A Bibliography of

ORGANIC ACIDS

IN HIGHER PLANTS

Agricultural Handbook No. 164

Agricultural Research Service

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CONTENTS

Page

Occurrence of organic acids in higher plants 2

Literature cited 51

Washington, D.C. Issued March 1960

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington 2,5, D.C. - Price 35 cent5
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ORGANIC ACIDS

IN HIGHER PLANTS^

By M. L. BUCH, chemist, Eastern Utilization Research and Development Division,

Agricultural Research Service

Scientific interest in the organic acids of higher plants has prompted

a search of the literatm-e and tabulation of these acids and their

occurrence.

Nonvolatile, non-nitrogen-containing, carboxyUc acids whose structure is generally accepted {44y ^67y 48Sy are included. Fatty acids,

long-chain polymers—such as pectins—and compoimds which contain a sugar group as part of the molecule are excluded. Thus,

carboxyhc sapogenins are included but saponins are not. The acids

reported are those that are found in the free state or as salts, not

as esters.

Plants are listed by family and by genus and species. The family

names are those given by Willis (789), and, when possible, the names

of the genus a ad species follow this system. Where the name disagrees with that in established usage by the Department of Agriculture the latter name is given in parentheses following the original

name. Where the name is apparently misspelled, doubtful, or not

known by the Department a query(?) has been inserted following

the original name. Only spermatophyta are included.

Titles of articles and books published in other languages have been

translated into EngHsh. In those cases in which the report could

not be verified by consulting the original paper or an abstract, a

secondary reference is substituted.

1 This review covers aU publications through 1954 and a limited number published in 1966 and 1966.

2 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 61.
OCCURRENCE OF ORGANIC ACIDS IN HIGHER PLANTS

Family Genus and species Source Reference

Abietic Acid

HOOC

^- CH(CH3)2

Pinaceae.

Colophony.

Pinus abies (Picea abies) « Resin.

P. larix {Larix decidua)..

P. palustris Resin.

(37, 113, 162,

169)

(48, 419)

(419)

(35, 268, 339)

Aconitic Acid

COOH

C=CH COOH

CH2COOH

Chenopodiaceae . . Beta vulgaris

Compositae ¡i'^^ß^f^ mülefolium.

Gramineae

fJuice

\Unripe beet.

Avena sativa^

[Etiolated

Hordeum vulgäre ] shoot.

[Seedling,,

Saccharum officinarum Juice

Sécale cércale. tSeedüñg.

(392, 39S)

{705)

(285) m

U74)

(168)

(314. 474)

(36; 60; 4II;

603; 604; 605;

694; 699; 70S;

704y réf. m;

784; 811; 817)

(47h)

(668)
Family Genus aad species Source Reference

Aconitic Acid—Continued

Gramineae.

Sorghum vulgare.

Leguminosae.

Triticum sp

T, sativum {T. aestivurn).

Zea mays _ Sprouting seed.

Phaseolus coccineus

Aconitum spp

Scale from

evaporation

pans.

Juice

tSprout

Seedling.

Ranunculaceae <

Solanaceae-__

Umbelliferae.

A. columbianum

A. heterophyllum ip'"f

A. napellics

A, septentrionale Tuber and root.

A. vernalis {Adonis ver- f

nalis). \Leaf

Delphinium barheyi

Z). bicolor

D. consolida Leaf sap

D. cucullatum

D, geyeri

D. glaucescens

D. nelsonii

Solanum lycopersicum [ Fruit

{Lycopersicon escu- -j Root, leaf, and

lentum), [ ripe fruit.

Angelica archangelica Root

(414. 744)

{607)

{745, 786, 787)

{473)

{667)

{668)

{668)

{58)

{54;58;108;160,

p.567yref.3;497)

{49)

{769)

{50)

{315)

{497)

{388)

{49)

{49)

{781)

{49)

{49)

{49)

{49)

{109)

{116)

{690)

Adipic Acid

HOOC—CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH

Chenopodiaceae__ Beta vulgaris. {396, 742)

Ascorbic Acid

CH^OH

I ^

CE(OH)-CH

HO

Since its structure was elucidated by Svirbely and Szent-Györgyi in 1932 {69Í, 692), ascorbic acid has

been reported in almost every plant in which its presence has been investigated.

c=o
Family Geaus and species Source Référence

COOH

Sapotaceae.

Achras sapota Seed _

Bassia hutyracea

(Madhuca hutyracea).

B. latifolia (M. latifolia)^

B. longifolia {M. longifolia).

B. parkii

Dumoria heckelii

Mimusops djave (Baillonella toxisperma).

M. elengi

M. hexandra

_do__.

_do._-

_do...

do.

do.

do.

dodo.

Payena lucida do.

(276)

{276, 277)

{276, 277)

(276)

{276, 277)

(276)

{276)

{276)

{276)

{276)

Benzoic Acid

COOH

Compositae..

Droseraceae.-

Empetraceae.

Ericaceae

Gramineae

Dahlia sp

Drosera rotundifolia

Empetrum nigrum Leaf

'Vaccinium macrocarpum. Berry..

V. oxycoccos do.

V. vitis-idaea do

Bamhusa arundinacea Young shoot

{511)

{796)

{306)

{239, 431 467)

{239, 415, 477,

599)

{51, 239, 328,

382, 403, 477)

{218)
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Leguminosae

Lentibulariaceae_

Lilaceae

Magnoliaceae

Myrtaceae

Papaveraceae

Pinaceae

Rosaceae

Rubiaceae

Rutaceae

Scrophulariaceae.

Styracaceae

Benzoic Acid—Continued

[ Daviesia laiifolia Leaf and stem

{Myroxylon pereirae Balsam

[M. toluiferum do '

Pinguicula vulgaris Leaf "_'

{Bracera draco Resin__I"_r~

{Gloriosa superha Tuber_II_~_I~~

Illicium anisatum Fruit and seed'

Psidium spp

Papaver somniferum ]_'_"

Agathis australis ~_~_~_

Prunus serótina. _ __ í?^^!í- ^ ^ ILeaf Coffea sp

Casimiroa edulis Seed__I_~_II_

Digitalis purpurea

Styrax sp III'II

S. benzoin Resin.

{555)

(361)

(110, 146)

(405)

(715a)

(123)

(498)

(515)

(635)

(457)

(550)

(551)

(410, 516)

(549)

(331)

(372; 718, p.

507Jtn,4.)

(715a)

Betulinic Acid

COOH

Apocynaceae Alyxia huxifolia

Cornaceae Cornus florida

Gentianaceae Menyanthes trifoliata.

Loranthaceae Nuytsia floribunda

Bark.

Myrtaceae [Melaleuca (6 spp )...

\^jSyYicarpza laurifoha..

Platanaceae Platanus acerifolia

Punicaceae Púnica granatum

Rhamnaceae Ziziphus vulgaris

Rhizome

Leaves, stems,

and bark.

Bark

do

do

Leaves and bark.

Seeds and bark-

(21)

(606)

(671) (m

(21)

(579)

(100)

(98)

(333)
Family Genus and species Source Référence

Caflfeic Acid

CH^ CHCOOH

% J— OH

OH

Aquifoliaceae—

Compositae

Labiatae

Pinaceae

Ranunculaceae. _

Rosaceae

Rubiaceae

Scrophulariaceae.

Solanaceae

Umbelliferae

\Ilex aquifoUum Leaf {678)

\l, paraguarensis do (678)

(Anthémis nohilis Flower 1^47)

{Taraxacum officinale Root 1^4^)

Melissa sp Leaf {272)

Larix europaea (L. de- Resin {37)

cidua.

{Aconitum septentrionale.. {S15)

{Clematis vitalba Flowering (730)

branch.

Crataegus oxyacantha Leaf, fruit, and {Ï87)

flower.

(Cinchona cuprea Bark {S49)

jco^easpp {&::::::::: [1%]

(Digitalis purpurea {88^331)

{Scrophularia nodosa Root {317)

Solanum tuherosum {323)

(Angelica archangelica {690)

{Conium maculatum {288)

Chelidonic Acid

0

HC

HOOCCH

C—COOH

Amarylidaceae

Agave sp Leaf

A. falcata Anther and perianth.

Amaryllis crispa {Hessea Leaf, perianth,

crispa). and anther.

(684)

{581)

{682)

{582)
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Chelidonic Acia—Continued

Amarylidaceae

Androstemma iunceum

{Conostylis androstemma),

Anigozanthos humilis

A, preissii

Anoiganihus breviflorus^-

Blancoa canescens

Brunsvigia angusiifolia . ^

B, josephinea (B. gigantea).

B. uitenhagensisBuphane dliaris^

Carpolyza spiralis.

Conostylis (12 spp.)

Crinum capense (C. longifolium).

C. kirkii

C. purpurascens

Cummingia tenella (Conanthera campanulata).

Galanthus nivalis

Leaf, perianth,

and anther.

Leaf

Anther

Pericarp

Leaf and perianth.

Leaf and flowerPericarp, leaf,

perianth, and

anther.

Flower

Leaf, perianth,

and anther.

Leaf, perianth,

and bulb.

Leaf, perianth,

and pedicel.

do

G, plicatus.

Hessea maximiliani

Hippeastrum mandoni.

Hypoxis júncea^

H, minuta

H, prohata

H, serrata

H, villosa

Ixiolirion montanum _

Lanaria plumosa

Leaf, perianth,

and anther.

Perianth

Leaf, pedicel,

anther, and

perianth.

Leaf, perianth,

pedicel, and

bulb.

Flower

Leaf, perianth,

anther, and

pedicel.

Flower

Flower and leaf.

Perianth

Perianth, leaf,

and anther.

Leaf, and perianth.

Perianth, leaf,

and flower.

Leaf and perianth.

Leucojum (5 spp.) —

Lophiola americana.

Lycoris aurea

Narcissus (14 spp.)

Panoratium canariense--

Sternhergia colchicifloraS, lutea.

Tribonanthes uniflora.

Zephyranihes rosea—

Leaf and flower_

Perianth, anther,

pedicel, and

pericarp.

Leaf and anther.

Leaf, perianth,

anther, and

seed.

Leaf, perianth,

and anther.

Perianth

Perianth, leaf,

and anther.

Berberidaceae.. Berberis vulgaris.

{682)

{682)

{682)

{582)

{682)

{682)

{582)

{682)

{675)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{682)

{682)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{682)

{582)

{682)

{582)

{682)

{582)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{370)
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Chelidonic Acid^—Continued

Campanulaceae _

Cannaceae

Dioscoreaceae

Ceniropogon (6 spp.).

Downingia pulchella.

Isoioma (5 spp.)

Laureniia (4 spp.) _ _

Lobelia (25 spp.)

L. cardinaLis

Haemodoraceae _

Hippocastanaceae.

Liliaceae..

L. Ínflalo iFrüiC"."":::

L. syphüüica

Siphocainpylu^ (9 spp.)__

Caima spp Root

^Discorea balcánica Leaf, flower,

and pericarp.

D. dclloidea Leaf and

flower.

D. humifusa Seed and

pericarp.

ÍDilaíris corymbosa Flower and

leaf.

Lc'chenolia tinctoria do

Wachendorfia paniculata. Flower, leaf,

and pericarp,

W. thyrsiflora Anther

Aesculus flava Perianth and

leaf.

A. hippocastanum

Acanthocarpua preissii Pericarp and

leaf.

Alliiim cirrhosum Leaf

A. flavescens do

A. obliquum do

A. tenuissimurn Leaf and

flower.

Aloe minima Leaf

Androcymbium (3 spp.) __

Anguillaria dioica do

A. tenella do

Anticlea Sibiriens {Ziga- Leaf, bulb, and

denus Sibiriens). filament.

A sparagus (11 spp.)

A ' officinalis

A^ph odelus clavatns

A' damascena

BHlevalia dnbia {Hya- Flower

cinthns dnbnis).

Boemeira columellaris{l) ^ Filament, leaf,

and perianth.

Leaf

(682)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{370)

{370)

{ä81)

{370)

{582)

{581)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{581)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

Borya septentrionalis

Brodiaea (3 spp.)

Bnlbine alooides Flower.

Bulbocodium ruihenicuni^ Leaf__.

B. versicolor do

Chlorophijtnyn bowkeri Flower.

C. parviflorimi Pedicel

Colchicum (12 spp.)

C. antnmnale

Convallaria majalis JLeaf, anther,

I and perianth.

Cordyline banksii Flower

C. pumilio Leaf

Dasylirion gramini- Flower

folium.

{582)

{582)

{580)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

(582)

(370)

(370)

(582)

(582)

(582)

{582)

8
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Chelidonic Acid—Continued

Liliaceae.

Dasypogon hromeliifoius.

Dichopogon humilis

Dracaena angustifolia

D, elliptica

Eremurus himalaicus

Gloriosa superba

Hookera hyaciniha

H. minor

Hyacinthus leucophaeus..

Iphigenia diuterikÇ^)

/. indica

Johnsonia lupulina

Kniphofia (4 spp.)

Lachenalia montigena

L. picta

Flower.

doLeaf

FlowerLeaf

Flowerdodo_

Leaf

dodo_

{682)

{682)

{682)

{582)

{370, 399)

{682)

{682)

{682)

Liriope graminifolia^

Melonthium tenue

M. virginicum (il/.

comosum),

Merendera (5 spp.)

Muscari hotryoides

M, calandrinianum

Narthecium scardicum

Ophiopogon hockianus

0. japonicus

Ornithogalum arahicum..

0. fimhriatum

Leaf

Leaf and

flower.

Leaf

Leaf, perianth,

and seed.

Leaf and

flower.

Flower

Flower and leaf _

Flower

Leaf

do

0. narbonense

0. oligophyllum

Ornithoglossum glaucum.

Paradisea liliastrum

Paris bockiana

Polygonatum (4 spp.)_

Reineckea carnea

Rhipogonum album.

R. scandens

Ruscus hypoglossum

Sabadilla officinarum

{Schoenocaulon officinale) .

Sandersonia aurantiaca^-

Anther

Leaf and perianth.

Flower

Pedicel

Leaf and flowerLeaf

Leaf and perianth.

do

Leaf and pedicel.

Pedicel

Leaf and pedicel.

Flower

Leaf and perianth.

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{582)

{682)

{682)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{682)

{682)

{582)

{582)

{582)

Schoenocaulon officinale. _

Scilla obtusifolia

S. pratensis

S. verna

Smilax (6 spp.) —

Sugerokia orientalis {Heloniopsis orientalis).

Tofieldia (4 spp.)

Trichopetalum stellatum

{Bottionea thysantoides).

Trillium (9 spp.)

Tupistra viridiflora

Urginea maritima.

Uvularia sessilifolia

Leaf and flowerFlower

Leaf

Leaf, flower, and

anther.

{582)

{682)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{684)

{682)

{370)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{582)

FlowerLeafLeaf ancfflower.

{682)

{582)

{370)

{682)
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Chelidonic Add—Continued

LiliaceaeRhamnaceae_

Veratrum (7 spp.)

V. album

V, viride

Wurmhea (4 spp.)

Xerotea elongata Flower

X. pauciflora do

X, sauveolena do

Yucca hrevifolia Perianth and

pedicel.

^Zygadenua (5 spp.)

Papaveraceae

Rubiaceae.

Thymelaeaceae <

I Chelidonium majus -^ Leaî

Leaf, perianth,

, and pedicel.

Stylophorum diphyllum . _ Leaf, perianth,

and anther.

^Paliurus aculeatus Pedicel

Rhamnella franguloides _ _ Leaf

Rhamnus (21 spp.) —

R, cathartica Fruit

Sageretia minutifolia Leaf

Zizyphus lotus do

Uragoga ipecacuanha

(Cephaelis

ipecacuanha).

'Daphne (9 spp.) —_

D. gnidium Fruit

Gnidia (9 spp.)

Passerina (5 spp.)

Pimelea flava Leaf

Stellera chamaejasme Leaf and flower _

Thymelaea (4 spp.)

. Wikstroemia (3 spp.)

{682)

{370, 687, 684)

{370)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{682)

{264, 300, 370,

383,387,636,

684, 820)

{660)

{682)

{582, 632)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{581)

{582)

{582)

{370)

{581)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

{582)

HO

Chlorogenic Acid

HO—<\ CH z:CH^C!0-0 COOH

Acanthaceae.

Barleria cristata

Eranthemum

macrophyllum,

Graptohilanthes hortense

{Graptophyllum

hortense).

Sirohilanthes lupinus

, Thunbergia laurifolia

{228)

{228)

{228)

{228)

{228)

10
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Apocynaceae

Aquifoliaceae

Araliaceae

Asclepiadaceae _.

Bignoniaceae

Boraginaceae.

Cannaceae

Caprifoliaceae

Chenopodiaceae.

Compositae.

Convolvulaceae__ <

Chlorogenic Acid—Continued

{Allamanda hendersonii__

Alstonia scholaris

Kopsia flavida

'Ilex aquifolium Leaf, stem, and

root.

/. salicifolia

'Aralia macúlala

Hederá helix

< Heptapleurum sp

Paratropia sp

^Trevesia swwdaica

Hoya handanensis

Crescentia cuneifloia

(C. cujete).

Kigelia pinnata

ßpathodea campanulata- _

Cordia suaveolens

^Ehretia huxifolia

Canna indica

{Lonicera sp

Samhucus javanica

S, nigra Flower

Suaeda dodoneifolia (?)

95 genera

Achillea millefolium Flower

Anacyclus pyrelhrum do

Arnica montana do

Centaurea jacea Leaf

Cichorium intyhus do

Clihadium asperum

C. surinamense

Dahlia variabilis ( Z). pinnata),

Eupatorium javanicum.^

E, pallescens

Gymnanthemum grande__

Helianthus sp Seed

H. annuus do

H, doronicoides Leaf.

H, tuberosus

Lactuca sativa

Lappa major (Arctium Leaf.

majus).

Pluchea indica

P. odorata

Silyhum marianum

Stifftia chrysantha

Tagetes erecta

Taraxacum gymnanthum^

Tithonia diversifolia

Vemonza sp

'Argyre ia kurzei

Erycihe tomentosa

Ipomoea batatas jxioot"

Lepistemon flavescens

Merremia disseeta

,Porana paniculata

(228)

{228)

(228, 231)

(118)

(228)

(228)

(249)

(228)

(228)

(228)

(228)

(228)

(118)

(540)

(118)

(118)

(118)

(118)

(118)

(228)

(228)

(539)

(228)

(228)

(230)

(224, ^29, 364,

494)

(118)

(636, 538, 539)

(538)

(118)

(228)

(228)

(536)

(228)

(539)

(228)

(228, 538)

(610)

(228)

(228)

(228)

11
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Cornaceae

Cucurbitaceae__-

Dipsacaceae

Ericaceae

Erythroxylaceae.

Eucommiaceae _.

(resneriaceae_.

Gnetaceae

Goodeniaceae.

Gramineae

Labiatae

Liliaceae

Loganiaceae _ _

Magnoliaceae.

Malvaceae

Martyniaceae.

Moraceae

Oleaceae

Orbanchaceae.

Pandanaceae_

Pedaliaceae__

-- \

Ranunculaceae.

Chlorogenic Acid—Continued

Mastixia cuspidata

f Coccinia cordifolia

[Trichosanthes sp

Dipsacus sylvestris

Vaccinium lucidum

(Erythroxylon coca

\E. novogranatense

Eucornmia sp Leaf

'Aeschynanthus longiflora^

Agalmyla staminea

Cyrtandra bicolor

Episcia pulchella

Gloxinia caulescens

Sinningia. sp

Gnetmn ovalifolium

Scaevola sericea

fMixed herbage

Bamhusa sp

Oryza saliva

Paspalum vaginatum

Phragmites sp

Saccharum officinarum

^Ballota foetida Leaf

Calamintha officinalis

Mentha javanica

M. rotundifolia

Salvia coccinea

S. praiensis

Stachys lanata

Convallaria majalis Leaf

iCraieriphytum molucanutn

Strychnos sp Seed

S. nuX'Vomica IS""H

Michelia fuscata

Gossypium sp

Martynia diandra

(Castilla elástica Latex

{Ficus elástica do

Jasminum nudiflorum Leaf and flower

^Orohanche epithymum Stem

0. rapum Stem, flower,

and underground parts.

^Phelipaea lutea

Freycinetia strobilacea

Sesamum orientate

Aconitum septentrionale

Clematis paniculata

C. vitalba Leaf

^Ranunculus hulbosus do

'Crataegus oxyacantha Fruit, leaf, and

flower.

Prunus domestica Fruit

(2^8)

{228)

{118)

(228)

(228)

(228)

(247)

(228)

(228)

(228)

(228)

(228)

(228)

(299)

(228)

(228)

(228)

(118)

(118)

(228)

(118)

(228)

(118)

(118)

(118)

(228)

(230)

(228)

(726)

(228)

(495)

(228)

(118)

(118)

(118)

(118)

Rosaceae <

Pyrus communis^ ' do...

.Leaf

Fruit

P. malus(Malus sylvestris) Juice.

Leaf.

(228)

(315)

(228)

(118)

(118)

(187)

(147)

(94, 779)

(779)

(94, 296, 460,

779)

(530,531)

(788)

12
Family Genus and species Source Refer ence

Rubiaceae.

Saxifragaceae

Scrophulariaceae.

Solanaceae.

Chlorogenic Acid—Continued

Adina cordifolia

Coelospermum corymbosum

Coffea sp Bean_

(

C. arabica

C. bengalensis

C. liberica ~~~__~

Exostemma longifiortim ~

Hyinenodichjon sp

Mussaenda officinalis ~_

Nauclea fagifolia

Oxyanthus hirsutus ~_~

Palicourea gardenioides__

Timoniiis compressicaulis

Hydrangea mutabüis ~

Capraria biflora ~__

Torenia sp ~~

Veronica alpina Whole plant_II

V. chamaedrys do

T". officinalis do

V. traversa Root, stem, and

leaf.

Atropa belladona Leaf

(228)

{228)

(187, 230, 240,

286)

(228, 593)

(228)

(227, 228, 231)

(228)

(228)

(228)

(228)

Theaceae

Tiliaceae

UmbelliferaeUrticaceae

Verbenaceae _

Brunsfelsia americana

Capsicum annuum

(C fruiescens).

C grossum

(C. fruiescens).

C. violaceum

Cestrum aurantiacum

C elegans

Datura arbórea

D. stramonium

Hyoscyamus albus

H. aureus

H. pusillus

H. reticulatus

Mandragora officiroarum.

Nicotiana sp

Petunia nyctaginiflora

Physalis alkekengi

P. angulata

P. peruviana

Physochlaina orientalis..

Scopolia carniolica

Solanum (16 spp )

S. lycopersicum (Lycopersicon esculentum).

S. tuberosum

Withania fruiescens

W. somnifera

Thea sinensis Leaf.

Corchorus olitorius

(Angelica archangelica Root

Apium graveolens

Eryngium pandanifolium.

Hydrocotyle s-p

.Thapsia garganica

Boehmeria nivea

Verbena officinalis Leaf _

--do

--do

--do

--do

--do

--do

--do

--do

--do

..do

.-do

.-do

--do

Leaf

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

(118)

(118)

(118)

(118)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(348)

(637)

(118)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(637)

(118)

(321, 323, 639)

(637)

(637)

(602)

(690)

(539)

(228)

(228)

(639)

(118)

13
Family Genas and species Source Reference

Cinnamic Acid

CH^ CHCOOH

í

Compositae Parthenium argentatum..

Ericaceae

Globulariaceae

Hamamelidaceae.

Lauraceae

Leguminosae

Myrtaceae

Scrophulariaceae.

Styracaceae

Enkianihus japonicus.

Globularia spp

G. alypum

G. vulgaris

Liquidamhar sp

L. Orientalis

L. styraciflua

Cinnamonum sp

Myroxylon pereirae

Aqueous extract

of root, rubber, resin,

and leaf.

Leaf

Stalk and leaf.

do

Resin

do

do

Leaf

Balsam

M. toluiferum

(M. halsamum).

Eugenia jamholana.^

Scrophularia nodosa.

Styrax liquidus (?)--

._-do_.-

(78,764)

(166)

(264)

(265)

(265, 743)

(293, 305)

(718)

(304, 717)

(365)

(212, 268, 356,

361)

(110, 117, 146,

Seed-.

Root_

Resin _

(545)

(317)

(658)

Citramalic Acid

COOH

H3C—C—OH

I

CH2

COOH

Rosaceae. Pyrus mains Peel. (297, 298)

HO

Citric Acid

CH2COOH

-COOH

CH2COOH

Citric acid was first found by Scheele iß26,627) in lemons. Franzen and Helwert (199) have made a

critical review of the literature on occurrence of citric acid, and it appears to be ubiquitous in higher plants.

14
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Coumaric Acid

HOC8H4CH=CHCOOH

Catalpa hignonioides Leaf

\C. ovata Leaf and bark._

'Daviesia latifolia Leaf and stem..

(Vegetative

part.

Root

M. officinalis Vegetative

part.

\Trifolium pratense Flower

Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum

Pinaceae Pinus sp Resin

Rosaceae Prunus serótina Bark

Bignoniaceae.

Leguminosae.

(462)

{282)

{656)

{99)

(616)

(99)

(663)

(636)

(37)

(650)

Digallic Acid

OH

co-oOH

// ^

300H

Theaceae Thea sinensis Leaf. {601, 60S)

Dihydroxymaleic Acid

HO—C—COOH

HO—C—COOH

Papaveraceae Glaucium luteum Pressed juice—. (634)

512689—60- 15
Family Genus and species Source Reference

3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic Acid

CHn CHCOOH

OCH,

Scrophylariaceae _ VfírotiiccL viroiïiiccL_ Rhizome and {652)

root.

Ëthylmalic Acid

CH3CH2 CH COOH

HO CH COOH

Euphorbiaceae— Euphorbia biglandulosa.. Latex ms)

Ferulic Acid

CH= CHCOOH

1 A

v-L-OCH^

¿H

Bignoniaceae

Pinaceae

Umbelliferae

Catalpa ovata Bark

Larix europaea (L. Resin

decidua).

Ferula assafoetida Resin of roots

and rhizomes.

{282)

{37)

{638)

16
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Isofemlic Acid

BxCHCOOH

^

^ OH

CH3

Bignoniaceae Catalpa ovata Root bark (282)

Ranunculaceae— Cimidfuga racemosa Rhizome (188)

Flnoracetic Acid

CH2FCOOH

Dichapetalaceae. - Dichapetalum cymosum^. (426)

Fumaric Acid

H—C—COOH

HOOC—C—C—H

[Sirup (468)

Aceraceae Acer saecharurn <Sugarsand (4^9)

[Sap and sirup__ (S4^)

Asclepiadaceae Asclepias syriaca Root (4^'^)

Chenopodiaceae__ Beta vulgaris Diffusion juice. (601, 673)

Compositae Helianthus annuus (58)

Cruciferae Bunias orientalis Stem, leaf, and (316)

flowering top.

Eucommiaceae Eucommia ulmoides Leaf (246)

{Cluytia similis Leaf and stem_ ( 729 )

Ricinus communis Germinating (145)

bean.

[Leaf (114)

{Hordeum vulqare \Etiolated shoot. (168)

[Seedling (314)

^ ,. /Grain (256)

Oryza sativa ILeaf __ .. (809)

Saccharum officinarum Juice (603,604,605)

Sorghum sp Sirup (416)

17
Family Geaus and species Source Reference

Labiatae

Leguminosae.

Fumaric Acid—Continued

Salvia officinalis Leaf

{Daviena latifolia Leaf and stern.

Phaseolus coccineus

P. mungo

(Corydalis bulbosa

Fumaria officinalis Sap

Papaveraceae

Solaiiaceae

Umbelliferae

G lauciuvi flavium Leaf

G. luteum

,Papaver somniferum

Nicotiana sp

rDaucus carota Root tissue.

\Myrrhis odorata Leaf

{96)

{665)

{58)

{129)

{78í)

{138,140,713,

790)

{486)

{660, 661, 634)

{636)

{663, 748, 749)

{106, 106,409)

{308, 486)

Galacturonic Acid

H OHOHH

HOOC—C—C—C—C—CHO

0] H OH

Rosaceae _

^Fragaria vesca Juice. __

Prunus pérsica i Fruit ^'

Pyrus communis Fruit._.

P. malus {Malus syl- Juice-_-

vestris).

{447, 448)

{18)

{19)

{19,29)

{630)

Gallic Acid

HOCOOH

^ OH

Celastraceae

Commelinaceae

Cornaceae

ii

1,

Í Rhus coriaria Stalk

Anacardiaceae \R. glabra Fruit

R, semialata do

Celastrus scandens do

Commelina agraria

f Cornus florida Flower and

bract.

C. sericea Fruit pulp. _

{386, 677)

{618)

{734)

{776)

{694)

{619)

{679)

18
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Gallic Acid—Continued

Ericaceae- .. (Arctostaphylosuvaursi... (607)

{Emgaea repens (502)

Euphorbiaceae Phyllonthus distichus^ .- Root bark (136)

{Quercus aegilops Acorn (677)

Q. pedunculata (Q. Wood (442)

rohur).

{Geranium onoei (301)

G, pratense (QI)

G. zonale (gs)

Lauraceae Persea gratissima Fruit kernel (314, 515)

(P. americana).

Leguminosae Pithocellohium saman Bark (307)

(Samanea saman),

Loganiaceae Gelsemiumsempervirens.. Root (289)

Musaceae Musa paradisiaca Sap (263)

Myrtaceae Psidium spp (515)

Nymphaeaceae Brasenia schreheri (461)

Oleaceae Olea europea Leaf (115)

Pnlvp-onflfPflP ¡Rheum austriacum Root (273)

l-oiygonaceae ^^^ rhaponticum ._..do (273)

Punicaceae Púnica granatum Root bark (772, p. 641 j

note 1)

Rubiaceae Coffea sp (529)

Sapotaceae Mimusops sp (515)

ScroDhulariaceae [^m^i^ sp (88, p. 776)

fecropûuiariaceae-- |^ purpurea (88, p, 776)

Simarubaceae Quassia simaruha Root bark (772, p. 641,

note 1)

Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum Leaf (772, p. 1112,

note 2)

Theaceae Thea sinensis (369, 601, 602)

GinkgolicJAcid

?00H

HO" ^(CHg)^ CB5:CH(CH2)C CH-.

v^

Ginkgoaceae Ginkgohiloha Fruit (334)

19
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Gluconic Acid

H H OH H

HO—CH2—G G G G—GOOH

¿H OH H OH

Chenopodiaceae . . Beta vulgaris. Crust on juice

preheater.

UOÄ)

Glucuronic Acid

OH H OH OH COOH

-C C C CH OH H

0

H

-CI

H

Compositae Taraxacum officinale Young leaf

Cucurbitaceae Cucúrbita pepo Seed

{Hordeum vulgäre Germinating

seed.

Musa sp Shoot

Leguminosae Phaseolus or Vicia Germinating

seed and etiolated leaf.

(S04)

{504)

{604)

{621)

{504)

Glutaric Acid

HOOG—GH2—CH2—GH2—GOOH

Chenopodiaceae.. Beta vulgaris Beet {395, 396, 742)

Glyceric Acid

GH2OH—GH(OH)—GOOH

Beta vulgaris >. Diffusion juice. {67S)

Hordeum vulgäre [íleiíV.V.V.V.ll {57, íu)

Glycine sp Leaf {24)

Nicotiana tabacum {687)

Chenopodiaceae.

Gramineae

Leguminosae

Solanaceae

20
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Glycolîc Acid

HO—CH2—COOH

Caprifoliaceae

CaryophyUaceae.

Chenopodiaceae _

Combretaceae...

Compositae

Dichapetalaceae.

Ericaceae

Euphorbiaceae _ _

Samhucus nigra Leaf

Hemiaria glabra do

Beta vulgaris Beet juice.

Comhretum micranthum.^

(Cynara scolymus

\Solidago virga-aurea

Dichapetalum cymosum- .

{Arbutus unedo

Erica multiflora

Ricinus commun^is

Agropyron repens

Avena sativa

Leaf

do

Flowering twig_

Leaf

Flowering twigGramineae.

Labiatae

Leguminosae,

Liliaceae

Pinaceae

Rosaceae

Solanaceae

Root and rhizome.

Seedling

Hordeum vulgäre^

Saccharum officinarum^,^

Zea mays

Lavandula vera

Orthosiphon stamineus

. Rosmarinus spp

Lupinus albus

Medicago sativa

. Pisum sativum

Asparagus spp

Rvrscus aculeatus

Juniperus communis

Prunus cerasus .

Pyrus communis

P. malus (Malus sylvestris).

^Nicotiana tabacum

Physalis alkekengi

i Solanum lycopersicum

I {Lycopersicon esculen-

\ turn).

Apium graveolons

Leaf

I Etiolated shoot.

[Seedling

Juice

Stigmata

Flowering twig_

Leaf

Flowering twig.

Seedüng

Sap

Seedling

Root and

rhizome.

do

Berry

Peduncle

Juice

do

Leaf

Berry

Leaf

Eryngium campestre

Foeniculum vulgäre

Petroselinum sativum (P.

, crispum).

Parietaria spp

'Ampélopsis hederacea

{Parthenodssus quin^

quefolia.)

Vitis vinifera

Root and

rhizome.

do.._-

do_-_-

do.--.

Leaf

do-..

rUnripe fruit.

\Fruit

iS4) m)

{396, 601, 672,

673)

{34)

{S4)

(34)

{4^S)

{34)

{34)

{66, 146)

{34)

{291)

{66, 57)

{114. 687)

{168)

{291)

{669, 60S, 604y

606, 664, 686)

{34)

{34)

{34)

{34)

{291)

{186)

{291)

(34)

(34)

{34)

{34)

{692)

{700)

{686)

{687)

{34)

{686, 687)

{34)

{34)

{34)

{34)

{34)

{236)

{101, 183, 184)

{280)

21
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Glyoxalic Acid

CHO

COOK

Chenopodiaceae

Cornaceae

Ericaceae

Gramineae

Labiatae

Leguminosae

Liliaceae

Polygonaceae.-

Rosaceae

Saxifragaceae_-

Solanaceae

Umbelliferae

Vitaceae

Beta vnlgaris —

Cornus mas Fruit

Vaccinium oxycoccos -_-

Saccharum officinarum... Juice

Mentha piperita Leaf _

Arachis hypogaea Seedling

Tulipa gesneriana

Rheum officinale — —

{Prunus domestica Unripe fruit_ -

Pyrus malus {Malus Í—-do

sylvestris), \Fruit

(Rihes sp Unripe fruit—-

\R, grossularia do

Solanum tuberosum Tuber

T. . /Leaf and root. Daucus carota [Root

Vitis vinifera.

I Juice-

{896)

{631)

{682)

{784)

{709, 711)

{196-, 196)

{709, 710)

{102)

{102)

{102)

{298)

{102)

{102)

{711)

(709)

{711)

{102, 108, 248,

280)

{647)

Hemipinic Acid

COOH

V >OCH

CH^

Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum^ {635)

HydrocaflFeic Acid

H^CHgCœH

<y

^

OH

Chenopodiaceae.

Solanaceae

Vitaceae

Beta vulgaris Leaf« _

Solanum tuberosum Tuber_

Ampélopsis hederacea

{Parthenodssus

quinquefolia),

{397)

{687)

{587)

22
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Hydrocoumaric Acid

CH2CH2COOH

Leguminosae Melilotus officinalis.

p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid

COOK

^

V

{822)

Bignoniaceae

Papaveraceae

, Bignonia catalpa Unripe

^Catalpa ovata Leaf,.

Papaver somniferum

fruit (534)

(462)

(635)

Hydroxycitric Acid

CH2—COOH

HO—C—COOH

HO C COOH

Chenopodiaceae.- Beta vulgaria Juice„ (395)

alpha-Hydroxyglntaric Acid

HOOC—CH2CH2CHOH—COOH

Chenopodiaceae - _ Beta vulgaris Sap. (394)

23
Family Genus and species Source Reference

2-Hydroxy-6-Methoxybenzoîc Acid

COOH

HoCO )H

Liliaceae Gloriosa superba Tuber_ (123)

p-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid

OH

I

^

CHgCOOH

Compositae Taraxacum officinale Root- (646)

Isochlorogenic Acid

OH

HO.

HO- ^ N> CHsCH-CO-O i

COOH

OH

Rosaceae Pyrus communis {J;|^J ^^<^ ^°o*-

Rubiaceae Coffea sp

(94)

(788)

(41)

24
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Isocitric Acid

CH(OH)—COOK

CH—COOH

CH2—COOH

Anona muricata

Bryophyllum sp Leaf _

' ---do_

B, calycinum.

Leaf and stem.

Escheveria sp Leaf

E, secunda

Sedum acre

S. maximum

S. praealtum

Sempervivum tectorumHordeum vulgäre i Leaf"

Couroupüa guianensis Fruit

Pisum sativum Ungerminated

seeds.

Pyrus malus {Molus Fruit

sylvestris).

Rvbus fruticosus do

Digitalis purpurea jjj^^^^

Nicotiana tahacum iLeaf

Solanum lycopersicum Leaf

{Lycopersicon

esculentum).

S. tuherosum Juice of tuber,

Daucus carota

(479)

{80,506,672)

(109, S62, 663,

664, 566, 668,

686, 687, 738,

747).

(667)

(362)

(484, 486)

(486)

(486)

(803)

(486)

(56)

(67, 689)

(476)

(4U)

(106, 106)

(127,466,470)

(331)

(362)

(686)

(687)

(686, 687)

(126)

(106, 106)

Isophthalic Acid

;ooH

COOH

Iridaceae- Íris versicolor Rhizome - (554)

alpha-Eetoadipic Acid

HOOC—CH2—CH2—CH2—CO—COOH

Leguminosae Piaum sativum Germinating

seed.

(763)

25
Family Genus and species Source Reference

alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid

HOOC—CH2—CH2—CO—COOH

Euphorbiaceae.

Gramineae

Labiatae

Legummosae__.

Liliaceae

Rosaceae

Solanaceae

Umbelliferae.-.

Ricinis communis Germinating

seed.

Hordeum vulgäre Etiolated shootMeniha piperito Leaf

Arachis hygogaea Seedling

Pisum sativum Young plant

Trifolium pratense

Tulipa gesneriana

Pyrus rnalus (Malus Fruit

sylvestris).

Solanum tuherosum Tuber

7^ . /Root and leaf.- Daucus carota iRoot

(US)

{168)

(709,711)

(195,196)

(757, 759)

(766, 757)

(709, 710)

(298)

(38,711)

(709)

(711)

Lactic Acid

CH3—CHOH—COOH

AmaryUidaceae. _

Bromeliaceae

Agave sisalana

Ananas sativas (A.

coinosus).

Chenopodiaceae _ . Beta vulgaris _

LeafCompositae

Crassulaceae.-

Cruciferae

Cucurbitaceae.

Ericaceae

Helionthus annuus

Lactuca sp

L. sativa

Bryophyllum calycinumBrassica olerácea

Juice

Root

Root and leaf_.

(.Leaf.

LeafCucumis sativus

Vaccinium myrtillus-

{Fresh and fermented kale.

Cabbage leaf...

Euphorbiaceae Ricinis communis^

Fagaceae

Gentianaceae ..

(Castanea vesca (C. sotiva).

\Fagus sylvaiica

Erythraea centaur¿urn

Bamhusa sp

Hordeum distichum

I Germinating

seed.

I Seedling

I Seedling and

leaf.

Fruit

Nut

GramineaeH. sativum

H, vulgäre

Oryzo spp

Sécale céréale

Triticum sativum (T.

aestivum).

T. vulgäre

Shoot

Germinating

seed.

Etiolated shootLeaf

do

.--do

(414,640,641)

(515)

(488)

(672, 678)

(680,681)

(742)

(58)

(515)

(640)

(641)

(801)

(42)

(641)

(680)

(326)

(137)

(145,294)

(640)

(641)

(U8)

(327)

(263)

(621)

(681)

(793)

(168)

(809)

(668)

(668)

Germinating (681)

seed

Zea mays do (640,641,793)

26
Family Genus aad species Source Reference

LeguminosaeMalvaceae

Myricaceae

Myrsinaceae..

Papaveraceae.

Polygonaceae.

Rosaceae,

Rutaceae

Salicaceae

Scrophulariaceae.

Lactic Acid—Continued

Glycine sp

Lupinus sp Seed II_~]_'

L. luteus Germinating"

seed.

Phaseolus coccineus

P. vulgaris Seedfingll__\__

Pisum sativum Germinating

seed.

Tamarindus indico

,^. . - _ [Leaf and sprout.

Victa faba ¡ Germinating

[ seed.

Cfossypium sp Seed

Myrica rubra Fruit

Maesa picta Seed I_.~I

(Olaucium luteum Pressed juice___

\Papaver somniferum 'Toppy straw''.

¡Rheum sp Leaf

./?. hybridum Tuber

Eriobotrya japónica Milky juice

Fragaria sp Juice of fruit. _.

Prunus avium

P. cerasus Juice of fruit. _.

Pyrus communis I T"~~ Vr"':" IJuice and fruit.

P. malus {Malus JFruit

sylvestris), tJuice of fruit...

Rubus sp Leaf

R. fruticosus do

R. idaeus do

Citrus decumana (C Juice of fruit

grandis).

Salix sp Bark

¡Digatalis purpurea

(327)

(4â6)

(681)

(58)

(641)

(640,641,681)

(3, 326)

(640,641)

(681)

(327)

(854)

Solanaceae

Sterculiaceae.

Umbelliferae_

Vitaceae

IEuphrasia officinalis

Veronica officinalis

'Solanum dulcamara Peduncle

S. lycopersicum (Lyco- fFruit

persicon esculentum). \Juice of fruit

«S. tuberosum Tuber

Theobroma cacao Seed

Daucus carota <TÍñcú

{Juice

Sap Vitis vinifera.

(684)

(636)

(640)

(641)

(128, p.93,ftn.

12)

(281)

(197)

(437)

(437)

(592)

(200,281)

(436, 437, 702)

(640)

(203,204,641)

(210, 211, 642)

(281)

(151)

(331)

(172)

(171)

(800)

(109, 116, 737)

(596)

(39, 40, 640,

641, 680, 681,

778, 793)

(453)

(640)

(641,681)

(437)

(799)

Malic Acid

COOH

CHOH

CH.COOH

Mallo acid was discovered by Scheele ißtS), who reported Its presence In a number of plants. Franzen

and Eeyssner {$01) have made a critical review of the literature on Its occurrence, but It appears to be

ubiquitous in higher plants.

27
Family Genus and species Source Keference

Malonic Acid

COOH

CH2COOH

Chenopodiaceae__ Beta vulgaris.

Compositae.

Cruciferae-.

Gramineae..

Leguminosae_

Rosaceae

Umbelliferae.

Incrustation on

evaporator.

Juice

Beet and leaf. _

(Helianthus annuus

\H, tuherosus

Bunias orientalis Stern, leaf, and

flowering top.

'Mixed herbage

Avena sativa

i Dactylis glomerata

Hordeum vulgäre

.Triticum sp

Anthyllis sp

Astragalus sp

A. sinicus

Colutea sp

Lotus sp

Lupinus sp

Medicago sp

M. sativa

Melilotus sp

Ononis sp

Phaseolus coccineus

Sophora sp

Thermopsis sp

Trifolium sp

Trigonella sp

, Vicia sp

Fragaria sp Fruit

ÍAnthriscus sp

\Apium sp

(893)

{395)

{742)

{58)

{226)

{316)

{299)

{291, 474)

{134)

{291, 474)

{473)

{58)

{58)

{812)

{58)

{58)

{58,291)

{58)

{727)

{58)

{58)

{58)

{58)

{58)

{58)

{58)

{58)

{683)

{58)

{58)

Meconic Acid

I

HC COH

HOOCh-C C—COOH

Papaveraceae.

Papaver rhoeas.

P. somniferum. Dried capsules.

Milky sap

{510)

{66)

iW)

y, p 1SS7,

ftn. 1)

28
Family Genus and species Source Reference

MeUlotic Acid

CH2CH2C00It

Leguminosae . . ¡¥/^^i^'^.^ '"/?'" Vegetative part. ( 99) \M. officmahs do {99,822)

Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum Leaf (772, p. 1112,

note 2)

Mesaconic Acid

CHs—C—COOH

HOOC—CH

Bignoniaceae Crescentia sp Curare (330)

Cruciferae Brassica olerácea Leaf (îHi 112)

Gramineae Saccharum officinarum Juice {603,604,605)

Mesoxalic Acid

/COOH

(H0)2C

\COOH

Leguminosae Medicago sativa (185)

gamma-Methylene-alpha-Eetoglutaric Acid

HOOC—C—CH2C—COOH

II II

CH2 O

Leguminosae Arachis hypogaea Seedling (195, 196)

Liliaceae Tulipa gesneridna (709,710)

29
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Morolic Acid

COOH

Ericaceae Agauria aalicifolia.

Mucic Acid

H OH OH H

HOOC—C- -C COH H H

-C—COOH

I

OH

Chenopodiaceae_. Beta vulgaris Diffusion juice.

Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus serratus Fruit pulp

Rosaceae fPrunus pérsica. Ripe fruit

xvuoaucac -. \Pyrus commums do

(672)

{870)

(19)

(19)

H3C

Neoabietic Acid

COOH

Pinaceae.

Pinus palustris.

P. sylvestrió

Oleoresin

Oleoresin and

wood resin.

(268)

{259)

30
Family Genus and species Soiu'ce Reference

COOH

CH.

Apocynaceae.,.

Ericaceae

Euphorbiaceae.

Labiatae

Loranthaceae _.

Myrtaceae

Oleaceae

Rosaceae

Solanaceae

Vitaceae

Alyxia huxifolia Bark

Vaccinium myrtülus

Petalostigma sericeum

(Salvia officinalis

[Thymus vulgaris

Viscum album Leaf

Psidium guajava do

Olea europea do

(Crataegus oxyacantha do

1Eriobotrya japónica do

{Anthocercis intricata Bark

A. littorea do

A. odgersii do

T ^itis labrusca Pomace

{683)

{21)

{97)

{609)

(795)

(27)

{252)

{60)

{26)

{21)

{21)

{21)

{432)

Oxalacetic Acid

HOOC—CH2—CO—COOH

Gramineae.

Labiatae-_

Leguminosae

Liliaceae

Rosaceae

Solanaceae

Umbelliferae

(Hordeum vulgäre

\Phleum pratense

Mentha piperita

(Canvalia ensiformis _

Pisum sativum

Trifolius pratense Young leaf__.

Fruit _

Tulipa gesneriana

Pyrus malus {Malus

sylvestris).

Solanum tuberosum Tuber

/Root and leaf _ Daucus carota-

\Root.

{756)

{756)

{709,711)

{756)

{755, 756, 757y

758, 759)

{754.755,

756, 757)

{709,710)

{298)

{711)

{709)

{711)

512689—60- 31
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Oxalic Acid

COOH

COOH

[Reviews and surveys of the occiurence of oxalic acid include those of Andrews and Viser (/7), Esbach (47Ô, p. 1909), Kohman (360,35Î), Meyen (US, p. 122), Miller, Ross, and Lewis (I^J^ß), Molisch (^0), Patschovskv (508), Schimper (630), and Treviranus (128, p. 66, note 6)]

Aceraceae.

Aizoaceac.

ÍAcer pLatanoides Root

\A. saccharum Sap and sugar

sand.

IMesembryanthemum sp_.

M. acinaciforme

M. crystallinum {Leârandfl^wer:

Amarantaceae. _

Amaryllidaceae_.

Anacardiaceae

Araceae

Aristolochiaceae _

Balsaminaceae _ _

Begoniaceae..

Berberidaceae_

Betulaceae

Bombacaceae-.

Bromelianceae.

Cactaceae

Alternanthera sessilisAmaranthus sp

A. aquatica (?)

A. caudatus 'ÍT"«^"""!"^ (Leaf and flower.

A. gangeticus

^A. polygonoides

Agave americana Leaf

Mangifera indica

(Acorus calamus

{Arum italicum Berry

Asarum sp

(Impatiens parviflora

\I. sultani

Begonia sp

B. evansiana

' B. rex

B, semperflorens

Berberís vulgaris Fruit

{Alnus sp Leaf

Betula sp

Ostrya vulgaris

Adansonia digitata Fruit

Bromolia pinguin do

(359)

(768)

(609)

(2)

(16, 63)

(62)

(609)

(292)

(236)

(622)

(62)

(63)

'"2)

Caprifoliaceae_ _

Caryophyllaceae

Celastraceae_

32

Cereus peruvianus

Opuntia sp

0. vulgaris Steni

(Samhucus nigra Young leaf

' Symphoricarpos sp Leaf

Dianthus hahatus

D, carthvrsianorum Leaf and stem.

Lychnis coronaria

L. dioica

L. flos-jovis

L. githago (Agrostemma

githago).

Saponaria sp

«S. officinalis

Spergula arvensis

Stellaria media

Tunica saxifraga

iCelastry^ obscurus Leaf V^SSi.

\Euonymus japonicus ""

(816)

(86)

(810)

(343)

(609)

(466)

(466)

(220)

(650, 651, 652)

(760)

(125, 611, 732)

(343)

(771)

(359)

(369)

(5)

(28)

(509)

(728)

(478)

(343)

(47)

(771)

(492)

(12)

(74)

(12J4. 91)

(74)

(478)

(12)

(74)

(455,492)

(12)

(154)

(2)
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Oxalic Acid—Continued

Chenopodiaceae.

Atriplex sp_

Beta vulgaris

(U6)

(509)

U92, 509, 533,

Juice_

Root and leaf.

Leaf

Swiss chard,

mangold, and

beet leaf.

Seed

Root

Chenopodium sp

C. quinoa Leaf and flower.

Halogeton glomeratus

Spinacia olerácea JLeaf.

(396, 444. 501,

672, 673)

(418, 742)

(33, 454, 615,

624)

(625)

(149,685)

(23, 226, 236,

773)

(509)

(62, 63)

(191,290)

(23, 90, 381,

475, 509, 533)

(46, 69, 150,

Commelinaceae

Compositae

Convolvulaceae.

Cornaceae

Crassulaceae

iCallisia repens

Tradescantia sp

T, fluminesis

T, selloi Leaf

T, virginica do

^Cichorium endivia

Helianthus tuherosus

Kleinia articúlala

Lactuca spp

,L. sativa

Ipomoea aquatica

Cornus sericea Fruit pulp_

fLeaf

615, 782,

910)

(455)

(509)

(53, 777)

(630)

(343)

Cruciferae

Cucurbitaceae.

Dipsacaceae

Ericaceae

Bryophyllum calycimun^- \

[Leaf and stem_

B, crenatum Leaf

Echeveria glauca do

Sedum azureum

S. faharia Leaf

Sempervivum glaucum do

S. tectorum do

Euphorbiaceae_.

Fagaceae

Brassica olerácea

B, pekinensis

Bunias orientalis Stem, leaf, and

flowering top.

{Cucumis melo

Cucúrbita pepo

Succisa pratensis

Vaccinium myrtillus

(Aleurites cordata Leaf

Euphorbia sp

Mercurialis armuelle

M. perennis

Phyllanthus emblica

^Ricinus communis

{Fagus sylvatica

Quercus pedunculata

(226)

(312)

(515)

(475, 633, 782)

(292)

(679)

(109, 563, 568,

573, 686,

687, 738)

(567)

(80, 343)

(343)

(16)

(343)

(52)

(343)

(509)

(23, 475)

(810)

(316)

(^

(782)

(492)

(23, 325)

(509)

(130)

(492)

(326)

(65)

(95, 492, 646)

(442)

33
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Oxalic Acid—Continued

Gesneraceae

Globulariaceae.

Aeschynanthus sp_

Globularia spp

Gramineae_

Avena sativa Seedling.

Bamhusa sp Shoot

Hordeum vulgäre fLeaf

\Seedling_

Lolium perenne

Oplismenus imbecillis

(0. undulatifolius).

Oryza spp Leaf—

Phyllostachys mitis Sprout.

Poa pratensis

Saccharum officinarum Juice...

Hippocastanaceae..

Hydrocharitaceae.

Sécale céréale

Sorghum sp Juice

S. vulgäre /

ILeaf

Triticum sp

T. aestivum

,Zea mays

Aesculus hippocastanum . Young leaf

(Elodea canadensis

\E. densa

Juglandaceae Juglans rexia Bark

Labiatae

Acacia spp Bark

Acacia cambagei Bark and wood.

Arachis hypogaea Kernel

Cassia sp Leaf

{Secretion from

hairs.

Fruit

Glycine soja (G, max)

Lupinus albus Seedling

L. luteus Seed

Medicago sativa

Mimosa speggazzinii

Phaseolus limensis {P.

lunatus).

Pisum sativum Seedling

JLeguminosae.

Liliaceae.

Loranthaceae.

Malvaceae

Tamarindus indica.

Vida sp

Vida faba

I Mature leaf

Agapanthus umbellatus-.

Allium cepa

LeafAsparagus offidnalis

Erythronium denscanis - . Bulb

Hyadnthus orientalis do_

Smiladna bifolia (?) Fruit

S. racemosa do.

Viscum sp

Gossypium sp

(509)

{264)

(509)

(291, 474, 524)

(621)

(47, 687)

(291, 314, 474,

686)

(420)

(53)

(809)

(695)

(533)

(85; 512; 603;

604; 605;

699; 704, ref.

162; 811)

(474)

(416)

(786,787)

(802)

(473)

(533)

(53,761)

(47)

(459)

(459)

(353)

(509)

(675)

(674, 675)

(585)

(763)

(449)

(818)

(533)

(291)

(600)

(533)

(455)

(533)

(291, 533, 782)

(202, 325, 326)

(237)

(318, 336)

(23)

(509)

(348)

(8; 77, p. 166,

ref, 4; 360,

782)

(23)

(15S)

(76)

(163)

(163)

(609)

(180,181,

182, 4W

u
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Melastomaceae. _

Menispermaceae.

Moraceae

Musaceae

Myricaceae

Myristicaceae

Myrtaceae

Nyctaginaceae

Nymphaeaceae_ _

Orchidaceae

Oxalidaceae.

Oxalic Acid—Continued

Memecylon iinctorium

Jateorhiza columba

(Cannabis sp

\FíCUS carica

Musa sapienium (M. paradisiaca sapientum).

Myrica rubra

Myristica surinamensis--

Eucalyptus (12 spp.)

Psidium guajava

Mirabilis sp

(Nymphaea alba

\A^. lútea

\Vanilla planifolia

Overripe fruit. _

Fruit

Seed

Bark

Leaf

Flower and fruit.

Rhizome

do

Averrhoa carambola.

^ Oxalis sp

* 0. acetosella

0. corniculata

0. stricta

\0. violácea

Fruit-

[JuiceLeaf_

Papaveraceae _

Pedaliaceae...

Phytolaccaceae

Pinaceae

Piperaceae

{Fumaria officinalisSesamum indicumPhytolacca sp

P. dioica

SeedcoatSeed

Shoot, bark, and

pith.

Pinus abies (Picea abies) _ Sap

P. cembra Seedling

P. excelsa (Picea abies).- Needle

Peperomia sp

Emex sp

Fagopyrum esculenium... {¿"eaf and"¡tern".:

Oxyria sp

Polygonum sp

Polygonaceae.

Rheum sp_

'Leaf.

R. crispum(?) Stem.

fLesif and rhizome.

Leaf

R. hybridum \

Stem and rhi-

, zome.

R. leucorrhizum Stem

R. mepalense do

R. nutans do

R. officinale Leaf

R. palmatum Stem

Ä. ''Paragon'' do

Ä. rhaponticum do

R, undulatum Petiole

Rumex sp

^Leaf.

R. acetosa.

Seed and root.

.R, obtusifolius Root-

(1Ô6)

(7H)

(130)

(236)

{482)

(354)

(715)

(665)

(10)

(535)

(2U)

(2U)

(509)

(767)

(120)

(385)

(472)

(220, 236, 509)

(343, 429)

(237)

(63)

(515)

(509)

(238)

(262)

(509)

(2)

(608)

(324, 646)

(644)

(492, 813)

(509)

(509)

(53, 533)

(577)

(509)

(509)

3, 104, 236, 381,

509, 750, 782)

(676)

(499)

(9)

(565, 576, 687,

760)

(612, 613)

(499)

(499)

(499)

(102, 760)

(499)

(499)

(375)

(343)

(220, 236, 509)

(45)

(63)

(23, p. 99, ftn,

2; 61; 515)

(359)

35
Family Geuus and species Source Keference

Polypodiaceae..

Portulacaceae. _

Primulaceae

Punicaceae

Pyrolaceae

Ranunculaceae.

Rhamnaceae

RosaceaeOxalic Acid—Continued

Lonchitis sp (509)

(Portulacasp {236,609)

\Talinum speciosum (292)

Í (609)

\Primula elatior (492)

Púnica granaium {Bark (Á78)

Monotropa sp (609)

(Anemone ßp (609)

\A. nemorosa (732)

f Rhamnus lycioides Leaf (77, p, 165, reJ.JÇ)

\Zizyphus jujuha

' Crataegus sp Leaf

C. oxyacantha do

Fragaria sp {FrûïtJ""IIIIII

Mespilus germánica Overripe fruit. _

Prunus armeniaca Dried fruit

P. avium Fruit

P. cerasus do

P. domestica do

P. pérsica do

Pyrus communis {öVerripe fr'uTt"/.

P. malus (Malus sylves- Fruit

tris).

Quillaja sp

Rubus sp Fruit

Rubiaceae.

R.fruticosus JFruit

R. idaeus

Cinchona spp Bark

Coffea sp Seed

C. arabica Fruit capsule

Dentella asiática

^Galium lucidum Leaf

[Fruit

Citrus aurantium \Leaf _ _ _ > _

[Peel.

C. decumana (C. grandis)

(771)

(47)

(6)

(23, 782)

(482)

(464)

(197)

(23, 337)

(23, 104)

(23)

(23)

(482)

(23, 200,

298, 726)

^ (478)

(23, 782)

(206)

(465)

(732)

(284, 686)

(46)

(270)

Rutaceae.

/Fruit.

IPeeL

(343)

% 482, 782)

(660)

(659)

(326, 439)

(669)

C. liîuon.

[Fruit (23, 326, 482,

782)

C medica^

Santalaceae

Saxífragaceae _

Simarubaceae _

C. nohilis (C. reticulata). .

Santalum album

[Peel...

JPetiole.

1 Fruit __

Fruit..

(659)

(77, p. 166,

ref, 4)

(326)

(482)

. (309)

¡Ribes grossularia {23, 104, 782)

^R.rubrum (198)

[R, sanguineum (368)

Quassia amara îloot bark ( 772, p- 641

note 1)

36
Family Genus and species Source

Oxalic Acid—Continued

Reference

Solanaceae.

Sterculiaceae.

Theaceae

Capsicum annuum

(C frutescens).

Datura sp

D. stramonium

/'Leaf_

Nicotiana sp_

N, tahacum Leaf.

Solarium sp

S' lycopersicum (Lyco- ^ Fruit,

persicon esculentum).

Unripe fruit.

S. tuherosum Tuber

Sterculia plantanifolia

(Firmiana simplex).

Theohroma cacao

(ISO)

{28, 63, 236)

{509)

{456)

{30, 493, 505,

569, 574, 575,

662, 748, 749,

805)

{32, 686, 707,

708, 751)

{455; 687; 772,

p. 1112, note 2)

{509)

(4, 63, 122,

533, 686, 810)

{7,23,104,

351, 381, 782)

{83, 84)

{23, p. 99,

ftn. 2; 126;

303; 426; 455;

562; 656; 782)

{8)

UmbelliferaeValerianaceae.

Vitaceae.

Zingiberaceae

Zygophyllaceae..

Angelica archangelica Root

Anethum graveolens Leaf

Apium graveolens

Pastinaca sativa

Petroselin um sativum

(P. crispum).

(Valeriana officinalis

'^Valerianella sp

Ampélopsis sp

A, quinquefolia {Parthe- Fruit

nocissus quinquefolia).

^ .--do

Vitis vinifera. Leaf and fruit. _

Leaf and shoot.

Sap

^Vines

Hedychium sp Leaf

. « Guaiacum sp Phloem _

453, 782)

{236, 292, 785)

{509)

{690)

{782)

{23)

{782)

{782)

{91)

{509)

{509)

{557)

{23, 184, i86,

276)

{278, 280)

{343)

{479)

{480, 804)

{481)

{77, p. 165,

ref. 4)

{77, p. 165,

ref. 4)

37
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Phthalic Acid

^^^\_ COOH

V^ COOH

Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum. {636)

H3C COOH

d-pimaric

Pimaric Acid

H3C COOH

levopimaric

PinaceaePicea vulgaris (P. abies)- Resin

P. excelsa (P. abies) do

Pinus (5 spp.) Oleoresin

P. marítima Resin

Oleoresin

P. palustris.

P. pinaster^.

P. sylvestns.

Resin

Turpentine

gum.

(67)

{260, 346, 346)

{260)

{167,378)

{36, 267)

{367)

{603)

{159)

{269, 274)

Piperonilic Acid

HOOC

Rubiaceae Palicourea densiflora Bark. {318)

38
Family Genus and species Source Reference

H3C

Podocarpic Acid

COOH

Pinaceae.

Dacrydium cupressinum, (161,649)

Podocarpus cupressina (500,649)

P. dacrydioides (161,649)

Protocatechuic Acid

COOH

Bignoniaceae...

Globulariaceae,

Liliaceae

Cresceniia sp Crude curare__

Globularia alypum

Allium cepa Skin

Magnoliaceae.

Saxifragaceae.

Vitaceae

Illicium anisatum Fruit and seed.

/. religiosum Fruit

I. verum Capsule

Hydrangea thunhergii (H. Leaf

serrata).

Vitis vinifera do

(330, 783)

(743)

(20, 389, 390,

762)

(498)

(121,164,166)

(76)

(698)

(73)

39
Family Genus and species Source Keference

Pyruvic Acid

CH3

I

C=0

COOH

Chenopodiaceae. _ Spinacia olerácea. .

Euphorbiaceae Ricimis communis.

Gramineae Hordeiiui vulgäre...

Labiatae Mentha piperita

^Arachis hypogaea..

Leguniinosae_ Pisum sativiim^

Liliaceae _

,Trijolium pratense

JÄllium cepa

[Tulipa gesneriana

Rosaceae Pyrus malus {Malus sylvestris).

Solanaceae Solanuin tuberos um

Umbelliferae Daucus carota

Leaf

Germinating

seed.

\Seedling_

Leaf

Seedling_

[Leaf

\ Seedling-

(.Juice.

Fruit.

Tuber

fLeaf and root.

IRoot

{SI)

{HS)

{57)

{314)

{709, 711)

{195,196)

{SI)

{759)

{757)

{757)

{55)

{451)

{709, 710)

{298)

{38, 711)

{709)

{711)

Quinic Acid

OH

HO. L-J OH

OH H

Compositae_

Ericaceae.

Taraxacum officinale

^ Vaccinium arctostaphylos.

V. Diyrtillus J

Leaf.

V. oxycoccos..

J\ vitis-idaea.

Gramineae <i^. , ,- r

I Mixed herbage

Leguminosae Tarnarindus indica.

Magnoliaceae Illiciuvi verum

j Young leaf _

[Foliage

Fruit

Leaf

Hay

Pinaceae.

Ranunculaceae

fCedrus libani.

I Larix europaea (L.

decidua).

\ Picea excelsa (P. ahies) _

Aconitum septentrionale.

-{

Fruit

Capsule

Needle

do

Young shoot

{m)

{670)

{325)

{341)

{821)

{352, 379)

{328)

{403, 404)

{299)

{325)

{76)

{701)

{701)

{340)

{341)

{315)

40
Family

Rosaceae.

Genus and species Source Reference

Quinic Acid—Continued

^Prunus domestica {pruft^"^^'^"

P. pérsica Fruit

Pyrus communis i^ ^^'f

P. malus (Malus syl- JFruit

vestris). tJuice

'Cinchona sp

Rubiaceae IC. cordifolia.

Coffea sp_

\Gallium mollugo^

Solanaceae Nicoiiana tabacum Leaf.

Fruit_

Umbelliferae Angelica archangelica Root_

Vitaceae Vitis vinifera Fruit.

(U7)

{352)

(18, 133)

(592)

(733)

(295, 298)

(530, 531, 700)

(284, 287, 521,

522,586,741)

(490)

(772, p. 1112,

note 2)

(690)

(352)

Quinovic Acid

COOH

Rosaceae Potentilla Root (589)

Rubiaceae Cinchona spp (^84, 586, 614)

Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllum coccineum.. (669)

Saccharic Acid

OH H OH OH

HOOC—C C C C—COOH

H

Moraceae Ficvs elástica Latex- (232)

41
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Saccharinic Acid

CH2OH—CHOH—CHOH—CCCHa) (OH)—COOK

Bromeliaceae. Ananas sativas (A.

comosus).

Fruit. {79)

Compositae

Euphorbiaceae

Iridaceae

Leguminosae__

Liliaceae

Moraceae

Pittosporaceae.

Polygalaceae__

Ranunculaceae

Resedaceae

{Calendula officinalis

{Matricaria chamomilla _ _ Flower head

Cluytia similis Stem and leaf__

Iris versicolor Rhizome

Daviesia latifolia Leaf and stem _

Glycyrrhiza glabra Root

. Trifolium pratense Flower

^Aloe sp

Gloriosa superha Tuber

Hyacinthus sp

Tulipa sp

.Yucca sp

Morus sp Fruit

Pittosporum undulatum^. do

Polygala sp Root

Cimicifuga racemosa Rhizome

Reseda odorata

'Calyx and

pedicel.

Fruit

Rosaceae.

Rubiaceae__.

Rutaceae

Saxfragaceae.

Fragaria sp ^

Fruit pulp and

juice.

l^Juice

Prunus armenica Fruit

P. avium do __ .

r do

P. cerasus <

LJuice

P. domestica Fruit

P. pérsica do

Ruhus fruticosus do

R. idaeus |T""^^

tJmce

P. occidentalis Fruit

Spiraea ulmaria {Fili- Flower

péndula ulmaria).

Uragoga ipecacuanha Root

(Cephaelis ipecacuanha) .

{Barosma sp

Casimiroa edulis Seed

Ribes sp Fruit

(143)

{548)

{729)

{554)

(555)

{142)

{536)

{731)

{123)

{HD

{HD

{24D

{142)

{556)

{639)

{188)

{42D

{435)

{543, 544. 712,

735)

{689)

{79D

{712)

{143)

{I42,143, 243,

712)

{31D

{712)

{712)

{712)

{243, 712, 735)

{266,791)

{712)

{42h 422)

{42D

{770)

{549)

{712)

42
Family Genus and species Source

Violaceae_

Vitaceae.

V. tricolor <

(Viiis labrusca Fruit.

\V, vinifera do_

stem, and

root.

Leaf, stem, and

rhizome.

Reference

Salicylic Acid^—Continued

Solaneaceae Solanum lycopersicum

(Lycopersicon esculenturn»

'Viola (6 spp.)

V. syrtica Leaf, stem, and

rhizome.

Tlower, leaf,

(194,519)

ms)

(4^3)

urn

(HS)

(4S5)

Shikimic Acid

OH H

OH H

Magnoliaceae

Ginkgoaceae Girikgo hiloha Leaf—

Gramineae Lolium perenne

'Illicium anisatum

[Frmt__

J /. religiösem -j

^ [CarpeL

I.verum {carpeL

Pinaceae 25 spp

Taxaceae 4 spp

(261, 808)

(696)

(498)

(121,164)

(166)

(665)

(76, 213)

(665)

(261)

(261)

Succinic Acid

COOH

¿:

¿

'H2

H2

COOH

Franzen and Ostertag (Ä08) have made a critical review of the literature on the occurrence of succinic acid.]

Aceraceae Acer saccharum \Sugar"sa'nd

Amaryllidaceae. _ _ Narcissus poeticus Leaf and root _ _

Begoniaceae Begonia semperfiorens

Betulaceae Corylus sp Nut

Bigononiaceae Crescentia sp \Crude'curare.._

(468, 542)

(469)

(762)

(611, 732)

(144)

(72)

(330)

43
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Succínic Acid—Continued

Bombacaceae.

Celastraceae..

Adansonia digitata Fruit«.

Goupia tomentosa Wood.

f i'Juice_.

Chenopodiaceae - - J Beta vulgaris

Compositae.

Crassulaceae.

Cruciferae

Ericaceae

Euphorbiaceae.

Fagaceae

Top and root__

Leaf and root-.

^Spinacia olerácea Leaf

Artemisia absinthium -j JJ^Q^

Helianthus annuus

Lactuca spp

L. sativa

L. virosa

^Taraxacum officinale

'Bryophyllum sp Leaf

r do

B. calycinum ^Detached leaf..

Echeveria secunda <j " " r

Sedum acre Leaf

Sempervivum glaucum do

(Brassica olerácea Leaf and bud_-

< Bunias orientalis Stem, leaf, and

L flowering top.

Vaccinium myrtillus Jtrï^^^

tWhole plant

Ricinus communis

{Fagus sylvatica Sap

Quercus sp Nut

Gramineae.

Juglandaceae.

Lauraceae

Leguminosae.

Loganiaceae.

Malvaceae

Moraceae

Musaceae

Avena sativa

Bamhusa sp

Dactylis glomerata.

Hordeum vulgäre..

Loliuvi perenne

Oryza spp

0. sativa

Phleum pratense

Sacchorum officinarum

Leaf

Etiolated shoot.

Seedling

Juice.

Triticuui sp

Zea mays Leaf

Juglans regia Nut

Persea gratissima Kernel

(P. americana).

iLupinus alhus Seedling

Phaseolus coccineus

Pisum sativum Seedling

Tamarindus indica

Strychnos toxifera

Gossypium sp

{Morus sp

M, alha Bark exúdate..

M. indica Leaf

ÍMusa hasjoo Juice

\M. sapienium Fruit

iS)

(166)

{396, 501, 672,

673)

{571)

{742)

{377)

{706)

{819)

{58)

{515)

{347, 732)

{347)

{404)

{570,571)

{109,563,687)

{738)

{686)

{207)

{484)

{484)

{52)

{475)

{316)

(325)

(583)

{65, 145)

(646)

(144)

(299)

(291)

(70)

(134)

(114.687)

(168)

(291, 686)

(314, 739)

(134)

(809)

(256)

(134)

(68, ref. 57;

603; 604; 605;

704, ref. 162;

794; 811)

(739)

(43,571)

(144)

(514)

(291)

(58)

(291)

(202, 325)

(70,71)

(181)

(806)

(225)

(326)

(623)

(198)

44
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Succinic Acid—Continued

Papaveraceae

IChelidonium majus..

Eschscholtzia sp

Glaucium luteum

Papaver somniferum^

(

Juice.

Pinaceae.

Ahie^ 'pectinate.

{A. alha).

Agathis ausiralis

{ A. dammara

Larix decidua

Picea vulgaris (P. abies).

Pinus sp

^P. sylvesiris

'Fagopyrum esculentum.^

Turpentine

Í do

\Resin

Resin

do

do

do

Sap

Resin

Polygonaceae.

Proteaceae

Ranunciilaceae. -

Rheum hyhridum.

R. officinale

R. rhaponticum

^7?. undidatum

Orites excelsa

Anemone nemorosaRosaceaeFragaria sp

Prunus avili m.

P. cerasus

\Leaf and stem,

[Rhizome and

I stem.

[Leaf

Petiole

Leaf and petiole.

Petiole

Wood

fLeaf

P. communis

P. pérsica

Pyrus au£uparia {Sorhus

aucuparia).

P. communis

Fruit

do

/Juice

IFruit

Fruit pulp_

Fruit----_

r do

P. mains {Malus

sylvestris).

Ruhus fruticosusRutaceae

Santalaceae

Sapotaceae

Saxifragaceae

ScrophulariaceaeSolanaceae.

R. idaeus

Citrus limon

Santalum album

Mimusops sp

Ribes rubrum

Digitalis purpurea.

Atropa belladonna.

ÍJuice.

iFruitÍ Fruit-

[juice.

/Leaf-.

iFruitLeaf-.

FruitUmbellife^ae_

Vitaceae_

Nicotiana sp [Leaf

AT. tabacum Leaf

fFruit _--

Solanum lycopersicum I Overripe fruit. .

(Lycopersicon | Leaf and stalk..

esculentum). [Leaf

^S, tuberosum Tuber

]Angelica archangelica Root

{Daucus carota do

TLeaf

I Unripe fruit

Vitis vinifera < Fruit.

Sap and fruit..

iSap

(636)

(766)

(634)

(766)

(380)

(US)

(722)

(457)

(719)

[723)

(720)

(646)

(721)

(144)

(571)

(612)

(687)

(102)

(571)

. (343)

(664)

(400)

(732)

(6)

(197)

(319)

(337)

(320)

(IS)

(206)

(401)

(592)

(733)

(43,105,106)

(200)

(630, 702)

(206)

(466)

(211, S19, 732)

(326)

(309)

(515)

(198)

(87,331)

(366)

(43, 571, 653,

686)

(570, 748, 749)

(687,751)

(7, 736, 737)

(82,83,84)

(571)

(686, 687)

(814)

(690)

(105,106,409)

(73)

(101)

(102,343)

(280)

(481, 804)

45
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Syringic Acid

CCX)H

HqCO-^ -OCHOH

Gramineae Saccharum officinarum fJuice

iCrude molasses«

{605)

(696)

Tartaric Acid

COOK

3H0H

mon

:;ooH

[Pranzen and Heiwert (801) have made a critical review of literature on the occurrence of tartaric acid]

Aceraceae

AmaryUidaceae

Anacardiaceae

Araliaceae

Ascelpiadaceae

Berberidaceae«-

Betulaceae

Bombacaceae, _

Bromeliaceae__.

Acer saccharum

Agave americana

' Mangifera indica

Ehus coriaria

R. semialata

ßpondias purptrea...

Aralia hispida

Asclepias syriaca

{Berberis integerrima..

Caulophyllum thalictroides,

Betula alba

rSugar sand.

ISirup

Leaf sap

Caprifoliaceae

Caricaceae

Celastraceae

{Adansonia sp

A. digitata

Ananas sativas (A,

comosiis).

Diervilla florida

Lonicera xylosteum

Sambucas callicarpa

S. ebulus

S. mgra

Symphoricarpos

racemosus (S, albus).

Viburnum lantava

V. nudum

Carica papaya

Celasirus obscurus

C. scandens

Euonymus atropurpureus

E, europaeus

Fruit

Milky sap.

Fruit

Fruit pulp_

Sap

fFruit

\Fruit pulp_

Fruit

do

Fruit

do

do

/ do

IRoot

Fruit

do..--

{398, 666)

{469)

{107)

{86)

{152)

{734)

{668)

Fruit

Leaf

Fruit

Root bark__

Seed kernel-

{643)

{343)

{679)

{217)

{445)

{523, p. 779)

{5)

{79,515)

{136)

{170)

{lU)

{174)

{176)

{173)

{663)

{178)

{406)

{613)

{154)

{776)

{463)

{245)

46
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Tartaric Acid—Continued

Chenopodiaceae _

Commelinaceae _

Compositae

Cornaceae

Cruciferae

Elaegnaceae

Elaeocarpaceae_.

Ericaceae

Eucommiaceae _

Euphorbiaceae _.

Fagaceae

Geraniaceae

Gramineae

Guttiferae

Hydnoraceae

Labiatae

Lauraceae

¡Beta vulgaris {Rooh¿d l'eäf:

[ Chenopodium amhrosioides

{Tradescantia purpurea Stem sap

r. zehrina (Zebrina do

péndula).

{Bellis perennis

Helianthus tuberosus Tuber

Matricaria chamomilla Flower

{Cornus paniculatum Fruit

(C racemosus).

C. sericea do

Capella bursapasioris

Hippophae rhamnoides Fruit

Elaeocarpus serratus do

Vaccinium sp Leaf

V, corymbosum Fruit

V, vitisidaea -! p^^i^

Eucommia ulmoides Leaf

Euphorbia cyparissias Milky sap

E- platyphylla do

Phyllanthus emblica

Ricinus communis

Quercus pedúnculota Wood

{Q, robur).

Geranium zonale

{Bambusa sp Shoot

Saccharum officinaruvi Juice

Sorghum vulgäre

Garcinia gambogia Fruit rind

Prosopanche burmeisteri.^

jGlechoma hederacea

\Orthosiphon stamineus

Persea gratissima Fruit pulp

(P. americana).

Astragalus sp Twig

Pauhinia reticulaia Fruit and leaf.

Cassia sp Leaf

C. acutifolia do

[Fruit pulp

Leguminosae.

Liliaceae

Magnoliaceae.

Moraceae

Myrtaceae

Musaceae

Orchidaceae__

Oxalidaceae...

Tamarindus indica^

Clinfonia borealis—- -.

Erythronium denscan is _

Smilacina bifolia Ç^)

S, racemosa. -.

Schizandra chinensis—

Morus indica

{Eugenia australis

Psidium guajava

Musa sapientum

Vanilla planifolia

Oxalis corniculata

Leaf

Mesocarp__

Green and

fruit.

Fruit

Fruit

Bulb

Fruit

do.--

do__.

Leaf

ripe

Fruit.

-do.--.

Leaf.

{226, 396)

{742)

{201, p. 297)

{219)

{219)

{179)

{92, 226)

{269)

{6m

{679)

{181)

{797)

{807)

{328)

{267)

{491)

{792)

{246)

{774)

{776)

{326)

{66)

{442)

{93)

{621)

{811)

{416, 786, 787)

{367)

{816)

{176)

{338)

{514. 616)

{408)

{678)

{716, 763)

{376)

{81, 690, 688,

746)

(;S; 192; 201,

rej. 28; 202;

233;740)

{237)

{271)

{310, 668)

{326, 693)

{661)

{163)

{163)

{163)

{626)

{326)

{407)

{620)

{193)

{384)

{237)

512689—60-

47
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Tartaric Acid—Continued

Papaveraceae..

Pinaceae

Piperaceae

Polygonaceae--

Ranunculaceae.

Rosaceae.

Adhiniia cirrhosa Root

(A. fungosa).

Chelidonium majus Leaf

Fumaria officinaLis Sap

Papaver somniferum Capsule.

Pinus sylvestris Pollen« _.

Piper nigrum

Polygonum reynoutria Stem

Aconitum napellus

Crataegus sp Fruit

Cydonia vulgaris do_ _

Eriobotrya japónica do. _

Fragaria sp

[Fruit---

Prunus armeniaca \

P. avium

P. cerasus FruitP. domestica do_

Rubiaceae

Rutaceae

Santalaceae__.

Sapindaceae. _

Sapotaceae

Saxifragaceae _

Scrophulariaceae _ <

Solanaceae

Sterculiaceae_

Tiliaceae

Urticaceae

P. pérsica do_

P. spinosa

Pyrus arbutifolia Fruit- _

P. aucuparia (Sorbus

aucuparia).

P. malus {Malus sylves- fFruit..

tris). \Juice

Rubus sp

[Fruit..

R. idaeus < Juice

[Sap

Coffea sp

(Citrus decumana Fruit. _

I (C. reticulaia).

[ Cusparia trifoliata

Leptomeria acida Fruit _ .

Sapindus saponaria

IAchras sapota

Bassia latifolia

Sideroxylon crassipedi- Fruit

cellatiim.

IRi'bes sp

R. grossularia

R. nigrum

R. rubrum

^Antirrhinum majus

Digitalis grandiflora

Euphrasia officinalis

Linaria cymbalaria

Scrophularia nodosa

. Veronica officinalis

^Cyphomandra calycina

Physalis peruviana Fruit

Solanum dulcamara do_

S, lycopersicum. (Lycopersicon esculentum). { Fruit.

{633)

{660)

{201, V ^95)

{HI)

(363)

(520)

{697)

{688)

{433)

{119,693,714)

{368)

{119,468,714)

{119,487,489,

693)

(714)

(119)

{119,468,487,

488, 489, 714)

(487, 488, 489,

714)

{488, 629)

(642)

(684)

{386a, 401)

(487, 489)

(693)

{132)

(468)

{119, 336)

(332)

(616)

(489)

{201, ref. 1)

(691)

^S, tuberosum Tuber_

Theobroma cacao Berry.

Tilia vulgaris

Parietaria officinalis

(617)

(344)

(517)

(468)

{792)

(119)

{209, 792)

(766)

(766)

{172)

(766)

{766)

(171)

{618)

{373)

(16, 776)

(4)

(7, 177, 343,

693)

(167)

(89)

(201, ref, 29)

(283)

48
Family

VitaceacGenus and species Source Reference

Tartaric Acid—Continued

Ampélopsis hederacea

(Parthenocissus

quinquefolio).

Parthenocissus quinquefolia.

Vitis sp

Leaf.

.Leaf.

\LeafV. hederaceae (Parthenocissis quinquefolio).

V.labrusca {^

V. sylvestris Fruit _

<

V. vinifera.

FruitLeaf _.

JuiceSap

Vine

Unripe fruit _

Young shoot

and leaf.

(186)

{2SI,)

(235)

(532)

(11)

(505)

(798)

(413,629)

(466)

(598)

(13, 64, 216,

280, 302, 480)

(14y 190, 297,

326, 487,

541, 693)

(73, 343y 527,

645)

(139,214,223,

255, 355,

528, 647)

(374, 799, 804)

(215,278)

(417, 496, 526)

(479)

Tartronic Acid

COOH

CHOH

COOH

Gramineae. (597)

Tricarballylic Acid

CH2COOH

CH COOH

CH2COOH

Aceraceae

Chenopodiaceae..

Gramineae

Acer saccharum Sugar sand

{Evaporated

juice.

Root

Juice

Root and leaf.

Hordeum vulgäre Whole plant _ _

(398, 469)

(391, 402)

(392, 705)

(395)

(74^)

(474)

49
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Ursolic Acid

COOH

Apocynaceae..

AquifoliaceaeCornaceae

Ericaceae.

Labiatae. -

Myrtaceae.

Punicaceae.

Pyrolaceae_

Rosaceae.

Solanaceae__.

VerbenaceaeAllamanda cathartica Leaf (26)

{Ilex aquifolium (ÍS9)

L latifolia Cuticle {829)

I. paraguariensis Leaf (440)

Cornus florida Flower and bract. ( 619)

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. - Leaf (617)

Enkianthus quinquéflorus^ (25)

Erica arbórea (189)

E, carnea (189)

E. mediterránea (189)

Kalmia angustifolia (313)

.Leucothoekeiskei Leaf (667)

\Rhododendron (Q spp.)_.. (26)

R. pulchrum Leaf (26)

R, simsii do (26)

Vacdnium macrocarpon.. Pomace (430)

V. myrtillus (189^583)

V. oxycoccos Fruit pulp (371)

V. vitis'idaea (189)

(Salvia oßdnalis (97)

\Thymus vulgaris (609)

Psidium guajava Leaf (27)

Púnica granatum Peel and leaf (98)

(Pyrola minor (189)

\P, umbellata (189)

'Crataegus oxyacantha (59)

Eriobotrya japónica (26)

Prunus avium Cuticle (431)

P, serótina / (251)

ILeaf (617)

Pyrus communis Fruit skin ( 428)

[Fruit (250)

P. malus (Malus sylves- < Fruit skin (275,617)

tris), [Fruit cuticle--- (4^9)

{Anthocercis intricata (21)

A. littorea (21)

A. odgersii (21)

Verbena stricta (506)

50
Family Genus and species Source Reference

Liliaceae Sábadilla offidnalis Seed ( 44i )

LITERATURE CITED

(1) ABDERHALDEN, E.

1911. BIOCHEMICAL HANDBOOK. Bd. 1. Berlin.

(2) ACQUA, C.

1888. CALCIUM oxALATE CRYSTALS. Ann. del R. Inst. Bot. di Roma 3:

109-121. [Abstract in [London] Chem. Soc. Jour. 58(2): 1182.

1890.]

(3) ADAM, F.

1905. REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OP TAMARINDUS. Allg. OsteirApoth.-Ver. Ztschr. 43: 797-800, 821-825. [Abstract in Chem.

Centbl. (F. 5, Jahrg. 9) 76(2): 1042. 1905.]

(4) AIRAN, J. W., and BARNABAS, J. .

1953. ORGANIC ACIDS AND SUGARS IN LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM. UniV.

Bombay Jour. (Sei. No. 34, Sect. B) 22(3): 29-31. [Abstract

in Chem. Abs. 48: 10132. 1954.]

(5) and DESAI, R. M.

1954. SUGARS AND ORGANIC ACIDS IN ADANSONIA DIGITATA (LINN. ) FRUIT.

Univ. Bombav Jour. (Sei. No., No. 35, Sect. A) 22(5): 23-27.

[Abstract in Chem. Abs. 49: 4903. 1955.]

(6) AKUTA, S., and KODA, R.

1954. UTILIZATION OF STRAWBERRIES. III. DETECTION OF STRAWBERRY

COMPONENTS BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY. Jour. Fermentation

Technol. (Japan) 32: 257-262. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 49:

1987. 1955.]

(7) ALB AHARY, J. M.

1907. COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF THE FRUIT OF THE TOMATO, LY<X)PERSICUM

ESCULENTUM. [Paris] Acad. des Sei. Compt. Rend. 145: 131-láá,

[Abstract in [London] Chem. Soc. Jour. 92(2): 715. 1907.]

(8) ALEXANDROW, W. G., and TIMOFEEV, A. S. -D X A .V.

1926. SOLUTION OF CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS IN PLANTS. ßot. ArCh.

15- 279-293. [Abstracts in Chem. Abs. 22: 2963. 1928, Biol.

Abs. 1: 11407. 1927.]

(Cj¡\ A T T ^OPP A.

1937. SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE ORGANIC ACIDS OF RHUBARB (RHEUM

HTBBIDUM). Biochem. Jour 31: 182(>-1829 [Abstráete i° Chem.

Abs. 32: 2177. 1938; Brit. Chem. Abs. 1937, AIII: 443.]

^^^^ ^1904.' p^iDiUM GUATAVA (DJAMBOE) LEAVES. f^aimPost 37: 713-714.

[Abstracts in [London Chem. Soc. Jour 88 (2). 192. 19U5,

Chem. Centbl. (F. 5, Jahrg. 9) 76(1): 265. 1905.]

(11) ALWOOD, W. B., HARTMANN, B. G., EOFF, J. R., and fh^i;^^-^^, „„„„ij,^ 1916. WELOPMENT OF SUGAR AND ACID IN GRAPES DURING RIPENING.

U.S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 335, 28 pp. [Abstract m Chem. Ab^. 10.

1560. 1916.]

51
(12) AMAR.

1903. ROLE OF CALCIUM OXALATE IN PLANT NUTRITION. [Paris] Acad.

des. Sei. Compt. Rend. 136: 901-902. [Abstracts in [London]

Chem. Soc. Jour. 84 (2): 505. 1903; Chem. Centbl. (F. 5, Jahrg.

7) 74 (1): 1090. 1903.]

(13) AMERINE, M. A., and WINKLER, A. J.

1942. MATURITY STUDIES WITH CALIFORNIA GRAPES. II. THE TITRATABLE

ACIDITY, PH, AND ORGANIC ACID CONTENT. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sei.

Proc. 40: 313-324. [Abstract in Brit. Chem. and Phvsiol. Abs.

1943, AIII: 539.]

(14) AMTHOR, C.

1882. STUDIES ON GRAPES. Hoppe-Seylcps Ztschr. f. Physiol. Chem. 6:

227-233. [Abstract in [London] Chem. Soc. Jour. 44: 881. 1883.]

(15) ANDERSON, B. R.

1911. A STUDY OF THE FRUIT OF THE SOLANUM DULCAMARA. CHEM. NCWS

104: 2-3. [Abstract in [London] Chem. Soc. Jour. 100(2): 762.

1911.]

(16) ANDRé, G.

1905. SIMULTANEOUS VARIATIONS OF ORGANIC ACIDS IN SOME GRASSES.

[Paris] Acad. des Sei. Compt. Rend. 140: 1708-1711. [Abstract

in [London] Chem. Soc. Jour. 88(2): 605. 1905.]

(17) ANDREWS, J. C, and VISER, E. T.

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