent, 7 cm. long and 41 mm. across, without bud

furrow, flesh soft and white; stem-epidermal pattern 3+4, average

width of long cefls llju, stomates present; growth rings red, medium

broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 9 and 8 mm. high, with

3 to 5 rows of primordia; buds greenish red, 10X10 mm., inserted at

scar reaching growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with narrow truncatenotched tip, wing inserted at middle of prophyll, narrow, base dentate,

not fringed, important hair groups 16, 19, 1, 2.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 35 cm. long, smooth; blades 145 cm.

long and 6.5 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer

surface with medium sparse group 58, inner surface with small group

51, medium or sparse group 52, small group 63; outer auricle deltoid

and subtended by a very short 56, inner auricle calcarate and fringed

to tip; ligule narrow-flanged subarcuate, 4 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red soft cane, with broadovate buds with prominent 16 and 19; tall root bands with 3 to 5

rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56H , 63+ —;

ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 41 (57)); calcarate inner auricle;

medium-tall subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 87

IMP. 409, Ace. 58

CULMS.—Brownish becoming yellow, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes slightly bent, bobbin-shaped to obconoidal, 14 cm. long and 36X40 mm. across, prominent bud furrow,
lio AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

more or less hard orange-brown flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3,

average width of long cells 10.5/x, stomates present; growth rings

olive, medium broad, slightly tumescent; root bands ivory, tumescent

conoidal, 9 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds ivory with

reddish tip, 13X10 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring;

prophyll ovate, with slightly beaked apical appendage and roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow, fringed,

principal hair groups 1, 4, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long, with heavy bloom and narrow

group 57; blades 135 cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad, module 30; dewlaps

ascending squarish, outer surface with dense group 58 and marginal

group 58a, inner surface with medium group 51 and dense semilong

group 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle medium lanceolate

and fringed nearly to tip; ligule broad-centered subarcuate or crescent,

4 mm. high, group 61 more or less long, dorsal pubescence in terminal

flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Brownish becoming yellow, with

prominent bud furrow, ovate buds with fringed wing; tall root band

with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 57+ -,

5S+ , 61 + .; ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 41 (58)); lanceolate inner

auricle; broad-centered subarcuate or crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 89

IMP. 516, Ace. 60

CULMS.—Olive green becoming yellowish green, with sparse bloom

and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric and slightly shouldered, 11 cm. long and 34 mm. across, small bud furrow, orangebrown soft flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long

cells 9.2/¿, stomates absent; growth rings orange, narrow, slightly

tumescent; root bands cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high with 4 or 5 rows of

reddish crowded primordia; buds green with reddish wing, 13X10

mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate with

small apical appendage and pointed or narrow truncate tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow, general pubescence sparse

and short-haired, but prominent at base.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 39 cm. long, smooth or with small group 57;

blades 150 cm. long and 5.3 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps squarish

subcrescent, outer surface with medium dense group 58, inner surface

with broad group 51 and 65, medium group 52, and 63; outer auricle

broad transitional, inner auricle long lanceolate and fringed to tip;

ligule broad-centered crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence as 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHAEACTERS.—Olive-green cane with soft orangebrown flesh, more or less smooth ovate buds, long sheath; 4 or 5 rows of

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + ., 57H , 58+ .^ 63 + ., 65 +,

65aH—; squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 41 (60)); long lanceolate

inner auricle; broad-centered tall ligule.
SUGARCANE 111

CLONE 28 N. G. 90

IMP. 518, Ace. 61

CULMS.—Yellowish green to livid brown, with heavy bloom and

merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long and 32X34 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 3+4+5, average width of long cells 8.7M, stomates absent;

growth rings olive, narrow, flush; root bands conoidal, ivory, 13 and

11 mm. high w^ith 4 rows of la,rge primordia; buds light olive, 13X11

mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate with

prominent basal appendage and slightly truncate tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, broad, pubescence sparse and short-haired,

prominent hair group 1.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with medium group 57; blades 130

cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps tall deltoid crescent,

outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with small to medium group 51, dense group 52, and small 63; outer auricle transitional, subtended by a medium 56, inner auricle long lanceolate and

fringed to tip; ligule broad-centered arcuate, 4 mm. high, group

61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Livid-brown cane, with heavy

bloom and soft orange flesh, more or less smooth ovate buds; very tall

root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 56 + ., 57 + ., 63+ —; tall

deltoid-crescent dewlaps (fig. 42 (61)); lanceolate inner auricle; tall

arcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 93

IMP. 650, Ace. 62

CULMS.—Greenish yellow with red sunscald patches, sparse bloom,

and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, slightly concave

convex, 11 cm. long and 33 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft

greenish flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+3, average width of long

cells 9.8//, stomates absent; growth rings greenish, medium broad,

tumescent; root bands green, cylindric, 9 and 7 mm. high with 2

rows of primordia; buds green with olive wing, 11X8 mm., inserted

at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll long ovate with roundpointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, medium broad,

principal pubescence at base, with hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19, and 11,

most outstanding 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long with prominent group 57; sheath

base of crown leaves with 59 and 69; blades 130 cm. long and 5.5 cm.

broad, module 24 ; dewlaps flaring deltoid, outer surface with mediumdense group 58, inner surface with small group 51 and medium group

52; both auricles lanceolate; ligule narrow-flanged crescent with

lozenge, 4 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Slender greenish-yellow cane, with

prominent bud furrow, narrow-ovate medium-hairy buds; tall root

bands with 2 rows of large primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57 +,

59 + ., 69 + .; flaring deltoid dewlaps (fig. 42 (62)); lanceolate inner

auricle; medium-tall crescent ligule.

427472—58 8
112 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

CLONE 28 N. G. 96

IMP. 505, Ace. 63

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, faint green and yellow stripes when

young, with medium bloom and wax bands; internodes cylindric,

15 cm. long and 33 mm. across, small bud furrows, soft grayish-green

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long cells ll/i,

stomates absent; growth rings broad and flush; root bands green,

cylindric or slightly tumescent, 9 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green with olive wings, 19X12 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll long deltoid with prominent basal appendage and blunt tip, wing inserted low, medium

broad, pubescence prominent at base with groups 1, 2, 16, 19, and 18

represented.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm. long and smooth; sheath base decurrent;

blades 151 cm. long and 7.2 cm. broad, module 21; dewlaps steeply

ascending ligulâte, outer surface with dense group 58 and marginal

group 58a, inner surface with medium group 51, dense group 52, and

small group 63; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner auricle small

calcarate; ligule narrow-flanged arcuate or subarcuate, 3 mm. high,

group 61 short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.^—Greenish-yellow cane with very

large slightly tumescent buds; broad root bands; diagnostic hair

groups 52 +, 58 +, 63H ; steeply ascending ligulate dewlaps (flg.

42 (63)); calcarate inner auricle; narrow-arcuate or subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 97

IMP. 418, Ace. 64

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, with sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes slightly bobbin-shaped, 10.5 cm. long and 28X31

mm. across, prominent bud furrow, flesh grayish green ; stem-epidermal

pattern 2+4, average width of long cells 8.6/i, stomates absent;

growth rings olive, broad, flush; root bands ivory green, tumescentconoidal, 9 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green with

reddish wing, 11X10 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth

ring; prophyll broad ovate with broad truncate tip, wing inserted near

' middle of prophyll, broad and auriculate, pubescence very sparse,

groups 1, 2, and 11 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with medium small group 57;

blades 137 cm. long and 6.9 cm. broad, module 20; dewlaps ascending

squarish crescent, outer surface with medium-dense group 58, inner

surface with prominent group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle

sloping transitional, subtended by a short 56, inner auricle short

lanceolate and fringed to tip; ligule subarcuate to arcuate, 3.5 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with prominent bud furrow, smooth short ovate buds; tall conoidal root bands;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 56 H , 57 H—; ascending squarishcrescent dewlaps (flg. 42 (64)); lanceolate inner auricle; subarcuate

ligule.
SUGARCANE 113

CLONE 28 N. G. 98

IMP. 504, Ace. 66

CULMS.—Greenish yellow without bloom, prominent wax bands;

internodes obconoidal, 9 cm. long and 27X31 mm. across, prominent

bud furrow, hard grayish-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3+5+4,

average width of long cells 8.1/x, stomates absent; growth rings buff,

medium high, flush; root bands tumescent conoidal, 10 and 9 mm.

high with 4 to 6 rows of crowded primordia; buds ivory with reddish

wing, 17X13 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll broad ovate deltoid with prominent basal appendage

and round-pointed or truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, broad, pubescence sparse, groups 1 and 2 present.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with medium group 57; blades 155

cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps descending deltoid

crescent or flaring squarish, outer surface with dense group 58, inner

surface with prominent groups 51, 52, and small 65 and 63; outer

auricle steeply sloping transitional and subtended by a long 56, inner

auricle short lanceolate or calcarate and fringed; ligule narrowflanged subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.^—Greenish-yellow cane, with prominent bud furrow, large smooth buds; broad conoidal root bands with

4 to 6 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 56 +, 57 + .,

58 +, 63+-, 65+—; descending deltoid-crescent or flaring-squarish

dewlaps (fig. 42 (66)); lanceolate or calcarate inner auricle; narrow

subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 99

IMP. 651, Ace. 67

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, with sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric or slightly obconoidal, 12 cm. long and

31 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, flesh grayish green, soft;

stem-epidermal pattern 3 +5+4, average width of long cells 8.3M,

stomates not observed; growth ring olive, narrow, flush; root bands

ivory, tumescent conoidal, 10 mm. high with 4 rows of primordia;

buds reddish, 13X10 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring;

prophyll broad ovate with prominent basal appendage and roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyU, broad, auriculate,

pubescence sparse, prominent groups 1, 2, 16, sparse groups 10 and 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 154

cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad, module 34; dewlaps flaring deltoid crescent

or squarish subcrescent, outer surface with dense or medium group 58,

inner surface with broad group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle

sloping transitional and subtended by a medium short 56, inner

auricle short lanceolate; ligule narrow-flanged subarcuate or arcuate,

4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with prominent bud furrow, broad ovate slightly hairy buds; tall root bands;

diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 56+- 57H—; flaring deltoid-crescent

or squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (flg. 42 (67)); lanceolate inner auricle;

subarcuate or arcuate medium-tall ligule.
114 AGR. HAN^DBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

CLONE 28 N. G. 106

IMP. 508, Ace. 69

CULMS.—Red, with russet streaks, sparse bloom, and narrow wax

bands; internodes cylindric and slightly concave on bud side, 12 cm.

long and 27X29 mm. across, small bud furrow, flesh grayish green;

stem-epidermal pattern 3+4, average width of long cells 10.6/x,

stomates present; growth rings greenish red, narrow, tumescent; root

bands red, cylindric to obconoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 rows of

small primordia; buds green with reddish wing, 9X9 mm., inserted at

scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll short and broad ovate with

broad-truncate tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, medium

broad, pubescence medium sparse, prominent hair groups 10, 19, 1, 2.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with medium group 57; blades 125

cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps steeply ascending

ligulate, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with broad

group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner

auricle medium, long lanceolate and fringed; ligule narrow subarcuate,

2.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with ovate to rhomboid buds; medium to narrow root bands with 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair group 57 + .; steeply ascending-ligulate dewlaps (fig.

42 (69)); lanceolate inner auricle; narrow subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 107

IMP. 427, Ace. 70

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with russet streaks, sparse bloom, and

indistinct wax bands; internodes curved, bobbin-shaped, 12 cm. long

and 30 mm. across, without or with inconspicuous bud furrow, hard

yellow-white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3, average width of long

cells lO/x, stomates absent; growth rings olive, medium broad, flush;

root bands ivory, cylindric obconoidal, 7 mm. high with 4 rows of

small primordia; buds reddish, plump, 10X11 mm., inserted below

scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll roundish pentagonal with

crescent tip, wing inserted at middle of prophyll, medium broad and

not fringed, general pubescence medium prominent, entire posterior

side hairy with group 10 most conspicuous, anterior side with hair

groups 1, 2, 16, 6, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 135

cm. long and 4.3 cm. broad, module 31; dewlaps ascending hgulate,

outer surface with sparse group 58 and small marginal group 58a,

inner surface with prominent group 51, and sparse groups 52, 65, and

63 ; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle deltoid ; ligule narrow subarcuate or arcuate, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane with roundish pentagonal hairy buds; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups

57+-, 63-f , 65H ; ascending-ligulate dewlaps (fig. 42 (70));

deltoid inner auricle; narrow subcrescent ligule.
SUGARCANE 115

CLONE 28 N. G. 109

IMP. 507, Ace. 71

CULMS.—-Olive to yellowish green, with sparse bloom and medium

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 43 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+4, average

width of long cells 12.5ij,, stomates present; growth rings yellow green,

narrow to medium broad, flush; root bands yellow green, cylindric

conoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high with 4 rows of crowded primordia; buds

green, edged in olive, 15X10 mm.., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll deltoid ovate, more or less beaked tip,

wing inserted low, medium broad, fringed, pubescence general, most

prominent hair groups 1, 2, 16, 4, 13, 14, 11, 10, 22, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with heavy bloom and narrow group

57; blades 140 cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps narrow

squarish crescent, outer surface with dense group 58 and prominent

group 58a, inner surface with prominent group 51, dense group 52

and small group 63; both auricles lanceolate; hgule more or less strapshaped, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as short

55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-green cane, with prominent

bud farrow, tall deltoid buds with hairy wings and prominent group

4, 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55aH ,

57+-, 58 + , 58a+, 63H ; narrow squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 42

(71)), lanceolate auricles; strap-shaped ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 110

IMP. 510, Ace. 72

CULMS.—Dark red, with sparse bloom, and prominent wax bands;

internodes slightly obconoidal, concave on bud side, 11 cm. long and

28 mm. across, sm.all bud furrow, gray-green flesh; stem.-epiderm.al

pattern 1+3+4, average width of long cells 9.6M, stomates absent;

growth rings red, m.edium. broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric

to slightly tumescent, 10 and 9 mm. high with 3 rows of m.ediumsparse primordia; buds red, 12 X10 m.m., inserted at scar and extending

to growth ring; prophyll oval or rhomboid, with round-pointed tip,

wing inserted above middle of prophyll, m.edium. broad, pubescence

very sparse, hair groups 1, 2, 10, and il evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long and smooth; blades 130 cm., long

and 5.3 cm., broad, module 24; dewlaps narrow squarish or deltoid

crescent, outer surface with m.edium.-dense group 58, inner surface

with prominent group 51, dense groups 52 and inconspicuous group

63 ; outer auricle transitional or deltoid, inner auricle short lanceolate

or falcate, fringed; ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 5 mm., high,

group 61 short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane with oval or rhom.boid

more or less smooth buds; tall root bands with sparse primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 63 H ; narrow squarish or deltoidcrescent dewlaps (fig. 42 (72)); short lanceolate inner auricle; tall

subarcuate ligule.
116 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

CLONE 28 N. G. 202

IMP. 506, Ace. 73

CULMS.—^Light red becoming reddish green, with sparse bloom,

corky cracks, and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm.

long and 30 mm. across, without bud furrow, soft white flesh; stemepidermal pattern 3+2, average width of long cells 11.6^, stomates

absent; growth rings ivory, medium, broad, flush; root bands light

olive, cylindric, 7 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds red,

14X11 m.m., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll broad deltoid with pointed tip, wing inserted low, narrow,

small apical appendage, pubescence more or less sparse, prominent

hair groups 10 and 11.

LEAVES.—Sheath 34 cm. long with narrow group 57; sheath base

saccate; blades 133 cm. long and 5.6 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps

large squarish crescent, outer surface with medium group 58, inner

surface with prominent group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle

transitional, inner auricle deltoid; ligule narrow-flanged crescent with

tall lozenge, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as

sparse 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red to reddish-green cane with

large deltoid buds more or less smooth, prominent groups 10 and 11;

narrow root bands with 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups

57+ -, 65aH—; large squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 42 (73)); deltoid

inner auricle; flat-crescent m.edium.-tall ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 203

IMP. 655, Ace. 74

CULMS.—Yellowish green and red striped, with sparse bloom and

medium wax bands; internodes concave convex and shouldered,

10 cm., long and 28X29 m.m.. across, prominent bud furrow, soft

olive flesh; stem.-epiderm.al pattern 2+4, average width of long cells

10.2/x, stom.ates present; growth rings striped, medium, broad, flush;

root bands striped, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm., high with 2 or 3 rows of

primordia; buds green with reddish wings, 14X11 m.m.., inserted at

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with broad

basal appendage and slightly notched, truncate tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, medium, broad and not fringed, pubescence

medium prominent, outstanding hair groups 10 +25, 11 + 17, 1, 2.

LEAVES.—Sheath 31 cm., long, striped, with heavy bloom, and prominent group 57; blades 136 cm., long and 5 cm., broad, m.odule 27;

dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with m.edium. group 58,

inner surface with small group 51, medium, group 52, and inconspicuous 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle deltoid; ligule broadcentered subarcuate or arcuate, 3.5 m.m. high, group 61 short, dorsal

pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green and red striped cane, with

large m.edium.-hairy buds with prominent groups 10+25 and 11 + 17;

narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups 57+, 63H ; ascending

ligulate dewlaps (fig. 43 (74)); deltoid inner auricle; subarcuate or

arcuate ligule.
SUGARCANE 117

CLONE 28 N. G. 204

IMP. 656, Ace. 75

CULMS.—Dark red, without bloom or wax bands; internodes cylindric, constricted at side opposite bud, 11 cm. long and 35 mm. across,

medium bud furrow, hard white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3,

average width of long cells 11.4^, stomates absent, extensive, irregular

corky patches; growth rings red, narrow to medium broad, tumescent;

root bands red, cylindric to slightly conoidal, 8 mm. high with 4 rows

of prim.ordia; buds red, 12X11 mm., inserted at scar and reachmg

growth ring; prophyli broad ovate with pointed tip, wing mserted

near middle of prophyli, medium broad, pubescence prominent with

entire posterior side hairy and anterior side with prominent hair

groups 11, 1, 2, and 16.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long smooth or with narrow group 57;

blades 137 cm. long and 4.2 cm. broad, module 33; dewlaps large and

tall ascending squarish, outer surface with m.edium group 58 and

marginal group 58a, inner surface with prominent group 51 that

extends sparingly as group 65 single file toward midrib, prominent

dense group 52 and sm.all 63; outer auricle transitional and subtended

by a very short 56, inner auricle large calcarate and partly fringed;

ligule tall orbicular crescent, 5.5 mm. high, group 61 medium long,

dorsal pubescence prominent along flanges.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane with extensive, irregular corky patches, without bloom and with prominent more or less

hairy buds in which groups 11 and 10 are conspicuous; 4 rows of root

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 56H , 57-1 , 61+ .,

63_|_ _„_ 65-) ; large and tall ascending-squarish dewlaps (fig.

43 (75));'large calcarate inner auricle; tall orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 206

IMP. 499, Ace. 76

CULMS.—Light red, with dark-red stripes when young, becoming

greenish yellow, sparse bloom, and medium wax bands; internodes

cylindric and shouldered, 8 cm. long and 29X31 mm. across, medium

prominent bud furrow, flesh soft grayish green; stem-epidermal pattern

2+4, average width of long cells 10.6M, stomates present; growth

rings reddish green, medium broad, tumescent; root bands green,

cylindric obconoidal, 7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds

green with olive wing, 15X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyli long ovate deltoid with apical appendage

and pointed tip, wing inserted low, medium to narrow, medium-sparse

pubescence, most prominent hair, group 10, less prominent 18, 11, 1.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 145

cm. long and 5 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps squarish, outer surface

with sparse group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51 and

medium or dense group 52, sparse group 63; outer auricle transitional

subtended by short 56, inner auricle smaU calcarate and fringed; ligule

narrow-flanged crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red-striped cane becoming green-
118 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ish yellow, with large deltoid slightly hairy buds; narrow root bands

with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + ., 56-f ,

57+ -, 63+ - -; squarish dewlaps (fig. 43 (76)); small calcarate inner

auricle; medium-narrow orbicular crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 207

IMP. 501, Ace. 77

CuLMS.^—Olive green becoming greenish yellow, with sparse bloom

and medium wax bands; internodes more or less tumescent, 7.5 cm.

long and 31X33 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, flesh hard, white;

stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long cells 11.3/x,

stomates present; growth rings olive, narrow, tumescent; root bands

green, cylindric and constricted on side opposite bud, 8 and 7 mm.

high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green with olive wing,

10X8 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate

with slightly pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

narrow, pubescence sparse, most outstanding hair groups 10, 11, 1, 16.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 158 cm.

long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps ascending large squarish

crescent, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with

prominent group 51 that extends as group 65 single file toward midrib,

medium group 52; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a short

56, inner auricle deltoid; ligule narrow-flanged subarcuate with lozenge,

4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as sparse 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-green to yellow cane, with

prominent bud furrow, small slightly hairy buds, 3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56+ , 57 H , 65 H , 65aH ;

ascending large squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 43 (77)); deltoid inner

auricle; subarcuate ligule with lozenge.

CLONE 28 N. G. 208

IMP. 498, Ace. 78

CULMS.—Red with narrow green stripes, sparse bloom, medium wax

bands, and corky cracks; internodes slightly concave-convex and

shouldered, 12 cm. long and 29X31 mm. across, medium bud furrow,

flesh olive, soft; stem-epidermal pattern 3+4, average width of long

cells lO.S/i, stomates absent; growth rings striped, broad, tumescent;

root bands striped, cylindric, 5 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

buds greenish with rose wings, 14X13 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip,

wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium-prominent secondary

wings, pubescence prominent on botk sides with all groups represented,

hair group 10 prominent but short.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with medium group 57; blades 149

cm. long and 5 cm. broad, module 30; dewlaps flaring deltoid crescent,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with medium-small

group 51, prominent group 52; outer auricle broad transitional subtended by a short 56, inner auricle calcarate and fringed to tip; ligule

broad-centered crescent or subarcuate, 4 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.
SUGARCANE 119

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with hairy buds having prominent secondary wings; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair

groups 52 +, 56+ , 57 + .; flaring deltoid-crescent dewlaps (fig.

43 (78)) ; calcarate inner auricle; broad-centered subarcuate or crescent

ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 209

IMP. 657, Ace. 79

CULMS.—Green, sometimes with reddish sunscald when older, with

sparse bloom and corky cracks; internodes cylindric to obconoidal,

9 cm. long and 39X43 mm. across, without bud furrow, soft olive

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long cells 9.8//,

stomates present; growth rings olive, narrow, flush; root bands light

green, cylindric to obconoidal, 10 mm. high with 4 or 5 rows of primordia; buds greenish olive, 10X9 mm., inserted at scar and reaching

growth ring; prophyll ovate with oblique truncate-notched tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, broad and basally fringed, hairy,

most prominent hair groups 1, 2, 16, 11, 19, basal 4.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with medium group 57; sheath base

of crown leaves with group 69; blades 146 cm. long and 7.6 cm. broad,

module 19; dewlaps ascending broad ligulate, outer surface with

sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51 and medium group

52 ; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle short lanceolate and fringed

to tip; ligule broad-centered arcuate or subarcuate, 4.5 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Thick-stemmed green to reddish

cane, with small hairy buds having oblique broad truncate-notched

tip; tall root bands; diagnostic hair group 57 + .; ascending broad

ligulate dewlaps (fig. 43 (79)); short lanceolate inner auricle; broad

subarcuate or arcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 210

IMP. 658, Ace. 80

CULMS.—Brilliant green and red striped, becoming yellow and red

striped without bloom, medium wax bands; internodes 14 cm. long

and 28 mm. across, cylindrical or slightly bobbin-shaped, without

bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3+4, average

width of long cells 10.6/x, stomates absent; growth rings striped,

broad, tumescent; root bands striped, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm. high

with 4 or 5 rows of primordia; buds green with olive wing, 10X8

mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll narrow

ovate with broad basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow, pubescence sparse except

for base, prominent hair groups 1, 2, basal 4, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 35 cm. long with medium-narrow group

57; blades 120 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 20; dewlaps deltoid

subcrescent, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with

small group 51 and medium-sparse group 52; both auricles transitional or small deltoid, outer one subtended by a very short 56;

ligule arcuate or subarcuate, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence in terminal flange zone.
120 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Brilliant green- and red-striped

cane, with small basally hairy buds and basally fringed wing; 4 or

5 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56-f , 57 H ; deltoid-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 43 (80)); small deltoid or transitional

auricles; arcuate or subarcuate narrow ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 211

IMP. 502, Ace. 81

CULMS.—^Black to deep purple, without bloom; medium wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 14 cm. long and 22 mm. across, small bud furrow, hard orange-brown flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+4, average

width of long cells 9.8/x, stomates present; growth rings red, narrow,

tumescent; root bands red, cylindric to conoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high

with 4 rows of primordia; buds red, 11X8 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent

basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, medium narrow, pubescence sparse, noticeable hair groups

I + 16, 10, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long and smooth; blades 147 cm. long

and 4.3 cm. broad, module 34; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with medium-sparse group 58, inner surface with small group

51 and medium-sparse group 52; both auricles sloping transitional;

ligule broad-centered orbicular crescent, 5.5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Black cane with small slightly

hairy buds; narrow root bands; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 43

(81)); transitional auricles; tall orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 212

IMP. 541, Ace. 82

CuLMS.^—Yellowish green, reddish when young, sparse bloom, and

medium wax bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 28X34

mm. across, small bud furrow; stem-epidermal pattern 3+4+6,

average width of long cells 10.6ju, stomates present; growth rings

olive, narrow, tumescent; root bands ivory, cylindric, 11 and 10

mm. high with 5 or 6 rows of small primordia; buds greenish, 14X

II mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

ovate deltoid with prominent basal appendage and pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow with very small secondary

wings, pubescence sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with medium group 57; blades 147

cm. long and 5.2 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps large ascending

squarish, outer surface with prominent group 68 and marginal group 58a,

inner surface with prominent group 51, dense semilong group 52, and

small group 63 ; outer auricle sloping transitional and subtended by a

long 56, inner auricle calcarate or short lanceolate and fringed; ligule

subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in

terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with broad

ovate-deltoid buds; tall root bands, 5 or 6 rows of primordia; diag-
SUGARCANE 121

nostic hair groups 52 +, 56 +, 57 +., 58+, 63H ; large ascending

squarish dewlaps (fig. 43 (82)); calcarate or short lanceolate inner

auricle; medium-narrow subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 213

IMP. 659, Ace. 83

CULMS.—Red and yellow striped becoming yellowish green, with

sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, concave on bud side, 11 cm. long and 29 mm. across, medium bud furrow,

soft olive ñesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of long cells

10.4/x, stomates present; growth rings striped, narrow, tumescent;

root bands striped, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of

primordia; buds green with reddish wings, later red, 12X9 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad,

pubescence sparse, slightly prominent are hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with prominent group 57; blades

158 cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps slightly descending deltoid crescent, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface

with broad group 51 that extends inconspicuously as group 65 toward

midrib, medium group 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle

short lanceolate; ligule inverted deltoid, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence as 65a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Brilliant red-and-yellow striped

cane, with slightly hairy buds; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair

groups 57+, 65+ -, 65aM—; slightly descending deltoid-crescent

dewlaps (fig. 43 (83)); short lanceolate inner auricle; inverted-deltoid

ligule. I

CLONE 28 N. G. 214

IMP. 660, Ace. 84

CULMS.—^Brilliant red, becoming faded reddish brown, with sparse

bloom, prominent wax bands, corky cracks; internodes slightly concave on bud side and shouldered, 14 cm. long and 29X35 mm. across,

small bud furrow, hard olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+3,

average width of long cells 11 ju, stomates present; growth rings

ivory olive, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric

obconoidal, 8 and 6 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds

green with olive wings, later red, 12X11 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with small secondary wings, round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

medium broad, pubescence general and prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with medium-small group 57 ; blades

144 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps flaring deltoid

crescent, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51, and more or less dense group 52; outer auricle deltoid,

inner auricle short lanceolate ; ligule broad-centered flat crescent

or sub-strap-shaped 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in flange zone./

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Brilliant-red cane with hairy buds

having secondary wings; 3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair
122 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

groups 52 + ., 57 H ; flaring deltoid-crescent dewlaps (fig. 43 (84));

lanceolate inner auricle; broad-centered flat-crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 215

IMP. 542, Ace. 85

CULMS.—Yellowish green with rose flush, becoming darker green,

sparse bloom and medium wax bands; internodes slightly concave and

shouldered, 10 cm. long and 34 mm. across, small bud furrow, soft

olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long cells

10.4jLt, stomates absent; growth rings olive, narrow, slightly tumescent;

root bands ivory, cylindric, 7 mm. high with 4 to 6 rows of crowded

primordia; buds green, 14X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with blunt serrate tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow, emarginate, fading out over

tip, pubescence sparse, more or less prominent hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19.

L'EAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with medium group 57; sheath base

of crown leaves with groups 69 and 64e; blades 140 cm. long and 6.8

cm. broad, module 20; dewlaps tall ascending squarish, outer surface

with prominent group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner surface with

prominent group 51 that extends as group 65 single file toward midrib,

small 63, dense semilong group 52; outer auricle sloping transitional,

subtended by a long group 56, inner auricle small calcarate; ligules

usually subarcuate or arcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal

pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane with broad

ovate more or less smooth buds; 4 to 6 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 56 + , 57 + ., 58 + , 63H , 65+ -; taU

ascending-squarish dewlaps (fig. 43 (85)) ; small calcarate inner auricle;

subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 216

IMP. 661, Ace. 86

CULMS.—Red and bronze striped, with sparse bloom, medium wax

bands; internodes cylindric, slightly concave on bud side and shouldered, 11 cm. long and 31X34 mm. across, small bud furrow, grayishgreen hard flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3, average width of long cells

9.6)u, stomates absent; growth rings striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands striped, cylindrical obconoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high

with 3 or 4 rows of primordia ; buds green with red wings, 12X11 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring, prophyll broad

ovate, with pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

medium broad, small secondary wings; pubsecence prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with broad short-haired group 57;

sheath base of crown leaves with group 59; blades 135 cm. long and

7 cm. broad, module 19; dewlaps flaring deltoid squarish, outer surface

with sparse group 58, inner surface with a broad group 51, dense

group 52, and small 63; outer auricle deltoid subtended by a short

group 56; inner auricle large calcarate; ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal

flange zone.
SUGARCANE 123

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Eed-and-bronze striped cane with

hairy buds having secondary wings; narrow root bands; diagnostic

hair groups 52 + , 56+ - -, 57 + , 59+ -, 63 H ; flaring deltoidsquarish dewlaps (fig. 44 (86)); large calcarate inner auricle; broadcentered subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 217

IMP. 662, Ace. 87

CULMS.—Red becoming red bronze, with sparse bloom, corky cracks,

and prominent wax bands; internodes concave on bud side and shouldered, 13 cm. long and 34X35 mm. across, medium prominent bud

furrow, grayish-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3+4, average

width of long cells 10.8/x, stomates absent; growth rings reddish,

medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric-constricted, 7 and

5 mm. high with 3 rows of crowded primordia; buds green with olive

wings, later red, 10X8 mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, medium broad, small secondary wings,

prominent pubescence at base and on wings.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with medium groups 57 and 60;

blades 142 cm. long and 3.5 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps deltoid

or squarish deltoid, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface

with broad group 51, dense semilong group 52, and small 65; outer

auricle deltoid, inner auricle calcarate or short lanceolate and fringed ;

ligule broad-centered crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHAKACTERS.—Red cane becoming red bronze,

with hairy buds and narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 +,

57+ .,60+ -,65+ -;deltoid or squarish-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 44 (87)) ;

short lanceolate inner auricle; broad-centered crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 220

IMP. 495, Ace. 88

CULMS.—Buff with red stripes, sparse bloom, and narrow wax

bands; internodes slightly bobbin-shaped, 13 cm. long and 33 mm.

across, small bud furrow, orange fiesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3+4,

average width of long cells 10.2^, stomates present; growth rings

striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands striped, conoidal on

bud side, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds green edged

in red, later red, 13X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll ovate with broad basal appendage and pointed

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow at base and

fringed, principal pubescence at base, with prominent hair groups

1, 2, 4, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 37 cm. long, with narrow group 57 or

smooth; blades 147 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps

fiaring ligulate, outer surface with semilong marginal group 58, inner

surface with medium group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle

deltoid and subtended by a very short 56, inner auricle small deltoid

or short lanceolate; ligule subarcuate to arcuate, medium broad-
124 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

centered, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in

terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Ked-striped cane, with mediumlarge basally hairy buds; 3 irregular rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56+ , 57+ ; flaring ligulate dewlaps (fig. 44

(88)); deltoid to short lanceolate inner auricle; medium-tall subarcuate to arcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 221

IMP. 706, Ace. 89

CULMS.—Greenish yellow with red stripes becoming yellowish, with

sparse bloom and medium wax bands; internodes slightly bobbinshaped, 13 cm. long and 27 mm. across, inconspicuous bud furrow, soft

orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3, average width of long cells Q/z,

stomates present; growth rings striped, medium broad, tumescent;

root bands striped, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of

crowded primordia; buds green with olive wings, later red, 12X9

mm., inserted at scar and extending to growth ring; prophyll broad

ovate with broad basal appendage and narrow truncate-notched tip,

wing inserted low, broad, with long prominent fringe; principal pubescence at base, wing covered on both sides with dense short hairs, hair

groups 1, 2, 4, 16, 19, prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 132 cm.

long and 6 cm. broad, module 22 ; dewlaps narrow squarish subcrescent

or double crescent, outer surface with medium group 58, innersurface

with medium to sparse groups 51 and 52; both auricles transitional or

small deltoid, outer one subtended by a short 56; ligule subarcuate or

arcuate, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green-and-red striped cane, with

broad ovate buds prominently hairy at base, with broad fringe;

narrow root bands; narrow squarish-subcrescent or double-crescent

dewlapß (fig. 44 (89)) ; diagnostic hair groups 56-\ , 57H ;transitional or small deltoid auricles; subarcuate or arcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 222

IMP. 664, Ace. 90

CULMS.—Pink with reddish-brown stripes, without bloom, corky

cracks, and prominent wax bands; internodes tumescent, 9 cm. long

and 39 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft olive-gray flesh; stemepidermal pattern l-|-3, average width of long cells 10.4/z, stomates

absent; growth rings striped, narrow, flush; root bands striped, tumescent conoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds

green with red wings, 14X10 mm,, inserted above scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with truncate tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, medium broad, prominently fringed, pubescence most prominent at base, outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 4, 16,11,

10, 19, and especially 18.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 34 cm. long with narrow group 57;

blades 135 cm. long and 6.2 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps large as-
SUGARCANE 125

cending squarish, outer surface with medium-sparse group 58, inner

surface with prominent group 51 and medium-semilong group 52;

outer auricle sloping transitional and subtended by a very short 56,

inner auricle transitional or small deltoid; ligule thin-flanged crescent

with lozenge 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with short tumescent

internodes, prominently fringed buds hairy at base and j uncture with

outstanding group 18; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups

52 +, 56H , 57H—; large ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 44 (90)) ;

transitional auricles; thin-flanged crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G- 223

IMP. 864, Ace. 91

CULMS.—Olive, with red flush, prominent bloom, and merging wax

bands; internodes slightly obconoidal, 9.5 cm. long and 26X33 mm.

across, without or with small bud furrow, hard olive-green flesh ; stemepidermal pattern 1 +6, average width of long cells 10.6M, stomates

absent; growth rings olive, narrow, flush; root bands ivory green,

conoidal, 7 and 5 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of sparse primordia; buds

reddish, 10X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll squarish with round-pointed tip, wing inserted above

middle of prophyll, medium broad and basally fringed, pubescence

more or less sparse, prominent 22.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with medium-prominent group 57;

blades 130 cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps deltoid

crescent or squarish, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface

with broad group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle transitional to

deltoid, inner auricle long lanceolate and fringed to tip ; ligule narrowflanged crescent with lozenge, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-red cane, with squarish buds

prominently fringed in lower half of wing and with prominent group

22 ; narrow root bands with 3 or 4 rows of sparse primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 +, 57 + .; deltoid-crescent or squarish dewlaps (fig.

44 (91)); long lanceolate inner auricle; tall narrow-flanged crescent

ligule with tall lozenge.

CLONE 28 N. G. 224

IMP. 980, Ace. 92

CULMS.—Red and green striped, with sparse bloom and prominent

wax bands; internodes somewhat bobbin-shaped, 15 cm. long and

22X27 mm. across, without bud furrow, orange flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 2, average width of long cells 9/^, stomates absent; growth

rings striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands striped, cylindric,

8 and 7 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds when young green,

edged in olive, later red, 10X9 mm., inserted at scar and reaching

growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent basal appendage and

round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad,
126 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

prominently fringed, principal pubescence at base, outstanding hair

groups 1/2, 4, 16, 19, and 24, as in 28 N. G. 221.

LEAVES.—Sheath 38 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 120 cm.

long and 6 cm. broad, module 20; dewlap narrow double crescent or

squarish subcrescent, outer surface with medium-sparse group 58,

inner surface with small or medium group 51 and sparse group 52; both

auricles transitional or small deltoid, outer one subtended by a short

56; ligule arcuate, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with small buds

hairy at base, prominently fringed and with prominent 24; medium

root bands; diagnostic hair groups 56H ,57H , 59H—; narrow

double-crescent or squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 44 (92)); transitional or small deltoid auricles; arcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N, G. 256

IMP. 665, Ace. 93

CULMS.—Brownish red, sparse bloom and heavy wax bands; internodes cylindric, 11 cm. long and 29X31 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow, soft grayish-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3, average

width of long cells 9.2/x, stomates absent; growth rings reddish green,

narrow, tumescent; root bands rose, cylindric, 9 and 7 mm. high with

3 or 4 rows of crowded primordia; buds green with olive wing, later

red, 12X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with prominent basal appendage and truncate tip,wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, secondary wings

may be present, pubescence sparse, hair groups 10, 11, 16, 19 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm. long with heavy bloom and narrow group

57; blades 138 cm. long and 5.8 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps deltoid,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with medium group 51

and dense group 52; both auricles deltoid to short lanceolate; ligule

broad orbicular crescent, 5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Brownish-red cane with prominent

bud furrow, medium-large buds with sparse pubescence; medium-tall

root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 57H ; deltoid dewlaps

(fig. 44 (93)); deltoid or short lanceolate auricles; tall orbicularcrescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 257

IMP. 666, Ace. 94

CULMS.—Yellowish green sometimes with red sunscald, sparse

bloom, corky cracks, and medium wax bands; internodes cylindric

and shouldered, 10 cm. long and 34 mm. across, without bud furrow,

hard gray-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1, average width of long

cells 12M, stomates absent; growth rings greenish olive, narrow,

tumescent; root bands cylindric conoidal, 10 and 8 mm. high with 3

rows of primordia; buds greenish red, 10X10 mm., inserted at scar

and reaching growth ring; prophyll roundish with prominent basal

appendage and crescent-serrate tip, wing inserted near middle of
SUGARCANE 127

prophyll, broad at base a.nd fading toward tip, pubescence somewhat

sparse, hair groups 1, 16, 19, 22 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 37 cm., long with medium group 57; blades 143

cm. long and 5.4 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps deltoid or squarish

crescent, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface witlv

prominent group 51, medium-dense group 52, and small 63; outer

auricle transitional, inner auricle small deltoid or calcarate; ligule

broad crescent to strap-shaped, 4.5 mm, high, group 61 medium short,

dorsal pubescence as inconspicuous 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane with plump

roundish buds; tall root bands; diagnostic hair groups 55a+ ,

57-1-., 63+ ; deltoid or squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 44 (94));

deltoid or calcarate inner auricle; broad crescent or tapering strapshaped ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 259

IMP. 545, Ace. 95

CULMS.—Dark red and yellow striped, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes concave on bud side and shouldered, 9.5

cm. long and 27X30 mm. across, without bud furrow, hard orange

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3, average width of long cells 10.4jLt,

stomates present; growth rings striped, medium broad, flush; root

bands striped, cylindric conoidal, 12 mm. high with 5-6 rows of

primordia; buds greenish red, 17X12 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll deltoid ovate with roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll with secondary

wings occasionally present, pubescence general and prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheath striped, 30 cm. long, with broad group 57; blades

110 cm. long and 5 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps deltoid double

crescent, outer surface with dense group 58, inner surface with medium

group 51, dense group 52, and sparse to medium 63; outer auricle

deltoid, inner auricle large calcarate; ligule broad-centered shallow

crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red-and-yellow striped cane, with

large hairy buds; very tall root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 +,

57+, 58 +, 63 + .-; deltoid double-crescent dewlaps (fig. 44 (95));

large calcarate inner auricle; medium-broad crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 260

IMP. 494, Ace. 96

CULMS.—Olive yellow, with sparse bloom and medium wax bands;

internodes cylindric, slightly concave on bud side and shouldered,

12 cm. long and 25X32 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, hard

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3+4, average width of long cells 9JLC,

stomates absent; growth rings olive red, medium broad, tumescent;

root bands greenish, conoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of

primordia; buds green with red wings, 17X10 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent

basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

427472—58 9
128 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

prophyll, medium wide, pubescence more or less general but not heavy,

important hair groups 10, 11, 1.

LEAVES.—Sheath 33 cm. long with heavy bloom, smooth; sheath

base slightly decurrent; blades 134 cm. long and 4.4 cm. broad,

module 30; dewlaps double crescent or crescent subcrescent, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with medium groups 51 and

52; both auricles sloping transitional; ligule broad-centered crescent

or subarcuate, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-yellow cane with large somewhat hairy buds; medium to narrow root bands; double-crescent or

crescent-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 44 (96)); transitional auricles; broad

subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 261

IMP. 500, Ace, 97

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with heavy bloom and merging wax

bands, internodes cylindric, 13 cm. long and 35 mm. across, small bud

furrow, soft gray flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+3+4, average width

of long cells 8.9^, stomates absent; growth rings green, narrow, flush;

root bands green, cylindric conoidal, 11 mm. high with 4 or 5 rows of

primordia; buds green edged in red, 10X7 mm., inserted at scar and

reaching growth ring; prophyll narrow ovate with broad basal appendage and truncate-serrate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

very broad and smooth, pubescence sparse, prominent hair groups

1, 2, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with broad group 57; blades 145 cm.

long and 5.9 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps red, steeply ascending

ligulate, outer surface with medium-dense group 58, inner surface with

small group 51, dense semilong group 52; outer auricle transitional,

subtended by a long group 56, inner auricle short lanceolate; ligule

thin-flanged orbicular-crescent with lozenge, 3.5 mm. high, group 61

very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane with heavy

bloom; small broad-winged buds with more or less sparse pubescence;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 56 +, 57+ ; red, steeply ascending ligulate

dewlaps (fig. 44 (97)); transitional auricles; thin-flanged orbicularcrescent ligule with shallow lozenge.

CLONE 28 N. G. 262

IMP. 493, Ace. 98

CULMS.—Red with green stripes becoming yellowish green, with

sparse bloom and broad wax bands; internodes cyhndric, slightly

concave on bud side, 12 cm. long and 28 mm. across, medium-prominent bud furrow, soft greenish flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3+4,

average width of long cells 8.6iu, stomates absent; growth rings

striped, narrow, tumescent; root bands striped, slightly conoidal,

7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green with red wings,

later red, 14X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll ovate with prominent basal appendage and round-
SUGARCANE 129

pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, medium wide,

pubescence medium, principal hair groups 1 + 16, 10, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 38 cm. long, smooth; blades 145 cm. long

and 5.3 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps narrow squarish crescent,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with medium group

51 and somewhat prominent group 52; outer auricle transitional,

inner auricle blunt deltoid; ligule broad-centered crescent, 6 mm. high,

group 61 short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane with green or yellow

stripes, large medium-hairy buds with prominent groups 10, 11, and

1 + 16; narrow conoidal root bands; narrow squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 44 (98)); blunt deltoid inner auricle; broad crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 263

IMP. 492, Ace. 98A

CULMS.—Red and tan striped, with prominent bloom, corky

cracks, and narrow wax bands; internodes cylindric, sharply constricted in region of root band, 12 cm. long and 30X44 mm. across,

shallow bud furrow; stem-epidermal pattern 1+3+4, average width

of long cells 10.5At, stomates absent; growth rings striped, more or

less narrow, flush; root bands striped, constricted, 8 and 7 mm. high

with 3 rows of primordia; buds reddish, 12X11 mm., inserted at scar

and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate with large basal appendage

and pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad at base

and emarginate, pubescence sparse, prominent hair groups 1, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 34 cm. long with narrow group 57;

blades 140 cm. long and 7.5 cm. broad, module 19; dewlaps flaring

ascending ligulate, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface

with small group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle deltoid, inner

auricle small deltoid or calcarate; narrow-flanged orbicular crescent

Ui^ule with taU lozenge, 6 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence inconspicuous in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red-and-tan striped cane, with

large ovate, basally broad-winged more-or-less smooth buds; mediumbroad conoidal root bands; diagnostic hair group 57H—; flaring ascending-ligulate dewlaps (fig. 44 (98a)); small deltoid or calcarate inner

auricle; very tall orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 264

IMP. 667, Ace. 99

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom and medium wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 13 cm. long and 30X29 mm. broad,

prominent bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3,

average width of long cells 10.2/x, stomates absent; growth rings

green, narrow, flush; root bands green, cylindric, 8 mm. high with

3 rows of primordia; buds greenish red, 13X10 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent

basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, medium wide; pubescence medium prominent, hair groups

10, 11, 1, 2, 19 evident.
130 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with prominent group 57; blades

154 cm. long and 5.3 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps ascending

squarish, outer surface with medium group 58 and inner surface with

small group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle transitional or

small deltoid, inner auricle long lanceolate and partly fringed; ligule

tall narrow-flanged crescent or broad-centered crescent, 4.5 mm. high,

group 61 short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with prominent bud furrow; medium-hairy ovate buds with prominent groups

10, 11, 1, 2; medium-tall root bands; diagnostic hair group 57+;

ascending-squarish dewlaps (fig. 45 (99)) ; long lanceolate inner auricle;

tall narrow-flanged crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 265

LMP. 546, Ace. 100

CULMS.—Light brown becoming greenish yellow, with sparse bloom

and slightly merging wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly

obconoidal and shouldered, 11 cm. long and 24X28 mm. across,

without or with small bud furrow, somewhat hard light-olive flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 7+3+4, average width of long cells 8.3yu,

stomates absent; growth rings olive, narrow, flush; root bands ivory

reddish, conoidal, 8 and 7 mm. taU with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds

green with reddish wings, 15X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence medium prominent, hair groups 10, 11, 1, 2, 16, basal 4 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long, smooth; blades 145 cm. long and

6 mm. broad, module 24 ; dewlaps shallow deltoid, outer surface with

medium group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51, small 65,

and dense group 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle small

calcarate; ligule broad-centered crescent or tapering strap-shaped,

5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange

zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with prominent medium-hairy buds with outstanding hair groups 10 and 11;

medium-tall root bands; diagnostic hair group 52 +, 65H ; shallow

deltoid dewlaps (fig. 45 (100)); calcarate inner auricle; tapering

strap-shaped ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 266

IMP. 547, Ace. 101

CULMS.—Dark red, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands;

internodes cylindric, concave on bud side, 10 cm. long and 24X27

mm. across, small bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1 +3+4, average width of long cells S.SJJL^ stomates absent; growth

rings red, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 8 and 7

mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green with red wings,

later all red, 15X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll long ovate with pointed tip, wing inserted near middle
SUGARCANE 131

of prophyll, narrow, fringed, medium-prominent pubescence, outstanding hair groups 10, 11, 22, 8, 1, 2, 4, 16.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long, smooth; blades 121 cm. long and

4.3 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps shallow deltoid, outer surface

with medium group 58, inner surface with small group 51, sparse 65,

and dense group 52 ; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle calcarate ;

ligule tapering strap-shaped or flat crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61

very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane, with large mediumhairy buds with outstanding groups 10, 11, and 4; more or less narrow

root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 65+-; shallow deltoid dewlaps (fig. 45 (101)); calcarate inner auricle; tapering strap-shaped

ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 267

IMP. 548, Ace. 102

CULMS.—Yellow and green striped, with sparse bloom and medium

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 27 mm. across^

prominent bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4,

average width of long cells 9.2pt, stomates absent; growth rings striped,

medium broad, flush; root bands striped, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm. high

with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green with olive wings, 12X9 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate

with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

medium narrow, slightly emarginate, pubescence very sparse, hair

groups 1, 16, and 19 evident.

LEAVES.—Striped sheaths 33 cm. long, smooth; sheath base of

crown leaves with group 69; blades 116 cm. long and 4.8 cm. broad,

module 24; dewlaps more or less flaring deltoid, outer surface with

medium group 58, inner surface with small group 51, sparse group 52,

and small group 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle calcarate;

ligule flat crescent with shallow lozenge, 3 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with smooth ovate

buds; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups 63H , 69+ ; slightly

flaring deltoid dewlaps (fig. 45 (102)); calcarate inner auricle; narrow

crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 268

IMP. 668, Ace. 103

CULMS.—Dark purplish red, with sparse bloom, prominent wax

bands, corky cracks; internodes tumescent, 9 cm. long and 33X35

mm. across, small bud furrow, hard green-olive flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 1 +6, average width of long cells 13/x, stomates absent; growth

rings red, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric obconoidal, 10 and 9 mm. high with 4 or 5 rows of primordia; buds green

with red wings, later all red, 10X9 mm., inserted at scar and reaching

growth ring ; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted near

middle of prophyll, more or less narrow, pubescence sparse, hair groups

11, 22, 16, and 19 outstanding.
132 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

LEAVES.—Sheath 31 cm. long with medium group 57; blades

135 cm. long and 7.5 cm. broad, module 18; dewlaps slightly ascending squarish, outer surface with dense group 58, inner surface with

.small group 51 and short dense group 52; outer auricle ascending

transitional, inner aiuicle small calcarate and partly fringed; ligule

thin-flanged crescent with lozenge, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence sparse in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark purplish-red cane, with

medium-ovate slightly hairy buds; tall root bands with many rows

of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + ., 57+., 58+; slightly

ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 45 (103)) ; small calcarate inner auricle ;

crescent ligule with more or less prominent lozenge.

CLONEÎ281N. G. 269

IMP. 977, Ace. 104

CULMS.—Yellowish green with faint red flush, sparse bloom and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly obconoidal,

11 cm. long and 27X29 mm. across, medium-prominent bud furrow,

flesh olive green, soft; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of

long cells 8.7/>t, stomates absent; growth rings olive, broad, flush or

slightly tumescent; root bands green, cylindric conoidal, 7 mm. high

with 4 rows of primordia; buds green, edged in red, 14X11 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring ; prophyll ovate with

prominent basal appendage and truncate-notched tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence very sparse,

group 1 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with narrow group 57; sheath base

with group 69; blades 140 cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 25;

dewlaps tall flaring deltoid, outer surface with prominent group 58,

inner surface with small group 51, dense group 52; outer auricle sloping

transitional, subtended by a short 56, inner auricle short lanceolate

and fringed to tip; ligule subarcuate, 3 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane with faint red

flush, prominent smooth buds; 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 +, 56H , 57+ -, 58+, 69+ -; tall flaring deltoid

dewlaps (fig. 45 (104)) ; short lanceolate inner auricle; medium-narrow

subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 273

IMP. 671, Ace. 105

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, with sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 10 cm. long and 24X28

mm. across, medium bud furrow, soft olive-gray flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 1 +3, average width of long cells dAfj,, stomates absent; growth

rings greenish, medium broad, flush; root bands green, obconoidal,

8 and 7 mm. high wich 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green, 9X7 mm.,

inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll roundish or shortovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted slightly above middle of

prophyll, medium broad and covered on both sides with prominent

medium-short hair, pubescence in general sparse.
SUGARCANE 133

LEAVES.—Sheath 29 cm. long with heavy bloom and narrow group

57; sheath base of crown leaves with groups 59 and 69; blades 142 cm.

long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps squarish and slightly

crescent, outer surface with medium-sparse groups 58 and 58a, inner

surface with prominent group 51 that extends as a sparse group 65

toward midrib, medium-sparse group 52; outer auricle transitional,

inner auricle short lanceolate and partly fringed; ligule flat shallow

crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in

terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with short

ovate or roundish buds, wings covered with dense semishort hair;

3 or 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57+ -, 59 H—,

65+ -, 65a+ -, 69+; squarish and slightly crescent dewlaps (fig. 45

(105)) ; short lanceolate inner auricle; flat shallow crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 274

IMP. 672, Ace. 106

CULMS.—Dark red, with medium heavy bloom and merging wax

bands; internodes slightly tumescent conoidal, 13 cm. long and 28 mm.

across, small bud furrow, soft greenish flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1+4+3, average width of long cells 9.1M, stomates absent; growth

rings ivory, medium broad, flush; root bands ivory, cylindric, 8 and

7 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds green, later red, 10X9 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

broad basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted below

middle of prophyll, medium broad, emarginate, medium hairy with

prominent hair groups 10, 11, 1, 16, 19, 18.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long with broad group 57; blades 134 cm.

long and 5.3 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps ascending squarish or

ligulate, outer surface with dense group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51, dense group 52, and small group 63; outer auricle

transitional, inner auricle small deltoid ; ligule very narrow subarcuate,

2 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange

zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with small mediunihairy buds having prominent groups 10 and 11; 3 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 57 +, 58+ , 63+ --; ascending

squarish or ligulate dewlaps (fig. 45 (106)) ; small deltoid inner auricle;

very narrow subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 279

IMP. 673, Ace. 107

CULMS.—Pale brown and red striped, with sparse bloom and

prominent wax bands; internodes obconoidal, 11 cm. long and 28

mm. across, prominent bud furrow, olive fiesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3, average width of long cells 8.9yLi, stomates absent; growth

rings striped, broad, flush; root bands striped, cylindric-constricted,

6 and 5 mm. high with -2 rows of sparse primordia, corky cracks across

primordia; buds green with olive-red wings, later all red, 12X9 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate
134 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

with prominent basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, narrow, pubescence more or less sparse,

outstanding groups 10,17, 1, 2, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long and smooth; blades 140 cm. long

and 7 cm. broad, module 20; dewlaps shallow deltoid crescent, outer

surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51

and sparse 65, and dense semilong group 52; both auricles sloping

transitional; ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 5 mm. high, group

61 short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Brown-and-red striped cane with

slightly hairy buds; narrow root bands with corky cracks across root

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 65+ ; shallow deltoidcrescent dewlaps (fig. 45 (107)); transitional auricles; tall subarcuate

ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 280

IMP. 674, Ace. 108

CULMS.—Reddish brown, with medium bloom and merging wax

bands; internodes cylindric to slightly obconoidal, 9 cm. long and

27X31 mm. across, without bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+3, average width of long cells 11/z, stomates absent,

extensive corky patches; growth rings greenish red, narrow, flush;

root bands red, somewhat conoidal, 10 and 8 mm. high with 4 or 5

rows of primordia; buds green with red-olive wing, later all red,

11X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring:

prophyll roundish oval with round-pointed tip, wing inserted above

middle of prophyll, fading out over tip, pubescence prominent, hair

groups 1, 16, 11, 10, 13, 14, 19, 22, and 8 outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with medium groups 57 and 60;

sheath base with group 59; blades 145 cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad^

module 26; dewlaps squarish crescent, outer surface with medium

group 58 and small marginal group 58a, inner surface with prominent

group 51 and medium group 52; outer auricle small deltoid, inner

auricle short lanceolate; ligule medium broad-centered subarcuate,

3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal

flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Reddish-brown cane, with oval

more or less hairy buds having prominent wing pubescence and outstanding group 19; tall root bands with 4 or 5 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 57 +., 59+ -, 60+; squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 45 (108)); short lanceolate inner auricle; medium-broad

subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 282

IMP. 675, Ace. 109

CULMS.—Green and yellow striped, witli sparse bloom and medium

wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 7 cm. long and 28

mm. across, small bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

3+4, average width of long cells 10.4jLt, stomates absent; growth

rings striped, narrow, flush; root bands green, cylindric conoidal, 11

mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green with olive wings,
SUGARCANE 135

11X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed or truncate tip, wing inserted near

middle of prophyll, broad, pubescence very sparse, hair groups 1,

16, and 19 outstanding.

LEAVES,—Sheaths striped, 32 cm. long and smooth; blades 140 cm.

long and 4 cm. broad, module 35; dewlaps squarish deltoid, outer

surface with medium sparse group 58, inner surface with medium

groups 51 and 52 and small group 63; outer auricle deltoid, inner

auricle medium-long lanceolate and fringed to tip; ligule flat or

narrow orbicular crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DiSTiNcmiSHiNG CHARACTERS.—Green-and-yellow striped cane,

with short internodes, medium large, smooth buds and tall root bands;

diagnostic hair group 63+ - -; squarish-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 45

(109)); medium-long lanceolate inner auricle; narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 284

IMP. 551, Ace. 110

CULMS.—Inconspicuously red striped on olive green, becoming dark

red, sparse bloom and broad wax bands; internodes cylindric to

slightly bobbin-shaped, 8 cm. long and 24X26 mm. across, prominent

bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average

width of long cells 9.4/x, stomates absent; growth rings rose, medium

broad, tumescent; root bands reddish, tumescent conoidal, 9 and 8

mm. high with 4 rows of primordia; buds green with reddish wings,

12X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent basal appendage and pointed or narrow

truncate-notched tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, notched

and fringed at base, pubescence very sparse, more or less prominent

hair groups 1, 16, 19, 18, basal 4.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long, narrow group 57; blades 147 cm.

long and 4.3 cm. broad, module 34; dewlaps crescent squarish deltoid,

outer surface with dense group 58 and small group 58a, inner surface

with small group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle transitional,

subtended by a short 56, inner auricle calcarate; ligule narrow arcuate,

2 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-green cane, becoming red,

with smooth basally fringed buds; 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 +, 56 H , 57+-, 58+; crescent squarish-deltoid

dewlaps (fig. 45 (110)); calcarate inner auricle; narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 285

IMP. 552, Ace. Ill

CULMS.—Red, with heavy bloom and broad merging wax bands;

internodes slightly concave obconoidal, 8 cm. long and 28X29 ram.

across, medium bud furrow, more or less hard green-olive flesh; stemepidermal pattern 1+4+3, average width of long cells 10.6ju, stomates

absent; growth rings greenish red, narrow, flush, root bands reddish,

conoidal, 8 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green with

reddish wings, later all red, 17 X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending
136 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

above growth ring; prophyll long ovate with prominent basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of propyhll, very

narrow at base, prominently fringed, pubescence more or less prominent, outstanding hair groups 10, 11, 1, 2, 17, 19, 18, 4.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm, long and smooth; blades 157 cm. long and

4.6 cm. broad, module 34; dewlaps shallow deltoid, outer surface with

sparse group 58, inner surface with medium groups 51, 65, and 52;

outer auricle deltoid or transitional, inner auricle small calcarate and

fringed to tip; ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 4.5 mm. high, group

61 short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.^—^Red cane, with large more or less

hairy buds; 2 rows of sparse root primordia; diagnostic hair group

65H—; shallow deltoid dewlaps (fig. 45 (111)); small calcarate inner

auricle; broad-centered subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 287

IMP. 676, Ace. 111A

CULMS.—Dark purplish red, with heavy bloom and merging wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 7 cm. long and 36X38 mm. across,

medium bud furrow, soft light-orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3,

average width of long cells lljn, stomates absent; growth rings red,

narrow, tumescent; root bands red, constricted, 8 and 6 mm. broad

with 2 rows of primordia; buds red, 14X12 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with pointed tip, wing

medium broad, lobed, and emarginate at base, pubescence more or

less sparse, with groups 11, 10, 16, 19, and 1 evident.

LEAVES.^—Sheaths 27 cm. long, with medium short-haired group 57;

blades 140 cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 25; sheath base with

sectorial 59; dewlaps ascending squarish crescent or tall deltoid

crescent, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with narrow

group 51 and medium group 52; outer auricle sloping transitional and

subtended by a short group 56, inner auricle small calcarate inserted

low; ligule crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.^—^Dark purplish-red cane, with

short thick internodes; ovate, slightly hairy buds; narrow root bands

with 2 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56+-, 57 + .,

59+-; ascending squarish-crescent or tall deltoid-crescent dewlaps

(fig. 45 (Ilia)); small calcarate inner auricle; narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE 28 N. G. 288

IMP. 554, Ace. 112

CULMS.—Green and yellow striped, with sparse bloom, corky

cracks, and narrow wax bands; internodes cylindric, 14 cm. long and

35X40 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, light-olive flesh; stemepidermal pattern 1+4, average width of long cells lOjit, stomates

present; growth rings ivory green, medium broad, flush; root bands

green, conoidal, 9 and 7 mm. high with 4 rows of crowded primordia;

buds green, 17X15 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring ; prophyll ovate with medium basal appendage and round-pointed
SUGARCANE 137

or truncate-notched tip; wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

medium wide, emarginate, pubescence sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 122

cm. long and 6.2 broad, module 20; dewlaps large ascending squarish,

outer surface with prominent groups 58 and 58a, inner surface with

small group 51 and medium group 52; outer auricle transitional and

subtended by a short 56, inner auricle short lanceolate; ligule narrow

crescent or shallow subarcuate, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence sparse semiadnate.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green-and-yellow striped cane,

with large more or less smooth buds; 4 rows of crowded root primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 56 H , 57+-, 58+ ; large ascending squarish

dewlaps (fig. 45 (112)) ; lanceolate inner auricle; narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 1

IMP. 308, Ace. 113

CULMS.—Purple, with heavy bloom and merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 11 cm. long and 28X29 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow, soft white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+4+3, average

width of long cells 10¡JL, stomates absent; growth rings greenish red,

narrow, flush; root bands greenish red, cylindric conoidal, 8 and 6 mm.

high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds reddish, 12X9 mm., inserted

below scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

long medium-narrow truncate tip, pubescence more or less prominent,

im.portant hair groups are 10, 11, 1, 16, 4, 19, 2, 8.

LEAVES.—^Sheath 33 cm. long and smooth; sheath base slightly

decurrent; blades 126 cm. long and 4.7 cm., broad, module 27; dewlaps

flaring deltoid, outer surface with medium-sparse group 58, inner

surface with prominent groups 51 and 52; outer auricle broad transitional, inner auricle sm.all calcarate and fringed; ligule broad-centered

crescent, 4.5 m.m. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in

terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.^—^Purple cane, with heavy bloom and

prominent bud furrow; large more or less hairy buds with outstanding

groups 10 and 11 ; 2 or 3 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair group

52+; flaring deltoid dewlaps (fig. 46 (113)); calcarate inner auricle;

broad-centered crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 2

IMP. 309, Ace. 114

CULMS.—Greenish yellow to lemon yellow, with sparse bloom and

broad wax bands; internodes bobbin-shaped with prominent nodal

region, 14 cm. long and 32 mm. across, medium bud furrow, soft

greenish flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of long cells

10^1, stomates present; growth rings olive, narrow, tumescent; root

bands greenish, conoidal, 11 and 10 mm. high with 4 rows of primordia ;

buds green, 14X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll ovate with medium-prominent basal appendage

and round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,
138 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

narrow at base, pubescence of anterior side more or less prominent,

outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 16, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 37 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 133 cm.

long and 7 cm. broad, module 19; dewlaps tall squarish or squarish

deltoid, outer surface with prominent dense group 58 and marginal

group 58a, inner surface with prominent group 51, which extends to

midrib, and dense semilong group 52; outer auricle transitional, inner

auricle short lanceolate and fringed to tip; ligule thin-flanged and

broad-centered subarcuate or crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 medium

tall, dorsal pubescence as 65a and 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHAEACTERS.—Greenish-yellow to lemon-yellow

cane, with prominent nodal regions; large buds with prominent

anterior pubescence in which groups 1, 2, 16, and 11 are outstanding

(fig. 33); broad root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55aH—,

57_| ^ 5S+, 61+ ., 654—; tall squarish or squarish deltoid

dewlaps (fig. 46 (114)); short lanceolate inner auricle; broad crescent

or subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 3

IMP. 310, Ace. 115

CULMS.—-Light brownish green to yellowish green, with sparse bloom

and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric concave and shouldered, 10 cm. long and 31X33 mm. across, prominent bud furrow,

soft white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width of

long cells 10fjL, stomates present; growth rings olive, narrow, flush;

root bands ivory green, cyhndric, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows

of crowded primordia; buds green with red tip and olive wings,

16X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle

of prophyll, narrow, medium hairv, most outstanding are groups 10,

1, 16, 11, 4, 19, 18.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with heavy bloom, smooth; blades

157 cm. long and 4.6 cm. broad, module 34; dewlaps narrow squarish

subcrescent, outer surface with medium group 58 and marginal group

58a, inner surface with prominent group 51, dense group 52, and

medium groups 55 and 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle

medium-long lanceolate and fringed; ligule orbicular crescent, 4 mm.

high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in terminal flange

zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHAKACTERS.—Brownish-green cane, with prominent more or less hairy buds (fig. 33); narrow root bands; diagnostic

hair groups 52 + , 55 H—, 55a+ -, 63+ .; narrow squarish-subcrescent

dewlaps (fig. 46 (115)); medium-long lanceolate inner auricle; orbicular-crescent broad ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 4

IMP. 311, Ace. 116

CULMS.—Tan, becoming olive green to yellowish green, with sparse

bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes concave cylindric, 12

cm. long and 30 mm. across, medium bud furrow, hard olive flesh;
SUGARCANE 139

stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3 +4, average width of long cells 10.6^,

stomates absent; growth rings olive, medium broad, tumescent; root

bands green, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia;

buds greenish rose, 18X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above grow^th ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, more or less broad, sparingly

fringed, pubescence sparse, prominent hair groups 16 and 9.

liEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm. long and smooth; sheath base shghtly

decurrent; blades 160 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps

ascending squarish ligulate, outer surface with dense group 58, inner

surface with medium group 51, dense semilong group 52, and small 63;

outer auricle transitional, inner auricle short lanceolate and fringed;

ligule narrow orbicular crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 short; dorsal

pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-green cane, with large more

or less smooth buds; 3 or 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 52 + , 58 +, 63 H—; ascending squarish-ligulate dewlaps

(fig. 46 (116)) ; short lanceolate inner auricle ; narrow orbicular-crescent

ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 5

IMP. 312, Ace. 117

CULMS.—Olive with red blush, sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long and 27X28 mm. across,

medium prominent bud furrow, soft white flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 3+4+6, average width of long cells lOjit, stomates absent;

growth rings olive, narrow, slightly tumescent; root bands yellow

green, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high, with 5 rows of crowded primordia;

buds green with rose-colored base, later all red, plump, 13X9 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

prominent basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, broad, prominently fringed, medium hairy,

outstanding hair groups 1 + 16, 10, 4, 11, 24.

LEAVES.—^Sheaths 35 cm. long and smooth; blades 132 cm. long and

4.7 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps crescent deltoid, outer surface with

sparse group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51, medium

group 52, and long-haired group 63; outer auricle deltoid, inner auricle

short lanceolate; ligule narrow crescent, 2 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-reddish cane, with large medium hairy buds with outstanding groups 10, 1, and 4 (fig. 27); 5 rows

of root primordia; diagnostic hair group 63+; crescent-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 46 (117)); short lanceolate inner auricle; very narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 6

IMP. 313, Ace. 118

CULMS.—Red to brown, with green stripes, sparse bloom, and

medium wax bands; internodes slightly bobbin-shaped, 9 cm. long

and 26X30 mm. across, prominent bud furrow; stem-epidermal

pattern 3+4, average width of long cells 10/x, stomates absent;

growth rings striped, narrow, flush; root bands striped, conoidal, 10
140 AGR. HANDBOOK 122^ U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

and 7 mm. high with 5 irregular rows of primordia; buds green with

red wings, later all red, 18X12 mm., inserted below scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent basal appendage

and narrow truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

broad and smooth, pubescence more or less sparse, prominent hair

groups include 1, 2, 16, 18, 19, 9.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long and smooth; blades 142 cm. long

and 4.6 cm. broad, module 31; dewlaps ligulate, outer surface with

medium group 58, inner surface with small group 51, semilong group

52 and small group 63 ; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle medium

long to short lanceolate and fringed to tip; ligule shallow or slightly

orbicular crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Eed-and-green striped cane, with

large more or less smooth buds; 5 rows of root primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 +, 63H ; ligulate dewlaps (fig. 46 (118)); short

lanceolate inner auricle; shallow crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 7

IMP. 314, Ace. 119

CuLMs.^—Yellow bronze, with sparse bloom and medium wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 11 cm. long and 31 mm. across, prominent

bud furrow, white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+3 +5, average

width of long cells 9.5/x, stomates absent; growth rings olive, medium

broad, flush; root bands red, tumescent obconoidal, 9 and 7 mm.

high with 4 or 5 rows of primordia; buds greenish red with olive wings,

14X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll plump ovate with pointed tip, wing inserted below middle

of prophyll, narrow, pubescence medium sparse, prominent hair

groups include 10, 1, 16, 8, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long and smooth; blades 142 cm. long

and 4.6 cm. broad, module 31; deltoid double crescent dewlaps, outer

surface with medium sparse group 58, inner surface with broad group

51, medium group 52 and long-haired group 63 inserted high; outer

auricle transitional or small deltoid, inner auricle short lanceolate

and fringed to tip; ligule flat narrow crescent, 2 mm. high, group 61

short, more or less tall in flanges, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellow-bronze cane, with prominent bud furrow, large buds with juncture pubescence and group 10;

4 or 5 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 61 + ., 63 + ;

deltoid double-crescent dewlaps (fig. 46 (119)); short lanceolate

inner auricle; shallow crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 9

IMP. 315, Ace. 120

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with red blush, sparse bloom, and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric to slightly tumescent, 10

cm. long and 31 mm, across, prominent bud furrow, soft white flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 3+5 +6, average width of long cells 9.2/¿,

stomates absent; growth rings olive, medium broad, flush; root bands
SUGARCANE 141

green, cylindric, tumescent on bud side, 10 and 8 mm. high with 4 or 5

rows of crowded primordia; buds yellow green, with red wings, 16X10

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

long ovate with pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

medium broad to narrow, long sparse fringe, pubescence more or less

sparse, prominent hair groups 10, 11, 8, 16 + 1, 19, 18.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long and smooth; blades 135 cm. long

and 5.3 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps squarish crescent, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51

that extends for a short distance as group 65 in narrow file toward

midrib, prominent group 52 and long-haired group 63; outer auricle

small deltoid and subtended by a short group 56, inner auricle short

lanceolate and fringed to tip; ligule narrow crescent, 2.5 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with large,

slightly hairy buds; tall root bands with 4 or 5 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 56 H , 63 +, 65 H ; squarishcrescent dewlaps (fig. 46 (120)); short lanceolate inner auricle; narrow

crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 10

IMP. 316, Ace. 121

CULMS.—Dark red, with heavy bloom and merging wax bands;

internodes slightly obconoidal, 9 cm. long and 27X31 mm. across,

prominent bud furrow, soft white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+3,

average width of long cells 10fx, stomates absent; growth rings greenish red, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric tumescent

on bud side, 7 and 5 mm. high with 2 rows of primordia; buds red,

13X9 mm., inserted below scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with large basal appendage and pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, narrowest at base, pubescence

sparse, more or less prominent hair groups 10, 1, 16, 19, 18.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long and smooth; blades 159 cm. long

and 4.8 cm. broad, module 33; dewlaps ascending squarish ligulate,

outer surface with dense group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner

surface with prominent group 51, dense semilong groups 52, 63, and

52a; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle short lanceolate and

fringed; ligule orbicular crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 short or

medium short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane, with prominent

bloom and bud furrow, large smooth buds; narrow root bands;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55aH—, 58 + , 63 +.; ascending squarishligulate dewlaps (fig. 46 (121)); lanceolate inner auricle; orbicularcrescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 11

IMP. 317, Ace, 122

CuLMS.^—Bronze to yellowish green, with sparse bloom, corky

cracks, and medium wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered,

11 cm. long and 32X39 mm. across, small bud furrow, hard white

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+4+ 6, average width of long cells
142 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

10.3/z^ stomates present; growth rings green, medium broad, flush;

root bands greenish, tumescent conoidal, 11 and 9 mm. high with 4 or 5

rows of primordia; buds reddish, 10X10 mm., inserted at scar and

reaching growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with round-pointed tip,

wing inserted near middle of prophyll, medium broad and fringed,

margin scalloped, medium hairy, hair groups 1, 2, 16, 4, and 19 more

or less prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm. long and smooth; blades 137 cm. long and

5 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps ascending narrow squarish, outer

surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51,

medium group 52, and very small group 63; outer auricle broad transitional, inner auricle long lanceolate and fringed to tip; ligule orbicular

crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERs.-^Bronze to yellowish-green cane,

with sparse bloom and usually without bud furrow; broad ovate buds

with prominent groups 1, 2, and 19; broad root bands with 4 or 5 rows

of primordia; diagnostic hair group 63H ; ascending narrowsquarish dewlaps (fig. 46 (122)) ; long lanceolate inner auricle; mediumtall orbicular crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 12

IMP. 318, Ace. 122A

CULMS.—^Bronze to bronze green, with sparse bloom, corky cracks,

and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric to tumescent, sharply

constricted near growth ring and shouldered, 13 cm. long and 30X32

mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft light-orange flesh; stemepidermal pattern 4 +3, average width of long cells 10/x, stomates

absent; growth rings greenish, narrow, depressed; root bands greenish,

conoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds greenish,

10X8 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

ovate with pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, more

or less narrow, pubescence general and prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 39 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 170 cm.

long and 6 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps squarish crescent, outer

surface with medium sparse group 58, inner surface with broad group

51, medium dense group 52, and small group 55; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle short lanceolate; ligule thin-flanged subarcuate,

3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Bronze-colored cane, with corky

cracks, small hairy buds; 3 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 55 + ., 55a+-, 57H ; squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 51

(122a)); short lanceolate inner auricle; narrow subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 13

IMP. 319, Ace. 123

CULMS.—Yellow and green striped, with brick-red flush, without

bloom, small corky cracks, and constricted wax bands; internodes

cylindric or slightly tumescent and shouldered, 12 cm. long and 30

mm. across, medium-prominent bud furrow, soft light-orange flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3+4^ average width of long cells 8.3/x,
SUGARCANE 143

stomates present; growth rings yellow ivory, medium broad, depressed;

root bands ivory, cylindric, 5 and 4 mm. high with 2 rows of sparse

primordia; buds green, 13X9 mm., inserted below scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow, pubescence general and

prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 146 cm.

long and 5.1 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer

surface with medium sparse group 58, inner surface with broad groups

51 and 52, sparse group 55; both auricles transitional; ligule narrow

crescent, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a

and" in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with small corky cracks

and without bloom, medium-large hairy buds; narrow root bands;

diagnostic hair groups 55H , 55aH , 57H ; ascending ligulate

dewlaps (fig. 46 (123)); transitional auricles; narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 14

IMP. 320, Ace. 124

CULMS.—Red becoming brown, with sparse bloom and narrow wax

bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 11 cm. long and 35 mm.

across, small bud furrow, soft white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1+3 +6, average width of long cells 12.5/>t, stomates present; growth

rings light olive, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric

obconoidal, 7 and 5 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds reddish,

11X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of

prophyll, medium broad with unilateral secondary wing, pubescence

general and prominent.

LEAVES.—^Sheaths 35 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 162

cm. long and 6 cm. broad module 27; dewlaps tall deltoid crescent,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with prominent

group 51 and semilong group 52; outer auricle small deltoid with short

group 56, inner auricle large calcarate or lanceolate and fringed to

tip, ligule tapering broad-centered crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 short,

more or less tall in flanges, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with small hairy buds

having unilateral secondary wings; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair

groups 52 +, 56H— -, 57H— -, 61 + .; tall deltoid-crescent dewlaps (fig. 46 (124)); calcarate or lanceolate inner auricle; tall broadcentered ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 16

IMP. 322, Ace. 124A

Cui.MS.—Greenish yellow, irregularly streaked with red, extensive

corky patches; internodes obconoidal and shouldered, 12 cm. long and

28X30 mm. across, small bud furrow; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3,

average width of long cells 12/Lt, stomates absent; growth rings reddish,

broad, flush or tumescent; root bands reddish, cylindric, 7 mm. high

with 2 or 3 irregular rows of primordia; buds red, plump, 14X10 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

427472—58 10
144 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

narrow truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium

broad, smooth, pubescence sparse with medium-prominent hair groups

1, 16, 18, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheath 30 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 120 cm.

long and 5.1 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer

surface with medium-sparse group 58, inner surface with broad group

51 and medium-sparse group 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle small calcarate and basally fringed; ligule narrow-flanged orbicular

crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Reddish cane, with extensive corky

patches, large more or less smooth buds; narrow root bands; diagnostic

hair group 57H—; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 42 (124a)); small

calcarate inner auricle; narrow orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 15

IMP. 321, Ace. 124B

CULMS.—Yellow and red striped, with sparse bloom and prominent

corky cracks; internodes cylindric, 11 cm. long and 26X32 mm.

across, without or with small bud furrow; stemrcpidermal pattern

4+2, average width of long cells 10/x, stomates absent; growth rings

striped, narrow, slightly tumescent; root bands striped, cylindric, 6

mm. high with 2 rows of primordia, buds greenish red, 14X10 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

truncate tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, narrow at base

and smooth, pubescence sparse, more or less prominent hair groups

1, 2, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 29 cm. long with narrow group 57; sheath base

with sectorial group 59; blades 130 cm. long and 6.6 cm. broad, module

20; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with medium-dense group

58, inner with medium to small group 51 that extends as group 65

in single file clear through midrib, sparse group 52; outer auricle

transitional and subtended by a short 56, inner auricle calcarate or

short lanceolate and basally fringed; ligule narrow arcuate or subarcuate, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 short but appears long because of the

projecting hairs of group 65a, which are prominent along entire length

of ligule.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with prominent corky

cracks, medium-large more or less smooth buds; narrow root bands;

diagnostic hair groups 56H—, 57+ -, 59H—,65 +, 65aH—; ascending

Hgulate dewlaps; short lanceolate inner auricle; narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 17

IMP. 323, Ace. 125

CULMS.—Green to greenish yellow, with extensive red blush, sparse

bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 11 cm. long

and 28X32 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, yellow-brown flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 3+4, average width of long cells 10.6;u,

stomates absent; growth rings greenish olive, medium broad, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric conoidal, 10 and 9 mm. high with
SUGARCANE 145

3 rows of primordia; buds green, 17X14 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate deltoid with truncatenotched tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad, auriculate

at base and prominently fringed, pubescence more or less sparse except

for basal region, prominent hair groups 4, 1,16, 19.

LEAVES.—^Sheaths 37 cm. long and smooth; blades 129 cm. long and

5 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps ascending flaring ligulate, outer surface with dense group 58 and small marginal group 58a, inner surface

with prominent group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle small

deltoid and subtended by a ledge of group 56, inner auricle long

lanceolate and fringed to tip; ligule orbicular crescent, 3.5 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTEKS.—-Green cane, with large deltoid,

prominently fringed buds; broad root bands; diagnostic hair groups

52 +, 56 + ., 58+; ascending flaring-ligulate dewlaps- (fig. 46 (125));

long lanceolate inner auricle; broad orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 20

IMP. 326, ACC. 126

CULMS.—Dark red, becoming brownish red, with medium heavy

bloom and merging wax bands; internodes bobbin-shaped, 13 cm. long

and 37 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft white flesh; stemepidermal pattern 2 +3, average width of long cells 9.7/Lt, stomates

present; growth rings greenish, narrow, flush; root bands red, slightly

conoidal, 6 and 5 mm. high with 2 rows of small primordia; buds

reddish, 11X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll broad ovate with truncate or round-pointed and notched

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow at base, pubescence

more or less sparse, prominent hair groups 1, 10, 19, 9.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long and smooth; blades 158 cm. long and

5.2 cm. broad, module 30; dewlaps squarish deltoid subcrescent, outer

surface with medium group 58, inner surface with prominent groups

51, 52, and 63; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner auricle small

deltoid and basally fringed; ligule orbicular crescent, 4.5 mm. high,

group 61 short, more or less long in flanges, dorsal pubescence in

terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane, with heavy bloom

and prominent bud furrow, broad ovate buds with groups 1, 10, and 9;

narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 61 + ., 63 + ; squarish

deltoid-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 46 (126)); deltoid inner auricle;

broad orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 21

IMP. 327, Ace. 127

CULMS.—Green with sparse bloom, corky cracks, and broad wax

bands; internodes concave convex, 16 cm. long and 31 mm. across,

broad shallow bud furrow, hard olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 6 +

3+4, average width of long cells 11.7/z, stomates absent; growth rings

olive green, narrow, flush; root bands green, conoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high

with 3 or 4 rows of crowded primordia; buds reddish, 15X11 mm.,
146 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

inserted below scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate

deltoid with truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

narrow, pubescence general and very prominent at base and on wing.

LEAVES.—^Sheaths 33 cm. long and smooth; blades 139 cm. long

and 5.1 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps crescent squarish, outer surface with prominent semilong group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner

surface with broad group 51 and dense semilong group 52, long-haired

groups 63 and 55; outer auricle broad transitional or deltoid and subtended by a long 56, inner auricle calcarate or short lanceolate and

fringed to tip; ligule narrow-flanged crescent with lozenge, 4 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green cane, with long concave-convex internodes, large hairy buds; 3 or 4 rows of crowded primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55 +, 56 +, 58 +, 63 + ; crescent-squarish

dewlaps (fig. 46 (127)); calcarate inner auricle; medium-broad crescent

ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 22

IMP. 328, Ace. 128

CULMS.—Olive green, with sparse bloom and narrow wax bands,

internodes cylindrical and shouldered, 9 cm. long and 29 mm. across;

prominent bud furrow, soft greenish flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1+3, average width of long cells 9.7JJL, stomates absent; growth rings

olive green, narrow, flush; root bands ivory green, slightly conoidal,

8 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4, occasionally up to 7 rows, of crowded

primordia; buds green with reddish wing, 18X10 mm., inserted below

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate deltoid with

round-pointed tip, wing inserted low, narrow, pubescence general and

prominent at base, wing and juncture, with hair group 10 short or

wanting.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with very sparse 57 or smooth;

sheath base with 59 and 69; blades 140 cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad,

module 30; dewlaps tall squarish crescent, outer surface with prominent group 58, inner surface with broad group 51 and dense group 52,

long-haired groups 63 and 55; outer auricle transitional or small deltoid and subtended by a long 56, inner auricle deltoid or short lanceolate and fringed; ligule thin-flanged deltoid crescent, 3.5 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green cane, with sparse bloom and

narrow wax bands, prominent bud furrow; large hairy buds; root

bands with 3 or 4, or more, rows of crowded primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 +, 55 +, 56 +, 57+ ,58+, 59+-, 63 +, 69+-;

tall squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 47 (128)); deltoid or short lanceolate inner auricle; thin-flanged deltoid-crescent ligule.

This variety is very similar to Clone 21 N. G. 21.

CLONE 21 N. G. 23

IMP. 329, Ace. 129

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom and medium wax band ;

internodes concave cylindric and shouldered, 13 cm. long and 26 X 28

mm. across, broad and shallow bud furrow, soft greenish flesh; stemepidermal pattern 5 +6, average width of long cells 10,3/JL, stomates
SUGARCANE 147

absent; growth rings olive, medium broad, tumescent; root bands

greenish red, conoidal obconoidal, 9 and 8 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows

of sparse primordia; buds green with reddish wing, 17X9 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate

with roundish or pointed tip, wing inserted low, narrow, pubescence

medium prominent, hair groups 10, 22, 1, 2, 16, 11 outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long and smooth; sheath base slightly

decurrent; blades 145 cm. long and 6.3 cm. broad, module 23 ; dewlaps

ascending ligulate, outer surface with prominent group 58, inner

surface with prominent groups 51 and 52; both auricles transitional;

ligule narrow crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence as 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with long,

narrow ovate buds, medium hairy but not fringed; 2 or 3 rows of

sparse primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55a+ - -, 58-}-;

ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 47 (129)); transitional auricles;

narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 29

IMP. 332, Ace. 130

CULMS.—Yellowish green with red blush, heavy bloom and merging

wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 11 cm. long and

28X33 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft greenish flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 3, average width of long cells 9.7fx, stomates

absent; growth rings greenish red, broad, tumescent; root bands

reddish, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 rows of crowded primordia;

buds green with red wing, 28X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll very long ovate with round-pointed tip,

wing inserted low, narrow at base, principal pubescence at base and

as 10 +25; group 24 near germ pore.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with narrow group 57; sheath base

decurrent; blades 150 cm. long and 5.2 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps

ascending ligulate, outer surface with medium sparse group 58, inner

surface with prominent group 51 which extends as group 65 in narrow

file toward midrib, medium group 52, prominent group 55, sparse

medium long-haired group 63 inserted high; outer auricle sloping

transitional, inner auricle calcarate and fringed; ligule deltoid crescent,

3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as small 55a

and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with heavy

bloom and prominent bud furrow; very large narrow buds, medium

hairy but not fringed and with diagnostic group 24; narrow root

bands; diagnostic hair groups 55 +, 55aH , 57H—, 63 +., 65 +.;

ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 47 (130)); calcarate inner auricle;

deltoid-crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 30

IMP. 333, Ace. 131

CULMS.—Dark red, with medium bloom and broad wax bands;

internodes concave convex and shouldered, 13 cm., long and 33 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, soft white flesh; stem-epidermal pat-
148 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

tern 1+3, average width of long cells 9.5^, stomates present; growth

rings greenish red, narrow, flush; root bands red, cylindric, 6 mm.

high with 3 rows of small primordia; buds red, 12X10 mm.., inserted

at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll roundish ovate

with truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow,

pubescence medium prominent with more or less outstanding groups

1, 16, 11, 10, 19, and 9.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long and smooth; blades 156 cm. long and

5.7 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface

with prominent group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner surface with

medium group 51, medium-dense group 52, and small group 63;

outer auricle sloping transitional, inner auricle short lanceolate and

not fringed; ligule orbicular crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence as prominent 55a and generally semiadnate throughout.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane, with semihairy

buds having narrow wings and diagnostic group 9; narrow root bands;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +., 55a+., 58+, 63 H ; ascending ligulate

dewlaps (fig. 47 (131)); short lanceolate inner auricle; broad orbicularcrescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N, G. 31

IMP. 334, Ace. 132

CULMS.—Olive green, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands;

internodes cylindric and shouldered, 9 cm., long and 41 mm. across,

without bud furrow, soft white flesh; stem-epiderm.al pattern 2,

average width of long cells 8.7ß, stom.ates absent; growth rings olive,

narrow, flush; root bands green, cylindric conoidal, 10 and 9 mm.

high with 4 rows of prim.ordia; buds olive green, with red wings,

11X11 m.m., inserted below scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll

short ovate with prominent basal appendage and small truncate tip,

wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence

very sparse except for group 1.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 37 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 144

cm., long and 5.5 cm. broad, m.odule 26; dewlaps ascending squarish,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner with prominent group 51,

sparse group 52, and small groups 55 and 63; outer auricle transitional

subtended by a short 56, inner auricle transitional and fringed; ligule

broad-centered subarcuate, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal

pubescence as 55a and in terminal flanged zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green cane, with medium-large

broad-ovate, m.ore or less sm.ooth buds; tall root bands with 4 rows of

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 55H , 55aH , 56H ,

57+- 63H ; ascending-squarish dewlaps (fig. 47 (132)); transitional auricles; broad subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 32

IMP. 335, Ace. 133

CULMS.—^Yellowish green, with sparse bloom and merging wax

bands; internodes tumescent, 7 cm., long and 48 mm., across, prominent bud furrow, soft white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+2^
SUGARCANE 149

average width of long cells 10.6M, stomates absent; growth rings

striped, narrow, flush; root bands striped, cylindric obconoidal, 9

and 7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds reddish, 11X9

mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate with

apical appendage and round-pointed tip; wing inserted at middle of

prophyll, broad, notched, and prominently fringed, pubescence general and prominent, most conspicuous are hair groups 1, 2, 4, 10, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 137

cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps ascending ligulate,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51

and sparse group 52; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner auricle

calcarate and fringed; ligule narrow crescent, 2.5 mm. high, group 61

short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with mediumsmall hairy buds; 2 or 3 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair group

57+ -; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 47 (133)); calcarate inner

auricle; narrow-crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 33

IMP. 336, Ace. 134

CULMS.—Olive green to brown, with sparse bloom and narrow wax

bands; internodes tumescent, 11 cm. long and 26X32 mm. across,

prominent bud furrow, hard white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

2 +3, average width of long cells 11.3At, stomates absent; growth rings

reddish, narrow, tumescent; root bands reddish, cylindric obconoidal,

8 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds reddish green,

13X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow, slightly dentate, pubescence at base and juncture;

groups 1, 2, 4, 16, 11, 22, 19 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long and smooth; blades 140 cm. long

and 5 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps ascending squarish, outer surface

with dense group 58 and small group 58a, inner surface with broad

group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle

long lanceolate and fringed; ligule orbicular crescent, 4 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-green to brown cane, with

sparse bloom and prominent bud furrow, medium-large ovate buds,

with more or less prominent marginal fringe and basal and juncture

pubescence; 3 or 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups

52 +, 58-j-; ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 47 (134)); lanceolate

inner auricle; broad orbicular-crescent ligule with broad lozenge.

CLONE 21 N. G. 34

IMP. 337, Ace. 135

CULMS,—^Bronze, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 15 cm. long and 28 X 31 mm. across, small bud

furrow, soft white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+3+4, average

width of long cells 9.2^, stomates present; growth rings olive green,

narrow, tumescent; root bands cylindric to slightly tumescent, red.
150 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

10 and 8 mm. high with 4 or 5 rows of crowded primordia; buds

green, with red wings, 13X10 mm., inserted at scar and reaching

growth ring; prophyll ovate squarish with round-pointed or truncate

tip, wing inserted above middle of prophyll, broad, notched, pubescence prominent at base and posterior juncture, groups 1, 2, 16, 17,

10+22, 19 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long and smooth; blades 130 cm. long

and 5 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps ascending squarish or ligulate,

outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with prominent

group 51 that extends as group 65 in narrow file toward midrib,

medium group 52; outer auricle transitional, subtended by a short 56,

inner auricle short lanceolate; ligule very narrow subarcuate, 2.5 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 65a and 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Bronze-colored cane, with mediumhairy buds; 4 or 5 rows of crowded root primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 55a--l , 56H , 65H—, 65a+;ascending squarish or ligulate

dewlaps (fig. 47 (135)); short lanceolate inner auricle; narrow crescent

ligule.

CLONE 21 N- G. 35

IMP. 338, Ace. 136

CULMS.—Red to brownish red, with medium bloom, corky cracks, and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric and slightly shouldered,

10 cm. long and 29X31 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft white

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3, average width of long cells 13.5//;

stomates absent; growth rings olive red, narrow, slightly tumescent;

root bands red, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia;

buds olive rose, 16X12 mm., inserted below scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll ovate with pointed tip, wing inserted at middle

of prophyll, medium broad, 2 secondary wings, pubescence general

and prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long and smooth; blades 140 cm. long and

6 cm. broad, module 23 ; dewlaps flaring deltoid squarish, outer surface

with dense group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51 and dense

group 52; outer auricle deltoid, inner auricle calcarate or short

lanceolate and fringed ; ligule broad, centered, subarcuate or arcuate,

3.5 mm. high, group 61 medium, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange

zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with prominent bud

furrow, large very hairy buds; 3 rows of root primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 +, 58 +, 61 + .; flaring deltoid-squarish dewlaps (fig.

47 (136)) ; calcarate inner auricle; medium-broad subarcuate or arcuate

ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 36

IMP. 339, Ace. 137

CULMS.—Green to yellowish green, reddish blush when young,

sparse bloom, and narrow wax bands; internodes cylindric and prominently shouldered, 11 cm. long and 29 +35 mm. across, without bud

furrow, hard greenish flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+4, average

width of long cells 10.6/x, stomates present; growth rings olive green,

medium broad, flush; root bands green, cylindric, 10 mm. high with
SUGARCANE 151

4 to 6 rows of primordia; buds greenish rose, 10X10 mm., inserted

below scar and not reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate with sHghtly

pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad,

emarginate, slightly hairy, prominent hair groups 1 +16, 19, and 4

edging upper one-third of wing.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long smooth or with very small group 57 ;

sheath base slightly decurrent; blades 140 cm. long and 5.7 cm.

broad, module 24; dewlaps ascending narrow squarish, outer surface

with sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51, dense shorthaired group 52 and small groups 52a and 63; outer auricle sloping

transitional, inner auricle calcarate or long lanceolate and fringed;

ligule orbicular crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green cane, with medium small

slightly hairy buds; tall root bands with 4 to 6 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 63 H ; ascending narrow squarish

dewlaps (fig. 47 (137)); calcarate or long-lanceolate inner auricle;

medium-narrow orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 37

IMP. 340, Ace. 137A

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 14 cm. long and 39 mm.

across, medium-prominent bud furrow; stem-epidermal pattern 1+4,

average width,of long cells 10.3^, stomates present; growth rings

yellow green, medium or narrow and flush; root bands dark green,

cylindric or slightly conoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of

crowded primordia; buds greenish, 14 + 10 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring: prophyll ovate deltoid with truncate

notched tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad and prominently emarginate throughout, pubescence medium sparse, with hair

groups 11, 16, 1, 22, 19, and 18 somewhat prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with medium or narrow group 57

inserted high: blades 120 cm. long and 6.6 cm. broad, module 18,

dewlaps deltoid squarish or squarish subcrescent, outer surface with

dense and marginally semilong group 58, inner surface with medium

small group 51 and medium group 52; outer auricle transitional and

subtended by a short 56, inner auricle deltoid; ligule subarcuate, 3 mm.

high, group 61 very short; dorsal pubescence absent.

-DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Yellowish-green cane, with deltoid

slightly liairy buds; 3 or 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 56 H , 57 H , 58+; deltoid-squarish or squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 47 (137a)); deltoid inner auricle; narrow subarcuate ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 44

ÍMP. 341, Acc. 138

CULMS.—Brownish red, with narrow green stripes, sparse bloom,

and medium wax bands; internodes concave cylindric, shouldered,

12 cm. long and 28 mm. across, small bud furrow, soft white flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 1, average width of long cells llju, stomates
152 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

absent; growth rings striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands

striped, somewhat conoidal, 9 mm. high with 2 rows of primordia;

buds green with reddish wings, later all red, 10X8 mm., inserted at

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll long ovate with

prominent basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted below

middle of prophyll, broader at base, fringed, pubescence general and

very prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 37 cm. long and smooth; sheath base slightly

decurrent; blades 155 cm. long and 5.3 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps

narrow squarish, slightly flaring, outer surface with sparse group 58,

inner surface with prominent groups 51 and 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle medium-large calcarate or lanceolate and

fringed; ligule tapering broad-centered subarcuate or strap-shaped,

4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal

flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with medium-small

hairy buds; 2 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair group 52 + .;

slightly flaring narrow squarish dewlaps (fig. 47 (138)); calcarate

inner auricle; broad-centered flat crescent or strap-shaped ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 49

IMP. 342, Ace. 139

CULMS.—Dark red, with sparse bloom, corky cracks, and narrow

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 14 cm. long and 28X32 mm. across,

small bud furrow, soft white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3, average

width of long cells 12/x, stomates present; growth rings red, medium

broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high with

3 or 4 rows of crowded primordia; buds reddish, 10X9 mm., inserted

at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with roundpointed tip, wing inserted at middle of prophyll, medium broad with

small secondary wing, pubescence prominent on wing and in juncture,

less prominent at base.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 150

cm. long and 5.7 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps flaring deltoid, outer

surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with prominent groups

51 and 52; outer auricle short lanceolate and subtended by a very

short 56, inner auricle long lanceolate or calcarate and fringed to tip;

ligule tapering broad-centered crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 short,

dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane, with medium-sized

buds having very hairy wing and juncture regions; 3 or 4 rows of

crowded primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 56H -, 57H—;

flaring-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 47 (139)); calcarate or long lanceolate

inner auricle; broad crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 51

IMP. 344, Ace. 140

CULMS.—Red, with sparse bloom, corky cracks, and narrow wax

bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 13 cm. long and 39 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, soft white flesh ; stem-epidermal pattern
SUGARCANE 153

3, average width of long cells 13//, stomates absent; growth rings olive

red, broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 9 and 8 mm. high

with 4 or 5 rows of primordia; buds greenish with olive wing, later all

red, 13X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with roimd-pointed, notched tip, wing inserted near

middle of prophyll, medium broad, 2 small secondary wings, pubescence general and prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 167

cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps flaring crescent deltoid,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with prominent

group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle deltoid or short lanceolate

and subtended by a short 56, inner auricle long lanceolate or calcarate

and fringed to tip; ligule tapering broad-centered crescent, 4.5 mm.

high, group 61 more or less short, dorsal pubescence dense and short

in flanges.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Ked cane, with prominent bud

furrow; hairy buds; 4 or 5 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 52 + , 56H , 57H—, 61 + . -; flaring crescent-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 47 (140)); lanceolate or calcarate inner auricle; broad

crescent ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 54

IMP. 347, Ace. 141

CULMS.—Brownish red, with sparse bloom, corky cracks, and narrow

wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 13 cm. long and 37

mm. across, small bud furrow, soft white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1, average width of long cells 11.3At, stomates absent; growth rings

red, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm.

high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds greenish red, 12X10 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate

with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

medium broad with 2 small secondary wings, pubescence general and

prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with a narrow and sparse group 57;

sheath base with group 69; blades 147 cm. long and 5 cm. broad,

module 29; dewlaps flaring deltoid crescent, outer surface with sparse

group 58 y inner surface with medium groups 51 and 52; outer auricle

deltoid and subtended by a very short group 56, inner auricle long

lanceolate and fringed; ligule tapering broad-centered crescent, 4 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Brownish-red cane, with hairy

buds; narrow root bands having 3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 56+ , 57H—, 69+ - (in old leaves); flaring deltoidcrescent dewlaps (fig. 47 (141)); lanceolate inner auricle; tapering

broad-centered ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 55

IMP. 348, Ace. 142

CULMS.—Red, with sparse bloom, corky cracks, and constricted

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long and 34 mm. across, small

bud furrow, soft white flesh; stem-epidermal Dattern 3. average width
154 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

of long cells 11.7/i, stomates present; growth rings reddish, narrow,

flush or slightly tumescent; root bands red, cylindric obconoidal,

8 and 7 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds red, 11X9 mm..,

inserted below scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate with

round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium

broad, 2 small secondary wings pubescence general and prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with very sm.all group 57; blades

160 cm. long and 6.3 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps crescent squarish

deltoid, outer surface with medium sparse group 58, inner surface

with medium group 51 and dense 52; outer auricle small deltoid,

subtended by a short 56, inner auricle large calcarate or long lanceolate

and fringed to tip; ligule tapering broad-centered crescent, 4 mm.,

group 61 medium short, dorsal pubescence short and in terminal

flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—"Red cane with hairy buds; medium

root bands having 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +,

56 H , 57 H , 61 + .-; crescent squarish-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 48

(142)); large calcarate or lanceolate inner auricle; broad-centered

ligule.

CLONE 21 N. G. 57

IMP. 350, Ace. 143

CULMS.—Green, becoming yellowish green, with sparse bloom.,

prominent corky cracks, and narrow wax bands; internodes cylindric,

12 cm. long and 35 mm. across, broad bud furrow, white flesh; stemepidermal pattern 3, average width of long cells 12.5ß, stomates not

observed; growth rings green, narrow, tum.escent; root bands green,

cylindric obconoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high, with 3 or 4 rows of crowded

primordia; buds green with reddish wing, 14X10 mm., inserted below

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll with 2 secondary

wings, pubescence general and very prominent.

LEAVïIS.—Sheath 34 cm. long with medium group 57 and small 60;

sheath base with small 59; blades 147 cm. long and 5.7 cm. broad,

module 26; dewlaps squarish crescent, outer surface with sparse

group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51 and dense group 52;

both auricles lanceolate and fringed, outer subtended by a short 56;

ligule broad-centered crescent, 4 mm. high, hair group 61 medium

short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green cane, with very hairy buds

and narrow root bands having 3 or 4 rows of prim.ordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 +, 56H , 57+., 59+ -, 60+ -, 61 + .-; squarishcrescent dewlaps (fig. 48 (143)); lanceolate auricle; broad-centered

ligules.

CLONE 21 N. G. 58

IMP. 351, Ace. 144

CULMS.—Bright red and green striped, with sparse bloom and

medium wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 12 cm. long

and 35 mm. across, without bud furrow, white flesh; stem-epidermal
SUGARCANE 155

pattern 2+4, average width of long cells 9.5ß, stomates present;

growth rings striped, narrow, flush or tumescent; root bands striped,

cylindric obconoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high, with 4 rows of crowded primordia; buds olive red, 12X11 mm., inserted at scar and reaching

growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with prominent basal appendage

and round-pointed notched tip, wing inserted at middle of prophyll,

broad and prominently emarginate, pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 30 cm. long with narrow group 57;

sheath base prominently decurrent; blades 146 cm. long and 6.5 cm.

broad, module 22; dewlaps squarish subcrescent, outer surface with

dense group 58 and prominent marginal group 58a, inner surface with

sparse group 51, medium group 52, and small groups 55 and 63; outer

auricle sloping transitional, inner auricle small calcarate; ligule thinflanged crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

as 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Bright red-and-green striped cane,

with broad-ovate m.ore or less smooth buds having broad em.arginate

wings; 4 rows of crowded root primordia; diagnostic hair groups

55-\ , 55aH—, 57H—, 58 +, ñd-\ ; squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 48 (144)); transitional or small calcarate inner auricle;

medium-narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE 96 N. G. 14

IMP. 246, Ace. 145

CULMS.—Green to greenish yellow, with sparse bloom and corky

patches; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 8 cm., long and 25X35

mm. across, small bud furrow, soft greenish flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 3 +5, average width of long cells lO^t, stomates absent; growth

rings green, medium broad, tumescent; root bands greenish, cylindric,

7 and 6 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of sparse primordia; buds reddish,

9X8 mm., inserted below scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll

ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

m.edium broad, 2 prominent secondary wings, principal pubescence on

wing and on entire posterior surface, outstanding hair groups 4, 14,

13, 10, 22.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 150

cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps red, narrow squarish,

outer surface with prominent groups 58 and 58a, inner surface with

small group 51 and sparse groups 52 and 63; outer auricle transitional,

inner auricle small calcarate and basally fringed; ligule narrowflanged subarcuate, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with small

m.edium-hairy buds having prominent secondary wings; narrow root

bands with sparse primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57-\—, 58 + ,

58a+ , 63^—--; red, narrow squarish dewlaps (fig. 48 (145)); small

(•alcaraie inner auricle; narrow subarcuate ligule.
156 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

BADILA, 96 N. G. 15

IMP 228, Ace. 146

CULMS.—^Deep purple, with heavy bloom and broad wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 6 cm. long and 38X41 mm. across, prominent

bud furrow, soft cream-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+3 +5,

average width of long cells lOju, stomates present; growth rings red,

narrow, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 8 and 6 mm. high with

2 rows of primordia; buds red, 11X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll broad ovate or rhomboid with

pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad and

emarginate, pubescence sparse, noticeable hair groups are 1, 2, 16,

6, 10, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheath 34 cm. long with heavy bloom and small group 57;

blades 132 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, module 19; dewlaps large, ascending squarish, outer surface with medium-dense group 58, inner surface

with small group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner auricle short lanceolate and fringed to tip; ligule thinflanged ci'escent with lozenge, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING' CHARACTERS.—Purple cane, with short thick

internodes, broad-ovate more or less smooth buds; 2 rows of root

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 57H—; large, ascending

squarish dewlaps (fig. 48 (146)); short lanceolate inner auricle; thinflanged crescent ligule with broad lozenge.

CLONE 96 N. G. 16

IMP. 247, Ace. 147

CULMS.—Dark purple to dark red, with heavy bloom, corky cracks,

and merging wax bands; internodes tumescent, 8 cm. long and 38X34

mm. across, medium bud furrow, white soft flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 6, average width of long cells 13.5ju, stomates absent; growth

rings red, broad, tumescent or flush; root bands red, cylindric obconoidal, 10 and 8 mm. high with 4 rows of primordia; buds red, 14X10

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate

with prominent basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted below

middle of prophyll, more or less narrow, pubescence in juncture zone

and on entire posterior surface.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long with medium group 57; blades 150 cm.

long and 8 cm. broad, module 19; dewlaps medium-tall squarish, outer

surface with dense group 58, inner surface with small group 51, dense

group 52, and very small group 63; outer auricle small deltoid, inner

auricle short lanceolate and fringed to tip; ligule narrow-flanged

deltoid crescent with tall lozenge, 5 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence short and semiadnate in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purple to dark-red cane, with

thick short internodes, buds with prominent posterior pubescence; 4

rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 57 +, 63H ;

medium-tall squarish dewlaps (fig. 48 (147)); short lanceolate inner

auricle; deltoid-crescent ligule with tall lozenge.
SUGARCANE 157

CLONE 96 N. G. 22

IMP. 249, Ace. 148

CULMS.—Purple, becoming purplish brown, with constricted wax

bands and prominent bloom; internodes slightly tumescent, constricted

in nodal region, 12 cm. long and 33X35 mm. across, shallow bud furrow, soft light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+6+4, average

width of long cells 10^, stomates absent; growth rings light olive but

later red, medium broad, flush; root bands ivory but later red, cylindric obconoidal, 12 and 10 mm. high, with 4 or 5 rows of primordia;

buds reddish, 12X11 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring;

prophyll ovate with prominent basal appendage and pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, lobed at base or

with small secondary wings, pubescence general and prominent on

posterior side, anterior side with more or less prominent hair ¿roups

1, 16, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 158 cm.

long and 6 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps large ascending squarish,

outer surface with medium or dense group 58, inner surface with small

group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle broad transitional or small

deltoid, inner auricle calcarate or short lanceolate and fringed to tip;

ligule narrow-flanged orbicular crescent, 5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone. ^

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.^—Purple cane, with thick internodes

constricted in nodal region, more or less hairy buds lobed or with small

secondary wings; broad root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52+,

57+ -; large ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 48 (148)); short lanceolate inner auricle; orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE 96 N. G. 24

IMP. 227, Ace. 149

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, with reddish-brown overcast, discolored

bloom, and broad wax bands; internodes cyhndric and shouldered, 11

cm. long and 35X40 mm. across, medium-prominent bud furrow,

orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1, average width of long cells

9.8/z, stomates present; growth rings greenish, medium broad, tumescent; root bands greenish, cylindric, 10 and 9 mm. high with 3 or 4

rows of primordia; buds green with reddish wing, later all red, 13X12

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

broad rhomboid with pointed slightly notched tip, wing inserted above

middle of prophyll, very broad at base, pubescence more or less sparse,

somewhat prominent are hair groups 1, 2, 16.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with prominent group 57; blades 134

cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps large ascending squarish

outer surface with dense group 58, inner surface with prominent group

51, dense group 52, and prominent long-haired group 63; outer auricle

transitional with long group 56, inner auricle very long lanceolate and

not fringed; ligule narrow crescent or subarcuate, 3 mm. high, group

61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Thick reddish-brown cane, with

broad-rhomboid more or less smooth buds; taU root bands; diagnostic
158 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

hair groups 52 +, 56 +, 57 +, 58 +, 63 + ; large ascending squarish

dewlaps (fig. 48 (149)); lanceolate inner auricle; narrow crescent

ligule.

CLONE 96 N. G. 24a

IMP. 226, Ace. 150

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, with sparse bloom and medium wax

bands; internodes slightly bobbin-shaped, 10 cm. long and 25X29

mm. across, without bud furrow, light-green flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 1+3, average width of long cells 10.2/x, stomates present;

growth rings yellow green, narrow, tumescent; root bands green,

cylindric or constricted, 8 and 6 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia;

buds green, with red wing, 12X12 mm., inserted below scar and

reaching growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with round-pointed tip,

wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad with short-haired

fringe, pubescence sparse, hair groups 1, 16, 4, 10 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long and smooth; blades 150 cm. long and

6.5 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps squarish crescent, outer surface

with medium group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner surface with

prominent group 51 that continues as group 65 in narrow file toward

midrib, medium group 52; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner

auricle small calcarate and fringed; ligule orbicular crescent, 4 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 65a and in terminal

flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with broadovate more or less smooth buds; narrow root bands with 3 rows of

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 65 +, 65a+ -; squarish-crescent

dewlaps (fig. 48 (150)); small calcarate inner auricle; broad orbicularcrescent ligule.

CLONE 14 N. G. 124

IMP. 624, Ace. 151

CULMS.—Light brown, becoming brownish green, heavy bloom, and

merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 8 cm. long and 38 mm.

across, without bud furrow, light green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1 +3, average width of long cells lOju, stomates absent; growth rings

olive, medium broad, tumescent; root bands olive green, cylindric,

10 and 8 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green with rose

tip, later red, 11X11 mm., inserted below scar and reaching growth

ring; prophyll broad ovate or roundish with truncate tip, wing inserted

near middle of prophyll, more or less broad, emarginate at base,

pubescence sparse, hair groups 1 and 16 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with medium group 57; blades 180

cm. long and 8.5 cm. broad, module 21; dewlaps ascending squarish,

outer surface with dense group 58 and prominent group 58a, inner

surface with prominent group 51, dense semilong group 52 and sparse

55; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a short 56, inner

auricle medium-long lanceolate and not fringed; ligule thin-flanged

orbicular crescent with tall lozenge, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Brown-colored cane, with short

thick internodes, broad-ovate or roundish more or less smooth buds,
SUGARCANE 159

and 3 or 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55 H—,

55a+ - 56+ , 57 + ., 58 +, 58a+; ascending squarish dewlaps

(fig. 48 (151)); medium-long lanceolate inner auricle; thin-flanged

orbicular-crescent ligule with tall lozenge.

CLONE 14 N. G. 190

IMP. 625, Ace. 152

CULMS.—Bronze, becoming greenish yellow to green, with sparse

bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 8 cm. long and

32X36 mm. across, without bud furrow, light-orange flesh; stemepidermal pattern 1+4, average width of long cells 9.6Aí, stomates

absent; growth rings green, narrow, flush or slightly tumescent;

root bands greenish, cylindric tumescent, 10 and 9 mm. high with

4 rows of primordia; buds reddish, 11X10 mm., inserted below scar

and reaching growth ring; prophyll broad ovate to rhomboid, roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad, pubescence

sparse, most prominent hair groups include 19, 1, 16, 4.

JJKAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long and smootli; blades 150 cm. long

and 6.5 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with small group 51, dense

group 52, and small group 63; outer auricle transitional or small

deltoid, inner auricle medium-long lanceolate and fringed; ligule

medium broad-flanged deltoid crescent, 4.5 mm. high, 61 medium

short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Bronze-colored cane, with more or

less short thick internodes, broad-ovate slightly hairy buds with

prominent group 19; tall root bands with 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52+, 63 H ; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 48

(152)); medium-long lanceolate inner auricle; medium broad-flanged

deltoid-crescent ligule.

CLONE 14 N. G. 241

IMP. 623, Ace. 153

CULMS.—Rose, with olive-green stripes becoming yellow and green

striped, brick-red flush, sparse bloom, and medium wax bands; internodes cylindric, 14 cm. long and 33 mm. across, small bud furrow,

hard light-orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+3 +7, average

width of long cells 8.3M, stomates present; growth rings striped,

medium broad, tumescent; root bands striped, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm.

high with 3 irregular rows of primordia; buds green with reddish cast,

13X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, more or less narrow, pubescence sparse, hair groups 1,

10 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 35 cm. long with medium group 57;

blades striped 120 cm. long and 5 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps

ascending squarish, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface

with somewhat prominent group 51 and medium group 52; outer

auricle transitional or small deltoid, inner auricle long lanceolate and

427472—58—11
160 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

fringed; ligule thin-flanged crescent with broad lozenge, 4 mm. high,

group 61 short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Cane with striped internodes,

sheath, and blade, medium-large more or less smooth buds; 3 irregular

rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair group 57 + .; ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 48 (153)); long lanceolate and fringed inner auricle;

thin-flanged crescent ligule with broad lozenge.

CLONE 37 N. G. 6

IMP. 1035, Ace. 154

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom, corky cracks, and

broad wax bands; internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long and 28X29 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, green-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +5, average width of long cells 8/x, stomates present; growth

rings olive, narrow, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric conoidal,

9 and 8 mm. high with 4 rows of crowded primordia; buds green, with

light-olive wings, 13 X H mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted at

or slightly above middle of prophyll, medium broad with 2 secondary

wings, pubescence medium dense especially on posterior side, prominent hair groups 1, 2, 16, 6, 11, 10, 18, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with medium group 57; sheath base

with small group 64e; blades 140 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module

23; dewlaps deltoid squarish or squarish, outer surface with medium

group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51 that continues as

group 65 toward midrib, dense group 52, small groups 63 and 55;

outer auricle transitional and subtended by a short 56, inner auricle

deltoid or short lanceolate and fringed to tip ; hgule narrow crescent,

3 mm. high, group 61 very short; dorsal pubescence as sparse 55a

and 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Yellowish-green cane, with prominent bud furrow, medium-hairy ovate buds having secondary wings;

4 rows of crowded root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55H ,

55a+- 56H , 57 + ., 63H , 64e+- 65+-, 65a+-; deltoid squarish or squarish dewlaps (fig. 48 (154)); deltoid or short lanceolate

inner auricle; narrow crescent ligule.

NEW CALEDONIAN GROUP

CLONE N. c. 5

IMP. 879, Ace. 156

CULMS.—Reddish brown and green striped, with sparse bloom and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, concave on bud side and

shouldered, 8.5 cm. long and 37X40 mm. across, without or with small

bud furrow, light-orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average

width of long cells 13.1M, stomates absent; growth rings striped, narrow,

flush or slightly tumescent; root bands striped, tumescent-conoidal,

11 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green with red tip,

later all red, somewhat protruding, 11X10 mm., inserted at scar and

extending to or above growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent
SUGARCANE 161

basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, very narrow, pubescence medium., more or less prominent on

back side, important hair groups 1, 2, 10, 19, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 32 cm. long with narrow group 57;

sheath base decurrent; blades 164 cm., long and 7 cm., broad, module

23; dewlaps ascending flaring ligulate, outer surface with sparse group

58, inner surface with a small group 51 and sparse group 52; outer

auricle transitional, inner auricle small deltoid; ligule crescent deltoid,

4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Striped, thick, short-jointed cane,

with medium hairy buds having narrow wings (fig. 28 (879)); tall root

bands; diagnostic hair group 57H—; ascending flaring-ligulate dewlaps (fig. 48 (156)); small deltoid inner auricle; tall crescent-deltoid

ligule.

CLONE N. C. 11

IMP. 880, Ace. 157

CULMS.—Purple and green striped, with sparse bloom, and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric tumescent and shouldered, 8.5

cm. long and 37 m.m. across, without or with small bud furrow, soft

light-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long

cells 11.3/x, stomates absent; growth rings striped, narrow, flush or

tumescent; root bands striped, cylindric-constricted, 8 and 7 mm.

high with 3 or 4 rows of crowded primordia; buds green with reddish

wings, later all red, 15X14 mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with prominent basal appendage

and round-pointed or truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, broad, emarginate and fringed at base, pubescence more or

less sparse, hair groups 1, 2, 19, 10 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm., long with small group 57; sheath base

with groups 59 and 69; blades 161 cm., long and 5.9 cm., broad, m.odule

27; dewlaps red, ascending squarish, outer surface with sparse group

58 and long marginal group 58a, inner surface with a narrow group 51,

sparse groups 52, 55, and 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle

small calcarate; ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group

61 very short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with large m.ore or

less smooth buds having broad basally emarginate and fringed wings

(fig. 29 (880)); 3 or 4 rows of crowded primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 55H , 57H—, 59H—, 63H , 69H—; red, ascending

squarish dewlaps (fig. 49 (157)) ; small calcarate inner auricle; mediumtall somewhat broad-centered ligule.

CLONE N. C. 15

IMP. 881, Ace. 158

CULMS.—Dark reddish-browii and green striped, when 3'oung lighl

reddish-brown and green striped, with sparse bloom and prominent

wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly bobbin-shaped, 9.5 cm.

long and 35 mm., across, without or with small bud furrow, soft olive

flesh; stem-epiderm.al pattern 4 +5, average width of long cells 10.8^,

stomates present; growth rings greenish, narrow, tum.escent; root
162 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

bands greenish red, cylindric, 6 and 5 mm. high with 2 rows of primordia; buds red, 14X11 mm.., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, medium, broad, pubescence m.edium prominent with hair groups 1, 2, 16, 11, 10, 18, and especially 19 outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with medium group 57; sheath base

with prominent groups 69, 59; blades 148 cm., long and 5.3 cm., broad,

module 28; dewlaps squarish double crescent or ascending flaring

ligulate, outer surface with dense group 58, inner surface with broad

group 51 that extends as group 65 in narrow file toward midrib, sparse

groups 52 and 55; both auricles sloping transitional; ligule subarcuate,

3.5 m:m. high, group 61 medium long, dorsal pubescence as prominent 55a, 65aH— , and in flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Striped cane, with medium-hairy

buds having outstanding groups 16 and 19 (fig. 27 (881)); narrow root

bands with 2 rows of prim.ordia; diagnostic hair groups 55 + ,

55a+, 57 + ., 58 + , 59+- 61 + .-, 65 + , 65a+ -, 69+; squarish

double-crescent or ascending flaring-ligulate dewlaps (fig. 49 (158));

transitional auricles; medium-narrow subarcuate ligule.

CLONE N. C. 17

IMP. 882, Ace. 159

CULMS.—Green becoming bronze, with sparse bloom and prominent

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 6 cm. long and 38 mm. across, small

bud furrow, green flesh except center; stem-epidermal pattern 3+2,

average width of long cells 8.9^^, stomates absent; growth rings green,

narrow, flush; root bands cylindric to conoidal, 6 mm. high with 2

rows of primordia; buds green with olive wing, 15X10 mm., inserted

at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad

and covered with short or semilong white hair, pubescence medium

prominent, outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19, 10, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with small and narrow group 57;

blades 125 cm. long and 7.6 cm. broad, module 16; dewlaps ascending

squarish, outer surface with medium-sparse group 58, inner surface

with medium group 51, and sparse group 52; both auricles sloping

transitional, outer one subtended by a short group 56 ; ligule orbicular

crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

Í3iSTiNGuiSHiNG CHARACTERISTICS.—Grecu-colored cane, with medium-hairy ovate buds (fig. 29 (882)) ; narrow root bands with 2 rows

of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56H—, 57+—; ascending squarish

dewlaps (fig. 49 (159)); inner auricle transitional; narrow crescent

ligule.

CLONE N. G. 18

IMP. 883, Ace. 160

CULMS.—Bronze green, when young yellowish green faintly striped

with pink, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes

cylindric, 8 cm. long and 37 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, faint
SUGARCANE 163

violet flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average width of long cells

9.4M, stomates present; growth rings reddish, narrow, tumescent:

root bands reddish-green, cylindric, 6 and 4 mm. high with 2 or 3

rows of primordia; buds reddish, 12X11 mm., mserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with roundpointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, medium wide and

broadening toward tip, pubescence medium with hair groups 1, 2, 11,

10, 16, 19 evident, posterior side with prominent group 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with small group 57; sheath base with

group 69 blades 157 cm. long and 5.4 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps

ascending hgulate, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface

with very small group 51 and sparse group 52 ; outer auricle transitional

occasionally with small 56, inner auricle small calcarate; ligule subarcuate, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Bronze-green cane, with small

medium-hairy buds and narrow root bands (fig. 25 (883)); diagnostic

hair groups 56H , 57H , 69+ -; ascending ligulate dewlaps

(fig. 49 (160)); small calcarate inner auricle; broad subarcuate hgule.

CLONE N. C. 19

IMP. 884, Ace. 161

CULMS.—Greenish yellow becoming green, with sparse bloom and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly obconoidal and

shouldered, 9 cm. long and 36 mm. across, prominent bud furrow,

green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+4, average width of long cells

9.Sfx, stomates îabsent; growth rings green, narrow, flush; root bands

green, conoidal, 13 and 11 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia;

buds green with reddish wing, 15X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll long ovate with prominent basal

appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of

prophyll, medium broad and basally fringed, pubescence sparse, hair

groups 1, 2, 10, 11 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm. long with smaU group 57; sheath base

decurrent; blades 144 cm. long and 5.9 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps

deltoid, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with smafl

group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle

smaU calcarate; ligule crescent deltoid, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green cane, with long ovate slightly

hairy buds (fig. 29 (884)); very taU root bands with 3 or 4 rows of

primordia; diagnostic hair group 57H ; deltoid dewlaps (fig. 49

(161)); small calcarate inner auricle; tafl deltoid-crescent ligule.

CLONE N. C. 20

IMP. 885, Ace. 162

CULMS.—Dark red, with sparse bloom and narrow wax bands; internodes cylindric to bobbin-shaped, 11 cm. long and 30 mm. across,

prominent bud furrow, medium-hard greenish-brown flesh; stemepidermal pattern 2, average width of long cells 13^, stomates present;

growth rings red, narrow, flush; root bands conoidal, 5 and 4 mm. high
164 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds red, 15X10 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll narrow deltoid with roundpointed tip, wing inserted very low, narrow, deltoid and fringed;

anterior pubescence more or less sparse, posterior general and prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with medium group 57; blades 135

cm. long and 4 cm, broad, module 24; dewlaps shallow deltoid crescent,

outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with small to

medium group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle transitional, inner

auricle lanceolate and fringed; ligule subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high, hair

group 61 long, dorsal pubescence prominent as dense semiadnate 66.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane, with deltoid buds

prominently hairy on posterior side (fig. 24 (885)) ; narrow root bands;

diagnostic hair groups 57 + ., 61 + ; shallow deltoid-crescent dewlaps

(fig. 49 (162)) ; lanceolate inner auricle; narrow subarcuate ligules.

CLONE N. C. 21

IMP. 886, Ace. 163

CULMS.—Olive, with light-purple stripes, sparse bloom, and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, concave on bud side and

shouldered, 9 cm. long and 36 mm. across, small bud furrow, mediumhard faint-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3, average width of

long cells 9.6ß, stomates present; growth rings striped, medium broad,

flush; root bands striped, conoidal, 11 and 10 mm,, tall with 4 rows of

primordia; buds red, 13 X 10 mm.., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence sparse,

hair groups 1 and 10 somewhat prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 142

cm. long and 4.2 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps flaring deltoid, outer

surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with very sroall group 51

and sparse group 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle calcarate

and partly fringed; Hgule crescent deltoid, 4.5 mm. high, group 61

very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with more or less

smooth buds (fig. 23 (886)); tall root bands with 4 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair group 57+ —; flaring deltoid dewlaps (fig. 49 (163));

calcarate inner auricle; deltoid-crescent ligule.

CLONE N. C. 24

IMP. 887, Ace. 164

CULMS.—Olive, when young faintly red and green striped, with

sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric to

slightly bobbin-shaped, concave on bud side and shouldered, 12 cm.

long and 30 mm. across, medium-prominent bud furrow, greenish

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of long cells 11.6ju,

stomates absent; growth rings reddish olive, narrow, flush; root bands

reddish, cylindric obconoidal, 6 and 5 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of

sparse primordia; buds reddish, 11X8 mm., inserted below scar

and reaching growth ring; prophyll oval with prominent basal append-
SUGARCANE 165

age and long-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

broad, especially in apical region, pubescence medium sparse and

mostly basal, hair groups 1,2, 19 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with medium group 57 and prominent group 60; blades 142 cm. long and 4.4 cm. broad, module 32;

dewlaps tall squarish deltoid, outer surface with medium group 58,

inner surface with small group 51, medium group 52; both auricles

ascending transitional or inner short lanceolate; ligule crescent, 3.5

mm. high, group 61 tall, dorsal pubescence short.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Ohve cane, with small, sHghtly

hairy buds having prominent broad wings (fig. 25 (887)) ; narrow root

bands; diagnostic hair groups 57 + ., 60+, 61+; tall squarish-deltoid

dewlaps (fig. 49 (164)); transitional or short lanceolate inner auricle;

crescent ligule.

CLONE N. C. 25

IMP. 888, Ace. 165

CULMS.—Yellow and olive-green striped, with sparse bloom and

narrow wax bands; internodes cylindric, 8.5 cm. long and 36 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, light-orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3, average width of long cells 9.2^, stom-ates absent; growth

rings striped, narrow, tumescent; root bands striped, cylindric, 6 and

5 mm., high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds greenish with rose

tip, 13X10 mm.., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with broad basal appendage and shghtly truncate tip,

wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad to broad,

pubescence very sparse, only hair group 1 somewhat outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 34 cm. long with narrow group 57;

blades 149 cm., long and 6.9 cm., broad, module 21; dewlaps steeply

ascending hgulate, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface

with small group 51 and sparse group 52; both auricles sloping transitional, outer one subtended by a short group 56; ligule orbicular

crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane with smooth broadwinged buds (fig. 28 (888)) ; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups

56H , 57H ; steeply ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 49 (165));

transitional auricles; orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE N. C. 29

IMP. 889, Ace. 166

CULMS.—Green, with red blush, heavy bloom, and prominent wax

bands; corky cracks and patches; internodes slightly conoidal, concave on bud side and shouldered, 10 cm. long and 35 mm. across, long

bud furrow, olive-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 + 6 + 4,

average width of long cells ll/i, stomates absent; growth rings olive,

medium broad, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric tumescent, 8

and 7 mm. high with 2 rows of sparse primordia; buds green, 12X9

mm,., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate

with truncate tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, narrow at

base and broadening toward tip, wing pubescence short-haired and
166 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U, S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

dense, principal pubescence at base and tip, hair groups 1, 2, 4, 10, 11,

outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm., long with prominent group 57; sheath

base with prominent groups 59, 69; blades 148 cm., long and 7.5 cm.,

broad, module 20; dewlaps tall crescent squarish, outer surface with

prominent group 58, inner surface with sm.all group 51, prominent

semilong groups 52 and 63, prominent group 55; outer auricles transitional, inner auricle small calcarate; ligule broad-flanged subarcuate,

4 mm., high, group 61 tall, dorsal pubescence prominent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Green cane, with medium-hairy

buds (fig. 24 (889)); 2 rows of sparse root prim.ordia; diagnostic hair

groups 52 +, 55 +, 57 +, 58+, 59+, 61 + , 63 +, 69+; tall crescentsquarish dewlaps (fig. 49 (166)); small calcarate inner auricle; broadflanged medium-tall subarcuate ligule.

CLONE N. C. 30

IMP. 890, Ace. 167

CULMS.—Olive to bronze green, with sparse bloom., corky cracks,

and medium wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly bobbinshaped, 11 cm. long and 27X30 mm. across, small bud furrow, hard

light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of long cells

12.5^6, stomates absent; growth rings green, narrow, tumescent; root

bands green, cylindric obconoidal, 7 and 6 mm., high with 2 or 3 rows

of se.misparse primordia; buds green with red tip, 10X9 mm., inserted

at scar and extending above growth ring, protruding at wide angle

when mature; prophyll pentagonal with trimcate-notched tip, wing

inserted near middle|of prophyll, very broad, fringed at base, pubescence sparse, hair groups 1 and 11 somewhat prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm., long with prominent groups 57 and 60;

sheath base with group 64e; blades 148 cm. long and 7 cm. broad,

module 21; dewlaps deltoid crescent, outer surface with prominent

group 5S, inner surface with m,ediu.m group 51, dense semilong-haired

groups 52, 55, and 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle sm.all

unciform; ligule broad-flanged crescent or subarcuate, 4 mm., high,

group 61 long, dorsal pubescence medium long and prominent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive to bronze-green cane, with

small more or less smooth buds having broad wings; narrow root

bands;diagnostichair groups 52 +, 55 + , 57 + , 58 + , 60 + , 61 + , 63 + ,

64e+ -; deltoid-crescent dewlaps (fig. 49 (167)); unciform inner

auricle; broad-flanged, crescent or subarcuate, medium-tall ligule.

CLONE N. C. 31

IMP. 891, Ace. 168

CULMS.—Green and purple striped, with sparse bloom and medium

wax bands; internodes c^dindric, slightly obconoidal or concave convex,

up to 12 cm. long and 34 mm. across, without bud furrow, light-green

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+6-, average width of long cells 13/x,

stomates absent; growth rings striped, narrow, tumescent; root bands

striped, cylindric or conoidal, 9 and 8 mm., high with 3 or 4 rows of

primordia; buds green with red tip, later red, 15X10 mm.., inserted at
SUGAHCANE 167

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll deltoid ovate, when

young roundish ovate, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

narrow, tip rounded or pointed, pubescence sparse, groups 1, 2, 11, 16,

19 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with medium-prominent group 57

and small group 60; blades 143 cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 26;

dewlaps medium tall, squarish deltoid, outer surface with sparse group

58, inner surface with sparse groups 51, 52, and 63; outer auricle

transitional, inner auricle short lanceolate or falcate and basally

fringed; hgule crescent-deltoid with tall center and narrow flanges,

4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with prominent niore

or less conoidal root bands; large smooth buds (fig. 26 (891)); diagnostic hair groups 57 + ., 60+ -, 63+ -; medium-tall squarish-deltoid

dewlaps (fig. 49 (168)); short lanceolate or falcate inner auricle;

crescent-deltoid ligule.

CLONE N. C. 32

IMP. 892, Ace. 169

CULMS.—^Bronze green, becoming brownish purple and densely

covered with hair; internodes short, tumescent, 35 mm. across, without

bud furrow, medium-hard flesh, green to center; stem-epidermal

pattern 3, average width of long cells 11.5^, stomates present; growth

rings green, narrow, flush; root bands green, constricted, 8 m.m. high

with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds greenish red, 8X9 mm.., inserted

below scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad at base,

pubescence sparse, hair group 24 present.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long with medium group 57; sheath base

decurrent with groups 59, 69; blades 140 cm. long and 7 cm. broad,

module 20; dewlaps ascending squarish or hgulate, outer surface with

more or less dense group 58, inner surface with small group 51 that

continues as group 65 single file for a short distance, m.edium group

52 and sparse group 63 ; both auricles broad transitional; ligule crescent,

3.5 mm. tall, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Bronze-green cane with hairy

stems, broad ovate buds with broad wings and very sparse pubescence

(fig. 23 (892)); medium root band with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57 + ., 59+ -, 63H , 65H , 69+ -, ascending

squarish or ligulate dewlaps (fig. 49 (169)); transitional auricles;

crescent ligule.

CLONE N. C. 33

IMP. 893, Ace. 170

CULMS.—Pallid green, faintly striped with olive green, inconspicuous

red blush, sparse bloom, and narrow wax bands; internodes cylindric,

8 cm. long and 28 mm. across, long bud furrow, very light brown flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average width of long cells 11.9^,

stomates present; growth rings olive, narrow, flush; root bands olive,

cylindric or constricted, 6 and 5 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

buds green with rose tip, 12X10 mm., inserted below scar and extend-
168 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ing above growth ring; prophyll ovate with pointed or truncatenotched tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow at base,

pubescence medium sparse, prominent hair groups 1, 16, 11, 19, 18.

LEAVES.—Sheath 34 cm. long with small group 57; blades 150 cm.

long and 6.3 cm., broad, module 24 ; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer

surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51 and

sparse group 52; both auricles transitional; hgule broad-centered

crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Faintly striped cane with mediumhairy buds with prominent groups 16 and 19 (fig. 20 (893)); narrow

root bands; diagnostic hair group 57H ; ascending hgulate dewlaps

(fig. 49 (170)); transitional auricles; broad-centered crescent ligule.

CLONE N. C. 39

IMP. 896, Ace. 171

CULMS.—Yellowish green, sometimes with reddish blush, sparse

bloom, and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric to bobbinshaped, 10 cm. long and 38 mm. across, medium bud furrow, somewhat spongy light-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3 +7, average width of long cells 11^, stomates absent; growth rings olive green,

narrow, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric tumescent, 10 and

7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green with rose wings,

11X8 mm. inserted above or at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll ovate with truncate-serrate tip, wing inserted above

middle of prophyll, broad, pubescence medium prominent, outstanding groups 11, 10, 1, 2.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with prominent groups 57 and 60;

sheath base with groups 59 and 69; blades 138 cm. long and 6.9 cm.

broad, module 20; dewlaps squarish deltoid, outer surface with dense

group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51, dense semilong

groups 52 and 63, and very prominent group 52a; both auricles sloping transitional; ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 4 mm. high, group

61 long, dorsal pubescence prominent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with mediumlarge buds having very prominent groups 10 and 11; medium-tall root

bands with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + ,

52a+, 57 +, 58 +, 59 +, 61 +, 63 +, 69+; squarish-deltoid dewlaps

(fig. 49 (171)); transitional auricles; broad-centered subarcuate ligule.

CLONE N. C. 40

IMP. 897, Ace. 172

CULMS.—Olive, with purple blush, sparse bloom, and prominent

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 29 mm. across,

medium bud furrow, very light brown flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1 +4, average width of long cells 11.3At, stomates absent; growth rings

green, narrow, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm.

high with 2 or 3 rows of sparse primordia; buds green with rose wing,

later red, 13X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll ovate deltoid with truncate and notched tip, wing in-
SUGARCANE 169

serted below middle of prophyll, broad and fringed, medium hairy,

groups 1, 2, 4, 13, 11, 10 prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with prominent groups 57 and 60;

blades 145 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, module 21; dewlaps tall squarish

or tall crescent deltoid, outer surface with prominent group 58, inner

surface with prominent group 51, and dense group 52, very prominent

semilong-haired groups 63 and 52a; both auricles transitional, or inner

auricle small calcarate;ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high,

group 61 very long, dorsal pubescence prominent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive cane, with purple blush,

broad-winged medium-hairy buds (fig. 28 (897)); narrow root bands

with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 52a+,

57 + , 58 + , 60 + , 61 + , 63+; tall squarish or tall crescent-deltoid

dewlaps (fig. 50 (172)); small calcarate or transitional inner auricle;

broad-centered subarcuate ligule.

CLONE N. C. 42

IMP. 898, Ace. 173

CULMS.—Bright green to greenish yellow, with faint purple stripes

when young, general bloom, and merging wax bands; internodes

cylindric, 12.5 cm. long and 33 mm. across, small bud furrow, soft

white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3 + 1, average width of long cells

9.8iu, stomates absent; growth rings indistinct, narrow, flush; root

bands green, cylindric-constricted, 9 and 8 mm. high with 3 rows of

primordia; buds green edged in red, 13X10 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with truncate

notched or more or less serrate tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, very broad, and heavily fringed, pubescence naore or less

sparse, wing densely covered on both sides with red semishort hair,

most prominent hair groups 16, 19, 1, 4.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 38 cm. long and smooth; sheath base with short

sectorial group 59; blades 147 cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module

27; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with sparse group 58,

inner surface with very small group 51, and dense group 52; both

auricles transitional; hgule narrow deltoid crescent, 3 mm. high,

group 61 long, dorsal pubescence short.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Faintly striped cane with broadwinged heavily fringed buds having outstanding groups 16 and 19

(fig. 20 (898)); medium root bands with 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 59 H , 61 + ; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 50 (173)); transitional auricles; narrow deltoid-crescent

ligule.

CLONE N. C. 49

IMP. 900, Ace. 174

CULMS.—Greenisli yellow, with sparse bloom and medium waxbands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 32 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, spongy greenish-ivory flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

3 +7, average width of long cells lOju, stomates present; growth rings

olive, narrow, flush; root bands ivory green, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm.

tall with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green, 12X11 mm., inserted
170 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent basal appendage and broad truncate, notched tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, broad, emarginate at base, pubescence

very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with medium group 57; blades 156

cm. long and 6.9 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps crescent squarish,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51

and sparse group 52; both auricles sloping transitional; ligule narrow

arcuate, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence wanting.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with broadwinged smooth buds; 3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair group

57+ .; crescent-squarish dewlaps (fig. 50 (174)); sloping transitional

auricles; narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE N. G. 50

IMP. 902, Ace. 175

CULMS.—Dark red, faintly striped with light red when young,

sparse bloom, and constricted wax bands; internodes cylindric and

shouldered, 9 cm. long and 29 mm. across, long and narrow bud

furrow, light brownish hard flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1, average

width of long cells 10.6/i, stomates present; growth rings indistinct,

medium broad, flush; root bands red, cylindric, 9 and 7 mm. high

with 3 or 4 irregular rows of primordia; buds red, 13 X10 mm., inserted

at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate rhomboid

with blunt tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad at base

and more or less emarginate throughout, medium hairy, principal

hair groups 16, 19, 1, 2, 10, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with medium group 57; sheath base

decurrent with sectorial group 59 and group 64e; blades 171 cm. long

and 6 cm., broad, module 28; dewlaps squarish double crescent, outer

surface with dense group 58, inner surface with small group 51,

prominent 65, and sparse group 52; both auricles ascending transitional; ligule tall crescent, 8 mm. high, group 61 long, dorsal pubescence

prominent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Faintly striped cane with mediumhairy buds (fig. 20 (902)); 3 or 4 rows of root prim.ordia; diagnostic

hair groups 57+., 58 + , 59+-, 61 + , 64e+-, 65+; squarish

double-crescent dewlaps (fig. 50 (175)); ascending transitional auricles;

very tall crescent ligule.

CLONE N. G. 51

IMP. 894, Ace. 176

CULMS.—^Purple and green striped, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 34 mm. across,

prominent bud furrow, hard light-purple flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1 + 4, average width of long cells 12.1)U, stomates absent; growtli

rings striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands striped, cylindric

obconoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high with 2 rows of sparse primordia; buds

red, 13X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;
SUGARCANE 171

prophyll ovate with broad basal appendage and pointed tip, wmg

inserted below middle of prophyll, medium narrow, pubescence sparse,

hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19, 11, 10 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with narrow group 57; sheath base

decurrent with group 69; blades 140 cm. long and 7.4 cm. broad,

module 19; dewlaps ascending flaring double crescent, outer surface

with sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51, dense group

52, and very small group 63; both auricles transitional, outer one

subtended by a short group 56; ligule medium broad-centered subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane with shghtly hairy

buds; 2 rows of sparse root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + ,

56H , 57-] , 63H , 64e+-; ascending flaring doublecrescent dewlaps (fig. 50 (176)); transitional auricles; medium-taU

subarcuate ligule.

CLONE N. C. 53

IMP. 895, Ace. 177

CULMS.—Dark red, with sparse bloom and narrow wax bands;

internodes cylindric and shouldered, 11 cm. long and 31 mm. across,

prominent bud furrow, soft hght-purple flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1 + 3, average width of long cells ll/x, stomates absent; growth

rings red, narrow, flush; root bands red, conoidal-tumescent, 10 and

9 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of crowded primordia; buds red, 12X10

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate

with prominent basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyU, broad and slightly emarginate at base,

pubescence medium sparse, prominent hair groups 16, 1, 2, 10, 19, 18.

LEAVES.—Sheaths reddish, 30 cm. long with narrow group 57;

blades 105 cm. long and 5 cm. broad, m.odule 21; dewlaps ascending

ligulate, outer surface with dense group 58 and marginal group 58a,

inner surface with small group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle

broad transitional, inner auricle medium-large calcarate and inserted

low; hgule orbicular crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane with broad-winged

buds having prominent groups 16, 19, 1, and 10 (fig. 21 (895)); tall

root bands with 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52+ .,

57+-, 58+; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 50 (177)); calcarate

inner auricle; broad orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE N. C. 64

IMP. 901, Ace. 178

CULMS.—Dark red, with prominent wax bands and sparse bloom;

internodes cylindric or slightly tumescent, 10 cm. long and 29 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, light-red flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1+3, average width of long cells 11.6JJL, stomates absent; growth

rings red, narrow, tumescent; root bands red, tumescent, 8 mm. high

with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds red, 11X8 mm., inserted below

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll narrow ovate, often
172 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

with hooked tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow,

pubescence sparse, hair groups include 13, 14, 29 evident."

LEAVES.—Sheaths reddish with small group 57, 34 cm. long; sheath

base slightly decurrent; blades 115 cm. long and 5.1 cm. broad, module

22; dewlaps deltoid, outer surface with medium-dense group 58,

inner surface with small to medium group 51, dense group 52; outer

auricle transitional, inner auricle small calcarate; ligule broad-centered

orbicular crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 long, dorsal pubescence

medium prominent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane, with sparsely

hairy buds (fig. 30 (901)); narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups

52 +, 57+ -, 61+; deltoid dewlaps (fig. 50 (178)); small calcarate

inner auricle; broad-centered orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE N. C. 74

IMP. 903, Ace. 179

CULMS.—Mottled purple, with olive undercast, sparse bloom, and

narrow heavy wax bands; internodes cylindric to bobbin-shaped,

concave on bud side, 11 cm. long and 27X28 mm. across, shallow

bud furrow, soft light-purple flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+3,

average width of long cells 12.8^, stomates absent; growth rings

olive, narrow, tumescent; root bands greenish red, tumescent conoidal,

6 and 5 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of sparse primordia; buds red,

12X9 mm., inserted below scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate or rhomboid with pointed tip, wing inserted near

middle of prophyll, broad, pubescence medium sparse with groups 1,

2, 4, 19, 6 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with medium narrow group 57 and

small group 60; blades 139 cm. long and 4.6 cm. broad, module 30;

dewlaps deltoid crescent, outer surface with medium-sparse group 58,

inner surface with small group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle

transitional, inner auricle small deltoid; ligule crescent, 3.5 mm. high,

group 61 long, dorsal pubescence sparse.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Mottled purple cane with medium

smooth buds (fig. 22 (903)); narrow root bands; diagnostic hair

groups 57+-, 60+-, 61 + ; deltoid-crescent dewlaps (fig. 50 (179));

small deltoid inner auricle; medium-narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE N. C. 76

IMP. 904, Ace. 180

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with light-purple stripes when young,

sparse bloom and narrow prominent wax bands; internodes bobbinshaped, 9 cm. long and 29 mm. across, small bud furrow, light-purple

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3, average width of long cells 12.1/x,

stomates absent; growth rings indistinct, narrow, depressed; root

bands striped, cylindric obconoidal, 5 and 4 mm. high with 2 rows of

primordia; buds red, 13X10 mm., inserted below scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing

inserted .below middle of prophyll, more or less broad, pubescence

sparse with groups 1, 2, 11, 10, and 26 evident.
SUGARCANE 173

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with medium group 57; blades 150

cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps ascendmg squarish

crescent or broad ligulate, outer surface with dense group 58, mner

surface with small group 51, medium group 52 and semisparse shorthaired group 63 inserted high; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle

small deltoid and fringed; hgule broad-centered subarcuate, 4 mm.

high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence short-haired.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with smooth

buds (fig. 30 (904)); narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups 57 + .,

58 + , 63 H—; ascending squarish-crescent or broad-ligulate dewlaps

(fig. 50 (180)); small deltoid inner auricle; broad-centered subarcuate

ligule.

CLONE N. C. 78

IMP. 905, Ace. 181

CULMS.—Purple and green striped, with sparse bloom and prominent

constricted wax bands; internodes tumescent and shouldered, constricted above growth ring, 12 cm. long and 34 mm. across, small bud

furrow, hard faint-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average

width of long cells 11/x, stomates present; growth rings striped, narrow,

depressed; root bands striped, cylindric-constricted, 10 and 8 mm.

high with 4 or 5 rows of small crowded primordia; buds red, 10X9 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending to growth ring; prophyll broad ovate

with prominent basal appendage and notched tip, wing inserted below

middle of prophyll, broad and emarginate, pubescence sparse with

hair groups 1 and 19 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 153 cm.

long and 6.5 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps broad ascending squarish,

outer surface with dense group 58 and broad prominent group 58a,

inner surface with small or prominent group 51 that extends as group

65 sparingly toward midrib, small group 55, and short-haired sparse

group 63, medium group 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle

small calcarate; Hgule tapering broad-centered crescent or subarcuate,

4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in

terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane with broad-winged

more or less smooth buds; 4 or 5 rows of root primordia; diagnostic

hair groups55+—, 55a+-, 57+—, 58 + , 58a+, 63+-, 65+--;

broad ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 50 (181)) ; small calcarate inner

auricle; broad-centered subarcuate ligule.

CLONE N. C. 80

IMP. 906, Ace. 182

CULMS.—Dark red, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands;

internodes cylindric or shghtly bobbin-shaped, 8 cm. long and 26 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, olive-orange or light-purple flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 1 + 7, average width of long cells 10.6/x,

stomates absent; growth rings red, narrow, flush; root bands red,

tumescent, 6 and 5 mm. high with 2 rows of sparse primordia; buds

green with reddish tip, later red, 18X12 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll long ovate with crescent-
#

174 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

serrate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad

and prominently fringed, pubescence sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with medium group 57; blades 143

cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps narrow squarish

crescent, outer surface with short, dense group 58, inner surface with

marginal group 51 and dense semilong group 52, prominent midrib

groups 52a and 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle small

calcarate; Hgule orbicular crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 long, dorsal

pubescence prominent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane, with prominently

fringed, more or less smooth buds (fig. 26 (906)); 2 rows of root

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 52a+, 57 + ., 58 + , 61 +, 63 + ;

narrow squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 50 (182)); small calcarate inner

auricle; somewhat narrow orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE N. C. 81

IMP. 908, Ace. 183

CULMS.—Red and green striped, without bloom but prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long and 28 mm. across, long bud

furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 4 + 1, average width

of long cells 8.3M, stomates absent; growth rings light olive, narrow,

flush; root bands ivory, cylindric tumescent, 8 and 6 mm. high with

2 rows of sparse primordia; buds greenish rose, later red, 9X7 mm.,

inserted below scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll squarish, often

with prominent basal appendage and irregular crescent-serrate tip,

wing inserted at middle of prophyll, broad, often unilaterally fringed,

pubescence medium prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with narrow group 57; sheath base

appendaged with smafl group 64e; blades 163 cm. long and 6.9 cm.

broad, module 23; dewlaps large squarish crescent, outer surface with

sparse group 58, inner surface with sparse groups 51 and 52 and small

midrib groups 55 and 63; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner

auricle small calcarate; ligule arcuate, 4 mm. high, group 61 short,

dorsal pubescence sparse.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green-and-red striped cane with

small medium-hairy buds (fig. 25 (908)) ; 2 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 55 H—, 57+- 63H—, 64eH—; large squarish-crescent

dewlaps (fig. 50 (183)); small calcarate inner auricle; arcuate or

subarcuate ligule.

CLONE N. C. 83

IMP. 910, Ace. 184

CULMS.—Olive with red blush, light green when young, merging

bloom, and medium-broad wax bands; internodes slightly bobbinshaped, 14 cm. long and 25X27 mm. across, bud furrow medium

prominent, fiesh greenish, hard; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average

width of long cells 10.2fx, stomates absent; growth rings olive green,

medium broad, slightly tumescent; root bands olive, tumescent, 6 and

5 mm. high with 2 rows of sparse primordia; young buds green with

reddish tip 11X9 mm., prophyll pentagonal, wing inserted above
SUGARCANE 175

middle of prophyll, broad, basally fringed and hairy, pubescence

medium with prominent groups 1, 4, 13, 14.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with prominent group 57; blades

139 cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad, module 31; dewlaps squarish or

squarish crescent, outer surface with medium to dense group 58, inner

surface with small marginal group 51 and sparse groups 52 and 63;

outer auricle transitional, inner auricle falcate; Hgule deltoid crescent,

4 mm. high, group 61 long, dorsal pubescence adnate.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-colored cane, with small pentagonal medium-hairy buds (fig. 22(910)); narrow root bands with 2

rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57 + , 61 +, 63H— -;

squarish or squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 50 (184)); inner auricle

falcate; medium-tall deltoid-crescent ligule.

CLONE N. C. 90

IMP. 911, Ace. 185

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes cyhndric, concave on bud side and shouldered, 9

cm. long and 40 mm. across, bud furrow medium, flesh faintly green;

stem-epidermal pattern 1, average width of long cells 10¡JL, stomates

present; growth rings olive, medium broad, tumescent; root bands

olive, cylindric conoidal, 7 and 5 mm. high with 2 rows of primordia;

buds green with reddish wing, 13X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow, pubescence sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 39 cm. long with narrow group 57; sheath base

decurrent and appendaged with small group 64e; blades 151 cm. long

and 6.6 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps deltoid double crescent, outer

surface with medium group 58, inner surface with small group 51 and

dense group 52, sparse midrib group 63 inserted low; both auricles

transitional, outer auricle one subtended by a short group 56; ligule

shallow crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with nearly

smooth buds (fig. 24 (911)) ; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups

52 + , 56H , 57+-, 63H , 64e+ -; deltoid double-crescent

dewlaps (fig. 50 (185)); transitional auricles; shallow-crescent ligule;

decurrent and appendaged sheath base.

CLONE N. C. 91

IMP. 912, Ace. 186

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, with rose flush, discolored bloom, and

broad wax bands; nodes very prominent; internodes conoidal, 10 cm.

long and 29X32 mm. across, without bud furrow, soft light-purplish

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of long cells 11.9^,

stomates absent; growth ring green, narrow, depressed; root bands

green, tumescent, 6 and 5 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

buds green with reddish tip, 11X11 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll roundish with crescent or roundish tip,

wing inserted above middle of prophyll, broad with prominent basal

427472—58 12
176 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

fringe, pubescence sparse, with groups 1, 2, 16, and 19 somewhat

prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with prominent groups 57 and 60;

blades 150 cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps double

crescent or squarish crescent, outer surface with medium to sparse

group 58, inner surface with small group 51 and medium dense group

52, small midrib group 63; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner

auricle small calcarate; ligule broad-flanged subarcuate, 5 mm. high,

group 61 long, dorsal pubescence prominent but partly adnate.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with roundish slightly hairy buds (fig.-23 (912)); narrow root bands; diagnostic

hair groups 52 + ., 57 +, 60 +, 61 +, 63+ -; double-crescent or

squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 50 (186)) ; small calcarate inner auricle;

broad subarcuate ligule.

CLONE N. C. 92

IMP. 913, Ace. 187

CULMS.—Purple mottled with olive, heavy bloom and broad merging

wax bands; internodes bobbin-shaped conoidal, 11 cm. long and

32X34 mm. across, inconspicuous bud furrow, hard light brownishpurple flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3+4+2, average width of long

cells 9.4/x, stomates present; growth rings olive red, medium broad,

tumescent; root bands olive red, cylindric or tumescent-obconoidal,

10 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds red, 15X11

mm., inserted at scar and extending to or above growth ring; prophyll

ovate with truncate-notched tip, wing inserted above middle of

prophyll, medium broad and fringed, pubescence sparse with hair

groups 1, 4, 11, and 10 showing.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with medium groups 56 and 60;

sheath base decurrent with small group 64e; blades 138 cm. long and

5.6 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps large double-crescent deltoid, outer

surface with medium-sparse group 58, inner surface with small group

51, medium-dense group 52, and prominent semilong-haired or sometimes short-haired group 63; both auricles transitional; ligule thinflanged arcuate with small lozenge, 4 mm. high, hair group 61 long,

dorsal pubescence prominent but mostly adnate.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purple mottled with olive cane

with slightly hairy buds prominently fringed and with outstanding

groups 10 and 11; medium-tall root bands with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; decurrent sheath base; diagnostic hair groups 57 + ., 60+ -,

61 +, 63 + ., 64e+ -; large double-crescent-deltoid dewlaps (fig.

51 (187)); transitional auricles; thin-flanged arcuate ligule.

CLONE N. C. 93

IMP. 914, Ace. 188

CULMS.—Greenish yellow and green striped, with medium bloom

and broad merging wax bands; internodes somewhat bobbin-shaped,

15 cm. long and 32 mm. across, medium bud furrow, hard light-green

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+4 +3, average width of long cells

10.3M, stomates present; growth rings olive, narrow, flush; root bands

ivory, cylindric, 7 and 5 mm. high with 2 rows of sparse primordia;
SUGARCANE 177

buds reddish, 13X10 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring;

prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, medium broad and prominently fringed, pubescence more or

less prominent, hair groups 1, 2, 16, 11, 10, 18, and 4 outstandmg.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 34 cm. long with broad group 57; sheath

base sHghtly decurrent with sectorial group 59 and group 69; blades

138 cm. long and 6.4 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps all flaring deltoid

squarish, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with

broad group 51, dense semilong group 52 and prominent semilong

groups 63 and 52a; both auricles sloping transitional; hgule broadcentered subarcuate, 4 mm. high, hair group 61 very long, dorsal

pubescence prominent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with somewhat hairy

prominently fringed buds having very prominent groups 10 and 11

(fig. 22 (914)) ; narrow root bands with 2 rows of primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 +, 52a+, 57 +, 59+-, 61 +, 63 + , 69+; tall flaring

deltoid-squarish dewlaps (fig. 51 (188)); transitional auricles; broad

subarcuate ligule.

CLONE N. C. 94

IMP. 915, Ace. 189

CULMS.—Red, with heavy merging bloom and heavy wax bands;

internodes cylindric to bobbin-shaped, 9.5 cm. long and 30X31 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, hght reddish-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +7, average width of long cells 10.8M, stomates

absent; growth rings red, narrow, tumescent; root bands red, cyhndric,

7 and 6 mm. high with 2 rows of primordia; buds red, 14X11 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

medium basal appendage and round-pointed or truncate-notched tip,

wing inserted below middle of prophyU, médium broad and prominently fringed, prominent hair groups 1, 2, 16, 4, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheath 30 cm. long with medium group 57; blades 135

cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps squarish subcrescent,

outer surface with medium-dense group 58, inner surface with medium

group 51, dense semilong group 52; semilong-haired group 52a and

medium group 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle calcarate;

ligule broad-centered subarcuate 3.5 mm. high, group 61 long, dorsal

pubescence prominent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with prominently fringed

buds having more or less prominent basal pubescence; narrow root

bands with 2 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 52a+,

57 + ., 61 + , 63 + .; squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 51 (189));

inner auricle calcarate; medium-broad subarcuate ligule.

CLONE N. C. 99

IMP. 917, ACC. 190

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom and medium wax

bands; internodes cylindric or slightly bobbin-shaped, 11 cm. long and

38 mm. across, bud furrow medium, flesh soft, light green; stemepidermal pattern 2+4+3, average width of long cells 10.6M, stomates

absent; growth rings green, narrow, tumescent; root bands green,
178 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

tumescent, 9 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds

green, 12X8 rnm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll deltoid with narrow truncate tip, wing inserted below middle

of prophyll, medium broad and fringed, wing surface hairy, important

hair groups 1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheath 37 cm. long with prominent group 57; blades

150 cni. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps ascending squarish

or flaring ligulate, outer surface with prominent group 58 and small

marginal group 58a, inner surface with broad group 51 that extends as

group 65 single file to midrib, prominent group 52 and small group

63 ; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a long narrow ledge of

group 56, inner auricle transitional or small deltoid; ligule narrow

arcuate, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as an

inconspicuous group 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, having deltoid buds with fringed and hairy wings and prominent basal and tip

pubescence (fig. 26 (917)); diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55aH ,

56 + , 57+, 58 + , 63+ -, 65+; ascending-squarish or flaring-ligulate

dewlaps (fig. 51 (190)); small deltoid inner auricle; narrow arcuate

ligule.

CLONE N. C. 104

IMP. 919, Ace. 192

CuLMS.^—Greenish yellow, with irregular light-purple stripes, general bloom, and broad wax bands; internodes cylindric, concave on

bud side and shouldered, 9 cm. long and 34 mm. across, small bud

furrow, soft, reddish-brown flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average width of long cells 12.5M, stomates present; growth rings striped,

narrow, depressed; root bands striped, cylindric, 7 and 5 mm. high

with 2 rows of primordia; buds green with red wing, 12X9 mm.

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium,

broadening toward tip, pubescence sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with prominent group 57 and small

group 60; sheath base with sectorial group 59; blades 133 cm. long and

5.1 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps double-crescent deltoid, outer surface with medium group 58 and small group 58a, inner surface with

small group 51, medium-dense group 52, and sparse group 63; both

auricles transitional; ligule crescent deltoid, 3.5 mm. high, group 61

somewhat short, dorsal pubescence sparse.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane with medium-small,

more or less smooth buds (flg. 21 (919)); narrow root bands with 2

rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57 + , 59H—, 60H—, 63H ;

double-crescent-deltoid dewlaps (flg. 51 (192)); transitional auricles;

crescent-deltoid ligule.

CLONE N. C. 116

IMP. 907, Ace. 193

CULMS.—Brownish red, with heavy bloom and merging wax bands;

internodes cylindric, concave on bud side and shouldered, 12 cm. long

and 31 mm. across, bud furrow medium, flesh light green; stem-epidermal pattern 3 +7+4, average width of long cells 11.6¡JL, stomates
SUGARCANE 179

present; growth rings red, narrow, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric

tumescent, 8 and 7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds

red, 11X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth rmg;

prophyll ovate with crescent tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll,

broad and prominently fringed, pubescence sparse with groups 1, 2, 4,

10 evident, .

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long and 5.6 cm. broad with narrow group

57; sheath base with sectorial 59 and 69; blades 130 cm. long and 5.6

cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps very tall ascending squarish or rhomboid, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with marginal

group 51 and medium-prominent group 52; both auricles sloping

transitional, or inner auricle small calcarate; ligule crescent, 2 mm.

high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Brownish-red cane, with prominently fringed buds (fig. 27 (907)) ; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair

groups 52 + ., 57+-, 59 + , 69+-; very tall ascendmg-squarish or

rhomboid dewlaps (fig. 51 (193)); transitional auricles; narrow ligule.

CLONE N. C. 117

IMP. 909, Ace. 194

CULMS.—Bright green, with dusty-rose stripes, sparse bloom, corky

cracks, and medium wax bands; internodes obconoidal, 15 cm. long

and 37 mm. across, small bud furrow, hght-brown flesh to center;

stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3+4, average width of long cells 9M,

stomates present, growth rings striped, narrow, depressed; root bands

striped, tumescent conoidal, 9 and 8 mm. tall with 4 rows of crowded

primordia; buds red, 15X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with pointed tip, wmg inserted

below middle of prophyll, broad and sparingly fringed; general

pubescence sparse, most prominent hair group 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 34 cm. long with small group 57; sheath

base decurrent with group 69; blades 141 cm. long and 6.5 cm. broad,

module 22; dewlaps squarish subcrescent, outer surface with sparse

group 58, inner surface with marginal group 51 and sparse group 52;

both auricles transitional, subtended by a very short 56; inner auricle

small calcarate, ligule thin-flanged deltoid crescent, 5.5 mm. high,

group 61 short, dorsal pubescence sparse.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with slightly hairy

buds having prominent group 10 (fig. 21 (909)); 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56H , 57+-; squarish-subcrescent

dewlaps (fig. 51 (194)); inner auricle smafl calcarate; taU deltoidcrescent ligule.

CLONE N. C. 130

IMP. 916, Ace. 195

CuLMS.—Ked or mottled olive, with red flush, sparse bloom, and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 34X35

mm. across, inconspicuous bud furrow, orange or light reddish-brown

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of long cells 12.5M,

stomates not observed; growth rings red, narrow, tumescent; root

bands red, cyhndric tumescent, 7 and 6 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of
180 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

primordia; buds red, 11X10 mm,, inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate squarish with medium basal

appendage and broad tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

very broad at base, pubescence sparse, groups 1, 2, 19, 10, 24, 9

evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with prominent group 57; sheath base

slightly decurrent with a small sectorial group 59; blades 123 cm. long

and 4.5 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps flaring deltoid crescent, outer

surface with dense group 58, inner surface with medium-prominent

group 51 and sparse group 52; both auricles transitional, outer one

subtended by a medium group 56; ligule thin-flanged crescent, 4 mm.

high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in terminal flange

zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with broad-winged

slightly hairy buds having hair groups 24 and 9; narrow root bands;

diagnostic hair groups 55a+, 56 + ., 57 +, 58 +, 59H ; flaring deltoidcrescent dewlaps (fig. 51 (195)); transitional auricles; thin-flanged

crescent ligule.

HAWAIIAN GROUP

HAWAIIAN ORIGINAL 6

IMP. 825, Ace. 196

CULMS.—Brick red, with sparse bloom and medium-narrow wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 38 mm. across, bud furrow

prominent, flesh orange, soft; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4+3, average

width of long cells 8.7Aí, stomates absent; growth rings ivory green,

flush or tumescent, narrow; root bands red, constricted obconoidal,

7 and 6 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds reddish, 16X12

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

deltoid with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

medium broad, pubescence somewhat prominent, outstanding hair

groups 1, 2, 10, 11, 16, 19, 24.

LEAVES.—Sheath 33 cm. long and smooth, with narrow group 57;

sheath base decurrent with sectorial 59; blades 121 cm. long and 5 cm.

broad, module 24; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with

sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51, sparse groups 52

and 63; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a short group 56,

inner auricle small calcarate and inserted very low; ligule crescentiform, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Brick-red cane with large deltoid

medium-hairy buds (fig. 31 (825)); medium root bands; diagnostic

hair groups 56-| , 57H , 59 +, 63H , 64e+-; ascendingligulate dewlaps'(fig. 51 (196)); small calcarate inner auricle; narrow

crescent ligule.

HAWAIIAN ORIGINAL 24

IMP. 827, Ace. 197

CULMS.—Green, with sparse bloom and medium-constricted wax

band; internodes cylindric, 11 cm. long and 37 mm. across, prominent

bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 4 +6 + 3, average
SUGARCANE 181

width of long cells 9.4^, stomates present; growth rings green, broad,

tumescent; root bands green, slightly obconoidal, 10 and 8 mm. high

with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green with red wings, 15X11 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate

with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

narrow, emarginate, pubescence most prominent at base, outstanding

hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19, 10, 24.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm. long and smooth; sheath base with small

64; blades 128 cm. long and 5.3 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps

ascending ligulate, outer surface with sparse 58 and marginal 58a,

inner surface with a very narrow 51 and sparse 52 and 63 ; outer auricle

transitional, subtended by a medium-long 56, inner auricle small

calcarate; ligule narrow crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence as small 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green cane, with large ovate

medium-hairy buds with prominent groups 1, 2, 16, 19, 10; more or

less tall root bands with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic groups

55aH , 56 + ., 58aH , 63H ; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 51

(197)); calcarate inner auricle; narrow crescent ligule.

HAWAIIAN ORIGINAL 26

IMP. 828, Ace. 198

CULMS.—Striped pale red and green becoming uniformly bronze?

with sparse bloom and medium wax bands; internodes cylindric, 10

cm. long and 35 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft orange flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 2 + 3 +5, average width of long cells IOJLI,

stomates absent; growth rings striped, narrow^, tumescent; root bands

red, constricted, 7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds

greenish red, 13X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll ovate deltoid with prominent basal appendage

and round-pointed or truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, medium wide, fringed at base; pubescence medium prominent with entire posterior side more or less hairy, prominent anterior

hair groups 1, 2, 16, 11, 24.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long and smooth; sheath base decurrent

with group 64e and short-haired narrow 59; blades 115 cm. long and

7.4 cm. broad, module 15; dewlaps slightly ascending ligulate, outer

surface with sparse 58, inner surface with small 51, sparse 52, and

small 63; both auricles transitional, outer one subtended by a long 56;

ligule thin-flanged crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal

pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Bronze-green cane with mediumhairy ovate-deltoid buds (fig. 33 (828)) ; narrow root bands; diagnostic

groups 56 +, 59H—, 63 -j—-, 64+ -;slightly ascending ligulate dewlaps

(fig. 51 (198)); transitional auricles; thin-flanged and tall-centered

ligule.

HAWAIIAN ORIGINAL 36

IMP. 831, Ace. 199

CULMS.—Reddish rose becoming red, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 11 cm. long and 36 mm. across,

prominent bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4,
182 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, V. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

average width of long cells 8.6/x, stomates absent; growth rings red,

medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, constricted, 7 mm. high

with 3 rows of primordia; buds reddish, 13X12 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate deltoid with roundpointed tip, wing, inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad

and fringed, medium hairy, prominent groups 1, 2, 10, 11, 16, 19, 24.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long and smooth; sheath base decurrent

with small 64e and sectorial 59 ; blades 106 cm. long and 6.5 cm. broad,

module 16; dewlaps steeply ascending ligulate, outer surface with

sparse 58, inner surface with small 51, and sparse 52 and 63; both

auricles sloping transitional, or inner auricle small calcarate, outer

auricle subtended by a medium-long 56; ligule thin-flanged and tallcentered crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short or absent, dorsal

pubescence as sparse 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with medium-hairy buds

(fig. 31 (831)) ; narrow root bands; diagnostic groups 55aH ,56 + ,

59 + , 63+ —, 64e+ -; steeply ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 51 (199)) ;

inner auricle transitional or small calcarate, thin-flanged medium-tall

ligule.

HAWAIIAN ORIGINAL 38

IMP. 832, Ace. 200

CULMS.—Purple to red, with sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric or slightly tumescent, 12 cm. long and

36 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 4+2+3, average width of long cells 9^, stomates

present; growth rings red, narrow, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric-constricted, 8 and 7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

buds green with red wing, 15X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with low basal appendage and

round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium

broad, auriculate, medium hairy, prominent groups include 1, 2, 16,

19, 10, 11, 24.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long and smooth; sheath base decurrent

with sectorial 59; blades 145 cm. long and 7.3 cm. broad, module 20;

dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with sparse 58, inner surface

with sparse 51 and 52; outer auricle transitional with a short 56, inner

auricle small calcarate inserted very low; ligule narrow crescent, 3 mm.

high, group 61 ver}^ short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purplish-red cane, with mediumhairy buds and medium-broad root bands; diagnostic groups 56H—;

59-1—; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 51 (200)); small calcarate

inner auricle; narrow crescent ligule.

HAWAIIAN ORIGINAL 39

IMP. 833, Ace. 201

CULMS.—Reddish brown, with sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 39 mm. across, prominent

bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2 + 5, average

width of long cells 10.2^1, stomates not observed; growth rings red,

medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric-constricted, 8
SUGARCANE 183

mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green with reddish

wings, 10X8 (15X11) mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent basal appendage and

round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium

broad, pubescence medium prominent with groups 1, 10, 11, 16, 19,

and 24 more or less outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths slightly purplish, 34 cm. long and smooth or

with very sparse 57; blades 135 cm. long and 5.3 cm. broad, module

25; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with sparse 58, inner

surface with small 51, and sparse 52; both auricles sloping transitional,

outer one subtended by a long 56, inner auricle with deltoid hook

inserted very low; ligule thin-flanged orbicular crescent, 3 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Reddish-brown cane, with mediumhairy buds and 3 or 4 rows of root primordia (fig. 32 (833)) ; diagnostic

groups 55aH , 56 + , 57H , 63H ; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 51 (201)); transitional auricles; narrow crescent ligule.

HAWAIIAN ORIGINAL 41

IMP. 835, Ace. 202

CULMS.—Red, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 34 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3 +5, average

width of long cells 10.8^, stomates absent; growth rings red, medium

broad, tumescent; root bands red, constricted, 7 mm. high with 3

rows of semicrowded primordia; buds red, 17X12 mm., inserted at

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate deltoid with

medium basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted below middle

of prophyll, medium broad and fringed at base, medium hairy with

principal pubescence at base and tip region; prominent hair groups

include 1, 2, 16, 10, 19, 24.

LEAVES.—Sheaths reddish, 32 cm. long with sparse 57; sheath base

decurrent with 64e; blades 110 cm. long and 7.5 cm. broad, module 15;

dewlaps squarish deltoid, outer surface with sparse 58, inner surface

with small 51 and sparse 52; outer auricle sloping transitional subtended by a short 56, inner one transitional with deltoid hook inserted

low; ligule thin-flanged crescent with shallow lozenge, 3 mm. high,

group 61 short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red thick-jointed cane, with ovatedeltoid somewhat hairy buds and narrow root bands with 3 rows of

primordia (fig. 31 (835)); diagnostic groups 56H , 57H , 64e+;

squarish-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 52 (202)); transitional auricles; thinflanged narrow ligule.

HAWAIIAN ORIGINAL 43

IMP. 836, Ace. 203

CULMS.—-Purplish red fading to brown, with sparse bloom and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly tumescent, 9

cm. long and 37X39 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft orange

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3 + 5^ average width of long cells ll/z,
184 AGB. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

stomates absent; growth rings red, medium broad, tumescent; root

bands red, constricted, 6 mm. high with 2 rows of semicrowded

primordia; buds green with red wings, 17X13 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll long ovate deltoid with

round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium

broad, auriculate, medium hairy with outstanding groups 1, 2, 10,

11, 16, 19, 24.

LEAVES.—Sheaths purphsh, 29 cm. long and smooth or with sparse

57; sheath base somewhat decurrent with 64e and sectorial 59;

blades 115 cm. long and 7.3 cm. broad, module 16; dewlaps ascending

ligulate, outer surface with sparse 58, inner surface with small 51

and sparse 52 ; both auricles sloping transitional, outer one subtended

by a medium-long 56; ligule thin-flanged crescent with shallow

lozenge, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Ked-to-brown colored, thick-jointed

cane with large medium-hairy buds (fig. 32 (836)) ; narrow root bands

with 2 rows of primordia; diagnostic groups 55aH , 56 +., 57H ,

59+ --, 64e+ -; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 52 (203)) ; transitional

auricles; thin-flanged narrow crescent ligule with shallow lozenge.

HAWAIIAN ORIGINAL 52

IMP. 838, Ace. 204

CULMS.—Olive green, with sparse bloom and narrow wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 35 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow, soft orange flesh, stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width

of long cells 12.5yu, stomates absent; growth rings olive, medium

broad, slightly tumescent; root bands greenish, cylindric-constricted,

7 and 6 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds greenish with red

wings, 14X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll ovate deltoid with round-pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, broad and fringed, pubescence more or

less prominent with groups 1, 2, 10, 16, 19, 24 outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with sparse 57; sheath base with

64e; blades 135 cm. long and 5.9 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps

ascending hgulate or double crescent, outer surface with sparse 58,

inner surface with small 51 and sparse 52; outer auricle transitional,

subtended by a short 56, inner auricle calcarate; ligule thin-flanged

shallow crescent with oval lozenge, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-green cane, with more or

less hairy buds and narrow root bands (fig. 32 (838)); diagnostic

groups 56-i ,57H , 64e+-; ascending ligulate or doublecrescent dewlaps (fig. 52 (204)) ; calcarate inner auricle ; narrow crescent

ligule with shallow lozenge.

HAWAIIAN ORIGINAL 71

IMP. 842, Acc\ 205

CULMS.—Green and yellow striped, becoming red and green striped,

with inconspicuous bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes

cylindriC; 13 cm. long and 38 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft
SUGARCANE 185

orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3+4, average width of long cells

10.8M, stomates absent; growth rings striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands striped, constricted obconoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high

with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green with reddish wings, 20X14

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

deltoid ovate with medium basal appendage and round-pointed tip,

wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, principal

pubescence at base tip and juncture, prominent hair groups 1, 2, 10,

11, 16, 19, 24.

L.R^AVfíS.—Sheaths striped, 32 cm. long and smooth; sheath base

decurrent Avith short-haired 59; blades 135 cm. long and 4.6 cm. broad,

module 29; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with sparse 58,

inner surface with small 51, sparse 52, and small 63; outer auricle

transitional, subtended by a short 56, inner auricle calcarate; ligule

narrow crescent with shallow lozenge, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence as sparse 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped thick-jointed cane, with

large medium-hairy buds and narrow root bands (fig. 30 (842)); diagnostic groups 55a + - -, 56 H ,59+ -, 63+ , 64e+ -; ascending

ligulate dewlaps (fig. 52 (205)); calcarate inner auricles, narrow

crescent ligule.

CLONE AKILOLO 20

IMP. 727, Ace. 206

CULMS.—Green and red striped becoming yellow and red striped,

with sparse bloom and medium wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9

cm. long and 34 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft orange flesh ;

stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3+4, average width of long cells ll^t,

stomates absent; growth rings striped, narrow, tumescent; root bands

striped, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

buds green, 13X8 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll narrow ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, medium broad, medium hairy with prominent groups 1, 2, 4, 16, 11, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long and smooth; blades 125 cm. long

and 5.7 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps more or less flaring ascending

ligulate, outer surface with sparse 58 and marginal 58a, inner surface

with small 51 and sparse 52 and inconspicuous 63 ; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a short 56, inner auricle small calcarate and

fringed; ligule thin-flanged crescent with small deltoid lozenge, 3 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with medium-hairy

buds; narrow root bands; diagnostic groups 56+--, 63H ;

slightly flaring ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 52 (206)); small calcarate inner auricle; narrow crescent ligule with small lozenge.

CLONE AKOKI 22

IMP. 826, Ace. 207

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, with dark-red stripes, very sparse bloom,

and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly obconoidal,

13 cm. long and 41X42 mm. across, bud furrow prominent, light-
186 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

brown flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 4 +3, many cork cells long and

pointed, average width of long cells 9.7/x, stomates absent; growth

rings green, medium broad, tumescent; root bands reddish, cylindricconstricted, 8 and 7 mm. high with 2 or 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

buds green with ohve wing region, later reddish, 15X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

truncate and notched tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

medium broad and somewhat hairy, with groups 1, 16, 10, 11, and 19

more or less prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long and smooth, sheath base with 64e;

blades 125 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 21; dewlaps shallow

crescent or ascending ligulate, outer surface with sparse group 58,

inner surface with narrow 51 that may extend as group 65 single file

toward midrib, sparse groups 63 and 52 ; both auricles transitional;ligule

very narrow, 2 mm. high, shallow crescent, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Prominently striped cane with deep

bud furrow, large slightly hairy buds, and smooth sheaths; diagnostic

hair groups 63+ , 64e+ -, 65H ; shallow crescent or ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 52 (207)); transitional auricles; very narrow

crescentiform ligule.

CLONE AWELA 68

IMP. 728, Ace. 208

CULMS.—Green and yellow striped becoming green and pink striped,

with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric,

9 cm. long and 33 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft orange flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6, average width of long cells 12.5/i,

stomates absent; growth rings striped, medium broad, tumescent;

root bands greenish, constricted, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows

of crowded primordia; buds green with olive wing, 14X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

round-pointed or truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

medium broad and fringed, pubescence prominent at base, tip, and

juncture, principal hair gioups 1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 16, 19, 24.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 33 cm. long with medium-sparse 57;

blades 137 cm. long and 5.2 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps ascending

narrow ligulate, outer surface with somewhat dense 58 and marginal

58a, inner surface with medium 51 and very sparse 52; both auricles

transitional, outer one with group 56; ligule thin-flanged crescent, 3

mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Striped cane with medium-hairy

buds; 3 or 4 rows of crowded root primordia; diagnostic groups

56+ --, 57H—; ascending narrow ligulate dewlaps (fig. 52 (208) );

transitional auricles; thin-flanged crescent ligule.

CLONE HALALII 32

IMP. 729, Ace. 209

CULMS.—Reddish yellow and green striped, with very sparse bloom

and narrow prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, somewhat

concave and shouldered, 10 cm. long and 39 mm. across, prominent
SUGARCANE 187

bud furrow, soft light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6, average width of long cells S.Gju, stomates absent; growth rings striped,

narrow, flush; root bands striped, cylindric conoidal, 10 nîm. high

with 4 or 5 rows of crowded primordia; buds green, 14X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; propbyll ovate with

prominent basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, broad at base, principal pubescence at base,

juncture, and tip, outstanding groups 1, 2, 16, 11, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with narrow group 57; blades 133

cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps ascending squarish

or ligulate, outer surface with sparse 58 and 58a, inner surface with

small 51 and sparse 52; both auricles transitional; ligale thin-flanged

deltoid crescent with tall lozenge, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with medium-hairy

buds and 4 or 5 rows of crowded primordia ; diagnostic group 57+ ;

ascending squarish or ligulate dewlaps (fig. 52 (209) ) ; transitional

auricles; tall deltoid-crescent ligule,

CLONE HINAHINA 18

IMP. 730, Ace. 210

CULMS.—Bronze green overcast with gray, moderate bloom, and

medium wax bands; internodes cylindric and slightly shouldered, 9

cm. long and 36 mm. across, bud furrow lacking, soft orange flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 3 +6, average width of long cells 12.5M,

stomates absent; growth rings olive, narrow, tumescent; root bands

ivory, cylindric obconoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 3 or 4 rows of

small crowded primordia; buds green with olive wing, 16X11 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll broad

ovate with prominent basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, broad, fringed and hairy, general

pubescence more or less prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long with prominent groups 57 and 60;

blades 142 cm. long and 5.2 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps squarish

crescent, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with narrow

group 51 that may extend as group 65 single file toward midrib, sparse

52 and 55, and somewhat prominent group 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle small calcarate and basally fringed; ligule tall

crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as

small 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green cane, with broad-ovate medium-hairy buds; diagnostic groups 55+ -, 55a+ -, 57 + , 60+, 63 + .,

65+ - -; squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 52 (210) ) ; tall crescent ligule;

small calcarate inner auricle.

CLONE ILIOPUA 29

IMP. 829, Ace. 212

CULMS.—Yellowish green overcast with gray, sparse bloom, and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 9 cm. long

and 27 mm. across, medium bud furrow, olive-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of long cells 12.5JLI, stomates absent;
188 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

growth rings olive green, narrow, tumescent; root bands green, cylindnc-constricted, 9 and 8 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia;

buds green with reddish wing, 14X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed or

truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad,

hairy and fringed, pubescence medium but posterior side very hairy!

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long and smooth; sheath base slightly decurrent; blades 140 cm. long and 6.2 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps

ascending ligulate or narrow squarish, outer surface with prominent

group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner surface with small group 51

and medium group 52, small groups 63 and 55; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle small calcarate; ligule orbicular crescent, 3.5 mm.

high, hair group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange

zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with more or

less hairy buds; medium root bands with 3 or 4 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 55 H , 58 + , 63 H ; ascending ligulate or

narrow squarish dewlaps (fig. 52 (212) ); calcarate inner auricle;

orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE KEA 31

IMP. 731, Ace. 213

CULMS.—Brownish yellow, with sparse bloom and medium wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long and 36X37 mm. across, bud

furrow prominent, flesh light orange; stem-epidermal pattern 4 +3,

average width of long cefls lO^t, stomates present; growth rings light

olive, narrow, tumescent; root bands reddish ivory, constricted, 7 and

6 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds greenish, 15X11 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyfl, medium broad

and fringed, general pubescence somewhat sparse except for prominent group 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with prominent short-haired group

57; sheath base slightly decurrent; blades 130 cm. long and 7 cm.

broad, module 19; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with

sparse 58, inner surface with narrow group 51, sparse 52, and mediumprominent group 63; outer auricle sloping transitional, occasionally

subtended by a short 56, inner auricle short lanceolate; ligule subarcuate, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as inconspicuous group 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Thick brownish-yellow cane, with

prominent bud furrow, constricted root bands, and large slightly hairy

buds with prominent hair group 10; diagnostic hair groups 55aH ,

56H , 57 +, 63 + .; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 52 (213)); short

lanceolate inner auricle; narrow subarcuate ligule.

CLONE KEA 31

IMP. 830, Ace. 213A

CULMS.—^Greenish yellow, with sparse bloom and heavy wax bands;

internodes cyhndric and somewhat shouldered, 10 cm. long and 36 mm.

across, bud furrow inconspicuous, flesh white or old ivory; stem-
SUGARCANE 189

epidermal pattern 2, average width of long cells 9.7/x, stomates present;

growth rings olive green, narrow, flush; root bands green, cylindricconstricted, 9 and 7 mm. high with 4 rows of small, dense primordia;

buds green, 15X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll ovate with medium basal appendage and round-pointed

tip, wing inserted at or below middle of prophyll, medium broad and

fringed, general pubescence prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 26 cm. long with prominent group 57 and small

60 on underlying side; sheath base slightly decurrent with small sectorial 59; blades 140 cm. long and 6.2 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps

slightly ascending broad squarish, outer surface with medium sparse

58, inner surface with narrow 51 and somewhat prominent 52, shorthaired midrib group 63; outer auricle ascending-transitional, inner

auricle lanceolate or calcarate and basally fringed; ligule broad crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as small 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Thick greenish-yellow cane, with

inconspicuous bud furrow; large hairy buds; 4 rows of small crowded

primordia; diagnostic groups 55aH , 57 + , 59H , 60H—,63 + .;

slightly ascending broad-squarish dewlaps; lanceolate inner auricle;

broad crescent ligule.

CLONE LAHI 7

IMP. 733, Ace. 214

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, with sparse bloom and medium wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 11 cm. long and 36 mm. across, small

bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average

width of long cells 9.6ju, stomates absent; growth rings olive, medium

high, tumescent; root bands ivory, cylindric-constricted, 9 and 8 mm.

high with 4 rows of crowded primordia ; buds green with olive wings,

16X11 mm. inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

ovate with truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

medium broad, pubescence prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with narrow group 57; sheath base

with small 59; blades 140 cm. long and 6.8 cm. broad, module 20;

dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with medium 58 with hairs

becoming semilong in marginal zone, inner surface with medium 51,

52, small 52a, and 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle large

calcarate and not fringed; ligule narrow crescent, 2.5 mm. high, group

61 very short, dorsal pubescence as small 55a and in terminal flange

zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with hairy

buds; 4 or 5 rows of root primordia; diagnostic groups 55a+ ,

57_| ^ 59_|_ „^ 53_^ . ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 53 (214));

calcarate inner auricle; narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE LAUKONA 15

IMP. 735, Ace. 215

CULMS.—Pink and green striped, becoming green and yellow striped,

with rosy blush, sparse bloom, and prominent wax bands; internodes

cylindric, 10 cm. long and 34X37 mm. across, small bud furrow, soft

prange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of long cells
190 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, V. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

lOAjjL, stomates absent; growth rings striped, narrow, tumescent; root

bands striped, cylindric-constricted, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4

rows of crowded primordia; buds green with oHve wings, 13X10 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

prominent basal appendage and truncate tip, wing inserted below

middle of prophyll, broad, fringed and hairy, pubescence general and

more or less prominent, outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 4, 13, 16, 10, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 31 cm. long with medium group 57;

blades striped, 128 cm. long and 7.2 cm. broad, module 18; dewlaps

ascending ligulate, outer surface with prominent semilong group 58

and marginal group 58a, inner surface with a small group 51 and

medium group 52, small groups 55 and 63; outer auricle transitional,

inner auricle calcarate and partly fringed; ligule narrow orbicular

crescent, 3.5 mm. high, hair group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

as small 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Pink-and-green striped cane, with

medium hairy to hairy buds having a distinct prominent basal appendage and truncate tip; 3 or 4 rows of crowded root primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 55 H , 55aH , 57 + ., 58 + , 63-] ; ascending

ligulate dewlaps (fig. 53 (215)): calcarate inner auricles; narrow

orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE LEHU 75

IMP. 736, Ace. 216

CuLMs.-^Olive, with irregular dark-gray blotches, sparse bloom,

and medium wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, hairy,

12 cm. long and 35 mm. across, small bud furrow, soft grayish-green

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of long cells 10.6^*,

stomates absent; growth rings green, narrow, tumescent; root bands

olive, cylindric obconoidal, 8 mm. high with 4 rows of primordia;

buds olive with red wings, 15X14 mm., inserted below scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll broad deltoid with roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad,

more or less prominent basal pubescence, outstanding hair groups 9

and 24.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 37 cm. long with small group 57 and prominent

group 60 ; sheath base with very prominent groups 59 and 69 ; blades

157 cm. long and 4.4 cm. broad, module 36; dewlaps squarish deltoid,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with prominent

group 51 and sparse group 52; both auricles transitional; ligule

narrow subarcuate, 2.5 mm. high, hair group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Hairy stems; diagnostic hair groups

57+ -, 59+; squarish-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 53 (216)); transitional

auricles; narrow arcuate or subarcuate ligule.

CLONE MAIKOIKO 73

IMP. 822, Ace. 217

CULMS.—Purple becoming black, with sparse bloom and prominent

wax bands; internodes bobbin-shaped to obconoidal, 10 cm. long and

33 mm. across, small bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal
SUGARCANE 191

pattern 1, average width of long cells ll.S/x, stomates absent; growth

rings red, narrow, slightly tumescent; root bands red, tumescentconstricted, 6 mm. high with 1 or 2 rows of sparse primordia; buds

red 12X10 mm., inserted below scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll short ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, narrow, pubescence general and more or

less prominent, outstanding hair groups 1, 2., 16, 4, 11, 10, 19, 18.

LEAVES.—Sheaths pink, 37 cm. long with medium group 57;

sheath base with 59 and 69; blades 139 cm. long and 4 cm. broad,

module 35; dewlaps ascending flaring ligulate, outer surface with

medium group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51 which

extends sparingly as group 65 in narrow file toward midrib, sparse

group 52; both auricles transitional; ligule narrow arcuate or subarcuate, 2.5 mm. high, hair group 61 short, dorsal pubescence as

groups 65a and 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHABACTERS.—Black cane, with more or less

hairy buds; narrow root bands with 1 or 2 rows of sparse primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 55a+, 57 + ., 59 +, 65H , 65aH , 69+ ;

ascending flaring ligulate dewlaps (fig.53 (217)) ; transitional auricles;

narrow arcuate or subarcuate ligule.

CLONE MAIKOIKO 74

IMP. 738, Ace. 218

CULMS.—Pink with red stripes, becoming brownish yellow with

purple stripes, sparse bloom and narrow wax bands; internodes

cylindric, 10 cm. long and 33 mm. across, medium to prominent bud

furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1, average width of

long cells 12.5/z, stomates absent; growth rings striped, narrow,

tumescent; root bands striped, cylindric obconoidal, 5 mm. high with

1 or 2 rows of sparse primordia; buds red, 14X11 mm., inserted at

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with medium

prominent basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, medium broad, notched at base, pubescence

more or less prominent especially at base and tip, outstanding hair

groups 1, 2, 4, 16, 11, 10, 18, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths pink, 34 cm. long with broad group 57; sheath

base with 69 and sectorial 59; blades 133 cm. long and 3.5 cm. broad,

module 38; dewlaps slightly flaring ligulate, outer surface with

medium group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51 that extends

as 65 single file toward midrib, sparse groups 52 and 55; both auricles

transitional, or inner one calcarate; ligule narrow arcuate, 2.5 mm.

high, hair group 61 short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with medium-hairy

buds; narrow root bands with 1 or 2 rows of primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 55 H , 55aH , 57 +, 59 +, 65+ -, 65a H ; slightly

flaring ligulate dewlaps (fig. 53 (218)); transitional or calcarate

inner auricle; narrow crescent ligule.

427472—58 13
192 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

CLONE MANULELE 27

IMP. 744, Ace. 219

CULMS.—Reddish brown, with purple stripes, sparse bloom, and

heavy narrow wax bands; internodes cylindric concave, 7.5 cm. long

and 31 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stemepidermal pattern 1 +3, average width of long cells 11.6M, stomates

absent; growth rings striped, narrow, tumescent; root bands striped,

cylindric obconoidal, 8 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds

green with olive wings, 14X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad and fringed,

pubescence general and more or less prominent, hair groups 1, 2, 4,

10, 11, 19 outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths reddish with light stripes, 33 cm. long and

smooth; sheath base decurrent with 59; blades 124 cm. long and 5.6

cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps steeply ascending flaring ligulate,

outer surface with sparse group 5S and marginal group 58a, inner

surface with small group 51 and sparse groups 52 and 63; both auricles

transitional, outer one subtended by a long 56 ; ligule shallow crescent,

3.5 mm. high, hair group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with medium-hairy

or hairy buds; 3 or 4 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair groups

55a+ , 56 + , 59+ -, 63+ -; steeply ascending flaring ligulate

dewflaps (fig. 53 (219)); transitional auricles; narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE MIKIOI 44

IMP. 745, Ace. 220

CULMS.—Olive becoming brownish red, with very sparse bloom and

narrow prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric and slightly concave, 12 cm. long and 39 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft

orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long cells

11.3^1, stomates absent; growth rings red, narrow, tumescent; root

bands red, constricted, 7 mm. high with 3 or 3 or 4 rows of primordia;

buds reddish, 17X12 mm,, inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, more or less narrow, pubescence medium

prominent, outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 16, 10, 11, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with medium 57; blades 127 cm.

long and 5.7 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps ligulate, outer surface

with sparse group 58 and small marginal group 58a, inner surface with

small group 51 and sparse groups 52 and 63; outer auricle transitional,

inner auricle transitional or small calcarate; ligule narrow crescent, 2.5

mm. high, hair group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Browish-red cane, with large raedium-hairy buds; narrow root bands with 3 or 4 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 57 +., 63H ; transitional or small calcarate

inner auricle; ligulate dewlaps (fig. 53 (220)); narrow orbicular crescent ligule.
SUGARCANE 193

CLONE MOANO 48

IMP. 837, Ace. 221

CULMS.—Purple, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long and 33 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3, average width

of long cells 15.6M, stomates absent; growth rings red, narrow, flush;

root bands cylindric obconoidal, red, 8 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of

sparse primordia; buds reddish, 20X13 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll arrowhead-shaped, with

prominent basal appendage and small truncate or pointed tip, wing

inserted low, broad, prominently auriculate, pubescence very sparse,

hair groups 1, 10 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths purplish, 34 cm. long with narrow group 57;

sheath base slightly decurrent; blades 130 cm. long and 7.2 cm. broad,

module 18; dewlaps squarish or squarish deltoid, outer surface with

sparse groups 58 and 58a, inner surface with small group 51 and sparse

group 52; both auricles small deltoid and fringed; ligule broadcrescent or subarcuate, 5 mm. high, hair group 61 long, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purple-colored cane with large

smooth buds; medium-broad root bands with 2 or 3 rows of sparse

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57H , 61 + ; squarish or squarishdeltoid dewlaps (fig. 53 (221)); small deltoid auricles; broad-centered

crescent or subarcuate ligule.

CLONE NANAHU 40

IMP. 834, Ace. 222

CULMS.—Dark vinaceous red, with sparse bloom and prominent

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long and 35 mm. across,

prominent bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

2 + 5+4, average width of long cells 10.8/x, stomates absent; growth

rings red, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, constricted, 7

mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green with red wings,

15X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll elongate deltoid with prominent basal appendage and truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad to medium

broad and fringed, pubescence medium prominent, hair groups 4 and

10 outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths with red stripes, 32 cm. long and smooth;

sheath base with groups 59 and 64e; blades 129 cm. long and 5.3 cm.

broad, module 24; dewlaps ascending ligulate or double crescent, outer

surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51 and

sparse groups 52 and 63; outer auricle transitional, subtended by a

short 56; inner auricle small calcarate; ligule thin-flanged crescent, 3.5

mm. high, hair group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with medium-hairy

buds; narrow root bands and 3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 55aH , 56+ -, 59+ -, 63H , 64e+ -; ascending ligulate or

double-crescent dewlaps (fig. 53 (222)); inner auricle small calcarate;

thin-flanged crescent ligule.
194 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

CLONE OHIA 1

IMP. 823, Ace. 223

CULMS.—Olive green, with maroon stripes, sparse bloom, and medium-broad wax bands; internodes cylindric and slightly concave, 12

cm. long and 40X43 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft orange

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3, average width of long cells 10.2/x,

stomates absent; growth rings striped, medium broad, tumescent;

root bands striped, constricted-obconoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3

or 4 rows of crowded primordia; buds green with olive wings, later

red, 16X14 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll long ovate with pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, broad and fringed, pubescence general and medium prominent, hair groups 2, 16, 10, 11, 19 outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 31 cm. long with prominent 57; sheath

base with small 59; blades 134 cm. long and 5.7 cm. broad, module

23; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with sparse groups 58

and 58a, inner surface with small group 51, sparse group 52, and inconspicuous group 63; both auricles transitional; ligule narrow deltoid

crescent, 3 mm. high, hair group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with medium-hairy

buds; medium-broad root bands with 3 or 4 rows of crowded primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57 +, 59 H , 63+ ; ascending

ligulate dewlaps (fig. 53 (223)); transitional auricles; narrow crescentdeltoid ligule,

CLONE OPUKEA 34

IMP. 747, Ace. 224

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, with sparse bloom and broad wax bands;

internodes cylindric, concave and shouldered, 10 cm. long and 41X44

mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft ivory flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 1, average width of long cells 10.8/x, stomates absent; growth

rings green, medium broad, flush; root bands green, cylindric-constricted, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia;

buds green with olive wings, 17X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent basal

appendage and truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

broad, general pubescence prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths purplish, 32 cm. long with medium or small

group 57; blades 150 cm. long and 5.4 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps

ascending flaring ligulate, outer surface with dense group 58, inner

surface with prominent group 51 that extends as group 65 single file

toward midrib, dense group 52, and small group 63; outer auricle

transitional, subtended by a short 56, inner auricle small calcarate;

ligule narrow subarcuate, 2.5 mm. high, hair group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence as sparse 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with hairy

buds; medium-broad root bands with 3 or 4 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 56H—, 57 + ., 58 + , 63H , 65H—,

65aH—, ascending flaring-ligulate dewlaps (fig. 53 (224)) ; calcarate

inner auricle; narrow subarcuate ligule.
SUGARCANE 195

CLONE PAKAWELI 2

IMP. 824, Ace. 225

CULMS.—Brilliant green and red striped, with sparse bloom and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9.5 cm. long and 38 mm.

across, bud furrow small, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

4 +3, many cork cells long and pointed, average width of long cells

8.3M, stomates absent; growth rings striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands striped, deeply constricted or obconoidal, \S and 7

mm. high with 3 or 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green with olive

wings, later reddish, 14X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted

near middle of prophyll, medium broad and heavily fringed, general

pubescence somewhat sparse on both surfaces, with groups 1, 2, 4, 10,

11, 16, and 19 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths green with purple stripes, 31 cm. long, narrow

group 57 ; sheath base slightly decurrent with very small sectorial 59 ;

blades 121 cm. long and 6.3 cm. broad, module 19; dewlaps ascending

flaring ligulate, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with

narrow group 51, sparse 52, and medium 63 and 55; both auricles

transitional, outer one may be subtended hy a short 56 ; ligule orbicular crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence as short

55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Brilliantly striped cane, with large

somewhat hairy, prominently fringed buds; diagnostic hair groups

55 + ., 55a+ -, 56H , 57+ -, 59H , 63 + .; ascending flaringligulate dewlaps (fig. 53 (225)); medium-broad crescent ligóle; transitional auricles.

CLONE PILIMAI 60

IMP. 839, Ace. 226

CULMS.—Olive yellow, with red sunscald patches, sparse bloom, and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long and 34 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 2 +3+4, average width of long cells lOju, stomates absent;

growth rings green, medium broad, tumescent; root bands green, constricted, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of crowded primordia;

buds green with reddish wing, 15X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent basal

appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, medium broad and fringed, pubescence medium prominent,

with hair groups 1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 19 outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long and smooth; sheath base with small

59; blades 127 cm. long and 5.6 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps

ascending ligulate, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface

with small group 51 and sparse group 63; both auricles transitional,

outer one subtended by a medium 56; ligule thin-flanged subarcuate,

3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange

zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-yellow cane, with mediumhairy buds; narrow root bands with 3 or 4 rows of crowded primordia ;
196 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

diagnostic hair groups 56 + ., 59H—, 63+ ; ascending ligulate

dewlaps (fig. 53 (226)); transitional auricles; thin-flanged subarcuate

or arcuate ligule.

CLONE POHINA 51

IMP. 749, ACC. 227

CULMS.—Purple, with moderate bloom and merging wax bands;

internodes cylindric or slightly tumescent and shouldered, 9 cm. long

and 39 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stemepidermal pattern 1+7 +6, average width of long cells 13.1^, stomates absent; growth rings red, narrow, flush; root bands green,

cylindric-constricted, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 rows of crowded

primordia; buds green with red wings, 17X14 mm. inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with pointed tip,

wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad auriculate, pubescence

medium prominent, hair groups 10 and 19 most outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths purplish, 37 cm. long with a medium group 57;

sheath base with 64e and sectorial 59; blades 135 cm. long and 5.5 cm.

broad, module 24; dewlaps shallow deltoid, outer surface with sparse

group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner surface with a small group 51

and sparse group 52; both auricles transitional; ligule narrow crescent,

3 mm. high, hair group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal

flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purple cane, with medium-hairy

buds having prominent hair groups 10 and 19; medium root bands

with 3 rows of crowded primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57 + .,

59H—, 64eH—; shallow deltoid dewlaps (fig. 53 (227)); transitional

auricles; narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE UAHI-A-PELE 50

IMP. 795, Acc. 228

CULMS.—Purple, with heavy bloom and constricted wax bands;

internodes cylindric or slightly tumescent, prominently shouldered,

12 cm. long and 38X42 mm. across, small bud furrow, semihard

orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3 +7, average width of long

cells 14/x, stomates present; growth rings olive, narrow, flush; root

bands red, cylindric-obconoidal, 10 and 9 mm. high with 4 rows of

primordia; buds reddish, 14X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed notched tip,

wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence

sparse, hair groups 1, 2, 10 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 37 cm. long with broad group 57; sheath base

with 59 and 69; blades 170 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, module 25;

dewlaps flaring ligulate, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner

surface with broad group 51 that extends as group 65 single file toward midrib, sparse group 52, and small group 63; both auricles

transitional, outer one subtended by a ledge of 56 adjacent to 60;

ligule narrow deltoid crescent, 3 to 3.5 mm. high, hair group 61 short,

dorsal pubescence as 65a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.^—^Purple cane with heavy bloom;

more or less smooth buds; tall root bands with 4 rows of primordia;
SUGARCANE 197

diagnostic hair groups 56 + , 57 + , 59H—, 60H—, 63H , 65H ,

65a4-~^ 69+-; flaring ligulate dewlaps (fig. 53 (228)); transitional

auricles; narrow deltoid-crescent ligule.

' CLONE UALA 61

IMP. 840, Ace. 229

CULMS.—Olive, with pink flush becoming yellowish olive, sparse

bloom, and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly

bobbin-shaped, 9 cm. long and 42 mm. across, prominent bud furrow,

soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3+4, average width of

long cells 10.8M, stomates absent; growth rings green, medium broad,

tumescent; root bands green, constricted, 7 and 6 mm. high with 2

or 3 rows of primordia; buds green with olive wing, 14X11 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

medium basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wmg inserted below

middle of prophyll, medium broad and fringed, pubescence prominent

at base and tip region, outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 16, 11, 10, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 37 cm. long and smooth; blades 130 cm. long and

5.4 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface

with sparse group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner surface with smaU

group 51, sparse groups 52 and 63; both auricles sloping transitional,

outer one subtended by a medium-long 56; Hgule narrow orbicular

crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Thick-stemmed cane with pinkish

flush, medium-hairy buds; narrow constricted root bands; diagnostic

hair groups 56 + ., 63H ; ascending ligulate dewlaps; sloping transitional auricles; orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE ULUHUI 67

IMP. 841, Ace. 230

CULMS.—Yellowish green with red blush, sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long and 37X38 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, soft orange flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 2+4, average width of long cells 9,4^, stomates absent;

growth rings green, narrow, tumescent; root bands green, constricted,

7 mm. high with 3 rows of semi-crowded primordia; buds green, 14X

10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyfl

ovate with medium basal appendage and round-pointed or shghtly

truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad, pubescence medium prominent, outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 16, 11, 10, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long and smooth; sheath base with group

64e; blades 129 cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps

ascending ligulate, outer surface with sparse group 58 and marginal

group 58a, inner surface with smafl group 51, sparse group 52; both

auricles transitional, outer one subtended by a short 56; ligule narrow

orbicular crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green, thick-jointed cane

with medium-hairy buds; narrow constricted root bands; diagnostic

hair groups 56H—, 64eH—; ascending ligulate dewlaps; transitional

auricles; narrow orbicular-crescent ligule.
198 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

MISCELLANEOUS NOBLE GROUP

CLONE ABOE

IMP. 1047, Ace. 231 *

CULMS.—Dark red, with heavy bloom and merging wax bands;

internodes cyhndric and sHghtly shouldered, 9 cm. long and 23X29

mm. across, prominent bud furrow, white flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 3, average width of long cells 8.7^, stomates present; growth

rings red, narrow, tumescent; root bands cylindric or slightly tumescent, 8 and 7 mm. high with 4 or 5 irregular rows of primordia;

buds red, 12X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll broad ovate with prominent basal appendage and roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, somewhat narrow, pubescence sparse except at base, hair groups 1, 2, 16, and 11

evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with medium 57; sheath base with

small 64; blades 150 cm. long and 5 cm. broad, module 30; dewlaps

large ascending squarish, outer surface with medium-dense group 58,

inner surface with small group 51 and medium group 52; outer auricle

broad transitional and subtended by a short 56, inner auricle deltoid

or short lanceolate; ligule narrow subarcuate, 2.5 mm. high, group 61

very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Dark-red cane, with large broadovate more or less smooth buds; medium root bands with 4 or 5 rows

of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56H , 57 + ., 64H—; large

ascending-squarish dewlaps (fig. 54 (231)); deltoid inner auricle;

narrow ligule.

CLONE ANOMAN

IMP. 1580, Ace. 232

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with red flush, sparse bloom, and mediumconstricted wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly obconoidal,

9 cm. long and 22X24 mm. across, small shallow bud furrow, flesh

light green, soft; stem-epidermal pattern 3, average width of long

cells 10¡JL, stomates absent; growth rings greenish red, narrow, flush;

root bands conoidal, 6 and 5 mm. high with 3 irregular rows of primordia; buds green, 13X8 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth; prophyll elongate ovate with narrow round-pointed

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow, notched at base,

hairy, with groups 11, 17, 16, 1, 2, 10 prom|nent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long and smooth; sheath base with prominent 69 and short-haired 59; blades 150 cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad,

module 33; dewlaps usually flaring deltoid crescent, outer surface

with heavy bloom and dense group 5Sy inner surface with a broad

group 51 that extends as group 65 single file toward midrib, dense

semilong group 52; both auricles narrow transitional; ligule thinflanged crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence in

flange zone and as small 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Thin yellowish-green cane flushed

with red, elongated ovate hairy buds; narrow root bands; diagnostic
SUGARCANE 199

hair groups 52 + , 55aH , 58 + , 59+ - 65H , 69+; usually flaring deltoid-crescent dewlaps (fig. 54 (232)); transitional auricles;

narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE ASHY MAURITIUS

IMP. 952, Ace. 235

CULMS.—Dark red becoming bronze, with heavy bloom and merging

wax bands; internodes cylindric or sKghtly tumescent, 9 cm. long and

27X33 mm. across, medium bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stemepidermal pattern 6+4, average width of long cells lOju, stomates

absent; growth rings red, medium broad, flush to slightly tumescent;

root bands red, slightly conoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 irregular

rows of crowded primordia; buds reddish, 11X12 mm., inserted at

scar and extending a Httle above growth ring; prophyll broad rhomboid with round-pointed slightly notched or serrate tip, wing inserted

near middle of prophyU, very broad at base and basally fringed,

pubescence sparse with outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with narrow 57; sheath base slightly

decurrent with small 64e; blades 136 cm. long and 6 cm. broad,

module 23; dewlaps large flaring double crescent, outer surface with

medium group 58, inner surface with prominent group 51, sparse 65

and 55, and dense semilong group 52; outer auricle sloping transitional,

inner auricle short lancelolate or calcarate; ligule broad-centered

crescent, 5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence as 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with broad ovate buds

having broad basal wing region and more or less sparse pubescence;

narrow root band with 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups

52 +, 55-] , 55aH , 57H , 64e+ -, 65+ -; large flaring

double-crescent dewlaps (fig. 54 (235)); calcarate or short lanceolate

inner auricle; tall crescent ligule.

CLONE BACOYA

IMP. 765, Ace. 236

CULMS.—Light purplish gray, with heavy bloom and merging wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 11 cm. long and 35 mm. across, small

bud furrow; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6 +3+4, average width of

long cells 9.2M, stomates absent; growth rings light olive, medium

broad, flush; root bands ivory, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4

irregular rows of primordia; buds greenish red, 9X7 mm., inserted

below scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll roundish with beaked

tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, narrow, posterior side

hairy, anterior side sparsely pubescent, with hair groups 1, 2, 16, 6,

and 18 more or less evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with heavy bloom and sparse 57;

sheath base slightly decurrent with narrow ledge 64 and inconspicuous

64e; blades 110 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 20; dewlaps ligulate

or double crescent, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface

with small group 51 that extends as group 65 single file toward midrib,

medium-dense group 52; both auricles transitional; ligule narrow
200 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

arcuate, 2 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence semiadnate group 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Light purplish-gray cane, with

round beaked medium-hairy buds and 3 or 4 rows of root primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 57-|—, 64H—, 64eH , 65 + , 65aH—; ligulate

or double-crescent dewlaps (fig. 54 (236)); transitional auricles;

narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE BADILA FIJI

IMP. 1187, Ace. 237

CULMS.—Dark purple, with sparse bloom and broad wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 6 cm. long and 32X37 mm. across, broad and

shallow bud furrow, soft cream ñesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3 +5,

average width of long cells 9fx, stomates absent; growth rings red,

medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, constricted, 8 and 7 mm.

high with 3 rows of primordia; buds red, 14X14 mm., inserted at

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with

round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad at

base and emarginate, pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with prominent 57; blades 146 cm.

long and 6.5 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps tall ascending squarish,

outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with small group

51 and more or less prominent group 52; outer auricle transitional and

subtended by a short group 56, inner auricle short lanceolate; ligule

thin-flanged crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-purple cane, with broad

ovate more or less smooth buds; 3 rows of root primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 + , 56 H , 57+; tall ascending-squarish dewlaps (fig.

54 (237)); short lanceolate inner auricle; shallow crescent ligule.

CLONE BALGHAT THIN

IMP. 1633, Ace. 237A

CULMS.—Green, becoming greenish yellow with sparse bloom, corkycracks, and predominant wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 10 cm. long and 26 mm. across, broad prominent bud furrow;

stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3+4, average width of long cells 12.IM?

stomates numerous; growth ring greenish yellow, medium to narrow,

tumescent; root bands greenish, cylindric-constricted, 8 mm. high

with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds greenish, more or less plump,

12X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of

prophyll, medium broad to narrow, more or less smooth, hair groups

1, 2, 10, and 19 somewhat evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with broad 57 and 60; sheath

base slightly decurrent with small 59; blades 140 cm. long and 5.5

cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps narrow squarish subcrescent, outer

surface with medium sparse group 58, inner surface with very small

group 51 and medium sparse group 52; both auricles sloping transitional; ligule narrow arcuate, 2 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence absent.
SUGARCANE 201

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with more or

less smooth buds; medium root bands with 3 or 4 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 57 + , 59 H , 60+; narrow squarish subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 54 (237a)) ; transitional auricles; narrow arcuate

ligule.

CLONE BAMBOO BLANCA

IMP. 757, Ace. 238

CULMS.—Pallid green becoming greenish yellow, with red flush,

sparse bloom, and constricted heavy wax bands; internodes slightly

concave and shouldered, 10 cm. long Ind 30X32 mm. across, medium

bud furrow, greenish-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3+4, average width of long cells 12.1/x, stomates present; growth rings olive

green, narrow, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric obconoidal,

8 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of reddish primordia; buds ivory

green, 14X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll ovate with prominent basal appendage and truncate

notched tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad to medium

wide, pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with heavy bloom and medium 57 ;

blades 157 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps ascending

squarish, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with a

small group 51 and medium group 52; both auricles sloping transitional, ligule very narrow arcuate, 2 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow, red-flushed cane,

with large glabrate buds and 3 or 4 rows of reddish root primordia;

diagnostic hair group 57+ .; ascending-squarish dewlaps (fig. 54

(238)); transitional auricles; very narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE BAMBOO MORADA

IMP. 768, Ace. 239

CULMS.—Red, with heavy bloom and jnerging wax bands; internodes concave cylindric and shouldered, 14 cm. long and 29X38

mm. across; medium prominent bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stemepidermal pattern 1 +6+4, average width of long cells 9.8^, stomates present; growth rings greenish red, narrow, flush or somewhat

tumescent; root bands red, cylindric obconoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high

with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds reddish, 10X12 mm., inserted

at scar and extending slightly above growth ring; prophyll broad

rhomboid with prominent basal appendage and flat- to round-pointed

tip, wing inserted slightly above middle of prophyll, broad and fringed

at base, pubescence sparse, with more or less prominent hair groups

1, 2, 16, 19, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long and smooth; blades 140 cm. long

and 6 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps shallow crescent deltoid, outer

surface with medium group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner surface

with prominent group 51 and dense group 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle short lanceolate; ligule orbicular crescent, 5 nim.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in terminal

flange zone.
202 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, F. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with broad-ovate or rhomboid more or less smooth buds; narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows

of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55aH ; shallow crescentdeltoid dewlaps; short lanceolate inner auricle; tall orbicular-crescent

ligule.

CLONE BANDJARMASIN HITAM

IMP. 1049, Ace. 240

CULMS.—Dark vinaceous red, with heavy bloom, merging wax

bands, and corky patches; intßrnodes tumescent, 9 cm. long and

44X47 mm. across, medium bua furrow, greenish-ivory flesh; stemepidermal pattern 1+6, average width of long cells lO/z, stomates

present; growth rings red, narrow, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric or slightly constricted, 7 mm. high with 3 or 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds red, 14X15 mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll squarish-ovate or pentagonal, with prominent

basal appendage and round-pointed often notched tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, broad at base, notched and basally fringed,

pubescence prominent at base, with outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with medium or narrow 57; blades

150 cm. long and 8 cm. broad, module 19; dewlaps tall squarish

deltoid, outer surface with medium dense group 58 and marginal

group 58a, inner surface with prominent groups 51, 65, 68, sparse

group 63, and dense group 52; outer auricle transitional, subtended

by a very short 56, inner auricle calcarate and not fringed; ligule

broad crescent, 5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence as

65a and 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark vinaceous-red cane, with

thick tumescent internodes and pentagonal slightly hairy buds with

prominent groups 1, 2, and 19; medium-narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55aH , 56H ,57+ -, 58+ -, 63H ,

65 +, 65a+; tall squarish-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 54 (240)); calcarate

inner auricle; broad crescent ligule (fig. 37 (240)).

CLONE BANTENG

IMP. 1050, Ace. 241

CULMS.—^Yellowish green, with sparse bloom, broad wax bands,

and corky patches; internodes constricted below wax bands and

slightly conoidal, 12 cm. long and 33 mm. across, without bud furrow,

olive flesh; steni-epidermal pattern 2 with 50 percent solitary silica

cells, average width of long cells 10.2^, stomates numerous; growth

rings olive, medium broad, tumescent; root bands cylindric obconoidal,

8 and 7 mm. high, with 3 irregular rows of primordia; buds green,

11X7 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring ; prophyll

ovate with medium basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad and prominently

fringed, pubescence prominent; hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19, 22, 4 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with prominent 57 and 60; blades

140 cm. long and 4.7 cm. broad, module 30; dewlaps crescent squarish

deltoid, outer surface with medium-dense group 58, inner surface

with a small group 51 and medium-dense group 52; both auricles
SUGARCANE 203

transitional or inner auricle small calcarate; ligule narrow subarcuate,

2 mm. high, hair group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Yellowish-green cane, with medium-hairy buds and narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups 57 +,

60+; crescent squarish-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 54 (241)); transitional

auricles or inner auricle small calcarate; narrow subarcuate ligule.

CLONE BARBADOS WHITE

IMP. 698, Ace. 242

CULMS.—Grass green to pallid green, with heavy bloom and merging

wax bands; internodes cylindric to tumescent and shouldered, 10 cm.

long and 34 mm. across, small bud furrow, soft creamy flesh; stemepidermal pattern 1 - , average width of long cells 12.5/x, stomates

absent; growth rings olive, narrow, flush; root bands greenish,

cylindric-constricted or slightly obconoidal, 10 and 8 mm. high, with

3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green, 15X9 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll long ovate with round-pointed

and notched tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, medium

broad, pubescence prominent at base, with hair groups 19, 1, 2 most

outstanding, 10 less evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 37 cm. long with medium 57; sheath base with

64 and sectorial 59; blades 150 cm. long and 5.3 cm. broad, module 28;

dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with medium group 58,

inner surface with small group 51, sparse group 52, and medium

group 63 inserted high; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle

calcarate and basally fringed; ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 4 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence composed of semiadnate hairs.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green to pale-green cane, with

medium-hairy buds and root bands; diagnostic hair groups 57 + .,

594 , 63 + ., 64+ ~; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig. 54 (242));

calcarate inner auricles; broad-centered subarcuate ligule (fig. 37

(242)).

CLONE BATEC LUPOG

IMP. 1237, Ace. 243

CULMS.—^Pallid green to ivory yellow, with sparse bloom; internodes

cylindric, 9 cm. long and 35 mm. across, without bud furrow, soft

light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+7+4, average width of

long cells 10)U, stomates present; growth rings ivory, medium broad,

flush; root bands ivory, cylindric, 7 and 5 mm. high, with 2 or 3 rows

of crowded primordia; buds greenish, 8X8 mm., inserted at scar and

reaching growth ring; prophyll squarish with prominent basal appendage and crescent-serrate tip, wing inserted high, emarginate at base,

broad and basically fringed, pubescence prominent on front side,

less so on back side, hair groups 1, 2, 16, and 11 more or less outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with small and sparse 57; sheath

base with small 64e; blades 170 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 28;

dewlaps ascending squarish crescent, outer surface with medium group

58, inner with broad group 51 and dense group 52; group 51 may
204 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

extend as sparse group 65 toward midrib, medium-small midrib

groups 63 and 55; outer auricle sloping transitional, subtended by a

short 56, inner auricle short lanceolate or calcarate and not fringed ;

ligule broad-centered crescent or subarcuate, 5 mm. high, group 61

medium short, dorsal pubescence as sparse 55a and 65a and in terminal

flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Ivory-yellow cane, with squarish

medium-hairy buds, narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55+ -, 55aH , 56H , 57H ,

63 H , 64eH , 65H , 65aH ; ascending squarish-crescent

dewlaps (fig. 54 (243)), (fig. 57 (243)); short lanceolate or calcarate

inner auricles; broad crescent ligule.

CLONE BATJAN

IMP. 771, Ace. 244

CULMS.—Yellow and green striped, or green, with sparse bloom and

narrow wax bands, corky patches; internodes cylindric and shouldered,

9.5 cm. long and 23 mm. across, medium-small bud furrow, greenisholive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3, average width of long cells

10.2At, stomates absent; growth rings olive, medium broad, tumescent;

root bands green, cylindric-obconoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 irregular rows of more or less sparse primordia; buds green with olive wing,

11X7 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

long and narrow ovate with round-pointed slightly notched tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, medium and broadening toward

apex, pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—-Sheaths 31 cm. long with medium narrow 57; sheath base

saccate; blades 125 cm. long and 4.6 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps

small, narrow ascending squarish, outer surface with sparse group 58,

inner surface with medium groups 51 and 52; outer auricle transitional

and subtended by a short group 56, inner auricle deltoid to short

lanceolate and fringed, ligule crescentiform, 2.5 mm. high, group 61

short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellow- and green-striped or green

cane, with slender smooth buds and medium root bands; diagnostic

hair groups 56-\ , 57 H—; small, narrow ascending-squarish

dewlaps (fig. 56 (244)); deltoid or short lanceolate inner auricle;

narrow ligule.

CLONE BATJAN GREEN SPORT

IMP. 770, Ace. 245

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom, narrow wax bands,

and corky cracks and patches; internodes cylindric and shouldered,

9 cm. long and 26 mm. across, medium-small bud furrow, hard greenish-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+3+4, average width of long

cells 9.2/z, stomates absent; growth rings green, broad, tumescent;

root bands green, cylindric conoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 irregular rows of primordia; buds green with olive wings, 13X8 mm. inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with

round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow,

pubescence sparse, with hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19, 10 evident.
SUGARCANE 205

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with medium narrow 57; blades 125

cm. long and 5.4 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps ascending narrow

squarish, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with medium small group 51, sparse group 52; outer auricle transitional and

subtended by a short 56, inner one deltoid or short lanceolate; ligule

crescent, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 medium long in flange zone, dorsal

pubescence as sparse 55a.

DisTiNGtriSHiNG CHARACTERS.—YcUowish-green cane, with narrow

ovate slightly hairy buds, medium root bands; diagnostic hair groups

55aH , 56H , 57H—; ascending narrow squarish dewlaps (fig. 55

(245)); small deltoid or short lanceolate inner auricle; medium-broad

crescent ligule.

CLONE BLACK CHERIBON

IMP. 1627, Ace. 245A

CULMS.—Purple, with heavy bloom and merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long and 34X36 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow; stem-epidermal pattern 1+6+4, average width of long cells

9.5^1, stomates present; growth rings light olive, broad, flush or

slightly tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm. high with

3 or 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds reddish, 10X10 mm., inserted at

scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll pentagonal with small crescent tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad especially at

base and somewhat emarginate, prominently fringed in lower half,

pubescence medium sparse with prominent hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19,

10, and 4.

LEAVES.—Sheath 31 cm. long, smooth or with narrow 57; sheath

base with 64e; blades 145 cm. long and 6.5 cm. broad, module 22;

dewlaps flaring deltoid crescent, outer surface with medium group 58,

inner with more or less prominent group 51 and dense group 52, sparse

groups 63 and 55; both auricles transitional; ligule crescent, 4 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as prominent 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purplish cane, with pentagonal

slightly hairy buds having broad wings prominently fringed in lower

part; narrow root bands with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 +, 55+-, 55a+-, 57H , 63+-, 64e+-; flaring

deltoid-crescent dewlaps (fig. 55 (245a)); transitional auricles; more

or less broad crescent ligule.

CLONE BLACK FIJI

IMP. 697, Ace. 246

CULMS.—Red, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long and 33 mm. across, prominent bud furrow,

soft light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of long

cells 11.6/x, stomates present; growth rings red, narrow, flush; root

bands red, cylindric conoidal, 10 and 8 mm. high with 4 or 5 irregular

rows of crowded primordia; buds red, 16X14 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with medium basal

appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, broad, pubescence general and somewhat prominent, with

outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 16, 11, 10, 19.
206 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with inconspicuous 57; sheath base

with narrow sectorial 59 and 64; blades 110 cm. long and 6.2 cm.

broad, module 18; dewlaps squarish, outer surface with medium

group 58, inner surface with small group 51, medium group 52, small

group 63, and prominent 68; outer auricle transitional and subtended

by a long 56, inner auricle small calcarate and fringed; ligule thinflanged deltoid crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 long, dorsal pubescence inconspicuous.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Ked cane, with large more or less

hairy buds having outstanding groups 10 and 19; 4 or 5 rows of irregular, crowded primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56 +, 57 H , 59+-,

61 + , 63H , 64H—; squarish dewlaps (fig. 55 (246)); small calcarate

inner auricle; medium-tall deltoid-crescent ligule.

CLONE BLACK TANNA

IMP. 1568, Ace. 247

CULMS.—Yellowish red, with sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric shouldered, 14 cm. long and 39X41 mm.

across, small bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

3+4+5, average width of long cells 9.2/x, stomates present; growth

rings greenish red, medium broad, flush; root bands red, cylindric,

12 and 9 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of reddish primordia; buds greenish, 15X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending to growth ring;

prophyll ovate with prominent basal appendage and round-pointed

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence medium prominent, with outstanding hair groups 10, 1, 2, and

11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with broad 57; sheath base decurrent with small 64e; blades 160 cm. long and 7.2 cm. broad, module

22; dewlaps ascending squarish, outer surface with sparse group 58,

inner surface with small group 51 and sparse group 52; both auricles

transitional, outer one may be subtended by a very short 56; ligule

thin-flanged crescent deltoid, 5 mm. high, hair group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence short and sparse.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-red cane, with large,

medium-hairy buds; tall root bands with 3 or 4 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 56H , 57 + , 64e+ -; ascending-squarish dewlaps (fig. 55 (247)); transitional auricles; tall crescent-deltoid ligule

(fig. 37 (247)).

CLONE BRANCHE BLANCHE

IMP. 1055, Ace. 248

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with red sunscald, sparse bloom, and

prominent wax bands; internodes slightly bobbin-shaped, 12 cm. long

and 24X26 mm. across, medium-prominent bud furrow, orange

flesh with pithy center; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of

long cells 10.8M, stomates present; growth rings orange green, medium

broad, flush; root bands green, cylindric obconoidal, 9 and 8 mm.

high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds green with reddish wing,

15X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;
SUGARCANE 207

prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle

of prophyll, medium broad and basally fringed, pubescence sparse,

with small hair groups 10, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with narrow 57; blades 130 cm.

long and 5 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps tall squarish deltoid, outer

surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51 and

sparse group 52; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a long

56, inner auricle deltoid and fringed; ligule orbicular crescent, 3.5

mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with somewhat bobbin-shaped internodes and pithy center; more or less smooth

buds; medium-tall root bands with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 56 +, 57+-; tall squarish-deltoid dewlaps (fig.

55 (248)); deltoid inner auricle; medium-broad crescent ligule with

lozenge.

CLONE BOENGAJA

IMP. 1051, Ace. 249

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands, growth cracks, and corky patches; nodes more or less thick;

internodes concave cylindric, 7.5 cm. long and 34 mm. across, medium

bud furrow, light-orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6, average

width of long cells 8.6^, stomates absent; growth rings green, medium

broad, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric, 9 and 8 mm. high with

3 rows of primordia; buds green edged in olive, 10X7 mm., inserted

at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with pointed

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence general, with prominent hair groups 10 and 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with prominent 57 and 60; sheath

base with short-haired 59; blades 135 cm. long and 5.3 cm. broad,

module 25; dewlaps squarish crescent, outer surface with dense,

semilong group 58, inner surface with broad group 51, 65, and dense

semilong group 52 ; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle transitional

or small calcarate; ligule narrow arcuate, 2 mm. high, group 61 long,

dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with hairy

buds; medium-tall root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 + ., 57 + ,

58 +, 59+-, 61 + ., 65H—; squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 55 (249));

inner auricle transitional or small calcarate; narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE BOETON LICHTGROEN

IMP. 1550, Ace. 250

CULMS.—Faint red becoming yellowish green, with heavy bloom

and merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 15 cm. long and 34

mm. across, prominent bud furrow, greenish medium-soft flesh; stemepidermal pattern 6+4, average width of long cells 10.3M, stomates

absent; growth rings olive green, medium broad, flush; root bands

ivory green, cylindric conoidal, 6 and 5 mm. high with 3 rows of

semicrowded primordia; buds green, 12X10 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate squarish with crescent or round-pointed tip, wing inserted above middle of prophyll,

427472—58 14
208 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

medium broad, wide at base, pubescence medium, with hair groups

1, 2, 16, 19, and 10 prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with narrow 57; sheath base with

small sectorial 59; blades 145 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 24;

dewlaps squarish subcrescent, outer surface with medium group 5S

and marginal group 58a, inner surface with broad group 51, sparse

group 65, and dense group 52; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner

auricle short lanceolate and not fringed; ligule orbicular crescent, 4

mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as sparse 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane with medium

hairy buds; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55aH—,

57 _j ^ 59 _| ^ 55_|_ _ . squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 55

(250)); short lanceolate inner auricle; orbicular-crescent lÍ2:ule (fis;. 37

(250)).

CLONE BOETOTA BILATOE

IMP. 1052, Ace. 251

CULMS.—Dark red, with sparse bloom and broad wax bands, growth

cracks, and corky patches; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 11

cm. long and 30X31 mm. across, small bud furrow, orange flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 1-, average width of long cells 12.5^,

stomates present; growth rings red, medium broad, flush; root bands

red, cylindric conoidal, 8 and 6 inm. high with 2 or 3 irregular rows

of primordia; buds dark red, 14X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescense sparse, hair

groups 1, 16, and 19 somewhat prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long, reddish, with short-haired 57 and

60; sheath base decurrent; blades reddish, 120 cm. long and 5.6 cm.

broad, module 21; dewlaps red, narrow squarish subcrescent, outer

surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with small group 51 and

sparse group 52; both auricles transitional; ligule narrow arcuate,

2 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane with reddish sheath and

blade; slightly hairy buds; medium root bands; diagnostic hair groups

57 +, 60-f--; red narrow squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 55 (251));

transitional auricles; narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE BOURBONRIET

IMP. 1054, Ace. 252

CULMS.—-Yellowish green, with light reddish flush, sparse bloom,

and broad wax bands; internodes cylindric and slightly shouldered,

9 cm. long and 42 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, ivory flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 1-, average width of long cells 9^, stomates

present; growth rings green, narrow, slightly tumescent; root bands

green, cylindric, 7 and 5 mm. high with 2 rows of primordia; buds

green with olive wing, 15X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with pointed tip, wing inserted

below middle of prophyll, more or less narrow hairy, pubescence

prominent at base and in wing region, outstanding hair groups 1

and 2.
SUGARCANE 209

LEAVES.—Sheaths 37 cm. long with prominent 57 ; sheath base with

small 64e; blades 135 cm. long and 6.3 cm. broad, module 21; dewlaps

shallow squarish crescent, outer surface with dense group 58, mner

surface with broad group 51, sparse group 65, dense semilong group

52, and small groups 55 and 63; outer auricle broad transitional,

inner auricle deltoid or short lanceolate and fringed; ligule broadcentered arcuate, 5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

as 55a. . i i

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with buds

prominently hairy at base and wing regions; narrow root bands;

diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55+ -, 55a+ -, 57 + , 58 + , 63+ -,

64eH , 65+ -; shallow squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 55 (252));

deltoid or short lanceolate inner auricle ; broa^d arcuate ligule (fig. 37

(252)).

CLONE BRANCHUE

IMP. 988, Ace. 253

CULMS.—Apple green, with sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric conoidal, 11 cm. long and 26 mm. across,

small bud furrow, orange flesh with pithy center; stem-epidermal

pattern 2, average width of long cells 10.8/x, stomates present; growth

rings olive, broad, tumescent; root bands ivory rose, cylindric

tumescent, 9 and 8 mm. high with 3 rows of sparse primordia; buds

green with rose tip, 15X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above

growth ring; prophyll ovate, medium basal appendage and roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad,

fringed, pubescence very sparse, small hair groups 16 and 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with narrow or medium-broad 57 ;

blades 140 cm. long and 5.2 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps small

crescent deltoid, outer surface with sparse group 5S, inner surface

with very small group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a long 56, inner auricle deltoid to mediumlong lanceolate; ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence faint.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green cane with long ovate, smooth

buds, pithy-centered stems; tall root bands; diagnostic hair groups

56 + , 57+ -; small crescent-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 55 (253)); deltoid

to medium-long lanceolate inner auricle; medium-broad subarcuate

ligule (fig. 37 (253)).

CLONE BRAVA DE PERICO

IMP. 766, Ace. 254

CULMS.— Olive green, with red fiush, sparse bloom and prominent

wax bands; internodes slightly bobbin-shaped, 13 cm. long and 29 mm.

across, medium bud furrow, soft olive-orange flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 1 +6, average width of long cells 11.6jLt, stomates absent;

growth rings green, medium broad, tumescent; root bands green,

cylindric, 7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of reddish primordia; buds

green with rose wings, 15X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll long ovate with round-pointed notched

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium wide and promi-
210 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

nently fringed, pubescence general and prominent at base and wing

surface, outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 27 cm. long with prominent 57; sheath base with

69 and sectorial 59; blades 137 cm. long and 6.6 cm. broad, module 21 ;

dewlaps tall squarish, outer surface with medium group 58^ inner

surface with prominent group 51, semilong groups 52 and 55, and

prominent long-haired group 63 ; both auricles transitional, or inner

one small calcarate; ligule broad-flanged subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high,

group 61 very tall, dorsal pubescence general, prominent 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Olive-green cane, with large prominently fringed buds; narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55 +, 55a+, 57 + , 59H—, 61 + , 63+,

69+; tall squarish dewlaps (fig. 55 (254)); transitional or small

calcarate inner auricle; broad-flanged subarcuate ligule (fig. 37 (254)).

CLONE CAIARA

IMP. 1582, Ace. 255

CULMS.—Brown and yellow striped, sparse bloom, and prominent

narrow wax bands; internodes concave cylindric and shouldered, 14

cm. long and 39X40 mm. across, without bud furrow, flesh green and

medium hard; stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3+4, average width of long

cells 9jjL, stomates present; growth rings green, medium broad, flush;

root bands red, constricted, 7 mm. high with 3 rows of small red

primordia; buds green with red wings, 13X12 mm., inserted at scar

and extending to growth ring; prophyll broad ovate or rhomboid

with prominent basal appendage and flat tip, wing inserted near

middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 38 cm. long with medium 57; blades 125 cm. long

and 7.5 cm. broad, module 17; dewlaps double-crescent squarish, outer

surface with medium group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner surface

with broad group 51, dense group 52, and sparse group 63; both

auricles sloping transitional; ligule arcuate, 3 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Brown-and-yellow striped cane,

with broad rhomboid, smooth buds; narrow root bands with 3 rows

of small red primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55aH—, 57 + .,

63H ; double-crescent squarish dewlaps (fig. 55 (255)); transitional auricles; narrow arcuate ligule (fig. 37 (255)).

CLONE CAÑA BLANCA

IMP. 194, Ace. 256

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom, prominent wax bands,

and corky patches; internodes cylindric and slightly shouldered, 11

cm. long and 40 mm, across, small bud furrow, soft olive ñesh; stemepidermal pattern 1-, average width of long cells 9.6yu, stomates

absent; growth rings yellow green, narrow, flush; root bands ivory

green, cylindric, conoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia;

buds green with olive wing, 10X8 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing
SUGARCANE 211

inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence general

and prominent, outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 16, 11, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with prominent 57 and 60; sheath

base decurrent with small 64e; blades 140 cm. long and 5.6 cm. broad,

module 25; dewlaps slightly descending deltoid-crescent or double

crescent, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with

prominent groups 51 and 65, dense semilong 52, small 55 and 63;

outer auricle deltoid, inner auricle short lanceolate and fringed;

ligule medium-broad arcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence as 55a and 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane with hairy

buds; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55H—, 55aH—,

57 + , 60 + , 63H , 64eH , 65 + , 65a+-; slightly descending deltoidcrescent or double-crescent dewlaps (fig. 55 (256)); short lanceolate

inner auricle; arcuate ligule.

CLONE CALEDONIA RIBBON

IMP. 1239, Ace. 257

CULMS.—Brown and purple striped, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 11 cm. long and

36 mm. across, without bud furrow, olive-gray flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 3, average width of long cells 9Aß, stomates absent; growth

rings striped, narrow, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric-constricted,

8 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of reddish primordia; buds red,

12X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate squarish, with broad basal appendage and roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad

and basally fringed, pubescence more or less prominent especially in

wing region, outstanding hair groups 16 and 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 40 cm. long and smooth or with inconspicuous

57; blades 165 cm. long and 6.7 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps

narrow squarish double-crescent or ascending ligulate, outer surface

with dense group 58, inner surface with broad group 51 and dense

semilong group 52; both auricles sloping transitional, outer one subtended by a short 56; ligule broad-centered arcuate, 4.5 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHAKACTERS.—Striped cane with more or less

hairy buds having prominent groups 16 and 19; narrow wings; medium

root bands with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +,

56+ -, 57 H , 58+ ; narrow squarish double-crescent or ascending

ligulate dewlaps (fig. 55 (257)); transitional auricles; broad arcuate

ligule (fig. 37 (257)).

CLONE CAVENGERIE

IMP. 696, Ace. 258

CULMS.—Red, with sparse olive stripes, sparse bloom, and broad

wax bands; internodes cylindric and slightly shouldered, 15 cm. long

and 32 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, hard ivory flesh; stemepidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long cells ll^t, stomates

numerous; growth rings red-striped, medium high, tumescent; root
212 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

bands red, cylindric-constricted, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 rows of

crowded primordia; buds greenish with bright-red wings, 13X10

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

long deltoid with prominent basal appendage and truncate tip, wing

inserted low, medium broad, pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 38 cm. long, striped, with medium-prominent

57; blades striped, 125 cm. long and 5.6 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps

ascending double-crescent squarish, outer surface with sparse 58,

inner surface with broad 51 and sparse 52; both auricles steeply

sloping transitional, outer one subtended by a short long-haired 56;

ligule narrow arcuate, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence as 55a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane with elongated-deltoid

more or less smooth buds; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups

55aH—, 56H—, 57 + .; ascending double-crescent squarish dewlaps

(fig. 55 (258)); transitional auricles; narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE CAVENGERIE SANGRE DE TORO

IMP. 972, Ace. 259

CULMS.—Brilhant red, with few green pencil stripes, sparse bloom,

prominent wax bands, and corky patches; internodes cyhndric, 11 cm.

long and 35X38 mm. across, broad bud furrow; stem-epidermal

pattern 2, average width of long cells 10.8M, stomates present; growth

rings red, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric-constricted, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 irregular rows of primordia; buds

greenish with red wings, 13X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll broad deltoid with round-pointed tip,

wing inserted low, medium broad, pubescence sparse with hair groups

1 and 2 somewhat prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 37 cm. long with prominent 57; blades

150 cm. long and 5.1 cm. broad, module 29; dewlaps flaring doublecrescent squarish, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface

with broad group 51 and sparse group 52; both auricles steeply slopmg

transitional, outer one subtended by a short long-haired 56; ligule

arcuate, 3 mm. high, hair group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as a

sparse 55a and in flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—BriUiant-red cane with broad-deltoid more or less smooth buds; medium root bands; diagnostic hair

groups 55a+ - 56+ -, 57+; flaring double-crescent-squarish dewlaps

(fig. 56 (259)); transitional auricles; narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE CEBU LIGHT PURPLE

IMP. 1241, Ace. 260

CULMS.—Light purplish red, with heavy bloom and merging wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 15 cm. long and 28 mm. across, without

bud furrow, soft green-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 4 +6+1,

average width of long cells 11.7M, stomates present; growth rings

green, medium broad, flush; root bands greenish ivory, cyhndric, 8

and 7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds reddish, 10X8

mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll more or less
SUGARCANE 213

roundish or pentagonal with broad crescent-serrate tip, wing inserted

above middle of prophyll, medium or narrow, pubescence at base and

juncture, with hair groups 1, 2, 16, 8, 10, 22, 19, 4, prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 24 cm. long with narrow 57; sheath base with

prominent sectorial 59 ; blades 130 cm. long and 4.2 cm. broad, module

30; dewlaps ascending ligulate, outer surface with dense group 58 and

marginal group 58a, inner surface with medium group 51, dense group

52, and small group 55; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle small

calcarate; ligule broad-centered crescent, 6 mm. high, group 61 medium

long, dorsal pubescence as 55a, semiadnate in flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purplish-red cane with roundish

medium-hairy prominently fringed buds; medium root bands with 2

or 2 or 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55+ -,

55a+ -, 57H , 58 +, 59+ -, 61 + .; ascending ligulate dewlaps (fig.

56 (260)) ; small calcarate inner auricles; tall crescent ligule.

CLONE CERAM RED

MP. 1076, Ace. 262

CULMS.—Red, with heavy bloom, merging wax bands, and corky

patches; internodes tumescent, 6 cm. long and 30 mm. across, without

or with small bud furrow, white flesh; stem-epiderma] pattern 1 + 6+4,

average width of long cells 9.2/x, stomates absent; growth rings green,

narrow, flush; root bands red, conoidal, 10 and 8 mm. high with 3 or 4

irregular rows of sparse primordia; buds green with red wings, 13X10

mm., inserted below scar and reaching slightly above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, medium broad and prominently fringed; pubescence general

and prominent especially on posterior side.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with prominent group 57; sheath

base with group 69; blades 140 cm. long and 6.7 cm. broad, module

21; dewlaps large ascending squarish or ligulate, outer surface witñ

medium group 58, inner surface with small 51 and sparse 52; outer

auricle greatly sloping transitional, inner auricle long lanceolate and

fringed to tip; ligule narrow-flanged subarcuate or crescent with

lozenge, 6 mm. high, group 61 long, dorsal pubescence prominent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with short thick tumescent internodes, hairy buds; tall root bands; diagnostic hair groups

57 + , 61 + ., 66 + , 69+ -; large ascending-squarish or ligulate dewlaps

(fig. 56 (262)); long lanceolate inner auricles; very tall subarcuate or

crescent ligule.

CLONE CHITTAN

IMP. 1632, Ace. 263A

CULMS.—^Purple and green striped, with heavy bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric and slightly shouldered, 11 cna.

long and 36 mm. across, shallow prominent bud furrow; stem-epidermal pattern 6+4, average width of long cells lO/x, stomates present;

growth rings striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands striped,

cylindric-constricted, 8 and 5 mm. high with 2 rows of primordia;

buds green with red wing tip, plump, 15X13 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll short ovate or pentagonal
214 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

with small basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle or prophyll, auriculate and confluent with sides, medium

broad or broad and prominently fringed, surface covered with mediumshort white hair, general pubescence more or less sparse except for

hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19, and 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with narrow 57; blades 165 cm. long

and 6.5 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps shallow crescent-deltoid, outer

surface with medium group 58, inner surface with prominent 51 and

sparse 65, dense semilong 52 and medium short 63 inserted high; both

auricles greatly sloping transitional; ligule crescent with lozenge, 4

mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as sparse 55a and

in flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane; plump broad ovate

or pentagonal buds with medium-sparse pubescence; root bands with

2 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55a+ —, 57H—,

63+-, 65H—; shallow crescent-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 56 (263a));

transitional auricles; broad crescent ligule.

CLONE CREOULA

IMP. 1583, Ace. 264

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom, corky patches, and

merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, constricted near growth ring

and shouldered, 11 cm. long and 28X29 mm. across, medium bud

furrow, soft greenish flesh; stem-apidermal pattern 1+4 +3, average

width of long cells 10.6^, stomates present; growth rings olive, medium

broad, depressed; root bands green, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high with

4 irregular rows of primordia; buds green with reddish wings, 11X9

mm., inserted below scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll narrow

ovate with small basal appendage and narrow truncate and notched

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad to narrow

and not fringed, pubescence medium prominent with hair groups 1,2,

16, and 19 somewhat outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long and covered with medium shorthaired 57 and 60; blades 135 cm. long and 5.3 cm. broad, module 25;

dewlaps double-crescent deltoid, outer surface with medium 58, inner

surface with small 51 and sparse 52; both auricles sloping transitional,

ligule thin-flanged arcuate, 2 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Yellowish-green cane with narrow

ovate slightly hairy buds; medium root bands with 4 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups short-haired 57 + ., 60 H—; double-crescentdeltoid dewlaps (fig. 56 (264)); transitional auricles; very narrow

arcuate ligule.

CLONE CRYSTALINA

IMP. 10, Ace. 266

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with heavy bloom and merging wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 37 mm. across, prominent

bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6, average

width of long cells 8.4/x, stomates present; growth rings olive, narrow,

flush; root bands ivory, cylindric, 8 and 6 mm. high with 3 rows of
SUGAKCANE 215

sparse purple primordia; buds green with reddish wing, 12X12 mm.,

inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll pentagonal with

round-pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad,

emarginate at base and covered with short, brown hair, prominent

hair groups 1,2, 16, 19, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with a narrow 57; blades 145 cm.

long and 7 cm. broad, module 20; dewlaps squarish subcrescent, outer

surface with medium dense 58 and small 58a, inner surface with broad

51, sparse 65, dense 52, and small 63; outer auricle sloping transitional,

sometimes subtended by a short 56, inner auricle transitional or deltoid; ligule broad-flanged crescent, 5 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence as 55a and in flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane with pentagonal medium-hairy buds; 3 rows of sparse purplish primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55aH , 56H , 57H , 63H , 65H—;

squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 56 (266)); inner auricle transitional

or deltoid; tall crescent ligule (fig. 37 (266)).

CLONE FIJI

IMP. 70, Ace. 267

CULMS.—Red, with medium bloom and broad wax bands; internodes concave cylindric and shouldered, 15 cm. long and 24X26 mm.

across, small bud furrow, olive-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1 +3+4, average width of long cells 8.6M, stomates absent; growth

rings olive, medium broad, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric, 8

and 7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of large primordia; buds red, 13X9

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate

with medium prominent basal appendage and round-pointed tip,

wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad and basally

fringed, pubescence prominent at base and juncture, outstanding hair

groups 11 and 10.

LEAVES.—^Sheaths 34 cm. long and smooth; sheath base slightly

decurrent; blades 160 cm. long and 5.1 cm. broad, module 31;

dewlaps shallow deltoid squarish, outer surface with medium 58, inner

surface with broad 51 and dense 52; both auricles transitional or small

deltoid; ligule broad-flanged crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 short,

dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane with medium or slightly

hairy buds; 2 or 3 rows of large primordia; diagnostic hair group dense

52+; shallow deltoid-squarish dewlaps (fig. 56 (267)); transitional

auricles; broad crescent ligule (fig. 37 (267)).

CLONE GEEL MUNTOK

IMP. 1058, Ace. 268

CULMS.—Light red becoming yellowish green, with sparse bloom

and prominent wax bands; internodes with corky cracks, cylindric,

8 cm. long and 33 mm. across, more or less prominent bud furrow,

light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of long

cells 13.8/x, stomates absent; growth rings olive, narrow tumescent;

root bands greenish, cylindric, 6 and 5 mm. high with 3 rows of

purplish primordia; buds green with olive wings, 12X12 mm..
216 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate and

prominently auriculate, small basal appendage and slightly truncate

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad at base and prominently fringed, pubescence medium prominent with hair groups 1, 2,

4, 16, 11, 19-, and localized 13 and 14.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with a very broad 57; sheath base

slightly decurrent with small 64e;" blades 135 cm. long and 7 cm. broad,

module 19; dewlaps flaring 'ascending squarish, outer surface with

medium 58 and sniall 5Sa, inner surface with broad 51 and sparse 65

and 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle small calcarate and

fringed; ligule broad-centered crescent, 5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with prominently auriculate and basally fringed, medium-hairy buds: narrow root

bands with 3 rows of purplish primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57 +,

65H ; flaring ascending-squarish dewlaps (fig. 56 (268)); small calcarate inner auricle; broad crescent hgule.

CLONE GESTREEPT PREANGER

IMP. 71, Ace. 269

CULMS.—Purple and green striped, with heavy bloom and merging

wax bands; internodes cylindric and slightly shouldered, 13 cm. long

and 31X33 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, white flesh; stemepidermal pattern 1, average width of long cells 12.8/^, stomates

present; growth rings striped, narrow, tumescent; root bands striped,

cylindric, 7 and 6 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green

with red wing, 8X11 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring;

prophyll broad rhomboid with small basal appendage and roundpointed tip, wing inserted above middle of prophyll, broad at base,

auriculate and somewhat emarginate, pubescence medium with outstanding groups 1, 2, 3, 16, 19, 29.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 38 cm. long, smooth or with inconspicuous 57;

blades 170 cm. long and 6.4 cm, broad, module 26; dewlaps squarish

or double-crescent deltoid, outer surface with medium 58, inner surface with prominent 51, dense 52, and small 63 and 65; outer auricle

transitional, inner auricle small calcarate; ligule broad orbicular

crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a

and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane with broad rhomboid,

medium-hairy buds; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 +,

55aH , 57H , 63H , 65H—; squarish or double-crescentdeltoid dewlaps (fig. 56 (269)); inner auricle small calcarate; tall

orbicular-crescent ligule (fig. 37 (269)).

CLONE GREEN GERMAN NEW GUINEA

IMP. 210, Ace. 270

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with rose flush, medium bloom, and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly obconoidal,

10 cm. long and 37X38 mm. across, without bud furrow, hard olive

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2-, average widtti of long cells 9.2M,

stomates absent; growth rings olive, narrow, flush; root bands green,
SUGARCANE 217

cylindric conoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 rows of crowded primordia; buds green with red tip, 12X13 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll broad deltoid or pentagonal

with irregular serrate tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll,

broad at base, covered with short brown hair, outstanding hair

groups 1, 2, 4, 16, 11, 13, 19, 22, 14.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 37 cm. long with prominent 57 and 60; blades

150 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, module 21 ; dewlaps tall squarish, outer

surface with medium 58, inner surface with prominent 51 and dense

52; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner auricle short lanceolate

and fringed to tip; ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 5 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone and

occasionally as 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHABACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with broad

pentagonal more or less hairy buds; narrow root bands with 3 rows

of crowded primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55aH , 57 + ,

60+; tall squarish dewlaps (fig. » 56 (270)); short lanceolate inner

auricle; broad subarcuate ligule.

CLONE GREEN RIBBON

IMP, 31, Ace. 271

CULMS.—Green and yellow striped, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 13 cm. long and 36 mm. across,

small to prominent bud furrow, ivory-rose flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1-, average width of long cells 10.2JLí, stomates absent; growth

rings striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands striped, cylindric,

7 and 6 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green with

olive wing, 9X7 mm., inserted at scar and extending to growth

ring; prophyll narrow ovate deltoid with prominent basal appendage

and round-pointed tip, wing inserted low, medium broad, pubescence

somewhat prominent, outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 11, 16, 19, 22, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths striped, 32 cm. long with broad 57 ; sheath base

decurrent; blades 145 cm. long and 5.7 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps slightly descending double crescent, outer surface with medium

group 58, inner surface with broad group 51 that continues sparingly

as group 65 single file toward midrib, dense semilong group 52, sparse

groups 63 and 55; outer auricle ascending transitional, inner auricle

long lanceolate and fringed; ligule broad arcuate, 4 mm. high, group

61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with narrow ovatedeltoid more or less hairy buds; narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows

of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55+ -, 55aH—, 57 + ,

63+ —,65+ —, 65aH—; slightly descending double-crescent dewlaps (fig. 56 (271)) ; long lanceolate inner auricle; broad arcuate ligule.

CLONE GREEN STRIPED PREANGER

IMP. 767, Ace. 272

CULMS.—Purple and green striped, with prominent bloom and

merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 15 cm. long and 39 mm.

across, small or medium bud furrow; stem-epidermal pattern 1 + 6,

average width of long cells 9M, stomates absent; growth rings striped.
218 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

medium broad, tumescent; root bands striped, cylindric to obconoidal,

7 and 5 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds green with red-olive

wing, 8X11 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll

broad pentagonal with round-pointed, often notched tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad at base and basally fringed,

pubescence more or less sparse except for hair groups 1, 2, 3, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long and smooth; sheath base decurrent;

blades 165 cm. long and 5.8 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps mediumnarrow squarish subcrescent, outer surface with medium group 58

and small group 58a, inner surface with broad group 51, dense group

52, and small group 63; outer auricle sloping transitional, subtended

by a short 56, inner auricle calcarate and fringed; ligule orbicular

crescent, 5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a

and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with broad pentagonal slightly hairy buds (fig. 36 (767)) ; narrow root bands with 3 rows

of primordia ; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55a H , 56H , 63H ,

65aH—; medium-narrow squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 56 (272));

calcarate inner auricle; broad orbicular-crescent ligule (fig. 37 (272)).

CLONE GROS GENOUX

IMP. 989, Ace. 273

CULMS.—Green, with red flush, heavy bloom, and merging wax

bands; internodes somewhat bobbin-shaped, 14 cm. long and 30X32

mm. across, without bud furrow, green-olive flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 2, average width of long cells 10.8/x, stomates present; growth

rings red, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 8 and

7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of crowded primordia; buds green with

reddish wings, 12X10 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth

ring; prophyll broad ovate or roundish with broad truncate-notched

or crescent-serrate tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad

and smooth, pubescence sparse except for hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19, 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with confluent groups 57 and 60;

blades 135 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, module 19; dewlaps tall flaring

squarish or deltoid crescent, outer surface with dense group 58, inner

surface with small group 51, dense semilong group 52, small group

52a, and semilong-haired group 63; both auricles transitional, outer

one subtended by a short 56; ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 4 mm.

high, group 61 tall, dorsal pubescence dense and semiadnate.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Reddish-green cane, with more or

less smooth slightly roundish buds; medium root bands with 2 or

3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 56H , 57 + ,

58 +, 61 +, 63+; tall flaring squarish or deltoid-crescent dewlaps

(fig. 56 (273)); transitional auricles; broad subarcuate ligule.

CLONE HAAK KWAT CHE

IMP. 180, Ace. 274

CULMS.—Dark purple, with heavy bloom and merging wax bands;

internodes cylindric and constricted below wax band, 13 cm. long and

33 mm. across, without bud furrow, olive flesh with pithy center;

stem-epidermal pattern 1-, average width of long cells 8.3AC, stomates
SUGARCANE 219

present; growth ring red, medium broad, flush; root bands red, cyhndric, 8 and 7 mm. high with 4 to 6 rows of crowded primordia; buds

red, 11X10 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll

ovate with medium basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, smooth, pubescence

very sparse with hair groups 16 and 19 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long with small 57 and 60; sheath base

decurrent with 64e; blades 160 cm. long and 5 cm. broad, module 32;

dewlaps ascending squarish, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner

surface with small group 51 and more or less sparse group 52; outer

auricle sloping transitional, inner auricle calcarate and basally fringed ;

ligule thin-flanged subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-purple cane, with more or

less smooth ovate buds; 4 to 6 rows of root primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 57+ -, 60 H—, 64 H—; ascending-squarish dewlaps (fig. 57

(274)); calcarate inner auricle; thin-flanged subarcuate ligule (fig.

37 (274)).

CLONE HVA 124

IMP. 1290, Ace. 275

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with heavy bloom and merging wax

bands; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 13 cm. long and 37 mm.

across, without bud furrow, white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6,

average width of long cells 11.3ju, stomates present; growth rings olive,

narrow, flush; root bands ivory turning green, tumescent, 11 and 9 mm.

high with 2 rows of sparse primordia; buds greenish rose, 11X13 mm.,

inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll pentagonal with

crescent-serrate tip, wing inserted above middle of prophyll very

broad, of more or less crawfish pattern and basally fringed, pubescence

very sparse, with hair groups 1, 16, and 19 somewhat outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 38 cm. long with short-haired 57; blades 150 cm.

long and 7 cm. broad, module 21; dewlaps red, ascending squarish,

outer surface with medium group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner

surface with medium groups 51 and 52, and sparse groups 52a and 63;

outer auricle transitional and subtended by a short 56, inner auricle

long lanceolate and not fringed; ligule orbicular crescent, 4 mm. high,

group 61 short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with broad

pentagonal or roundish, smooth buds having crawfish-type wing pattern; broad root bands with 2 rows of sparse primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 56H—, 57 + ., 63+ ; red ascending-squarish dewlaps

(fig. 57 (275)); long lanceolate inner auricle; broad orbicular crescent

ligule (fig. 37 (275)).

CLONE HITAM BROEWANG

IMP. 1060, ACC. 276

CULMS.—Dark red, with sparse bloom and broad wax bands;

internodes cylindric and shouldered, 15 cm. long and 27 mm. across,

prominent bud furrow, greenish flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3+2,

average width of long cells 9.2/JL, stomates present; growth ring red,
220 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

narrow, flush or tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 10 and 9 mm.

high with 4 rows of crowded primordia; buds green with red wing,

12X10 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate

with pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, medium

broad and smooth, pubescence more or less sparse, with outstanding

hair groups 1, 2, 11, 16, 19, 22, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with somewhat sparse 57 and 60;

sheath base with small sectorial 59; blades 140 cm. long and 5.6 cm.

broad, module 25; dewlaps squarish, outer surface with medium group

5S, inner surface with small group 51 and sparse group 52; outer

auricle ascending transitional, inner auricle calcarate or short lanceolate; ligule subarcuate or arcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence sparse in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane, with slightly hairy

ovate buds; broad root bands with 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 57+ -, 59H , 60H—; squarish dewlaps (fig. 57 (276));

small calcarate inner auricle; medium-tall arcuate ligule.

CLONE HORNE

IMP. 1570, Ace. 277

CULMS.—Light red becoming yellowish green, with heavy bloom

and merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 13 cm. long and 34X36

mm. across, medium-prominent bud furrow, light-olive medium-hard

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 6 + 1+4, average width of long cells

9.2/x, stomates present; growth rings oHve, medium broad; flush or

tumescent; root bands ivory when young, cylindric, 8 and 6 mm. high

with 3 rows of small primordia ; buds green with reddish wing, 12X12

mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll rhomboid

or broad ovate, with broad basal appendage and round-pointed tip,

wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad and notched at base,

pubescence sparse except for groups 1, 2, 16, 19, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with sparse 57; sheath base with

small 64e; blades 165 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps

large flaring deltoid or double crescent, outer surface with somewhat

dense group 58, inner surface with broad group 51, dense semilong

group 52, and small group 63 ; outer auricle transitional, subtended by

a short 56, inner auricle small calcarate; ligule orbicular crescent,

5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and along

flanges.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with broad

pentagonal slightly hairy buds; medium-size root bands with 3 rows

of small primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55aH , 56H ,

57 H—-, 63 H , 64eH—; large flaring-deltoid or double-crescent

dewlaps (fig. 57 (277)); small calcarate inner auricle; broad orbicularcrescent ligule (fig. 37 (277)).

CLONE IRENG MALANG

IMP. 1062, Ace. 278

CULMS.—Deep red to purple, with sparse bloom, medium wax

bands, and corky patches; internodes cylindric and shouldered, 12

cm. long and 32 mm. across, small bud furrow, Hght-olive flesh; stem-
SUGARCANE 221

epidermal pattern 3, average width of long cells 10.8/x, stomates

present; growth rings red, medium broad, flush; root bands red,

cylindric-obconoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 irregular rows of primordia; buds red, 9X8 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth

ring; prophyll ovate with small basal appendage and elongated truncate tip, wing inserted at middle of prophyll, medium broad and

smooth, pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths red, 31 cm. long and hairy (57 and 60); sheath

base decurrent with prominent sectorial 59; blades 160 cm. long and

5.8 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps deltoid, outer surface with medium

group 58, inner surface with small group 51 and sparse group 52;

both auricles broad transitional; ligule shallow crescent or subarcuate,

3 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red-leaved cane, with smooth

ovate buds; narrow root bands with 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 57 +, 59H—, 60+; deltoid dewlaps (fig. 57 (278)); transitional auricles; narrow subarcuate ligule.

CLONE KAM SHAAN CHE

IMP. 182, Ace. 280

CULMS.—Olive, with light-purple blush, heavy bloom, and merging

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 14 cm. long and 35 mm. across,

medium-prominent bud furrow, soft light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 1 +6, average width of long cells 9.6jLt, stomates absent;

growth rings olive, medium broad, flush to tumescent; root bands

green, cylindric, 8 and 6 mm. high with 3 rows of purplish primordia;

buds yellow green with olive wing, 10X9 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate pentagonal with medium

basal appendage and crescent tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad at base, pubescence somewhat sparse except for hair

groups 1,2, 16,26, 19, 11, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long, with narrow 57; blades 170 cm. long

and 5.3 cm. broad, module 32; dewlaps tall flaring-deltoid crescent,

outer dewlap often deltoid subcrescent, outer surface with mediumdense group 58, inner surface with medium group 51, dense group 52,

and small groups 63 and 65; outer auricle sloping transitional and

occasionally subtended by a very short 56, inner auricle small calcarate; ligule broad-centered crescent or subarcuate, 5 mm. tall, group

61 very short, dorsal pubescence as sparse 55a and in terminal flange

zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive cane often with purplish

flush, pentagonal basally hairy buds; medium root bands with 3 rows

of purplish primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55a+ -, 56H ,

57-f , 58 + ., 63+ , 65H ; tall flaring-deltoid-crescent dewlaps (fig. 57 (280)); small calcarate inner auricle; tall broad-centered

crescent or subarcuate ligule (fig. 37 (280)),

KARA-KARA-WA (CLONE 32-C-73)

IMP. 565, Ace. 281

CULMS.—Olive, with red flush, heavy bloom, and merging wax

bands; internodes slightly concave, cylindric, and shouldered, 12 cm.

long and 34X36 mm. across, small bud furrow, hard light-olive
222 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long cells 9.5M,

stomates numerous; growth rings greenish, narrow, flush; root bands

reddish, cylindric or slightly conoidal-obconoidal, 11 and 10 mm. high

with 3 or 3 or 4 irregular rows of primordia; buds reddish green, 11X10

mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovatedeltoid with pointed tip, wing inserted low, narrow and smooth,

pubescence more or less sparse except for hair groups 1, 2, 16, and 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with narrow 57; sheath base with

64e; blades 150 cm. long and 7.5 cm. broad, module 20; dewlaps

ascending ligulate, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface

with prominent group 51 that extends as group 65 single file across

midrib, semilong group 52, small group 63, and prominent group 55;

outer auricle transitional subtended by a medium 56, inner auricle

calcarate; ligule orbicular crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence as 55a and 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive cane with red flush, deltoid

ovate buds having prominent groups 16 and 19; tall root bands with

3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55 + , 55a+,

56 + ., 57H—,63H , 64e+, 65 + , 65a+; ascending-ligulate dewlaps

(fig. 57 (281)); small calcarate inner auricle; orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE LISTADA

IMP. 1584, Ace. 285

CULMS.—Yellow and green striped, with rose flush, without bloom

and with narrow constricted wax bands; internodes concave cylindric

and shouldered, 14 cm. long and 33 mm. across, small bud furrow, soft

olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4+ 5, average width of long cells

9.5AI stomates present; growth rings striped, medium broad, tumescent;

root bands striped, obconoidal, 6 and 5 mm. high with 3 rows of

primordia; buds green with red wing, 10X9 mm., inserted at scar and

extending to growth ring; prophyfl broad deltoid with round-pointed

tip, wing inserted low, medium narrow and fringed, pubescence sparse

except for hair groups 1, 4, 11, 22.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with medium narrow 57; blades 140

cm. long and 7 cm. broad, module 20; dewlaps large, flaring squarish

crescent, outer surface with medium group 58 and marginal group

58a, inner surface with broad group 51 and sparse group 65, dense

semilong group 52, and inconspicuous group 63; both auricles broad

transitional; ligule arcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence as 55a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane with broad deltoid

slightly hairy buds; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 + ,

55aH , 57+ -, 63 H , 65H ; large flaring squarish-crescent

dewlaps (fig. 57 (285)); transitional auricles; arcuate hgule.

CLONE LOUISIANA PURPLE

IMP. 5, Ace. 286

CULMS.—Purple to red, with heavy bloom and merging wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long and 32 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow, ivory flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6+4, average width

of long cells 9/X; stomate psresent; growth rings red, narrow, tumes-
SUGARCANE 223

cent; root bands red, cylindric, 8 and 6 mm. high with 3 rows of

primordia; buds red, lOX 12 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth

ring; prophyll broad pentagonal with prominent basal appendage and

round-pointed tip, wing mserted near middle of prophyll, broad at

base, pubescence'medium with prominent hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long, smooth or with inconspicuous 57;

sheath base with sectorial 59 and 64e; blades 165 cm. long and 6.3

cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps squarish subcrescent, outer surface

with dense group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner surface with broad

group 51, sparse 65, and dense group 52; outer auricle transitional,

inner auricle short lanceolate or small calcarate and not fringed;

hgule orbicular crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence as small 55a and 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Purple cane, with broad pentagonal

somewhat hairy buds; medium root bands with 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55â+ -, 57H , 58 + , 59+ -, 64e+ -,

65a+-, 65+-; squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 57 (286)); short

lanceolate or calcarate inner auricle; broad orbicular-crescent hgule.

CLONE LOUISIANA STRIPED

IMP. 1422, Ace. 287

CULMS.—Purple and green striped, with heavy bloom and merging

wax bands; mternodes concave cylindric and shouldered, 12 cm. long

and 32X34 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, ivory flesh; stemepidermal pattern 3, average width of long cells 10.2^, stomates

absent: growth rings striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands

red, cyhndric, 7 and 6 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia, buds

reddish, 12X14 mm., inserted at scar and extendmg above growth

ring; prophyll broad pentagonal with prominent basal appendage and

rounded-pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad at

base and frmged, pubescence somewhat sparse except for groups 1,

2, 16, and 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with narrow 57; sheath base slightly

decurrent with small 64e; blades 160 cm. long and 7 cm. broad,

module 23; dewlaps large squarish subcrescent, outer surface with

medium group 58 and marginal group 58a, inner surface with broad

group 51, sparse 65, semilong group 52, and small group 63; outer

auricle sloping transitional often subtended by a short 56, inner auricle

small calcarate; ligule orbicular crescent, 5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence as sparse 55a and 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with broad pentagonal slightly hairy buds; narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups

52 +, 55aH , 56H , 57H , 63H , 64eH , 65+ -, 65a+ -;

large squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 57 (287)); small calcarate

inner auricle; broad orbicular-crescent ligule (fig. 37 (287)).

CLONE LUZON WHITE

IMP. 1293, Ace. 288

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with purple flush, light bloom, merging

wax bands, and corky patches; internodes cylindric and shouldered,

11 cm. long and 37X39 mm. across, medium-prominent bud furrow,

427472—58 15
224 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 7 + 1, average width of long

cells 11.6^, stomates absent; growth rings green, medium broad,

tumescent; root bands greenish or ivory, cylindric-constricted, 8 and

6 mm. high, with 2 rows of very small scarcely visible primordia;

buds green with light-olive wing, 12X10 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth; prophyll broad ovate with medium basal

appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, medium broad and smooth, basally fringed, buds slightly to

medium hairy with groups 1, 2, 16, 17, 11, Í9, and 10 prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with medium narrow 57; sheath base

with small 64e; blades 165 cm. long and 6.5 cm. broad, module 25;

dewlaps red, narrow ascending squarish, outer surface with marginal

group 58, inner surface with somewhat small group 51 and sparse

group 52; both auricles transitional; ligule thin-flanged crescent with

lozenge, 4 mm. high, group 61 medium, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Yellowish-green cane, with broad

ovate medium-hairy buds; 2 rows of small indistinct primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57H—, 61+ ., 64e+ —; red, narrow ascending

squarish dewlaps (fig. 57 (288)); transitional auricles; thin-flanged

crescent ligule with lozenge.

CLONE MIA DO

IMP. 1553, Ace. 289

CULMS.— Purple, with heavy bloom and constricted merging wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long and 34 mm. across, inconspicuous bud furrow, light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6,

average width of long cells 8.7ju, stomates present; growth rings red,

medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm.

high with 3 or 4 rows of small crowded primordia; buds green, IIXIO

mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll short ovate

with round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, somewhat broad at base and narrowing toward apex, pubescence sparse

with medium-prominent hair groups 1, 16, 19, 22.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with medium 57 and 60; sheath base

slightly decurrent with small 64e; blades 180 cm. long and 6.5 cm.

broad, module 27; dewlaps ascending flaring ligulate, outer surface

with medium group 58, inner surface with small group 51 and mediumdense group 52; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner auricle small

deltoid; ligule thin-flanged subarcuate, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purple cane, with short ovate more

or less smooth buds; 3 or 4 rows of small crowded root primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 57+ .,60+ , 64eH—; ascending flaring ligulate

dewlaps (fig. 57 (289)); inner auricle small deltoid; broad subarcuate

to arcuate ligule (fig. 37 (289)).

CLONE MALAGACHE

IMP. 1068, Ace. 290

CULMS.—Purple to red, with heavy bloom and distinct or merging

wax bands; internodes concave cylindric, 14 cm. long and 28X31 ip.m.

across, medium bud furrow, greenish flesh; stem-epidermal pattern
SUGARCANE 225

1+4, average width of long cells 10.4^, stomates present; growth

rings red, narrow, flush; root bands red, cylindric, 7 and 5 mm. high

with 2 rows of primordia; buds red, 13X12 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with niedmm

basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wmg inserted below middle

of prophyll, broad and emarginate at base, pubescence sparse, with

hair groups 19, 16, 1, and 2 outstanding. ^ -, .i i

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with prominent 57 ; sheath base

with sectorial 59; blades 120 cm. long and 6.4 cm. broad, module 19;

dewlaps slighlv ascending squarish or squarish crescent, outer surface

with sparse group 58, inner surface with very small group 51 and

sparse group 52; both auricles sloping transitional; ligule narrow

crescent, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purple-colored cane, with broad

ovate more or less smooth buds but with outstanding group 19;

narrow root band with 2 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups

57^^ 59-]- _; slighly ascending-squarish or squarish-crescent dewlaps

(fig. 57 (290)); transitional auricles; narrow-crescent ligule.

CLONE MANI

IMP. 1294, Ace. 291

CULMS.—Olive green, with rose flush, sparse bloom, prominent wax

bands, and corky patches; internodes cylindric, 19 cm. long and 39 mm

across, small to prominent bud furrow, light-ohve flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 2-, average width of long cells llju, stomates absent; growth

rings olive, broad, flush; root bands light rose, cylindric, 8 and 6 mni.

hip-h with 3 irregular rows of primordia; buds green with reddish

wings, 17X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll long ovate with small basal appendage and pointed

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow, fringed at base,

medium hairv, with basal and wing pubescence prominent. _

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with prominent 57; sheath base with

small 64e; blades 160 cm. long and 8 cm. broad, module 19; dewlaps

large shallow deltoid or flaring hgulate, outer surface with dense

group 58 and prominent 58a, inner surface with broad 51, 65, dense

52, medium-prominent 52a, and small 63; both auricles transitional;

ligule narrow-flanged crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 absent, dorsal

pubescence as sparse 55a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-green cane, with large

medium-hairy buds; medium root bands; diagnostic hair groups 52 + ,

55a+ -, 57 + , 58 + , 58a+, 63+ -, 64e+ -, 65+ ; large shallow deltoid

or flaring ligulate dewlaps (fig. 58 (291)) ; transitional auricles; narrowflanged crescent ligule.

CLONE MANTEIGA

IMP, 1585, Ace. 293

CULMS.—Apple green, without bloom and narrow prominent wax

bands; internodes cvlindric, 15 cm. long and 40X41 mm. across

narrow bud furrow,*^hght-green medium-hard flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 2+4+ 5, average width of long cells 9/x, stomates present;
226 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

growth rings green, medium broad, slightly tumescent; root bands

green, slightly constricted, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia;

buds green, 9X10 mm., inserted below scar and reaching growth ring;

prophyll short deltoid with prominent basal appendage and roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad,

pubescence sparse, consisting of short brown hair.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm. long with medium 57; blades 150 cm.

long and 8 cm. broad, module 19; dewlaps large double crescent or

squarish crescent, outer surface with medium-sparse group 58 and

marginal 58a, inner surface with broad 51 and medium-dense 52,

occasionally small 63 and 55; both auricles transitional; ligule thinflanged subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence as sparse 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS,—Green cane, with short broaddeltoid more or less smooth buds and narrow root bands with 3 rows

of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 55+ , 55a+ , 57 + .,

63+ ; large double-crescent or squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig.

58 (293)); transitional auricles; subarcuate ligule.

CLONE MANTEIGA

IMP. 1295, Ace. 294

CULMS.—Apple green to greenish yellow, with sparse bloom,

narrow prominent wax bands, and isolated corky patches; internodes

cylindric, 14 cm. long and 36X38 mm. across, small bud furrow,

yellow-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2, average width of long

cells 9.8M, stomates absent; growth rings olive, medium broad,

tumescent; root bands green, cylindric, 6 and 5 mm. high with 3 rows

of primordia; buds reddish, 11X11 mm., inserted at scar and reaching

growth ring; prophyll broad deltoid with medium basal appendage

and round-pointed tip, wing inserted very low, emarginate at base,

pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with medium prominent 57; blades

155 cm. long and 9.5 cm. broad, module 16; dewlaps ascending

squarish crescent, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface

with medium broad 51, semidense 52, and occasionally small 63; both

auricles sloping transitional; ligule arcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61

very short, dorsal pubescence as sparse 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green cane, with broad deltoid

inore or less smooth buds; narrow root bands with 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 55a H , 57 + ., 63 H ; ascending squarishcrescent dewlaps (fig. 58 (294)); transitional auricles; medium-broad

arcuate ligule.

CLONE MELIGELI

IMP. 1069, Ace. 296

CULMS.—Green, with sparse bloom, corky cracks, and prominent

wax bands; internodes concave cylindric and shouldered, 11 cm. long

and 32X34 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, ivory-olive flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 3, average width of long cells 11/x, stomates

absent; growth rings olive, broad, somewhat tumescent; root bands

ivory green, cylindric obconoidal, 9 and 8 mm. high with 3 rows of
SUGARCANE 227

primordia; buds green with rose wings, 14X9 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll long ovate with pomted

tip, wmg inserted below middle of prophyll, medium narrow but

broadening toward tip, pubescence more or less sparse with base and

wing covered with short brown hair.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm. long with medmm-broad 57 and 60;

blades 145 cm. long and 6.6 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps tall

squarish, outer surface with medium-dense 58, inner surface with

broad 51 that extends as 65 single file toward midrib, sparse semilong

52, and medium-small 63; both auricles transitional; ligule strapshaped or flat crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 long, dorsal pubescence

as prominent 55a and along flanges.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green cane, with more or less

smooth long ovate buds; medium-tall root bands; diagnostic hair

groups 55a+, 57 + ., 58 + ., 61 + , 63+- 65 + , 65a+; tall squarish

dewlaps (fig. 58 (296)); transitional auricles; strap-shaped or flat

crescent ligule.

CLONE MENADO ROOD

IMP. 1070, Ace. 297

CULMS.—Purple, with sparse bloom, narrow wax bands, and

corky patches; internodes cylindric obconoidal, concave and shouldered, 12 cm. long and 23X30 mm. across, with shallow bud furrow,

light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2-, average width of long

cells 10.8M, stomates present; growth rings red, medium broad, flush;

root bands red, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high with 5 rows of crowded

primordia; buds green with red wings, 12X9 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with medium basal

appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of

prophyll, medium broad, pubescence general, with hair groups 1, 2, 16,

8, 11, 19, 22, and 10 outstanding.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with narrow 57; sheath base with

short-haired sectorial 59; blades 159 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module

26 ; dewlaps ascending squarish crescent, outer surface with mediumsparse group 58, inner surface with small 51 and more or less sparse 52;

outer auricle broad transitional, inner auricle lanceolate or calcarate;

hgule arcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purple cane, with medium-hairy

buds having prominent basal and juncture pubescence; 5 rows of

crowded root primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57H , 59+^—;

ascending squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 58 (297)); inner auricle

lanceolate or calcarate; arcuate ligule.

CLONE MONJET GAYAM

IMP. 1071, Ace. 298

CULMS.—Yellowish green becoming light purple, with sparse bloom

and narrow wax bands; internodes slightly conoidal, sharply constricted

below wax band, 17 cm. long and 22X23 mm. across, without bud

furrow, greenish flesh with pithy center; stem-epidermal pattern 2-,
228 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, XJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

average width of long cells 12.5/x, stomates present; growth rings red,

medium broad, tumescent; root bands greenish red, cylindric-obconoidal, 8 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of sparse primordia; buds green

with reddish membranaceous wings, 13X11 mm., inserted at scar

and reaching growth ring; prophyll obovate, wing inserted above

middle of prophyll very broad with crescent serrate tip, prominently

fringed, pubescence of sides very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with broad 57 and 60; blades 140 cm.

long and 5.3 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps squarish crescent, outer

surface with sparse 58, inner surface with medium-broad 51, dense

semilong 52, and small 63; both auricles transitional, outer one subtended by a ledge of long dense hair; ligule broad-flanged crescent,

4 mm. high, group 61 long, dorsal pubescence general and medium

long.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Yellowish-green to purplish cane,

with obovate more or less smooth broad-winged, prominently fringed

buds; medium root bands with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 +, 56 +, 57 +, 61 +, 63H ; squarish-crescent dewlaps

(fig. 58 (298)) ; transitional auricles; broad-flanged subarcuate ligule.

CLONE MUK CHE

IMP. 184, Ace. 299

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with heavy bloom, merging wax bands,

and corky cracks; internodes cylindric and slightly shouldered,

11 cm. long and 31X32 mm. across, without bud furrow, soft orange

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1-, average width of long cells 10.2ju,

stomates present; growth rings light olive, narrow, flush; root bands

ivory, conoidal, 7 mm. high, with 4 rows of primordia; buds greenish

rose with red wings, 15X11 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with truncate, notched tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence sparse

except for prominent hair groups 1, 16, and 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long with medium-narrow 57; blades

160 cm. long and 6.3 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps double-crescent

deltoid, outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with small

to medium 51 and sparse 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle

large calcarate or lanceolate and fringed to tip; ligule arcuate, 3.5 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Yellowish-green cane, with large

more or less smooth buds having very prominent groups 16 and 19

(fig. 34 (184)); medium-narrow root bands with 4 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair group 57H—; double-crescent-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 58

(299)) ; large calcarate or long lanceolate inner auricle; arcuate ligule.

CLONE MUNTOK, JAVA

IMP. 1072, Ace. 300

CULMS.—Purple, with medium bloom and merging wax bands; internodes slightly concave cylindric, 9 cm. long and 32 mm. across,

prominent bud furrow, green-ivory flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2,

average width of long cells 9jLt, stomates absent; growth rings red,
SUGARCANE 229

medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric-constricted, 6

and 5 mm. high with 3 or 4 irregular rows of crowded primordia; buds

red, 15X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with small basal appendage and pointed tip, wmg inserted below middle of prophyll, broad at base and prominently

fringed throughout, pubescence medium, with hair groups 1, 2, 4, 11,

10, and 17 evident. , ., i -^^

LEAVES.—Sheaths 27 cm. long with broad 57; sheath base with

small 64e; blades 140 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps

slightly ascending ligulate, outer surface with medium group 58, inner

surface with small 51 and sparse 52; both auricles transitional or small

deltoid; ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purple cane, with large prominently

fringed buds; narrow root bands with 3 or 4 rows of crowded primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57+, 64e+ -; slightly ascendmgligulate dewlaps (fig. 58 (300)); transitional auricles; broad subarcuate ligule.

CLONE NEGRITA

IMP. 1179, Ace. 301

CULMS.—Deep purple, with sparse bloom, medium wax bands, and

corky cracks; internodes cyhndric and slightly shouldered, 11 cm.

long and 29X30 mm. across, without bud furrow, light-olive flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 1 -, average width of long cells 12.1M, stomates present; growth rings red, broad, flush; root bands red, cyhndric, 8 and 6 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds deep purple,

15X9 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovatewith pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

narrow, pubescence very sparse, small hair groups 1, 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths purplish, 32 cm. long with medium 57 and 60 ;

sheath base saccate, decurrent with 64e and small 59 ; blades purplish,

141 cm. long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps flaring shallow

deltoid-crescent, outer surface with sparse 58, inner surface with very

small 51 and sparse 52; both auricles broad transitional; ligule shallow crescent, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purplish-leaved cane, with medium-large more or less smooth buds; medium root bands with 3 rows

of primordia; diagnostic hair gr^^.ps 57 + ., 59H , 60H , 64eH ;

flaring shallow deltoid-crescent dewlaps (fig. 58 (301)); transitional

auricles; narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE OEDANG AMBOINA

IMP. 1073, Ace. 302

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom and broad wax bands;

internodes somewhat tumescent and constricted in region of growth

ring, 11 cm. long and 39 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, lightgray flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1, average width of long cells 11.9^,

stomates present; growth rings oHve green, narrow, flush; root

bands green, conoidal, 9 and 7 mm. high with 3 rows of crowded pri-
230 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

mordía; buds green with olive wing, 18X13 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad at base and basally

fringed, pubescence somewhat sparse, prominent hair groups 1, 16,

11, 17.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with narrow 57; blades 150 cm. long

and 6.8 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps tall squarish-crescent, outer

surface with medium-sparse group 58 and marginal 58a, inner surface

with small 51 and medium-sparse 52; both auricles broad transitional; ligule broad-centered crescent or arcuate, 6 mm. high, group

61 short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with large

slightly hairy buds; medium root bands with 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair group 57 H ; tall squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 58

(302)); transitional auricles; tall crescent or arcuate ligule (fis;. 37

(302)).

CLONE OTAHEITE

IMP. 466, Ace. 304

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with faint reddish flush, sparse bloom,

and broad wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly conoidal and

shouldered, 12 cm. long and 32X35 mm. across, prominent bud

furrow, soft light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1, average width

of long cells 8.7íLI, stomates present; growth rings olive, broad, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric or slightly conoidal, 6 and 5 mm.

high with 2 rows of primordia; buds green with red wings, 15X9

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll

elongate ovate with prominent basal appendage and round-pointed

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence general, wings hairy.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with medium-prominent 57; sheath

base decurrent, with small 64e; blades 170 cm. long and 6.8 cm. broad,

module 25; dewlaps shallow deltoid crescent, outer surface with

medium group 58, inner surface with prominent 51 that extends as

65 single file toward midrib, dense semilong 52, small 55 and 63;

outer auricle ascending transitional, inner auricle short or mediumlong lanceolate and fringed; ligule arcuate, 4 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHABACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with hairy

buds (fig. 34 (466)); narrow root bands with 2 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55 H , 55aH , 57 + ., 63+ -, 64eH ,

65 H—, 65a H—; shallow deltoid-crescent dewlaps (fig. 5S (304)); short

lanceolate inner auricle; broad arcuate ligule.

CLONE PADANGSCHE, DARK RED

IMP. 1085, Ace. 305

CULMS.—Dark red, with heavy bloom and merging wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 15 cm. long and 38 mm. across, small bud furrow,

gray-ivory flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1, average width of long cells

lO.è/x, stomates present; growth rings red, medium broad, flush; root

bands red, c^dindric, 7 and 6 mm. high with 2 or 3 irregular rows of
SUGARCANE 231

crowded primordia; buds red, 13X13 mm. or larger, inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll broad pentagonal with

prominent basal appendage and round-pointed or truncate-notched

tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad, pubescence sparse

except for hair groups 1, 2, 19, 9, 16.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long, smooth or with narrow 57 and 60;

sheath base slightly decurrent with small 64e; blades 145 cm. long

and 5.5 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps medium-tall crescent squarish,

outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with small 51 and

dense 52; both auricles broad transitional, outer one subtended by a

narrow ledge of groups 70 and 60; ligule flat crescent, 3.5 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane, with ovate or broad

pentagonal more or less smooth buds having diagnostic group 9;

narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair

groups 52 +, 57H , 60+ -, 64e+ -, 70+ -; medium-tall crescentsquarish dewlaps (fig. 58 (305)); transitional auricles; flat crescent

ligule.

CLONE PADANGSGHE, LIGHT RED

IMP. 1067, Ace. 306

CULMS.—Red, with sparse bloom and prominent constricted wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 8 cm. long and 28X30 mm. across, without bud furrow, medium-hard gray flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6,

average width of long cells 10.6/x, stomates present; growth rings red,

medium broad, flush; root bands red, slightly tumescent, 8 and 6 mm.

high with 3 or 4 irregular rows of crowded primordia; buds red, 13X11

mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate

with medium basal appendage inserted low and irregular truncate tip,

wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad at base and somewhat

emarginate, pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 29 cm. long, when young covered with short

dense 57 and 60; sheath base decurrent with prominent narrow appendage and group 64e; blades 120 cm. long and 6.2 cm. broad, module

19; dewlaps steeply ascending ligulate, outer surface with sparse group

58, inner surface with narrow 51 and medium-dense 52; both auricles

sloping transitional; ligule thin-flanged crescent with lozenge, 3.5 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as sparse 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Pale-red cane, with constricted wax

bands, more or less smooth buds; 3 or 4 rows of crowded primordia;

decurrent sheath margin with prominent appendage; diagnostic hair

groups 52 + ., 57H , 60H , 64e+, 65aH ; steeply ascendingligulate dewlaps (fig. 58 (306)); sloping transitional auricles; crescent

ligule with shallow lozenge.

CLONE PELO DE MOCA

IMP. 1586, Ace. 307

CULMS.—^Light greenish purple, hairy, medium bloom, and merging

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 15 cm. long and 34X36 mm. across,

somewhat prominent bud furrow, soft greenish fiesh; stem-epidermal
232 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

pattern indefinite, average width of long cells 10/x, stomates absent;

growth rings green, broad, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric

obconoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 irregular rows of crowded primordia; buds green with reddish wings, 11X12 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll broad deltoid with prominent basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted below

middle of prophyll, more or less broad at base, very hairy.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with very broad 57; sheath base

decurrent and prominently appendaged, prominent 59; blades 150 cm.

long and 6.9 cm. broad, module 22; blade surface with group 67;

dewlaps shallow double-crescent deltoid, outer surface with dense

group 58 and marginal 58a, inner surface with prominent 51 which

continues as 65 single file toward midrib, dense 52, medium 52a and

63 ; both auricles transitional, outer one with a prominent ledge of 70 ;

ligule arcuate, 4 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence as 55a

and in flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Light greenish-purple cane, with

hairy culms and leaf blades; broad deltoid very hairy buds; hairy root

bands with 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55a+,

57 + , 58 +, 59 +, 63+ -, 65+ -, 65a+ -, 67 +, 70+ (hairy stem);

shallow double-crescent-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 58 (307)); transitional

auricles; arcuate ligule (fig. 37 (307))..

CLONE PITU

IMP. 1587, Ace. 308

CULMS.—Red and green striped, with heavy bloom and merging

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long and 32X34 mm. across,

shallow bud furrow, olive-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6,

average width of long cells 9.5M, stomates present; growth rings

striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 8 and

7 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of crowded primordia; buds light green,

15X13 mm., inserted at scar and reaching upper limit of growth ring;

prophyll pentagonal with prominent basal appendage and roundpointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, broad and basally

fringed, pubescence sparse with somewhat prominent hair groups 1, 2,

16, 19, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long and smooth or with narrow 57; blades

170 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps squarish slightly

subcrescent, outer surface with somewhat dense group 58 and small

58a, inner surface with prominent 51, dense 52, and medium-prominent 63; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner calcarate or short

lanceolate and not fringed; ligule orbicular crescent, 5.5 mm. high,

group 61 short, dorsal pubescence as sparse 55a and in terminal flange

zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with pentagonal

slightly hairy buds; medium root bands with 2 or 3 rows of crowded

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55aH , 57H , 58 + ,

63H ; squarish slightly subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 59 (308)); small

calcarate inner auricle; broad orbicular crescent ligule (fig. 37 (308)).
SUGARCANE 233

CLONE POETIH BORNEO

IMP. 1074, Ace. 309

CULMS.—Green, with rose flush, becoming greenish yellow, sparse

bloom, and prominent wax bands; internodes tumescent and shouldered, 11 cm. long and 31X34 mm. across, prominent or medium bud

furrow, green-ivory flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2-, average width

of long cells 12.8^1, stomates absent; growth rings olive, medium

broad, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high with

2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds reddish, 16X12 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll long deltoid with roundpointed tip, wing inserted low, narrow, smooth, pubescence sparse

with prominent hair groups 10 and 11.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with short and medium-narrow 57;

blades 160 cm. long and 6.5 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps squarish,

outer surface with dense group 58, inner surface with prominent broad

51 and medium sparse 52; both auricles sloping transitional; ligule

thin-flanged and broad-centered crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green stems with rose flush; large

more or less smooth buds; narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows of

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 51 + , 57+ -, 58+; squarish

dewlaps (fig. 59 (309)); transitional auricles; broad-centered crescent

ligule.

CLONE PUNDIA

IMP. 759, Ace. 311

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with rose flush, heavy bloom, and somewhat merging wax bands; internodes tumescent, 11 cm. long and 38

mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6 +3, average width of long cells 12/x, stomates

present; growth rings light olive, narrow, depressed; root bands

yellow green, conoidal, 12 and 9 mm. high with 4 rows of small

purplish primordia; buds green with olive wing, 17X9 mm., inserted

at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll long deltoid with

medium-small basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted very

low, pubescence very sparse, with medium-prominent hair groups

1 + 16, 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long, smooth or with very narrow 57;

blades 157 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps slightly

descending shallow crescent-deltoid, outer surface with very sparse

group 58, inner surface with small 51 and sparse 52; outer auricle

ascending transitional or deltoid, inner auricle long lanceolate and

fringed to tip; ligule broad-centered subarcuate, 4.5 mm. high, group

61 very short, dorsal pubescence sparse and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green stems with rose

flush; large and smooth deltoid buds; tall root bands with 4 rows of

small purplish primordia; diagnostic hair group 57H ; slightly

descending shallow crescent-deltoid dewlaps (flg. 59 (311)); long

lanceolate inner auricle; broad subarcuate ligule.
234 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

CLONE RA CHA

IMP. 1075, Ace. 312

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with rose flush, medium prominent

bloom, and broad merging wax bands; internodes slightly tumescent,

9 cm. long and 27 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, greenish flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 3, average width of long cells 8.1/^, stomates

present; growth rings olive green, medium broad, flush; root bands

green, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

buds green with reddish wing, 13X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with broad truncate

notched tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow at base

and broadening toward apex, smooth, pubescence very sparse, with

prominent hair groups 1 and 2.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 29 cm. long with small 57 and 60; blades 118

cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad, module 26; dewlaps squarish crescent or

double crescent, outer surface with somewhat dense group 58, inner

surface with small 51 and medium-dense 52; outer auricle sloping

transitional and subtended by a very short 56, inner auricle transitional or small deltoid; ligule narrow subarcuate or arcuate, 2 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green stems with rose

flush; smooth buds; narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52+ ., 56H , 57H , 58+ ., 60H—;

squarish-crescent or double-crescent dewlaps (fig. 59 (312)); transitional or small deltoid inner auricle; narrow more or less arcuate

ligule.

CLONE RARATONGA 1

IMP. 854, Ace. 313

CULMS.—Green, with red flush becoming yellowish green, sparse

bloom, and prominent narrow wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm.

long and 37 mm. across, small bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stemepidermal pattern 2-, average width of long cells 10/x, stomates

absent; growth rings olive, medium broad, tumescent; root bands

green, cylindric, 11 and 9 mm. high with 4 or 5 rows of primordia;

buds green with olive wing, 10X8 mm., inserted at scar and reaching

growth ring; prophyll squarish ovate with large basal appendage and

round pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium

broad and prominently fringed, pubescence general and more or less

prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with prominent 57 and 60; blades

140 cm. long and 6.3 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps ascending

squarish or ligulate, outer surface with medium group 58 and marginal

58a, inner surface with small 51, dense 52, small 52a, 55, and 63; outer

auricle broad transitional with group 70, inner auricle small calcarate;

ligule narrow-flanged subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHAEACTERS.—Green stems with red flush, hairy

buds (fig. 35 (854)); root bands with 4 or 5 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55 H , 55aH—,57+ , 60+, 63 H—, 70+;

ascending squarish or ligulate dewlaps (fig. 59 (313)): small calcarate

inner auricle; medium-broad subarcuate ligule (fig, 37 (313)).
SUGARCANE 235

CLONE RARATONGA 2

IMP. 855, Ace. 314

CULMS.—Olive brown, with medium heavy bloom and broad merging wax bands; internodes slightly concave cylindric and shouldered,

12 cm. long and 29X31 mm. across, inconspicuous bud furrow, soft

olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2-, average width of long cells

13.8AI, stomates absent; growth rings greenish red, medium broad,

flush; root bands green, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 rows of

primordia; buds green with olive wings, 16X12 mm., inserted' at

scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll long ovate with roundpointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad and notched

at base, pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm. long and smooth; blades 128 cm. long and

7.3 cm. broad, module 17; dewlaps ascending squarish, outer surface

with medium dense 58, inner surface with broad 51, dense 52, and

small 63; both auricles broad transitional; ligule narrow orbicular

crescent, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in

flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.-—Olive-brown cane, with more or

less smooth buds (fig. 35 (855)); medium root bands with 3 rows of

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 58 + ., 63H—; ascending

squarish dewlaps (fig. 59 (314)) ; transitional auricles; narrow crescent

ligule.

CLONE RARATONGA 3

IMP. 856, Ace. 315

CULMS.—Red and green striped, with sparse bloom and medium

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 5 cm., long and 37 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft light-green flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +7,

average width of long cells 12.1/x, stomates absent; growth rings

striped, medium broad, flush; root bands striped, cylindric, 6 mm.

high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green with red wing, 13X10

mm., inserted below scar and extending slightly above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with round-pomted tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, medium broad and hairy, pubescence general and more or

less prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with medium 57; blades 125 cm. long

and 5.4 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps slightly ascending narrow

squarish or squarish deltoid, outer surface with dense 58 and prominent

basal 58a, inner surface with broad 51, dense 52, and occasionally

small 63; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a short 56, inner

auricle deltoid; ligule shallow crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with hairy buds

(fig. 35 (856)); narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55a+ , 56H , 57 + ., 58 +, 58a+,

63-f ; slightly ascending narrow squarish or squarish-deltoid

dewlaps (fig. 59 (315)); deltoid inner auricle; narrow flat crescent

ligule.
236 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

CLONE RAT GROS VENTRE

IMP. 990, Ace. 316

CuLMS.—Olive, with red flush, medium bloom, and prominent wax

bands, hairy, without bud furrow, hard oHve-green flesh; internodes

cyhndric and prominently shouldered, 14 cm. long and 33 mm. across;

stem-epidermal pattern 2 +3+4, cork cells often in multiples, average

width of long cells 10.6/1, stomates present; growth rings green,

medium broad, depressed; root bands green, conoidal obconoidal,

8 and 6 mm. high with 4 rows of small purplish primordia; buds

greenish, 11X12 mm., inserted below scar and reaching growth ring;

prophyll broad ovate with broad basal appendage and round-pointed

tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad at base, emarginate,

pubescence sparse except for groups 1 and 2.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with medium 57 and sparse 60;

sheath base with prominent 59; blades 160 cm. long and 5.2 cm. broad,

module 31; dewlaps slightly ascending squarish crescent, outer surface

with medium-sparse 58 and small 58a, inner surface with small 51, 65,

dense 52, and small 55 and 63; both auricles transitional; ligule thinflanged crescent with lozenge, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence as small 55a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Hairy culms, olive with red flush;

short broad slightly hairy buds with prominent groups 1 and 2; hairy

root bands with 4 rows of purplish primordia; diagnostic hair groups

52 + , 55H , 55aH , 57 + ., 59 + , 60H , 63+ -, 65+ - (hairy

stem); slightly ascending squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 59 (316));

transitional auricles; orbicular-crescent ligule (fig. 37 (316)).

CLONE RAYADA

IMP. 9, Ace. 317

CULMS.—Purple and green striped, with heavy bloom and merging

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long and 30X33 mm. across,

prominent bud furrow, soft light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1 +7+4, average width of long cells 10.4/x, stomates present; growth

rings striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands striped, cylindric,

7 and 5 mm. high with 2 or 2 or 3 rows of primordia ; buds green with

red wings, 10X12 mm., inserted at scar and reaching growth ring;

prophyll broad pentagonal with prominent basal appendage and crescent or round-pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll,

broad at base and basally fringed, pubescence at base and tip with

prominent hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with narrow 57; blades 165 cm. long

and 6.1 cm. broad, module 27; dewlaps ascending squarish crescent,

outer surface with medium 58 and marginal 58a, inner surface with

prominent 51, 52, and small 63 and 65; outer auricle sloping transitional subtended by a very short 56, inner auricle small lanceolate or

transitional; ligule orbicular crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 short,

dorsal pubescence short and semiadnate all along back side, small 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with broad pentagonal

somewhat hairy buds (fig. 36 (9)); narrow root bands with 2 or 3

rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55aH , 56H ,
SUGARCANE 237

57_|_ ^ _^ 63-|- ^ 654- -• ascending squarish-crescent dewlaps

(fig. 59 (317)); sloping transitional or short lanceolate inner auricle;

broad orbicular-crescent ligule (fig. 37 (317)).

CLONE RED CAVENGERIE

IMP. 737, Ace. 318

CULMS.—Red becoming brownish yellow, with sparse bloom and

narrow wax bands; internodes concave cylindric, 18 cm. long and

29X31 mm. across, small bud furrow, hard green flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 2+4, average width of long cells 11.6At, stomates present;

growth rings green, later red, medium broad, tumescent; root bands

red, cyhndric, 6 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds green with

reddish wings, 12X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending to growth

ring; prophyll ovate with small basal appendage and round-pointed

or truncate tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, more or less

broad, pubescence sparse with medium-small hair groups 1,2, and 19.

LEAVES.—Sheath 34 cm. long, with medium long-haired 57 and

sparse 60; blades 128 cm. long and 5.7 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps

double crescent deltoid, outer surface with sparse 58, inner surface

with medium 51 and sparse 52; both auricles greatly sloping transitional, outer one subtended by a short long-haired 56; ligule shallow

arcuate, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a

and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHAEACTEES.—Red cane, with ovate more or less

smooth buds and narrow root bands with 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 55a+ -, 56 + , 57 + , 60+ -; double crescent-deltoid

dewlaps (fig. 59 (318)); transitional auricles; narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE RED PREANGER

IMP. 762, Ace. 319

CULMS.—Red, with heavy bloom and merging wax bands; internodes

cylindric, 11 cm. long and 30X33 mm. across, prominent bud furrow,

light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6, average width of long

cells 10.8M, stomates absent; growth rings red, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 7 and 5 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of

primordia; buds red, 14X14 mm., inserted below scar and reaching

growth ring; prophyll broad pentagonal or roundish with broad basal

appendage and notched tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll,

broad and notched at base, pubescence sparse, hair groups 1, 2, 10 16,

19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long, smooth; blades 150 cm. long and

5.3 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps narrow squarish crescent or flaring

ligulate, outer surface with medium sparse 58 and small 58a, inner

surface with broad 51, dense 52, and small 63; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle small deltoid, ligule orbicular-crescent, 4 mm.

high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in terminal flange

zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHAEACTEES.—Red cane, with broad pentagonal

or roundish more or less smooth buds; narrow root bands with 2 or 3
238 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55a+ -, 63+ -;

narrow squarish-crescent or flaring ligulate dewlaps (fig. 59 (319));

small deltoid inner auricle; crescent ligule.

CLONE RED TIP

IMP. 773, Ace. 320

CULMS.—Purple to red, with heavy bloom and merging wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long and 34 mm. across, medium or

prominent bud furrow, light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1 +7 +6, average width of long cells 9.6^, stomates absent; growth

rings red, broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm.

high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds red, 11X13 mm., inserted

at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate or broad pentagonal

with round-pointed tip, wing inserted at middle of prophyll, broad,

fringed and notched at base, general pubescence sparse with more or

less prominent hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19, and 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long and smooth or with narrow 57;

sheath base with small 64e, blades 150 cm. long and 6.3 cm. broad,

module 24; dewlaps squarish subcrescent or double crescent, outer

surface with dense group 58 and small 58a, inner surface with broad

51, dense 52, and occasionally small 63; outer auricle sloping transitional, inner auricle calcarate or short lanceolate and not fringed; ligule

broad orbicular crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Purple cane, with broad pentagonal

slightly hairy buds; narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 57+ , 58 +, 63+ , 64e+ ;

squarish-subcrescent or double crescent dewlaps (ñg. 59 (320)); calcarate or short lanceolate inner auricle; broad orbicular-crescent

ligule.

CLONE ROOD DJAPARA

IMP. 1077, Ace. 321

CULMS.—Red becoming reddish bronze, with heavy bloom and

merging wax bands; internodes tumescent, 9 cm. long and 43 mm.

across, without bud furrow, light-orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3, average width of long cells 12.1/x, stomates absent; growth

rings ivory, confluent with internode above and with root band; root

band ivory, cylindric-constricted, 10 and 9 mm. high with 4 or 5 rows

of crowded primordia; buds red, 14X11 mm., inserted at scar and

reaching upper margin of growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent

basal appendage and truncate-notched tip, wing inserted below middle

of prophyll, broad at base, pubescence sparse but with prominent hair

groups 16, 18, and 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm. long with medium 57; blades 165 cm. long

and 7 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps slightly descending shallow

deltoid, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with small

51 and prominent 52; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle short

lanceolate or calcarate ; ligule arcuate, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with medium-large more
SUGARCANE 239

or less smooth, buds having very prominent groups 16 and 19 ; tall root

bands with 4 or 5 ro^\^îs of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +,

57 + .; slightly descendiDg shallow-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 59 (321));

short lanceolate or calcarate inner auricle; arcuate ligule.

CLONE ROOD EGYPTISCH

IMP. 104, Ace. 322

CULMS.—Red becoming green, with prominent red sunscald, heavy

bloom, and merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 11 cm. long and

34 mm. across, shallow bud furrow, soft light-green flesh; stemepidermal pattern 1 +6+4, average width of long cells 10.3 ju, stomates

few; growth rings green, later red, narrow, flush; root bands red,

slightly obconoidal, 7 and 5 mm. high with 2 rows of primordia;

buds green with reddish wings, 10X12 mm., inserted below scar

and reaching growth ring; prophyll broad pentagonal with small basal

appendage and notched tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll,

broad at base and notched, pubescence prominent at base and corners,

outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 4, 16, 19, 10, 26.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long and smooth; sheath base with small

64e; blades 150 cm. long and 6.3 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps

squarish subcrescent, outer surface with medium group 58 and marginal 58a, inner surface with broad 51, medium dense 52, and small 63;

both auricles sloping transitional or inner auricle small calcarate;

ligule broad orbicular crescent, 5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal

pubescence as 55a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with broad pentagonal

buds sparsely pubescent but with prominent groups at base and

corner of junctures (fig. 36 (104)); narrow root bands with 2 rows of

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 55aH—, 63H , 64eH—; squarishsubcrescent de\^laps (fig. 59 (322)); inner auricle transitional or small

calcarate; broai^-crescent ligule (fig. 37 (322)).

CLONE SELEMI, BALI

IMP. 1318, Ace. 323

CULMS.—Dark red, with sparse bloom and medium wax bands;

internodes slightly bobbin-shaped conoidal, 10 cm. long and 33 mm.

across, medium-prominent bud furrow, gray-white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long cells 12.2ju, stomates

present; growth rings red, narrow, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric

obconoidal, 8 and 6 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of sparse primordia;

buds red, 13X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll short deltoid with more or less prominent basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted low, medium broad, notched

at base, pubescence very sparse with slightly prominent hair groups

1,2,19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with medium 57; blades 135 cm. long

and 5.7 cm. broad, module 24; dewlaps ascending squarish-doublecrescent, outer surface with sparse 58, inner surface with broad 51

and sparse 52; both auricles sloping transitional, outer one subtended

427472^58 16
240 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

by a short long-haired 56; Ugule narrow arcuate, 2.5 mm. high, group

61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane, with short-deltoid

more or less smooth buds; medium root bands with 3 or 4 rows of

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 55aH—, 56 H , 57 + .; ascending

squarish-double-crescent dewlaps (fig. 59 (323)); transitional auricles;

narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE SAWOE KROEPOEK

IMP. 1560, Ace. 324

CULMS.—Olive, with orange blush, sparse bloom, and prominent

wax bands; internodes flat cylindric, 13 cm. long and 33X36 mm.

across, without bud furrow, hard olive-green flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 3+4+ 6, average width of long cells 10.3M, stomates absent;

growth rings greenish olive, narrow, tumescent; root bands greenish,

cylindric or conoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high with 4 or 5 rows of small

crowded primordia; buds greenish red, 10X12 mm., inserted below

scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll roundish pentagonal with

more or less prominent basal appendage and narrow crescent tip,

wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad at base and fading out

over tip, pubescence sparse with semiprominent hair groups 1, 2,

19, 26, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 38 cm. long with very broad 57 and sparse 60;

blades 180 cm. long and 6.1 cm. broad, module 30; dewlaps squarish

crescent, outer surface with medium 58, inner surface with prominent

51, sparse 65, more or less dense 52; outer auricle ascending transitional, inner auricle long lanceolate and fringed; ligule broad-centered

crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in

terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive stems with orange blush,

roundish pentagonal more or less smooth buds; medium root bands

with 4 or 5 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + ., 57 + ,

60+ -, 65 H ; squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 60 (324)) ; long lanceolate inner auricle; broad-centered crescent ligule (fig. 37 (324)).

CLONE SIMPSON

IMP. 1424, Ace. 325

CULMS.—Yellow- and green-striped, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes concave cylindric and shouldered, 9 cm.

long and 35X36 mm. across, prominent bud furrow, soft light-olive

flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1-, average width of long cells 8,1M,

stomates absent; growth rings striped, medium broad, tumescent;

root bands striped, cylindric, 6 and 5 mm. high with 2 rows of primordia; buds green with red wings, 10X7 mm., inserted at scar and

extending to growth ring; prophyll long ovate with promment basal

appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, medium broad, very hairy, pubescence general and prominent, hair group 24 present.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 29 cm. long with medium 57; sheath base decurrent with small 64e; blades 130 cm. long and 5.7 cm. broad, module
SUGARCANE 241

23; dewlaps squarish crescent, outer surface with medium group 58,

inner surface with broad 51, sparse 65, dense 52, small 55 and 63;

outer auricle deltoid, inner auricle lanceolate; ligule arcuate, 3.5 mm.

high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a, 65a, and m

terminal flange zone. .

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Striped cane, with narrow ovate

hairy buds; narrow root bands with 2 rows of primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 +, 55+ -, 55a+ -, 57 + ., 63+ -, 64e+ -, 65+ -,

e5a+ -; squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 60 (325)); lanceolate inner

auricle; arcuate ligule.

CLONE SOERAT SOEMBAWA WIT

IMP. 1556, Ace. 326

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with reddish sunscald, corky cracks,

heavy bloom, and more or less merging wax bands; internodes

cylindric, 13 cm. long and 32 mm. across, without bud furrow, mediumhard light-orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1 +3, average width

of long cells 9ß, stomates present; growth rings olive, narrow, tumescent; root bands ivory, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high with 4 rows

of small purplish primordia; buds greenish red, 10X10 mm., inserted

below scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll squarish ovate with

round-pointed tip, wing inserted at or above middle of prophyll, more

or less narrow, pubescence very sparse, prominent hair groups 16

and 19. . ^ ^^

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with medium 57 and sparse 60;

sheath base slightly descending with 64e; blades 160 cm. long and

6.3 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps ascending flaring ligulate, outer

surface with medium-sparse group 58, inner surface with small 51 and

more or less sparse 52; both auricles transitional, outer one subtended

by a short 56, inner auricle has a small deltoid hook inserted low;

ligule arcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with squarish-ovate more or less smooth buds having prominent groups 16 and

19- medium root bands with 4 rows of small purplish primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 56+--, 57 + ., 58 + ., 60+- 64e+-; ascending

flaring ligulate dewlaps (fig. 60 (326)); transitional auricles; arcuate

ligule (fig. 37 (326)).

CLONE SPAANSCH

IMP. 105, Ace. 327

CULMS.—Red, with heavy bloom and merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 8 cm. long and 33 mm. across, prominent bud furrow;

stem-epidermal pattern 1 +6+4, average width of long cells 10M,

stomates absent; growth rings olive, narrow, tumescent; root bands

cylindric or slightly tumescent, 7 and 5 mm. high with 2 rows of root

primordia; buds red, 11X12 mm., inserted at scar and extending

above growth ring; prophyll broad ovate with broad basal appendage

and round-pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, medium

broad and smooth, pubescence somewhat sparse, prominent hair

groups 1, 2, 4, 16, 19, and 10.
242 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with narrow 57; blades 140 cm. long

and 6 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps ascending crescent squarish,

outer surface with medium group 58, inner surface with medium 51,

dense 52, and sparse 65; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle

deltoid or short lanceolate and not fringed; ligule broad orbicular

crescent, 4.5 mm. high, group 61 short, dorsal pubescence as 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with ovate-pentagonal

slightly hairy buds; narrow root bands with 2 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 57H , 65H—, 65aH—; ascending

crescent-squarish dewlaps (fig. 60 (327)) ; deltoid or short lanceolate

inner auricle; broad orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE STRIPED TIP

IMP. 611, Ace. 328

CULMS.—Red- and green-striped becoming red- and tan-striped, with

sparse bloom and broad wax bands; thick nodes; internodes concave

cylindric and shouldered, 12 cm. long and 26 X29 mm. across, small bud

furrow, orange flesh with pithy center; stem-epidermal pattern 2,

average width of long cells lO.ñ/uL, stomates present; growth rings

striped, medium broad, tumescent; root bands striped cylindric

tumescent, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds

green with reddish wings, 13X9 mm., inserted below scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent basal

appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, medium broad and fringed, pubescence sparse, prominent

hair groups 1, 2, 16, 4.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with medium-small 57 and sparse

60 ; blades 145 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 24 ; dewlaps mediumtall squarish crescent, outer surface with more or less dense 58 and

small 58a, inner surface with small 51 and medium-dense 52; outer

auricle transitional to deltoid and subtended by a prominent 56,

inner auricle medium-long or short lanceolate; ligule broad crescent,

5 mm. high, group 61 medium long, dorsal pubescence short and

semiadnate throughout.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red and brownish-tan striped cane,

with fringed, mere or less smooth buds; medium root bands with 3

or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + ., 56 + , 57-\—,

60H—, 61 + .; medium-tall squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 60 (328));

short or medium-long lanceolate inner auricle; broad crescent ligule.

CLONE TAHITI 3

IMP, 850, Ace. 329

CULMS.—Greenish tan, with dark red flush, sparse bloom, prominent

corky cracks, and broad wax bands; internodes cylindric, 12 cm. long

and 40X41 mm. across, without bud furrow, green-olive flesh;

stem-epidermal pattern 2+4, average width of long cells 8.7^,

stomates absent; growth rings olive green, medium broad, tumescent;

root bands green, cylindric obconoidal, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 rows

of large reddish primordia; buds red, 12X12 mm., inserted at scar

and reaching growth ring; prophyll roundish ovate with prominent
SUGARCANE 243

basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted near middle

of prophyll, medium broad and fringed at base, prominent hair

group 19.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 40 cm. long with narrow groups 57 and 60;

blades 165 cm. long and 7.6 cm. broad, module 22; dewlaps red,

very large, slightly ascending squarish-double-crescent, outer surface

with medium group 58, inner surface with prominent 51, 51a, 65, and

dense 52; both auricles sloping transitional, outer one subtended by

a short 56; ligule thin-flanged subarcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61

very short, dorsal pubescence sparse.

DISTINGUISHING CHABACTERS.—Thick-jointed greenish-tan cane,

roundish more or less smooth buds, with prominent group 19 (fig. 34

(850)); root bands with 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups

52 + , 56H—, 57H—, 60H—, 65+; red, very large, slightly ascending

squarish-double-crescent dewlaps (fig. 60 (329)); transitional auricles;

medium-broad subarcuate ligule (fig. 37 (329)).

CLONE TAMARIN, REUNION

IMP. 1081, Ace. 330

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom and merging wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 8 cm. long and 30X32 mm. across,

small bud furrow, olive-orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3,

average width of long cells 12.5M, stomates absent; growth rings olive,

medium broad, tumescent; root bands ivory, cylindric, 6 and 5 mm.

high with 2 rows of primordia; buds reddish, 10X10 mm., inserted

below scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll roundish with broadnotched tip, wing inserted at middle of prophyll, broad membranaceous, and covered with short hair, pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with prominent 57 and sparse 60;

blades 145 cm. long and 6.4 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps flaring

squarish subcrescent, outer surface with medium-sparse group 58,

inner surface with small 51, medium 52, and medium-long 63 inserted

high; both auricles small transitional or inner one small calcarate;

ligule shallow crescent, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 medium long, dorsal

pubescence along flanges.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with roundish more or less smooth broad-winged buds; narrow root bands with

2 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57 +, 60+ -, 61 + .,

63 +. ; flaring squarish-subcrescent dewlaps (fig. 60 (330)) ; transitional or

small calcarate inner auricle; shallow crescent ligule.

CLONE TEBOE POHINA

IMP. 1082, Ace. 332

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with heavy bloom and merging wax

bands; internodes slightly obconoidal, 10 cm. long and 34X36 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 4,

average width of long cells 9/i, stomates present; growth rings light

green, narrow, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric-constricted, 9

and 8 mm., Jiigh with 2 or 3 rows of sparse primordia; buds reddish

green with olive wing, 14X10, inserted below scar and extending
244 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

above growth ring; prophyll elongate ovate with small basal appendage

and pointed tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, broad at base

and notched, somewhat hairy, prominent hair groups at base and in

wing area.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with medium 57; sheath base slightly

decurrent with a small 64e; blades 140 cm. long and 8 cm. broad,

module 17; dewlaps large ascending squarish, outer surface with

medium-sparse group 58., inner surface with prominent 51, medium

52, and sparse 63; outer auricle deltoid, inner auricle deltoid or

calcarate; ligule orbicular crescent, 7 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence along flanges.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.-—Yellowish-green cane, with medium-hairy buds with prominent hairs at base and wing region; medium

root bands with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57 + .,

63H , 64eH ; large ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 60 (332));

deltoid or calcarate inner auricle; very tall crescent ligule.

CLONE TIBBO MIRD

IMP. 758, Ace. 334

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with red flush, heavy bloom, and merging

wax bands; internodes cylindric, 17 cm. long and 39 mm. across,

prominent shallow bud furrow, ivory flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1,

average width of long cells 8.9/x, stomates absent; growth rings green,

medium broad, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric, 7 and 6 mm.

high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds greenish olive, 13X13 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll rhomboid

with prominent basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted

near middle of prophyll, broad and smooth, pubescence somewhat

prominent, with outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 16, 19, 10.

LEAVES.^—Sheaths 34 cm. long with narrow 57; sheath base decurrent; blades 175 cm. long ¿tnd 7 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps large

flaring crescent deltoid, outer surface with dense groups 58 and 58a,

inner surface with broad 51, dense semilong 52, small 63 and 65;

outer auricle sloping transitional, subtended by a short 56, inner

auricle calcarate and partly fringed ; ligule orbicular crescent, 5 inm.

high, group 61 medium, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in terminal

flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with broad

rhomboid medium-hairy buds; narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows of

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55aH—, 56H , 57H ,

58 +, 63+ -, 65 H ; large flaring crescent-deltoid dewlaps (fig.

60 (334)); large calcarate inner auricle; broad crescent ligule (fig.

37 (334)).

CLONE TIJING, BALI

IMP. 1083, Ace. 335

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric and prominently shouldered, 12 cm. long

and 29 mm. across, medium bud furrow, white flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 3, average width of long cells 9.2/x, stomates present; growth

rings green, narrow, tumescent; root bands yellow green, cylindric or
SUGARCANE 245

slightly conoidal or constricted, 8 and 7 mm. high with 3 rows of

primordia; buds green with reddish wing, 13X9 mm., inserted at scar

and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate deltoid with roundpointed tip, wing inserted low, medium broad and smooth, pubescence

more or less sparse, with medium-prominent hair group 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 34 cm. long with narrow 57; blades 140 cm. long

and 5.6 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps tall squarish, outer surface

with dense group 58, inner surface with broad 51, sparse 65, and 52;

outer auricle sloping transitional, inner auricle small calcarate; ligule

thin-flanged crescent deltoid, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with narrow

ovate-deitoid more or less smooth buds; medium root bands with 3

rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57H , 65+ -; taU squarish

dewlaps (flg. 60 (335)); small calcarate inner auricle; shallow crescentdeltoid ligule.

CLONE TIMOR RIET

IMP. 1551, Ace. 336

CULMS.—Olive red, with medium bloom, corky cracks, and constricted narrow wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly conoidal,

tumescent, 11 cm. long and 33 mm. across, without bud furrow, soft

olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1+4+3, average width of long

cells 10.8M, stomates present; growth rings ivory green, medium

broad, depressed; root bands ivory, cylindric, 8 and 7 mm. high with

3 or 4 rows of small purplish primordia; buds reddish, 10X8 mm.,

inserted below scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll broad ovate

with prominent basal appendage and truncate tip, wing inserted near

middle of prophyll, narrow at base, pubescence sparse, with hair

groups 1, 2, 16, and 19 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long and smooth or with narrow 57 and

60; sheath base decurrent with sectorial 59 and 64e; blades 130 cm.

long and 5.1 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps tall squarish crescent,

outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with smaU 51 and

medium-sparse 52 ; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle small calcarate and fringed; ligule narrow arcuate, 2 mm. high, group 61 very

short in center but medium long in terminal flange zone, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-red cane, with broad ovate,

more or less smooth buds; medium-tall root bands with 3 or 4 rows

of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57+ -—, 59+ -, 60H -,

64e+ -; tall squarish-crescent dewlaps (flg. 60 (336)); smaU calcarate

inner auricle; very narrow arcuate ligule.

CLONE TOMOHON WIT

IMP. 1089, Ace. 337

CULMS.—Light green, becoming greenish yellow, without bloom,

and with narrow wax bands; internodes concave cylindric or bobbinshaped and shouldered, 10 cm. long and 31 mni. across, mediumprominent bud furrow, green-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1,

average width of long cells 10JJL, stomates absent; growth rings green,
246 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

medium broad, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric-constricted, 7

and 6 mm. high with 4 rows of primordia; buds green with ohve wing,

12X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate with small basal appendage and round-pointed tip,

wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad and basally

fringed, pubescence sparse, with hair groups 1, 2, 4, and 10 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 28 cm. long, with narrow group 57; blades 115 cm.

long and 5.5 cm. broad, module 21; dewlaps large, squarish, outer

surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with small 51 and sparse

52; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a short long-haired 56,

inner auricle small deltoid; ligule crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 short,

dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green cane, with slightly hairy

buds and medium-narrow root bands with 4 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 56 H and 57 H ; large squarish dewlaps

(fig. 58 (337)); small deltoid inner auricle; crescent ligule.

CLONE TJEMENG PAYAMAN

IMP. 1088, Ace. 338

CULMS.—Dark purple or black, with heavy bloom and prominent

wax bands; internodes cylindric, constricted below wax band, 16 cm.

long and 32X34 mm. across, without bud furrow, olive flesh; stemepidermal pattern 1-, average width of long cells 11.9¡JL, stomates

present; growth rings olive, broad, tumescent; root bands red, obconoidal, 8 and 6 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green

with broad membranaceous wings, 13X13 mm., inserted at scar and

reaching growth ring; prophyll broad pentagonal with round-pointed

or small crescent serrate tip, wing inserted above middle of prophyll,

very broad, pubescence sparse, with hair groups 1, 6, 19, and 26

evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with sparse 57 and 60 when young;

blades 110 cm. long and 3.7 cm. broad, module 30; dewlaps red, shallow

deltoid, outer surface with dense group 58, inner surface with small 51

and dense 52; both auricles transitional, outer one often subtended

by a ledge of group 56; ligule arcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.^—Blackish-purple cane, with broad

pentagonal more or less smooth buds; narrow root bands with 2 or 3

rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 56H—, 57H , 58 + ,

60+ -; red, shallow deltoid dewlaps (fig. 61 (338)); transitional auricles; arcuate ligule.

CLONE TOMOHON ZWART

IMP. 1090, Ace. 339

CULMS.—Purple, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands;

internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 22X28 mm. across, small bud

furrow, orange flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1-, average width of

long cells 10.6yLt, stomates present; growth rings red, narrow, slightly

tumescent; root bands red, cylindric, 6 and 4 mm. high with 3 rows

of primordia; buds purple, 10X9 mm., inserted at scar and reaching
SUGARCAISTE 247

above growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed and notched

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, more or less narrow at

base and widening toward tip, pubescence sparse, with hair groups

16, 19, and 26 slightly evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths purplish, 29 cm. long, smooth or with narrow 57

and 60; sheath base decurrent with prominent 64e and adjacent sectorial 59; blades purplish, 150 cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad, module 33;

dewlaps shallow crescent deltoid, outer surface with sparse group 58,

inner surface with small group 51 and sparse group 52; both auricles

transitional; ligule flat crescent, 2 mm. high, group 61 very short,

dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Cane, with purple stalks and leaves,

smooth buds, and narrow root bands with 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 57H , 59+-- 60H—, 64e+; shallow

crescent-deltoid dewlaps (fig. 61 (339)); transitional auricles; narrow

crescent ligule.

CLONE TONGATABU 5

IMP. 925, Ace. 340

CULMS.—^Yellowish green, with sparse bloom and prominent wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 13 cm. long and 26X29mm. across,

without bud furrow, soft greenish ñesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1+3+5, average width of long cells 9.8jLt, stomates absent; growth

rings olive green, medium broad, tumescent; root bands green,

cylindric, 8 mm. high with 4 rows of primordia; buds green with

olive wings, 13X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth

ring; prophyll ovate with small basal appendage and round-pointed

tip, wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad and

smooth, pubescence very sparse.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 31 cm. long with narrow 57 or smooth; blades

140 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps ascending squarish,

outer surface with medium-sparse group 58, inner surface with small

group 51 and more or less sparse medium-long group 52; both auricles

transitional, or inner auricle small calcarate, outer one subtended by

a short 56; ligule flat-topped crescent, 2.5 mm. high, group 61 medium

high, dorsal pubescence absent.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—-Yellowish-green cane with smooth

buds and medium root bands with 4 rows of primordia (fig. 36 (925)) ;

diagnostic hair groups 56+-, 57 H , 61 + .; ascending squarish

dewlaps (fig. 61 (340)); transitional or small calcarate inner auricle;

narrow crescent ligule.

CLONE TONGATABU 6

IMP. 926, Ace. 341

CULMS.—Olive green becoming olive yellow, with sparse bloom and

prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long and 34 mm.

across, small bud furrow, soft olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1 +6, average width of long cells 10.4At, stomates absent; growth

rings olive, medium broad, flush; root bands ivory-greenish, cylmdric,

7 and 5 mm. high with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green with

olive wings, 14X10 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth
248 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ring; prophyll ovate with, round-pointed tip, wing inserted below

middle of prophyll with medium-broad more or less hairy wings,

pubescence somewhat prominent, with prominent hair groups 1, 2,

11, 16, 19, 10, 13.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 36 cm. long with medium 57; sheath base with

64e; blades 130 cm. long and 6.3 cm. broad, module 21; dewlaps

deltoid double crescent or squarish crescent, outer surface with dense

group 58 and prominent basal group 58a, inner surface with prominent

group 51, dense 52, and sparse groups 63 and 65; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a long 56, inner auricle small calcarate or

blunt deltoid; ligule thin-flanged crescent, 3 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence as a small sparse 55a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Olive-green cane, with mediumhairy buds (fig. 36 (926)); narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows of

primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55aH ? 56 +, 57 +, 58+,

58a+, 63 H , 64e+ -, 65+ -, 69+ -; deltoid double-crescent or

squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 61 (341)); small calcarate or deltoid

inner auricle; narrow ligule.

CLONE VELLAI

IMP. 1348, Ace. 342

CULMS.—^Grass green to yellowish green, with sparse bloom; internodes slightly obconoidal, 15 cm. long and 42 inm. across, more or

less prominent bud furrow, white flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 1-,

average width of long cells 10.3/^, stomates present; growth rings

ivory green, narrow, tumescent; root bands conoidal obconoidal,

7 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds green with olive wings,

12X8 mm., inserted below scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll

ovate with prominent basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow and hairy, pubescence

general and prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with broad 57; sheath base with

small 64e; blades 160 cm. long and 5 cm. broad, module 32; dewlaps

deltoid crescent or squarish crescent, outer surface with sparse group

58, inner surface with broad group 51, sparse groups 55 and 65, and

dense semilong group 52; outer auricle ascending transitional, inner

auricle short lanceolate and fringed; ligule arcuate, 4 mm. high, group

61 very short, dorsal pubescence general as 55a and 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Green to yellowish-green cane

with hairy-winged buds; narrow root bands with 3 rows of primordia

diagnostic hair groups 52 + , 55+ -, 55a+ -, 57 +, 65+ -, 65a+ -

deltoid-crescent or squarish-crescent dewlaps (fig. 61 (342)); short

lanceolate inner auricle; arcuate ligule.

CLONE VESPERTINA

IMP. 1588, Ace. 343

CULMS.—Grass green with rosy flush, becoming greenish yellow,

with medium heavy bloom and merging wax bands; internodes

cylindric-constricted and shouldered, 17 cm. long and 34X42 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, light olive-green flesh; stem-epidermal

pattern 3 +5, average width of long cells 9JLI, stomates absent; growth
SUGARCANE 249

rings olive, medium broad, tumescent; root bands green, cylindric,

5 mm. high with 2 rows of primordia; buds green, 10X9 mm., inserted

at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with medium

basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle

of prophyll, somewhat narrow, pubescence at base and juncture,

with outstanding hair groups 1, 2, 11, 16, 19, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long, smooth or with inconspicuous 57;

sheath base decurrent; blades 160 cm. long and 5.7 cm. broad, module

28; dewlaps double crescent, outer surface with somewhat sparse

group 58, inner surface with small group 51, medium group 52, and

small groups 63 and 55; outer auricle transitional, inner auricle calcarate and basally fringed; ligule arcuate, 4 mm. high, group 61 very

short, dorsal pubescence as 55a and in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—^Green to yellow cane, with

medium-hairy buds and narrow root bands; diagnostic hair groups

55H , 55aH—, 57+ --, 63H ; double-crescent dewlaps (fig.

61 (343)); calcarate inner auricle; broad arcuate ligule (fig. 37 (343)).

CLONE WIT MANILA

IMP. 1093, Ace. 344

CULMS.—Yellowish green, with rose blush, general bloom, and

merging wax bands; internodes cylindric, 9 cm. long and 27X33 mm.

across, medium bud furrow, light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

2 - , average width of long cells 10.2;Lt, stomates present; growth rings

green, narrow, flush or more or less tumescent; root bands ivory,

cylindric obconoidal, 7 and 6 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of crowded

purplish primordia; buds green with red wings, 15X13 mm., inserted

at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with small

basal appendage and pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, narrow at base, pubescence more or less sparse, with hair

groups 1, 2, 16, 19, 11, and 10 somewhat prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 29 cm. long with medium-narrow 57; blades

125 cm. long and 6.1 cm. broad, module 20; dewlaps ascending

squarish, outer surface with sparse group 58, inner surface with small

group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle small deltoid, inner

auricle large calcarate or falcate and not fringed; ligule tall-centered

orbicular crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellowish-green cane, with more or

less smooth buds; narrow root bands with 3 or 4 rows of purplish

primordia; diagnostic hair group 57H— ; ascending-squarish dewlaps

(fig. 61 (344)); large calcarate or falcate inner auricle; tall-centered

orbicular-crescent ligule.

CLONE WIT CERAM

IMP. 211, Ace. 345

CULMS.—Yellow, with rose flush, medium bloom, and merging wax

bands; internodes cylindric, 10 cm. long and 29X37 mm. across,

without bud furrow, ivory flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 3, average

width of long cells 9.2/x, stomates absent; growth rings light olive,

medium broad, flush; root bands green, conoidal, 8 mm. high with
250 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4 rows of primordia; buds green with olive wing, 11X9 mm., inserted

at scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll ovate with round-pointed

tip, wing inserted near middle of prophyll, medium broad, hairy,

pubescence general and prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 32 cm. long with broad 57; sheath base with

group 69; blades 165 cm. long and 6.6 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps

large ascending squarish, outer surface with dense group 58 and

marginal group 58a, inner surface with small group 51 and sparse

group 52 ; outer auricle deltoid, inner auricle large and long lanceolate

and basally fringed; ligule thin-flanged orbicular crescent, 6 mm.

high, group 61 long, dorsal pubescence prominent over entire back side.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Yellow cane, with hairy buds and

medium root bands with 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic hair groups

57-f, 58 +, 61 + ., 69H—; large ascending squarish dewlaps (fig. 61

(345)); long lanceolate inner auricle; very tall orbicular-crescent

ligule (fig. 37 (345)).

CLONE WIT DJAPARA

IMP. 1558, Ace. 346

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, with heavy bloom, corky cracks, and

merging wax bands; internodes cylindric or slightly tumescent,

sharply constricted in region of wax bands, 12 cm. long and 37 mm.

across, small bud furrow, medium-hard olive-green flesh; stemepidermal pattern 3, cork cells often in multiples of 2 and 3, average

width of long cells 10.6M, stomates present; growth rings olive green,

narrow, depressed; root bands ivory, cylindric, 9 and 8 mm. high with

4 or 5 rows of small purplish primordia; buds greenish red, 16X11 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll elongated

deltoid ovate with prominent basal appendage and notched tip, wing

inserted below middle of prophyll, more or less narrow, buds more or

less smooth but with prominent hair groups 1 + 16 and 19.

LEAVES."—Sheaths 33 cm. long with medium-broad 57 and 60;

blades 180 cm. long and 6.3 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps narrow

deltoid crescent, outer surface with medium-sparse group 58, inner

surface with medium group 51 that attenuates to single file, sparse

group 52; outer auricle sloping transitional with deltoid hook, inner

auricle calcarate or short lanceolate and fringed; ligule subarcuate,

4.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal

flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with corky

cracks;,more or less smooth buds having prominent groups 1 + 16 and

especially 19; medium root bands with 4 or 5 rows of purplish primordia; diagnostic hair groups 57 + ., and 60+; narrow deltoidcrescent dewlaps (fig. 61 (346)); calcarate or short lanceolate inner

auricle; broad subarcuate ligule.

CLONE YELLOW BAMBOO

IMP. 769, Ace. 347

CULMS.—Greenish yellow, with sparse bloom, broad wax bands,

and numerous corky cracks; internodes concave cylindric and shouldered, 12 cm. long and 40X42 mm. across, without bud furrow, hard
SUGARCANE 251

light-olive flesh; stem-epidermal pattern 2+5, average width of long

cells 8.4;Lt, stomates absent; growth rings olive, broad, slightly

tumescent; root bands ivory, cylindric obconoidal, 7 mm. high with

2 or 3 rows of primordia; buds green with reddish-olive wings, 12X11

mm., inserted below scar and reaching growth ring; prophyll roundish

or ovate with prominent basal appendage and round-pointed tip,

wing inserted below middle of prophyll, medium broad, pubescence

general and prominent.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 35 cm. long and smooth or inconspicuous narrow

57; blades 180 cm. long and 6.5 cm. broad, module 28; dewlaps red,

steeply sloping ascending ligulate, outer surface with medium-sparse

group 58, inner surface with medium group 51 and dense semilong

group 52; outer auricle transitional and subtended by a short 56,

inner auricle calcarate or lanceolate; ligule crescent, 3.5 mm. high,

group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-yellow cane, with hairy

buds and narrow root bands with 2 or 3 rows of primordia; diagnostic

hair groups 52 +, 56+ - , 57H ; red, steeply sloping, ascendingligulate dewlaps (fig. 61 (347)); calcarate or lanceolate inner auricle;

crescent ligule (fig. 37 (347)).

CLONE YELLOW CALEDONIA

IMP. 1177, Ace. 348

CULMS.—^Greenish tan, with rose flush, sparse bloom, corky cracks,

and broad wax bands; internodes cylindric, 13 cm. long and 33X42

mm. across, without bud furrow, greenish flesh with pithy center;

stem-epidermal pattern 2 +5, average width of long cells 8.7^,

stomates absent; growth rings green, narrow, flush; root bands ivory,

cylindric, 6 and 5 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of purpHsh primordia;

buds reddish with olive wings, 13X10 mm., inserted at scar and

extending above growth ring; prophyll ovate with prominent basal

appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted below middle of

prophyll, narrow, covered with semilong white hair, pubescence

somewhat sparse, prominent hair groups 1, 4, 16, 19, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 37 cm. long and smooth or with narrow 57 ; blades

170 cm. long and 6.8 cm. broad, module 25; dewlaps ascending

squarish or ligulate, outer surface with medium to dense group 5S]

inner surface with broad group 51 and semilong group 52; both auricles

narrow sloping transitional, outer one subtended by a medium-long

56 ; ligule arcuate, 3.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence

in terminal flange zone.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Greenish-tan cane, with rose flush,

medium-hairy buds, and narrow root bands with 3 or 4 rows of

purplish primordia; diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 56 +, 57+ ,

58+; ascending-squarish or ligulate dewlaps (fig. 61 (348)); transitional auricles; medium-broad arcuate ligule.
252 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

CLONE ZWART BORNEO

IMP. 1095, ACC. 349

CULMS.—Ked, with sparse bloom and prominent wax bands; internodes cylindric and slightly shouldered, 9 cm. long and 34X38 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, ivory flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1 +6, average width of long cells 8.9M, stomates present; growth

rings red, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric-constricted, 8 mm. high with 3 rows of primordia; buds red, 13X13 mm.,

inserted at scar and extending above growth ring; prophyll pentagonal

with prominent basal appendage and round-pointed tip, wing inserted

near middle of prophyll, broad and fringed, pubescence more or less

sparse, with prominent hair groups 1, 2, 4, 16, 19, 10.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 33 cm. long with narrow 57; blades 155 cm. long

and 6.8 cm. broad, module 23; dewlaps squarish subcrescent or ascending squarish, outer surface with medium group 58 and marginal

group 58a, inner surface with broad group 51 that extends as gTOup

65 single file toward midrib, dense semilong group 52, and small

groups 55 and 63 ; outer auricle sloping transitional and subtended by

a short 56, inner auricle small calcarate and fringed; ligule orbicular

crescent, 4 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence as 55a

and 65a.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Red cane, with broad pentagonal

somewhat hairy buds and medium root bands with 3 rows of primordia;

diagnostic hair groups 52 +, 55H , 55a+-, 56+-, 57+--,

63+ - -, 65+ -, 65a+ -; squarish-subcrescent or ascending-squarish

dewlaps (fig. 61 (349)); small calcarate inner auricle; broad orbicularcrescent ligule.

CLONE ZWART MANILA

IMP. 1096, Acc- 350

CULMS.—Dark red to purple, with heavy bloom and prominent

wax bands; internodes cylindric-constricted, 9 cm. long and 31 mm.

across, prominent bud furrow, ivory flesh; stem-epidermal pattern

1 +6, average width of long cells 10.6^, stomates present; growth

rings red, medium broad, tumescent; root bands red, cylindric-constricted, 8 and 6 mm. high with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; buds red,

16X15 mm., inserted at scar and extending above growth ring;

prophyll ovate deltoid, medium basal appendage and pointed tip,

wing inserted below middle of prophyll, narrow and basally fringed,

pubescence sparse, hair groups 1, 16, 19, and 11 evident.

LEAVES.—Sheaths 30 cm. long with medium 57; blades 140 cm. long

and 6.5 cm. broad, module 21; dewlaps ascending rhomboid squarish,

outer surface with medium-sparse group 58, inner surface with small

group 51 and sparse group 52; outer auricle deltoid or short lanceolate,

inner auricle lanceolate or calcarate; hgule narrow-flanged orbicular

crescent, 5.5 mm. high, group 61 very short, dorsal pubescence m

terminal flange zone. v i i i • DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.—Dark-red cane, with slightly hairy

buds and medium root bands with 3 or 4 rows of primordia; diagnostic

hair group 57 + .; ascending rhomboid-squarish dewlaps (fig. 60

(350)); lanceolate or calcarate inner auricle; tall orbicular-crescent

ligule.
SUGARCANE 253

TAXONOMIC KEYS

NEW GUINEA CLONES

(See table 4 and fig. 62)

A. Midrib hairy (hairs often sparse and inconspicuous).

B. Group 63 of midrib prominent to medium prominent.

C. Group 61 of ligule tall.

D. Sheath smooth.

E. Ligule 4.5 mm. high 21 N. G. 20

EE. Ligule 3.5 mm. tall 28 N. G. 54

DD. Sheath slightly hairy

E. Ligule 2.5 mm. high 28 N. G. 52

EE. Ligule 4 mm. high 28 N. G. 31

CO. Group 61 short.

D. Group 52 dense, often semilong.

E. Buds more or less prominently hairy.

F. Inner auricle long lanceolate 21 N. G. 3

FF. Inner auricle short lanceolate or deltoid.

G. Group 56 prominent 28 N. G. 68; 21 N. G. 21

GG. Group 56 short 21 N. G. 22

EE. Buds slightly hairy.

F. Inner auricle lanceolate 28 N. G. 89; 96 N. G. 24

FF. Inner auricle small; sheath smooth 21 N. G. 9, 10

DD. Group 52 sparse, short-haired; ligule narrow.

E. Sheath hairy 28 N. G. 25

EE. Sheath smooth_,_ 21 N. G. 5, 7

BB. Group 63 short and sparse; often inconspicuous.

C. Sheath hairy to medium hairy.

D. Group 56 present.

B. Group 56 prominent; ligule 3-5 mm. high_28 N. G. 83, 90, 98, 212, 215

EE. Group 56 inconspicuous 28 N. G. 5, 6, 24

DD. Group 56 absent.

E. Group 52 dense.

F. Inner auricle lanceolate 28 N. G. 44

FF. Inner auricle small.

G. Ligule narrow 28 N. G. 47, 274

GG. Ligule tall 96 N. G. 16

EE. Group 52 medium dense to sparse.

F. Inner auricle lanceolate 28 N. G. 22, 216

FF. Inner auricle small 28 N. G. 203, 257, 259

CC. Sheath slightly hairy to smooth (medium in 37 N. G. 6).

D. Sheath slightly hairy.

E. Ligule narrow.

F. Group 56 present.

G. Buds with secondary wings 28 N. G. 4; 37 N. G. 6

GG. Secondary wings absent 28N. G. X

FF. Group 56 absent.

G. Inner auricle lanceolate 28 N. G. 34

GG. Inner auricle small.

H. 4-5 rows of root primordia 28 N. G. 55, 107

HH. 2-3 rows of root primordia.

I. Buds with secondary wings 96 N. G. 14

II. Secondary wings absent 28 N. G. 59

EE. Ligule medium broad to broad (3-5 mm.).

F. Group 55a present.

G. Inner auricle lanceolate 28 N. G. 109

GG. Inner auricle transitional or small calcarate.

H. Group 56 present 21 N. G. 31

HH. Group 56 absent 28 N. G. 65; 21 N. G. 58

FF. Group 55a absent.

G. Inner auricle lanceolate, ligule medium tall.

H. Group 61 medium long.

I. Culms bronze 28 N. G. 56

II. Culms dark red 28 N. G. 204

HH. Group 61 short 28 N. G. 37, 43

GG. Inner auricle small or transitional_^ 28 N. G. 206
254 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A. Midrib hairy—Continued .

BB. Group 63 short and sparse; often inconspicuous—Continued

CC. Sheath slightly hairy to smooth—Continued

DD. Sheath smooth.

E. Ligule narrow (2-3 mm.), group 56 absent. ^. ^ «

F. Culms striped 28 N. G. 267; 21 N. G. 6

FF. Culms not striped 28 N. G. 96; 21 N. G. 4

EE. Ligule medium broad.

F. Group 52 dense. ^ ^. ^ .^«

G. 3-5 rows of root primordia 28 N. G. 63; 14 N. G. 190

GG. 2-3 rows of lOot primordia. oi xr r^ on oic

H. Bud furrow prominent 21 N. G. 30; d;6

HH. Bud furrow small 28 N. G. 110

FF. Group 52 sparse.

G. Inner auricle lanceolate. ^

H. Buds slightly hairy 28N.G.282

HH. Buds medium hairy o S* i^ eî

GG. Inner auricle small calcarate 28 N. G. 84

AA. Midrib smooth.

B. Ligule narrow (2-3 mm.).

G. Buds hairy.

D. Group 56 present but sparse.

E. Inner auricle short to long lanceolate.

F. Sheath smooth 21 NG. 34

FF. Sheath slightly hairy 28 N. G. 23, 26

EE. Inner auricle small or transitional.

F. Group 52 prominent __ 28 JN. G. ^¿j

FF. Group 52 sparse 28 N. G. 224, 221

DD. Group 56 absent.

E. Inner auricle short to medium lanceolate.

F. Group 52 prominent .~ - j.- - - ^^ xi' Si* H

FF. Group 52 sparse 28 N. G. 2; 21 N. G. 12

EE. Inner auricle small or transitional.

F. Buds with secondary wings 28 JN. G. 4J

FF. Secondary wings absent.

G. Groups 52 and 58 prominent 21 IS. G. 26

GG. Groups 52 and 58 sparse 21 JN. G. 13, áJ

CC. Buds sHghtly hairy.

D. Group 56 present.

^'K^dfurrowT^"^^^^^ N. G. 15, 269, 284, 288; 21 N. G. 37

FF. Bud furrow absent or small 28 N. G. 39

EE. Group 58 sparse.

F. Bud furrow prominent -^-.2°,^: ^' l^'cÁlr V^ ?i

FF. Bud furrow small or absent 28 N. G. 1, 210; 21 N. G. 15

DD. Group 56 absent.

E. Inner auricle long lanceolate o ;.T Vi" TÍTO *OV'XT ?n Vc

EE. Inner auricle short lanceolate or calcarate.28 N. G. 273; 21 JN. Or. lb

BB. Ligule medium tall to tall (3-5 mm.).

C. Buds hairy.

D. Buds with secondary wings.

E. Group 56 present. „« ^r ^ « «t XT i-. IA ri KT F. Group 61 medium tall in flange zone-28 N. G. 3; 21 N. G. 14, 51, 57

FF. Group 61 short 28 N. G. 208; 21 N. G. 49, 54, 55

EE. Group 56 absent.

F. Sheath smooth. oe xr r^ >ic

G. Culms olive green ¿» ^- )^' J^

GG. Culms red 21 N. G. 35

FF. Sheath slightly hairy. OA xr r 99

G. Bloom prominent Vo "xi n OÎA 9I7

GG. Bloom light 28 N. G. 214, 217
SUGARCANE 255

AA. Midrib smootli—Continued

BB. Ligule medium tall to tall—-Continued

C. Buds hairy—Continued

DD. Secondary wings absent.

E. Group 65 present.

F. Sheath smooth 28 N. G. 285

FF. Sheath slightly hairy.

G. Group 61 medium long 21 N. G. 2

GG. Group 61 short 28 N. G. 80

EE. Group 65 absent.

F. Sheath smooth.

G. Culms striped 28 N. G. 20; 21 N. G. 44

GG. Culms not striped 2S N. G. 40; 21 N. G. 1

FF. Sheath hairy.

G. Bud furrow prominent.

H. Culms striped 28 N. G. 203

HH. Culms not striped 2S N. G. 93, 264

GG. Bud furrow absent.

H. Culms greenish : 28 N. G. 209

HH. Culms red 28 N. G. 280

CC. Buds slightly hairy.

D. Sheath hairy (group 57).

E. Sheath hairs medium to prominent.

F. Inner auricle long lanceolate.

G. Culms striped; bloom sparse 14 N. G. 2418

GG. Culms not striped; bloom heavy.

H. Group 56 present 14 N. G. 124

HH. Group 56 absent - 28 N. G. 223

FF. Inner auricle small.

G. Group 56 present.

H. Bloom light 28 N. G. 30

HH. Bloom heavy.

I. Culms yellow 28 N. G. 261

II. Culms red 28 N. G. 32

GG. Group 56 absent.

H. Group 52 prominent.

I. Culms red striped 28 N. G. 33

II. Culms red 28 N. G. 268

HH. Group 52 sparse 28 N. G. 213

EE. Sheath hairs sparse (group 57).

F. Group 56 present.

G. Bud furrow small 28 N. G. 12, 220

GG. Bud furrow prominent.

H. Inner auricle long lanceolate 28 N. G. 51

HH. Inner auricle short lanceolate or deltoid.

I. Group 52 prominent 28 N. G. 97, 99

II. Group 52 sparse; 65 present 28 N. G. 207

FF. Group 56 absent.

G. Bud furrow prominent.

H. Inner auricle long lanceolate , 28 N. G. 35, 87

HH. Inner auricle short lanceolate 28 N. G. 256; 96 N. G.15

GG. Bud furrow small or absent.

H. Ligule very tall (6-7 mm.).

I. Bloom heavy 28 N. G. 263

II. Bloom light 28 N. G. 78

HH. Ligule medium tall.

I. Inner auricle lanceolate 28 N. G. 27

IL Inner auricle deltoid 28 N. G. 202

427472—08 11
256 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

AA. Midrib smooth—Continued

BB. Ligule medium tall to tall—Continued

CC. Buds slightly hairy—Continued

DD. Sheath smooth.

E. Group 56 present.

F. Auricles transitional; ligule very tall 28 N. G. 13

FF. Inner auricle lanceolate 21 N. G. 17

EE. Group 56 absent.

F. Buds slightly hairy.

G. 4-5 rows of root primordia.

H. Inner auricle lanceolate 21 N. G. 33

HH. Inner auricle transitional 28 N. G. 211

GG. 2-3 rows of root primordia.

H. Group 65 present.

I. Bud furrow prominent 28 N. G. 279

II. Bud furrow absent 96 N. G. 24a

HH. Group 65 absent 28 N. G. 17

FF. Buds jnedium hairy.

G. Inner auricle lanceolate; bud furrow prominent.

H. Group 52 prominent 2S N. G. 62

HH. Group 52 sparse 28 N. G. 40

GG. Inner auricle small or transitional.

H. Bud furrow prominent.

L Ligule very tall (6 mm.) 28 N. G. 262

II. Ligule medium tall- 28 N. G. 18, 260

HH. Bud furrow small 28 N. G. 265, 266

NEW CALEDONIAN CLONES

(See table 4 and fig. 63, A)

A. Culms hairy N. C. 32

AA. Culms smooth.

B. Group 60 prominent.

C. Midrib smooth.

D. Ligule 8 mm. tall N. C. 50

DD. Ligule 3-5 mm. tall.

E. Sheath smooth N. C. 42

EE. Sheath hairy.

F. Group 57 prominent N. C. 20, 24, 83

FF. Group 57 medium to sparse.

G. Group 52 dense N. C. 64, 116

GG. Group 52 sparse N. C. 74

CC. Midrib hairy.

D. Group 63 prominent.

E. Group 58 prominent.

F. Group 59 present N. C. 29, 39

FF. Group 59 absent N. C. 30, 40, 80

EE. Group 58 short and sparse N. C. 92, 93, 94

DD. Group 63 sparse N. C. 91

BB. Group 61 short.

C. Midrib smooth.

D. Bud furrow prominent.

E. Ligule 2-3 mm. high N. C. 25, 49, 116

EE. Ligule 3-5 mm. high N. C. 18, 19, 33, 53

DD. Bud furrow small.

E. Ligule 2-3 mm. high N. C. 17

EE. Ligule 3-5 mm. high.

F. Group 55a present N. C. 15, 130

FF. Group 55a absent N. C. 5, 21, 117

CC. Midrib hairy.

D. Group 55a present N. C. 11, 78, 99

DD. Group 55a absent.

E. Group 56 present N. C. 51, 90

EE. Group 56 absent N. C. 31, 76, 81,104
SUGARCANE 257

HAWAIIAN CLONES

(See table 4 and flg. 63, B)

A. Culms hairy Lehu 75

AA. Culms smooth.

B. Sheath smooth.

C. Group 56 present.

D. Midrib smooth.

E. Group 56 prominent Ha.O. 39, 43

EE. Group 56 short.

F. Group 59 present Ha.O. 38, 52

FF. Group 59 absent Uluhui 67

DD. Midrib hairy.

E. Group 55a present--- Ha.O. 24, 36; Manulele 27; Nanahu 40

EE. Group 55a absent.

F. Group 59 present Ha.O. 6, 26, 38, 71

FF. Group 59 absent Akilolo 20 ; Pilimai 60 ; Uala 61

CC. Group 56 absent. Iliopua 29; Akoki 22

BB. Sheath hairy.

C. Group 56 present.

D. Group 55a present Kea 31 (213); Pakaweli 2

DD. Group 55a absent

Ha.O. 6, 41, 43; Awela 68; Opukea 34; Uahi-a-pele 50

CC. Group 56 absent.

D. Midrib smooth.

E. Group 61 tall Moano 48

EE. Group 61 short.

F. Group 55a present Maikoiko 73

FF. Group 55a absent Halalii 32; Pohina 51

DD. Midrib hairy.

E. Group 55a present

Hinahina 18; Kea 31 (213a); Lahi 7; Laukona 15

EE. Group 55a absent Mikioi44; Ohia 1

MISCELLANEOUS NOBLE GROUP

(See table 4 and fig. 64)

A. Culms hairy Pelo de Moca; Rat Gros Ventre

AA. Culms smooth.

B. Ligule tall (6-7 mm,).

C. Group 61 tall.

D. Culms red Cebú Light Purple ; Ceram Red

DD. Culms yellow.

CC. Group 61 short.

D. Sheath medium to sparsely hairy Teboe Pohina

DD. Sheath smooth or with inconspicuous group 57-_Pitu; Oedang Amboina

BB. Ligule narrow or medium tall.

C. Ligule narrow (2-3 mm.).

D. Group 61 tall ___Boengaja; Tongatabu 5

DD. Group 61 short.

E. Sheath hairy.

F. Group 56 present.

G. Group 56 prominent.

H. Groups 58 and 52 dense Tongatabu 6

HH. Groups 58 and 52 sparse Red Cavengerie

GG. Group 56 short or inconspicuous.

H. Group 52 sparse.

I. Group 55a present Selemi, Bali; Cavengerie; Cavengerie

Sangre de Toro

IL Group 55a absent Aboe

HH. Group 52 prominent.

I. Group 55a present Raratonga 3

IL Group 55a absent Badila Fiji
258 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

AA. Culms smooth—Continued

BB. Ligule narrow or medium tall—Continued

C. Ligule narrow—Continued

DD. Group 61 short—Continued

E. Sheath hairy—Continued

FF. Group 56 absent.

G. Culms red.

H. Leaves red Boetota Bilatoe; Ireng Maleng; Negrita

HH. Leaves green Malagache

GG. Culms green (striped in Caiara).

H. Buds hairy Banteng; Creoula

HH. Buds slightly hairy__Caiara; Bamboo Blanca; Balghat Thin

EE. Sheath slightly hairy or smooth.

F. Sheath slightly hairy.

G. Group 65 present Bacoya

GG. Group 65 absent.

H. Bud furrow prominent Ra Cha

HH. Bud furrow small.

I. Bloom heavy Timor Riet

II. Bloom light Batjan; Batjan Green Sport;

Tomohon Zwart

FF. Sheath smooth.

G. Group 63 sparse Raratonga 2

GG. Group 63 absent.

H. Group 65 present Anoman

HH. Group 65 absent Tomohon Wit; Tomohon Zwart

CC. Ligule medium tall (3-5 mm.).

D. Group 61 tall.

E. Group 56 present.

F. Group 56 prominent.

G. Bud furrow prominent Black Fiji

GG. Bud furrow absent Striped Tip; Monjet Gayam

FF. Group 56 inconspicuous Gros Genoux

EE. Group 56 absent.

F. Bud furrow prominent; group 65 present Meligeli

FF. Bud furrow small.

G. Buds hairy, midrib hairy Brava de Perico

GG. Buds somewhat hairy; group 63 inserted high Tamarin,

Reunion

DD. Group 61 short.

E. Group 56 prominent; epidermal pattern No. 2.

F. Groups 52 and 58 sparse Branche Blanche ; Branchue

FF. Groups 52 and 58 prominent Yellow Caledonia

EE. Group 56 short or absent.

F. Buds squat rhomboid or pentagonal.

G. Midrib smooth.

H. Culms yellow to yellow green.

I. Sheath hairy Green German New Guinea

II. Sheath slightly hairy Boeton Lichtgroen

HH. Culms red.

I. Bud furrow prominent Ashy Mauritius; Spaansch, La.

Purple

II. Bud furrow small.

K. Group 64e present--Padangsche Dark Red; P. Light Red

KK. Group 64e absent.

L. Group 58 dense Tjemeng Payaman

LL. Group 58 sparse Bamboo Morada
SUGARCANE 259

AA. Culms smooth—Continued

BB. Ligule narrow or medium tall—Continued

CC. Ligule medium tall—Continued

DD. Group 61 short—Continued

EE. Group 56 short or absent—Continued

F. Buds squat rhomboid or pentagonal—Continued

GG. Midrib hairy.

H. Culms striped.

I. Inner auricle transitional.

K. Sheath hairy Caiara

KK. Sheath smooth or slightly hairy.

L. Group 65 present Chittan ; Listada

LL. Group 65 absent Gestreept Preanger

IL Inner auricle small calcarate.

K. Bud furrow prominent La. Striped; Rayada

KK. Bud furrow small Green Striped Preanger; Pitu

HH. Culms not striped.

I. Culms red. ^ , T^

K. Inner auricle lanceolate Red Preanger

KK. Inner auricle small.

L. Bud furrow prominent.

M. Group 56 present Zwart Borneo

MM. Group 56 absent.

N. Inner auricle transitional Black Cheribon

NN. Inner auricle deltoid Red Tip

LL. Bud furrow medium.

M. Sheath smooth Rood Egyptisch

MM. Sheath + -hairy Bandjarmasin Hitam

II. Culms yellow green, often reddish.

K. Bud furrow prominent Tibbo Mird

KK. Bud furrow small or absent.

L. Inner auricle transitional Crystalina

LL. Inner auricle calcarate Batee Lupog; Home;

HVA 124

FF. Buds ovate.

G. Buds hairy.

H, Group 65 present.

I. Stem-epidermal pattern No. 2 Geel Muntok; Mani

II. Pattern No. 1 Bourbonriet; Cana

Blanca; Green Ribbon; Otaheite; Simpson; Vellai

HH. Group 65 absent.

I. Bloom heavy.

K. Midrib slightly hairy Barbados White

KK. Midrib smooth Muntok, Java

II. Bloom light.

K. Culms striped Caledonia Ribbon

KK. Culms not striped.

L. Culms reddish Black Tanna; Menado Rood

LL. Culms green Raratonga 1; Yellow Bamboo

GG. Buds slightly hairy.

H. Group 65 present.

I. Bud furrow prominent Kara-kara-wa

IL Bud furrow small.

K. Bloom heavy Kam Shaan Che

KK. Bloom light Tahiti 3

HH. Group 65 absent.

I. Sheath hairy.

K. Midrib slightly hairy.

L. Bloom heavy HVA 124

LL. Bloom light Manteiga 293, 294
260 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

AA. Culms smooth—Continued

BB. Ligule narrow or medium tall—^Continued

CC. Ligule medium tall—Continued

DD. Group 61 short—Continued

EE. Group 56 short or absent—^Continued

FF. Buds ovate—Continued

GG. Buds slightly hairy—^Continued

HH. Group 65 absent—Continued

I. Sheath hairy—Continued

KK. Midrib smooth.

L. Bloom heavy.

M. Culms red : Mia Do; Rood Djapara

MM. Culms yellow Wit Djapara

LL. Bloom light.

M. Bud furrow prominent Muntok, Java

MM. Bud furrow absent Sawoe Kroepoek

II. Sheath smooth or slightly hairy.

K. Midrib slightly hairy Vespertina

KK. Midrib smooth.

L. Bloom heavy.

M. Inner auricle lanceolate.

N. Bud furrow prominent Pundia

NN. Bud furrow small MukChe;

Wit Manila; Zwart Manila

MM. Inner auricle small.

N. Culm red Haak Kwat Che

NN. Culms yellow-green.

O. Group 56 present Soerat Soembawa Wit

00. 56 absent Luzon White

LL. Bloom light.

M. Bud furrow prominent Hitam Broewang

MM. Bud furrow small or absent.

N. Culms red Fiji

NN. Culms greenish.

O. Group 52 dense Poetih Borneo

00. Group 52 sparse Tijing, Bali

LITERATURE CITED

(1) ARTSCHWAGER, E.

1939. ILLUSTRATED OUTLINE FOR USE IN TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION OF

SUGARCANE VARIETIES. Internatl. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol. Cong.

Proc. (1938) 6: 116-128, illus.

(2)

1940. MORPHOLOGY OF THE VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF SUGARCANE. JoUr.

Agr. Res. 60: 503-549, illus.

(3)

1942. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE VEGETATIVE CHARACTERISTICS

OF SOME VARIANTS OF SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM. U. S. Dept.

Agr. Tech. Bui. 811, 55 pp., illus.

(4)

1948. VEGETATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME WILD FORMS OF SACCHARUM

AND RELATED GRASSES. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 951, 69 pp.,

illus.

(5) —

1951. THE ROLE OF THE LIGULE IN SUGARCANE TAXONOMY. Amer. Jour,

Bot. 38: 144-146, illus.

(6)

1951. STRUCTURE AND TAXONOMIC VALUE OF THE DEWLAP IN SUGARCANE.

U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 1038, 12 pp., illus.

(7)

1954, A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SACCHARUM SINENSE ROXB. AND S. BARBERI

jEswiET. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 1089, 87 pp., illus.
SUGARCANE 261

(8) BARBER, C. A. _ ,.

1915. STUDIES IN INDIAN SUGARCANES, NO. 1. PUNJAB CANES. India

(9)

(10)

(11)

Dept. Agr. Mem., Bot. Ser., 7: 1-112, illus.

1916. THE CLASSIFICATION OF INDIGENOUS INDIAN CANES. Agr. JoUr.

India 11: 371-376.

1918. STUDIES IN INDIAN SUGARCANES, NO. 3. THE CLASSIFICATION OF

INDIAN CANES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SARETHA AND

SUNNABILE GROUPS. India Dept. Agr. Mem., Bot. Ser., 9: [133]-

218, illus.

1920. THE ORIGIN OF THE SUGAR CANE. Intematl. Sugar Jour. [London]

22: 249-251.

(12) BRANDES, E. W. __ ^

1919. THE MOSAIC DISEASE OF SUGAR CANE AND OTHER GRASSES. U. fe.

Dept. Agr. Bui. 829, 26 pp., illus.

(13)

(14)

1929. INTO PRIMEVAL PAPUA BY SEAPLANE . . . Nati. GeOg. Mag.

56: 253-332, illus.

1951. CHANGES IN SEASONAL GROWTH GRADIENTS IN GEOGRAPHICALLY

DISPLACED SUGAR CANE. Intematl. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol.

Cong. Proc. (1950) 7: 1-32, illus.

(15) and KLAPHAAK, P. J.

1923. CULTIVATED AND WILD HOSTS OF SUGAR-CANE OR GRASS MOSAIC.

Jour. Agr. Res. 24: 247-262, illus.

(16) — and KLAPHAAK, P. J.

1925. BREEDING OF DISEASE RESISTING SUGAR PLANTS FOR AMERICA.

Reference Book of the Sugar Industry of the World 3: 50-57, illus.

(17) and MATZ, J.

1939. PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS IN BREEDING TEMPERATE ZONE SUGAR

CANE. Sugar Jour. 2 (6) : [3]-6, illus.

(18) — and SARTORIS, G. B. a T^ A

1936. SUGARCANE: ITS ORIGIN AND IMPROVEMENT. U. S. Dept. Agr.

Yearbook 1936: 561-623, illus.

(19) SARTORIS, G. B., and GRASSL, C. O.

1939. ASSEMBLING AND EVALUATING WILD FORMS OF SUGARCANE AND

CLOSELY RELATED PLANTS. Intematl. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol.

Cong. Proc. (1938) 6: 128-153, illus.

(20) BREMER, G.

1925. THE CYTOLOGY OF THE SUGARCANE. THIRD CONTRIBUTION. THE

CHROMOSOMES OF PRIMITIVE FORMS OF THE GENUS SACCHARUM.

Genética 7: [293]-322, illus. (Originally published in Dutch:

Arch. V. Suikerindus. Nederland. Indie, Meded. Profsta v. JavaSuikerindus. 32: [477]-508. 1924.)

(21)

1932. ON THE SOMATIC CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SUGAR-CANE FORMS

AND THE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF INDIGENOUS INDIAN CANES.

Intematl. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol. Cong. Proc. v. 4, Bui. 20, 3 pp.

(22) BuzACOTT, J. H., and HUGHES, C. G.

1951. THE 1951 CANE COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO NEW GUINEA. [Queensland] Bur. Sugar Expt. Stas., Cane Growers' Quart. Bui. 15:

[35]-72, illus.

(23) DARLINGTON, C. D., and JANAKI AMMAL, E. K.

1945. CHROMOSOME ATLAS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 397 pp. LoudoU.

(24) DEERR, N.

1949-50. THE HISTORY OF SUGAR. 2 V., illuS. LoudoU.

(25) DE WET, J. M. J.

1954. THE GENUS DANTHONIA IN GRASS PHYLOGENY. Amer. Jour. Bot. 41:

204-211, illus.

(26) DUTT, N. L., and NARASIMHAN, R.

1951. STARCH IN THE GENUS SACCHARUM AND ITS INTERSPECIFIC AND

INTERGENERIC HYBRIDS. Sugarcane Res. Workers in the Indian

Union Proc. 1 (pt. 2, sect. 2) : 4-10.
262 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(27) EARLE, F. S.

1928. SUGAR CANE AND ITS CULTURE. 355 pp., illUS. New York and

London.

(28) FLEISCHMANN, C. L.

1849. [report on sugar cane and its culture.] [U. S.l Commr. Pat. Ann.

Rpt. [Agr.] 1848: 274-338, illus. (Appendix 2 of rpt.) (Ex. Doc.

59, 30th Cong., 2d sess.)

(29) GRASSL, C. O.

1946. SACCHARUM ROBUSTUM AND OTHER WILD RELATIVES OF ^'NOBLE'^

SUGAR CANES. Arnold Arboretum Jour. 27: 234-252, illus.

(30) JESWIET, J.

1920. BESCHRIJVING DER SOORTEN VAN HET SUIKERRIET. TIENDE

BIJDRAGE. ZESTIEN OORSPRONKELIJKE RIETSOORTEN UIT DEN

MALEISCHEN ARCHIPEL. Arch. V. Suikeriudus. Nederland. Indie

(deel II) 28: [2183J-2305, illus.

(31)

1925. BESCHRIJVING DER SOORTEN VAN HET SUIKERRIET. 11 DE BIJDRAGE.

BIJDRAGE TOT DE SYSTEMATIEK VAN HET GESLACHT SACCHARUM.

Arch. V. Suikerindus. Nederland. Indie Meded. Proefsta. v. JavaSuikerindus. 33: [391]-404.

(32)

1928. IMMUNITY AND CROSS-FERTILISATION IN THE GENUS SACCHARUM.

Recueil des Trav. Bot. Néerland. 25a: [1851-202.

(33) KRüGER, W.

1899. DAS ZUCKERROHR UND SEINE KULTUR, MIT BESONDERER BERüCKSICHTIGUNG DER VERHäLTNISSE UND UNTERSUCHUNGEN AUF JAVA.

580 pp., illus. Magdeburg and Wien.

(34) Li, H. W., LOH, C. S., and LEE, C. L.

1948. CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SUGARCANE AND ITS RELATIVES. I. HYBRIDS BETWEEN SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM, MISCANTHUS JAPONICUS

AND SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM. Acad. Siuica Bot. Bul. 2: [147]-

160, illus.

(35) MERRILL, E. D.

1946. CORRELATION OF THE INDICATED BIOLOGIC ALLIANCES OF THE PHILIPPINES WITH THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF MALAYSIA. CHROU. BOT. 10:

[216J-236, illus. (Excerpts from his An Enumeration of Philippine

Flowering Plants 4: 127-154. Manila. 1926.)

(36) PARTHASARATHY, N.

[1947.] THE PROBABLE ORIGIN OF NORTH INDIAN SUGARCANES. Ifl Indian

Bot. Soc. (Silver Jubilee Session, Allahabad, 1946), Jour., Professor

M. O. P. Lyengar Commemoration Volume, pp. [133]-150, illus.

Bangalore.

(37) POSTHUMUS, O.

1931. OVERZICHT DER OP JAVA INHEEMSCHE EN INGEVOERDE OORSPRONKELIJKE RIETSOORTEN. Arch. V. Suikeriudus. Nederland. Indie

(deel II) 39: [901]-911.

(38) SAGOT, P., and [RAOUL, E.]

1893. VÉGÉTAUX FOURNISSANT DU SUCRE DIT DE CANNE (SACCHAROSE.) In

Sagot, p.. Manuel Pratique des Cultures Tropicales et des Plantations des Pays Chauds, ch. 10, pp. [317]-361. Paris.

(39) STEBBINS, G. L., JR.

1950. VARIATION AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS. 643 pp., illus. New York.

(Columbia [Univ.] Biological Ser., No. 16.)

(40) SUMMERS, E. M., BRANDES, E. W., and RANDS, R. D.

1948. MOSAIC OF SUGARCANE IN THE UNITED STATES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO STRAINS OF THE VIRUS. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 955,

124 pp., illus.

(41) WALLACE, A. R.

1894. THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO: THE LAND OF THE ORANG-UTAN AND THE

BIRD OF PARADISE. Ed. 10, 515, pp., iUus. Loudou and New York.
SUGARCANE 263

N.C.S0(9O2)

N.C.33(893)

FIGURE 20.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 902, 893. 898.
264 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U.

N.CJI7(909)

S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

N.C.53(8%}

FIGURE 21.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 909, 919, 895.
SUGARCANE 265

N.C.83(9I0)

N.C.93(914)

N.C.?4(903)

FIGURE 22.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 910, 914, 903.
266 AGE. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

N.C.2I(886)

MC.3Z(69Z)

N.C.9I (912)

FIGURE 23.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 886, 892, 912.
SUGARCANE 267

NXX2d(869)

FIGURE 24.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 885, 889, 911.
268 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

N.a24(887}

N.C.8l(908)

FIGURE 25.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 883, 887, 908.
SUGARCANE 269

N.a39(9l7)

N.C.3l(89l)

NC. 80(906)

FIGURE 26.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 917; 891, 906.
270 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, XJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 27.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 312, 881, 907.
SUGARCANE 271

tic:sm

FIGURE 28.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 879, 888, 897.

427472—58 18
272 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

MCIK88O;

HC.I7(882)

I^af9(884)

FiGUEE 29.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 880, 882, 884.
SUGARCANE 273

71 Hawaiian Original (842)

RC.?6(9

FIGURE 30.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 842, 904, 901.
274 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

36 Hawaiian Original

Í65I)

6 Hawaiian

Original

FIGURE 31.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 831, 835, 825.
SUGARCANE 275

43Hawaiian

(836)

34-16

52Hawaiidn Original

(638)

Î9+Î9

59 HaMovîan OriginaKô»)

-\5

FIGURE 32,—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 836, 838, 833.
276 AGE. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

26 Hawaiian Orí8inalC828> ;

2IMG^(3IO)

3^16

FiGUBE 33.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 828, 310, 309.
SUGARCANE 277

MuKCheOM

Tahiti3(850)

FIGURE 34.^Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 184, 850, 466.
278 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, V. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Raratonga2(85S)

FIGURE 35.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 854, 856, 855.
RayddâO)

SUGARCANE 279

mm^mg RoodE8yptisch{io4)

FIGURE 36.—Bud drawings: Importation Nos. 9, 767, 104, 926, 925.
280 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

21*0

2k2

250

252 277 32U

253

25U

255

257

266

267

FIGURE 37.—Ligule photographs: Accession Nos. 240, 242, 247, 250, 252-255,

257, 266, 267, 269, 272, 274, 275, 277, 280, 287, 289, 302, 307, 308, 313, 316,

317, 322, 324, 326, 329, 334, 343, 345, 347.
SUGARCANE 281

FIGURE 38.—^Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10-12, 14, 14a, 15, 16.
282 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FiGUKE 39.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 17-21, 24-29, 31.
SUGARCANE 283

PN-266

FIGURE 40.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46-48.
284 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1/'

FIGURE 41.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 36, 45, 49-51a, 53, 54, 56-58, 60.
SUGARCANE 285

FIGURE 42.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos, 61-64, 66, 67, 69, 70-73, 124a.
286 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 43.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 74r-85.
SUGARCANE 287

FIGURE 44.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 86-98,

427472—58 19
288 AGR. HANDBOOIC 122, Ü. S. t)EÎ>T. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 45.—^Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 99-112, Illa.
SÜGARÚANE 2S0

FIGURE 46.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 113-127.
290 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, V. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 47.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 128-141, 137a.
SUGARCANE 291

FIGURE 48.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 142-154, 156.
292 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE) 49.—Dewlaps: Accessioi; Nos, 157-l7lr
FíGXJRE 50.—Dewlaps: Accession NQS. 172-180,
294 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Ficui^E 51.--Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 122a, 187-190, 192-201,
SUCAliCANE 295

PICURE 52.--Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 202-210, 212, 213.
296 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 53.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 214-228.
SUGARCANE 297

FIGURE 54.—-Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 231, 232, 235-238, 237a, 240-243.
298 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 55.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 245-258, 245a.
SUGARCANE 299

PX-282

FIGURE 56.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 244, 259, 260, 262, 263a, 264, 266-273.

427472—58 20
300 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 57.—-Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 243, 274-278, 280, 281, 285-290.
ÖtJGAHCANE 301

FIGURE 58.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 291, 293, 294, 296-302, 304-307, 337.
302 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 59.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 308, 309, 311-323.
SUGARCANE 303

FIGURE 60.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 324-330, 332, 334-336, 350.
304 AGR. HANDBOOK 122, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 61.—Dewlaps: Accession Nos. 338-349.
31 JO

\ i

-»r Ji J'\ '33Jj 32Jjí /^^^^2S f *ft \¿3 28CO ZF£.r 26CO 23¿¡o 22ce 21¿I

5-3 3

/2 II

1 /

2 V

\¡

iS M {"^o^T^ /o 9 S

\ /^/ i /

1 L 1 L

19 '^ ''^ ^^ (^äuM /J /f \ /-sec S ^ 5 2

\ I \ /

d

>

o

>

PiGURE 62.—Taxonomic grouping of New Guinea canes: i. aur.=inner¡aurielersec. wings=secondary wings; root pr. =root primorida

rows; t=transitional auricle; l=short lanceolate auricle; L=long lanceolate auricle. 00

o

Or
306 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A

61

4

N

/

FIGURE 63,—Taxonomic grouping of {_A) New Caledonia clones and {B) Hawaiian clones.
SUGAHCANE 307

Z3

\

22

/

2

/

FIGURE 64.—Taxonomic grouping of miscellaneous noble canes.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1958