RITA Bureau of Transportation Statistics

National 

Transportation 

Statistics

National Transportation Statistics 

2011

Bureau of 

Transportation

Statistics

U.S. Department of Transportation 
Acknowledgments

U.S. Department of Transportation

Ray LaHood

Secretary

John D. Porcari

Deputy Secretary

Research and Innovative Technology Administration

Peter H. Appel

Administrator

Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Patricia S. Hu

Director 

Steven K. Smith, Ph.D.

Deputy Director 

Produced under the direction of:

Deborah D. Johnson

Assistant Director, Office of Transportation Analysis

Project Manager

Long X. Nguyen

Data Collection

MacroSys: 

David Chesser, Ph.D.

Xiaoli Han, Ph.D.

Adam Mengesha

Hilary Ross

Gang Shao, Ph.D.

Michael Spencer

Lei Tang

Jie Zhang

Contributors

Steven Beningo

Matthew Chambers

Chester Ford

Kenneth Notis
Editor

William H. Moore

Cover Design

Alpha Glass Wingfield

Our mission: To lead in developing transportation data and information of high quality and to advance their 

effective use in both public and private transportation decisionmaking. 

Our vision for the future: Data and information of high quality supporting every significant transportation 

policy decision, thus advancing the quality of life and the economic well-being of all Americans. 

All material contained in this report is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special 

permission; source citation is required. 

Recommended citation

U.S. Department of Transportation

Research and Innovative Technology Administration

Bureau of Transportation Statistics

National Transportation Statistics

http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/ 

NTS is a web-only report; however print copies of other BTS products may be obtained via the 

following contacts: 

Product Orders

U.S. Department of Transportation

Research and Innovative Technology Administration

Bureau of Transportation Statistics 

1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE, Room E36-109

Washington, DC 20590

www.orders@bts.gov

Information Service

answers@bts.gov

1-800-853-1351 

Introduction

Compiled and published by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Bureau of Transportation Statistics 

(BTS), National Transportation Statistics presents information on the U.S. transportation system, including 

its physical components, safety record, economic performance, energy use, and environmental impacts. 

National Transportation Statistics is a companion document to the Transportation Statistics Annual Report, 

which analyzes some of the data presented here, and State Transportation Statistics, which presents statelevel data on many of the same topics presented here. 

The report has four chapters: 

• Chapter 1 provides data on the extent, condition, use, and performance of the physical 

transportation network. 

• Chapter 2 details transportation's safety record, giving data on accidents, crashes, fatalities, and 

injuries for each transportation mode and hazardous materials. 

• Chapter 3 focuses on the relationship between transportation and the economy, presenting data on 

transportation's contribution to the gross domestic product, employment by industry and 

occupation, and transportation-related consumer and government expenditures. 

• Chapter 4 presents data on transportation energy use and transportation-related environmental 

impacts. 

Appendix A contains metric conversions of select tables. BTS obtained the data in this report from many 

sources, including federal government agencies, private industry, and associations. Documents cited as 

sources for the tables provide detailed information about definitions, methodologies, and statistical reliability. 

Some of the data are based on samples and are subject to sampling variability. National Transportation 

Statistics is updated quarterly at www.bts.gov. 

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

Table A - Social and Economic Characteristics of the United States (Updated April 2008)

Chapter 1. The Transportation System

SECTION A. PHYSICAL EXTENT

1-1 System Mileage Within the United States (Updated April 2010)

1-2 Number of Air Carriers, Railroads, Interstate Motor Carriers, Marine Vessel 

Operators, and Pipeline Operators (Updated April 2010)

1-3 Number of U.S. Airports (Updated July 2010)

1-4 Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface (Updated 

April 2010)

1-5 U.S. Public Road and Street Mileage by Functional System (Updated April 2011)

1-6 Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane-Miles by Functional System (Updated April 2011)

1-7 Number of Stations Served by Amtrak and Rail Transit, Fiscal Year (Updated 

January 2010)

1-8 ADA Lift- or Ramp-Equipped Transit Buses (Updated April 2008)

1-9 ADA-Accessible Rail Transit Stations by Agency (Updated April 2010)

1-10 U.S. Oil and Gas Pipeline Mileage (Updated July 2010)

SECTION B. VEHICLE, AIRCRAFT, AND VESSEL INVENTORY

1-11 Number of U.S. Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances (Updated July 

2010)

1-12 U.S. Sales or Deliveries of New Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances 

(Updated April 2011)

1-13 Active U.S. Air Carrier and General Aviation Fleet by Type of Aircraft (Updated July 

2010)

1-14 U.S. Automobile and Truck Fleets by Use (Updated April 2007)

1-15 Annual U.S. Motor Vehicle Production and Factory (Wholesale) Sales (Updated April 

2011)

1-16 Retail New Passenger Car Sales (Updated April 2011)

1-17 New and Used Passenger Car Sales and Leases (Updated October 2010) 

1-18 Retail Sales and Lease of New Cars by Sector (Updated October 2010) 

1-19 Sales of Hybrid Vehicles in the United States (Updated April 2011)

1-20 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New 

Domestic and Imported Automobiles (Updated April 2010)

1-21 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New 

Domestic and Imported Light Trucks (Updated April 2010)

1-22 Number of Trucks by Weight

1-23 World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Updated April 2010)
1-24 Number and Size of the U.S. Flag Merchant Fleet and Its Share of the World Fleet 

(Updated April 2011)

SECTION C. CONDITION

1-25 U.S. Airport Runway Pavement Conditions (Updated January 2010)

1-26 Median Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Operation in the United States (Updated 

January 2010)

1-27 Condition of U.S. Roadways by Functional System (Updated October 2010)

1-28 Condition of U.S. Bridges (Updated July 2010)

1-29 Average Age of Urban Transit Vehicles (Updated April 2010)

1-30 Condition of Urban Bus and Rail Transit Maintenance Facilities (Updated July 2010)

1-31 Condition of Rail Transit Infrastructure (Updated July 2010)

1-32 Class I Railroad Locomotive Fleet by Year Built (Updated July 2010)

1-33 Age and Availability of Amtrak Locomotive and Car Fleets (Updated October 2010)

1-34 U.S. Flag Vessels by Type and Age (Updated October 2010)

SECTION D. TRAVEL AND GOODS MOVEMENT

1-35 U.S. Vehicle-Miles (Updated July 2010)

1-36 Roadway Vehicle-Miles Traveled (VMT) and VMT per Lane-Mile by Functional Class 

(Updated April 2010)

1-37 U.S. Air Carrier Aircraft Departures, Enplaned Revenue Passengers, and Enplaned 

Revenue Tons (Updated April 2011)

1-38 Average Length of Haul, Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes (Updated April 

2010)

1-39 Worldwide Commercial Space Launches (Updated July 2010)

1-40 U.S. Passenger-Miles (Updated April 2010)

1-41 Principal Means of Transportation to Work (Updated January 2010)

1-42 Long-Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Trip Characteristics: 2001

1-43 Long-Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Traveler Characteristics: 

2001

1-44 Passengers Boarded at the Top 50 U.S. Airports (Updated July 2010)

1-45 Air Passenger Travel Arrivals in the United States (Updated July 2010)

1-46 Air Passenger Travel Departures from the United States (Updated July 2010)

1-47 U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Passenger Gateways: Entering the United States 

(Updated October 2010)

1-48 U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Passenger Gateways: Entering the United States 

(Updated October 2010)

1-49 U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight (Updated April 2010)

1-50 U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight (BTS Special Tabulation) (Updated September 2009)

1-51 Top U.S. Foreign Trade Freight Gateways by Value of Shipments (Updated April 

2010)

1-52 U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck or Rail 

Container Crossings (Updated April 2011)

1-53 U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck or Train 

Crossings (Updated October 2010)
1-54 U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck or Rail 

Container Crossings (Updated October 2010)

1-55 U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck and Train 

Crossings (Updated October 2010)

1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updated April 2010)

1-57 Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tons (Updated October 

2010)

1-58 Freight Activity in the United States: 1993, 1997, and 2002 (Updated January 2010)

1-59 Value, Tons, and Ton-Miles of Freight Shipments within the United States by 

Domestic Establishments, 2002P (Updated January 2010)

1-60 Value of U.S. Land Exports to and Imports from Canada and Mexico by Mode 

(Updated October 2010)

1-61 Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode 

(Updated April 2011)

1-62 U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Transportation Mode, 2007 (Updated April 

2011)

1-63 U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Hazard Class, 2002 (Updated January 

2010)

SECTION E. PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE

1-64 Passengers Denied Boarding by the Largest U.S. Air Carriers (Updated July 2010)

1-65 Mishandled-Baggage Reports Filed by Passengers with the Largest U.S. Air 

Carriers (Updated April 2011)

1-66 Flight Operations Arriving On Time by the Largest U.S. Air Carriers (Updated April 

2011)

1-67 FAA-Cited Causes of Departure and En route Delays (Updated April 2011)

1-68 Major U.S. Air Carrier Delays, Cancellations, and Diversions (Updated January 

2010)

1-69 Annual Person-Hours of Highway Traffic Delay per Person (Updated April 2011)

1-70 Travel Time Index (Updated April 2011)

1-71 Annual Roadway Congestion Index (Updated April 2011)

1-72 Annual Highway Congestion Cost (Updated April 2011)

1-73 Amtrak On-Time Performance Trends and Hours of Delay by Cause (Updated April 

2011)

Chapter 2. Transportation Safety

SECTION A. MULTIMODAL

2-1 Transportation Fatalities by Mode (Updated January 2010)

2-2 Injured Persons by Transportation Mode (Updated April 2010)

2-3 Transportation Accidents by Mode (Updated January 2010)

2-4 Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode (Updated January 2010)

2-5 Highway-Rail Grade-Crossing Safety and Property Damage Data (Updated July 

2010)

2-6 Hazardous Materials Fatalities, Injuries, Accidents, and Property Damage Data 

(Updated January 2010)

2-7 Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalities (Updated April 2011)
2-8 Reporting Thresholds for Property Damage by U.S. Department of Transportation 

Modal (Updated December 2007)

SECTION B. AIR

2-9 U.S. Air Carrier Safety Data (Updated July 2010)

2-10 U.S. Commuter Air Carrier Safety Data (Updated July 2010)

2-11 U.S. Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation (Updated April 2011)

2-12 U.S. Commuter Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation (Updated

April 2011)

2-13 U.S. On-Demand Air Taxi Safety Data (Updated October 2010)

2-14 U.S. General Aviation Safety Data (Updated October 2010)

2-15 Number of Pilot-Reported Near Midair Collisions (NMAC) by Degree of Hazard 

(Updated September 2009)

2-16 Prohibited Items Intercepted at Airport Screening Checkpoints (Updated April 2010)

SECTION C. HIGHWAY

2-17 Motor Vehicle Safety Data (Updated April 2010)

2-18 Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Vehicle-Miles, and Associated Rates by Highway 

Functional System (Updated July 2010)

2-19 Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities (Updated April 

2011)

2-20 Occupant and Non-Motorist Fatalities in Crashes by Number of Vehicles and Alcohol 

Involvement (Updated April 2010)

2-21 Passenger Car Occupant Safety Data (Updated October 2010)

2-22 Motorcycle Rider Safety Data (Updated April 2010)

2-23 Truck Occupant Safety Data (Updated October 2010) 

2-24 Bus Occupant Safety Data (Updated October 2010)

2-25 State Laws on Distracted Driving (Updated April 2011)

2-26 Fatalities by Highest Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) in Highway Crashes 

(Updated April 2011)

2-27 Number of States with Different Types of Anti-DUI/DWI Legislation in Effect as of 

January 1 of the Listed Year (Updated October 2007)

2-28 Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Day of Week, Time of Day, and Weather and Light 

Conditions (Updated September 2009)

2-29 Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Posted Speed Limit (Updated September 2009)

2-30 Safety Belt and Motorcycle Helmet Use (Updated October 2010)

2-31 Estimated Number of Lives Saved by Use of Restraints (Updated October 2010)

SECTION D. TRANSIT

2-32 Transit Safety and Property Damage Data (Updated July 2010)

2-33 Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Accidents (Updated October 2010)

2-34 Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Incidents (Updated October 2010)

2-35 Transit and Grade-Crossing Fatalities by Rail Transit Mode (Updated October 2010)

2-36 Transit and Grade-Crossing Injuries by Rail Transit Mode (Updated October 2010)

2-37 Transit and Grade-Crossing Fatalities by Rail Transit Mode (Updated October 2010)
2-38 Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode (Updated 

January 2010)

SECTION E. RAILROAD

2-39 Railroad and Grade-Crossing Fatalities by Victim Class (Updated July 2010)

2-40 Railroad and Grade-Crossing Injured Persons by Victim Class (Updated July 2010)

2-41 Train Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by Type of Accident (Updated July 2010)

2-42 Railroad Passenger Safety Data (Updated October 2010)

2-43 Railroad System Safety and Property Damage Data (Updated October 2010)

2-44 Fatalities and Injuries of On-Duty Railroad Employees (Updated July 2010)

SECTION F. WATER

2-45 Waterborne Transportation Safety and Property Damage Data Related to Vessel 

Casualties (Updated April 2010)

2-46 Waterborne Transportation Safety Data not Related to Vessel Casualties (Updated 

April 2010)

2-47 Recreational Boating Safety, Alcohol Involvement, and Property Damage Data 

(Updated April 2011)

2-48 Personal Watercraft Safety Data (Updated January 2010)

2-49 U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue Statistics, Fiscal Year (Updated October 

2010)

SECTION G. PIPELINE

2-50 Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety (Updated April 2011)

Chapter 3. Transportation and the Economy

SECTION A. TRANSPORTATION AND THE TOTAL ECONOMY

3-1 U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to For-Hire Transportation Services 

(Updated March 2009)

3-2 U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to For-Hire Transportation Services2005 chained dollars (Updated April 2010)

3-3 U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final 

Demand (Updated December 2008)

3-4 U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final 

Demand-2005 chained dollars (Updated April 2010)

3-5 U.S. Gross Domestic Demand (GDD) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final 

Demand (Updated April 2011)

3-6 U.S. Gross Domestic Demand (GDD) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final 

Demand-2005 chained dollars (Updated April 2011)

3-7 Contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Selected Industries (Updated April 

2011)

3-8 Contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Selected Industries-2005 chained 

dollars (Updated April 2010)

3-9 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Major Social Function (Updated April 2011)

3-10 National Transportation and Economic Trends (Updated April 2010)
SECTION B. TRANSPORTATION AND CONSUMER EXPENDITURES

3-11 Sales Price of Transportation Fuel to End-Users (Updated January 2010)

3-12 Price Trends of Gasoline v. Other Consumer Goods and Services (Updated October 

2007)

3-13 Producer Price Indices for Transportation Services and Warehousing Services 

(NAICS) (Updated July 2010)

3-14 Producer Price Indices for Transportation Equipment, NAICS Basis ((Updated April 

2011)

3-15 Personal Expenditures by Category (Updated April 2011)

3-16 Personal Consumption Expenditures on Transportation by Subcategory (Updated 

March 2009)

3-17 Average Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobile (Updated April 2011)

3-18 Average Passenger Fares (Current $) (Updated April 2011)

3-19 Average Passenger Fares (Chained 2000 $) (Updated July 2010)

SECTION C. TRANSPORTATION REVENUES, EMPLOYMENT, AND PRODUCTIVITY

3-20 Average Passenger Revenue per Passenger-Mile (Updated July 2010)

3-21 Average Freight Revenue per Ton-Mile (Updated October 2010)

3-22 Total Operating Revenues (Updated April 2008)

3-23 Employment in For-Hire Transportation and Selected Transportation-Related 

Industries (NAICS) (Updated January 2010)

3-24 Employment in Transportation and Transportation-Related Occupations (Updated 

October 2010)

3-25 Average Wage and Salary Accruals per Full-Time Equivalent Employee by 

Transportation Industry (NAICS) (Updated July 2010)

3-26 Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers in Transportation 

by Detailed Occupation (1998 Standard Occupational Classification [SOC] basis) 

(Updated July 2010)

3-27 Total Wage and Salary Accruals by Transportation Industry (NAICS) (Updated 

October 2010)

3-28 Labor Productivity Indices for Selected Transportation Industries (NAICS) (Updated 

July 2010)

SECTION D. GOVERNMENT FINANCE

3-29 Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation-Related Revenues and 

Expenditures, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions) (Updated April 2010)

3-30 Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation-Related Revenues and 

Expenditures, Fiscal Year (Chained 1996 $) (Updated April 2010)

3-31 Summary of Transportation Revenues and Expenditures from Own Funds and User 

(Updated April 2010)

3-32 Transportation Revenues by Mode and Level of Government, Fiscal Year (Current $ 

millions) (Updated December 2008)

3-33 Transportation Revenues by Mode and Level of Government, Fiscal Year (Chained 

1996 $ millions) (Updated December 2008)

3-34 Cash Balances of the Transportation-Related Federal Trust Funds, Fiscal Year 

(Updated December 2007)
3-35 Transportation Expenditures by Mode and Level of Government From Own Funds, 

Fiscal Year (Current $ millions) (Updated April 2010)

3-36 Transportation Expenditures by Mode and Level of Government From Own Funds, 

Fiscal Year (Chained 1996 $ millions) (Updated April 2010)

3-37 Federal Transportation Grants to State and Local Governments by Mode, Fiscal 

Year (Current $ millions) (Updated April 2010)

3-38 Federal Transportation Grants to State and Local Governments by Mode, Fiscal 

Year (Chained 1996 $ millions) (Updated April 2010)

Chapter 4. Transportation, Energy, and the Environment

SECTION A. U.S. AND TRANSPORTATION SECTION ENERGY CONSUMPTION

4-1 Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption 

(Updated October 2010) 

4-2 U.S. Consumption of Energy from Primary Sources by Sector (Updated October 

2010) 

4-3 Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector (Updated July 2010)

SECTION B. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MODE

4-4 U.S. Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector (Updated October 2010)

4-5 Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Updated July 2010)

4-6 Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Updated April 2010)

4-7 Domestic Demand for Gasoline by Mode (Updated October 2010)

4-8 Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4-9 Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated April 2010)

4-10 Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement Fuels for Highway Vehicles 

(Updated October 2010) 

4-11 Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4-12 Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4-13 Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated 

October 2010) 

4-14 Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4-15 Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4-16 Transit Industry Electric Power and Primary Energy Consumption and Travel 

(Updated April 2010)

4-17 Class I Rail Freight Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4-18 Amtrak Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated April 2011)

4-19 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source (Updated September 

2009)

SECTION C. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY INTENSITY AND FUEL EFFICIENCY

4-20 Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes (Updated April 2010)

4-21 Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All Services (Updated January 2010)

4-22 Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles 

(Updated April 2010)
4-23 Average Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (Updated October 

2010) 

4-24 Energy Intensity of Transit Motor Buses (Updated October 2010)

4-25 Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad Freight Service (Updated July 2010)

4-26 Energy Intensity of Amtrak Services (Updated April 2008)

4-27 Energy Intensity of Amtrak Services (Loss-adjusted conversion factors) (Updated 

April 2010)

4-28 Annual Wasted Fuel Due to Congestion (Updated April 2010)

4-29 Annual Wasted Fuel per Person (Updated April 2011)

SECTION D. AIR POLLUTION

4-30 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasolineand Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Vehicles (Updated April 2011)

4-31 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasolineand Diesel-Powered Light Duty Trucks (Category LDT1) (Grams per mile)

4-32 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasolineand Diesel-Powered Light Duty Trucks (Category LDT2) (Grams per mile)

4-33 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasolineand Diesel-Powered Light Duty Trucks (Category LDT3) (Grams per mile)

4-34 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasolineand Diesel-Powered Light Duty Trucks (Category LDT4) (Grams per mile)

4-35 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasolineand Diesel-Powered Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles (MDPV)

4-36 Federal Exhaust Emissions Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured 

Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Heavy-Duty Trucks (Grams per brake 

horsepower-hour)

4-37 Federal Exhaust Emissions Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured 

Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy Heavy-Duty Trucks (Grams per brake 

horsepower-hour)

4-38 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Motorcycles

4-39 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured and In-Use Aircraft 

Engines

4-40 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Locomotives

4-41 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Marine SparkIgnition Outboard, Personal Watercraft, and Jet-Boat Engines

4-42 Tier 2 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Commercial 

Marine Compression-Ignition Engines (Updated January 2010)

4-43 Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates per Vehicle by Vehicle Type 

Using Gasoline and Diesel (Updated July 2010)

4-44 Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates per Vehicle by Vehicle Type 

Using Reformulated Gasoline and Diesel (Updated January 2010)

4-45 Estimated National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide (Updated April 2010)

4-46 Estimated National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides (Updated April 2011)

4-47 Estimated National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (Updated April 2011)

4-48 Estimated National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) (Updated April 2011)

4-49 Estimated National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) (Updated April 2011)

4-50 Estimated National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide (Updated April 2011)

4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas (Updated April 2011)
4-52 Areas in Nonattainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria 

Pollutants (Updated April 2007)

4-53 U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector (Updated July 2010)

SECTION E. WATER POLLUTION, NOISE, AND SOLID WASTE

4-54 Petroleum Oil Spills Impacting Navigable U.S. Waters (Updated October 2007)

4-55 Leaking Underground Storage Tank Releases and Cleanups (Updated April 2010)

4-56 Highway Noise Barrier Construction (Updated April 2011)

4-57 Number of People Residing in High Noise Areas around U.S. Airports (Updated July 

2010)

4-58 Motor Vehicles Scrapped (Updated April 2011)

Appendix A. Metric Conversion Tables

1-1M System Kilometers Within the United States (Updated April 2010)

1-4M Kilometers of Public Roads and Streets in the United States by Type of Surface 

(Updated April 2010)

1-6M Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane-Kilometers by Functional System (Updated April 

2011)

1-36M Roadway Vehicle-Kilometers Traveled (VKT) and VKT per Lane-Kilometers by 

Functional Class (Updated April 2011)

1-38M Average Length of Haul, Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes (Updated April 

2010)

1-40M U.S. Passenger-Kilometers (Updated April 2010)

1-49M U.S. Tonne-Kilometers of Freight (Updated April 2010)

1-50M U.S. Tonne-Kilometers of Freight (BTS Special Tabulation) (Updated April 2010)

1-56M U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updated September 2009)

1-61M Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode 

(Updated April 2011)

4-3M Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector (Updated July 2010)

4-5M Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Updated July 2010)

4-6M Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Updated April 2010)

4-7M Domestic Demand for Gasoline by Mode (Updated October 2010) 

4-8M Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4-9M Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated April 2008)

4-11M Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4-12M Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4-13M Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated 

October 2010) 

4-14M Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4-15M Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4-16M Transit Industry Electric Power and Primary Energy Consumption and Travel 

(Updated April 2010)

4-17M Class I Rail Freight Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4-18M Amtrak Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated April 2011)

4-19M U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source (Updated September 

2009)

4-20M Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes (Updated April 2010)
4-21M Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All Services (Updated January 2010)

4-22M Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles 

(Updated April 2010)

4-23M Average Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (Updated October 

2010) 

4-24M Energy Intensiveness of Transit Motor Buses (Updated October 2010) 

4-25M Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad Freight Service (Updated April 2008)

Appendix B. Glossary

Appendix C. List of Acronyms and Initialisms

Appendix D. Modal Profiles

Air Carrier Profile (Updated April 2008)

General Aviation Profile (Updated July 2010)

Highway Profile (Updated September 2009)

Automobile Profile (Updated September 2009)

Truck Profile (Updated January 2010)

Bus Profile (Updated October 2010)

Transit Profile (Updated October 2010)

Rail Profile (Updated April 2011)

Water Transport Profile (Updated December 2007)

Oil Pipeline Profile (Updated October 2010)

Natural Gas Pipeline Profile (Updated April 2010)

Appendix E. Data Source and Accuracy Statements
(R) 1980 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 

TOTAL U.S. resident populationa (thousands) 227,225 237,924 249,464 262,803 265,229 267,784 270,248 272,691 282,172 285,082 287,804 290,326 293,046 295,

Population by Age (thousands)

Under 18 63,683 62,624 64,177 68,555 69,109 69,603 69,903 70,199 72,385 72,736 73,049 73,258 73,493 73,18-24 years 30,103 28,902 26,835 25,112 24,843 24,980 25,476 26,011 27,317 28,001 28,489 28,912 29,286 29,25-34 37,429 41,697 43,148 40,730 40,246 39,559 38,743 37,936 39,826 39,584 39,546 39,523 39,632 39,35-44 25,805 31,691 37,777 42,555 43,365 44,014 44,498 44,813 45,169 45,065 44,664 44,187 43,839 43,45-54 22,743 22,459 25,194 31,100 32,358 33,625 34,575 35,802 37,989 39,343 39,917 40,717 41,501 42,55-64 21,754 22,135 21,093 21,132 21,353 21,816 22,666 23,389 24,413 25,031 26,568 27,806 29,033 30,65 and over 25,707 28,416 31,241 33,619 33,957 34,185 34,385 34,540 35,074 35,320 35,571 35,923 36,263 36,

Population by Sex

a (thousands)

Male 110,399 115,730 121,626 128,294 129,504 130,783 132,030 133,277 138,459 139,999 141,414 142,677 144,138 145,Female 116,826 122,194 127,838 134,510 135,724 137,001 138,218 139,414 143,713 145,083 146,390 147,649 148,908 150,

Population in Metropolitan areasb,c (thousands) 177,000 U 198,000 210,000 212,000 214,000 216,417 218,607 233,791 236,676 239,295 241,702 244,265 246,

Large (over 1 million) 119,000 U 139,000 147,000 149,000 151,000 153,143 155,905 149,757 151,843 154,596 156,164 157,802 159,

Medium (250,000-999,999) 41,000 U 41,000 44,000 44,000 43,000 43,366 42,680 56,190 57,034 56,643 56,979 58,123 58,

Small (less than 250,000) 17,000 U 18,000 19,000 19,000 20,000 19,908 20,022 27,843 27,799 28,055 28,559 28,341 28,

Population in Micropolitan areasb (thousands) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 29,189 29,261 29,374 29,488 29,634 29,

Population in Rural / Urband areas (thousands) 

Rural 59,495 U 61,656 UUUUU 59,061 UUUU

Urban 167,051 U 187,053 UUUUU 222,361 UUUU

Population in Regions

a (thousands)

Northeast 49,183.0 49,869.0 50,875.6 51,443.9 51,520.3 51,591.3 51,685.7 51,830.0 53,667.5 53,930.0 54,167.7 54,364.5 54,514.3 54,59South 75,721.0 81,409.0 85,731.7 91,777.7 92,947.2 94,176.8 95,348.8 96,468.5 100,559.9 101,868.6 103,185.0 104,431.6 105,874.0 107,41

Midwest 58,901.2 58,820.0 59,765.4 61,991.9 62,371.5 62,675.5 62,950.5 63,242.3 64,494.0 64,815.4 65,074.7 65,319.0 65,587.7 65,80West 43,419.4 47,827.0 53,091.6 57,589.7 58,389.6 59,340.0 60,263.0 61,150.1 63,450.6 64,467.5 65,376.4 66,211.3 67,069.7 67,93

Number of Immigrants admittede 524,295 568,149 1,535,872 720,177 915,560 797,847 653,206 644,787 841,002 1,058,902 1,059,356 703,542 957,883 1,122,

Total areaf (square miles) 3,618,770 U 3,717,796 UUUUU 3,794,083 UUUU

Gross domestic product (chained $ 2005 billions)g 5,839.0 6,849.3 8,033.9 9,093.7 9,433.9 9,854.3 10,283.5 10,779.9 11,226.0 11,347.1 11,553.0 11,840.6 12,263.8 12,63

Government, total UUUUUU 1,461.8 1,479.4 1,507.1 1,519.8 1,549.3 1,564.8 1,576.3 1,58

Private industry, total UUUUUU 8,885.9 9,354.9 9,785.6 9,911.3 10,079.1 10,315.7 10,713.8 11,05

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting UUUUUU 88.8 92.8 103.7 100.2 104.3 115.2 122.7 12

Mining UUUUUU 285.9 264.8 232.5 262.7 265.9 231.3 229.3 19

Utilities UUUUUU 195.6 215.5 222.9 193.2 200.4 207.6 215.8 20

Construction UUUUUU 601.6 634.4 655.0 640.2 617.9 619.4 619.9 61

Manufacturing UUUUUU 1245.8 1312.7 1396.5 1332.1 1365.3 1404.8 1517.9 156

Wholesale trade UUUUUU 537.9 566.3 606.0 636.4 642.4 681.2 717.8 72

Retail trade UUUUUU 703.0 723.3 751.4 774.9 800.4 818.5 818.8 83

Transportation and warehousing UUUUUU 288.2 298.3 318.2 306.8 302.6 317.9 346.8 36

Information UUUUUU 363.3 412.6 396.9 426.4 473.7 485.8 549.5 59

Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing UUUUUU 1991.5 2122.1 2261.9 2399.4 2394.4 2429.9 2465.5 260

Professional and business services UUUUUU 1158.4 1209.7 1269.8 1300.8 1310.5 1346.9 1393.1 146Educational services, health care, and social assistance UUUUUU 784.5 805.4 824.2 845.0 880.4 909.4 937.3 95

Arts, entertainment, recreation, accomodation, and food services UUUUUU 400.8 425.5 442.8 436.0 444.0 454.1 472.5 48

Other services, except government UUUUUU 338.4 341.3 346.6 310.4 320.1 314.9 317.3 31

Total civilian labor force (thousands) 106,940 115,461 125,840 132,304 133,943 136,297 137,673 139,368 142,583 143,734 144,863 146,510 147,401 149,

Participation rate of men (percent) 77.4 76.3 76.4 75.0 74.9 75.0 74.9 74.7 74.8 74.4 74.1 73.5 73.3 7Participation rate of women (percent) 51.5 54.5 57.5 58.9 59.3 59.8 59.8 60.0 59.9 59.8 59.6 59.5 59.2 5

Number of households (thousands) 80,776 86,789 93,347 98,990 99,627 101,018 102,528 103,874 104,705 108,209 109,297 111,278 112,000 113,Average size of households 2.76 2.69 2.63 2.65 2.65 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.62 2.58 2.58 2.57 2.57 2Median household incomeh (constant $ 2005) 39,949 40,865 43,357 43,343 43,974 44,879 46,510 47,681 47,602 46,564 46,021 45,980 45,820 46,

Mean household incomeh (constant $ 2005) 47,512 50,291 54,159 57,159 58,384 60,265 62,023 64,132 64,771 64,186 62,779 62,697 62,493 63,

Average household expendituresh (constant $ 2005) U 40,643 41,095 41,039 41,874 42,228 42,503 43,345 43,130 43,576 44,141 43,326 44,850 46,

f The Census Bureau calculates square mileage comprising land and water area for the decennial census years. Data for 1980 comprises land and inland water. Data 

for 1990 comprises land, Great Lakes, inland water, and coastal water. Data for 2000 comprises land, Great Lakes, inland water, territorial water, and coastal water. 

g Sums of chained-dollar estimates for individual industries do not add to national totals because the chain-type indices used to derive them are based on weights of 

more than one period. 

h Converted to constant 2005 dollars by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics using the CPI-U-RS price index.c Numbers prior to 1999 are estimated to the nearest million.

Table A: Social and Economic Characteristics of the United States

KEY: NA = not applicable; R = revised; U = data are not available.

a Estimates are as of July 1 for each year. The numbers for each sub-category in each year may not add up to the total population due to rounding.b New metropolitan area definitions were published by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 2003. These definitions were applied to population data by the 

Census Bureau beginning with the data from the 2000 Census. A new term, core based statistical areas (CBSAs), collectively refers to metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. A metropolitan statistical area is defined as having at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more inhabitants. A micropolitan statistical area is defined as having at least one urban cluster of more than 10,000 but less than 50,000 inhabitants.

d As of April 1 of year indicated. The Census Bureau only tabulates urban / rural numbers for the decennial census years.e Fiscal year ending September 30.
Gross domestic product:

1980-97: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Economic Accounts, National Income and Product Accounts Table, table 1.1.6, 

available at http://www.bea.gov/national/index.htm as of Aug. 30, 2010.U.S Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, Average Annual Expenditures, All Consumer Units, available at http://www.bls.gov/data/home.htm as of Oct. 29, 2010.Average household expenditures:U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey , Table HH-6, Average Populaton Per Household and Family: 1940 to Present, 

available at http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam.html#ht as of Aug. 27, 2010.Participation rates:U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Historical Income Tables, table H-6. Regions--All Races by Median and Mean 

Income: 1975 to 2009, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/index.html as of Oct. 30, 2010.

Mean and Median household income:U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Population Estimates, available at http://www.census.gov/popest/estbygeo.html as of Aug. 27, 2010.Rural / urban:1998-2009: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Industry Economic Accounts, Gross-Domestic-Product-by-Industry Accounts, Real Value 

Added by Industry, available at http://www.bea.gov/industry/index.htm as of Aug. 30, 2010.Civilian labor force:1980-90: Ibid., Statistical Abstract of the United States 2000 (Washington, DC: 2001), table 37.2000-06: Ibid., Statistical Abstract of the United States 2008 (Washington, DC: 2008), table 29. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2002 (Washington, DC:2003), table 1.Immigrants:U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 1, 

available at http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/ as of Dec. 29, 2009.Total area:SOURCESU.S. resident population, age, sex, region, metropolitan areas, micropolitan areas:U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Table 2, Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population 16 years 

and Over by Sex, 1971 to Date, available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat2.pdf as of Aug. 27, 2010.Number of households and average size of households:U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Current Population Survey, Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, available at 

http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat1.pdf as of Aug. 27, 2010.

Chapter 1

The Transportation

System

Section A

Physical Extent
 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Highwaya 3,545,693 3,689,666 3,730,082 3,838,146 3,859,837 3,863,912 3,866,926 3,883,920 3,901,081 3,905,211 3,906,595 3,912,226 3,919,652 3,945,872 3,906,290 3,917,243 3,936,222 3,948,335 3,966,485 3,974,107 3,981,512 

Class I railb,c 207,334 199,798 196,479 191,520 164,822 145,764 119,758 116,626 113,056 110,425 109,332 108,264 105,779 102,128 100,570 99,430 99,250 97,817 100,125 99,126 97,662 

Amtrakc NNNN 24,000 24,000 24,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 24,000 25,000 25,000 22,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 22,675 22,256 

Transitd

Commuter railc NNNNN 3,574 4,132 4,038 4,013 4,090 4,090 4,160 3,682 4,417 5,172 5,191 5,209 5,209 6,831 6,809 6,875 Heavy rail NNNNN 1,293 1,351 1,369 1,403 1,452 1,455 1,458 1,478 1,527 1,527 1,540 1,558 1,572 1,572 1,597 1,596 Light rail N N N N N 384 483 551 558 537 562 568 638 659 676 802 834 897 960 996 1,187 

Navigable channelse 25,000 25,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 

Oil pipelinef,g 190,944 210,867 218,671 225,889 218,393 213,605 208,752 203,828 196,545 193,980 190,350 181,912 177,535 179,873 178,648 177,463 176,996 158,248 160,990 159,889 (R) 163,469 

Gas pipelineh 630,950 767,520 913,267 979,263 1,051,774 1,110,785 1,270,374 1,217,451 1,216,081 1,277,069 1,335,530 1,331,676 1,314,663 1,331,775 1,372,644 1,364,336 1,377,320 1,413,555 1,462,579 1,432,144 1,484,813 

1985-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram as of Nov. 16, 2009.Navigable channels:1960-96: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Ohio River Division, Huntington District, Ohio River Navigation System Report, 1996, Commerce on the Ohio River and its Tributaries (Fort 

Belvoir, VA: 1996), page 2.1997-99: Ibid., Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center Databases , personal communication, Aug. 3, 2001.2000-04: Ibid., personal communication, Apr. 21, 2006.1996-2009: Ibid., National Transit Database (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 23 and similar tables in earlier edition, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram as of Dec. 

21, 2010.1985-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline Statistics , available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as of 

Nov. 30, 2010.2004-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline Statistics , available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as of Nov. 30, 2010.2005-06: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, personal communication, Dec. 12, 2006.1960-80: American Gas Association, Gas Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 5-1 and similar tables in earlier editions, personal communication, May 07, 2009.Oil pipeline:1960-2000: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002), page 58. 2001-03: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline Statistics , available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as of May 22, 2009.Gas pipeline:2007-08: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, personal communication, May 13, 2009 and Dec. 15, 2009.Class I rail:1960-2009: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), page 3, and similar tables in earlier editions.Amtrak:1980: Amtrak, Corporate Planning and Development , personal communication (Washington, DC).Highway:1960-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-212. 

1996-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics , table HM-20, (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Dec. 21, 2010.KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

e These are estimated sums of all domestic waterways which include rivers, bays, channels, and the inner route of the Southeast Alaskan Islands, but does not include the Great Lakes or 

deep ocean traffic. The Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center monitored 12,612 miles as commercially significant inland shallow-draft waterways in 2001. Beginning in 2007, waterways connecting lakes and the St. Lawrence seaway inside the U.S. are included. 

a All public road and street mileage in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. For years prior to 1980, some miles of nonpublic roadways are included. No consistent data on private road 

mileage are available. Beginning in 1998, approximately 43,000 miles of Bureau of Land Management Roads are excluded.

b Data represent miles of road owned (aggregate length of road, excluding yard tracks, sidings, and parallel lines).c Portions of Class I freight railroads , Amtrak , and Commuter rail networks share common trackage. Amtrak data represent miles of road operated.

Table 1-1: System Mileage Within the United States (Statute miles)

Transit: 1985-2001: Amtrak, Corporate Planning and Development, Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).2002-09: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), page 77, and similar tables in earlier editions.

d Transit system length is measured in directional route-miles. Directional route-miles are the distance in each direction over which public transportation vehicles travel while in revenue 

service. Directional route-miles are computed with regard to direction of service, but without regard to the number of traffic lanes or rail tracks existing in the right-of-way. Beginning in 2002, directional route-mileage data for the Commuter and Light rail modes include purchased transportation. 2005 and later years directional route-mileage data for the Heavy rail mode include 

purchased transportation.

SOURCES

f The large drop in mileage between 2000 and 2001 is due to a change in the source of the data. CO2 or other is excluded for 2004 to 2008. g Includes trunk and gathering lines for crude-oil pipeline.h Excludes service pipelines. Data not adjusted to common diameter equivalent. Mileage as of the end of each year. Data includes gathering, transmission, and distribution mains. Prior to 

1985 data also include field lines. See table 1-10 for a more detailed breakout of Oil and Gas pipeline mileage. Length data reported in Gas Facts prior to 1985 was taken from the 

American Gas Association's member survey, the Uniform Statistical Report, supplemented with estimates for companies that did not participate. Gas Facts length data is now based on 

information reported to the U.S. Department of Transportation on Form 7100. Since data for 1985 and later years are obtained from the Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration, data for these years are not comparable with prior years or with numbers published in the previous NTS reports. 
Table 1-2: Number of Air Carriers, Railroads, Interstate Motor Carriers, Marine Vessel Operators, and Pipeline Operators

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Air carriersa N N 39 36 63 102 70 96 96 96 96 94 91 87 83 80 

Major air carriers N N N N N 13 14 11 12 13 13 13 15 15 15 14 

Other air carriers N N N N N 89 56 85 84 83 83 81 76 72 68 66 

Railroads 607 568 517 477 480 500 530 541 553 550 559 555 560 571 552 549 

Class I railroads 106 76 71 73 39 25 14 11 10 9 9 9 8 8 7 7 

Other railroads 501 492 446 404 441 475 516 530 543 541 550 546 552 563 545 542 

Interstate motor carriersb U U U U U U 216,000 346,000 379,000 417,000 477,486 517,297 560,393 592,909 600,104 674,314 

Marine vessel operatorsc U U U U U U U 1,381 1,348 1,311 1,235 1,174 1,114 1,063 877 798 

Pipeline operatorsd N N 1,123 1,682 2,243 (R) 2,163 (R) 2,198 (R) 2,367 (R) 2,327 (R) 2,281 (R) 2,236 (R) 2,238 (R) 2,157 (R) 2,135 (R) 2,186 (R) 2,216 

Hazardous liquid N N N N N (R) 171 (R) 171 (R) 197 (R) 205 (R) 216 (R) 219 (R) 215 (R) 220 (R) 220 (R) 218 (R) 235 

Natural gas transmission N N 420 432 474 724 866 975 971 957 889 885 844 (R) 837 (R) 919 (R) 947 

Natural gas distributione

N N 938 1,500 1,932 1,485 1,382 1,444 1,397 1,365 1,375 1,393 1,363 1,341 1,331 (R) 1,311 

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.

a Carrier groups are categorized based on their annual operating revenues as major, national, large regional, and medium regional. The thresholds were last adjusted July 

1, 1999, and the threshold for major air carriers is currently $1 billion. The other air carrier category contains all national, large regional, and medium regional air carriers. Beginning in 2003, regional air carriers are not required to report financial data which may result in under reporting of "Other carriers" in this table.

b Figures are for the fiscal year, October through September. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration deletes motor carriers from the Motor Carrier Management 

Information System (MCMIS) when they receive an official notice of a change in status. This most often occurs when a safety audit or compliance review is attempted. As a result, inactive carriers may be included in the MCMIS.

c The printed source materials do not contain totals for the number of operators and data files from which the figures can be determined are not available prior to 1993.d There is some overlap among the operators for the pipeline modes. Therefore the total number of pipeline operators is lower than the sum for the three pipeline modes. e In 1975 and 1980, natural gas distribution includes master meter and mobile home park natural gas distribution operators. A master meter system is a pipeline system for 

distributing gas within, but not limited to, a definable area, such as a mobile home park, housing project, or apartment complex, where the operator purchases metered gas from an outside source for resale through a gas distribution pipeline system. The gas distribution pipeline system supplies the ultimate consumer who either purchases the gas directly through a meter or by other means, such as by rents. 

SOURCESAir carriers: 

1960-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Financial Statistics Quarterly (Washington, DC: 

Fourth quarter issues), "Alphabetical List of Air Carriers by Carrier Group ...".2003: Ibid., personal communication, Oct. 5, 2004.2004-06: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Financial Statistics Quarterly (Washington, DC: 

Fourth quarter issues), "Alphabetical List of Air Carriers by Carrier Group ".Railroads: 1960-85: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Ten-Year Trends , Vol. 2 (Washington, DC), table I-2.1990-98: Ibid., Vol. 16 (Washington, DC: 1999), p. 10.1999-2006: Ibid., Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual issues), p. 3.

Interstate motor carriers: 1990-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Motor Carrier Management Information System , and personal communication, 

Nov. 6, 2001.2002-05: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Analysis and Information Online, available at http://ai.volpe.dot.gov/mcspa.asp as of June 4, 2004, and personal communication, January 2007.Marine vessel operators: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States, Volume 1, National Summaries (New Orleans, LA: Annual issues), table 13.

Pipeline Operators: U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Pipeline Safety, Gas Distribution Systems , Gas Transmission & Gathering Systems and Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Systems Annual Reporting , and personal communication, as of September 2008.
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20

TOTAL airportsb 15,161 16,319 17,490 17,581 17,846 18,317 18,343 18,224 18,292 18,345 18,770 19,098 19,281 19,356 19,572 19,581 19,820 19,854 

Public use, total 4,814 5,858 5,589 5,551 5,545 5,538 5,474 5,415 5,389 5,357 5,352 5,324 5,317 5,294 5,286 5,286 5,288 5,270 

Lighted runways, percent 66.2 68.1 71.4 71.9 72.3 72.8 73.5 74.3 74.5 74.6 74.8 76.1 75.9 76.2 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.8 Paved runways, percent 72.3 66.7 70.7 71.5 71.6 72.2 72.9 73.3 73.7 74.0 74.2 74.2 74.3 74.6 74.5 74.5 74.5 74.8 

Private use, total 10,347 10,461 11,901 12,030 12,301 12,779 12,869 12,809 12,903 12,988 13,418 13,774 13,964 14,062 14,286 14,295 14,532 14,584 

Lighted runways, percent 15.2 9.1 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.7 7.2 8.0 8.3 8.6 9.0 9.2 Paved runways, percent 13.3 17.4 31.5 32.0 32.2 32.7 33.0 33.0 32.9 33.0 33.2 31.8 32.0 32.4 32.4 32.7 32.8 33.2 

Military UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

TOTAL civil airports 15,161 16,319 17,490 17,581 17,846 18,317 18,343 18,224 18,292 18,345 18,770 19,098 19,281 19,356 19,572 19,581 19,820 19,854 

Certificatedc, total 730 700 680 669 664 670 672 667 671 660 660 655 651 635 633 628 599 575 

Civil U U U U U U 577 572 577 566 566 565 563 560 558 555 542 U Military U U U U U U 95 95 94 94 94 90 88 75 75 73 57 U 

General aviation, total 14,431 15,619 16,810 16,912 17,182 17,647 17,671 17,557 17,621 17,685 18,110 18,443 18,630 18,721 18,939 18,953 19,221 19,279 

Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airportsa

SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Administrator's Fact Book (Washington, DC), available at 

http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/aba/admin_factbook/ as of Apr. 28, 2010.  KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a Includes civil and joint-use civil-military airports, heliports, STOL (short takeoff and landing) ports, and seaplane bases in the United States and its territories. Sole-use 

military airports are included beginning in 2007.

c Certificated airports serve air-carrier operations with aircraft seating more than 9 passengers. As of 2005, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) no longer certificates 

military airports. 

b Total airports in 2006 does not sum from Public and Private based on the source data.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

TOTAL paved and unpaved 3,546 3,690 3,730 3,838 3,860 3,864 3,867 3,884 3,901 3,905 3,907 3,912 3,934 3,958 3,949 3,930 3,950 3,962 Pavedb, total 1,230 1,455 1,658 1,855 2,073 2,114 2,255 2,280 2,303 2,278 2,342 2,378 2,381 2,410 2,420 2,451 2,504 2,523 

Low and intermediate type 672 758 897 967 1,041 1,015 1,025 1,030 1,026 1,010 1,043 1,062 1,066 d

N d

N d

N d

N d

N 

High-type 558 696 762 888 1,032 1,099 1,230 1,250 1,277 1,268 1,299 1,316 1,314 d

N d

N d

N d

N d

N 

Unpavedc

, total 2,315 2,235 2,072 1,983 1,787 1,750 1,612 1,604 1,598 1,628 1,564 1,534 1,554 1,548 1,529 1,479 1,446 1,439 

NOTESSOURCESKEY: N = data do not exist.

b Paved mileage includes the following categories: low type (an earth, gravel, or stone roadway that has a bituminous surface course less than 1" thick); intermediate type (a mixed 

bituminous or bituminous penetration roadway on a flexible base having a combined surface and base thickness of less than 7"); high-type flexible (a mixed bituminous or bituminous penetration roadway on a flexible base having a combined surface and base thickness of 7" or more; high-type composite (a mixed bituminous or bituminous penetration roadway of more than 1" compacted material on a rigid base with a combined surface and base thickness of 7" or more; high-type rigid (Portland cement concrete roadway with or without a bituminous wearing surface of less than 1"). 

a 1960-95 data include the 50 states and the District of Columbia; 1996-2007 data include the 50 states, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

Table 1-4: Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surfacea (Thousands of miles)

1996-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-12, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.

d Data no longer available for paved minor collectors and local public roads.

A public road is any road under the jurisdiction of and maintained by a public authority (federal, state, county, town or township, local government or instrumentality thereof) and open to public travel. No consistent data on private road mileage are available (although prior to 1980 some nonpublic roadway mileage are included). Most data are provided by the states to the US DOT Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Some years contain FHWA estimates for some states. 

c Unpaved mileage includes the following categories: unimproved roadways using the natural surface and maintained to permit passability; graded and drained roadways of natural 

earth aligned and graded to permit reasonably convenient use by motor vehicles, and that have adequate drainage to prevent serious impairment of the road by normal surface water–surface may be stabilized; and soil, gravel, or stone roadways drained and graded with a surface of mixed soil, gravel, crushed stone, slag, shell, etc.–surface may be stabilized. The percentage of unpaved roads that are nonsurfaced dropped from approximately 42% in the 1960s to about 37% in the first half of the 1970s, to about 32% in 1980 and 

has held at about 22% since 1985. 

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1960-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC), table HM-212, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 b1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2

TOTAL urban and rural mileage 3,866,926 3,883,920 3,901,081 3,905,211 3,906,595 3,912,226 3,919,652 3,945,872 3,906,290 3,917,243 3,936,222 3,948,335 3,966,485 3,9Urban mileage, total 744,644 749,862 785,066 805,877 813,785 819,706 826,765 836,740 841,642 846,085 852,243 877,004 894,724 9

Principal arterials, Interstates 11,527 11,602 12,516 12,877 13,126 13,164 13,217 13,247 13,312 13,343 13,379 13,406 13,491 

Principal arterials, other freeways, and expressways 7,668 7,709 8,491 8,841 8,994 8,970 9,027 9,063 9,127 9,132 9,140 9,126 9,323 

Principal arterials, other 51,968 52,515 51,900 52,708 53,110 52,796 52,983 53,223 53,132 53,199 53,314 53,056 53,439 

Minor arterials 74,659 74,795 80,815 86,821 87,857 88,510 89,020 89,185 89,496 89,432 89,789 89,962 90,411 Collectors 78,254 77,102 82,784 84,854 86,089 87,331 87,790 88,049 88,071 88,005 88,200 88,713 89,247 Local 520,568 526,139 548,560 559,776 564,609 568,935 574,728 583,973 588,504 592,974 598,421 622,741 638,813 6

Rural mileage, total 3,122,282 3,134,058 3,116,015 3,099,334 3,092,810 3,092,520 3,092,887 3,109,132 3,064,648 3,071,158 3,083,979 3,071,331 3,071,761 3,0

Principal arterials, Interstates 33,547 33,677 32,951 32,631 32,457 32,580 32,820 32,817 32,813 32,974 33,048 33,061 32,992 

Principal arterials, other 83,802 86,747 94,947 96,770 97,175 97,948 98,131 98,257 98,852 98,838 98,919 99,185 98,853 Minor arterials 144,774 141,795 137,685 137,577 138,120 137,151 137,359 137,497 137,308 137,462 137,575 137,587 137,568 1Major collectors 436,352 436,746 434,072 432,222 431,115 431,712 432,117 432,714 432,408 432,934 433,121 433,284 430,946 4

Minor collectors 293,922 293,511 284,504 282,182 282,011 274,081 273,198 272,362 272,140 271,676 271,803 271,377 270,700 2

Local 2,129,885 2,141,582 2,131,856 2,117,952 2,111,932 2,119,048 2,119,262 2,135,485 2,091,127 2,097,274 2,109,513 2,096,837 2,100,702 2,0

Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Street Mileage by Functional Systema

1996-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-20, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.A public road is any road under the ownership of and maintained by a public authority (federal, state, county, town or township, local government or instrumentality thereof) and open to public travel. No consistent data on private road mileage are available. For more detailed information, including breakouts of mileage by ownership and type of surface, see the source document.SOURCES1990-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC), 

table HM-220, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.

a Includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia. When states did not submit reports, data were estimated by the U.S. Department 

of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.

b Beginning in 1998, approximately 43,000 miles of Bureau of Land Management roads are excluded.

NOTES
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 d1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 200

TOTAL lane-miles 7,922,174 8,017,994 8,051,081 8,087,793 8,124,090 8,132,196 8,143,014 8,158,253 8,178,654 8,242,437 8,160,858 8,177,983 8,224,245 8,251,847 8,295,171 8,3Urban, total 1,395,245 1,542,339 1,670,496 1,682,752 1,758,731 1,803,775 1,825,877 1,840,107 1,857,649 1,882,676 1,891,608 1,895,986 1,915,503 1,967,047 2,006,436 2,1

Interstates 48,458 57,295 62,214 62,826 67,266 69,184 70,832 71,377 71,790 72,257 73,006 73,293 73,912 74,463 75,107 Other arterialsb 333,673 371,649 399,376 402,360 418,208 435,386 442,474 445,828 449,480 453,623 454,060 450,411 456,181 457,567 462,855 4

Collectors 145,128 162,377 167,770 165,288 176,137 179,653 183,353 185,032 186,923 188,850 187,533 186,334 188,570 189,538 190,843 2Local 867,986 951,018 1,041,136 1,052,278 1,097,120 1,119,552 1,129,218 1,137,870 1,149,456 1,167,946 1,177,009 1,185,948 1,196,840 1,245,479 1,277,631 1,3

Rural, total 6,526,929 6,475,655 6,380,585 6,405,041 6,365,359 6,328,421 6,317,137 6,318,146 6,321,005 6,359,761 6,269,250 6,281,997 6,308,742 6,284,800 6,288,735 6,2

Interstates 130,980 131,907 135,871 136,503 133,467 132,138 131,266 131,916 132,963 133,165 133,231 134,198 134,587 134,638 134,570 1Other arterialsb 507,098 510,005 517,342 517,813 526,714 525,906 529,818 530,706 532,856 536,989 537,993 539,293 540,457 542,337 544,011 5

Collectorsc 1,431,267 1,466,789 1,467,602 1,467,561 1,441,466 1,434,473 1,432,189 1,417,428 1,416,662 1,418,637 1,415,774 1,413,953 1,414,667 1,414,155 1,408,752 1,3

Local 4,457,584 4,366,954 4,259,770 4,283,164 4,263,712 4,235,904 4,223,864 4,238,096 4,238,524 4,270,970 4,182,252 4,194,553 4,219,031 4,193,670 4,201,402 4,1

1996-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-60, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.In estimating rural and urban lane mileage, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration assumes that rural minor collectors and urban/rural local roads are two lanes wide.SOURCES1980-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Information Management, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC), table 

HM-260, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.

c Includes minor and major collectors. d Beginning in 1998, approximately 138,400 lane-miles of Bureau of Land Management roads are excluded.

NOTE

a Includes the 50 States and the District of Columbia.b For urban: the sum of other freeways and expressways, other principal arterials, and minor arterials. For rural: the sum of other principal arterials and minor arterials.

Table 1-6: Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane-Miles by Functional Systema
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Amtrak 510 503 491 487 498 504 516 523 524 535 540 530 542 516 508 510 515 512 515 514 Rail transit 1,822 1,895 1,920 2,164 2,027 2,143 2,169 2,192 2,240 2,286 2,376 2,382 2,325 2,391 2,524 2,567 2,595 2,621 2,784 2,797 Rail transit:Amtrak:SOURCESKEY: R = revised.NOTES

Table 1-7: Number of Stations Served by Amtrak and Rail Transit, Fiscal Year

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 20 and 21, and similar 

tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Nov. 22, 2010. Rail transit is the sum of commuter rail, heavy rail, and light rail. In several large urban areas, Amtrak and commuter rail stations are shared. Starting in 2001, stations serving the Alaska Railroad are included in the rail transit total.Rail transit data for 2002 and later years include both directly operated and purchased transit services. Prior to 2002, data include directly operated services only.1984-98: Amtrak, Amtrak Annual Report , Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues). 1999-2009: Amtrak, Annual Report (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 61 and similar pages in previous editions, available at http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=Page&pagename=am%2FLayout&cid=1241245669222 as of Nov. 22, 2010.
Year Number

ADA 

Equipped Percent Number

ADA 

Equipped Percent Number

ADA 

Equipped Percent Number

ADA 

Equipped Percent Number

AD

Equip

1993 3,964 3,146 79.4 3,542 1,911 54.0 46,413 23,338 50.3 1,807 693 38.4 55,726 291994 4,738 3,795 80.1 3,693 2,153 58.3 46,979 24,398 51.9 1,613 719 44.6 57,023 311995 5,372 4,539 84.5 3,879 2,561 66.0 46,355 27,420 59.2 1,716 861 50.2 57,322 351996 5,998 5,269 87.8 4,233 3,081 72.8 45,587 29,073 63.8 1,551 893 57.6 57,369 381997 6,853 6,194 90.4 5,136 4,143 80.7 45,502 29,684 65.2 1,484 911 61.4 58,975 401998 7,147 6,545 91.6 5,929 5,150 86.9 46,188 33,512 72.6 1,566 1,071 68.4 60,830 461999 8,265 7,722 93.4 6,613 5,959 90.1 46,891 36,029 76.8 1,849 1,503 81.3 63,618 512000 8,850 8,366 94.5 7,455 6,926 92.9 47,017 37,581 79.9 2,002 1,712 85.5 65,324 542001 9,622 9,176 95.4 7,830 7,337 93.7 47,925 40,501 84.5 2,002 1,771 88.5 67,379 582002 9,822 9,743 99.2 8,693 8,550 98.4 47,764 44,035 92.2 2,139 2,079 97.2 68,418 642003 10,084 10,002 99.2 9,346 9,127 97.7 46,608 43,780 93.9 2,558 2,466 96.4 68,596 652004 10,248 10,098 98.5 10,031 10,031 100.0 45,919 44,739 97.4 2,591 2,586 99.8 68,789 672005 11,118 10,846 97.6 10,631 10,499 98.8 45,524 43,479 95.5 2,231 2,225 99.7 69,504 672006 11,537 11,315 98.1 10,993 10,891 99.1 45,403 44,385 97.8 2,294 2,289 99.8 70,227 68

KEY: ADA = Americans with Disabilities Act of 1992.SOURCE

Total bu

Includes buses of transit agencies receiving federal funding for bus purchases, and buses of agencies not receiving federal funds that voluntarily report data to the Federal Transit Administration.Large buses have more than 35 seats; medium buses have 25-35 seats; small buses have less than 25 seats; articulated buses are extra-long buses that measure between 54 and 60 feet.

Table 1-8: ADA Lift- or Ramp-Equipped Transit Buses

1993-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2005 National Transit Summaries and Trends (Washington, DC: 2007), p. 57 and similar tables in earlier editions, Internet website http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/pubs/NTST/2006/2006_NTST.pdf as of Feb. 11, 2008.

Small buses Medium buses Large buses Articulated buses

NOTES
Type of rail transit / agency Primary city served 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2

Heavy railSan Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District San Francisco, CA 36 39 39 39 39 39 39 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Los Angeles, CA 5 8 8 13 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Washington, DC 74 75 75 76 78 83 83 83 83 86 86 86 86 86 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Miami-Dade Transit Miami, FL 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 20 22 22 22 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority Atlanta, GA 36 36 36 36 36 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chicago Transit Authority Chicago, IL 140 141 141 142 142 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 143 143 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.1 62.0 55.6 Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Boston, MA 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 37.7 37.7 37.7 30.2 30.2 28.3 Maryland Transit Administration Baltimore, MD 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Metropolitan Transportation Authority New York City Transit New York, NY 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 94.0 93.6 93.6 93.4 91.2 91.2 Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation New York, NY 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 53.8 53.8 53.8 53.8 53.8 53.8 Metropolitan Transportation Authority Staten Island Railway New York, NY 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 87.0 The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority Cleveland, OH 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 77.8 66.7 66.7 61.1 55.6 55.6 Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Philadelphia, PA 76 76 76 76 76 76 53 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 94.7 94.7 94.7 94.7 94.7 94.7 Port Authority Transit Corporation Philadelphia, PA 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 76.9 76.9 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 Commuter railAltamont Commuter Express San Jose, CA U U U U U U 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 NA NA NA NA NA NA North San Diego County Transit District San Diego, CA UUUUUU 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board San Francisco, CA U U U U U U 34 34 34 33 32 32 32 32 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

Southern California Regional Rail Authority Los Angeles, CA U 45 46 46 47 49 51 53 53 54 54 54 55 55 NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Connecticut Department of Transportation New Haven, CT UUUUUU 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

Virginia Railway Express Washington, DC U U U U U U 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 NA NA NA NA NA NA South Florida Regional Transportation Authority Miami, FL U U U U U U 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 NA NA NA NA NA NA Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation Chicago, IL 226 226 226 227 227 227 227 227 230 231 238 239 239 240 59.7 54.0 54.0 51.1 49.3 44.9 Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District Chicago, IL 18 18 18 18 18 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Boston, MA U U 117 119 120 121 124 125 126 126 126 126 133 133 NA NA 42.7 (R) 42.0 38.3 38.0 Maryland Transit Administration Baltimore, MD U U U U U U 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

Northern New England Passenger Rail Authority (NNEPRA) Portland, ME NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10 10 10 NA NA NA NA NA NA Metro Transit Minneapolis/St. Cloud, MN NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 NA NA NA NA NA NA Rio Metro Regional Transit District Albuquerque/Santa Fe, NM NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10 NA NA NA NA NA NA New Jersey Transit Corporation New York, NY 158 158 158 162 162 162 167 168 167 167 162 162 164 164 86.1 86.1 74.1 71.6 71.6 71.6 Metropolitan Transportation Authority Long Island Rail Road New York, NY 134 134 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 88.8 88.8 29.0 21.8 21.8 21.8 Metropolitan Transportation Authority Metro-North Railroad New York, NY 106 106 106 106 108 108 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 110 84.0 82.1 81.1 81.1 81.5 74.1 Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Pennslyvania, PA U U U U U U 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Philadelphia, PA 181 177 177 177 177 177 153 156 156 156 156 156 154 154 86.2 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 Regional Transity Authority (RTA) Nashville, TN NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 6 6 NA NA NA NA NA NA Dallas Area Rapid Transit Dallas, TX UUUUUU 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

Fort Worth Transportation Authority Fort Worth,TX UUUUUU 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

Utah Transit Authority Salt Lake City, UT NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8 8 NA NA NA NA NA NA Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority Seattle, WA UUUUUU 7 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

Light railLos Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Los Angeles, CA 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 49 49 49 49 49 49 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 San Francisco Municipal Railway San Francisco, CA 11 11 11 11 11 11 99999999 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Sacramento Regional Transit District Sacramento, CA 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 31 41 41 41 48 48 48 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 San Diego Trolley, Inc. San Diego, CA 38 41 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 53 53 53 53 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority San Jose, CA 33 34 34 34 47 49 44 44 57 57 65 65 65 65 84.8 85.3 85.3 85.3 55.3 53.1 Denver Regional Transportation District Denver, CO 15 15 15 15 20 20 20 24 23 23 36 36 36 36 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority Tampa-St. Petersburg, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

New Orleans Regional Transit Authority New Orleans, LA 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 NA 9 9 9 9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Boston, MA 95 95 95 95 95 78 78 70 70 70 70 74 74 74 90.5 90.5 90.5 87.4 87.4 79.5 Maryland Transit Administration Baltimore, MD 24 24 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 33 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 City of Detroit Department of Transportation Detroit, MI NA NA NA NA NA 8 8 8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 100.0 

Metro Transit Minneapolis, MN NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 17 17 19 NA NA NA NA NA NA Bi-State Development Agency St. Louis, MO 18 18 18 18 18 26 26 28 28 28 28 37 37 37 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 New Jersey Transit Corporation Newark, NJ 11 11 11 11 11 11 26 27 49 52 52 60 60 60 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority Buffalo, NY 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority Cleveland, OH 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 93.9 84.8 84.8 79.4 79.4 76.5 

Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon Portland, OR 27 27 29 47 47 47 52 52 62 63 63 63 30 30 3.7 3.7 3.4 2.1 2.1 2.1 Port Authority of Allegheny County Pittsburgh, PA 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 25 25 25 25 27 23 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Philadelphia, PA 64 64 64 64 64 64 68 46 46 46 46 45 45 45 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Memphis Area Transit Authority Memphis, TN 20 20 27 28 28 28 28 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Dallas Area Rapid Transit Dallas, TX 14 20 20 20 20 22 29 34 34 34 34 34 34 39 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Island Transit Galveston, TX 3 3 3 U U U 3 3 3 3 3 3 U U 0.0 0.0 0.0 NA NA NA 

Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County Houston, TX NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16 16 16 16 16 16 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

Utah Transit Authority Salt Lake City, UT NA NA NA 16 16 20 20 23 23 24 25 25 28 28 NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority Seattle, WA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 6 6 6 6 6 19 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

King County Department of Transportation Seattle, WA 14 14 14 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 NA 11 11 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Kenosha Transit Kenosha, WI NA NA NA NA 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NA NA NA NA 100.0 100.0 

Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Transit Stations by Agency

Number of stations Percent of St

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 21, available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov as of Dec. 8, 2010.KEY: ADA = Americans with Disabilities Act of 1992; NA = not applicable; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.Rail transit data for 2002 and beyond include both directly operated and purchased transportation. Prior to 2002, the data include directly operated service only. Stations for U.S. territories are excluded. NOTESSOURCE
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Oil pipeline, total a 190,944 210,867 218,671 225,889 218,393 213,605 208,752 203,828 196,545 193,980 190,350 181,912 177,535 179,873 178,648 177,463 176,996 154,877 149,619 139,901 

Crude lines 141,085 149,424 146,275 145,679 129,831 117,812 118,805 115,860 110,651 107,246 103,277 97,029 92,610 91,523 87,663 86,369 85,480 52,386 52,854 50,149 Product lines 49,859 61,443 72,396 80,210 88,562 95,793 89,947 87,968 85,894 86,734 87,073 84,883 84,925 88,350 90,985 91,094 91,516 85,214 80,551 75,565 

Gas pipelineb, total 630,900 767,500 913,300 979,300 1,051,800 1,110,785 1,270,374 1,217,451 1,216,081 1,277,069 1,335,530 1,331,676 1,314,663 1,331,775 1,372,644 1,364,336 1,377,320 1,413,555 1,462,579 1,432,144 

Distribution mains 391,400 494,500 594,800 648,200 701,800 784,852 945,964 890,876 891,984 951,750 1,002,669 1,003,798 992,860 1,002,942 1,040,765 1,035,946 1,050,802 1,101,485 1,136,479 1,107,559 Transmission pipelines 183,700 211,300 252,200 262,600 266,500 290,464 291,990 293,862 291,468 293,263 301,545 296,947 292,186 294,370 302,714 296,114 298,957 290,456 303,541 301,827 Gathering linesc 55,800 61,700 66,300 68,500 83,500 35,469 32,420 32,713 32,629 32,056 31,316 30,931 29,617 34,463 29,165 32,276 27,561 21,614 22,559 22,758 

Gas pipeline:

Table 1-10: U.S. Oil and Gas Pipeline Mileage 

1960-75: American Gas Association, Gas Facts, 1979 (Arlington, VA: 1980), table 44. 1980: Ibid., Gas Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issue), tables 5-1 

and 5-3.

1985-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Natural Gas 

Transmission, Gas Distribution, and Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Annual Mileage , available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as of Dec. 2, 2010. 

NOTEMileage data reported in Gas Facts, prior to 1985, is taken from the American Gas Association's member survey, the Uniform Statistical Report, 

supplemented with estimates for companies that did not participate. SOURCESOil pipeline:1960-2000: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation In America 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002), pp. 58 and 59, and similar tables in earlier 

editions.2001-09: PennWell Corporation, Oil and Gas Journal: Transportation Special Report (Houston, TX), pp. 76 and 120, and similar tables in earlier editions. 

KEY: R = revised.

c Before 1985, data include field line mileage.b Excludes service pipeline. Data are not adjusted to common diameter equivalent. Mileage as of the end of each year.a Mileages of Oil pipeline for years 1960-2000 include regulated and unregulated trunk and gathering Crude lines , as well as refined oil trunk lines. 

Beginning in 2001, data include information for Federal Energy Regulatory Comission-regulated oil pipeline companies only. For years 2001 and after, total miles of pipeline include both trunk and Gathering lines , whereas the individual components, namely, crude and product lines, include the mileages of trunk 

lines only. Thus, details do not add to the total for this period.

Section B

Vehicle, Aircraft, and

Vessel Inventory
 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

AirAir carriera 2,135 2,125 2,679 2,495 3,808 4,678 6,083 6,054 7,320 7,297 7,370 7,411 7,478 7,616 8,111 8,228 8,055 8,497 8,194 8,176 8,186 8,General aviationb (active fleet) 76,549 95,442 131,743 168,475 211,045 210,654 198,000 196,874 185,650 177,120 172,935 188,089 191,129 192,414 204,710 219,464 217,533 211,446 211,244 209,708 219,426 224,

Highway, total (registered vehicles) 74,431,800 91,739,623 111,242,295 137,912,779 161,490,159 177,133,282 193,057,376 192,313,834 194,427,346 198,041,338 201,801,921 205,427,212 210,441,249 211,580,033 215,496,003 220,461,056 225,821,241 235,331,382 234,624,135 236,760,033 243,010,549 247,421,Passenger car 61,671,390 75,257,588 89,243,557 106,705,934 121,600,843 127,885,193 133,700,496 128,299,601 126,581,148 127,327,189 127,883,469 128,386,775 129,728,341 129,748,704 131,838,538 132,432,044 133,621,420 137,633,467 135,920,677 135,669,897 136,430,651 136,568,0Motorcycle 574,032 1,381,956 2,824,098 4,964,070 5,693,940 5,444,404 4,259,462 4,177,365 4,065,118 3,977,856 3,756,555 3,897,191 3,871,599 3,826,373 3,879,450 4,152,433 4,346,068 4,903,056 5,004,156 5,370,035 5,767,934 6,227,Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclec, d U U 14,210,591 20,418,250 27,875,934 37,213,863 48,274,555 53,033,443 57,091,143 59,993,706 62,903,589 65,738,322 69,133,913 70,224,082 71,330,205 75,356,376 79,084,979 84,187,636 85,011,305 87,186,663 91,845,327 95,336,8

Truck, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more c, d U 13,999,285 3,681,405 4,231,622 4,373,784 4,593,071 4,486,981 4,480,815 4,369,842 4,407,850 4,906,385 5,023,670 5,266,029 5,293,358 5,734,925 5,762,864 5,926,030 5,703,501 5,650,619 5,848,523 6,161,028 6,395,Truck, combination c, d 11,914,249 786,510 905,082 1,130,747 1,416,869 1,403,266 1,708,895 1,691,331 1,675,363 1,680,305 1,681,500 1,695,751 1,746,586 1,789,968 1,997,345 2,028,562 2,096,619 2,154,174 2,276,661 1,908,365 2,010,335 2,086,

Bus 272,129 314,284 377,562 462,156 528,789 593,485 626,987 631,279 644,732 654,432 670,423 685,503 694,781 697,548 715,540 728,777 746,125 749,548 760,717 776,550 795,274 807,0Transit e

Motor bus 49,600 49,600 49,700 50,822 59,411 64,258 58,714 60,377 63,080 64,850 68,123 67,107 (R) 53,339 (R) 54,946 (R) 55,661 (R) 57,352 (R) 58,578 (R) 60,256 (R) 60,719 (R) 61,659 (R) 61,318 (R) 62,Light rail cars 2,856 1,549 1,262 1,061 1,013 717 910 1,092 1,055 1,001 1,051 1,048 (R) 1,097 (R) 1,062 (R) 1,061 (R) 1,160 (R) 1,306 (R) 1,359 (R) 1,448 (R) 1,482 (R) 1,622 (R) 1,Heavy rail cars 9,010 9,115 9,338 9,608 9,641 9,326 10,567 10,478 10,391 10,282 10,282 10,166 (R) 10,243 (R) 10,228 (R) 10,296 (R) 10,362 (R) 10,311 (R) 10,718 (R) 10,849 (R) 10,754 (R) 10,858 (R) 11,Trolley bus 3,826 1,453 1,050 703 823 676 610 551 665 635 643 695 (R) 675 (R) 655 (R) 646 (R) 657 (R) 652 (R) 600 (R) 616 (R) 672 (R) 597 (R) Commuter rail cars and locomotives UUUU 4,500 4,035 4,982 5,126 5,164 4,982 5,126 5,164 (R) 5,239 (R) 5,425 (R) 5,535 (R) 5,549 (R) 5,497 (R) 5,528 (R) 5,631 (R) 5,866 (R) 6,130 (R) 6,

Demand response UUUUU 14,490 16,471 17,879 20,695 23,527 28,729 29,352 (R) 17,738 (R) 19,820 (R) 20,042 (R) 20,761 (R) 22,087 (R) 24,668 (R) 24,808 (R) 25,873 (R) 26,333 (R) 28,

Otherf U U U U U867 1,176 1,568 1,821 2,268 2,462 2,809 (R) 5,344 (R) 6,245 (R) 7,105 (R) 7,467 (R) 7,705 (R) 8,137 (R) 8,033 (R) 8,626 (R) 10,544 (R) 11,

RailClass I, freight cars 1,658,292 1,478,005 1,423,921 1,359,459 1,168,114 867,070 658,902 633,489 605,189 587,033 590,930 583,486 570,865 568,493 575,604 579,140 560,154 499,860 477,751 467,063 473,773 474,8Class I, locomotive 29,031 27,780 27,077 27,846 28,094 22,548 18,835 18,344 18,004 18,161 18,505 18,812 19,269 19,684 20,261 20,256 20,028 19,745 20,506 20,774 22,015 22,Nonclass I freight cars 32,104 37,164 29,787 29,407 102,161 111,086 103,527 97,492 90,064 88,513 86,120 84,724 87,364 116,108 121,659 126,762 132,448 125,470 130,590 124,580 120,169 120,Car companies and shippers freight cars 275,090 285,493 330,473 334,739 440,552 443,530 449,832 458,679 477,883 497,586 515,362 550,717 582,344 585,818 618,404 662,934 688,194 688,806 691,329 687,337 693,978 717,2Amtrak, passenger train car U U U 1,913 2,128 1,854 1,863 1,786 1,796 1,853 1,852 1,722 1,730 1,728 1,962 1,992 1,894 2,084 2,896 1,623 1,211 1,

Amtrak, locomotive U U U 355 419 291 318 316 336 360 338 313 299 332 345 329 378 401 372 442 276 2

Water Nonself-propelled vesselsg, h 16,777 17,033 19,377 25,515 31,662 33,597 31,209 U 30,899 30,785 30,730 31,360 32,811 33,011 33,509 33,387 33,152 33,042 32,381 31,335 31,296 32,0

Self-propelled vesselsh, i 6,543 6,083 6,455 6,144 7,126 7,522 8,236 U 8,311 8,323 8,334 8,281 8,293 8,408 8,523 8,379 8,202 8,546 8,621 8,648 8,994 8,

Oceangoing self-propelled vessels (1,000 gross tons and over)j (R) 2,926 (R) 2,376 1,579 (R) 857 (R) 864 (R) 737 (R) 636 (R) 619 (R) 603 (R) 565 (R) 543 (R) 509 (R) 495 (R) 477 (R) 470 (R) 463 (R) 454 (R) 443 (R) 426 (R) 418 (R) 423 (R) 

Recreational boatsk 2,450,484 4,138,140 5,128,345 7,303,286 8,577,857 9,589,483 10,996,253 11,068,440 11,132,386 11,282,736 11,429,585 11,734,710 11,877,938 12,312,982 12,565,930 12,738,271 12,782,143 12,876,346 12,854,054 12,794,616 12,781,476 12,942,

h Data for Jan. 1, 1991-June 30, 1991 included in 1990 figure.

NOTES Bus and Demand responsive in these tables refer to a mode of service, not to a specific vehicle type. Demand responsive service, defined as roadway service directly from an origin to a 

destination determined by the rider and not following a fixed-route, is usually provided by vans, small buses and in a limited number of cases by large buses. Bus service is a variety of roadway services that share the characteristic of being entirely or partially fixed routes. Bus service includes local service, express service, subscription service, diversionary route service, loop service, and other types. Although Bus service is normally provided by buses, it can be provided by smaller vehicles that may be considered large vans.KEY: U = data are unavailable; R = revised.

a Air carrier aircraft are those carrying passengers or cargo for hire under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135. Beginning in 1990, the number of aircraft is the monthly average of the number of 

aircraft reported in use for the last three months of the year. Prior to 1990, it was the number of aircraft reported in use during December of a given year.

b 1991-94 data revised to reflect changes in adjustment for nonresponse bias with 1996 telephone survey factors; 1995-97 data may not be comparable to 1994 and earlier years due to 

changes in methodology. Includes air taxi aircraft. Beginning in 2004, commuter activity is excluded from all estimates. Commuter activity was included in the air taxi use category in 2003 and prior.

e Prior to 1984, excludes most rural and smaller systems funded via Sections 18 and 16(b)(2), Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, as amended. Also prior to 1984, includes total vehicles owned and leased.c In 1960, this category includes all Trucks and Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles .d 1965 Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle data included in all Trucks .

Air:Transit Motor bus figure is also included as part of bus in the Highway category.

f Other includes aerial tramway, automated guideway transit, cable car, ferry boat, inclined plane, monorail, and vanpool.

1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1969 (Washington, DC: 1969), table 9.10.SOURCES1990-94: Ibid., Calendar Year 1997 (Washington, DC: unpublished), table 5.1, personal communication, Mar. 19, 1999.For more detail on oceangoing vessels, see table 1-23. 1995-2008: Aerospace Industries Association, Aerospace Facts and Figures (Washington, DC), p. 94 and similar tables in earlier editions. General aviation:1960-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Boating Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 31, available at http://www.uscgboating.org/statistics/accident_statistics.aspx as of May 3, 2010.1985-2000: Ibid., Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 47.2001-08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar tables in earlier editions.Water transportation:Nonself-propelled vessels and self-propelled vessels:1960-2008: U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Transportation Lines of The United States, Volume 1, National Summaries (New Orleans, LA : Annual Issues), table 1, available at http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/veslchar/veslchar.htm as of May 3, 2010.Oceangoing self-propelled vessels:1960-2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, Merchant Fleets of the World (Washington, DC: Annual issues), and unpublished revisions.Recreational boats:1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.1960-2008: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), pp. 52 and 69.Amtrak:1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 3, 2010.Transit:1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 3, 2010.Single-unit and combination trucks, and buses:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, Annual Data Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of May 13, 2010.1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MV-201.Air carrier:1970-75: Ibid., 1979 edition (Washington, DC: 1979), table 5.1.1980-85: Ibid., Calendar Year 1986 (Washington, DC: 1986), table 5.1.Passenger car:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MV-201. 1970-75: Ibid., Calendar Year 1976 (Washington, DC: 1976), table 8-6.1980: Ibid., General Aviation Activity Survey, Calendar Year 1980 (Washington, DC: 1981), table 1-3.1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1970 (Washington, DC: 1970), table 5.3.1960-1995: American Public Transit Association, Public Transportation Fact Book, Appendix A: Historical Tables (Washington, DC), table 17 available at: 

http://www.apta.com/RESOURCES/STATISTICS/Pages/transitstats.aspx as of May 3, 2010.Rail (all categories, except Amtrak):2001-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, personal communication as of Janurary 2008 and June 2010.Passenger train-cars and locomotives:1975-80: Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication.Transit data for 1996 and later years are obtained from the National Transit Database and cannot be compared with data for earlier years.1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 3, 2010.Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles:1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 3, 2010.1985: Ibid., Calendar Year 1985 (Washington, DC: 1987), table 2-9.1990-2008: Ibid., General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey (Annual Issues), table 1.2, available at http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation_data_statistics/general_aviation/ as of May 3, 2010.Highway:Motorcycle:

Table 1-11: Number of U.S. Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances

g Nonself-propelled vessels include dry-cargo barges, tank barges, and railroad-car floats.i Self-propelled vessels include dry-cargo and/or passenger, offshore supply vessels, railroad-car ferries, tankers, and towboats.j 1960-2006 data includes private and government owned vessels of 1,000 gross tons and over. Beginning in 2007, data are reported only for privately-owned vessels of 1,000 gross tons 

and over. All the data are year end data. 

k Recreational vessels that are required to be numbered in accordance with Chapter 123 of Title 46 U.S.C.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Number of civilian aircraft (shipments)Transport a 245 233 311 315 387 278 521 589 567 408 309 256 269 374 559 620 485 526 379 

Helicopters N 598 482 864 1,366 384 603 571 324 258 308 292 278 346 363 361 493 415 318 General aviation 7,588 11,852 7,283 14,072 11,881 2,029 1,144 1,021 899 964 928 1,077 1,115 1,549 2,193 2,475 2,802 2,618 2,196 HighwayPassenger car (new retail sales) 6,641,000 9,332,000 8,399,000 8,624,000 8,979,000 11,043,000 9,300,000 8,175,000 8,214,000 8,518,000 8,990,000 8,635,000 8,526,000 8,272,000 8,141,721 8,698,284 8,846,625 8,422,625 8,103,229 Motorcycle (new retail sales) b N N 1,125,000 940,000 1,070,000 710,000 303,000 280,000 278,000 293,000 306,000 309,000 330,000 356,000 432,000 546,000 710,000 850,000 936,000 

Truck (factory sales) c 1,194,475 1,716,564 1,660,446 2,231,630 1,667,283 3,464,327 3,725,205 3,387,503 4,062,002 4,895,224 5,640,275 5,713,469 5,775,730 6,152,817 6,435,185 7,345,019 7,022,478 6,223,586 6,963,720 

Bus; includes school bus (factory sales) U 35,241 31,994 40,530 34,385 33,533 32,731 24,058 22,484 24,549 22,409 23,918 27,583 26,882 27,483 U U UU

Recreational vehicle (shipments) N 192,830 380,300 339,600 178,500 351,700 347,300 293,700 382,700 420,200 518,800 475,200 466,800 438,800 441,300 481,200 418,300 321,000 378,700 Bicycled NNNN 9,000,000 11,400,000 10,800,000 11,600,000 11,600,000 13,000,000 12,500,000 12,000,000 10,900,000 11,000,000 11,100,000 11,600,000 11,900,000 11,300,000 13,600,000 

Transit cars (deliveries)Motor bus e (R) 2,806 3,000 1,424 5,261 4,572 (R) 5,390 (R) 5,728 (R) 5,961 (R) 4,668 (R) 6,524 (R) 9,740 (R) 9,317 (R) 9,328 (R) 10,529 (R) 9,970 (R) 11,331 (R) 11,916 (R) 15,958 (R) 10,600 

Light rail 0 0 0 0 32 63 55 17 35 54 72 38 39 76 80 123 136 111 107 

Heavy rail 416 580 308 127 130 441 10 6 163 260 55 72 10 34 120 122 204 751 828 Trolley bus 0 0 0 1 98 0 118 149 0 24 36 3 3 0 54 0 0 149 88 

Commuter rail 214 666 302 2,165 152 179 83 187 110 8 47 38 111 198 122 132 116 54 166 Class I rail (deliveries)Freight car f 57,047 77,822 66,185 72,392 85,920 12,080 32,063 24,678 25,761 35,239 48,819 60,853 57,877 50,396 75,685 74,223 55,791 34,260 17,714 

Locomotive 389 1,387 1,029 772 1,480 522 530 472 321 504 821 928 761 743 889 709 640 710 745 Amtrak (deliveries)Passenger train car N N N 109 109 N 58 0 0 0 64 76 92 10 0 0 26 U U 

Locomotive N N N 30 17 10 0 0 20 26 18 10 0 111 35 0 4 U U Water transportMerchant vessel g 20 13 13 15 23 14 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 1 4 2 0 2 2 

Recreational boat h NNNN 569,700 636,800 494,700 448,000 466,750 498,775 576,200 663,760 634,750 610,100 (R) 571,400 (R) 582,500 576,800 880,300 844,100 

b Includes domestic and imported vehicles. Prior to 1985, all terrain vehicles (ATVs) were included in the motorcycle total. In 1995, the Motorcycle Industry Counrevised its data for the years 1985 to present to exclude ATVs from its totals. 

KEY: N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are not availabl

d Includes domestic and imported vehicles, wheel sizes 20 inches and over. Data from 1997 onwards are projectionc Includes large passenger or utility vehicles that may be considered cars in other tables, and starting in 1999 includes buse

Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliveries of New Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances

2003-05: Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc., Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Climb for 14th Consecutive Year, media release, Feb. 16, 2007, available at 

http://www.motorcycles.org as of Apr. 23, 2007.1995-2007: Aerospace Industries Association,Aerospace Statistics, Group 1: General Statistics, Series 02 Year-End Review and Forecast, Year-End Data Table

table 5, available at http://www.aia-aerospace.org/industry_information/economics/aerospace_statistics/ as of March 17, 2009.

f Includes all railroads and private car owners.a U.S.-manufactured fixed-wing aircraft over 33,000 pounds empty weight, including all jet transports plus the 4-engine turboprop-powered Lockheed L-100.g Self-propelled, 1,000 or more gross tons.e Buses or bus-type vehicles only. Includes demand response beginning from 1985. Excludes vanpool vans and most rural and smaller systems prior to 1984. 

Motor bus numbers in this table are not comparable to the numbers reported in earlier editions due to changes in the methodology by the American Public Transit Association. Transit motor bus figure is also included as part of the bus total in the highway category.

Motorcycles:Civilian aircraft:

h Retail unit estimates. Includes outboard, inboard, and sterndrive boats, jet boats (since 1995), personal watercraft (since 1991), sailboats, canoes, and kayaks 

(since 2001). Also includes inflatable boats (except 1992 to 2002) and sailboards (until 1990).

1965-75: Ibid., Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures, 1998 (Detroit, MI: 1998), p. 12 and similar tables in earlier editions.

1980-2007: Ward's Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures, 2008 (Detroit, MI: 2008), p. 13.

SOURCES1960-1994: Aerospace Industries Association,Aerospace Facts and Figures (Washington, DC: Annual issues), Civil Aircraft Shipments

Highway:Passenger cars and trucks:2006-07: Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc., Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Top One Million for Record Sixth Consecutive Year, media release, Feb. 13, 2009, 

available at http://www.motorcycles.org as of March 2009.1960-80: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures, 1998 (Southfield, MI: 1999), p. 21 (passenger car) and p. 6 (truck).1985-2007: Ward's Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures, 2008 (Detroit, MI: 2008), p. 21 (passenger car) and p. 8 (truck).Buses:1965-97: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures, 1998 (Detroit, MI: 1998), p. 6 and similar tables in earlier editions.1998: Ward's Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures, 1999 (Detroit, MI: 1999), p. 6 and similar tables in earlier editions.1980-2005: National Bicycle Dealers Association, Industry Overview , available at http://www.nbda.com as of Apr. 23, 2007, and personal communication Sept. 24, 1996.Bicycles:Recreational vehicles:2006-07: National Bicycle Dealers Association, A Look at the Bicycle Industry's Vital Statistics , available at http://www.nbda.com as of March 2009.Truck sales for 1960 and for 1999 and later includes buses.NOTE1970-2000: Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc., Motorcycle Statistical Annual, 2001 (Irvine, CA: 2002), p. 8 and similar tables in earlier editions.2001-02: Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc., Motorcycle Sales Rev Up for 11th Straight Year, media release, Feb. 13, 2004, available at http://www.mic.org as of June 24, 2004.
Class I rail:

1998-2007: National Marine Manufacturers Association2007 Recreational Boating Statistical Abstract (Chicago, IL: 2007), available at http://www.nmma.org asof March 17, 2009.1980-1997: National Marine Manufacturers Association, Boating 2004 (Chicago, IL: 2005), annual retail unit estimates, available at http://www.nmma.org as of Fe

7, 2006.2003-05: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, personal communications, June 21, 200

1975-80: Ibid., Railroad Facts 1997 (Washington, DC: 1997), p. 17 and similar pages in earlier editions1985-2000: Amtrak, Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).Water:Merchant vessel:Transit:Recreational boat:1960-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, Merchant Fleets of the World (Washington, DC: Annual issues) and personal 

communications Sept. 2, 2003, Mar. 1, 2005, and Jan. 9, 2006.Amtrak:

Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts 2007 (Washington, DC: 2006), p. 55 and similar pages in earlier editionsAmerican Public Transit Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual issues), available at http://www.apta.com as of March 17, 2009.
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

AIR CARRIERa 2,125 2,679 2,495 3,805 4,678 6,083 6,054 7,320 7,297 7,370 7,411 7,478 7,616 8,111 8,228 8,055 8,497 8,194 8,176 8,186 8,225 8,089 8,044 

Fixed Wing, total 2,104 2,663 2,488 3,803 4,673 6,072 6,048 7,187 7,173 7,242 7,293 7,357 7,482 7,994 8,106 8,010 8,370 8,161 8,144 8,150 8,182 8,042 7,998 Turbojet, total 725 2,136 2,114 2,526 3,164 4,148 4,167 4,446 4,584 4,636 4,832 4,922 5,108 5,411 5,630 5,956 6,296 6,383 6,523 6,691 6,839 6,784 6,784 

Four engine 511 931 602 436 322 432 410 389 410 420 435 440 450 447 441 432 419 365 337 305 310 272 263 Three engine 173 659 994 1,347 1,488 1,438 1,376 1,381 1,292 1,236 1,210 1,212 1,224 1,238 1,181 1,061 996 790 602 519 540 523 416 Two engine 41 546 518 743 1,354 2,278 2,381 2,676 2,882 2,980 3,187 3,270 3,434 3,726 4,008 4,463 4,881 5,228 5,584 5,867 5,989 5,989 6,105 

Turboprop, total 312 374 260 682 1,073 1,595 1,598 1,894 1,868 1,782 1,713 1,696 1,646 1,832 1,788 1,469 1,494 1,250 1,123 989 889 803 761 

Four engine 215 110 68 92 108 88 75 107 102 87 81 56 45 39 28 29 24 17 16 17 777Two engine 89 259 192 590 965 1,507 1,523 1,787 1,751 1,695 1,632 1,635 1,596 1,789 1,759 1,440 1,470 1,233 1,107 968 880 791 750 One engine 8 5 U U U U U U 15 00554100004254

Piston, total 1,067 153 114 595 436 329 283 847 721 824 748 739 728 751 688 585 580 528 498 470 454 455 453 

Four engine 447 34 37 73 38 31 26 20 22 19 15 18 19 17 19 17 16 12 13 20 20 18 18 Three engine 590 110 69 U 4 6 5 5 0 5 1 7 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 14 15 Two engine 30 9 8 522 394 292 252 415 293 335 333 317 298 391 292 255 173 154 143 125 126 184 181 One engine U U U U U U U 407 406 465 399 397 407 340 374 310 388 359 339 323 306 239 239 

Helicopter 21 16 7 2 5 11 6 133 124 128 118 121 134 117 122 39 127 33 32 36 43 47 46 GENERAL AVIATION (GENERAL FLEET)b,f 95,442 161,743 168,475 211,043 196,500 198,000 196,874 185,650 177,120 172,935 188,089 191,129 192,414 204,710 219,464 217,533 211,446 211,244 209,708 219,426 224,352 221,943 231,607 

Fixed Wing, total c 93,130 127,934 161,570 200,094 184,700 184,500 182,585 171,671 156,936 150,158 162,342 163,691 166,854 175,203 184,723 183,276 177,697 176,283 176,624 182,867 185,373 182,186 186,806 Turbojet, total U 950 1,776 2,992 4,100 4,100 4,126 4,004 3,663 3,914 4,559 4,424 5,178 6,066 7,120 7,001 7,787 8,355 7,997 9,298 9,823 10,379 10,385 

Two engined U 822 1,742 2,551 3,600 3,700 3,863 3,738 3,426 3,652 4,071 4,077 4,638 5,513 6,387 6,215 5,643 7,655 7,465 8,649 9,097 10,379 U 

Othere U 128 34 441 50 400 263 266 237 262 488 347 539 552 733 786 831 701 532 650 727 U U 

Turboprop, total U 1,458 2,519 4,089 5,000 5,300 4,941 4,786 4,116 4,092 4,995 5,716 5,619 6,174 5,679 5,762 6,596 6,841 7,689 8,379 7,942 8,063 9,514 

Two engined U 1,287 2,486 3,966 4,900 4,900 4,415 4,187 3,443 3,605 4,295 4,917 4,939 5,076 4,641 5,040 5,643 5,703 5,790 5,858 5,307 5,487 5,456 

One engine U 138 33 U U U U U 650 481 668 719 650 1,033 1,018 678 915 1,108 1,821 2,468 2,595 2,576 4,059 

Other U 33 U 123 100 400 526 599 24 7 32 80 29 65 21 45 38 30 78 54 40 U U 

Piston, total 92,556 125,526 157,275 193,013 175,600 175,200 173,518 162,881 149,156 142,152 152,788 153,551 156,056 162,963 171,923 170,513 163,314 161,087 160,938 165,189 167,608 163,743 166,907 

Two engined 11,422 15,835 20,331 24,366 22,100 21,100 20,551 17,966 15,626 14,750 15,706 16,082 15,938 18,659 20,930 20,951 18,192 17,483 17,491 18,469 19,412 18,708 19,337 

One engine 81,134 109,492 136,944 168,435 153,400 154,000 152,836 144,837 133,516 127,351 137,049 137,401 140,038 144,234 150,886 149,422 145,034 143,503 143,265 146,613 148,101 145,036 147,569 Other U 199 U 212 100 100 131 77 14 51 33 68 79 70 108 140 89 101 182 107 95 U U 

Rotorcraft, total 1,503 2,255 4,073 6,001 6,000 6,900 6,238 5,979 4,721 4,728 5,830 6,570 6,786 7,425 7,448 7,150 6,783 6,648 6,525 7,821 8,728 9,159 9,567 Piston U 1,666 2,499 2,794 2,700 3,200 2,390 2,348 1,846 1,627 1,863 2,507 2,259 2,545 2,564 2,680 2,292 2,351 2,123 2,315 3,039 3,264 2,769 Turbine, total U 589 1,574 3,207 3,300 3,700 3,848 3,631 2,875 3,101 3,967 4,063 4,527 4,881 4,884 4,470 4,491 4,297 4,403 5,506 5,689 5,895 6,798 

Multiengine U U U U U U U U 629 616 733 643 764 843 839 694 884 686 853 1,130 1,151 1,268 1,367 

One engine U 589 UUUUUU 2,246 2,485 3,234 3,420 3,762 4,038 4,045 3,776 3,607 3,611 3,550 4,376 4,537 4,627 5,431 

Other Aircraft, total 809 1,554 2,832 4,945 5,800 6,600 8,051 8,000 5,037 5,906 4,741 4,244 4,092 5,580 6,765 6,700 6,545 6,377 6,008 5,939 6,454 6,277 5,940 

Gliders UUUUUUUU 1,814 2,976 2,182 1,934 2,016 2,105 2,041 2,041 1,904 1,951 2,002 2,116 2,074 1,975 1,947 

Lighter-than-Air UUUUUUUU 3,223 2,931 2,559 2,310 2,075 3,475 4,725 4,660 4,641 4,426 4,006 3,823 4,380 4,303 3,993 

Experimental, total UUUUUUUU 10,426 12,144 15,176 16,625 14,680 16,502 20,528 20,407 20,421 21,936 20,550 22,800 23,627 23,047 23,228 

Amateur Built UUUUUUUU 6,171 8,833 9,328 11,566 10,261 13,189 16,858 16,739 16,736 18,168 17,028 19,165 19,817 19,316 19,538 

Exhibition UUUUUUUU 1,868 637 2,245 2,094 1,798 1,630 1,999 1,973 2,052 2,190 2,031 2,070 2,120 2,103 2,101 

Other UUUUUUUU 2,387 2,674 3,603 2,965 2,620 1,684 1,671 1,694 1,633 1,578 1,491 1,565 1,691 1,629 1,589 

KEY: U = data are unavailable.

Table 1-13: Active U.S. Air Carrier and General Aviation Fleet by Type of Aircraft (Number of carriers)

SOURCESAir carriers: 1965: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1966 Edition. (Washington, DC: 1966), table 7.5.

d For 1965-1975 this category includes multiengine aircraft.e For 1975, this category includes single-engine aircraft.f Source reported rounded data for general aviation for 1985 and 1990.a Air carrier aircraft are aircraft carrying passengers or cargo for hire under 14 CFR 121 (large aircraft-more than 30 seats) and 14 CFR 135 (small aircraft-30 seats or less). This definition ismore encompassing than that in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aviation Forecast- jet aircraft, 60 seats or more carrying passengers or cargo for hire. Beginning in 1990, the number of aircraft is the monthly average reported in use for the last three months of the year. Prior to 1990, it was the number of aircraft reported in use during December of a given year. b Details may not add to totals due to estimation procedures and rounding. Beginning in 1993, excludes commuters. Prior to 1993, single-engine turboprops were included in Turboprop, 

Other ; single and multiengine turbine rotorcraft were not shown separately; Gliders and Lighter-than-air aircraft were combined into the Other category; and Experimental aircraft were 

included in the appropriate aircraft type; for example, prior to 1993, the Piston, One engine aircraft type included both experimental and nonexperimental aircraft. Starting in 1993, that 

aircraft type only includes nonexperimental aircraft. Due to changes in methodology beginning in 1995, estimates may not be comparable to those for 1994 and earlier years. c For 1965, total includes 574 turbine aircraft of unspecified subtype.

1970: Ibid., Calendar Year 1971. (Washington, DC: 1972), table 5.5.NOTESPrior to 1970, aircraft counts included aircraft retained in FAA data systems until the owners requested that they be deregistered. As a result, thousands of aircraft that had been destroyed over the years remained in the system. Since 1970, annual verification of aircraft registrations is required. Failure to comply with this requirement leads to revocation of the registration certificate and exclusion of the aircraft from the official count of the following year. Listed engine configurations (e.g., two-, three-, multi-) represent all applicable combinations for each aircraft type. Totals may not agree with those in other tables as revisions to prior year data are reported at the aggregate level only.1995-2008: Aerospace Industries Association, Aerospace Facts and Figures (Washington DC: Annual Issues), "Active U.S. Air Carrier Fleet," and similar tables in earlier editions.

General aviation: 1965: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1966 Edition. (Washington, DC: 1966), table 5.1.1970: Ibid., Calendar Year 1971. (Washington, DC: 1972), table 8.3.1975: Ibid., Calendar Year 1975. (Washington, DC: Dec. 31, 1975), table 5.3.1980: Ibid., Calendar Year 1980. (Washington, DC: Dec. 31, 1980), table 5.2.1985: Ibid., Calendar Year 1993. FAA-APO-95-5 (Washington, DC: 1995), table 5.2.1990-94: Ibid., Calendar Year 1996, available at http://www.api.faa.gov/handbook96/toc96.htm as of Mar. 31, 2000, table 5.2.1975: Ibid., Calendar Year 1975. (Washington, DC: Dec. 31, 1975), table 8.4.1992-2008: lbid., General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey, Calendar Year 2008 (Washington, DC: 2009), table 1.2, available at 

http://www.faa.gov/data_statistics/aviation_data_statistics/general_aviation/ as of Apr. 23, 2010. 1980: Ibid., General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey, Annual Report Calendar Year 1980, FAA-MS-81-5 (Washington, DC: December 1985), table 2-6.1985: Ibid., Annual Summary Report 1994 Data, FAA-APO-95-10 (Washington, DC: 1996), table 1.2.1990: Ibid., General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey, Calendar Year 1999 (Washington, DC: 2001), table 1.2.1991: Ibid., General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey, Calendar Year 2002 (Washington, DC: 2004), table 1.2. 
f 

f 

Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Truck Fleets by Use (Thousands)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001e 20

TOTAL automobiles and trucks in fleets U U U U U 15,257 15,570 15,869 16,879 15,530 15,196 13,642 11

Automobiles in fleets, total U U U U U 9,042 9,124 9,225 9,550 7,742 7,346 6,640 5

Automobiles in fleets of 25 or more (10 or more cars for 1999-2001 and 15 or more cars for 2002-04)a

Businessb 2,889 2,628 2,492 1,751 1,722 1,326 1,295 1,188 1,159 3,195 2,950 2,620 

Governmentc 538 504 516 401 428 1,214 1,209 1,218 1,030 885 883 734 1

Utilities 551 544 548 386 382 376 376 377 359 320 317 U 

Police 249 250 264 264 266 269 274 280 289 302 306 312 

Taxi (includes vans) 141 141 140 140 141 139 130 181 190 135 136 142 

Rental (includes vans and SUVs) 990 1,160 1,448 1,501 1,473 1,518 1,590 1,608 1,602 1,733 1,581 1,542 1

Automobiles in fleets of 4 to 24 (4 to 9 cars for 1999-2001 and 5 to 14 cars for 2002-05)a U U U U U 4,200 4,250 4,373 4,921 1,172 1,173 1,290 1

Trucks in fleets, total U U U U U 6,215 6,446 6,644 7,329 7,788 7,850 7,002 6

Trucks in fleets of 25 or more (10 or more trucks for 1999-2001 and 15 or more cars for 2002-05)a

Businessd U U 1,080 1,378 1,375 1,205 1,275 1,332 1,360 3,016 3,026 2,820 2

Governmentc U U 297 632 646 2,221 2,215 2,223 2,010 2,400 2,408 2,052 2

Utilities U U 593 493 487 480 482 483 459 499 498 U 

Other (police, taxi, etc.) U U 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 

Rental trucks (not including vans and SUVs) U U 304 308 363 202 197 179 181 213 248 246 

Trucks in fleets of 4 to 24 (4 to 9 trucks for 1999-2001 and 5 to 14 cars from 2002-05)a U U U U U 2,100 2,270 2,420 3,311 1,652 1,662 1,875 1

KEY: SUV = sport utility vehicle; U = data are not available.

a The data source, Bobit Publishing, changed data collection categories in 1999 and again in 2002.b Includes driver schools.c Includes military vehicles and federal, state, county, and local government vehicles.d Businesses with Class 1-5 trucks may include leasing, construction, plumbing, heating, food distribution, pest control, cable TV, etc. e 2001-2005 data do not include employee-owned fleet information as the source has stopped publishing the data.f Business and utility data have been combined in the 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 issues of the Automotive Fleet Fact Book.

SOURCEBobit Publishing Co., Automotive Fleet Fact Book, annual issues.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Production, total 7,905 11,120 8,284 8,987 8,010 11,638 9,767 8,790 9,691 10,855 12,239 11,995 11,830 12,131 12,003 13,025 12,774 11,425 12,280 

Passenger cars 6,703 9,335 6,550 6,717 6,376 8,186 6,078 5,440 5,667 5,982 6,601 6,340 6,083 5,934 5,554 5,638 5,542 4,879 5,019 

Commercial vehiclesa 1,202 1,785 1,734 2,270 1,634 3,452 3,690 3,350 4,025 4,873 5,638 5,655 5,747 6,197 6,448 7,387 7,231 6,546 7,261 

Factory (wholesale) sales, total 7,869 11,057 8,239 8,985 8,067 11,467 9,775 8,795 9,747 10,857 12,189 12,023 11,916 12,223 12,112 12,127 12,527 11,108 U 

Passenger cars 6,675 9,306 6,547 6,713 6,400 8,002 6,050 5,407 5,685 5,962 6,549 6,310 6,140 6,070 5,677 5,428 5,504 4,884 U 

Commercial vehiclesa 1,194 1,752 1,692 2,272 1,667 3,464 3,725 3,388 4,062 4,895 5,640 5,713 5,776 6,153 6,435 6,699 7,022 6,224 7,286 

Ward's stopped collecting sales data for Passenger cars after 2001 because sales data are very close to production data. 

KEY: U = data are unavailable. 

Table 1-15: Annual U.S. Motor Vehicle Production and Factory (Wholesale) Sales (Thousands of units)

Ward's, Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures, U.S. Production and Factory Sales of Cars, Trucks and Buses (Southfield, MI: Annual 

Issues).

a Includes trucks under 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR), such as compact and conventional pickups, sport utility

vehicles, minivans, and vans, and trucks and buses over 10,000 pounds GVWR.

NOTESFactory sales can be greater than production total because of sales from previous year's inventory.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCE
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2

Total new passenger car sales 8,400 8,624 8,949 10,979 9,303 8,189 8,213 8,518 8,991 8,635 8,526 8,272 8,142 8,698 8,847 8,423 8,103 7,610 7,545 

Domesticb 7,119 7,053 6,580 8,205 6,919 6,162 6,286 6,742 7,255 7,129 7,255 6,917 6,762 6,979 6,831 6,325 5,878 5,527 5,396 

Imports 1,280 1,572 2,369 2,775 2,384 2,028 1,927 1,776 1,735 1,506 1,271 1,355 1,380 1,719 2,016 2,098 2,226 2,083 2,149 

Japan 313 808 1,894 2,171 1,719 1,505 1,452 1,328 1,239 982 726 726 691 758 863 837 930 830 810 

Germany 750 493 292 408 263 193 201 186 192 207 237 297 367 467 517 523 547 544 542 

Other 217 271 184 196 402 330 275 262 303 317 308 332 322 494 637 738 749 709 797 

NOTE1980-2008: Ward's, Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures (Southfield, MI: Annual Issues).

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1970: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures 1992 (Detroit, MI: 1992), p. 16.

SOURCES

a Retail new car sales include both sales to individuals and to corporate fleets. It also includes leased cars.b Includes cars produced in Canada and Mexico.

Table 1-16: Retaila New Passenger Car Sales (Thousands of units)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Total, vehicle sales and leases (R) 51,667 (R) 49,820 (R) 50,057 (R) 52,243 (R) 55,539 (R) 56,864 (R) 56,250 (R) 56,727 (R) 56,799 (R) 58,140 (R) 59,426 (R) 60,092 (R) 60,164 (R) 60,539 (R) 59,844 (R) 61,583 

New vehicle sales and leases (R) 14,137 (R) 12,530 (R) 13,107 (R) 14,186 (R) 15,398 (R) 15,106 (R) 15,449 (R) 15,490 (R) 15,958 (R) 17,401 (R) 17,806 (R) 17,468 (R) 17,139 (R) 16,967 (R) 17,299 (R) 17,445 

Passenger cars 9,300 8,175 8,214 8,518 8,990 8,636 8,527 8,273 8,142 8,697 8,852 8,422 (R) 8,103 (R) 7,611 (R) 7,545 (R) 7,720 

Light Trucks (R) 4,837 (R) 4,355 (R) 4,892 (R) 5,668 (R) 6,407 (R) 6,470 (R) 6,922 (R) 7,218 (R) 7,816 (R) 8,704 (R) 8,954 (R) 9,046 (R) 9,035 (R) 9,357 (R) 9,753 (R) 9,725 

New vehicle salesa (R) 13,562 (R) 11,787 (R) 11,904 (R) 12,334 (R) 12,879 (R) 12,458 (R) 12,486 (R) 12,066 (R) 12,371 (R) 12,990 (R) 13,644 (R) 13,861 (R) 13,967 (R) 13,919 (R) 14,042 (R) 14,047 

Passenger cars 8,766 7,508 7,332 7,321 7,275 6,841 6,721 6,211 (R) 5,968 6,395 6,581 6,407 6,371 (R) 5,928 (R) 5,777 (R) 5,859 

Light Trucks (R) 4,796 (R) 4,279 (R) 4,571 (R) 5,013 (R) 5,603 (R) 5,617 (R) 5,765 (R) 5,856 (R) 6,403 (R) 6,595 (R) 7,063 (R) 7,454 (R) 7,596 (R) 7,991 (R) 8,264 (R) 8,188 

New vehicle leasesb 575 743 1,203 1,852 2,519 2,648 2,963 3,424 3,587 4,411 4,162 3,607 (R) 3,172 (R) 3,048 3,257 3,397 

Passenger cars 534 667 882 1,197 1,715 1,795 1,806 2,062 2,174 2,301 2,272 2,015 1,732 1,683 1,768 1,861 Light Trucks 41 76 321 655 804 853 1,157 1,362 1,413 2,110 1,891 1,593 1,439 1,366 1,489 1,536 

Used vehicle salesc 37,530 37,290 36,950 38,057 40,141 41,758 40,801 41,237 40,841 40,739 41,620 42,624 43,025 43,572 42,545 44,138 

Value ($ in billions)d

Total, new and used vehicle sales 447 437 486 524 582 611 627 642 651 698 736 737 721 738 765 776 

New vehicle sales 227 208 240 267 291 292 298 306 316 348 380 369 371 382 407 421 Used vehicle sales 220 229 246 257 291 319 329 336 335 350 356 367 350 356 358 355 

Average Price (current $)d

New and used vehicle sales (R) 8,691 (R) 8,813 9,759 10,078 10,543 10,818 11,221 11,385 11,545 12,098 12,469 12,321 12,034 12,253 12,868 12,695 

New vehicle sales 16,350 16,880 18,655 19,200 19,335 19,819 19,727 20,214 20,276 20,534 21,850 21,507 22,005 22,894 24,082 24,796 

Used vehicle sales 5,857 6,143 6,656 6,742 7,245 7,644 8,073 8,139 8,211 8,587 8,547 8,619 8,130 8,180 8,410 8,036 

New vehicle sales and leases:New vehicle sales:New vehicle leases:Used vehicle sales, value, and average price:Components may not add to totals due to rounding.Calculated by U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

a New vehicle sales data is calculated by subtracting CNW Marketing's vehicle leasing data from BEA's data which combines sales and leases (see below for sources).c Used car sales include sales from franchised dealers, independent dealers, and casual sales. 

KEY: R = revised.Manheim Consulting, personal communication, Aug. 27, 2010.NOTESAverage price cannot be calculated from the data presented in this table because the vehicle sales and value of sales are from different sources.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Underlying Detail for the National Income and Product Account Tables, Table 7.2.5S, available at http://www.bea.gov/ as of Sept. 1, 2010.CNW Marketing / Research, personal communication, Aug. 30, 2010.

d Includes leased vehicles.b Consumer leases only.

SOURCES

Table 1-17: New and Used Passenger Car Sales and Leases (Thousands of vehicles)

New vehicle sales and leases reported in this table are not seasonally adjusted. These data are not comparable to the data reported in table 1-18 due to differences that arise from the seasonal adjustment. 
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (R

Total sales and leases of new cars 9,333 (R) 8,403 8,538 8,982 10,978 9,300 8,175 8,214 8,518 8,990 8,637 8,527 8,273 (R) 8,143 8,697 8,852 8,422 8,102 7,615 

Consumer 7,103 6,252 5,907 6,100 7,092 5,677 4,424 4,566 4,656 4,600 4,326 4,079 3,907 (R) 3,981 (R) 4,388 (R) 4,678 (R) 4,629 (R) 4,523 4,341 Business 2,140 2,056 2,508 2,758 3,754 3,477 3,648 3,529 3,672 4,183 4,070 4,223 4,166 3,943 4,076 (R) 3,950 (R) 3,570 (R) 3,374 3,074 Government 90 94 123 124 132 (R) 147 103 119 190 207 241 225 199 219 232 224 223 205 (R) 200 

Percentage of total sales and leases

Consumer 76.1 74.4 69.2 67.9 64.6 61.0 54.1 55.6 54.7 51.2 50.1 47.8 47.2 48.9 50.5 (R) 52.8 55.0 55.8 57.0 Business 22.9 24.5 29.4 30.7 34.2 37.4 44.6 43.0 43.1 46.5 47.1 49.5 50.4 48.4 46.9 44.6 42.4 41.6 40.4 Government 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.4 2.2 2.3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 

1970-2009: Ibid., Underlying Detail for the National Income and Product Account Tables , table 7.2.5S, available at http://www.bea.gov/ as of Sept. 2, 2010.

1965: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Wealth Division, unpublished data.KEY: R = revised.Annual numbers are calculated by averaging monthly data.SOURCESNumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Government sales are determined by subtracting the consumer and business sales from total sales.The data is seasonally adjusted at annual rates. These data are not comparable to the data reported in table 1-17 due to differences that arise from the seasonal adjustment. 

Table 1-18: Retail Sales and Leases of New Cars by Sector (Thousands of vehicles)

NOTESThis table includes imported cars, but not vans, trucks, or sport utility vehicles.
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Total U.S. salesa of hybrid vehicles 17 9,350 20,282 22,335 47,566 84,199 205,828 253,518 352,862 315,688 290,740 274,421

Domestic

b 00 0 0 0 2,993 15,960 24,198 77,629 86,082 81,882 64,893

Imports 17 9,350 20,282 22,335 47,566 81,206 189,868 229,320 275,233 229,606 208,858 209,528

SOURCE

WardsAuto.com, Ward's Automotive Group, personal communication, Mar. 18, 2011.

Table 1-19: Sales of Hybrid Vehicles in the United States

a Sales includes leased vehicles and fleet sales. b Includes cars produced in Canada and Mexico.

NOTEThe first domestic hybrid vehicle was not introduced in the U.S. market until 2004. A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle powered by a combination of battery-electric motor(s) and an internal combustion engine.
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

SalesTOTAL units 9,443 10,791 8,810 8,524 8,108 8,456 8,415 9,396 7,890 8,335 7,972 8,379 9,128 8,408 8,304 7,951 7,53

Small Cars 4,825 5,519 4,999 5,032 4,440 4,537 4,720 5,190 4,197 4,443 3,839 3,919 4,266 4,065 3,801 3,698 3,27Midsize Cars 2,987 2,777 2,342 2,114 2,120 2,330 2,057 2,515 2,359 2,399 2,968 3,141 2,894 2,480 2,807 2,483 2,52Large Cars 963 1,512 1,092 1,012 1,240 1,103 1,277 1,306 1,066 1,195 913 1,059 1,665 1,416 1,252 1,261 1,18Small Wagons 310 496 160 209 143 301 206 198 90 149 99 78 68 212 236 338 30Midsize Wagons 257 341 184 122 137 166 138 176 169 149 153 181 234 236 208 171 15Large Wagons 102 145 31 34 27 19 16 10 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9

Market share, percent

Small Cars 51.1 51.1 56.7 59.0 54.8 53.7 56.1 55.2 53.2 53.3 48.2 46.8 46.7 48.3 45.8 46.5 43.Midsize Cars 31.6 25.7 26.6 24.8 26.1 27.6 24.4 26.8 29.9 28.8 37.2 37.5 31.7 29.5 33.8 31.2 33.Large Cars 10.2 14.0 12.4 11.9 15.3 13.0 15.2 13.9 13.5 14.3 11.5 12.6 18.2 16.8 15.1 15.9 15.Small Wagons 3.3 4.6 1.8 2.5 1.8 3.6 2.4 2.1 1.1 1.8 1.2 0.9 0.7 2.5 2.8 4.3 4.Midsize Wagons 2.7 3.2 2.1 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.Large Wagons 1.1 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.

Fuel economy, mpg

Fleet 23.5 27.0 27.8 28.0 27.6 28.2 28.0 28.3 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.2 28.2 28.4 28.6 28.9 28.Small Cars 26.1 29.8 29.8 30.0 30.0 30.5 30.4 30.7 30.8 30.9 30.9 30.3 30.3 30.7 30.7 30.6 30.Midsize Cars 21.6 24.9 26.2 26.0 25.8 26.1 25.9 26.1 26.5 26.5 27.1 27.1 27.0 27.2 27.7 28.3 28.Large Cars 19.1 22.3 23.7 23.6 23.8 24.2 24.1 24.5 24.3 24.5 24.6 24.8 25.6 25.4 26.0 26.0 26.Small Wagons 28.6 32.5 29.6 30.6 30.2 32.5 32.9 33.3 31.6 32.2 32.1 31.5 29.2 27.3 26.1 30.2 31.Midsize Wagons 21.1 25.2 25.3 25.9 26.2 26.2 26.0 26.6 26.3 26.3 26.2 26.3 27.3 26.6 27.4 27.2 26.Large Wagons 19.1 20.9 22.7 22.9 22.7 22.5 22.9 22.8 23.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.

Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Imported Automobiles (Thousands of vehicles)

SOURCEU.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 29, table 4.7 (Oak Ridge, TN), available at http://cta.ornl.gov/data/index.shtml as of Nov. 19, 2010.KEY: mpg = miles per gallon; NA = not applicable. NOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Salesa

TOTAL units 1,863 3,669 3,805 4,049 4,064 4,754 5,710 5,749 5,254 6,124 6,485 6,839 7,447 7,202 7,815 7,824 8,173 

Small Pickups 452 497 289 309 252 263 358 298 221 131 260 213 101 81 197 194 161 Midsize Pickups 98 616 600 873 716 743 1,040 700 698 690 829 761 766 545 466 527 378 

Large Pickups 887 964 945 738 872 996 1,271 1,273 1,036 1,587 1,326 1,571 1,746 1,893 1,717 1,753 1,967 Small Vans 16 93 30 15 40 12 11 6 2 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Midsize Vans 130 600 1,124 943 1,088 1,323 1,295 1,552 1,298 1,126 1,357 1,292 1,522 938 1,131 1,121 893 Large Vans 96 162 107 76 93 106 112 104 109 139 132 171 170 294 112 111 60 Small SUV 60 115 189 136 129 144 188 189 120 489 316 314 400 390 354 264 256 Midsize SUV 100 563 447 904 799 1,038 1,265 1,397 1,528 1,401 1,623 1,762 1,863 1,944 1,802 2,093 2,502 Large SUV 23 57 72 54 75 129 169 230 241 560 642 754 879 1,115 2,034 1,760 1,955 

Market share, percent

Small Pickups 24.3 13.5 7.6 7.6 6.2 5.5 6.3 5.2 4.2 2.1 4.0 3.1 1.4 1.1 2.5 2.5 2.0 

Midsize Pickups 5.3 16.8 15.8 21.6 17.6 15.6 18.2 12.2 13.3 11.3 12.8 11.1 10.3 7.6 6.0 6.7 4.6 Large Pickups 47.6 26.3 24.8 18.2 21.5 21.0 22.3 22.1 19.7 25.9 20.4 23.0 23.4 26.3 22.0 22.4 24.1 Small Vans 0.9 2.5 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Midsize Vans 7.0 16.4 29.5 23.3 26.8 27.8 22.7 27.0 24.7 18.4 20.9 18.9 20.4 13.0 14.5 14.3 10.9 Large Vans 5.2 4.4 2.8 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.3 4.1 1.4 1.4 0.7 Small SUV 3.2 3.1 5.0 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.3 8.0 4.9 4.6 5.4 5.4 4.5 3.4 3.1 Midsize SUV 5.4 15.3 11.7 22.3 19.7 21.8 22.2 24.3 29.1 22.9 25.0 25.8 25.0 27.0 23.1 26.8 30.6 Large SUV 1.2 1.6 1.9 1.3 1.8 2.7 3.0 4.0 4.6 9.1 9.9 11.0 11.8 15.5 26.0 22.5 23.9 

Fuel Economy, mpg

Fleet 18.6 20.6 20.7 21.3 20.8 21.0 20.8 20.5 20.8 20.6 20.9 20.5 20.8 20.6 20.6 20.9 20.8 

Small Pickups 24.3 26.7 24.8 25.0 24.6 26.3 24.9 24.4 24.6 24.9 24.5 23.2 26.3 26.5 23.2 23.2 22.6 Midsize Pickups 25.9 25.7 24.7 24.6 23.8 23.7 24.0 24.7 24.8 24.2 23.9 22.5 22.8 21.8 21.1 22.8 21.8 Large Pickups 17.2 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.3 18.7 18.4 18.0 18.2 18.9 18.6 18.5 19.3 18.9 18.7 18.9 19.0 Small Vans 19.0 25.5 23.9 24.0 27.0 28.2 27.0 26.5 26.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Midsize Vans 16.9 19.8 21.8 21.9 21.8 22.3 22.0 22.2 22.8 22.6 23.3 23.0 23.5 24.0 23.7 24.1 24.1 Large Vans 16.0 16.1 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.0 17.0 17.1 17.1 18.6 18.3 17.9 18.0 17.7 17.9 18.7 19.4 

Small SUV 18.8 22.1 23.4 23.6 23.4 23.2 24.1 24.2 28.5 22.8 23.8 24.1 22.5 24.9 24.7 25.2 24.7 Midsize SUV 14.3 19.7 19.1 20.2 19.9 20.0 19.8 19.6 20.0 20.5 20.8 21.0 21.0 21.7 21.8 22.4 22.5 

Large SUV 14.3 16.9 16.7 16.2 15.7 16.3 16.4 16.6 17.3 17.5 17.4 17.2 17.6 18.5 19.1 18.8 18.9 

Table 1-21: Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Imported Light Trucks (Thousands of vehicles)

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book , Edition 29, table 4.9 (Oak Ridge, TN), available at http://cta.ornl.gov/data/index.shtml as of Nov. 22, 2010.KEY: mpg = miles per gallon; NA = not applicable; SUV = sport utility vehicle; Z = value of zero.

NOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding. 

a Sales period is October 1 of the previous year through September 30 of the current year. These figures represent only those sales 

that could be matched to corresponding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy values.

SOURCE
1992 1997 2002

ALL trucks 59,200.8 72,800.3 85,174.8 23.0% 43.9%

Light Trucks

Less than 6,001 lb 50,545.7 62,798.4 62,617.3 24.2% 23.9%

6,001 to 10,000 lb 4,647.5 5,301.5 17,142.3 14.1% 268.8%

Medium Trucks

10,001 to 14,000 lb 694.3 818.9 1,142.1 17.9% 64.5%

14,001 to 16,000 lb 282.4 315.9 395.9 11.9% 40.2%

16,001 to 19,500 lb 282.3 300.8 376.1 6.6% 33.2%

Light-heavy Trucks

19,501 to 26,000 lb 732.0 729.3 910.3 -0.4% 24.4%

Heavy Trucks

26,001 to 33,000 lb 387.3 427.7 436.8 10.4% 12.8%

33,001 to 40,000 lb 232.6 256.7 228.8 10.4% -1.6%

40,001 to 50,000 lb 338.6 399.9 318.4 18.1% -6.0%

50,001 to 60,000 lb 226.7 311.4 326.6 37.4% 44.1%

60,001 to 80,000 lb 781.1 1,069.8 1,178.7 37.0% 50.9%

80,001 to 100,000 lb 33.3 46.3 68.9 39.0% 106.9%

100,001 to 130,000 lb 12.3 17.9 26.4 45.5% 114.6%

130,000 lb or more 4.6 5.9 6.3 28.3% 37.0%

Not reported <50 <50 N N N

Average vehicle weight is the empty weight of the vehicle plus the average load of the vehicle.

Excludes vehicles owned by Federal, state, or local governments; ambulances; buses; motor homes; farm tractors; 

unpowered trailer units; and trucks reported to have been sold, junked, or wrecked prior to July 1 of the year 

preceding the 1992 and 1997 surveys and January 1, 2002 for the 2002 survey.

SOURCES

1992, 1997: U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census: Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey: United States , 

EC97TV-US (Washington, DC: 1999). 

2002: U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census: Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey: United States , EC02TV-US 

(Washington, DC: 2004). 

Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Weight 

Percent 

change 1992-

2002

Percent 

change 1992-

1997

Thousands of trucks

KEY: lb = pound; N = data do not exist.

NOTES
1961 1971 1981 1991 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total world 11,391 26,453 27,407 35,288 35,717 36,100 37,318 38,481 37,286 38,816 40,732 40,144 41,215 41,782 42,832 44,113 46,512 49,175 50,025 43,451

U.S. percent of world 48.5 32.5 22.8 15.4 18.5 17.6 16.3 15.4 14.9 14.5 13.6 12.2 12.2 10.8 9.9 9.8 9.4 8.0 7.5 5.2

Argentina 78 193 139 114 338 227 269 366 353 225 239 170 111 110 171 183 263 351 400 380

Australia 182 393 352 269 323 314 303 320 350 294 324 286 307 366 341 320 298 306 286 188

Austria 8 1 7 14 45 59 97 98 91 124 116 131 131 119 227 231 248 200 125 57

Belgium U 279 216 253 409 386 368 356 319 218 912 1,059 937 792 852 895 882 790 680 510

Brazil 98 342 406 705 1,248 1,297 1,459 1,680 1,244 1,102 1,348 1,482 1,521 1,505 1,756 2,009 2,092 2,388 2,561 2,578

Canada 328 1,083 803 1,060 1,214 1,337 1,279 1,374 1,122 1,626 1,551 1,275 1,369 1,340 1,336 1,356 1,390 1,342 1,195 822

China U U U 81 250 321 382 482 507 570 620 704 1,091 2,019 2,316 3,118 3,869 4,798 6,341 8,509

Czech Republicb 59 149 181 173 174 208 263 321 368 348 428 457 441 436 443 599 850 926 933 968

France 988 2,694 2,612 3,188 3,175 3,051 3,148 2,259 2,603 2,676 2,883 3,182 3,284 3,220 2,913 3,113 2,728 2,551 2,145 1,815

Germany 1,802 3,829 3,758 4,677 4,094 4,360 4,540 4,678 5,348 5,310 4,803 5,301 4,799 5,145 5,192 5,350 5,399 5,709 5,532 4,965

India 22 42 42 179 237 330 396 410 384 519 514 548 706 907 940 999 1,186 1,377 1,507 1,781

Italy 694 1,701 1,257 1,633 1,341 1,422 1,318 1,563 1,402 1,410 1,422 1,272 1,126 1,026 834 726 893 911 659 661

Japan 250 3,718 6,974 9,753 7,802 7,611 7,864 8,491 8,056 8,100 8,363 8,118 8,619 8,478 8,720 9,017 9,757 9,945 9,916 6,862

South Korea U U 69 1,158 1,806 2,003 2,265 2,308 1,625 2,362 2,602 2,471 2,651 2,768 2,054 2,195 2,298 2,509 2,436 2,375

Malaysia U U U 102 137 164 176 280 126 200 280 345 UUUUUUUU

Mexico U 154 355 720 857 699 798 855 953 994 1,130 1,001 960 774 782 846 1,098 1,209 1,217 943

Netherlands 13 78 78 85 92 100 145 197 243 262 215 189 182 163 188 115 87 62 59 51

Poland 14 86 248 168 349 347 353 295 460 651 533 367 287 285 516 527 609 695 840 833

Portugal U U U U 38 41 119 186 181 187 191 177 183 166 151 138 143 134 132 102

Romania U U U 84 85 71 76 108 104 88 58 57 UUUUUUUU

Russia 149 518 1,324 1,308 796 838 868 982 U 946 966 1,022 981 1,010 1,110 1,068 1,174 1,289 1,469 596

Spain 55 453 855 1,943 1,974 2,131 2,213 2,342 2,217 2,029 2,445 2,211 2,267 2,399 2,403 2,098 2,079 2,196 2,014 1,827

Sweden 110 287 258 269 353 388 368 376 368 385 260 248 238 280 290 289 289 317 252 129

Taiwan U U U 266 291 282 265 268 293 255 265 195 245 265 300 324 211 213 139 184

Turkey U 13 25 196 213 233 208 243 U U 297 175 204 294 447 454 546 635 622 511

United Kingdom 1,004 1,742 955 1,237 1,467 1,532 1,686 1,698 1,748 1,787 1,629 1,492 1,628 1,658 1,647 1,596 1,442 1,535 1,448 91

United States 5,522 8,584 6,253 5,440 6,601 6,340 6,083 5,934 5,554 5,638 5,542 4,879 5,019 4,510 4,230 4,321 4,367 3,924 3,777 2,246

Yugoslavia, Federal 

Republic ofc

15 114 240 213 8 8 911UUUUUUUUUUUU

1961 1971 1981 1991 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total world 3,809 6,948 9,729 11,974 13,941 13,946 14,178 14,993 14,807 16,132 16,799 16,181 17,757 18,549 21,131 21,607 22,049 22,889 (R) 19,374 16,638

U.S. percent of world 29.7 30.1 17.4 28.0 40.4 40.6 40.5 41.3 43.5 45.8 43.0 40.5 40.9 40.8 36.6 35.3 31.3 29.8 25.3 20.8

Argentina 58 60 33 25 70 59 44 80 105 80 101 66 48 60 89 137 169 194 198 133

Australia 49 77 40 15 31 17 19 29 34 17 25 34 37 48 64 69 20 26 39 35

Austria 5 6 8 6 3 9 910 12 16 25 24 20 21 21 23 27 28 25 16

Belgium 1 17 41 84 70 82 69 74 87 74 121 129 119 113 43 31 36 45 44 13

Brazil 47 174 374 255 334 332 346 388 329 242 323 316 271 322 454 519 519 582 659 608

Canada 63 277 520 829 1,106 1,071 1,118 1,198 1,050 1,430 1,411 1,258 1,260 1,213 1,376 1,332 1,182 1,237 887 668

China U U U 628 1,103 1,114 1,084 1,096 1,121 1,235 1,389 1,628 2,160 2,425 2,754 2,590 3,410 4,085 3,166 5,137

Czech Republicb 17 28 49 29 6 8 947 42 27 27 8 6 5 5 5 513 13 7

France 217 316 408 423 383 424 443 322 351 357 469 447 409 400 439 386 446 465 423 228

Germany 411 312 358 358 262 307 303 345 379 378 395 390 346 361 378 408 421 504 514 245

India 32 47 107 176 238 306 366 336 129 261 282 277 186 254 571 643 772 873 809 861

Italy 65 116 176 245 194 245 227 254 290 291 316 308 301 295 308 313 319 373 365 182

Japan 789 2,093 4,206 3,492 2,752 2,585 2,482 2,484 1,994 1,805 1,781 1,660 1,639 1,808 1,791 1,783 1,728 1,652 1,647 1,072

South Korea U U 65 340 506 523 548 510 329 471 513 475 496 410 1,416 1,505 1,542 1,577 1,391 1,138

Malaysia U U U 0 0 0 0 0 7 515 14 UUUUUUUU

Mexico U 57 242 269 266 236 422 503 500 540 792 856 845 801 771 838 948 886 950 618

Netherlands 6 13 12 26 23 32 19 20 28 25 52 50 49 56 60 65 72 77 73 26

Poland 22 60 60 25 16 34 48 27 39 44 24 20 23 14 76 85 106 90 105 74

Portugal U U U 26 87 16 13 81 90 65 56 62 68 74 76 82 84 42 43 24

Romania U U U 10 5 22 23 21 23 19 14 12 UUUUUUU

Russia 406 612 874 744 206 156 136 192 U 226 237 228 239 269 275 285 328 377 326 127

Spain 20 79 132 139 168 203 199 220 609 644 587 639 588 630 610 654 699 694 528 337

Sweden 22 30 55 75 82 102 95 104 114 109 36 38 38 43 48 35 39 44 46 23

Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 112 95 100 77 92 122 131 123 92 71 44 43

Turkey U 12 22 46 31 49 69 102 U U 133 95 142 240 376 426 442 465 526 359

United Kingdom 443 456 230 217 228 233 238 238 233 186 189 193 193 189 209 207 208 216 202 999

United States 1,131 2,088 1,690 3,350 5,638 5,655 5,747 6,197 6,448 7,387 7,231 6,546 7,261 7,577 7,731 7,625 6,893 6,828 (R) 4,896 3,463

Yugoslavia, Federal 

Republic ofc

5 18 27 262212 UUUUUUUUUUUU

1961 1971 1981 1991 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total world 15,200 33,401 37,136 47,262 49,658 50,046 51,496 53,474 52,093 54,948 57,531 56,325 58,973 60,331 63,963 65,720 68,561 72,064 (R) 69,399 60,089

U.S. percent of world 43.8 32.0 21.4 18.6 24.6 24.0 23.0 22.7 23.0 23.7 22.2 20.3 20.8 20.0 18.7 18.2 16.4 14.9 12.5 9.5

Argentina 136 253 172 139 409 286 313 446 458 305 340 236 159 170 260 320 432 545 597 513

Australia 231 470 392 284 354 331 322 349 384 311 348 319 344 413 405 389 318 332 324 223

Austria 13 7 15 20 48 68 106 108 103 139 141 155 151 140 249 253 275 228 151 72

Belgium 1 296 257 337 479 468 437 430 406 291 1,033 1,187 1,056 904 895 927 918 834 725 523

Brazil 145 516 780 960 1,582 1,629 1,805 2,067 1,573 1,344 1,671 1,798 1,793 1,827 2,210 2,528 2,611 2,971 3,220 3,185

Canada 391 1,360 1,323 1,889 2,321 2,408 2,397 2,571 2,173 3,057 2,962 2,532 2,629 2,553 2,712 2,688 2,571 2,579 2,082 1,490

China U U U 709 1,353 1,435 1,466 1,578 1,628 1,805 2,009 2,332 3,251 4,444 5,071 5,708 7,280 8,882 9,507 13,646

Czech Republicb 76 177 230 202 180 216 272 369 411 376 455 465 447 442 448 605 855 939 946 975

France 1,205 3,010 3,020 3,611 3,558 3,475 3,591 2,581 2,954 3,033 3,352 3,628 3,693 3,620 3,352 3,499 3,174 3,016 2,568 2,043

Germany 2,213 4,141 4,116 5,035 4,356 4,667 4,843 5,023 5,727 5,688 5,198 5,692 5,145 5,507 5,570 5,758 5,820 6,213 6,046 5,210

India 54 89 149 355 475 636 762 746 513 780 796 825 892 1,161 1,511 1,642 1,958 2,250 2,316 2,642

Italy 759 1,817 1,433 1,878 1,534 1,667 1,545 1,817 1,693 1,701 1,738 1,580 1,427 1,322 1,142 1,038 1,212 1,284 1,024 843

Japan 1,039 5,811 11,180 13,245 10,554 10,196 10,346 10,975 10,050 9,905 10,145 9,777 10,258 10,286 10,512 10,800 11,484 11,596 11,564 7,935

South Korea U U 134 1,498 2,312 2,526 2,813 2,818 1,954 2,832 3,115 2,946 3,148 3,178 3,469 3,699 3,840 4,086 3,827 3,513

Malaysia U U U 102 137 164 176 280 134 205 295 359 UUUUUUUU

Mexico U 211 597 989 1,123 935 1,220 1,358 1,453 1,534 1,923 1,857 1,805 1,575 1,553 1,684 2,046 2,095 2,168 1,561

Netherlands 19 91 90 111 115 132 164 218 271 287 267 239 231 219 248 181 159 139 132 77

Poland 36 146 308 193 365 381 401 322 499 695 556 387 310 300 592 612 715 785 945 907

Portugal U U U 26 125 57 132 267 271 252 247 240 251 239 227 219 227 176 175 126

Romania U U U 94 90 93 99 129 127 107 72 69 UUUUUUUU

Russia 555 1,130 2,198 2,052 1,002 994 1,004 1,174 U 1,172 1,203 1,250 1,220 1,280 1,385 1,353 1,502 1,665 1,794 722

Spain 75 532 987 2,082 2,142 2,334 2,412 2,562 2,826 2,672 3,033 2,850 2,855 3,030 3,012 2,753 2,777 2,890 2,542 2,164

Sweden 132 317 313 344 435 490 463 480 483 494 296 286 276 323 339 324 327 361 299 152

Taiwan U U U 382 423 406 366 381 405 350 365 272 337 387 431 446 303 283 183 226

Turkey U 25 47 242 244 282 277 344 U U 431 271 347 534 823 879 988 1,099 1,147 870

United Kingdom 1,447 2,198 1,185 1,454 1,695 1,765 1,924 1,936 1,981 1,973 1,817 1,685 1,821 1,846 1,856 1,803 1,650 1,750 1,649 1,090

United States 6,653 10,672 7,943 8,790 12,239 11,995 11,830 12,131 12,003 13,025 12,774 11,425 12,280 12,087 11,960 11,947 11,260 10,752 (R) 8,672 5,709

Yugoslavia, Federal 

Republic ofc

20 132 267 239 910 10 14UUUUUUUUUUUU

Ward's, Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures (Southfield, MI: Annual Issues), p. 14 and similar pages in earlier editions.

a

 Does not include minivans, pickups, and sport utility vehicles.

b Formerly Czechoslovakia and Ward's does not report a number for Slovakia.

d

 Includes all trucks and buses. Light trucks, such as pickups, sport utility vehicles, and minivans are included under Commercial vehicles . 

NOTES

Prior to 2000, the country of manufacture was recognized as the producing country. To conform with current OICA (International Organization of Motor Vehicle 

Manufacturers) practices, starting in 2000, the country of final assembly was recognized as the producing country. This explains the sudden change in trends across some 

countries from 1999 to 2000.

Beginning in 1998, some smaller countries not listed in this table are included in the world totals.

SOURCE 

Table 1-23: World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Thousands of vehicles)

Passenger carsa

c Yugoslavia no longer exists and Ward's does not report numbers for countries that were previously a part of Yugoslavia .

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding. Also numbers may not add to totals due to the inclusion of small countries in the total.

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

Commercial vehiclesd

Total passenger carsa and commercial vehiclesd
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (

World fleet 17,317 18,329 19,980 22,872 24,867 25,555 23,596 23,943 23,753 24,331 25,092 25,608 26,858 27,557 (R) 27,828 28,259 28,318 (R) 25,847 (R) 26,782 (R) 27,694 U.S. fleet 2,926 2,376 1,579 857 864 737 636 619 603 565 543 509 495 477 470 463 454 443 426 418 U.S. Percentage of the world fleet 16.9 13.0 7.9 3.7 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 (R) 1.7 1.6 1.6 (R) 1.7 (R) 1.6 (R) 1.5 Freighters, total 2,138 1,747 1,076 511 471 417 367 359 349 322 308 295 292 288 289 284 286 283 276 274 

DWT (thousands) 21,877 18,127 11,733 7,051 6,885 7,353 7,265 7,156 7,211 7,040 6,866 6,517 6,419 6,458 6,732 6,696 6,680 6,635 (R) 6,402 (R) 6,521 

General cargoa N N N 356 259 209 166 165 182 169 152 142 146 142 140 137 136 132 126 123 

 DWT (thousands)a N N N 4,640 3,329 2,980 2,605 2,592 2,973 2,913 2,677 2,472 2,467 2,420 2,400 2,404 2,362 2,162 (R) 1,838 (R) 1,810 Containership N N N 109 121 104 92 92 83 87 86 81 83 85 91 89 90 91 90 86  DWT (thousands) N N N 1,773 2,289 2,651 2,856 2,856 2,722 2,812 2,802 2,600 2,639 2,743 3,096 3,056 3,058 3,200 (R) 3,290 (R) 3,281 Partial containerships N N N 37 68 63 59 52 30 33311 NNNNNN

 DWT (thousands) N N N 510 940 904 836 741 456 57 57 57 17 17 NNNNNNRO/Ro N N N 9 23 41 50 50 54 63 67 69 62 60 58 58 60 60 60 65  DWT (thousands) N N N 128 327 818 968 967 1,060 1,258 1,330 1,388 1,296 1,278 1,236 1,236 1,260 1,273 1,273 1,431 

Tankers, total 422 341 294 267 308 258 233 226 220 210 200 181 173 161 154 154 142 130 120 109  DWT (thousands) 7,815 7,561 7,739 9,711 16,152 15,534 15,641 14,993 14,180 13,048 11,945 11,028 10,378 9,696 9,289 9,373 8,447 7,532 (R) 6,531 (R) 5,771 

 Petroleum/chemicalb ships N N N N N 244 219 212 206 196 186 167 159 148 145 146 142 130 U U 

 DWT (thousands)b NNNNN 14,574 14,681 14,033 13,279 12,143 11,040 10,123 9,473 8,857 8,737 8,845 8,447 7,532 UU

 Liquefied petroleum/natural gas ships N N N N N 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 9 8 N N N N 

 DWT (thousands) N N N N N 960 960 960 901 905 905 905 905 839 552 528 N N N N 

Combination/passenger and cargo, total 309 227 171 60 65 37 10 10 11 12 13 13 15 14 12 11 11 13 12 15  DWT (thousands) 2,070 1,488 1,107 388 446 299 91 92 97 104 115 115 139 136 116 99 99 105 (R) 100 (R) 91 Bulk carriers, total 57 61 38 19 20 25 26 24 23 21 22 20 15 14 15 14 15 17 18 20  DWT (thousands) 805 1,107 767 544 607 1,152 1,270 1,014 991 949 1,042 925 575 321 604 579 604 706 (R) 797 (R) 837 

SOURCES 1960-2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, Merchant Fleets of the World (Washington, DC: Annual issues), and unpublished revisions.

2001-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, personal communication as of Janurary 2008 and June 2010.NOTES Excludes non-merchant type and/or U.S. Navy-owned vessels currently in the National Defense Reserve Fleet.All data are year-end data, except that 2004 data for Freigher are as of July 1, 2004..

1994: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, Merchant Fleets of the World (Washington, DC: Annual issues), and unpublished revisions.

World fleet:All other years: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, personal communication as of June 2010.All other categories:

Table 1-23: Number and Size of the U.S. Flag Merchant Fleet and Its Share of the World Fleet(Oceangoing ships of 1,000 gross tons and over)

1960-2006 data includes private and government owned vessels of 1,000 gross tons and over. Beginning in 2007, data are reported only for privately-owned vessels of 1,000 gross tons and over. 

a Includes barge carriers.

b Includes integrated tug/barges.

Excludes ships operating exclusively on the Great Lakes and inland waterways and special types such as: channel ships, icebreakers, cable ships, and merchant ships owned by military forces. KEY: DWT = deadweight tons; N = data do not exist; R = revised; RO/RO = roll-on/roll-off vessels; U = data are unavailable.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (

World fleet 17,317 18,329 19,980 22,872 24,867 25,555 23,596 23,943 23,753 24,331 25,092 25,608 26,858 27,557 (R) 27,828 28,259 28,318 (R) 25,847 (R) 26,782 (R) 27,694 U.S. fleet 2,926 2,376 1,579 857 864 737 636 619 603 565 543 509 495 477 470 463 454 443 426 418 U.S. Percentage of the world fleet 16.9 13.0 7.9 3.7 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 (R) 1.7 1.6 1.6 (R) 1.7 (R) 1.6 (R) 1.5 Freighters, total 2,138 1,747 1,076 511 471 417 367 359 349 322 308 295 292 288 289 284 286 283 276 274 

DWT (thousands) 21,877 18,127 11,733 7,051 6,885 7,353 7,265 7,156 7,211 7,040 6,866 6,517 6,419 6,458 6,732 6,696 6,680 6,635 (R) 6,402 (R) 6,521 

General cargoa N N N 356 259 209 166 165 182 169 152 142 146 142 140 137 136 132 126 123 

 DWT (thousands)a N N N 4,640 3,329 2,980 2,605 2,592 2,973 2,913 2,677 2,472 2,467 2,420 2,400 2,404 2,362 2,162 (R) 1,838 (R) 1,810 Containership N N N 109 121 104 92 92 83 87 86 81 83 85 91 89 90 91 90 86  DWT (thousands) N N N 1,773 2,289 2,651 2,856 2,856 2,722 2,812 2,802 2,600 2,639 2,743 3,096 3,056 3,058 3,200 (R) 3,290 (R) 3,281 Partial containerships N N N 37 68 63 59 52 30 33311 NNNNNN

 DWT (thousands) N N N 510 940 904 836 741 456 57 57 57 17 17 NNNNNNRO/Ro N N N 9 23 41 50 50 54 63 67 69 62 60 58 58 60 60 60 65  DWT (thousands) N N N 128 327 818 968 967 1,060 1,258 1,330 1,388 1,296 1,278 1,236 1,236 1,260 1,273 1,273 1,431 

Tankers, total 422 341 294 267 308 258 233 226 220 210 200 181 173 161 154 154 142 130 120 109  DWT (thousands) 7,815 7,561 7,739 9,711 16,152 15,534 15,641 14,993 14,180 13,048 11,945 11,028 10,378 9,696 9,289 9,373 8,447 7,532 (R) 6,531 (R) 5,771 

 Petroleum/chemicalb ships N N N N N 244 219 212 206 196 186 167 159 148 145 146 142 130 U U 

 DWT (thousands)b NNNNN 14,574 14,681 14,033 13,279 12,143 11,040 10,123 9,473 8,857 8,737 8,845 8,447 7,532 UU

 Liquefied petroleum/natural gas ships N N N N N 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 9 8 N N N N 

 DWT (thousands) N N N N N 960 960 960 901 905 905 905 905 839 552 528 N N N N 

Combination/passenger and cargo, total 309 227 171 60 65 37 10 10 11 12 13 13 15 14 12 11 11 13 12 15  DWT (thousands) 2,070 1,488 1,107 388 446 299 91 92 97 104 115 115 139 136 116 99 99 105 (R) 100 (R) 91 Bulk carriers, total 57 61 38 19 20 25 26 24 23 21 22 20 15 14 15 14 15 17 18 20  DWT (thousands) 805 1,107 767 544 607 1,152 1,270 1,014 991 949 1,042 925 575 321 604 579 604 706 (R) 797 (R) 837 

SOURCES 1960-2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, Merchant Fleets of the World (Washington, DC: Annual issues), and unpublished revisions.

2001-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, personal communication as of Janurary 2008 and June 2010.NOTES Excludes non-merchant type and/or U.S. Navy-owned vessels currently in the National Defense Reserve Fleet.All data are year-end data, except that 2004 data for Freigher are as of July 1, 2004..

1994: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, Merchant Fleets of the World (Washington, DC: Annual issues), and unpublished revisions.

World fleet:All other years: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, personal communication as of June 2010.All other categories:

Table 1-24: Number and Size of the U.S. Flag Merchant Fleet and Its Share of the World Fleet(Oceangoing ships of 1,000 gross tons and over)

1960-2006 data includes private and government owned vessels of 1,000 gross tons and over. Beginning in 2007, data are reported only for privately-owned vessels of 1,000 gross tons and over. 

a Includes barge carriers.

b Includes integrated tug/barges.

Excludes ships operating exclusively on the Great Lakes and inland waterways and special types such as: channel ships, icebreakers, cable ships, and merchant ships owned by military forces. KEY: DWT = deadweight tons; N = data do not exist; R = revised; RO/RO = roll-on/roll-off vessels; U = data are unavailable.
Section C

Condition
 
1986 1990 1993 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

NPIASa

airports, number 3,243 3,285 3,294 3,331 3,344 3,361 3,364 3,358 3,346 3,356 3,357 3,365 3,372 3,356 3,345 3,332

Good condition (percent) 61 61 68 72 72 73 73 71 75 75 75 77 78 79 78 79

Fair condition (percent) 28 29 25 23 23 22 22 24 21 21 21 19 19 18 19 18

Poor condition (percent) 11 10 75555544443333

Commercial service airportsb

, number 550 568 554 566 547 546 546 536 510 513 517 517 514 522 528 503

Good condition (percent) 78 78 79 79 78 79 79 79 80 82 79 79 80 81 82 82

Fair condition (percent) 15 17 18 19 20 19 19 19 18 16 19 18 18 17 16 16

Poor condition (percent) 7532 2 22222232222

Total number of airports:

1997, 1999-2010: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Airport Planning and Programming, National Planning Division, 

personal communication, Dec. 22, 2009, and Dec. 7, 2010.

b

 Commercial service airports are defined as public airports receiving scheduled passenger service, and having at least 2,500 enplaned passengers per year. 

NOTES

Data are as of January 1 of each year. Runway pavement condition is classified by the FAA as follows:

KEY: NPIAS = National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems.

a

 The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems is composed of all commercial 

service airports, all reliever airports, and selected general aviation airports. It does not include over 1,000 publicly owned public-use landing areas, privately 

owned public-use airports, and other civil landing areas not open to the general public. NPIAS airports account for almost all enplanements. In 2005, there were 

approximately 16,500 non-NPIAS airports. See table 1-3 for more detail on airports. 

Table 1-25: U.S. Airport Runway Pavement Conditions

Ibid., personal communication, Dec. 22, 2009, and Dec. 7, 2010.

Good: All cracks and joints are sealed.

Fair: Mild surface cracking, unsealed joints, and slab edge spalling.

Poor: Large open cracks, surface and edge spalling, vegetation growing through cracks and joints. 

SOURCES

Condition:

1986, 1990: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (Washington DC: 1991).

1993: Ibid., National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (Washington DC: 1995). 
Year Automobiles Light trucksa All trucksb

1990 6.5 U 6.5

1991 6.7 U 6.8

1992 7.0 U 7.2

1993 7.3 7.1 7.5

1994 7.5 7.2 7.5

1995 7.7 7.4 7.6

1996 7.9 7.5 7.7

1997 8.1 7.3 7.8

1998 8.3 7.1 7.6

1999 8.3 6.9 7.2

2000 8.3 6.7 6.9

2001 8.3 6.1 6.8

2002 8.4 6.6 6.8

2003 8.6 6.5 6.7

2004 8.9 6.4 6.6

2005 9.0 6.6 6.8

2006 9.2 6.8 6.9

2007 9.2 7.1 7.3

2008 9.4 7.5 7.6

Mean age of household vehicles for several yearsc

Automobile Van Sport utility Pickup Other truck RV/motor home

1969 5.1UUUUU

1977 5.5 6.4 U 7.3 11.6 4.5

1983 7.2 8.5 U 8.5 12.4 10.7

1990 7.6 5.9 U 8.4 14.5 10.4

1995 8.2 6.7 6.6 9.7 14.9 13.2

2001 8.5 7.0 6.1 9.4 16.8 12.5

NOTE

Data for median age of automobiles are as of July 1 of each year.

SOURCES 

Median age of automobiles:

Mean age of household vehicles:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey: Summary 

of Travel Trends (Washington, DC: 1999); U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of 

Transportation Statistics, 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) Data , available at http://nhts.ornl.gov as of September, 

2009.

Table 1-26: Median Age of Automobiles and Trucks in 

Operation in the United States

The R.L. Polk Co., News, Latest News , U.S. Vehicle Median Age Increased in 2008, According To Polk, available at 

http://usa.polk.com/News/LatestNews/ as of July 29, 2009.

C The 1969, 1977, 1983, and 1990 surveys do not include a separate category for sports utility vehicles (SUV), while the 1995 and 2001 surveys do. 

In 1990, most SUVs were classified as automobiles. 

KEY: U = data are unavailable. a

 Gross vehicle weight 1-3.

b

 Gross vehicle weight 1-8.
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

RURAL

Interstates miles reported 33,547 33,677 33,027 29,089 31,502 31,254 31,312 31,431 30,498 32,820 32,888 32,951 32,907 31,956 31,341 30,802 30,512 30,040 30,076

Poor, percent 8.7 7.6 5.2 7.0 6.5 6.3 3.9 3.6 4.1 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.6 2.0 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.9

Mediocre, percent b NR NR 14.1 27.7 26.5 20.7 19.1 19.1 16.5 14.0 12.2 11.7 10.2 9.8 10.4 9.5 8.0 7.9 7.7

Fair, percent 31.9 31.7 17.4 20.9 23.9 22.3 21.7 20.7 17.8 18.1 16.9 15.4 15.5 15.4 14.5 13.6 12.8 12.5 12.1

Good, percent b NR NR 27.6 36.1 33.2 36.9 38.8 41.0 42.6 44.0 44.8 43.3 44.0 43.9 46.9 47.0 46.5 46.8 46.9

Very good, percent 59.5 60.7 35.6 8.3 9.9 13.9 16.6 15.7 19.0 21.5 23.9 27.7 28.2 29.3 26.2 28.2 30.7 30.9 31.4

Unpaved, percent NNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNN

Miles not reporteda N N N 3,563 955 1,326 1,508 1,382 2,313 153 162 109 84 87 103 92 71 311 117

Other principal arterials miles reported 83,802 85,729 94,798 78,296 89,506 89,265 92,103 92,170 93,333 97,247 97,297 97,946 97,854 96,656 95,390 94,216 94,500 94,396 94,367

Poor, percent 3.4 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.4 4.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5

Mediocre, percent b NR NR 5.9 9.2 8.2 7.6 5.8 4.9 4.6 3.7 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.8 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.4

Fair, percent 42.6 44.5 34.6 54.8 57.4 51.1 49.1 47.7 43.3 41.5 38.7 37.3 35.6 35.5 35.9 33.5 31.3 30.9 30.5

Good, percent b NR NR 28.5 26.7 26.6 27.9 34.4 37.2 38.3 40.5 42.9 42.5 44.2 44.6 44.9 45.8 46.5 46.5 47.5

Very good, percent 53.8 51.9 27.6 6.4 5.4 9.0 9.3 8.6 12.3 13.5 14.4 16.5 16.7 16.4 14.9 17.1 18.9 19.5 19.1

Unpaved, percent NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reporteda N N N 17,905 7,489 8,683 6,028 6,083 5,524 1,587 1,619 1,247 1,009 386 552 946 430 377 579

Minor arterials miles reported 144,735 142,866 137,637 134,837 124,877 121,443 126,381 126,525 130,591 135,192 136,096 134,706 136,955 134,984 134,884 134,358 134,914 134,798 134,386

Poor, percent 4.6 4.3 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.7 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.3

Mediocre, percent b NR NR 7.1 9.1 10.5 9.0 8.2 6.7 6.0 5.2 5.3 5.2 4.5 4.8 5.1 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.5

Fair, percent 48.2 47.3 36.4 53.5 57.9 54.7 50.7 50.4 47.2 47.3 46.2 44.9 43.6 43.0 44.3 42.0 40.7 40.9 40.8

Good, percent b NR NR 25.3 25.0 23.6 23.9 31.0 33.6 34.3 34.4 35.6 36.9 39.1 41.2 39.5 41.6 41.5 40.3 40.4

Very good, percent 47.2 48.4 26.8 8.5 4.5 8.7 7.7 7.0 10.6 11.4 11.2 11.3 11.6 9.7 9.6 11.0 11.8 13.0 13.1

Unpaved, percent Z Z NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reporteda N N N 12,740 13,294 15,708 10,978 10,978 6,664 1,968 1,436 2,874 606 607 573 1,049 455 497 616

Major collectors miles reported 436,365 436,737 434,175 432,223 431,111 431,712 432,117 386,122 388,498 389,134 388,488 389,579 389,125 383,414 379,061 378,722 378,753 378,451 380,297

Poor, percent 8.9 7.7 7.8 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.7 7.8 7.4 9.0 8.5 7.7 7.7 7.4 6.9 6.5 6.2 5.7 5.3

Mediocre, percent b NR NR 11.0 12.4 11.3 11.4 10.3 12.3 11.9 12.1 12.7 12.8 11.8 11.7 11.9 12.0 11.7 12.1 12.4

Fair, percent 43.8 45.2 32.3 37.7 33.5 30.8 34.4 37.6 39.0 44.8 43.7 43.7 43.4 44.3 46.5 46.3 47.0 48.6 48.3

Good, percent b NR NR 17.7 16.3 16.1 17.4 20.0 23.0 23.4 20.9 22.0 23.4 24.9 25.1 23.5 24.2 23.4 23.0 22.8

Very good, percent 36.2 36.1 20.4 15.9 21.9 23.7 18.4 19.3 18.3 13.1 13.2 12.5 12.2 11.4 11.1 11.0 11.7 10.7 11.2

Unpaved, percent 11.1 11.0 10.7 10.9 10.7 10.2 10.1 NNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reporteda NNNNNNN 2,402 NNNNNNNNNNN

URBAN

Interstates miles reported 11,527 11,603 12,466 10,738 12,338 12,307 12,430 12,477 12,231 13,109 13,139 13,256 13,367 14,331 14,984 15,544 15,899 16,035 16,348

Poor, percent 8.6 7.7 7.1 10.6 13.0 10.4 8.6 9.0 9.4 7.3 6.5 7.4 7.7 7.7 7.2 6.0 5.2 5.9 5.4

Mediocre, percent b NR NR 13.2 30.9 29.9 26.8 28.3 27.0 25.5 23.1 21.7 20.8 20.6 19.1 17.7 16.8 16.3 16.0 15.2

Fair, percent 32.2 32.3 17.0 23.6 24.2 23.8 24.7 24.4 21.8 22.6 21.4 20.9 20.3 18.8 19.5 18.6 18.4 18.1 17.3

Good, percent b NR NR 28.0 28.3 26.7 27.5 30.7 32.9 32.0 34.9 37.1 35.9 36.0 36.6 38.2 42.0 41.4 41.3 42.9

Very good, percent 59.1 60.0 34.7 6.5 6.2 11.4 7.6 6.7 11.4 12.0 13.3 14.9 15.4 17.9 17.4 16.6 18.7 18.8 19.2

Unpaved, percent NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reporteda N N N 2,140 788 857 787 771 1,040 230 226 156 123 131 140 157 139 271 193

Other freeways and expressway miles reported 7,670 7,714 8,465 7,011 7,618 7,804 8,410 8,480 8,772 8,860 8,796 8,959 9,242 9,786 10,143 10,443 10,659 10,832 11,175

Poor, percent 2.2 2.3 2.6 3.8 5.3 4.8 3.4 3.3 3.2 2.6 2.8 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.4

Mediocre, percent b NR NR 5.9 9.4 12.7 9.8 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.1 8.1 7.1 7.6 8.3 7.6 6.0 5.0 5.5 5.1

Fair, percent 43.9 44.2 32.4 60.6 58.1 54.7 54.7 58.5 54.3 53.6 50.7 50.5 48.6 45.7 45.5 44.7 43.0 42.3 42.5

Good, percent b NR NR 28.1 22.7 20.9 20.4 26.3 25.2 27.1 29.0 31.6 31.5 33.3 35.0 37.4 39.6 40.1 40.5 40.6

Very good, percent 53.9 53.5 31.0 3.5 2.9 10.3 6.8 4.2 6.6 6.8 6.8 7.7 7.9 8.6 7.4 7.9 10.3 10.0 10.3

Unpaved, percent NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reporteda N N N 1,846 1,377 1,166 617 579 397 281 353 167 82 81 98 108 84 78 152

Other principal arterials miles reported 51,987 52,349 52,165 30,337 38,598 41,444 44,498 45,009 44,886 48,045 47,890 48,931 50,016 53,431 56,831 59,743 61,064 61,259 62,584

Poor, percent 5.9 6.6 6.8 9.2 12.5 12.4 11.8 12.1 12.9 12.5 13.2 12.9 13.3 12.7 12.2 11.8 11.1 11.4 11.6

Mediocre, percent b NR NR 11.5 13.3 16.3 14.7 14.1 14.6 18.5 18.1 16.8 16.4 16.4 16.4 15.5 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.2

Fair, percent 49.0 49.1 34.8 55.0 50.8 47.2 48.9 49.5 45.3 45.2 45.1 45.7 46.1 46.7 46.8 47.2 44.9 45.8 45.8

Good, percent b NR NR 21.4 19.3 16.6 15.9 17.5 17.8 17.6 18.8 19.4 19.5 19.4 19.5 20.0 20.1 21.4 21.7 21.8

Very good, percent 45.1 44.3 25.3 3.3 3.8 9.7 7.7 6.0 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.5 4.9 4.7 5.5 5.3 8.2 5.6 5.5

Unpaved, percent NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reporteda N N N 22,498 14,492 11,352 8,485 8,209 8,246 5,154 5,426 4,126 3,422 3,440 2,863 2,064 1,765 2,030 1,975

Minor arterials miles reported 74,656 74,979 80,368 86,819 87,852 88,510 89,020 88,484 88,667 88,663 88,338 88,250 89,559 92,527 96,170 100,290 101,637 102,786 104,883

Poor, percent 8.9 7.4 7.9 7.9 6.7 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.3 9.1 10.0 10.5 10.5 11.4 13.0 12.3 12.2 13.2 12.6

Mediocre, percent b NR NR 14.3 13.8 12.3 13.6 13.0 13.0 12.2 13.2 16.0 15.9 16.1 16.5 15.8 15.2 14.6 14.7 14.6

Fair, percent 48.5 49.9 34.1 40.2 38.1 36.9 37.9 37.9 39.5 40.7 39.8 41.1 40.7 41.6 40.8 40.7 40.1 39.3 40.5

Good, percent b NR NR 19.2 18.4 20.5 20.4 20.7 21.4 21.1 18.5 16.9 16.8 17.4 16.7 15.9 16.4 16.2 16.5 16.3

Very good, percent 42.1 42.1 24.0 19.4 22.1 22.1 21.1 20.6 19.9 18.6 17.3 15.7 15.3 13.8 14.5 15.4 16.9 16.3 16.0

Unpaved, percent 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 NNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reporteda N N N N N N N 374 N N N N N N N N N N N

Collectors miles reported 78,248 77,097 82,657 84,856 86,098 87,331 87,790 86,666 86,705 86,821 86,030 86,265 87,754 94,939 99,675 103,979 106,843 107,336 111,655

Poor, percent 16.5 11.2 10.5 10.6 9.8 9.7 9.7 10.6 10.4 13.4 14.7 14.6 15.4 16.5 18.1 16.9 18.8 19.8 18.6

Mediocre, percent b NR NR 16.9 16.8 16.2 16.8 16.6 16.0 15.0 14.9 17.4 17.3 17.4 17.5 16.7 16.6 16.1 16.6 16.6

Fair, percent 50.4 53.5 35.2 40.0 40.0 39.0 39.2 39.0 39.9 37.7 35.7 36.6 36.8 36.0 34.3 35.8 35.1 34.5 36.5

Good, percent b NR NR 17.3 16.1 17.0 17.2 18.2 18.4 17.6 15.4 14.2 13.4 13.7 13.4 13.2 14.4 12.9 12.7 12.2

Very good, percent 31.7 34.2 19.1 15.5 16.0 16.6 15.4 15.9 17.1 18.6 18.0 18.1 16.7 16.6 17.7 16.3 17.1 16.4 16.1

Unpaved, percent 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 NNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reporteda

N N N N N N N 663 N N N N N N N N N N N

Table 1-27: Condition of U.S. Roadways by Functional System

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

NOTES

Data are for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The terms Poor and Mediocre refer to Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)'s pavement 

condition criteria categories for quantitative International Roughness Index and Present Serviceability Ratings. For further information, refer to the U.S. 

Department of Transportation, FHWA, Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: 2002 Conditions and Performance Report , Exhibit 3-3, 

available at: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy, as of January 2010. 

Data prior to 1993 are not comparable with later years because of differences in pavement condition indicators used for the two periods. F

additional information, refer to the accuracy profile in the appendix of the Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: 2002 

Conditions and Performance Report. Total mileage in this table will not match that in table 1-5 due to a change in the method of preparing 

mileage data derived from the Highway Performance Monitoring System, beginning with the 1997 issue of FHWA's Highway Statistics.

KEY: N = data do not exist; NR = not reported; Z = value too small to report.

1990-92: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-63, 

available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.cfm as of Aug. 18, 2010.

1993-2008: Ibid., table HM-64, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.cfm as of Aug. 18, 2010.

a

 Historical differences in Miles not reported result from the transition from the Present Serviceability Rating (PSR) to the International Roughness 

Indicator (IRI). 

b

 For 1990 and 1991, this category is Included in row below.

Interstates have stricter roughness standards than other roads and its roughness classifications are not comparable with the other categories.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-63, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.cfm as of Aug. 18, 2010.

Rural major collector, urban minor arterial, and urban collector:

All other categories except rural major collector, urban minor arterial, and urban collector:

SOURCES 
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

TOTAL all bridges 572,205 574,036 572,197 573,716 576,460 581,135 581,863 582,751 582,976 585,542 589,674 589,685 590,887 591,940 593,813 595,363 

Urban 108,770 112,363 115,312 117,488 121,141 122,537 124,950 127,633 128,312 130,339 133,384 133,401 135,339 135,415 137,598 142,408 Rural 463,435 461,673 456,885 456,228 455,319 458,598 456,913 455,118 454,664 455,203 456,290 456,284 455,548 456,525 456,215 452,955 

Structurally deficient bridges, total 137,865 134,534 118,698 111,980 107,683 104,317 101,518 98,475 93,072 88,150 86,678 83,595 81,261 79,775 77,752 75,923 

Urban 16,847 17,032 16,323 15,932 15,692 15,205 15,094 14,846 14,073 12,967 13,079 12,705 12,503 12,316 12,175 12,600 Rural 121,018 117,502 102,375 96,048 91,991 89,112 86,424 83,629 78,999 75,183 73,599 70,890 68,758 67,459 65,577 63,323 

Functionally obsolete bridges, total 100,355 97,593 80,393 80,000 79,832 80,950 81,208 77,410 79,500 81,900 81,510 81,439 81,537 80,990 80,567 80,412 

Urban 30,266 30,842 26,243 26,511 27,024 27,487 28,087 26,865 27,588 29,065 29,398 29,383 29,675 29,886 30,298 31,391 Rural 70,089 66,751 54,150 53,489 52,808 53,463 53,121 50,545 51,912 52,835 52,112 52,056 51,862 51,104 50,269 49,021 

Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highway Bridges

Table includes: Rural–Interstate, principal arterial, minor arterial, major collector, minor collector and local roads; Urban–Interstate, other freeways or expressways, other principal arterial, minor arterial, collector, and local roads. Data for 1990, 1992, 1997-99, 2000, and 2007-09 are as of December of those years; data for 1991 and 1994-96 are as of June of those years; data for 1993 are as of September of that year; data for 2000 are as of August of that year; and data for 2002-06 are as of July of those years.2001-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Bridge Technology, National Bridge Inventory (NBI), Count of Bridges by Highway System, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/britab.htm as of Apr. 23, 2010.NOTESExplanations for the terms Structurally Deficient and Functionally Obsolete can be found on pages 14 and 15 in Chapter 3 of the Federal Highway Administration, 

2006 Conditions and Performance Report, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/2006cpr/pdfs/chap3.pdf.U.S. totals include the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.SOURCES1990-2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics; based on data from Federal Highway Administration, Office of Bridge Technology, National Bridge Inventory (NBI), personal communication, Aug. 14, 2001 and Apr. 24, 2008. 
1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 20

Transit rail

Commuter rail locomotivesa 16.3 15.7 15.3 15.8 15.6 15.3 15.9 17.6 17.0 14.7 13.2 13.4 14.2 16.0 16.6 

Commuter rail passenger coaches 19.1 17.6 17.3 19.3 18.6 20.1 21.4 24.1 21.6 19.4 17.5 16.9 18.1 20.1 20.5 Commuter rail self-propelled passenger cars 12.3 15.9 16.5 17.6 18.2 16.0 19.8 21.1 22.3 23.2 24.3 25.4 26.2 27.1 25.4 Heavy-rail passenger cars 17.1 16.2 16.9 17.7 17.8 15.8 19.3 20.2 21.1 22.0 22.5 22.9 21.7 20.0 19.0 Light rail vehicles (streetcars) 20.6 15.2 16.6 17.0 14.9 16.7 16.8 16.0 15.9 15.7 15.7 16.1 16.4 16.3 15.6 

Transit busb

Articulated 3.4 7.6 8.2 9.1 9.5 10.1 10.7 11.3 11.7 11.2 8.5 6.6 5.9 5.8 5.8 Full-size 8.1 8.2 8.0 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.1 7.8 7.5 7.3 Mid-size 5.6 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.4 6.9 6.8 6.3 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.7 Small 4.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 Trolley U 10.9 10.3 11.2 12.0 11.1 13.1 14.0 14.7 14.6 15.6 16.4 20.4 15.4 11.6 

Other

Vans 3.8 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.9 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.3 4.9 3.4 Ferry boats U 21.7 19.6 22.7 24.7 23.5 23.4 25.3 25.4 25.8 25.1 25.6 24.7 26.8 27.1 

Table 1-29: Average Age of Urban Transit Vehicles (Years)

a Locomotives used in Amtrak intercity passenger services are not included.b Full-size buses have more than 35 seats; Mid-size buses have 25-35 seats; Small buses have fewer than 25 seats.

KEY: U = data are unavailable.SOURCES1992-2009: Ibid., National Transit Summaries and Trends (Washington, DC: Annual reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/ as of Nov. 23, 2010.All data, except full-size, mid-size, small, and articulated transit bus:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, DC: Annual 

reports), table 25 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/ as of Nov. 23, 2010.Full-size, mid-size, small, and articulated transit bus:1985-91: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database 1991 (Washington, DC: 1993), table 29 and similar tables in earlier editions. 
1995 1997 2000 2002 2004 (R) 2006

Bus, number of facilitiesa 484 503 497 1,219 1,207 1,280

Excellent 102 13 46 83 208 210

Good 257 86 41 68 62 69

Adequate 34 285 266 672 551 536

Substandard 29 93 121 387 379 344

Poor 63 26 23 10 6 121

Rail, number of facilities U U 150 152 152 201

Excellent U U 0 27 40 42

Good U U 32 18 26 19

Adequate U U 64 76 74 87

Substandard U U 36 27 10 51

Poor U U 18 3 2 2

SOURCES

1995-2004: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Economic Requirements Model, as of Feb. 

12, 2008.

2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges and Transit: 

Conditions and Performance (Washington, DC: Biennial Issues), tables 3-31 and 3-34, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pubstats.html as of June 25, 2010.

Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus and Rail Transit Maintenance Facilities

a

 These data are derived from the Transit Economic Requirements Model (TERM). TERM uses statistically determined decay 

curves to simulate the deterioration of the Nation's transit vehicles, facilities, and other infrastructure components. National Transit 

Database (NTD) data are applied to these decay curves to estimate conditions. Only the condition of directly operated facilities are 

provided for 1995, 1997 and 2000. The NTD began gathering information on facilities owned by bus systems providing services 

under contract in 1999 (known as purchased transportation), however, TERM did not base condition estimates on this full set of 

facilities until 2002. 

NOTE

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.
1995 1997 2000 (R) 2002 (R) 2004 (R) 2006

Stations

Excellent 14.0 11.0 1.0 3.0 7.0 12.7

Good 47.0 46.0 33.0 22.0 28.0 12.2

Adequate 12.0 15.0 50.0 18.0 14.0 40.8

Substandard 12.0 13.0 16.0 26.0 51.0 31.3

Poor 15.0 15.0 0.0 30.0 0.0 3.0

Communication Systems

Excellent N 0.0 0.0 7.4 12.1 14.0

Good N 61.0 62.0 68.6 62.7 30.5

Adequate N 16.0 12.1 9.7 25.2 54.8

Substandard N 12.0 14.0 6.0 0.0 0.6

Poor N 10.0 11.9 8.3 0.0 0.0

Train Control Systems

Excellent N 9.0 7.2 5.5 0.3 2.2

Good N 52.0 56.0 65.9 44.6 37.0

Adequate N 16.0 16.9 11.1 29.0 41.0

Substandard N 11.0 10.3 9.7 14.1 14.4

Poor N 13.0 9.5 7.8 12.0 5.5

Traction Power Systems

Excellent N 25.0 20.7 37.0 7.6 7.0

Good N 44.0 54.5 45.0 46.5 35.0

Adequate N 10.0 10.6 10.8 44.5 46.5

Substandard N 7.0 6.9 2.9 1.4 7.2

Poor N 14.0 7.3 4.2 0.0 4.2

Revenue Collection Systems

Excellent N 27.0 29.5 33.5 25.8 28.9

Good N 33.0 31.0 56.4 53.7 30.0

Adequate N 18.0 17.6 2.4 9.5 10.7

Substandard N 10.0 18.1 6.9 8.0 8.8

Poor N 12.0 3.8 0.8 3.0 21.5

Elevated structures

Excellent 1.0 0.0 2.0 5.1 3.1 4.6

Good 56.0 59.0 59.0 82.8 77.2 68.5

Adequate 16.0 12.0 16.0 2.5 4.1 11.7

Substandard 20.0 29.0 22.0 7.3 13.9 7.9

Poor 7.0 1.0 2.0 2.3 1.7 7.3

Underground tunnels

Excellent 9.0 7.0 12.0 34.2 26.4 18.2

Good 59.0 47.0 46.0 36.7 48.2 41.1

Adequate 13.0 18.0 19.0 13.0 12.4 10.5

Substandard 11.0 19.0 11.0 8.6 5.6 15.4

Poor 7.0 9.0 12.0 7.5 7.4 14.8

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges and Transit: Conditions and 

Performance (Washington, DC: Biennial Issues), tables 3-35 and 3-36, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pubstats.html as of June 25, 

2010.

Table 1-31: Condition of Rail Transit Infrastructure (Percent) 

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.

Percents may not add to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE

NOTE
Year builta 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Total 18,835 18,344 18,004 18,161 18,505 18,812 19,269 19,684 20,261 20,256 20,028 19,745 20,506 20,774 22,015 22,Before 1970 5,117 4,353 4,038 3,766 3,535 bbbbb fffff 

1970-74 3,852 3,617 3,384 3,248 3,184 c 6,048 c 5,783 c 5,529 c 5,565 c 5196 fffff 

1975-79 4,432 4,375 4,292 4,352 4,275 4,254 4,274 4,219 4,116 4,000 g 8,541 g 7,862 g 7,133 g 6,889 g 7,056 

1980-84 2,837 2,826 2,784 2,730 2,625 2,754 2,735 2,728 2,723 2,581 2,411 2,153 1,790 1,655 1,585 k 8,

1985-89 1,989 1,985 1,970 1,968 1,971 1,890 1,866 1,829 1,830 1,779 1,775 1,672 1,807 1,791 1,799 1,1990 608 605 604 604 599 d 2,965 d 2,959 d 2,958 d 2,736 d 2,688 d 2,648 d 2,667 d 2,702 d 2,700 d 2,715 d 2,1991 583 595 595 594 eeeeeeeeee1992 337 340 339 eeeeeeeeee1993 558 602 eeeeeeeeee1994 781 eeeeeeeeee1995 901 945 983 953 951 973 h 4,020 h 4,582 h 4,673 h 4,672 h 4,

1996 707 696 708 706 697 i i i i 1997 742 741 743 745 i i i i 1998 889 890 890 i i i i 1999 722 713 i i i i 2000 635 691 987 863 863 l 4,2001 680 810 891 891 2002 695 725 722 2003 587 591 2004 1,121 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 

a Disregards year of rebuilding.d Includes locomotives built between 1990-94.

Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: 2010), p. 50 and similar pages in earlier editions.

SOURCE

m Included in 2000 category.l Includes locomotives built between 2000-04.

Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomotive Fleet by Year Built (Locomotive Units)

f Included in 1975-79 category.e Included in 1990 category.k Includes all locomotives built before 1985.j Included in 1980-84 category.i Included in 1995 category.h Includes locomotives built between 1995-99.g Includes all locomotives built before 1980.c Includes all locomotives built before 1975.b Included in 1970-74 category.
1972 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2

LocomotivesPercent available for servicea U 87 83 93 84 86 83 84 85 88 88 88 88 90 89 U U 87 82 

Average age (years)b 22.3 14.4 7.4 7 12 13 13 13.2 13.4 13.9 14.4 12.0 12.6 12.8 11.2 13.9 13.7 14.8 15.7 

Passenger and other train carsPercent available for servicea U 82 77 90 90 92 90 89 88 90 90 91 93 91 91 U U 83 84 

Average age (years)b 22.0 24.7 14.3 14.2 20.0 21.0 21.5 22.6 22.4 21.8 20.7 19.8 21.1 22.2 19.4 18.5 20.4 21.4 22.4 

NOTES1972 was Amtrak's first full fiscal year of operation.KEY: R = revised; U = data are not available.

a Year-end daily average. Active units less backshop units undergoing heavy maintenance less back-ordered units undergoing progressive 

maintenance and running repairs.

Table 1-33: Age and Availability of Amtrak Locomotive and Car Fleets 

b Fiscal Year-end average. Fiscal Year ends Sept. 30th of stated year. 

2001-09: Amtrak, Amtrak Active Fleet , personal communications, Aug. 20, 2009, and July 1, 2010. 

Roadrailers are not considered train cars for the purpose of our calculations.SOURCES1972-80: Amtrak, Amtrak Annual Report (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).1985-2000: Ibid., Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).
Agea Dry cargo Tanker Towboat Passengerb

Offshore 

support / 

crewboatsc Dry barge

Tank / liquid

barged Total

1990–91, total 900 257 5,210 721 1,168 27,110 3,874 39,342

<6 80 6 132 151 85 2,335 162 2,951

6–10 161 38 706 120 318 4,570 316 6,229

11–15 212 50 1,029 110 474 7,639 829 10,343

16–20 141 35 844 80 144 6,374 750 8,368

21–25 82 38 750 65 84 2,607 759 4,385

>25 196 86 1,718 188 51 3,372 1,049 6,660

1992, total 497 249 5,203 1,201 1,205 26,981 3,864 39,313

<6 36 5 134 219 93 3,224 296 4,012

6–10 73 28 398 198 208 1,783 121 2,829

11–15 135 54 1,137 203 567 9,114 902 12,150

16–20 73 33 926 169 189 6,696 740 8,853

21–25 31 42 716 122 91 2,475 677 4,167

>25 124 82 1,874 287 53 3,496 1,123 7,049

1993, total 470 205 5,219 1,243 1,197 26,982 3,970 39,306

<6 25 3 135 207 103 3,558 325 4,356

6–10 67 22 205 221 107 1,070 68 1,764

11–15 135 43 1,221 211 597 8,810 869 11,894

16–20 70 33 968 164 218 6,772 791 9,019

21–25 41 31 674 129 106 2,904 655 4,543

>25 128 73 2,008 311 64 3,713 1,256 7,555

1994, total 778 202 5,179 928 1,236 26,757 3,966 39,064

<6 46 4 146 157 107 3,630 399 4,489

6–10 103 12 151 185 61 1,171 36 1,719

11–15 200 36 1,135 123 540 7,903 754 10,691

16–20 130 44 966 122 309 6,314 799 8,684

21–25 90 32 664 82 130 3,873 638 5,509

>25 206 74 2,107 259 86 3,706 1,327 7,765

1995, total 726 178 5,127 954 1,288 27,375 3,985 39,641

<6 38 5 168 149 119 3,975 489 4,943

6–10 90 8 134 195 58 1,483 46 2,014

11–15 168 34 959 133 463 6,387 611 8,760

16–20 135 38 988 121 412 6,507 736 8,939

21–25 80 29 726 91 141 4,897 697 6,661

>25 213 64 2,146 263 92 3,966 1,403 8,148

1996, total 713 161 5,177 967 1,274 28,775 4,036 41,104

<6 43 7 205 153 123 5,189 573 6,293

6–10 74 8 118 188 61 2,041 87 2,577

11–15 141 29 715 142 351 4,505 346 6,229

16–20 155 36 1,036 119 460 7,234 840 9,881

21–25 79 23 842 87 155 5,416 723 7,325

>25 229 62 2,386 290 144 4,766 1,576 9,453

1997, total 692 147 5,173 1,025 1,369 29,040 3,971 41,419

<6 52 8 227 150 122 5,515 519 6,593

6–10 66 2 118 187 94 2,582 181 3,230

11–15 96 27 396 152 223 1,800 137 2,831

16–20 183 36 1,173 131 588 8,943 928 11,982

21–25 84 21 918 102 177 5,772 727 7,801

>25 209 53 2,332 302 159 4,284 1,477 8,816

1998, total 714 135 5,237 1,011 1,423 29,557 3,952 42,032

<6 56 12 247 150 163 5,877 485 6,991

6–10 55 3 124 168 105 3,117 267 3,839

11–15 105 19 196 166 111 1,113 72 1,782

16–20 179 31 1,198 129 634 8,591 865 11,626

21–25 88 22 979 106 211 5,909 763 8,076

>25 230 48 2,487 292 195 4,817 1,499 9,573

1999, total 695 142 5,098 970 1,470 29,414 3,973 41,766

<6 60 12 302 144 245 6,640 565 7,968

6–10 49 3 140 146 114 3,192 298 3,943

11–15 97 12 146 183 61 1,231 39 1,769

16–20 146 35 1,101 120 571 7,414 742 10,129

21–25 99 30 953 95 283 5,302 760 7,522

>25 243 50 2,447 282 191 5,491 1,560 10,267

2000, total 737 135 4,995 918 1,414 29,141 4,011 41,354

<6 66 11 325 134 246 6,721 582 8,085

6–10 50 4 143 118 106 3,051 329 3,802

11–15 113 8 142 178 58 1,565 48 2,112

16–20 136 34 929 124 454 5,846 602 8,125

21–25 105 30 954 90 332 5,365 712 7,588

>25 263 48 2,497 271 214 6,461 1,714 11,470

2001, total 966 120 5,150 733 1,573 28,920 4,122 41,588

TABLE 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Type and Age (Number of vessels)

Vessel type
Agea Dry cargo Tanker Towboat Passengerb

Offshore 

support / 

crewboatsc Dry barge

Tank / liquid

barged Total

Vessel type

<6 114 12 369 84 305 6,830 623 8,337

6–10 76 3 167 81 111 2,815 388 3,641

11–15 132 5 125 138 68 2,043 85 2,596

16–20 139 32 692 110 372 4,241 329 5,916

21–25 154 28 972 77 452 6,126 805 8,614

>25 347 40 2,818 240 262 6,712 1,884 12,306

2002, total 989 108 5,180 750 1,591 28,313 4,068 41,002

<6 113 13 369 70 322 6,117 595 7,599

6–10 86 3 185 92 96 3,416 419 4,298

11–15 130 2 142 136 89 2,499 172 3,170

16–20 114 22 381 117 228 1,669 134 2,665

21–25 175 35 1,091 75 547 7,702 843 10,468

>25 368 33 3,004 256 305 6,731 1,904 12,603

2003, total 969 104 5,172 789 1,609 27,304 4,031 39,983

<6 114 9 362 69 314 4,909 604 6,381

6–10 93 7 217 89 126 4,155 396 5,085

11–15 110 3 148 122 93 2,976 260 3,712

16–20 127 15 198 133 111 1,054 71 1,709

21–25 168 32 1,135 84 584 7,135 774 9,912

>25 354 38 3,105 287 378 6,884 1,923 12,972

2004, total 987 103 5,314 834 1,746 27,227 4,069 40,290

<6 126 11 367 72 279 4,556 676 6,087

6–10 112 10 272 97 198 4,840 453 5,983

11–15 95 3 166 119 109 3,057 296 3,846

16–20 132 8 157 144 64 1,169 35 1,709

21–25 130 31 1,083 92 580 6,240 639 8,795

>25 390 40 3,262 308 512 7,152 1,970 13,642

2005, total 969 100 5,290 841 1,768 27,901 4,151 41,028

<6 115 11 336 62 244 4,140 743 5,651

6–10 106 13 321 96 262 5,611 512 6,921

11–15 74 4 157 114 107 3,120 333 3,911

16–20 137 3 155 150 59 1,507 43 2,054

21–25 116 30 907 98 464 5,174 535 7,324

>25 419 39 3,406 321 629 8,113 1,985 14,918

2006, total 946 90 5,285 828 1,721 27,961 4,250 41,109

<6 123 14 362 53 237 3,955 833 5,577

6–10 103 10 336 88 277 6,006 496 7,316

11–15 75 2 172 101 103 2,913 386 3,752

16–20 127 3 132 148 55 1,949 84 2,498

21–25 96 21 690 110 359 3,629 293 5,198

>25 421 40 3,581 328 685 9,204 2,155 16,414

2007, total 931 80 5,356 833 1,810 27,187 4,467 40,695

<6 100 8 411 46 258 4,340 1,005 6,169

6–10 102 10 355 79 288 5,508 481 6,827

11–15 90 3 191 106 104 3,537 418 4,451

16–20 117 2 144 142 87 2,080 172 2,744

21–25 86 15 380 123 213 1,482 123 2,424

>25 435 42 3,860 337 853 9,893 2,263 17,705

2008, total 894 76 5,424 821 1,830 26,678 4,560 40,301

<6 90 10 475 45 295 4,494 1,127 6,536

6–10 102 8 360 72 292 4,435 494 5,766

11–15 96 6 214 95 123 4,543 390 5,469

16–20 94 3 155 129 93 2,524 259 3,257

21–25 87 12 205 138 88 935 63 1,528

>25 425 37 4,003 341 936 9,395 2,225 17,375

NOTES

SOURCE 

Totals may be greater than sum because of unclassified vessels and vessels of unknown age.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States, Volume 1, National Summaries (New Orleans, 

LA: Annual Issues), table 4, available at http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/publications.htm as of July 1, 2010.

d

 In 1992, Tank barges were designated as liquid barges.

a

 Age is based on the year the vessel was built or rebuilt.

b

 Includes passenger excursion/sightseeing, combination passenger and dry-cargo vessels, and ferries.

c

 In 1992, Offshore supply boats were designated as crewboats.

Figures include vessels available for operation.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Air

Air carrier, large certificated, domestic, all services 858 1,134 2,068 (R) 1,638 (R) 2,276 (R) 3,026 (R) 3,963 (R) 3,854 (R) 3,995 (R) 4,156 (R) 4,378 (R) 4,628 (R) 4,807 (R) 4,907 (R) 5,030 (R) 5,326 (R) 5,662 (R) 5,545 (R) 5,615 (R) 6,106 General aviationa 1,769 2,562 3,207 4,238 5,204 4,673 4,548 4,400 3,465 3,253 3,358 3,795 3,524 3,877 NNNNNN

Highwayb, total 718,763 887,811 1,109,724 1,327,664 1,527,295 1,774,827 2,144,362 2,172,050 2,247,151 2,296,378 2,357,588 2,422,696 2,485,848 2,561,695 2,631,522 2,691,056 2,746,925 2,797,287 2,855,508 2,890,450 

Passenger carb,c,h 587,012 722,696 916,700 1,033,950 1,111,596 1,246,798 1,408,266 1,358,185 1,371,569 1,374,709 1,406,089 1,438,294 1,469,854 1,502,556 1,549,577 1,569,100 1,600,287 1,628,332 1,658,474 1,672,079 

Motorcyclec,h U U 2,979 5,629 10,214 9,086 9,557 9,178 9,557 9,906 10,240 9,797 9,920 10,081 10,283 10,584 10,469 9,639 9,552 9,577 

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicleb,h U U 123,286 200,700 290,935 390,961 574,571 649,394 706,863 745,750 764,634 790,029 816,540 850,739 868,275 901,022 923,059 943,207 966,034 984,094 Truck, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or moreh 98,551 128,769 27,081 34,606 39,813 45,441 51,901 52,898 53,874 56,772 61,284 62,705 64,072 66,893 68,021 70,304 70,500 72,448 75,866 77,757 

Truck, combination 28,854 31,665 35,134 46,724 68,678 78,063 94,341 96,645 99,510 103,116 108,932 115,451 118,899 124,584 128,359 132,384 135,020 136,584 138,737 140,160 Bus 4,346 4,681 4,544 6,055 6,059 4,478 5,726 5,750 5,778 6,125 6,409 6,420 6,563 6,842 7,007 7,662 7,590 7,077 6,845 6,783 

Transitd, total 2,143 2,008 1,883 2,176 2,287 2,791 3,242 3,306 3,355 3,435 3,467 3,551 3,082 3,201 3,347 3,500 3,605 3,735 3,855 3,915 

Motor buse 1,576 1,528 1,409 1,526 1,677 1,863 2,130 2,167 2,178 2,210 2,162 2,184 1,813 1,849 1,904 1,985 2,041 2,104 2,156 2,177 

Light rail 75 42 34 24 18 17 24 28 29 28 34 35 37 41 43 48 52 54 61 64 Heavy rail 391 395 407 423 385 451 537 527 525 522 532 537 543 558 566 578 595 608 621 630 Trolley bus 101 43 33 15 13 16 14 14 14 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 13 14 14 Commuter rail N N N 173 179 183 213 215 219 224 231 238 242 251 259 266 271 277 284 286 Demand responsivee N N N N N247 306 335 364 406 464 507 363 410 469 494 532 578 613 640 

Ferry boati NNNN U U 22232322233233

Otheri N N N 15 15 15 16 19 24 30 29 34 68 77 90 112 97 100 104 101 

Rail

Class I freight, train-miles 404 421 427 403 428 347 380 375 390 405 441 458 469 475 475 490 504 500 500 516 Class I freight, car-miles 28,170 29,336 29,890 27,656 29,277 24,920 26,159 25,628 26,128 26,883 28,485 30,383 31,715 31,660 32,657 33,851 34,590 34,243 34,680 35,555 Intercity/Amtrakf, train-miles 209 172 93 30 30 30 33 34 34 35 34 32 30 32 33 34 35 36 38 37 

Intercity/Amtrakf, car-miles 2,208 1,775 690 253 235 251 301 313 307 303 304 292 276 288 312 342 368 378 379 332 

Total train-milesg 613 593 520 433 458 377 413 409 424 440 475 490 499 507 508 524 539 536 537 553 

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 28, 2010.

1960-75: Association of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: 1975), p. 40.

Intercity/Amtrak train-miles:1960-70: Association of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: 1975), p. 39.

1975-2001: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).2002-08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77.

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 , table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of August 20, 

2009.Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 33 (train-miles) and p. 34 (car-miles).

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 29, 2010.Transit:1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 6 and similar tables in earlier editions.

Rail:Motorcycle:1970-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985 (Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.1985-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 29, 2010.1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Apr. 29, 2010

g Although both Train-miles and Car-miles are shown for rail, only Train-miles are included in the total. A Train-mile is the movement of a train, which can consist of multiple vehicles (cars), the distance of 1 mile. This 

differs from a vehicle-mile, which is the movement of 1 vehicle the distance of 1 mile. A 10-vehicle train traveling 1 mile would be measured as 1 train-mile and 10 vehicle-miles. Caution should be used when comparing train-miles with vehicle miles.1980-2000: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), Amtrak Corporate Reporting, Route Profitability System, personal communication, 2001.1985-92: Ibid., General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 3.3.1993-97: Ibid., General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity and Avionics Survey (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 3.3. 

Highway:Passenger car and motorcycle:Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Aug. 20, 2009.1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 29, 2010.Class I rail freight train- and car-miles:2001-08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77.

NOTESNumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Air:Air carrier:1960: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics 1969 (Washington, DC: 1970), part III, table 2.

Intercity/Amtrak car-miles:1965-70: Ibid., Handbook of Airline Statistics 1973 (Washington, DC: 1974), part III, table 2.

Single-unit 2-axle 6-tires or more truck, combination truck, and bus:1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 29, 2010.

i Ferry boat included with Other.

Transit data from 1996 and after are not comparable to the data for earlier years or to the data published in previous editions of the report due to different data sources used.General aviation:1975-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class, available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/Tables.asp?DB_ID=130&DB_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summary%20Data%20%28Form%2041%20and%20298C%20Summary%20Data%29&DB_Short_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summary, as of June 23, 2010.1980: U.S. National Transportation Safety Board estimate, personal communication, Dec. 7, 1998.

Table 1-35: U.S. Vehicle-Miles (Millions) 

c U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), provides data separately for passenger car and motorcycle in its annual Highway Statistics series. However, the 1995 summary report 

provides updated data for Passenger car and Motorcycle combined. Passenger car figures in this table were computed by U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, by subtracting the 

most current motorcycle figures from the aggregate Passenger car and Motorcycle figures.

d Prior to 1985, excludes Demand responsive and most rural and smaller systems funded via Sections 18 and 16(b)2, Federal Transit Act. The series is not continuous between 1980 and 1985. Transit rail modes are 

measured in car-miles. Car-miles measure individual vehicle-miles in a train. A 10-car train traveling 1 mile would equal 1 train-mile and 10 car-miles.

e Motor bus and Demand responsive figures are also included in the Bus figure for Highway. f National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak) began operations in 1971.1970-75: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation1976 (Washington, DC: 1976), table 8-5.

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a All operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135. Data for 1996 are estimated using new information on nonrespondents and are not comparable to earlier years. Mileage in source is 

multiplied by 1.151 to convert to nautical-miles for 1985-1997.

b In July 1997, the FHWA published revised vehicle-miles data for the highway modes for many years. The major change reflected the reassignment of some vehicles from the passenger car category to the Other 2-axle 

4-tire vehicle category. This category was calculated prior to rounding.1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation1972 (Washington, DC: 1973), table 9.10.

SOURCES

h 1960–65, Motorcycle data are included in Passenger car, and Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle data included in Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more Truck .
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Urban VKT, total (millions) 1,376,416 1,680,313 2,052,693 2,073,635 2,193,623 2,268,647 2,332,337 2,397,173 2,452,457 2,499,240 2,567,901 2,619,397 2,677,583 2,714,387 2,780,296 2,905,683 3,045,305 3,141,230 3,181,749 3,209,867 3,191,476 3,214,446

Interstate 259,494 347,921 448,848 459,186 488,058 510,804 532,012 549,636 565,812 581,670 602,896 616,796 633,221 643,715 657,607 696,255 731,262 754,895 768,113 777,820 766,194 764,379

Other arterialb 779,227 930,635 1,125,306 1,138,640 1,199,956 1,245,597 1,284,094 1,311,889 1,343,196 1,362,514 1,388,857 1,413,250 1,449,040 1,470,837 1,508,530 1,567,398 1,641,674 1,686,945 1,706,062 1,718,989 1,709,487 1,693,145

Collectorc 133,645 144,162 171,068 172,652 186,789 189,721 193,263 204,272 208,104 209,450 212,281 211,794 217,860 221,962 228,324 247,438 260,888 270,431 278,754 281,090 282,261 288,356

Local 204,050 257,595 307,470 303,157 318,821 322,525 322,968 331,375 335,345 345,607 363,868 377,557 377,462 377,872 385,835 394,592 411,482 428,959 428,819 431,969 433,533 468,567

Rural VKT, total (millions) 1,081,527 1,175,993 1,398,324 1,421,941 1,422,816 1,427,015 1,461,833 1,501,983 1,545,282 1,608,180 1,661,693 1,710,126 1,743,164 1,787,494 1,815,598 1,746,758 1,722,397 1,670,398 1,669,001 1,666,159 1,593,923 1,577,522

Interstate 217,397 248,414 322,147 329,933 330,812 335,239 346,923 359,498 374,277 386,653 404,782 418,697 431,594 440,347 450,555 434,434 429,688 416,482 415,071 412,697 391,537 389,256

Other arterialb 422,894 455,127 532,477 538,736 553,714 562,574 575,065 593,196 609,695 630,955 649,345 665,174 676,888 687,966 698,141 670,446 659,741 642,019 634,885 633,221 602,334 599,429

Collectorc 304,919 332,602 386,983 395,303 378,051 364,188 371,000 380,043 387,900 408,934 414,998 425,596 430,067 437,917 442,581 424,323 419,928 404,890 404,549 404,773 388,106 371,271

Local 136,318 139,850 156,716 157,968 160,239 165,014 168,844 169,245 173,410 181,639 192,568 200,659 204,615 221,264 224,320 217,554 213,040 207,007 214,497 215,469 211,946 217,566

Urban VKT per lane-kilometer, 

total (thousands) 613 677 764 766 775 782 794 (R) 809 820 825 844 858 869 857 861 856 860 862 856 851 829 818

Interstate 3,327 3,773 4,483 4,542 4,508 4,588 4,667 (R) 4,785 4,897 5,002 5,131 5,229 5,323 5,370 5,440 5,436 5,479 5,455 5,427 5,414 5,245 5,222

Other arterialb 1,451 1,556 1,751 1,758 1,783 1,778 1,803 (R) 1,828 1,857 1,866 1,901 1,950 1,974 1,997 2,025 2,012 2,019 2,001 1,989 1,977 1,923 1,850

Collectorc 572 552 634 649 659 656 655 686 692 689 703 706 718 728 743 741 745 745 747 747 723 710

Local 146 168 184 179 181 179 178 181 181 184 192 198 196 189 188 183 184 187 183 181 179 190

Rural VKT per lane-kilometer, 

total (thousands) 103 113 136 138 139 140 144 148 152 157 165 169 172 177 179 175 174 170 170 169 163 161

Interstate 1,031 1,170 1,473 1,502 1,540 1,576 1,642 1,693 1,749 1,804 1,888 1,939 1,993 2,032 2,080 2,070 2,088 2,061 2,074 2,076 1,981 1,985

Other arterialb 518 555 640 646 653 665 674 695 711 730 750 766 778 788 797 (R) 780 771 753 744 742 705 693

Collectorc 132 141 164 167 163 158 161 167 170 179 182 187 189 192 195 190 189 183 184 184 177 167

Local 19 20 23 23 23 24 25 25 25 26 29 30 30 33 33 33 32 32 33 33 32 33

KEY: R = revised.

1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-60, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 14, 2011.

1995-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-2, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 14, 2011.

2009 data exclude 1,325 kilometers of federal agency owned roads and 114 kilometers of other non federal agency owned roads. 2008 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal agency owned roads. 2007 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal 

owned roads and 703 kilometers of local government owned roads. 2006 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal owned roads and included 441 kilometers of miscoded roads. 2005 data exclude 1,239 kilometers of federal agency owned roads.

a

 Includes the 50 States and the District of Columbia.

Vehicle-Kilometers Traveled (VMT):

Lane-kilometers:

1980-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Information Management, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC), table HM-260, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 29, 2011.

Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Kilometers Traveled (VKT) and VKT per Lane-Kilometers by Functional Class a

1 mile=1.609344 kilometers.

Component values may not add to totals due to rounding.

SOURCES

1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-202, available at www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi as of Mar. 18, 2009.

b Urban other arterial includes other freeways and expressways, other principal arterial, and minor arterial. Rural other arterial includes other principal arterial and minor arterial prior to 2009, and includes other freeways and expressways, other 

principal arterial and minor arterial for 2009.

b Collector is the sum of major and minor collectors. 

NOTES

See table 1-6M for estimated highway Lane-kilometers by functional class.
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

AIRCRAFT DEPARTURESTotal performeda 4,555,516 5,156,848 5,505,659 6,641,681 6,545,000 6,606,609 7,193,841 7,513,232 8,030,530 8,204,674 8,095,888 8,248,269 8,605,486 8,929,559 8,548,932 8,052,756 8,585,7Total scheduled 4,530,535 5,204,564 5,591,596 6,758,571 7,024,412 6,703,670 7,058,097 7,359,093 7,920,467 8,064,653 7,907,554 8,094,020 8,432,940 8,688,776 8,340,180 7,981,190 8,479,4Large hubsPerformed 2,437,958 2,887,239 3,439,446 4,167,868 4,114,950 4,078,211 4,480,575 4,756,589 5,162,534 5,257,541 5,266,560 5,416,158 5,645,179 5,851,801 5,177,758 4,918,940 5,336,2Scheduled 2,409,874 2,905,923 3,487,660 4,237,466 4,312,032 4,144,325 4,443,937 4,713,178 5,147,875 5,243,646 5,219,161 5,405,728 5,570,419 5,720,435 5,092,030 4,867,648 5,326,8Medium hubsPerformed 902,652 1,048,726 1,185,008 1,394,833 1,256,306 1,301,977 1,310,322 1,471,377 1,439,639 1,425,280 1,430,537 1,429,730 1,499,243 1,574,986 1,893,805 1,791,778 1,703,1Scheduled 899,543 1,058,438 1,201,540 1,417,762 1,352,515 1,312,257 1,268,316 1,398,144 1,387,833 1,356,162 1,352,944 1,345,197 1,404,482 1,507,991 1,812,161 1,784,913 1,671,0Small hubsPerformed 640,589 598,559 514,176 669,450 689,518 771,529 841,685 710,569 738,231 754,914 695,841 714,920 746,625 779,518 864,722 788,758 884,3Scheduled 644,133 608,738 524,048 679,103 858,429 783,305 794,279 685,421 711,947 722,170 660,685 674,812 770,092 759,208 856,112 809,246 855,6NonhubsPerformed 574,317 622,324 367,029 409,530 484,226 454,892 561,259 574,697 690,126 766,939 702,950 687,461 714,439 723,254 612,647 553,280 662,0Scheduled 576,985 631,465 378,348 424,240 501,436 463,783 551,565 562,350 672,812 742,675 674,764 668,283 687,947 701,142 579,877 519,383 625,8ENPLANED REVENUE PASSENGERSb 196,782,144 281,408,852 363,341,497 438,544,001 428,319,248 447,625,988 468,313,029 508,458,194 526,055,483 558,183,741 568,615,687 588,335,318 610,628,716 639,753,899 595,364,778 575,058,533 593,132,2Large hubs 133,975,900 197,679,376 264,507,144 317,595,099 313,375,097 319,582,090 340,048,661 372,731,005 392,601,890 417,339,694 426,246,423 442,402,443 458,665,099 479,570,342 413,634,333 401,696,877 424,621,0Medium hubs 36,539,613 51,664,627 65,770,376 80,466,373 72,985,169 80,800,955 79,032,913 88,601,244 85,929,285 89,018,764 90,779,705 91,755,793 96,394,866 102,082,360 124,587,728 119,733,580 109,492,7Small hubs 19,406,607 23,393,324 24,240,726 30,771,383 31,224,974 36,879,632 37,334,956 34,443,996 33,561,098 37,122,974 36,298,979 37,675,305 38,644,557 40,121,294 42,833,911 40,053,861 43,545,8Nonhubs 6,860,024 8,671,525 8,823,251 9,711,146 10,734,008 10,363,311 11,896,499 12,681,949 13,963,210 14,702,309 15,290,580 16,501,777 16,924,194 17,979,903 14,308,806 13,574,215 15,472,6ENPLANED REVENUE TONSc 3,661,061 5,088,313 4,024,470 6,298,824 6,417,504 6,736,309 8,203,090 8,718,082 9,365,017 10,333,298 13,520,228 14,083,769 14,911,847 15,105,527 17,514,685 13,525,489 13,911,4Freight, total 2,764,763 3,562,187 2,601,027 4,732,726 4,854,513 5,053,678 6,383,887 6,802,375 7,204,479 8,047,795 11,163,448 11,784,514 12,067,717 12,770,655 15,805,842 12,674,172 13,069,6Large hubs 2,265,665 3,008,311 2,047,988 3,001,217 2,960,604 3,067,778 3,678,851 4,025,517 4,402,327 4,653,189 5,691,363 6,208,629 5,993,061 6,728,534 6,338,289 4,999,651 5,524,2

Medium hubs 358,044 414,325 469,057 1,446,744 1,507,017 1,633,136 1,857,865 2,022,282 1,950,318 2,169,411 3,855,449 3,897,242 4,382,712 4,445,684 6,871,585 5,750,187 5,264,0Small hubs 99,133 73,795 48,127 191,358 222,247 267,619 516,199 432,680 541,062 755,232 963,093 1,019,615 1,053,050 936,896 1,405,627 1,056,987 1,015,8Nonhubs 41,922 65,756 35,855 93,407 164,645 85,145 330,973 321,896 310,772 469,962 653,542 659,028 638,894 659,541 1,190,341 867,347 1,265,4Mail, total 896,298 1,526,125 1,423,443 1,566,098 1,562,991 1,682,632 1,819,203 1,915,706 2,160,538 2,285,503 2,356,781 2,299,255 2,844,130 2,334,872 1,708,843 851,317 841,7Large hubs 677,179 1,091,059 1,082,567 1,146,589 1,095,019 1,201,545 1,320,176 1,406,910 1,546,568 1,630,445 1,699,154 1,662,643 2,183,127 1,674,892 1,127,090 642,709 663,4Medium hubs 151,498 255,929 268,179 292,899 321,041 321,051 324,441 344,200 442,814 466,583 473,577 482,710 502,096 508,356 407,330 162,549 141,3Small hubs 48,486 148,116 59,917 108,656 126,070 144,918 152,692 136,111 136,008 157,137 138,818 127,748 126,793 109,283 103,227 34,293 27,4Nonhubs 19,134 31,021 12,781 17,954 20,861 15,117 21,894 28,485 35,149 31,338 45,232 26,154 32,114 42,341 71,196 11,766 9,6

2000-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Airport Activity Statistics Database (Form 41 Schedule T-3), special tabulation.Large certificated air carriers operate aircraft with seating capacity of more than 60 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 18,000 pounds and hold Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation authorizing the performance of air transportation. Data for commuter, intrastate, air taxi, small-certificated, and foreign-flag air carriers are not included.Prior to 2000, and/or 2007-2008 air traffic hubs are designated as geographical areas based on the percentage of total passengers enplaned in the area. Under this designation, a hub may have more than one airport in it. (This definition of hub should not be confused with the definition used by the airlines in describing their "huband-spoke" route structures.) Individual communities fall into four hub classifications as determined by each community's percentage of total enplaned revenue passengers in all services and all operations of U.S. certificated route carriers within the 50 states and the District of Columbia. For 2000-2006, hub designation is based on passenger boardings at individual airports as designated by the FAA. Classifications are based on the percentage of total enplaned revenue passengers for each year according to the following: one percent or more = large, 0.25 to 0.9999 percent = medium, 0.05 to 0.249 percent = small, less than 0.05 = nonhub.1975-99: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Airport Activity Statistics of Certified Route Air Carriers (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 2, 3, 4, and 5.

b The number of persons receiving air transportation from an air carrier for which remuneration is received by the carrier, excluding persons receiving reduced rate 

charges, such as air carrier employees, infants, and others (except ministers of religion, elderly individuals, and handicapped individuals).

Table 1-37: U.S. Air Carrier Aircraft Departures, Enplaned Revenue Passengers, and Enplaned Revenue Tons

c The number of short tons transported on a flight by an air carrier.

Data are for all scheduled and nonscheduled service by large certificated U.S. air carriers at all airports served within the 50 states and the District of Columbia. U.S. territories are not included in the data. Not all scheduled service is actually performed. Moreover, for several years, total performed departures exceed total scheduled departures because nonscheduled departures are included in the totals. Prior to 1993, all scheduled and some nonscheduled enplanements for certificated air carriers were included; no enplanements were included for air carriers offering charter service only. Prior to 1990, freight includes both freight and express shipments, and mail includes priority and nonpriority U.S. mail and foreign mail; beginning in 1990, only aggregate numbers are reported.SOURCESNOTES

a Total performed includes scheduled departures performed minus those scheduled departures that did not occur plus unscheduled service.

KEY: R = revised.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

FreightAir carrier 953 943 1,014 1,082 1,052 1,157 1,389 1,346 1,391 1,347 1,221 1,160 1,181 1,077 1,078 1,001 982 973 1,204 1,216 Trucka 272 259 263 286 363 366 391 398 410 407 392 416 426 435 442 458 473 485 U U 

Class I rail 461 503 515 541 616 665 726 751 763 794 817 (R) 843 (R) 842 (R) 851 (R) 835 (R) 835 (R) 843 (R) 858 (R) 853 (R) 862 Coastwise (water) 1,496 1,501 1,509 1,362 1,915 1,972 (R) 1,605 (R) 1,705 (R) 1,762 (R) 1,650 (R) 1,652 (R) 1,652 (R) 1,526 (R) 1,330 (R) 1,261 (R) 1,279 (R) 1,251 (R) 1,228 (R) 1,219 (R) 1,248 Lakewise (water) 522 494 506 530 536 524 (R) 553 (R) 535 (R) 519 (R) 514 (R) 508 (R) 514 (R) 508 (R) 507 (R) 505 (R) 501 (R) 506 (R) 509 (R) 529 (R) 529 Internal (water) 282 297 330 358 405 435 (R) 470 (R) 483 (R) 479 (R) 467 (R) 482 (R) 494 (R) 477 (R) 466 (R) 472 (R) 488 (R) 481 (R) 476 (R) 483 (R) 457 Intraport (water) U U U 16 17 15 (R) 13 (R) 13 (R) 12 (R) 12 (R) 16 (R) 16 (R) 17 (R) 15 (R) 15 (R) 15 (R) 16 (R) 15 (R) 15 (R) 15 Crude (oil pipeline) 325 320 300 633 871 777 812 822 830 790 778 797 779 781 767 766 UUUU

Petroleum products (oil pipeline) 269 335 357 516 414 391 387 379 379 406 414 402 413 413 420 418 UUUUPassengerAir carrier, domestic, scheduled 583 614 678 698 736 758 803 806 806 799 787 791 802 817 812 824 833 (R) 843 (R) 850 (R) 844 Bus, intercity 79 94 106 113 125 121 141 143 136 138 138 140 143 144 144 143 143 UUU

Commuter rail 21 21 22 23 23 24 22 23 23 22 21 24 24 23 23 (R) 22 23 23 23 23 

Amtrak

b N N N 236 216 231 273 285 286 280 279 268 256 256 251 248 244 237 234 231 

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a Total Class I and Class II motor carriers of freight (less-than-truckload, specialized carrier for truckload, and others).b Amtrak began operations in 1971. Data are reported for fiscal years.

Average length of haul for freight is calculated by dividing ton-miles by estimates of tonnage from the various data sources. The calculation of average length of haul for passenger trips varies by mode: for air carrier it is calculated by dividing revenue passenger-miles by reve

enplanements; for commuter rail, intercity bus , and Amtrak it is calculated by dividing passenger-miles by number of passengers. Commuter rail data for 1996 and later is not comparable to previous years' data due to a change in sources.

Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul, Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes (Miles)

1990-2002: Amtrak, Amtrak Annual Report (Washington, DC: 2003), Statistical Appendix.

Intercity bus:Passenger: Air carrier:1970-85: Amtrak, personal communication, Jan. 26, 1999.U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 3 and similar pages in previous issues.

Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 18th edition (Washington, DC: 2002), p. 64.

1960-95: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 18th edition (Washington, DC: 2002), p. 64.

Freight:SOURCESWater:2003-08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual issues).1975-99: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 18th edition (Washington, DC: 2002), p. 65.1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation In America, 2002 (Washington, DC: 2004), p. 65.

Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation In America, 18th edition(Washington, DC: 2002), p. 65.Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 36 and similar pages in previous editions.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Part 5 (New Orleans, LA: Annual issues), section 1, table 1-4, available at http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/wcsc.htm as of Apr. 05, 2010.

1960-70: Transportation Policy Associates, Washington, DC, personal communication.NOTESAmtrak:Class I rail:Truck:2002-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, TranStats Database, T-100 Market Data, special tabulation, Mar. 18, 2010.

Oil pipeline:1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 19 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Apr. 5, 2010.Commuter Rail:Air carrier:
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

TOTAL 

1990-200

TOTAL space launches 15 12 14 11 15 23 24 38 41 39 35 16 24 17 15 18 21 23 28 24 4United States, total 9 6 6 5 5 12 11 17 22 15 7 3 5 5 6 1 2 3 6 4 1

Athena 00000101130000000000 

Atlas 12334876543134511011 

Conestoga 00000100000000000000 

Delta 5 4 3 1 1 1 3 7 11 5 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 2 2 

Falcon 00000000000000000021 

Pegasus 00010113422001000010 

Taurus 00000000110100100000 

Titan 30000000000000000000 

Europe, total 5 6 6 6 8 8 9 11 9 8 12 8 10 4 1 5 5 6 5 5 1

Ariane 4 5 6 6 6 8 8 9 11 9 8 8 6 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ariane 5 00000000004233155655 

Russia, total 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 5 13 13 3 8 5 5 8 9 12 11 10 1

Cosmos 00000000012001010030 

Dnepr 00000000011010101321 

Kosmos 00000000000000001200 

Proton 00000026456251444467 

Rockot 00000000000021011002 

Shtil 00000000100000000000 

Soyuz 00000000063002010000 

Soyuz 2 00000000000000001300 

Start 00000001001100001000 

Volna 00000000000000010000 

Ukraine, total 00000000100000000000 

Zenit 2 00000000100000000000 

China, total 1 0 2 0 2 3 2 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Long March 2C 00000001410000000000 

Long March 2E 00201300000000000000 

Long March 3 10001010000000000000 

Long March 3B 00000012000000000001 

India, total 00000000000000000100 

PSLV 00000000000000000100 

Sea Launcha, total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 1 3 3 4 5 1 6 4 

Zenit 3SL 00000000023213345164 

2000-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Commercial Space Transportation: Year in Review (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1, 3, 4, and Appendix I, available at http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/ as of Apr. 9, 2010. 

Table 1-39: Worldwide Commercial Space Launches

a Sea Launch is an international venture involving organizations in four countries and uses its own launch facility outside national 

borders. Their first commercial launch, in 1999, was licensed by the Federal Aviation Administration. Sea Launch filed for Chapter 

11 bankruptcy protection in June 2009 and thus had no launches in the second half of the year.

A commercial launch is a launch that is internationally competed (i.e., available in principle to international launch providers) or whose primary payload is commercial in nature. FAA-licensed launches carrying captive government (NASA and DOD) or industry payloads (ORBCOMM, Delta 3 demosat, Zenit 3SL demosat, and others) are counted here. Data are for orbital launches only.1990–99: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation, personal communication, June 4, 2002. SOURCESNOTES
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Air, total 33,399 57,626 117,542 147,400 219,068 290,136 358,873 350,185 365,564 372,130 398,199 414,688 446,652 463,112 476,362 502,457 (R) 531,329 502,406 483,409 505,226 

Air carrier, certificated, domestic, all services 31,099 53,226 108,442 136,000 204,368 277,836 345,873 338,085 354,764 362,230 388,399 403,888 434,652 450,612 463,262 488,357 516,129 486,506 483,409 505,226 General aviationa 2,300 4,400 9,100 11,400 14,700 12,300 13,000 12,100 10,800 9,900 9,800 10,800 12,000 12,500 13,100 14,100 15,200 15,900 UU

Highway, total b 1,272,078 1,555,237 2,042,002 2,404,954 2,653,510 3,012,953 3,561,209 3,600,322 3,697,719 3,768,066 3,837,512 3,868,070 3,968,386 4,089,366 (R) 4,200,634 4,304,270 4,390,076 4,643,794 4,667,038 4,721,869 

Passenger carb,c,g 1,144,673 1,394,803 1,750,897 1,954,166 2,011,989 2,094,621 2,281,391 2,200,260 2,208,226 2,213,281 2,249,742 2,286,887 2,337,068 2,389,065 2,463,828 2,494,870 2,544,457 2,556,481 2,620,389 2,641,885 Motorcycleb,c.g U U 3,277 6,192 12,257 11,812 12,424 11,656 11,946 12,184 12,390 10,777 10,912 11,089 11,311 11,642 11,516 11,760 12,131 12,163 

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclec.h U U 225,613 363,267 520,774 688,091 999,754 1,116,958 1,201,667 1,252,860 1,269,292 1,256,146 1,298,299 1,352,675 1,380,557 1,432,625 1,467,664 1,678,853 1,674,792 1,706,103 Truck, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more h 98,551 128,769 27,081 34,606 39,813 45,441 51,901 52,898 53,874 56,772 61,284 62,705 64,072 66,893 68,021 70,304 70,500 85,489 75,866 77,757 

Truck, combination 28,854 31,665 35,134 46,724 68,678 78,063 94,341 96,645 99,510 103,116 108,932 115,451 118,899 124,584 128,359 132,384 135,020 161,169 138,737 140,160 Busd UUUUU 94,925 121,398 121,906 122,496 129,852 135,871 136,104 139,136 145,060 148,558 162,445 160,919 150,042 145,124 143,801 

Transit, total e UUUU 39,854 39,581 41,143 40,703 40,241 39,384 39,585 39,808 38,984 40,180 41,605 43,279 45,100 46,508 46,096 45,677 

Motor busd UUUU 21,790 21,161 20,981 21,090 20,336 20,247 18,832 18,818 16,802 17,509 17,874 18,684 18,807 19,583 19,679 19,179 Light rail U U U U 381 350 571 662 701 705 833 860 955 1,024 1,115 1,190 1,339 1,427 1,432 1,476 

Heavy rail UUUU 10,558 10,427 11,475 10,528 10,737 10,231 10,668 10,559 11,530 12,056 12,284 12,902 13,844 14,178 13,663 13,606 

Trolley bus U U U U 219 306 193 195 199 188 187 187 184 189 182 186 192 187 188 176 Commuter rail 4,197 4,128 4,592 4,513 6,516 6,534 7,082 7,344 7,320 6,940 7,996 8,244 8,350 8,037 8,702 8,764 9,400 9,544 9,500 9,555 Demand responsived U U U U U364 431 454 495 562 577 607 391 531 513 559 588 626 651 689 

Ferry boati U U U U U U286 282 271 260 260 260 255 254 280 295 298 295 301 367 

Otheri U U U U390 439 124 148 182 251 232 273 516 579 654 699 632 668 683 629 

Rail

Intercity/Amtrak f 17,064 13,260 6,179 3,931 4,503 4,825 6,057 6,273 6,091 6,199 5,921 5,545 5,050 5,166 5,304 5,330 5,498 5,559 5,468 5,680 

Air carrier, domestic, all services:Air carrier passenger-miles are computed by summing the products of the aircraft-miles flown on each inter airport segment multiplied by the number of passengers carried on that segment. Highway passenger-miles from 1960 to 1994 are calculated by multiplying vehicle-miles of travel as cited by FHWA by the average number of occupants for each vehicle type. Average vehicle occupancy rates are based on various sources, such as the National Household Travel Survey, conducted by the Federal Highway Administration, and the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, conducted by the Bureau of the Census. Transit passenger-miles are the cumulative sum of the distances ridden by each passenger. Rail passenger-miles represent the movement of 1 passenger for 1 mile. NOTESNumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1975-80: Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: 1976, 1981), page 4 (December 1976) and page 2 (December 1981).Transit data from 1996 and after are not comparable to the data for earlier years or to the data published in previous editions of the report due to different data sources used.SOURCESAir:KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a All operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135.b In July 1997, FHWA published revised passenger-miles data for the highway modes for a number of years. The major change reflected the reassignment of some vehicles from the passenger car category to the other 2-

axle 4-tire vehicle category. Passenger-miles for passenger car, motorcycle, and other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles were derived by multiplying vehicle-miles for these vehicles by average vehicle occupancy rates, provided by the 

Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (1977, 1983, and 1995) and the National Household Travel Survey (2001). 

g Motorcycles are included in Passenger car in 1960 and 1965.h Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles are included in single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck in 1960 and 1965.

1990-2002: Ibid., Amtrak Annual Report (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), Statistical Appendix.

1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database , available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.

All other data:1992: American Public Transit Association, personal communication, July 19, 2000.2003-08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), page 77. 

1960-1995: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 2 and similar tables in earlier editions.

Rail, Intercity / Amtrak:1960-80: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).

1985: Amtrak, Amtrak FY95 Annual Report (Washington, DC: 1996), Statistical Appendix, page 4. 

General aviation:Highway:1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database , available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.Transit:Ferryboat:1985-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.1970-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1985 (Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.

i Ferry boats are included in Other in 1980 and 1985.c U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), provides data separately for passenger car and motorcycle in its annual Highway Statistics series. However, the 1995 summary report 

provides updated data for passenger car and motorcycle combined. Passenger car figures in this table were computed by U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics by subtracting the most 

current motorcycle figures from the aggregate passenger car and motorcycle figures. 

1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002) , pages 45-46.

1960: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 (Washington, DC: 1970), part III, table 2.1965-70: Ibid., Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973 (Washington, DC: 1974), part III, table 2.

Passenger car and motorcycle:

d Motor bus and demand responsive figures are also included in the bus figure for highway.e Prior to 1985, excludes demand responsive and most rural and smaller systems funded via Sections 18 and 16(b)2, Federal Transit Act. The series is not continuous between 1980 and 1985. Transit rail modes are 

measured in car-miles. Car-miles measure individual vehicle-miles in a train. A 10-car train traveling 1 mile would equal 1 train-mile and 10 car-miles. 

f Amtrak began operations in 1971. Does not include contract commuter passengers.

1985-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December issues), page 3, line1.

Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (Millions) 

1993-95: American Public Transit Association, personal communication, Aug. 13, 2001.1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 , available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/index.html as of July 28, 2000, table VM-201A. 

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.Single-unit 2-axle 6-tires or more truck, combination truck, and bus:

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/index.html as of July 28, 2000, table VM-201A. 

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010 .1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 , available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/index.html as of July 28, 2000, table VM-201A. 

Motorcycle:Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number 

All workers 106,630 100.0 103,741 100.0 116,469 100.0 118,041 100.0 119,896 100.0 115,342 100.0 133,091 100.0 138,266 100.0 139,260 

Automobile, total 93,943 88.1 91,301 88.0 101,908 87.5 103,467 87.7 105,450 88.0 101,664 88.1 116,659 87.7 119,898 86.7 120,442 

Drives self 81,322 76.3 79,449 76.6 90,207 77.5 92,363 78.2 93,819 78.3 91,607 79.4 102,458 77.0 105,046 76.0 105,955 Carpool, total 12,621 11.8 11,852 11.4 11,701 10.0 11,104 9.4 11,631 9.7 10,057 8.7 14,200 10.7 14,852 10.7 14,488 

2-person 9,708 9.1 9,105 8.8 9,294 8.0 8,705 7.4 9,012 7.5 7,866 6.8 10,981 8.3 11,408 8.3 11,139 3-person 1,748 1.6 1,684 1.6 1,526 1.3 1,454 1.2 1,642 1.4 1,351 1.2 3,219 2.4 1,992 1.4 1,963 4+ persona 1,165 1.1 1,063 1.0 881 0.8 945 0.8 977 0.8 840 0.7 NA NA 1,451 1.0 1,385 

Public transportationb 4,880 4.6 4,740 4.6 5,337 4.6 5,779 4.9 5,602 4.7 5,081 4.4 6,202 4.7 6,642 4.8 6,761 Taxicabc 152 0.1 117 0.1 139 0.1 144 0.1 133 0.1 128 0.1 NA NA 178 0.1 179 

Bicycle or motorcyclec 795 0.7 744 0.7 738 0.6 749 0.6 846 0.7 691 0.6 NA NA 895 0.6 949 Walks only 3,634 3.4 3,227 3.1 3,869 3.3 3,627 3.1 3,405 2.8 3,171 2.7 3,291 2.5 3,952 2.9 3,954 Other meansd 491 0.5 474 0.5 867 0.7 987 0.8 1,052 0.9 1,072 0.9 2,143 1.6 1,289 0.9 1,298 Works at home 2,736 2.6 3,137 3.0 3,611 3.1 3,288 2.8 3,409 2.8 3,536 3.1 4,796 3.6 5,411 3.9 5,677 

NOTES

c Taxicab and Bicycle or motorcycle data are included in Other means for 2005 only.

KEY: NA = not applicable.Principal means of transportation to work refers to the mode of travel used to get from home to work most frequently. If more than one means of transportation was used each day, those surveyed were asked to specify the one used for the longest distance during the trip from home to work.2006-09: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, available at http://factfinder.census.gov/ as of 

Oct. 22, 2010.Component values may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCES1989-2005:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005 (Washington, DC: 

2006), table 2-24 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html as of Oct. 12, 2006.

1997 1999 2003 2005 2006

d Other means include ferryboats, surface trains, and van service and other means not classified. b Public transportation refers to bus, streetcar, subway, railroad, and elevated trains.a For 2005 only, the Carpool categories are 2-person and 3+ person; 4+ person is not available as in other years.

Table 1-41: Principal Means of Transportation to Work (Thousands)

1989 1993 2001 200
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

TOTAL 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Principal means of transportation 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Personal-use vehicle 2,336,094 89.3 760,325 55.9 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Airplane 193,290 7.4 557,609 41.0 NA NA NA NA

Commercial airplane 187,063 7.1 551,314 40.5 NA NA NA NA

Bus 55,443 2.1 27,081 2.0 NA NA NA NA

Intercity 22,941 0.9 9,945 0.7 NA NA NA NA

Charter or tour 32,502 1.2 17,136 1.3 NA NA NA NA

Train 21,144 0.8 10,546 0.8 NA NA NA NA

Ship, boat, or ferry 2,040 0.1 4,278 0.3 NA NA NA NA

Other 3,728 0.1 840 0.1 NA NA NA NA

Not reported 5,388 0.2 133 0.0 NA NA NA NA

Roundtrip distance 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Less than 200 miles 1,249,018 47.7 175,171 12.9 1,209,312 51.8 170,441 22.4

200–299 miles 456,100 17.4 110,937 8.2 439,120 18.8 106,748 14.0

300–499 miles 377,177 14.4 144,972 10.7 355,501 15.2 136,328 17.9

500–999 miles 269,109 10.3 185,695 13.6 231,182 9.9 157,405 20.7

1,000-1,999 miles 132,548 5.1 189,468 13.9 71,481 3.1 97,652 12.8

2,000 miles or more 133,174 5.1 554,569 40.8 29,498 1.3 91,749 12.1

Mean (miles) 520 NA NA NA 325 NA NA NA

Median (miles) 209 NA NA NA 194 NA NA NA

Calendar quarter 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

1st quarter 576,111 22.0 291,733 21.4 510,906 21.9 162,400 21.4

2nd quarter 684,382 26.2 397,302 29.2 602,396 25.8 199,958 26.3

3rd quarter 733,488 28.0 374,407 27.5 667,600 28.6 220,300 29.0

4th quarter 623,146 23.8 297,371 21.9 555,192 23.8 177,666 23.4

Main purpose of trip 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Commute 330,369 12.6 67,599 5.0 318,336 13.6 57,571 7.6

Business 399,312 15.3 279,337 20.5 316,006 13.5 100,665 13.2

Pleasure 1,464,914 56.0 827,035 60.8 1,322,501 56.6 476,681 62.7

Visit relatives or friends 663,203 25.3 357,095 26.2 609,457 26.1 220,583 29.0

Leisurea 786,532 30.1 456,201 33.5 700,467 30.0 250,863 33.0

Rest or relaxation 73,810 2.8 30,431 2.2 68,750 2.9 21,602 2.8

Sightseeing 39,764 1.5 20,591 1.5 34,721 1.5 12,828 1.7

Outdoor recreation 125,627 4.8 44,203 3.2 116,724 5.0 34,802 4.6

Entertainment 176,062 6.7 61,561 4.5 154,347 6.6 43,581 5.7

Personal business 245,679 9.4 108,752 8.0 229,706 9.8 76,814 10.1

Other 176,202 6.7 77,342 5.7 149,019 6.4 48,437 6.4

Not reported 651 0.02 748 0.05 526 0.02 157 0.02

Nights away from home 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

None 1,472,089 56.2 321,353 23.6 1,401,406 60.0 279,249 36.7

1–3 nights 821,311 31.4 431,155 31.7 728,311 31.2 284,967 37.5

4–7 nights 230,335 8.8 326,913 24.0 155,194 6.6 124,495 16.4

8 or more nights 93,392 3.6 281,390 20.7 51,183 2.2 71,613 9.4

Mean, excluding none (nights) 3.5 NA NA NA 3.0 NA NA NA

Type of lodging at destination 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Trip Characteristics: 2001

(Roundtrips to destinations at least 50 miles away) 

Person trips 

(thousands) Person-miles (millions)

Personal-use vehicle 

trips (thousands)

Personal-use vehiclemiles (millions)
Friend's or relative's home 480,887 18.4 370,166 27.2 416,652 17.8 204,705 26.9

Hotel, motel, or resort 369,065 14.1 469,505 34.5 252,951 10.8 149,185 19.6

Rented cabin, condo, or vacation home 48,041 1.8 41,529 3.1 42,016 1.8 25,037 3.3

Owned cabin, condo, or vacation home 67,816 2.6 36,725 2.7 63,248 2.7 23,988 3.2

Camper, trailer, recreational vehicle, tent 60,815 2.3 35,118 2.6 59,519 2.5 29,924 3.9

Other type of lodging 99,902 3.8 73,314 5.4 83,930 3.6 38,356 5.0

Did not stay overnight 1,489,330 56.9 333,896 24.5 1,417,045 60.7 288,922 38.0

Not reported 1,271 0.05 559 0.04 731 0.03 208 0.03

Nights at destination

Mean nights at destination 1.5 NA NA NA 1.1 NA NA NA

Friend's or relative's home 3.3 NA NA NA 2.7 NA NA NA

Hotel, motel, or resort 2.8 NA NA NA 2.3 NA NA NA

NOTE

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Federal Highway Administration, National Household Travel Survey data, CD-ROM, 

February 2004.

KEY: NA = not applicable.

a

 Includes other leisure purposes not shown separately.

SOURCE
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

TOTAL 277,208 100.0 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Under 5 19,281 7.0 113,329 4.3 56,136 4.1 107,012 4.6 37,220 4.9

5–17 years 52,450 18.9 337,984 12.9 169,303 12.4 297,520 12.7 101,565 13.4

18–24 years 23,918 8.6 209,171 8.0 97,575 7.2 192,499 8.2 60,386 7.9

25–29 years 18,432 6.6 192,382 7.4 109,392 8.0 172,075 7.4 56,290 7.4

30–39 years 43,114 15.6 505,463 19.3 260,673 19.2 447,666 19.2 136,738 18.0

40–49 years 40,924 14.8 483,005 18.5 257,444 18.9 428,672 18.3 134,938 17.7

50–59 years 30,498 11.0 391,161 14.9 204,614 15.0 351,977 15.1 110,109 14.5

60–64 years 11,250 4.1 123,103 4.7 67,517 5.0 111,692 4.8 39,101 5.1

65–74 years 18,345 6.6 155,190 5.9 81,500 6.0 140,226 6.0 53,741 7.1

75 years and over 18,997 6.9 106,337 4.1 56,659 4.2 86,755 3.7 30,237 4.0

Median (years) 33.5 N/A 37.3 NA NA NA 37.4 NA NA NA

Sex, total 277,208 100.0 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Male 135,291 48.8 1,499,967 57.3 757,454 55.7 1,347,123 57.7 429,259 56.5

Female 141,917 51.2 1,117,160 42.7 603,358 44.3 988,971 42.3 331,066 43.5

Race, total 277,208 100.0 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

White 193,338 69.7 2,033,914 77.7 1,058,412 77.8 1,821,143 78.0 595,944 78.4

Black 33,877 12.2 207,350 7.9 91,393 6.7 180,399 7.7 59,363 7.8

Asian or Pacific Islander 7,223 2.6 49,559 1.9 59,235 4.4 39,501 1.7 12,067 1.6

American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleutian 1,316 0.5 12,565 0.5 5,975 0.4 11,688 0.5 3,693 0.5

Other 39,472 14.2 294,628 11.3 136,480 10.0 266,200 11.4 84,115 11.1

Not reported 1,983 0.7 19,110 0.7 9,318 0.7 17,163 0.7 5,144 0.7

Ethnicity, total 277,208 100.0 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Hispanic origin 35,043 12.6 253,100 9.7 118,516 8.7 227,266 9.7 71,465 9.4

Not of Hispanic origin 242,165 87.4 2,364,026 90.3 1,242,297 91.3 2,108,828 90.3 688,859 90.6

Household income 277,208 100.0 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Less than $25,000 58,935 21.3 327,852 12.5 133,903 9.8 302,354 12.9 95,773 12.6

$25,000–$39,999 54,404 19.6 454,543 17.4 188,296 13.8 422,556 18.1 138,312 18.2

$40,000–$49,999 29,471 10.6 297,383 11.4 135,256 9.9 278,871 11.9 86,849 11.4

$50,000–$59,999 26,622 9.6 285,398 10.9 147,926 10.9 260,465 11.1 85,859 11.3

$60,000–$74,999 25,557 9.2 305,461 11.7 134,024 9.8 281,037 12.0 83,941 11.0

$75,000–$99,999 32,264 11.6 380,371 14.5 221,657 16.3 332,095 14.2 107,055 14.1

$100,000 or more 33,587 12.1 444,802 17.0 334,526 24.6 359,642 15.4 129,050 17.0

Not reported 16,369 5.9 121,316 4.6 65,224 4.8 99,074 4.2 33,486 4.4

Household type 277,208 100.0 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

One adult, no children 13,743 5.0 139,195 5.3 84,619 6.2 119,661 5.1 38,003 5.0

One adult, youngest child 0-5 5,736 2.1 25,736 1.0 15,239 1.1 21,777 0.9 6,528 0.9

One adult, youngest child 6-15 8,242 3.0 70,325 2.7 31,689 2.3 63,413 2.7 18,918 2.5

One adult, youngest child 16-21 2,614 0.9 22,080 0.8 7,677 0.6 18,741 0.8 4,967 0.7

One adult, retired, no children 8,750 3.2 42,932 1.6 23,648 1.7 36,142 1.5 11,325 1.5

Two or more adults, no children 50,160 18.1 620,148 23.7 355,433 26.1 542,463 23.2 175,694 23.1

Two or more adults, youngest child 0-5 69,688 25.1 593,106 22.7 291,117 21.4 536,070 22.9 172,395 22.7

Two or more adults, youngest child 6-15 64,237 23.2 590,787 22.6 292,422 21.5 530,746 22.7 167,498 22.0

Two or more adults, youngest child 16-21 18,741 6.8 205,093 7.8 101,686 7.5 182,859 7.8 57,110 7.5

Two or more adults, retired, no children 35,297 12.7 307,725 11.8 157,284 11.6 284,221 12.2 107,887 14.2

Educational attainment, total (Persons 

16 years and over) 208,479 100.0 2,173,473 100.0 1,144,890 100.0 1,940,042 100.0 624,049 100.0

Less than high school graduate 30,601 14.7 183,801 8.5 84,797 7.4 162,768 8.4 49,856 8.0

High school graduate 63,428 30.4 585,117 26.9 225,637 19.7 554,002 28.6 168,467 27.0

Some college, no degree 43,377 20.8 458,953 21.1 211,462 18.5 423,517 21.8 137,884 22.1

Associate's degree 13,570 6.5 162,145 7.5 80,413 7.0 146,649 7.6 46,528 7.5

Bachelor's degree 33,063 15.9 437,767 20.1 285,168 24.9 369,402 19.0 126,532 20.3

Some grad school or grad degree 23,237 11.1 339,237 15.6 253,592 22.1 278,227 14.3 93,484 15.0

Not reported 1,202 0.6 6,453 0.3 3,822 0.3 5,477 0.3 1,299 0.2

Activity status, total (Persons 16 years 

and over) 208,479 100.0 2,173,473 100.0 1,144,890 100.0 1,940,042 100.0 624,049 100.0

Working full time 115,428 55.4 1,426,531 65.6 716,671 62.6 1,275,103 65.7 382,355 61.3

Retired 35,611 17.1 254,291 11.7 137,388 12.0 230,254 11.9 85,957 13.8

Other 57,098 27.4 491,046 22.6 289,717 25.3 433,191 22.3 155,015 24.8

Not reported 342 0.2 1,605 0.1 1,115 0.1 1,495 0.1 722 0.1

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Federal Highway Administration, National Household Travel Survey data, CD-ROM, February 2004.

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

KEY: NA = not applicable.

NOTE

SOURCE

Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Traveler Characteristics: 2001

(Roundtrips to destinations at least 50 miles away)

Personal-use vehicle 

trips (thousands)

Personal-use vehiclemiles (millions)Person trips 

(thousands)

Person-miles 

(millions)

Persons 

(thousands)
Rank

Total Enplaned 

Passengers Rank

Total Enplaned 

Passengers Rank

Total Enplaned 

Passengers

Atlanta, GA (Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International) ATL 1 37,232,485 1 43,251,133 1 41,875,839 12.5 -3.2

Chicago, IL (Chicago O'Hare International) ORD 2 31,657,965 2 31,357,564 2 28,994,466 -8.4 -7.5

Dallas, TX (Dallas/Fort Worth International) DFW 3 27,592,758 3 26,838,812 3 26,332,812 -4.6 -1.9

Denver, CO (Denver International) DEN 5 17,502,449 4 23,940,617 4 23,721,549 35.5 -0.9

Los Angeles, CA (Los Angeles International) LAX 4 24,043,891 5 22,669,005 5 21,676,680 -9.8 -4.4

Houston, TX (George Bush Intercontinental) IAH 13 14,735,065 7 19,413,743 6 18,610,288 26.3 -4.1

Phoenix, AZ (Phoenix Sky Harbor International) PHX 8 16,089,706 8 19,224,795 7 18,329,229 13.9 -4.7

Las Vegas, NV (McCarran International) LAS 10 15,367,358 6 19,897,410 8 18,314,373 19.2 -8.0

Charlotte, NC (Charlotte Douglas International) CLT 21 9,442,282 9 17,193,157 9 17,078,366 80.9 -0.7

New York, NY (John F. Kennedy International) JFK 20 10,138,272 10 16,752,675 10 16,191,561 59.7 -3.3

San Francisco, CA (San Francisco International) SFO 7 16,563,022 15 15,760,022 11 15,997,148 -3.4 1.5

Minneapolis, MN (Minneapolis-St. Paul International/Wold-Chamberlain) MSP 9 15,390,844 12 16,317,285 12 15,505,689 0.7 -5.0

Newark, NJ (Newark Liberty International) EWR 12 14,912,219 13 16,117,237 13 15,208,723 2.0 -5.6

Orlando, FL (Orlando International) MCO 16 12,563,805 14 16,099,283 14 15,062,650 19.9 -6.4

Detroit, MI (Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County) DTW 6 16,570,055 11 16,751,796 15 15,042,151 -9.2 -10.2

Seattle, WA (Seattle-Tacoma International) SEA 14 13,063,780 17 15,230,851 16 14,719,937 12.7 -3.4

Philadelphia, PA (Philadelphia International) PHL 19 10,346,557 16 15,266,795 17 14,714,285 42.2 -3.6

Miami, FL (Miami International) MIA 15 12,763,958 18 13,577,795 18 13,389,575 4.9 -1.4

Boston, MA (General Edward Lawrence Logan International) BOS 17 11,090,707 19 11,586,556 19 11,377,851 2.6 -1.8

New York, NY (LaGuardia) LGA 18 10,805,389 20 11,172,540 20 10,750,986 -0.5 -3.8

Baltimore, MD (Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall) BWI 25 8,004,113 22 10,082,852 21 10,228,317 27.8 1.4

Salt Lake City, UT (Salt Lake International) SLC 22 8,717,529 23 9,991,736 22 9,903,028 13.6 -0.9

Washington, DC (Dulles International) IAD 29 6,838,523 24 9,974,636 23 9,713,816 42.0 -2.6

Fort Lauderdale, FL (Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International) FLL 32 6,223,985 21 10,372,202 24 9,568,333 53.7 -7.8

Washington, DC (Ronald Reagan Washington National) DCA 30 6,663,275 27 8,606,060 25 8,413,506 26.3 -2.2

San Diego, CA (San Diego International) SAN 27 7,252,579 25 8,931,012 26 8,380,119 15.5 -6.2

Chicago, IL (Chicago Midway) MDW 33 6,137,767 28 8,015,533 27 8,223,625 34.0 2.6

Tampa, FL (Tampa International) TPA 28 6,912,306 26 8,691,544 28 8,081,857 16.9 -7.0

Honolulu, HI (Honolulu International) HNL 23 8,576,055 29 7,785,516 29 7,548,395 -12.0 -3.0

Portland, OR (Portland International) PDX 31 6,541,043 30 6,959,281 30 6,351,480 -2.9 -8.7

St. Louis, MO (Lambert-St Louis International) STL 11 14,929,887 31 6,722,736 31 6,069,458 -59.3 -9.7

Cincinnati, OH (Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International) CVG 26 7,615,588 32 6,640,219 32 5,192,501 -31.8 -21.8

Memphis, TN (Memphis International) MEM 39 4,533,738 34 5,375,882 33 5,053,691 11.5 -6.0

Kansas City, MO (Kansas City International) MCI 35 5,601,445 36 5,371,296 34 4,909,175 -12.4 -8.6

Cleveland, OH (Hopkins International) CLE 34 5,921,429 35 5,371,709 35 4,693,669 -20.7 -12.6

Oakland, CA (Oakland International) OAK 37 4,738,024 33 5,503,373 36 4,569,637 -3.6 -17.0

Raleigh, NC (Raleigh-Durham International) RDU 43 4,026,007 38 4,755,384 37 4,407,859 9.5 -7.3

Sacramento, CA (Sacramento International) SMF 44 3,658,148 37 4,912,781 38 4,406,386 20.5 -10.3

Nashville, TN (Nashville International) BNA 42 4,064,137 40 4,622,908 39 4,368,811 7.5 -5.5

Santa Ana, CA (John Wayne-Orange County) SNA 45 3,642,580 42 4,463,009 40 4,310,909 18.3 -3.4

Houston, TX (William P. Hobby) HOU 41 4,214,715 45 4,224,298 41 4,084,737 -3.1 -3.3

San Jose, CA (Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International) SJC 36 5,487,338 39 4,713,840 42 4,045,393 -26.3 -14.2

Austin, TX (Austin-Bergstrom International) AUS 49 3,292,114 44 4,257,503 43 4,013,002 21.9 -5.7

San Juan, PR (Luis Munoz Marin International) SJU 40 4,531,970 41 4,547,000 44 3,980,766 -12.2 -12.5

Pittsburgh, PA (Pittsburgh International) PIT 24 8,021,249 43 4,277,612 45 3,941,423 -50.9 -7.9

New Orleans, LA (Louis Armstrong International) MSY 38 4,571,895 48 3,983,636 46 3,911,524 -14.4 -1.8

Milwaukee, WI (General Mitchell Field) MKE 56 2,724,913 50 3,830,969 47 3,881,158 42.4 1.3

San Antonio, TX (San Antonio International) SAT 48 3,340,356 49 3,951,928 48 3,731,117 11.7 -5.6

Indianapolis, IN (Indianapolis International) IND 46 3,539,523 46 4,046,353 49 3,721,862 5.2 -8.0

Dallas, TX (Dallas Love Field) DAL 47 3,414,304 47 4,030,526 50 3,672,970 7.6 -8.9

Top 50 U.S. Airports, totalb NA NA 512,005,341 NA 573,432,405 NA 546,272,682 6.7 -4.7

All airports NA NA 611,582,354 NA 699,024,406 NA 663,172,829 8.4 -5.1

KEY: NA = not applicable.

SOURCE

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Summary Data (Form 41 and 298C Summary Data), T-3 Data, available at 

http://transtats.bts.gov/DataIndex.asp as of Apr. 26, 2010.

a Rank order by total enplaned passengers on large certificated U.S. air carriers (Majors, Nationals, Large Regionals, and Medium Regionals), scheduled and nonscheduled operations, at all airports served 

within the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and other U.S. areas designated by the Federal Aviation Administration. 

NOTES

Large certificated air carriers hold Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation authorizing the performance of air transportation. Large certificated air 

carriers operate at least one aircraft with seating capacity of more than 60 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 18,000 pounds. Data for commuter, small-certificated and foreign-flag air carriers

are not included. 

b The total for the top 50 airports will not sum from the individual airports because some top 50 airports in 2009 were not in the top 50 in the earlier years.

Table 1-44: Passengers Boarded at the Top 50 U.S. Airportsa

(Ranked by Passenger Enplanements in 2009)

Code

1999 (R) 2008 2009 Percent 

change 1999-

2009

Percent 

change 2008-

Airport 2009
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

TOTAL arriving passengers (excludes Canada)

12,646 20,262 24,156 36,414 35,464 38,927 41,558 43,818 46,910 49,853 54,315 56,181 57,785 62,217 56,700 53,865 53,952 59,582 60,

United States (excludes Canada) 6,502 10,031 11,798 19,145 18,910 20,537 21,940 23,291 24,582 25,148 26,744 27,390 27,462 29,837 27,985 26,953 26,557 29,992 31,Foreign (excludes Canada) 6,144 10,231 12,357 17,269 16,554 18,390 19,618 20,527 22,328 24,704 27,571 28,791 30,324 32,380 28,715 26,912 27,395 29,591 29,0Selected countries of embarkationa

Australia 106 227 277 495 561 598 591 551 581 622 618 613 670 812 739 724 674 758 Bahamas Islands 758 1,123 1,503 1,679 1,436 1,341 1,370 1,424 1,433 1,487 1,530 1,396 1,337 1,471 1,458 1,430 1,491 1,500 1,Barbados 76 135 216 228 197 191 208 196 222 212 203 195 197 208 191 206 218 229 Belgium 144 242 281 417 366 357 408 377 379 407 589 715 730 778 598 330 305 375 Bermuda 398 497 434 487 430 405 436 447 426 363 425 407 384 374 334 312 310 311 Brazil 212 300 352 584 635 645 711 878 1,112 1,176 1,388 1,377 1,154 1,280 1,094 977 949 1,010 1,0Canadab U U U 6,870 6,263 6,546 6,843 6,812 7,417 8,501 8,895 9,613 9,676 10,236 9,166 8,686 8,380 9,189 9,

China/Taiwan 50 113 206 325 404 447 606 830 972 1,017 1,068 1,080 1,170 1,186 1,092 1,024 846 986 1,0Colombia 173 315 279 286 305 343 389 443 481 499 586 606 649 674 683 590 618 658 Denmark 222 267 241 313 279 295 285 267 221 236 252 225 223 232 240 309 314 314 Dominican Republic 336 468 606 948 849 951 1,027 1,070 1,136 1,168 1,168 1,251 1,368 1,498 1,430 1,409 1,593 1,745 1,France 512 689 955 1,777 1,600 1,926 1,877 2,017 2,045 2,178 2,323 2,523 2,591 3,147 3,023 2,879 2,735 2,965 2,Germany 622 1,175 1,582 2,466 2,444 2,797 2,922 2,883 3,125 3,173 3,545 3,558 3,491 3,886 3,519 3,483 3,673 3,955 4,Grand Cayman 25 121 173 273 256 229 185 294 314 323 328 370 335 343 317 291 287 284 Greece 121 208 187 132 83 146 165 201 220 235 186 192 191 195 135 108 101 129 Haiti 91 133 192 233 217 154 200 137 314 303 289 293 327 303 317 338 353 312 Hong Kong 98 228 270 356 397 437 511 558 658 668 589 592 650 731 735 697 519 796 Ireland 220 220 274 448 418 569 582 660 642 721 716 775 950 1,064 992 848 1,025 1,105 1,Israel 84 189 294 204 202 231 293 332 412 483 482 502 547 577 400 343 356 449 Italy 431 537 662 792 716 885 903 953 1,007 1,047 1,097 1,078 1,171 1,511 1,269 1,082 983 1,220 1,Jamaica 457 429 707 975 907 888 982 1,040 1,124 1,136 1,162 1,219 1,209 1,248 1,226 1,238 1,226 1,267 1,Japan 1,095 1,624 2,435 4,528 4,510 4,972 4,999 5,149 5,676 6,349 6,736 6,630 6,991 6,974 5,876 5,666 5,261 6,071 6,Korea, Republic of 105 234 390 826 827 971 1,070 1,166 1,335 1,514 1,625 1,184 1,240 1,470 1,262 1,253 1,192 1,364 1,Mexico 1,626 2,886 2,719 4,313 4,467 4,625 4,778 5,107 4,884 5,591 6,124 6,318 6,576 6,999 6,591 6,349 6,753 7,604 8,0Netherlands 312 427 583 837 892 1,039 1,297 1,427 1,580 1,774 2,074 2,213 2,318 2,401 2,132 2,104 2,055 2,213 2,Netherland Antilles 213 327 407 388 353 290 360 390 339 305 368 382 371 389 371 371 401 422 Panama Republic 97 150 180 153 175 177 201 221 225 229 227 267 308 359 343 339 370 387 Philippines 108 194 145 246 261 315 318 375 397 379 410 275 331 405 400 365 339 414 Spain 306 312 419 558 520 659 600 578 604 618 675 732 734 827 758 769 809 872 Switzerland 236 312 452 616 525 549 603 676 733 790 910 1,068 1,026 1,069 913 701 699 707 United Kingdom 1,549 2,973 3,460 5,166 4,793 5,651 6,006 6,087 6,648 7,131 7,935 8,640 8,780 9,382 8,435 8,217 8,281 8,801 8,Venezuela 205 533 248 458 510 576 653 702 786 659 709 810 794 718 730 556 400 527 

2006-09: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, personal communication, June 14, 2010Data compiled from flight reports required by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, except forCanada . 

Numbers may not add to totals due to independent rounding1975-2005: Statistics Canada, Air Carrier Traffic at Canadian Airports (Canada: Annual issues), and personal communication, Feb. 21, 2007

1975-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Volpe National Transportation Systems CenterU.S. International Air 

Travel Statistics (Cambridge, MA: Annual issues), table IIa. 1995: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration,U.S. International Air Passenger Statistics Report, Calendar Year 1995 (Washington, DC: 

1996), table IIa. 1996-2005: Ibid., U.S. International Air Travel Statistics Report (Washington, DC: Annual issues), I-92table IIa and personal communication, Feb. 13, 2007. 

Canada:SOURCESTotals and all selected countries, except for Canada:

a Country where passenger boarded a direct flight to theUnited States .b Canadian figures come from a separate source and represents the number of revenue passengers on scheduled commercial and charter flights. It does not includeforeign (non-Canadian, non-U.S.) scheduled carriers. 

Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Arrivals in the United States from Selected Foreign Countries by Flag of Carriers (Thousands of passengers)

2006-09: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, personal communication, June 14, 2010NOTESData includes passengers on international commercial flights arriving at U.S. airports an only from foreign ports to U.S. ports and, Puerto Rico, Guam, or the VirginIslands, and other U.S. territories. KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

TOTAL departing passengers (excludes Canada)

12,053 19,256 22,487 34,046 33,286 36,211 38,254 40,349 43,026 45,785 49,684 50,863 53,856 57,498 52,594 48,606 49,968 55,93

United States (excludes Canada) 5,912 9,369 10,696 17,628 17,530 18,858 20,232 21,355 22,231 22,901 24,302 24,513 25,457 27,431 25,483 23,610 24,070 27,24Foreign (excludes Canada) 6,141 9,886 11,791 16,418 15,756 17,353 18,022 18,993 20,795 22,884 25,382 26,350 28,399 30,068 27,111 24,996 25,897 28,68Selected countries of debarkationa

Australia 103 245 232 540 581 609 588 522 560 614 606 607 686 806 713 686 672 76Bahamas Islands 704 1,006 1,151 1,279 1,128 1,005 1,046 963 1,024 994 983 955 1,027 1,137 1,007 935 1,101 1,15Barbados 74 126 204 230 199 185 207 208 217 210 200 196 202 214 204 189 206 22Belgium 134 231 249 395 318 355 372 334 340 380 513 622 713 740 586 265 269 34Bermuda 372 467 389 277 237 217 247 242 199 196 215 207 206 189 150 165 216 25Brazil 206 291 322 560 592 659 696 826 1,024 1,135 1,292 1,297 1,134 1,194 1,081 936 928 98Canadab N N N 6,870 6,263 6,546 6,798 6,764 7,405 8,477 8,890 9,647 9,692 10,246 9,161 8,672 8,406 9,22

China/Taiwan 41 90 187 337 447 481 616 803 891 945 939 934 975 1,026 944 927 770 91Colombia 171 299 294 277 294 324 353 415 461 467 567 588 585 622 649 587 615 64Denmark 188 254 254 307 239 266 272 254 229 227 259 217 214 227 239 316 334 35Dominican Republic 322 443 528 896 780 881 949 980 995 1,057 1,070 1,108 1,263 1,294 1,214 1,180 1,357 1,46France 470 635 894 1,626 1,523 1,769 1,759 1,896 1,868 2,021 2,147 2,289 2,544 3,082 2,927 2,588 2,620 2,88Germany 649 1,178 1,539 2,339 2,298 2,627 2,788 2,785 2,883 2,978 3,178 3,210 3,364 3,722 3,389 3,108 3,364 3,74Grand Cayman 26 112 161 250 238 196 244 259 264 285 290 305 291 289 271 237 271 25Greece 123 190 210 129 88 150 150 184 194 206 192 181 170 170 126 102 99 12

Haiti 81 124 169 201 178 139 180 118 292 288 284 295 315 296 300 315 332 28Hong Kong 59 152 238 310 369 474 477 545 640 651 610 621 621 728 733 657 512 78Ireland 163 212 233 311 263 316 324 380 409 449 488 554 743 809 797 631 779 83Israel 105 186 255 259 249 294 317 367 426 492 499 488 515 480 374 338 363 46Italy 409 495 660 731 694 873 878 918 955 1,006 1,055 1,041 1,101 1,366 1,182 955 962 1,17Jamaica 416 382 607 888 821 796 887 909 987 988 1,018 1,018 1,086 1,095 1,084 1,067 1,126 1,16Japan 1,183 1,602 2,255 4,471 4,431 4,795 4,757 4,954 5,452 6,187 6,796 6,487 6,709 6,985 5,993 5,665 5,072 5,81Korea, Republic of 60 186 333 723 759 887 961 1,082 1,252 1,382 1,461 1,032 1,101 1,307 1,137 1,114 1,110 1,26Mexico 1,525 2,886 2,671 4,136 4,230 4,307 4,371 4,632 4,568 5,133 5,613 5,771 6,217 6,510 6,025 5,643 6,075 6,93Netherlands 304 409 562 777 881 965 1,150 1,319 1,444 1,636 1,920 1,933 2,009 2,107 1,854 1,722 1,674 1,82Netherland Antilles 184 282 395 377 341 309 347 368 295 288 319 340 335 337 344 330 370 38Panama Republic 100 142 209 183 189 186 194 211 214 221 240 272 299 344 355 343 386 40Philippines 81 160 165 195 194 241 249 228 281 275 306 218 272 348 309 332 309 37Spain 260 273 397 540 513 637 576 553 573 577 615 669 708 782 732 688 740 88Switzerland 224 306 434 600 527 543 593 657 712 760 811 906 983 1,038 905 671 690 70United Kingdom 1,446 2,840 3,322 4,903 4,594 5,245 5,682 5,918 6,372 6,693 7,475 8,143 8,717 9,154 8,180 7,659 7,962 8,70Venezuela 198 518 245 444 488 565 641 686 778 644 698 782 793 694 728 533 405 53

Table 1-46: Air Passenger Travel Departures from the United States to Selected Foreign Countries by Flag of Carriers (Thousands of passengers)

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.Totals and all selected countries, except for Canada:

a Country where passenger deboarded a direct flight from the United States.b Canadian figures come from a separate source and represents the number of revenue passengers on scheduled commercial and charter flights. It does not include foreign (non-Canadian, 

non-U.S.) scheduled carriers. 

It includes passengers on international commercial flights departing U.S. airports, and travelers between U.S. airports in the 50 states, Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, and other U.S. territories. Data compiled from flight reports required by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, except for Canada data. Numbers may not add to totals due to independent rounding.2006-09: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, personal communication, June 14, 2010.2007-09: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, personal communication, June 14, 2010. 1974-2005: Statistics Canada, Air Carrier Traffic at Canadian Airports (Canada: Annual issues) and personal communication, Feb. 21, 2007.

NOTESSOURCES1995: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, U.S. International Air Passenger Statistics Report, Calendar Year 1995 (Washington, DC: 1996), table IId. 

1996-2006: Ibid., U.S. International Air Travel Statistics Report (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table IId, and personal communication, Jan. 10, 2008.

Canada:1975-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, U.S. International Air Travel Statistics 

(Cambridge, MA: Annual issues), table IId. 

Section D

Travel and Goods

Movement
 
All U.S.-Canadian land gateways 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

All personal vehicle passengers (R) 68,986,616 All personal vehicle passengers (R) 62,136,536 All personal vehicle passengers (R) 63,269,668 All personal vehicle passengers 62,501,376 All personal vehicle passengers 62,986,037 All personal vehicle passengers 58,247,817 All personal vehicle passengers 

All personal vehicles 32,538,817 All personal vehicles 30,220,184 All personal vehicles 30,660,487 All personal vehicles 30,351,683 All personal vehicles (R) 30,038,524 All personal vehicles (R) 29,766,447 All personal vehicles 

All bus passengers 4,212,863 All bus passengers 3,779,970 All bus passengers 3,890,380 All bus passengers 3,854,858 All bus passengers 3,499,103 All bus passengers 3,684,631 All bus passengers 

All pedestrians 1,081,682 All pedestrians 937,493 All pedestrians 826,017 All pedestrians 605,339 All pedestrians 533,739 All pedestrians 441,066 All pedestrians 

All train passengers 255,134 All train passengers 234,796 All train passengers 223,477 All train passengers 235,758 All train passengers 244,683 All train passengers 233,070 All train passengers 

All buses 160,961 All buses 156,589 All buses 155,702 All buses 153,454 All buses (R) 129,452 All buses (R) 136,430 All buses 

Personal vehicle passengers – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 17,031,458 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 13,216,214 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 13,195,191 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 13,224,477 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 13,514,778 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 14,372,038 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 

Detroit, MI 12,318,806 Detroit, MI 10,965,872 Detroit, MI 10,574,206 Detroit, MI 10,655,076 Detroit, MI 9,932,051 Detroit, MI 9,560,365 Detroit, MI 

Blaine, WA 4,794,088 Blaine, WA 4,491,959 Blaine, WA 4,936,364 Blaine, WA 4,868,308 Blaine, WA 5,276,202 Blaine, WA 5,187,218 Blaine, WA 

Port Huron, MI 4,188,972 Port Huron, MI 3,821,908 Port Huron, MI 3,909,238 Port Huron, MI 4,001,589 Port Huron, MI 4,106,919 Port Huron, MI 3,523,429 Port Huron, MI 

Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 3,766,141 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 3,521,091 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY (R) 3,538,682 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 2,921,118 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 2,920,749 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 1,923,295 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 

Personal vehicles – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 7,569,643 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 6,414,415 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 6,148,983 Detroit, MI 6,035,004 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 6,026,058 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 5,977,040 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 

Detroit, MI 6,857,332 Detroit, MI 6,315,590 Detroit, MI 6,131,426 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 6,034,398 Detroit, MI 5,634,179 Detroit, MI 5,471,657 Detroit, MI 

Blaine, WA 2,385,389 Blaine, WA 2,299,636 Blaine, WA 2,524,256 Blaine, WA 2,482,065 Blaine, WA 2,596,970 Blaine, WA 2,763,389 Blaine, WA 

Port Huron, MI 2,187,210 Port Huron, MI 1,965,011 Port Huron, MI 1,995,988 Port Huron, MI 1,953,413 Port Huron, MI 1,975,745 Port Huron, MI 1,704,479 Port Huron, MI 

Massena, NY 1,162,510 Massena, NY 1,133,727 Calais, ME 1,200,379 Calais, ME 1,174,011 Calais, ME 1,173,617 Calais, ME 1,032,840 Massena, NY 

Bus passengers – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 1,556,924 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 1,321,778 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 1,222,775 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 1,367,283 Detroit, MI 911,799 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 1,142,765 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 

Detroit, MI 915,551 Detroit, MI 904,425 Detroit, MI 930,725 Detroit, MI 931,100 Buffalo, Niagara Falls, NY 885,061 Detroit, MI 870,982 Detroit, MI 

Blaine, WA 336,696 Blaine, WA 283,863 Blaine, WA 329,297 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 296,390 Blaine, WA 452,521 Blaine, WA 337,322 Blaine, WA 

Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 282,859 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 234,620 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 277,018 Blaine, WA 294,564 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 294,028 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 306,898 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 

Port Huron, MI 147,309 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 192,760 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 223,800 Skagway, AK 134,204 Skagway, AK 144,819 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 165,136 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 

Pedestrians – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 818,913 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 656,022 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 547,126 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 370,295 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 345,652 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 277,000 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 

Sumas, WA 64,432 Sumas, WA 59,330 Sumas, WA 54,911 Calais, ME 44,238 Sumas, WA 28,963 Sumas, WA 33,341 Sumas, WA 

Portland, MEa 39,293 Calais, ME 45,899 Calais, ME 44,762 Sumas, WA 33,769 Calais, ME 22,323 Calais, ME 29,123 Calais, ME 

Calais, ME 35,154 Portland, MEa 38,129 International Falls, MN 28,180 International Falls, MN 24,497 International Falls, MN 20,440 Point Roberts, WA 14,762 International Falls, MN 

International Falls, MN 24,175 International Falls, MN 27,623 Portland, MEa 21,599 Point Roberts, WA 22,440 Point Roberts, WA 14,935 International Falls, MN 14,238 Anacortes, WA 

Train passengers – top 5 gatewaysBlaine, WA 60,521 Skagway, AK 44,430 Skagway, AK 52,353 Skagway, AK 67,462 Skagway, AK 74,347 Skagway, AK 80,816 Skagway, AK 

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 47,315 Blaine, WA 43,515 Blaine, WA 41,705 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 35,951 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 37,880 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 39,640 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 

Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 33,738 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 37,240 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 31,045 Blaine, WA 35,454 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 33,518 Blaine, WA 32,106 Blaine, WA 

Skagway, AK 29,754 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 28,325 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 30,294 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 29,831 Blaine, WA 32,184 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 20,881 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 

Port Huron, MI 26,815 Port Huron, MI 25,485 Port Huron, MI 18,297 Port Huron, MI 19,032 Port Huron, MI 16,070 Detroit, MI 9,323 Detroit, MI 

Buses – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 50,582 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 43,358 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 39,920 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 45,289 Detroit, MI 36,457 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 37,529 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 

Detroit, MI 36,603 Detroit, MI 36,177 Detroit, MI 37,229 Detroit, MI 37,244 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 30,295 Detroit, MI 33,615 Detroit, MI 

Blaine, WA 15,748 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 15,760 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 17,453 Blaine, WA 12,720 Blaine, WA 12,776 Blaine, WA 14,405 Blaine, WA 

Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 10,415 Blaine, WA 12,865 Blaine, WA 14,279 Skagway, AK 10,257 Skagway, AK 10,405 Skagway, AK 11,309 Skagway, AK 

Sault Ste. Marie, MI 8,831 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 11,290 Skagway, AK 9,515 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 10,243 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 8,317 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 8,124 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 

Table 1-47: U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Passenger Gateways: Entering the United States

a Gateway is a pedestrian/ferry combination crossing.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Border Crossing/Entry Data, available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/ as of July 12, 2010.NOTEData reflect all personal vehicles, buses, passengers and pedestrians entering the United States across the U.S.-Canadian border, regardless of nationality. SOURCE

KEY: R = revised.
All U.S.-Mexican land gateways

All personal vehicle passengers 199,020,692 All personal vehicle passengers 193,697,482 All personal vehicle passengers 190,936,607 All personal vehicle passengers 186,067,448 All personal vehicle passengers 179,255,014 All personal vehicle passengers 164,534,262 All personal vehicle passengers All personal vehicles 89,849,415 All personal vehicles 88,068,391 All personal vehicles 91,133,889 All personal vehicles 91,556,319 All personal vehicles 88,295,570 All personal vehicles 81,788,235 All personal vehicles 

All pedestrians 50,278,281 All pedestrians 48,663,773 All pedestrians 48,084,235 All pedestrians 45,829,612 All pedestrians 46,251,414 All pedestrians 49,538,963 All pedestrians 

All bus passengers 3,926,154 All bus passengers 3,746,885 All bus passengers 3,388,517 All bus passengers 3,169,779 All bus passengers 3,187,282 All bus passengers 3,389,055 All bus passengers 

All buses 309,360 All buses 319,087 All buses 269,027 All buses 256,396 All buses 262,862 All buses 265,162 All buses 

All train passengers 15,108 All train passengers 12,101 All train passengers 12,664 All train passengers 17,833 All train passengers 21,504 All train passengers 20,482 All train passengers 

Personal vehicle passengers ─ top 5 gatewaysSan Ysidro, CA 36,171,884 San Ysidro, CA 39,180,519 San Ysidro, CA 33,382,991 San Ysidro, CA 32,265,477 San Ysidro, CA 31,868,563 San Ysidro, CA 28,390,175 San Ysidro, CA 

El Paso, TX 26,363,164 El Paso, TX 26,317,018 El Paso, TX 28,108,167 El Paso, TX 29,180,824 El Paso, TX 27,999,510 El Paso, TX 23,674,992 El Paso, TX 

Hidalgo, TX 17,613,527 Brownsville, TX 15,673,205 Hidalgo, TX 15,514,648 Brownsville, TX 14,614,745 Laredo, TX 14,244,080 Laredo, TX 13,367,960 Laredo, TX 

Laredo, TX 15,915,545 Hidalgo, TX 15,587,611 Brownsville, TX 15,374,317 Laredo, TX 14,017,324 Brownsville, TX 14,023,353 Hidalgo, TX 13,304,851 Hidalgo, TX 

Brownsville, TX 15,820,595 Laredo, TX 15,208,606 Laredo, TX 15,032,956 Hidalgo, TX 13,989,453 Hidalgo, TX 12,632,201 Brownsville, TX 13,062,876 Brownsville, TX 

Personal vehicles ─ top 5 gatewaysSan Ysidro, CA 16,441,766 San Ysidro, CA 17,408,481 San Ysidro, CA 17,621,030 San Ysidro, CA 17,208,106 San Ysidro, CA 17,135,163 San Ysidro, CA 15,696,262 El Paso, TX 

El Paso, TX 13,095,153 El Paso, TX 13,699,206 El Paso, TX 14,817,206 El Paso, TX 15,971,739 El Paso, TX 15,602,602 El Paso, TX 14,062,053 San Ysidro, CA 

Hidalgo, TX 8,136,100 Brownsville, TX 7,219,865 Brownsville, TX 7,211,401 Brownsville, TX 7,103,553 Brownsville, TX 6,967,503 Hidalgo, TX 6,835,305 Hidalgo, TX Brownsville, TX 7,896,809 Hidalgo, TX 7,169,629 Hidalgo, TX 7,183,674 Hidalgo, TX 6,969,846 Hidalgo, TX 6,480,467 Brownsville, TX 6,476,671 Brownsville, TX 

Laredo, TX 6,921,709 Laredo, TX 6,777,423 Laredo, TX 6,725,119 Otay Mesa, CA 6,672,994 Calexico, CA 6,110,214 Calexico, CA 5,747,309 Laredo, TX 

Pedestrians ─ top 5 gatewaysEl Paso, TX 9,301,395 El Paso, TX 8,899,168 San Ysidro, CA 9,457,600 San Ysidro, CA 8,156,350 San Ysidro, CA 7,811,614 El Paso, TX 8,454,434 El Paso, TX San Ysidro, CA 7,903,483 San Ysidro, CA 8,302,110 El Paso, TX 8,441,671 El Paso, TX 7,613,546 Nogales, AZ 7,726,045 San Ysidro, CA 7,756,569 San Ysidro, CA 

Calexico, CA 6,894,820 Calexico, CA 6,230,123 Nogales, AZ 6,131,407 Nogales, AZ 6,930,198 El Paso, TX 7,500,141 Nogales, AZ 7,722,877 Nogales, AZ 

Nogales, AZ 5,911,866 Nogales, AZ 5,583,533 Calexico, CA 4,847,096 Calexico, CA 4,481,014 Laredo, TX 4,245,842 Calexico, CA 5,290,977 Calexico, CA 

Laredo, TX 4,648,046 Laredo, TX 4,577,725 Laredo, TX 4,507,105 Laredo, TX 4,356,041 Calexico, CA 4,048,629 Laredo, TX 4,625,416 Laredo, TX 

Bus passengers ─ top 5 gatewaysSan Ysidro, CA 1,199,630 San Ysidro, CA 1,244,973 San Ysidro, CA 1,032,343 San Ysidro, CA 995,337 San Ysidro, CA 1,060,444 Laredo, TX 899,461 Laredo, TX 

Laredo, TX 757,459 Laredo, TX 748,644 Laredo, TX 802,635 Laredo, TX 826,679 Laredo, TX 878,164 San Ysidro, CA 875,450 El Paso, TX 

Hidalgo, TX 632,923 Hidalgo, TX 655,430 Hidalgo, TX 650,100 Hidalgo, TX 369,443 Otay Mesa, CA 312,862 El Paso, TX 442,191 San Ysidro, CA 

Otay Mesa, CA 546,493 El Paso, TX 392,718 El Paso, TX 265,096 El Paso, TX 276,381 El Paso, TX 239,749 Hidalgo, TX 310,225 Hidalgo, TX 

El Paso, TX 351,335 Otay Mesa, CA 303,756 Otay Mesa, CA 251,461 Otay Mesa, CA 251,614 Nogales, AZ 217,093 Otay Mesa, CA 296,637 Otay Mesa, CA 

Buses ─ top 5 gatewaysSan Ysidro, CA 97,042 San Ysidro, CA 110,820 San Ysidro, CA 109,946 San Ysidro, CA 105,930 San Ysidro, CA 100,632 San Ysidro, CA 97,726 San Ysidro, CA 

Otay Mesa, CA 65,474 Otay Mesa, CA 72,749 Otay Mesa, CA 41,032 Otay Mesa, CA 39,203 Otay Mesa, CA 44,793 Otay Mesa, CA 47,258 Otay Mesa, CA 

Laredo, TX 38,852 Laredo, TX 35,406 Laredo, TX 37,902 Laredo, TX 35,841 Laredo, TX 37,105 Laredo, TX 37,106 Laredo, TX 

El Paso, TX 32,270 Hidalgo, TX 32,805 Hidalgo, TX 32,701 Hidalgo, TX 27,964 Hidalgo, TX 27,344 Hidalgo, TX 28,942 Hidalgo, TX 

Hidalgo, TX 31,952 El Paso, TX 30,031 El Paso, TX 17,551 El Paso, TX 15,993 El Paso, TX 14,843 El Paso, TX 18,530 El Paso, TX 

Train passengers ─ top 5 gatewaysEagle Pass, TX 6,872 Eagle Pass, TX 6,496 Eagle Pass, TX 6,612 El Paso, TX 7,637 El Paso, TX 11,165 El Paso, TX 10,519 El Paso, TX Nogales, AZ 2,216 El Paso, TX 1,869 El Paso, TX 2,234 Eagle Pass, TX 7,248 Eagle Pass, TX 5,348 Eagle Pass, TX 5,940 Eagle Pass, TX 

Calexico East, CA 1,934 Nogales, AZ 1,664 Nogales, AZ 1,656 Calexico East, CA 1,239 Nogales, AZ 2,612 Nogales, AZ 2,352 Nogales, AZ 

El Paso, TX 1,866 Calexico East, CA 1,456 Calexico East, CA 1,618 Nogales, AZ 952 Calexico East, CA 1,556 Calexico East, CA 694 Tecate, CA Tecate, CA 1,760 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 460 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 510 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 478 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 422 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 490 Calexico East, CA 

2008

Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Passenger Gateways: Entering the United States

KEY: NA= not applicable.

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Border Crossing/Entry Data , 

available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/ as of July 12, 2010.NOTESData reflect all personal vehicles, buses, passengers and pedestrians entering the United States across the U.S.-Mexican border, regardless of nationality. Year 2009 data for Train passengers in Texas are not available.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

TOTAL U.S. ton-miles of freight (millions) U 1,854,034 2,206,713 2,284,706 2,988,522 2,949,410 3,314,677 3,348,634 3,418,086 3,438,542 3,614,823 3,769,036 3,823,723 3,805,437 3,832,237 3,907,225 3,907,042 (R) 3,930,328 (R) 3,973,661 4,027,015 

Air carrier, domestic, all servicesa 553 1,353 2,709 3,470 4,528 5,156 9,064 8,860 9,820 10,675 11,803 12,520 12,861 13,601 13,840 14,202 14,983 (R) 13,069 (R) 13,370 15,231 16,4

Intercity truckb 285,000 359,000 412,000 454,000 555,000 610,000 854,000 874,000 896,000 936,000 996,000 1,042,000 1,071,000 1,119,000 1,149,000 1,186,000 1,203,000 1,224,000 1,255,000 1,264,000 

Class I rail 572,309 697,878 764,809 754,252 918,958 876,984 1,033,969 1,038,875 1,066,781 1,109,309 1,200,701 1,305,688 1,355,975 1,348,926 1,376,802 1,433,461 1,465,960 1,495,472 1,507,011 1,551,438 1,662,5Domestic water transportation c,d U 489,803 596,195 565,984 921,836 892,970 833,544 848,399 856,685 789,658 814,919 807,728 764,687 707,410 672,795 655,862 645,799 621,686 612,081 606,146 621,1

Coastwise U 302,546 359,784 315,846 631,149 610,977 479,134 502,133 502,311 448,404 457,601 440,345 408,086 349,843 314,864 292,730 283,872 274,559 263,688 278,919 279,8Lakewise U 75,918 79,416 68,517 61,747 48,184 60,930 55,339 55,785 56,438 58,263 59,704 58,335 62,166 61,654 57,045 57,879 50,854 53,653 47,539 55,7Internal U 109,701 155,816 180,399 227,343 232,708 292,393 289,959 297,639 283,894 297,762 306,329 296,791 294,023 294,896 304,724 302,558 294,861 293,410 278,352 284,0Intraport U 1,638 1,179 1,222 1,596 1,102 1,087 968 950 922 1,293 1,350 1,475 1,378 1,381 1,362 1,490 1,413 1,329 1,336 1,4

Oil pipelined 229,000 306,000 431,000 507,000 588,200 564,300 584,100 578,500 588,800 592,900 591,400 601,100 619,200 616,500 619,800 617,700 577,300 576,100 586,200 590,200 599,6

Table 1-49: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight (Millions)

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailablea Includes freight, express, and mail revenue ton-miles as reported on U.S. DOT Form 41. Intercity truck: b The methodology was changed in 1990 for intercity trucks. Therefore figures prior to 1990 are not comparable to those after 1990.SOURCESc Excludes intraterritorial traffic, for which ton-miles were not compiled.d The large increase between1975 and 1980 was a result of a new Alaska pipeline and consequent water transportation of crude petroleum from Alaskan ports to the mainland United States for refining. NOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1960-2003: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 2007 (Washington, DC: 2007), p. 40.

Class I rail:Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issue), p. 27.

Air carrier, domestic, all services:1960-65: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 (Washington, DC: 1970).

1970-80: Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 2, line 3.1985-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 3, line 3. Domestic water transportation:1980-2007: Ibid., Shifts in Petroleum Transportation (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 1.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the U.S. (New Orleans, LA: Annual Issues), part 5, section 1, table 1-4, and similar tables in earlier editions available at http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/wcsc.htm as of March 17, 2010.Oil pipeline:1960-70: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 1998 (Washington, DC: 1998), p. 44.1975: Association of Oil Pipe Lines, Shifts in Petroleum Transportation (Washington, DC: Annual Issue), table 4.
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2

TOTAL U.S. ton-miles of freight (R) 3,403,914 (R) 3,366,875 (R) 3,195,481 (R) 3,251,875 (R) 3,340,129 (R) 3,313,853 (R) 3,328,265 (R) 3,474,497 (R) 3,597,014 (R) 3,567,788 (R) 3,621,806 (R) 3,635,965 (R) 3,746,255 (R) 3,767,227 (R) 3,944,809 (R) 4,104,069 (R) 4,173,925 (R) 4,179,233 (R) 4,228,376 (R) 4,300,142 (R) 4,328,750 (R) 4,Air 4,840 5,090 5,140 5,870 6,500 6,710 7,340 8,670 9,330 10,210 10,420 9,960 10,990 11,540 12,030 12,720 13,760 13,900 14,140 14,500 15,810 Truck (R) 629,574 (R) 630,798 (R) 646,589 (R) 673,913 (R) 706,782 (R) 716,693 (R) 735,095 (R) 774,798 (R) 800,729 (R) 828,375 (R) 848,643 (R) 867,799 (R) 890,088 (R) 927,831 (R) 987,764 (R) 1,033,875 (R) 1,061,781 (R) 1,110,376 (R) 1,139,594 (R) 1,176,199 (R) 1,192,633 (R) 1,Railroad 932,000 924,000 810,000 841,000 900,091 876,209 891,235 951,940 1,025,683 1,045,628 1,064,408 1,041,929 1,098,379 1,135,016 1,221,073 1,317,010 (R) 1,377,095 1,391,089 1,448,352 1,503,665 1,546,319 1,Domestic water transportation 921,835 929,413 886,469 919,566 887,719 892,971 873,401 895,415 890,029 815,550 833,544 848,399 856,683 789,657 814,917 807,728 764,687 707,410 672,795 655,861 645,799 

Coastwise 631,149 634,765 632,707 649,750 593,923 610,977 580,889 586,818 561,595 483,889 479,134 502,133 502,311 448,404 457,600 440,345 408,086 349,843 314,864 292,730 283,872 Lakewise 61,747 62,148 35,623 43,088 49,784 48,184 43,198 50,077 58,160 58,308 60,930 55,339 55,784 56,438 58,263 59,704 58,335 62,166 61,654 57,045 57,879 Internal 227,343 231,184 217,027 225,628 242,855 232,708 248,117 257,336 269,036 272,157 292,393 289,959 297,638 283,894 297,762 306,329 296,791 294,023 294,896 304,724 302,558 Intraport 1,596 1,316 1,112 1,100 1,157 1,102 1,197 1,184 1,238 1,196 1,087 968 950 921 1,292 1,350 1,475 1,378 1,381 1,362 1,490 

Pipeline 915,666 877,574 847,284 811,526 839,037 821,270 821,195 843,673 871,243 868,025 864,792 867,878 890,114 903,183 909,025 932,737 956,602 956,458 953,495 (R) 949,917 (R) 928,189 (R) 

Oil and oil products 588,000 564,000 566,000 556,000 568,000 564,000 578,000 587,000 601,000 584,000 584,100 578,500 588,800 592,900 591,400 601,100 619,200 616,500 619,800 (R) 617,700 (R) 577,300 (R) Natural Gas 327,666 313,574 281,284 255,526 271,037 257,270 243,195 256,673 270,243 284,025 280,692 289,378 301,314 310,283 317,625 331,637 337,402 339,958 333,695 332,217 350,889 

Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight (BTS Special Tabulation) (Millions)

SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), special tabulation.NOTESBTS developed a more comprehensive and reliable estimates of ton-miles for the air, truck, rail, water, and pipeline modes than are presented in table 1-49. These improved estimates are not comparable to data in table 1-49.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.KEY: R = revised.
Gateway Typea Rank Exports Imports Total Rank Exports Imports Total

Los Angeles, CA Water 1 28.0 167.7 195.6 1 34.7 209.1 243.8

New York, NY Water 2 38.3 104.5 142.8 2 50.6 134.8 185.4

John F. Kennedy International Airport, NY Air 3 65.8 61.2 127.0 3 85.5 82.4 167.9

Houston, TX Water 4 48.4 57.7 106.1 4 68.8 78.9 147.7

Laredo, TX Land 5 45.3 49.8 95.1 6 53.9 61.8 115.8

Chicago, IL Air 6 31.0 59.8 90.8 7 35.9 61.2 97.0

Detroit, MI Land 7 47.7 37.2 85.0 5 66.5 53.7 120.2

Long Beach, CA Water 8 24.2 44.4 68.5 8 31.6 60.0 91.6

Los Angeles International Airport, CA Air 9 30.9 32.2 63.1 11 41.3 37.0 78.3

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY Land 10 33.2 27.8 61.0 10 40.3 40.5 80.8

Port Huron, MI Land 11 28.4 30.1 58.5 9 35.2 46.0 81.2

Savannah, GA Water 12 18.9 27.7 46.6 13 22.8 36.1 59.0

New Orleans, LA Air 13 19.2 25.7 44.9 19 19.9 25.1 45.0

Charleston, SC Water 14 16.3 28.6 44.9 12 22.3 40.0 62.3

Norfolk, VA Water 15 18.9 24.0 43.0 14 23.9 30.0 54.0

El Paso, TX Land 16 17.9 24.4 42.3 17 20.2 28.0 48.2

San Francisco International Airport, CA Air 17 21.0 18.8 39.8 15 26.6 26.2 52.8

Miami International Airport Cargo Facilities, FL Air 18 27.5 11.7 39.1 20 29.2 10.8 40.0

Dallas-Fort Worth, TX Air 19 14.9 20.9 35.8 24 16.4 23.1 39.5

Anchorage, AK Air 20 8.4 26.2 34.7 21 10.2 31.2 41.4

Oakland, CA Water 21 12.7 21.1 33.8 25 12.4 26.3 38.7

Seattle, WA Water 22 7.9 25.5 33.4 21 9.9 30.0 39.9

New Orleans, LA Water 23 18.5 14.4 32.9 16 25.3 24.4 49.7

Atlanta, GA Air 24 11.5 20.8 32.3 28 12.3 19.9 32.2

Baltimore, MD Water 25 10.7 19.4 30.1 18 16.1 29.2 45.3

Otay Mesa, CA Land 26 9.4 19.2 28.6 29 10.6 21.2 31.8

Cleveland, OH Air 27 15.7 11.2 26.8 30 17.6 13.2 30.9

Tacoma, WA Water 28 6.0 19.2 25.2 27 8.2 27.1 35.3

Philadelphia, PA Water 29 2.8 20.5 23.3 19 5.1 38.1 43.2

San Juan International Airport, PR Air 30 13.7 8.3 21.9 41 12.3 8.9 21.3

Washington, DC Air 31 5.8 14.5 20.4 46 5.6 11.9 17.5

Annapolis, MD Water 32 0.0 19.4 19.4 69 7.1 2.9 9.9

Champlain-Rouses Point, NY Land 33 11.3 7.9 19.2 33 9.4 14.2 23.6

Hidalgo, TX Land 34 8.5 10.6 19.1 39 9.9 12.3 22.1

Corpus Christie, TX Water 35 4.0 14.7 18.7 31 5.0 24.7 29.7

Miami, FL Water 36 9.1 9.5 18.5 38 11.1 11.1 22.2

Morgan City, LA Water 37 0.2 16.8 17.1 26 0.2 38.3 38.5

Port Everglades, FL Water 38 9.5 6.8 16.3 37 12.0 10.6 22.6

Nogales, AZ Land 39 5.9 10.3 16.2 43 6.9 12.2 19.1

Gramercy, LA Water 40 9.7 6.4 16.1 32 8.8 15.4 24.2

Pembina, ND Land 41 8.7 6.6 15.3 42 11.2 8.6 19.9

Blaine, WA Land 42 9.1 5.5 14.6 45 11.0 7.4 18.4

Chicago, IL Land 43 0.0 14.0 14.0 36 0.0 22.7 22.7

Jacksonville, FL Water 44 6.0 7.5 13.5 34 11.2 11.8 23.0

Texas City, TX Water 45 2.7 10.6 13.3 35 3.3 19.5 22.7

Port Arthur, TX Water 46 2.3 10.8 13.1 47 2.4 14.9 17.4

Houston Intercontinental Airport, TX Air 47 7.2 5.5 12.7 56 8.3 5.3 13.5

Eagle Pass, TX Land 48 4.6 7.9 12.5 59 5.0 7.8 12.8

Newark, NJ Air 49 4.1 8.3 12.4 55 4.5 10.1 14.6

Beaumont, TX Water 50 2.5 9.7 12.2 40 2.8 18.5 21.3

Total top 50 gatewaysa

NA NA 776.5 1,095.4 1,871.9 NA 998.1 1,635.3 2,633.4

KEY: R = revised.

All data: Trade levels reflect the mode of transportation as a shipment enters or exits at a border port. Flows through individual ports are based on reported data 

collected from U.S. trade documents. Trade does not include low-value shipments. (In general, these are imports valued at less than $1,250 and exports that are 

valued at less than $2,500).

Table 1-51: Top U.S. Foreign Trade Freight Gateways by Value of Shipments (Current $ billions)

2009 (R) 2008

a Data for 2008 is based on the top 50 freight gateways in 2008 and is not a summation of the numbers on the table.

NOTES

Land: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, TransBorder Freight Data, special 

tabulation, available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/transborder/ as of March 2011.

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

Air: Data for all air gateways are reported at the port level and include a low level (generally less than 2%-3% of the total value) of small user-fee airports located in the 

same region. Air gateways not identified by airport name (e.g., Chicago, IL, and others) include major airport(s) in that geographic area in addition to small regional 

airports. In addition, due to Bureau of Census confidentiality regulations, data for courier operations are included in the airport totals for JFK International Airport, New 

Orleans, Los Angeles, Cleveland, Chicago, Miami, and Anchorage.

SOURCES

Air and Water: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, USA Trade Online, special tabulation, available at 

http://data.usatradeonline.gov/ as of December 2010.

Data for some ports may be significantly different in the previous version of this table due to a revision by the source.
Truck Container 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,820,052 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,606,307 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,775,388 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,775,444 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,669,623 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,365,752 Total U.S.-Canadian border Total top 5 gateways 4,544,669 Total top 5 gateways 4,397,004 Total top 5 gateways 4,520,932 Total top 5 gateways 4,472,799 Total top 5 gateways 4,412,181 Total top 5 gateways 4,306,192 Total top 5 gateways 

Detroit, MI 1,668,496 Detroit, MI 1,588,769 Detroit, MI 1,638,062 Detroit, MI 1,678,177 Detroit, MI 1,715,969 Detroit, MI 1,725,426 Detroit, MI 

Buffalo-Niagara, NY 1,208,096 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 1,162,950 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 1,175,884 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 1,142,274 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 1,118,120 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 1,088,469 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 

Port Huron, MI 907,291 Port Huron, MI 927,740 Port Huron, MI 947,907 Port Huron, MI 924,776 Port Huron, MI 833,711 Port Huron, MI 770,282 Port Huron, MI 

Blaine, WA 409,786 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 378,783 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 381,434 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 374,524 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 391,541 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 366,059 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 351,000 Blaine, WA 338,762 Blaine, WA 377,645 Blaine, WA 353,048 Blaine, WA 352,840 Blaine, WA 355,956 Blaine, WA 

Rail Container 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,824,976 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,868,245 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,950,909 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,940,557 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,923,787 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,939,876 Total U.S.-Canadian border Total top 5 gateways 1,305,446 Total top 5 gateways 1,333,244 Total top 5 gateways 1,346,724 Total top 5 gateways 1,325,479 Total top 5 gateways 1,333,105 Total top 5 gateways 1,347,207 Total top 5 gateways 

Port Huron, MI 424,635 Port Huron, MI 458,551 Port Huron, MI 474,175 Port Huron, MI 457,275 Port Huron, MI 445,269 Port Huron, MI 466,569 Port Huron, MI 

Detroit, MI 293,300 Detroit, MI 254,688 International Falls, MN 259,165 International Falls, MN 251,118 International Falls, MN 282,784 International Falls, MN 290,852 International Falls, MN 

International Falls, MN 238,515 International Falls, MN 252,699 Detroit, MI 234,823 Portal, ND 231,832 Portal, ND 244,988 Portal, ND 242,220 Portal, ND 

Portal, ND 199,637 Portal, ND 217,390 Portal, ND 224,896 Detroit, MI 231,482 Detroit, MI 218,963 Detroit, MI 213,777 Detroit, MI 

Buffalo-Niagara, NY 149,359 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 149,916 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 153,665 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 153,772 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 141,101 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 133,789 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 

Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck or Rail Container Crossings

SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Border Crossing/Entry Data , available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/ as of July 1, 2010.NOTESTruck Container data represent the number of Truck container crossings, not the number of unique vehicles. Data are for both loaded and 

empty truck containers. Rail Container data include both loaded and empty Rail containers . 
Truck 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,915,973 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,728,228 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,903,882 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,783,944 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,649,249 Total U.S.-Canadian border (R) 6,477,761 Total U.S.-Canadian border Total top 5 gateways 4,567,704 Total top 5 gateways 4,478,405 Total top 5 gateways 4,591,686 Total top 5 gateways 4,553,263 Total top 5 gateways 4,499,055 Total top 5 gateways (R) 4,375,717 Total top 5 gateways 

Detroit, MI 1,670,565 Detroit, MI 1,634,319 Detroit, MI 1,701,452 Detroit, MI 1,745,318 Detroit, MI 1,770,008 Detroit, MI 1,773,465 Detroit, MI 

Buffalo-Niagara, NY 1,208,095 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 1,162,961 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 1,175,254 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 1,142,411 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 1,117,789 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 1,088,438 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 

Port Huron, MI 907,729 Port Huron, MI 928,074 Port Huron, MI 945,962 Port Huron, MI 922,401 Port Huron, MI 835,927 Port Huron, MI 770,282 Port Huron, MI 

Blaine, WA 410,256 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 387,962 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 397,317 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 388,869 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 409,372 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 387,033 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 371,059 Blaine, WA 365,089 Blaine, WA 371,701 Blaine, WA 354,264 Blaine, WA 365,959 Blaine, WA (R) 356,499 Blaine, WA 

Train 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

Total U.S.-Canadian border 32,822 Total U.S.-Canadian border 34,137 Total U.S.-Canadian border 33,267 Total U.S.-Canadian border 32,807 Total U.S.-Canadian border 32,526 Total U.S.-Canadian border 30,362 Total U.S.-Canadian border Total top 5 gateways 18,920 Total top 5 gateways 19,646 Total top 5 gateways 18,564 Total top 5 gateways 19,129 Total top 5 gateways 17,662 Total top 5 gateways 17,240 Total top 5 gateways 

Port Huron, MI 4,707 Port Huron, MI 5,447 Port Huron, MI 5,276 Port Huron, MI 6,344 Port Huron, MI 4,439 Port Huron, MI 4,459 International Falls, MN 

Detroit, MI 4,278 Detroit, MI 4,246 Detroit, MI 3,936 International Falls, MN 3,980 International Falls, MN 4,259 International Falls, MN 4,026 Port Huron, MI 

International Falls, MN 3,662 International Falls, MN 3,928 International Falls, MN 3,720 Detroit, MI 3,602 Detroit, MI 3,610 Detroit, MI 3,546 Detroit, MI 

Buffalo-Niagara, NY 3,320 Warroad, MN 3,062 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 2,976 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 2,918 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 2,807 Warroad, MN 2,640 Warroad, MN 

Warroad, MN 2,953 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 2,963 Warroad, MN 2,656 Warroad, MN 2,285 Warroad, MN 2,547 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 2,569 Buffalo-Niagara, NY 

Table 1-53: U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck or Train Crossings

SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Border Crossing/Entry Data , available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/ as of July 1, 2010.NOTEData do not include privately owned pickup trucks.KEY: R = revised.
Truck Container 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 200

Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,434,441 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,293,226 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,512,900 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,677,562 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,740,407 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,852,936 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,8Total top 5 gateways 3,556,930 Total top 5 gateways 3,444,994 Total top 5 gateways 3,621,641 Total top 5 gateways 3,740,341 Total top 5 gateways 3,777,395 Total top 5 gateways 3,881,283 Total top 5 gateways 3,8

Laredo, TX 1,437,580 Laredo, TX 1,345,099 Laredo, TX 1,387,648 Laredo, TX 1,455,504 Laredo, TX 1,518,819 Laredo, TX 1,563,860 Laredo, TX 1,5

Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 726,318 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 711,526 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 726,166 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 744,278 El Paso, TX 757,795 El Paso, TX 759,319 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 7

El Paso, TX 714,931 El Paso, TX 665,422 El Paso, TX 717,245 El Paso, TX 734,851 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 748,146 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 735,305 El Paso, TX 7

Hidalgo, TX 386,985 Hidalgo, TX 405,238 Hidalgo, TX 453,222 Hidalgo, TX 494,572 Hidalgo, TX 462,859 Hidalgo, TX 496,413 Hidalgo, TX 4

Calexico East, CA 291,116 Calexico East, CA 317,709 Calexico East, CA 337,360 Calexico East, CA 311,136 Nogales, AZ 289,776 Calexico East, CA 326,386 Calexico East, CA 3

Rail Container 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 200

Total U.S.-Mexican border 602,322 Total U.S.-Mexican border 607,475 Total U.S.-Mexican border 675,305 Total U.S.-Mexican border 728,559 Total U.S.-Mexican border 803,291 Total U.S.-Mexican border 813,511 Total U.S.-Mexican border 7Total top 5 gateways 591,255 Total top 5 gateways 596,773 Total top 5 gateways 660,214 Total top 5 gateways 710,238 Total top 5 gateways 788,472 Total top 5 gateways 797,481 Total top 5 gateways 7

Laredo, TX 296,782 Laredo, TX 313,244 Laredo, TX 317,061 Laredo, TX 316,402 Laredo, TX 332,950 Laredo, TX 341,856 Laredo, TX 3

Eagle Pass, TX 98,236 Brownsville, TX 98,622 El Paso, TX 110,992 El Paso, TX 143,741 El Paso, TX 185,614 El Paso, TX 179,076 El Paso, TX 1

Brownsville, TX 96,591 Eagle Pass, TX 88,329 Brownsville, TX 97,803 Brownsville, TX 105,175 Eagle Pass, TX 112,521 Eagle Pass, TX 134,041 Eagle Pass, TX 1

Nogales, AZ 52,236 El Paso, TX 50,893 Eagle Pass, TX 87,459 Eagle Pass, TX 98,089 Brownsville, TX 97,572 Brownsville, TX 90,139 Brownsville, TX 

El Paso, TX 47,410 Nogales, AZ 45,685 Nogales, AZ 46,899 Nogales, AZ 46,831 Nogales, AZ 59,815 Nogales, AZ 52,369 Nogales, AZ 

Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck or Rail Container Crossings

Rail Container data include both loaded and empty Rail containers . U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Border Crossing/Entry Data , available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/ as of July 1, 2010.SOURCENOTESTruck Container data represent the number of Truck container crossings, not the number of unique vehicles. Data are for both loaded and 

empty truck containers. 
Truck 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 

Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,426,593 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,238,045 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,503,688 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,675,897 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,759,679 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,882,500 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,86Total top 5 gateways 3,544,815 Total top 5 gateways 3,378,199 Total top 5 gateways 3,604,137 Total top 5 gateways 3,737,803 Total top 5 gateways 3,778,528 Total top 5 gateways 3,895,641 Total top 5 gateways 3,89

Laredo, TX 1,441,653 Laredo, TX 1,354,229 Laredo, TX 1,391,850 Laredo, TX 1,455,607 Laredo, TX 1,518,989 Laredo, TX 1,563,836 Laredo, TX 1,55

Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 731,291 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 697,152 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 726,164 El Paso, TX 740,654 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 749,472 El Paso, TX 782,936 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 77

El Paso, TX 705,199 El Paso, TX 659,614 El Paso, TX 719,545 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 730,253 El Paso, TX 744,951 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 738,765 El Paso, TX 75

Hidalgo, TX 390,282 Hidalgo, TX 406,064 Hidalgo, TX 454,351 Hidalgo, TX 491,077 Hidalgo, TX 457,825 Hidalgo, TX 486,756 Hidalgo, TX 47

Calexico East, CA 276,390 Calexico East, CA 261,140 Calexico East, CA 312,227 Calexico East, CA 320,212 Calexico East, CA 307,291 Calexico East, CA 323,348 Calexico East, CA 32

Train 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 

Total U.S.-Mexican border 7,757 Total U.S.-Mexican border 7,774 Total U.S.-Mexican border 7,844 Total U.S.-Mexican border 9,458 Total U.S.-Mexican border 10,166 Total U.S.-Mexican border 10,648 Total U.S.-Mexican border 1Total top 5 gateways 7,179 Total top 5 gateways 7,265 Total top 5 gateways 7,282 Total top 5 gateways 8,719 Total top 5 gateways 9,344 Total top 5 gateways 9,745 Total top 5 gateways 

Laredo, TX 3,270 Laredo, TX 3,510 Laredo, TX 3,443 Laredo, TX 3,459 Laredo, TX 3,850 Laredo, TX 3,994 Laredo, TX 

Eagle Pass, TX 1,718 Eagle Pass, TX 1,624 Eagle Pass, TX 1,653 Eagle Pass, TX 1,812 El Paso, TX 2,449 El Paso, TX 2,691 El Paso, TX 

Brownsville, TX 964 Brownsville, TX 1,045 Brownsville, TX 998 El Paso, TX 1,618 Eagle Pass, TX 1,337 Eagle Pass, TX 1,485 Eagle Pass, TX 

Nogales, AZ 607 El Paso, TX 629 El Paso, TX 744 Brownsville, TX 1,045 Brownsville, TX 1,055 Brownsville, TX 984 Brownsville, TX El Paso, TX 620 Nogales, AZ 457 Nogales, AZ 444 Nogales, AZ 785 Nogales, AZ 653 Calexico East, CA 591 Nogales, AZ 

Table 1-55: U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck and Train Crossings

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Border Crossing/Entry Data , available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/ as of July 1, 2010.SOURCENOTEData do not include privately owned pickup trucks.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

TOTAL freight 1,099.9 1,272.9 1,531.7 1,695.0 1,998.9 1,788.4 2,163.9 2,092.1 2,132.1 2,128.2 2,214.8 2,240.4 2,284.1 2,333.1 2,339.5 2,322.6 2,424.5 2,393.3 2,340.2 2,394.2 Foreign 339.3 443.7 581.0 748.7 921.4 774.3 1,041.6 1,013.6 1,037.5 1,060.0 1,115.7 1,147.4 1,183.4 1,220.6 1,245.4 1,260.8 1,354.7 1,350.8 1,319.2 1,378.1 

Imports 211.3 269.8 339.3 476.6 517.5 412.7 600.0 555.4 586.7 648.8 719.5 672.7 732.6 788.3 840.7 860.8 939.7 951.8 934.9 1,004.8 

Exports 128.0 173.9 241.6 272.1 403.9 361.6 441.6 458.2 450.8 411.3 396.2 474.7 450.8 432.3 404.7 400.0 415.0 399.0 384.3 373.3 

Domestic 760.6 829.2 950.7 946.3 1,077.5 1,014.1 1,122.3 1,078.5 1,094.6 1,068.2 1,099.0 1,093.0 1,100.7 1,112.5 1,094.1 1,061.8 1,069.8 1,042.5 1,021.0 1,016.1 

Inland 291.1 369.6 472.1 503.9 535.0 534.7 622.6 600.4 621.0 607.3 618.4 620.3 622.1 630.6 625.0 624.6 628.4 619.8 608.0 609.6 

Coastal 209.2 201.5 238.4 231.9 329.6 309.8 298.6 294.5 285.1 271.7 277.0 266.6 267.4 263.1 249.6 228.8 226.9 223.6 216.4 223.5 Great Lakes 155.1 153.7 157.1 129.3 115.1 92.0 110.2 103.4 107.4 109.9 114.8 116.1 114.9 122.7 122.2 113.9 114.4 100.0 101.5 89.8 Intraport 104.2 102.9 81.5 78.3 94.2 74.3 86.4 75.6 76.8 74.4 82.9 83.1 89.0 89.8 90.1 88.6 94.6 93.2 90.0 86.9 Intraterritory 1.0 1.5 1.6 2.9 3.6 3.4 4.5 4.6 4.2 5.0 5.9 6.9 7.3 6.3 7.2 5.9 5.5 5.9 5.1 6.4 

KEY: P = preliminary.NOTES

Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight (Million short tons)

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1965-2008: Ibid., Waterborne Commerce of the United States (New Orleans, LA: Annual Issues), available at http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/wcsc.htm as of Jan. 6, 2010.1960: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2004 (New Orleans, LA), part 

5, tables 1-1, 1-3, and 1-6.Domestic Inland excludes waterway improvement materials, and beginning in 1996, excludes fish.SOURCES
Ports Rank

Total tons 

(Millions) Rank

Total tons 

(Millions) Rank

Total tons 

(Millions)

South Louisiana, LA, Port of 1 224.0 1 229.0 1 196.6 -2.2% 13.9%

Houston, TX 2 212.2 2 216.1 2 169.1 -1.8% 25.5%

New York, NY and NJ 3 153.5 3 157.2 3 137.5 -2.4% 11.6%

Long Beach, CA 4 80.2 4 85.9 10 57.7 -6.7% 38.9%

Corpus Christi, TX 5 76.8 6 81.1 5 86.2 -5.3% -10.9%

New Orleans, LA 6 73.0 8 76.0 4 88.8 -4.0% -17.8%

Beaumont, TX 7 69.5 5 81.4 9 60.1 -14.6% 15.7%

Huntington - Tristate 8 69.3 7 76.5 27 24.7 -9.4% 180.3%

Mobile, AL 9 67.6 10 64.5 15 49.2 4.9% 37.4%

Plaquemines, LA, Port of 10 63.7 12 58.8 7 65.8 8.4% -3.1%

Los Angeles, CA 11 59.8 9 65.5 18 44.1 -8.7% 35.4%

Lake Charles, LA 12 53.8 11 64.2 11 53.6 -16.3% 0.4%

Texas City, TX 13 52.6 13 56.8 14 49.5 -7.4% 6.3%

Baton Rouge, LA 14 51.8 14 54.6 6 66.8 -5.2% -22.5%

Duluth - Superior, MN and WI 15 45.3 16 46.5 19 42.4 -2.5% 6.8%

Norfolk Harbor, VA 16 44.6 18 39.7 16 47.7 12.2% -6.6%

Baltimore, MD 17 43.4 17 41.3 20 40.1 5.2% 8.2%

Pittsburgh, PA 18 41.8 19 38.1 13 52.9 9.8% -20.9%

Tampa, FL 19 39.7 15 46.9 12 53.2 -15.3% -25.5%

Paulsboro, NJ 20 36.4 20 38.0 28 23.5 -4.3% 54.7%

Valdez, AK 21 36.0 21 37.8 8 61.9 -4.8% -41.9%

Savannah, GA 22 35.4 22 36.5 39 17.7 -3.0% 99.8%

Pascagoula, MS 23 33.6 23 35.2 25 26.4 -4.6% 27.2%

Philadelphia, PA 24 32.3 24 35.1 17 47.5 -8.2% -32.0%

Port Arthur, TX 25 31.8 28 29.3 23 29.6 8.5% 7.4%

Freeport, TX 26 29.8 27 29.6 24 29.0 0.8% 2.9%

St.Louis, MO and IL 27 29.5 25 32.1 21 31.8 -8.1% -7.1%

Tacoma, WA 28 27.2 30 26.9 40 17.4 0.8% 56.1%

Portland, OR 29 26.7 26 31.1 22 30.0 -14.3% -11.0%

Richmond, CA 30 26.4 31 25.0 36 19.0 5.5% 38.6%

Seattle, WA 31 26.2 29 28.2 30 22.6 -7.1% 15.8%

Marcus Hook, PA 32 24.7 32 24.8 29 22.7 -0.5% 8.5%

Chicago, IL 33 22.7 33 24.5 26 26.0 -7.4% -12.7%

Newport News, VA 34 22.6 43 15.0 35 19.1 51.0% 18.5%

Portland, ME 35 22.1 34 24.3 44 15.1 -8.8% 46.9%

Port Everglades, FL 36 21.7 35 24.2 31 21.8 -10.6% -0.6%

Jacksonville, FL 37 21.0 38 21.2 33 21.2 -0.7% -0.7%

Boston, MA 38 21.0 37 22.4 32 21.2 -6.0% -0.9%

Charleston, SC 39 20.9 36 22.6 37 18.7 -7.4% 12.0%

Oakland, CA 40 17.8 41 16.9 52 11.1 5.3% 59.8%

Memphis,TN 41 16.4 39 18.8 41 17.2 -13.1% -4.9%

Indiana Harbor, IN 42 15.4 42 15.0 45 14.9 2.4% 3.2%

Honolulu, HI 43 14.0 40 17.6 47 13.7 -20.3% 2.1%

Cincinnati, OH 44 13.4 47 13.2 50 12.0 1.7% 12.2%

Two Harbors, MN 45 13.4 46 13.7 49 13.2 -1.7% 1.6%

Kalama, WA 46 12.9 53 10.4 83 4.7 24.4% 174.2%

Detroit, MI 47 12.8 44 14.9 34 19.5 -14.1% -34.0%

Anacortes, WA 48 11.5 45 14.3 51 11.9 -20.0% -4.0%

San Juan, PR 49 11.0 50 12.2 43 15.3 -10.2% -28.2%

Toledo, OH 50 11.0 49 12.5 48 13.2 -12.1% -17.2%

Total top 50b NA 2,220.1 NA 2,305.8 NA 2,075.0 -3.7% 7.0%

All ports NA 2,477.1 NA 2,564.0 NA 2,339.5 -3.4% 5.9%

Table 1-57: Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tonsa

Percent 

change 

1998-2008

Percent 

change 

2007-2008

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

NOTE

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Part 5, National Summaries (New Orleans, LA: Annual Issues), 

tables 1-1, 5-1 and 5-2, available at http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/wcsc.htm as of July 14, 2010.

2007 1998

a

 Tonnage totals include both domestic and foreign waterborne trade. b Data for 2007 and 1998 are based on the top 50 water ports in 2007 and 1998, and are not a summation of the numbers in the table.

2008

KEY: NA = not applicable.

SOURCE
1993 1997 2002 (R) 2007

Percent 

change (1997-

2007)d 1993 1997 2002 (R) 2007

Percent 

change (1997-

2007)d 1993 1997 

TOTAL all modes 5,846 6,944 8,397 11,685 68.3 9,688 11,090 11,668 12,543 13.1 2,421 2,661 Single modes, total 4,941 5,720 7,049 9,539 66.8 8,922 10,437 11,087 11,698 12.1 2,137 2,383 

Trucka 4,403 4,982 6,235 8,336 67.3 6,386 7,701 7,843 8,779 14.0 870 1,024 

For-hire truck 2,625 2,901 3,757 4,956 70.8 2,808 3,403 3,657 4,075 19.8 629 741 Private truck 1,756 2,037 2,445 3,380 66.0 3,544 4,137 4,150 4,704 13.7 236 269 

Rail 247 320 311 436 36.5 1,544 1,550 1,874 1,861 20.1 943 1,023 Water 62 76 89 115 51.5 505 563 681 404 -28.4 272 262 

Shallow draft 41 54 57 91 68.8 362 415 459 343 -17.2 164 189 Great Lakes S 2 1 S U 33 38 38 18 -53.7 12 13 Deep draft 20 20 31 23 12.8 110 110 185 43 -61.4 95 59 

Air (includes truck and air) 139 229 265 252 10.1 3444 -19.3 46

Pipelineb 90 113 149 400 252.1 484 618 685 651 5.3 S S 

Multiple modes, total 663 946 1,079 1,867 97.4 226 217 217 574 164.8 191 205 Parcel, U.S. Postal Service or courier 563 856 988 1,562 82.5 19 24 26 34 43.1 13 18 

Truck and rail 83 76 70 187 147.4 41 54 43 226 315.9 38 56 

Truck and water 9 8 14 58 608.5 68 33 23 146 338.1 41 35 

Rail and water 4 2 3 14 684.4 79 79 105 55 -30.8 70 78 

Other multiple modes 3 4 4 45 961.6 19 26 20 114 333.7 S 19 

Other / unknown modes, total 242 279 269 279 0.2 541 437 365 272 -37.8 93 73 

Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the United States: 1993, 1997, 2002 and 2007

Value (billion $) Tons (millions) To

Mode of transportation

KEY: R = revised; S = data are not published because of high sampling variability or other reasons; U = data are unavailable.

a Truck as a single mode includes shipments that went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combination of both. b 1993 and 1997 data exclude most shipments of crude oil. 2002 and 2007 data exclude shipments of crude petroleum.

2007: U.S Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 2007 Commodity 

Flow Survey: United States, Final Release (Washington, DC: December 2009), table 1, available at http://www.bts.gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey/ as of December 28, 2009.NOTESSOURCES

c Ton-miles estimates are based on estimated distances traveled along a modeled transportation network.

2002: U.S Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 2002 Commodity 

Flow Survey: United States (Washington, DC: December 2004), table 1a. Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding. Value-of-shipment estimates are reported in current prices. Coverage for the 2002 and 2007 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) differs from the previous surveys due to a change from the 1997 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and other survey improvements. The 2007 estimates are derived using an improved methodology of estimation.1993 and 1997: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 1997 Commodity Flow Survey: United States (Washington, DC: December 1999), table 1b.

d Percent change has been revised in conjuction with 2007 data.
SCTG 

Value 

($billions) Percent

Tons 

(millions) Percent

Ton-milesc 

(billions) Percent

Value per 

ton ($)

Average 

miles per 

shipment

01 Live animals and live fish 10.8 0.09 6.2 0.05 4.0 0.12 1,761.5 739

02 Cereal grains 84.9 0.73 514.2 4.10 203.4 6.08 165.0 139

03 Other agricultural products 143.6 1.23 211.9 1.69 88.2 2.64 677.9 354

04 Animal feed and products of animal origin (NEC) 90.5 0.77 246.4 1.96 76.2 2.28 367.1 499

05 Meat, fish, seafood, and their preparations 277.3 2.37 98.4 0.78 48.5 1.45 2,817.2 247

06 Grain, alcohol and tobacco products 143.1 1.22 120.0 0.96 50.7 1.52 1,192.6 403

07 Other prepared foodstuffs and fats and oils 479.8 4.11 468.4 3.73 171.5 5.13 1,024.2 268

08 Alcoholic beverages 158.3 1.35 114.0 0.91 36.7 1.10 1,388.6 80

09 Tobacco products 70.6 0.60 3.3 0.03 0.4 0.01 21,450.6 407

10 Monumental or building stone 5.2 0.04 28.7 0.23 3.1 0.09 181.0 123

11 Natural sands 6.7 0.06 460.1 3.67 41.1 1.23 14.5 56

12 Gravel and crushed stone 21.2 0.18 2,039.5 16.26 147.8 4.42 10.4 37

13 Nonmetallic minerals (NEC) 16.7 0.14 272.3 2.17 52.1 1.56 61.4 223

14 Metallic ores and concentrates 32.9 0.28 76.7 0.61 39.3 1.18 429.2 504

15 Coal 38.2 0.33 1,416.2 11.29 835.8 24.99 27.0 106

17 Gasoline and aviation turbine fue 663.2 5.68 959.2 7.65 68.6 2.05 691.4 43

18 Fuel oils 373.5 3.20 641.9 5.12 54.2 1.62 581.9 32

19 Coal and petroleum products (NEC) 268.2 2.29 578.2 4.61 127.2 3.80 463.8 111

20 Basic chemicals 271.5 2.32 412.6 3.29 171.2 5.12 658.0 428

21 Pharmaceutical products 771.3 6.60 19.1 0.15 8.1 0.24 40,430.5 635

22 Fertilizers 43.6 0.37 149.6 1.19 59.0 1.76 291.5 171

23 Chemical products and preparations (NEC) 331.8 2.84 123.5 0.98 58.5 1.75 2,685.4 638

24 Plastics and rubber 489.4 4.19 186.4 1.49 104.6 3.13 2,625.8 550

25 Logs and other wood in the rough 7.1 0.06 107.9 0.86 11.2 0.33 65.7 110

26 Wood products 183.9 1.57 323.8 2.58 100.8 3.01 567.9 328

27 Pulp, newsprint, paper, and paperboard 126.9 1.09 145.4 1.16 82.1 2.45 872.6 297

28 Paper or paperboard articles 118.1 1.01 82.2 0.66 29.0 0.87 1,435.8 512

29 Printed products 190.4 1.63 51.4 0.41 22.4 0.67 3,701.5 579

30 Textiles, leather, and articles of textiles or leather 473.6 4.05 46.7 0.37 30.6 0.92 10,135.5 1,101

31 Nonmetallic mineral products 197.0 1.69 1,156.8 9.22 115.3 3.45 170.3 447

32 Base metal in primary or semifinished forms and in finished basic shapes 488.4 4.18 364.9 2.91 129.2 3.86 1,338.3 360

33 Articles of base metal 388.3 3.32 131.9 1.05 52.3 1.56 2,943.3 561

34 Machinery 628.3 5.38 66.7 0.53 36.8 1.10 9,415.3 498

35 Electronic and other electrical equipment and components and office equipmen 1,046.5 8.96 47.5 0.38 31.6 0.95 22,018.5 815

36 Motorized and other vehicles (including parts) 907.3 7.76 133.1 1.06 64.8 1.94 6,815.3 489

37 Transportation equipment (NEC) 173.9 1.49 6.8 0.05 4.5 0.13 25,514.7 908

38 Precision instruments and apparatus 304.6 2.61 5.7 0.05 3.5 0.11 53,743.8 1,008

39 Furniture, mattresses and mattress supports, lamps, lighting fittings, and illuminated sign 152.3 1.30 26.6 0.21 15.0 0.45 5,717.9 766

40 Miscellaneous manufactured products 490.3 4.20 91.8 0.73 42.0 1.26 5,338.5 1,012

41 Waste and scrap 82.2 0.70 305.9 2.44 67.0 2.00 268.9 152

43 Mixed freight 932.4 7.98 300.9 2.40 56.1 1.68 3,098.3 369

99 Commodity unknown 1.5 0.01 S U 0.1 0.00 U 485

All commodities b

11,684.9 100.00 12,543.4 100.00 3,344.7 100.00 931.6 619

NOTES 

SOURCE

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Census 

Bureau, 2007 Commodity Flow Survey: United States , Final Release (Washington, DC: December 2009), table 6, available at 

http://www.bts.gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey/ as of December 28, 2009.

Details may not add to totals due to rounding or missing numbers that do not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality. 

a All data have been revised using data from the final release of the 2007 Commodity Flow Survey.

Table 1-59: Value, Tons, and Ton-Miles of Freight Shipments within the United States by Domestic Establishments, 2007a

KEY: NEC = not elsewhere classified; SCTG = Standard Classification of Transportation Goods; S = data are not published because of high sampling variability or other 

reasons; U = data are unavailable.

b Estimates exclude shipments of crude petroleum (SCTG 16).

c Ton-miles estimates are based on estimated distances traveled along a modeled transportation network. 

table_01_59.xls
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20

Exports to Canada, total 124,701.3 129,884.1 139,109.7 133,970.3 137,745.4 146,374.1 154,847.4 145,661.6 146,435.3 154,870.8 171,878.1 192,907.5 209,283.2 22

Truck 89,151.1 97,423.4 102,743.0 111,173.8 114,806.1 123,140.0 129,825.3 117,694.5 118,259.1 124,235.0 135,897.5 151,221.7 164,318.1 17Rail 13,593.9 15,271.9 15,678.7 13,255.6 12,279.6 11,754.6 12,946.5 12,972.7 13,974.1 14,776.5 16,596.6 19,321.9 22,477.8 2Pipeline 133.8 121.3 162.2 180.6 93.4 113.9 161.6 221.3 174.3 759.6 1,584.2 2,393.9 2,180.0 Other

a 21,753.2 17,010.5 20,467.5 9,336.1 10,559.5 11,360.0 11,913.4 14,772.0 14,026.7 15,099.2 17,776.7 19,933.1 20,263.4 2

Mailb 69.3 57.0 58.3 24.1 6.8 5.6 0.6 1.1 1.2 0.4 23.1 36.9 43.8 

Exports to Mexico, total 46,503.3 42,662.2 51,753.4 64,169.5 70,164.4 76,129.0 97,158.9 88,926.4 85,157.8 85,614.8 97,303.7 104,276.5 116,749.2 11

Truck 39,066.5 35,914.2 44,091.8 55,592.6 60,432.1 66,923.8 82,389.2 74,223.1 70,924.7 70,550.8 79,349.2 83,341.2 92,991.6 9Rail 4,192.0 4,694.4 5,119.2 5,648.0 6,188.8 5,710.6 10,495.8 10,389.4 10,143.0 11,264.9 13,632.9 15,747.7 17,271.2 1Pipeline 0.4 1.0 2.3 68.3 73.4 144.2 301.8 296.1 567.9 155.3 87.2 543.3 707.0 Other

a 3,238.9 2,025.8 2,540.1 2,860.5 3,470.0 3,349.6 3,972.0 4,017.7 3,521.5 3,643.3 4,216.4 4,622.8 5,779.1 

Mailc 5.5 26.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.4 18.1 21.6 0.3 

Imports from Canada, total 123,504.9 143,669.5 156,206.6 155,682.6 162,105.7 183,723.5 210,270.5 200,853.4 194,820.7 207,448.4 236,734.9 265,402.1 278,889.2 28

Truck 79,456.4 88,964.9 98,400.8 99,814.8 108,856.7 118,901.4 127,816.3 117,129.9 117,985.3 116,714.1 132,762.1 143,695.6 149,884.0 15Rail 30,322.8 39,996.9 39,811.0 38,293.0 37,374.1 46,255.4 49,699.2 47,197.9 46,966.8 49,980.9 57,947.2 60,606.3 63,258.4 6Pipeline 9,728.6 10,606.6 12,796.2 13,879.5 11,120.1 12,055.5 23,117.1 25,908.5 21,832.3 31,451.3 36,828.3 48,766.5 53,865.2 5Other

a 3,991.6 3,888.2 4,968.4 3,572.5 4,575.1 6,386.9 9,571.0 10,523.8 7,992.7 9,236.6 8,994.4 12,184.4 11,736.0 1

Mail 5.5 5.2 6.9 0.4 1.7 13.1 4.1 7.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 FTZd 0.0 207.6 223.4 122.4 177.9 111.2 62.8 86.1 43.3 65.3 202.6 149.3 145.5 

Imports from Mexico, total 43,616.2 54,048.9 63,312.2 72,155.0 81,720.3 95,023.4 113,436.5 111,870.3 114,380.8 114,842.5 127,646.0 135,400.5 155,205.1 16

Truck 35,013.9 43,014.3 48,350.0 56,716.5 65,883.7 76,448.0 88,668.7 86,377.2 90,593.6 92,535.0 104,943.8 112,267.6 126,463.6 13Rail 7,769.0 9,137.9 12,297.7 12,646.9 12,029.7 14,693.4 21,056.1 22,056.8 20,790.7 19,701.7 20,183.4 20,782.2 25,863.5 2Pipeline 187.9 27.4 8.1 3.6 2.4 1.5 11.5 1.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.0 55.4 Other

a 643.5 768.9 639.2 668.2 917.8 1,255.8 1,573.9 1,539.7 1,548.9 1,600.1 1,838.7 1,990.2 2,399.2 

Mail 1.9 1.3 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 FTZd 0.0 1,099.2 2,015.6 2,119.6 2,886.7 2,624.4 2,125.7 1,894.9 1,446.8 1,005.4 679.8 360.4 423.3 

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Transborder Freight Data , available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/transborder/ as of Mar. 15, 2011.

d Foreign Trade Zones (FTZ s) were added as a mode of transport for land import shipments beginning in April 1995. Although FTZ s are being treated as a mode of 

transportation in the Transborder Surface Freight Data, the actual mode for a specific shipment into or out of an FTZ is unknown because U.S. Customs does not collect this information.

Shipments that neither originate nor terminate in the United States (i.e., in transit, in-bond shipments) are not included here, although they use the U.S. transportation systemThese shipments are usually part of Mexico-Canada trade, and simply pass through the United States. Transshipments, however, are included in 1994, 1995, and 1996; these are shipments that entered or exited the United States by way of a Customs port on the northern or southern border, but whose origin or destination was a country other than Canada or Mexico. Starting in 1997, transshipments are excluded. Users should note these differences before comparing figures for 1994-96 with 1997 and subsequent year data. Data exclude export shipments valued at less than $2,500 and import shipments valued at less than $1,250.Component numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCE

Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Exports to and Imports from Canada and Mexico by Mode ($ millions)

NOTES

b Mail shipments data for several years prior to May 2004 were not compiled correctly resulting in undercounts.c Beginning in January 1996, new edit checks were added in the processing of the these data. Because of these checks, the number of Mail export shipments from the 

United States to Mexico declined sharply between 1995 and 1996. The Census Bureau found that a number of Rail shipments were misidentified as Mail shipments in 1994 

and 1995, although the exact proportion of these is unknown.

a Other includes "flyaway aircraft" or aircraft moving under their own power (i.e., aircraft moving from the manufacturer to a customer and not carrying any freight), 

powerhouse (electricity), vessels moving under their own power, pedestrians carrying freight, and unknown and miscellaneous.
Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles 

Crude oil, total 331.5 100.0 753.0 100.0 786.2 100.0 628.2 100.0 586.0 100.0 543.2 100.0 486.9 100.0 454.1 100.0 423.0 100.0 376.0 100.0 376.6 100.0 384.0 100.0 380.4 100.0 374.1 100.0 (R) 376.3 

Pipelinesa 288.0 86.9 362.6 48.2 334.4 42.5 334.8 53.3 335.9 57.3 338.3 62.3 337.4 69.3 334.1 73.6 321.1 75.9 283.4 75.4 277.0 73.6 286.6 74.6 284.5 74.8 283.7 75.8 293.5 

Water carriersb 40.6 12.2 387.4 51.4 449.2 57.1 291.2 46.4 247.7 42.3 202.4 37.3 147.3 30.3 117.9 26.0 100.0 23.6 91.0 24.2 98.1 26.0 95.7 24.9 94.1 24.7 88.7 23.7 81.1 

Motor carriersc 1.4 0.4 2.5 0.3 1.8 0.2 1.5 0.2 1.7 0.3 1.7 0.3 1.7 0.3 1.6 0.4 1.4 0.3 1.2 0.3 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.3 1.3 0.3 1.2 0.3 1.4 

Railroads 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 

Refined petroleum products, total 515.2 100.0 492.3 100.0 409.3 100.0 448.6 100.0 458.9 100.0 479.0 100.0 469.6 100.0 475.7 100.0 489.9 100.0 497.3 100.0 493.2 100.0 480.6 100.0 502.9 100.0 528.4 100.0 (R) 529.7 

Pipelinesa 219.0 42.5 225.6 45.8 229.9 56.2 249.3 55.6 265.2 57.8 280.9 58.6 279.1 59.4 285.7 60.1 296.6 60.5 293.9 59.1 299.1 60.6 299.6 62.3 305.7 60.8 315.9 59.8 314.0 

Water carriers 257.4 50.0 230.4 46.8 141.2 34.5 157.8 35.2 153.2 33.4 154.1 32.2 148.3 31.6 147.1 30.9 147.5 30.1 153.4 30.8 145.9 29.6 131.9 27.4 146.0 29.0 158.2 29.9 159.4 Motor carriersc 26.2 5.1 24.3 5.0 26.9 6.6 28.2 6.3 24.6 5.4 28.0 5.8 26.0 5.5 26.7 5.6 27.6 5.6 30.1 6.1 29.7 6.0 29.4 6.1 31.9 6.3 33.2 6.3 33.4 

Railroads 12.6 2.4 12.0 2.4 11.3 2.7 13.3 3.0 15.9 3.5 16.0 3.3 16.2 3.4 16.2 3.4 18.2 3.7 19.9 4.0 18.5 3.8 19.7 4.1 19.3 3.8 21.1 4.0 22.8 

Combined crude and petroleum products, total 846.7 100.0 1,245.3 100.0 1,195.5 100.0 1,076.8 100.0 1,044.9 100.0 1,022.2 100.0 956.5 100.0 929.8 100.0 912.9 100.0 873.3 100.0 869.8 100.0 864.6 100.0 883.3 100.0 902.5 100.0 906.0 

Pipelinesa 507.0 59.9 588.2 47.2 564.3 47.2 584.1 54.2 601.1 57.5 619.2 60.6 616.5 64.5 619.8 66.7 617.7 67.7 577.3 66.1 576.1 66.2 586.2 67.8 590.2 66.8 599.6 66.4 607.5 

Water carriersb 298.0 35.2 617.8 49.6 590.4 49.4 449.0 41.7 400.9 38.4 356.5 34.9 295.6 30.9 265.0 28.5 247.5 27.1 244.4 28.0 244.0 28.1 227.6 26.3 240.1 27.2 246.9 27.4 240.5 Motor carriersc 27.6 3.3 26.8 2.2 28.7 2.4 29.7 2.8 26.3 2.5 29.7 2.9 27.7 2.9 28.3 3.0 29.0 3.2 31.3 3.6 30.8 3.5 30.6 3.5 33.2 3.8 34.4 3.8 34.8 

Railroads 14.1 1.7 12.5 1.0 12.1 1.0 14.0 1.3 (R) 16.7 1.6 16.8 1.6 16.7 1.7 16.7 1.8 18.7 2.0 20.3 2.3 18.9 2.2 20.2 2.3 19.8 2.2 21.6 2.4 23.2 

1980 1985 1990 1996 1997 1998 2001 2004 2

1980-85: Ibid., (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1, 2, and 3.

Table 1-61: Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode (billions)

1995 1999 2000 2002 2003

SOURCES

1975

1975: Association of Oil Pipe Lines, Shifts in Petroleum Transportation (Washington, DC), table 6.1990-2009: Ibid., (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1, 2, and 3, available at http://www.aopl.org/publications/?fa=reports as of Mar. 23, 2011.Details may not add to totals due to rounding in the source publication.

a Beginning with 2006 data, Pipeline data were taken from PHMSA F 7000-1-1. Previously, data were extracted from FERC Form No. 6, which 

included data for federally-regulated pipelines. For 2005, data for federally regulated Pipelines were estimated to include about 90 percent of the 

total national ton-miles, so the Pipeline statistics for that year were adjusted to include an additional 10 percent of ton-miles. From 1990 through 2004, the federally regulated estimate was 84 percent with a 16 percent addition for other Pipeline ton-miles.

c The amount carried by Motor carriers is estimated.b The large increase in Water carrier Ton-miles between 1975 and 1980 reflects the entrance of the Alaska pipeline, moving crude petroleum for 

water transportation to U.S. refineries.

NOTE
Transportation mode ($ billion) Percent (millions) Percent (billions) Percent

TOTAL all modes 1,448.2 100.0 2,231.1 100.0 323.5 100.0 96Single modes, total 1,370.6 94.6 2,111.6 94.6 279.1 86.3 65Trucka 837.1 57.8 1,202.8 53.9 104.0 32.2 59

For-hire 358.8 24.8 495.1 22.2 63.3 19.6 214Privateb 478.3 33.0 707.7 31.7 40.7 12.6 32

Rail 69.2 4.8 129.7 5.8 92.2 28.5 578Water 69.2 4.8 149.8 6.7 37.1 11.5 383Air 1.7 0.1 S − S − 1,095

Pipelinec 393.4 27.2 628.9 28.2 S S S

Multiple modes, total 71.1 4.9 111.0 5.0 42.9 13.3 834Parcel, U.S. Postal Service or Courier 7.7 0.5 0.2 – 0.2 – 836Other 63.4 4.4 110.8 5.0 42.7 13.2 233Unknown and other modes, total 6.5 0.5 8.5 0.4 1.5 0.5 58

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 2007 Commodity Flow Survey, Hazardous Materials (Washington, DC: December 2009), 

table CF0700H01, available at http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IBQTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=&-ds_name=CF0700H01&-_lang=en as of Mar. 9, 2010.NOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCE

a Truck as a single mode includes shipments that went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combination of both.

Table 1-62: U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Transportation Mode, 2007

KEY: – = less than 1 unit of measure or equal to zero; S = data are not published because of high sampling variability or other reasons. 

b Private truck refers to a truck operated by a temporary or permanent employee of an establishment or the buyer/receiver of the 

shipment.

c Excludes most shipments of crude oil. See previous table for the estimated amount of crude oil and petroleum products transported in 

the United States.

Value Tons Ton-miles

Average 

miles per 

shipment
Hazard class and description (billion $) Percent (millions) Percent (billions) Percent

Class 1. Explosives 12 0.8 3 0.1 1 0.3 738Class 2. Gases 132 9.1 251 11.2 55 17.1 51Class 3. Flammable liquids 1,170 80.8 1,753 78.6 182 56.1 91Class 4. Flammable solids 4 0.3 20 0.9 6 1.7 309Class 5. Oxidizers and organic peroxides 7 0.5 15 0.7 7 2.2 361Class 6. Toxics (poison) 21 1.5 11 0.5 6 1.8 467Class 7. Radioactive materials 21 1.4 1 U U U SClass 8. Corrosive materials 51 3.6 114 5.1 44 13.7 208Class 9. Miscellaneous dangerous goods 30 2.1 63 2.8 23 7.1 484Total 1,448 100.0 2,231 100.0 323 100.0 96

Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Hazard Class, 2007

KEY: U = data are unavailable or less than 1 unit of measure or rounds to zero; S = data were not published because of high sampling variability or other reasons.

Value Tons Ton-miles Average 

miles per 

shipment

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, and U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 2007 Commodity Flow Survey, American Fact Finder, Hazardous Materials (Washington, DC: December 2009), table CF0700H02, available at http://www.census.gov/svsd/www/cfsmain.html as of December 29, 2009.NOTE

Section E

Physical Performance
 
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 

Boarded 420,696 429,190 445,271 449,184 457,286 460,277 480,555 502,960 514,170 523,081 543,344 477,970 467,205 485,797 522,308 516,553 552,445 Denied boarding,b total 628 646 764 683 824 842 957 1,071 1,136 1,070 1,120 900 837 769 747 597 674 

Voluntary 561 599 718 632 771 794 899 1,018 1,091 1,024 1,062 861 803 727 702 552 619 Involuntary 67 47 46 51 53 49 58 54 45 46 57 39 34 42 45 45 55 

Percent denied boarding 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.12 

Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and Denied Boarding by the Largest U.S. Air Carriersa (Thousands of passengers)

U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Aviation Enforcement and Proceedings, Aviation Consumer Protection Division, Air Travel Consumer Report (Washington, DC: 

Annual February Issues), p. 33 and similar pages in previous editions, available at http://airconsumer.ost.dot.gov/reports/index.htm as of Mar. 14, 2011.SOURCEKEY: R = revised.

a Data include nonstop scheduled service between points within the United States (including territories) by U.S. air carriers with at least 1% of the total domestic scheduled service 

passenger revenues and operate aircraft with a passenger capacity of more than 60 seats. In 2010, the air carriers were Jetblue, Airtran, Hawaiian, United, Alaska, American, Frontier, Southwest, US Airways, American Eagle, Continental, Mesa, Skywest, Delta, Comair, Atlantic Southeast, Pinnacle, and ExpressJet. Before 1994, carriers included both majors and national airlines, i.e., airlines with over $100 million in revenue. 

b Number of passengers who hold confirmed reservations and are denied boarding ("bumped") from a flight because it is oversold. These figures include only passengers whose 

oversold flight departs without them; they do not include passengers affected by canceled, delayed, or diverted flights. 

Since merging with Delta, data for Northwest Airlines are included under Delta as of January 2010.NOTE
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 

Total mishandled-baggage reports (millions) 2.66 2.20 2.45 2.28 2.32 2.28 2.46 2.28 2.48 2.54 2.74 2.14 1.81 2.20 2.82 2.94 4.08 Enplaned passengers (domestic) (millions) 395.70 408.47 416.95 407.55 435.67 439.80 464.00 459.83 481.75 499.10 517.47 467.93 471.35 524.52 575.36 442.02 606.60 Reports per 1,000 passengers 6.73 5.38 5.87 5.60 5.33 5.18 5.30 4.96 5.16 5.08 5.29 4.58 3.84 4.19 4.91 6.64 6.73 

Domestic system only. Since merging with Delta, data for Northwest Airlines are included under Delta as of January 2010.

Table 1-65: Mishandled-Baggage Reports Filed by Passengers with the Largest U.S. Air Carriersa

Based on passenger reports of mishandled-baggage, including those that did not subsequently result in claims for compensation. SOURCE U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Aviation Enforcement and Proceedings, Aviation Consumer Protection Division, Air Travel Consumer Report (Washington, DC: Annual February Issues), p. 30 and similar pages in previous editions, available at http://airconsumer.dot.gov/reports/index.htm as of Mar. 14, 2011.KEY: R = revised.

a Data include nonstop scheduled service between points within the United States (including territories) by U.S. air carriers with at least 1% of the total domestic 

scheduled service passenger revenues and those carriers that report voluntarily. In 2010, the air carriers were Airtran, Alaska, American, American Eagle, Atlantic Southeast, Comair, Continental, Delta, ExpressJet, Frontier, Hawaiian, JetBlue, Mesa, Pinnacle, Skywest, Southwest, United, and US Airways.

NOTES
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 200

On-time flight operations (percent) 79.4 82.5 82.3 81.6 81.5 78.6 74.5 77.7 77.2 76.1 72.6 77.4 82.1 82.0 78.1 77.4 7

Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriving On Time by the Largest U.S. Air Carriersa

Since merging with Delta, data for Northwest Airlines are included under Delta as of January 2010.SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Aviation Enforcement and Proceedings, Aviation Consumer Protection Division, Air Travel Consumer Report (Washington, DC: Annual February Issues), table 1a, available at http://airconsumer.ost.dot.gov/reports/index.htm as of Mar. 14, 2011.

a Data include nonstop scheduled service between points within the United States (including territories) by U.S. air carriers with 

at least 1% of the total domestic scheduled service passenger revenues and those carriers that report voluntarily. In 2010, the air carriers were Airtran, Alaska, American, American Eagle, Atlantic Southeast, Comair, Continental, Delta, ExpressJet, Frontier, Hawaiian, JetBlue, Mesa, Pinnacle, Skywest, Southwest, United, and US Airways.

NOTESA flight is considered on time if it arrived less than 15 minutes after the scheduled time shown in the carriers' Computerized Reservations Systems. Canceled and diverted operations are counted as late. 
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Operations delayed (thousands) 356 338 394 393 298 281 276 248 237 272 245 306 374 450 348 286 317 455 Cause (percent)Weather 67 70 57 56 65 65 72 75 72 74 68 74 69 69 72 72 72 70 Airport terminal volume 11 9 29 33 26 25 21 18 17 17 20 13 8 14 12 14 11 15 Air Route Traffic Control Center volume 13 12 8 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 4UUUUUClosed runways / taxiways 4 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 5 6 5 4 7 6 National Airspace System equipment 432122223232222111Other 1 1 1 4 3 3 2 2 4 2 4 6 13 9 10 9 9 8 

KEY: FAA = Federal Aviation Administration; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.2000-09: Ibid., Operations Network (OPSNET) Database , available at http://www.apo.data.faa.gov/ as of Apr. 28, 2010.1998-99: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Operations Network (OPSNET) Database , available at http://www.faa.gov/apa/Delays/atDelays.htm as of Aug. 8, 2002. 1987-97: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aviation Capacity Enhancement Plan (Washington, DC: Annual Issues). As of 2008, the FAA reports delays for aircraft that accumulate a delay of 15 minutes or more throughout the 

duration of the flight. Each holding segment is recorded as one delay . The Operations Network (OPSNET) 

Database delay data dating back to the year 2000 have been converted to be consistent with the new definitions.

Beginning in 2008 the FAA started to combine Air Route Traffic Control Center volume and Airport Terminal 

volume and retroactively applied this change through the year 2000.

Table 1-67: FAA-Cited Causes of Departure and En Route Delays (After pushing back from the gate)

NOTESOURCES
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Total operations 5,202,096 5,041,200 5,270,893 5,076,925 5,092,157 5,070,501 5,180,048 5,327,435 5,351,983 5,411,843 5,384,721 5,527,884 5,683,047 5,967,780 5,271,359 6,488,540 7,129,270 7,140,59Late departures 730,712 883,167 753,182 621,509 617,148 661,056 729,960 827,934 973,948 846,870 870,395 937,273 1,131,663 953,808 717,368 834,390 1,187,594 1,279,40

Percent of total 14.0 17.5 14.3 12.2 12.1 13.0 14.1 15.5 18.2 15.6 16.2 17.0 19.9 16.0 13.6 12.9 16.7 17.

Late arrivals 1,042,452 1,208,470 1,087,774 890,068 902,567 931,437 960,254 1,039,250 1,220,045 1,083,834 1,070,071 1,152,725 1,356,040 1,104,439 868,225 1,057,804 1,421,391 1,466,06

Percent of total 20.0 24.0 20.6 17.5 17.7 18.4 18.5 19.5 22.8 20.0 19.9 20.9 23.9 18.5 16.5 16.3 19.9 20.

Cancellations 50,163 74,165 52,458 43,505 52,836 59,845 66,740 91,905 128,536 97,763 144,509 154,311 187,490 231,198 65,143 101,469 127,757 133,73

Percent of total 1.0 1.5 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.4 1.8 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.9 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.

Diversions 14,436 14,839 15,954 12,585 11,384 10,333 12,106 10,492 14,121 12,081 13,161 13,555 14,254 12,909 8,356 11,381 13,784 14,02

Percent of total 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.

Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier Delays, Cancellations, and Diversions

KEY: R = revised.SOURCESNOTES1995-2010: Ibid., Airline On-Time Tables, Table 1 - Summary of Airline On-Time Performance Year-to-date through December 2010, available at 

http://www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information/airline_ontime_tables/ as of Mar. 14, 2011. Late departures and arrivals are strongly seasonal and are affected by weather and heavy demand in winter and summer months. The term Late is defined as 15 minutes after the scheduled departure or arrival time. A cancelled flight is one that was not operated, but was listed in a carrier's computer reservation system within seven calendar days of the scheduled departure. A diverted flight is one that left from the scheduled departure airport but flew to a destination point other than the scheduled destination point. The number of carriers reporting beginning in 2010 is 18. The number of carriers reporting in 2008 and 2009 is 19 (20 through February 2008, after which Aloha Airlines ceased reporting). During 2005-2007, 20 air carriers reported on-time performance data, including all major U.S. carriers (carriers with at least one percent of total domestic scheduled-service passenger revenues) and other carriers that reported voluntarily. The number of carriers reporting in previous years is as follows: 2004 (19); 2003 (18); 2002 (10); 2001 (12); 2000 (11); 1999 (10); 1998 (10); 1997 (10); 1996 (10); and 1995 (10).1988-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Airline Service Quality Performance Data.
Akron, OH Medium 3 4 9 10 12 14 18 15 19 22 23 23 22 21 20 18 19 19 20 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY Medium 3 4 7 8 8 8 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 17 19 19 22 

Albuquerque, NM Medium 9 12 18 18 21 23 24 27 30 32 33 34 30 29 27 28 31 33 34 Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ Medium 7 8 11 12 14 17 19 20 23 25 26 23 24 24 24 23 24 24 23 

Anchorage, AK Small 16 19 18 17 19 18 18 18 18 18 20 20 20 22 23 22 22 21 22 

Atlanta, GA Very large 13 17 23 26 30 34 38 40 43 46 49 49 52 53 55 56 56 58 57 

Austin, TX Large 9 15 17 19 17 19 19 27 30 33 31 35 36 39 40 44 47 52 50 Bakersfield, CA Medium 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 6 

Baltimore, MD Large 11 18 35 35 33 34 34 36 37 38 37 37 41 44 53 56 56 57 57 

Baton Rouge, LA Medium 9 13 17 18 17 21 23 26 26 26 26 31 31 32 32 36 37 37 35 

Beaumont, TX Small 5 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 11 14 16 18 19 23 24 25 26 25 Birmingham, AL Medium 7 9 11 12 13 15 19 20 21 23 28 29 30 30 30 31 32 31 31 Boise, ID Small 2 4 8 9 10 10 9 10 13 16 18 19 20 23 23 23 23 24 25 

Boston, MA-NH-RI Very large 13 18 29 29 34 34 35 35 36 39 40 41 44 45 49 51 56 57 56 

Boulder, CO Small 9 11 14 15 18 21 21 24 24 27 26 27 28 29 27 27 28 28 31 Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NY Medium 11 16 22 22 26 25 28 30 29 34 38 41 44 45 47 47 45 47 50 

Brownsville, TX Small 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 

Buffalo, NY Large 4 5 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 14 16 16 17 21 20 21 23 Cape Coral, FL Small 8 9 12 14 16 21 24 27 29 27 25 24 23 26 26 27 27 28 32 Charleston-North Charleston, SC Medium 10 14 19 20 22 22 23 23 22 23 25 25 25 25 26 28 29 28 31 Charlotte, NC-SC Large 5 8 11 11 12 11 11 10 12 14 15 17 19 20 22 23 25 25 26 

Chicago, IL-IN Very large 18 27 39 39 41 41 41 46 52 52 55 55 55 57 66 68 72 77 74 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Large 4 6 14 15 17 19 24 23 24 28 28 27 29 28 28 30 29 28 28 Cleveland, OH Large 3 3 8 9 10 12 14 17 19 21 19 20 20 18 17 16 19 17 17 

Colorado Springs, CO Medium 6 7 10 10 13 15 18 21 21 27 33 39 45 47 47 45 42 53 50 Columbia, SC Small 4 7 10 10 12 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 17 18 18 20 20 20 24 

Columbus, OH Large 2 3 8 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 16 16 15 16 16 17 19 19 18 Corpus Christi, TX Small 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 9 

Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Very large 7 12 19 21 23 26 27 30 30 30 33 39 40 41 43 45 49 51 53 

Dayton, OH Medium 7 9 14 14 15 16 15 18 17 19 18 20 19 16 16 15 17 15 15 Denver-Aurora, CO Large 12 14 16 19 21 26 28 32 36 38 41 45 47 47 46 47 50 53 52 Detroit, MI Very large 14 16 28 29 32 34 32 32 33 34 34 36 36 39 41 42 42 41 42 

El Paso, TX-NM Medium 3 4 7 8 11 11 14 12 11 12 14 17 20 22 22 23 27 28 28 Eugene, OR Small 5 5 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 9 10 12 15 12 13 14 13 14 13 

Fresno, CA Medium 7 7 11 10 11 11 11 11 12 13 16 17 18 16 16 16 15 16 16 

Grand Rapids, MI Medium 4 6 9 9 12 16 15 14 15 15 18 19 18 18 17 18 19 19 19 

Greensboro, NC Small 3 3 5 6 9 11 11 12 18 19 21 23 24 27 28 27 20 19 17 Hartford, CT Medium 5 6 10 10 16 13 15 16 17 20 23 25 26 25 25 25 27 27 31 Honolulu, HI Medium 14 17 26 26 29 29 28 30 29 26 27 27 25 26 25 28 29 32 32 

Houston, TX Very large 24 34 31 29 27 28 31 31 34 39 40 42 45 48 49 48 52 55 55 Indianapolis, IN Large 10 12 16 18 21 27 31 32 33 35 31 30 31 31 32 32 32 30 29 

Indio-Cathedral City-Palm Springs, CA Medium 22 21 23 23 22 21 20 19 18 19 18 16 15 14 13 16 17 20 21 

Jackson, MS Small 3 4 4 6 6 6 8 9 9 11 11 12 12 15 16 16 19 20 23 

Jacksonville, FL Large 10 14 20 20 24 25 26 28 29 28 27 26 26 25 29 31 32 31 31 

Kansas City, MO-KS Large 4 8 16 15 17 25 26 25 29 31 31 36 33 32 31 32 28 30 31 

Knoxville, TN Small 6 7 17 17 19 20 22 24 29 29 28 28 26 25 25 25 24 23 21 

Lancaster-Palmdale, CA Medium 19 19 16 20 19 16 15 12 12 11 11 11 12 13 15 16 16 17 18 Laredo, TX Small 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 Las Vegas, NV Large 5 7 15 17 17 19 21 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 26 28 30 32 32 

Little Rock, AR Small 5 5 7 8 8 10 11 12 13 13 16 19 17 20 16 19 24 23 24 

Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Very large 39 46 80 76 75 70 68 70 72 73 73 76 76 79 80 79 82 82 84 

Louisville, KY-IN Large 9 9 10 13 16 18 19 19 21 23 24 25 25 22 24 25 26 25 24 

Madison, WI Small 5 5 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 7 7 McAllen, TX Medium 1111112233356777777

Memphis, TN-MS-AR Large 5 5 12 13 14 16 18 20 20 21 22 22 24 25 25 28 28 28 28 Miami, FL Very large 10 12 22 22 24 24 25 26 26 28 29 33 38 40 42 44 44 45 44 

Milwaukee, WI Large 9 13 22 23 26 29 27 30 28 28 30 32 32 30 30 31 31 31 28 

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN Large 6 10 20 20 23 28 32 34 35 43 45 47 48 53 49 49 50 54 50 Nashville-Davidson, TN Large 17 17 26 25 23 24 31 33 33 36 32 34 36 37 40 43 43 43 41 

New Haven, CT Medium 7 11 14 15 18 20 20 22 20 25 30 34 34 37 37 36 32 34 34 New Orleans, LA Large 17 22 22 23 22 22 24 24 22 24 25 26 25 24 24 25 25 26 31 New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT Very large 10 12 23 21 21 22 25 27 29 32 33 36 35 35 37 42 47 51 50 

Oklahoma City, OK Medium 5 7 9 11 11 13 12 17 19 22 22 25 23 27 28 25 25 23 27 

Urban area Population group (R) 1982 (R) 1991

Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of Highway Traffic Delay Per Person

(R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1996 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 20
Urban area (R) 1982 (R) 1991 Population group 

Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of Highway Traffic Delay Per Person

(R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1996 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 20

Omaha, NE-IA Medium 3 4 8 8 10 10 11 11 12 12 14 14 16 17 18 18 18 18 20 

Orlando, FL Large 11 17 31 35 35 34 35 37 39 42 45 46 47 49 47 46 44 44 44 Oxnard-Ventura, CA Medium 2 4 7 7 8 9 11 12 14 12 13 15 16 18 19 19 21 23 22 Pensacola, FL-AL Small 3 3 8 7 9 10 10 12 14 16 15 15 16 16 17 19 20 21 23 Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD Very large 12 15 20 21 23 21 23 24 24 27 30 31 32 35 38 40 41 42 42 Phoenix, AZ Very large 24 23 26 26 27 27 27 25 28 29 30 32 34 37 36 37 38 44 41 Pittsburgh, PA Large 18 20 33 33 31 31 31 36 36 35 34 37 35 37 38 37 38 37 34 

Portland, OR-WA Large 11 11 20 21 25 27 27 30 34 34 35 37 38 38 37 39 40 42 41 

Poughkeepsie-Newburgh, NY Medium 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 Providence, RI-MA Large 2 3 7 7 8 9 9 10 12 13 16 18 19 21 24 26 26 26 24 

Provo, UT Small 5 5 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 

Raleigh-Durham, NC Large 5 9 17 17 16 18 20 21 22 25 23 25 26 27 29 28 30 31 29 Richmond, VA Medium 4 5 8 9 11 11 14 16 18 16 15 15 13 14 14 15 17 17 17 

Riverside-San Bernardino, CA Large 3 5 15 17 17 18 15 17 18 18 21 22 24 24 26 29 32 37 38 Rochester, NY Medium 3 4 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 11 10 12 12 11 11 12 13 13 14 

Sacramento, CA Large 9 12 27 26 24 23 25 25 28 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 33 35 35 Salem, OR Small 4 6 13 15 18 21 22 23 22 23 25 28 30 36 38 32 31 32 37 

Salt Lake City, UT Medium 6 8 13 16 18 22 25 26 25 24 23 24 27 28 30 31 27 25 24 

San Antonio, TX Large 4 8 8 8 9 9 10 14 17 19 22 25 30 30 30 30 32 33 31 

San Diego, CA Very large 8 12 25 23 26 24 23 24 26 27 28 33 35 39 43 42 46 46 45 San Francisco-Oakland, CA Very large 20 38 56 51 51 51 48 52 54 50 53 54 60 59 63 65 68 74 74 

San Jose, CA Large 17 30 46 43 39 36 38 43 42 40 43 49 53 55 54 56 52 54 57 

San Juan, PR Large 5 7 14 14 15 16 19 20 20 21 21 23 26 27 29 33 36 34 34 

Sarasota-Bradenton, FL Medium 9 13 12 13 12 14 14 13 15 16 16 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 22 

Seattle, WA Very Large 10 18 41 43 45 48 48 49 49 52 52 52 49 47 46 48 48 51 50 Spokane, WA Small 6 8 12 15 17 24 24 18 19 21 21 23 22 20 20 19 18 17 18 Springfield, MA-CT Medium 9 10 12 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 17 18 18 17 18 17 18 19 20 

St. Louis, MO-IL Large 11 14 16 16 19 26 34 40 41 42 42 44 44 40 40 37 37 38 35 

Stockton, CA Small 2 3 6 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 11 

Tampa-St. Petersburg, FL Large 14 15 20 23 23 24 25 26 26 25 26 27 27 30 33 34 35 34 36 Toledo, OH-MI Medium 2 2 4 4 5 6 9 13 14 15 16 18 19 18 18 17 19 17 17 

Tucson, AZ Medium 11 12 13 12 12 12 12 12 13 16 17 17 19 20 21 24 25 28 27 Tulsa, OK Medium 4 7 9 9 9 9 9 10 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 16 16 18 Virginia Beach, VA Large 14 19 24 22 22 23 28 32 36 38 41 43 37 42 43 42 41 41 42 

Washington, DC-VA-MD Very large 20 36 53 57 66 67 69 70 73 71 66 70 73 76 78 82 83 83 82 

Wichita, KS Medium 6 9 11 11 12 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 18 18 19 20 19 22 

Winston-Salem, NC Small 4 6 5 6 8 7 6 8 8 9 12 13 13 15 17 18 17 20 19 

Worcester, MA Small 7 8 10 11 12 14 16 18 19 19 21 21 22 22 22 20 21 22 21 439 Urban area average 439 Areas 14 19 29 29 29 30 31 32 33 34 34 35 35 36 37 37 39 39 39 101 Urban area average 101 Areas 14 19 30 30 31 31 32 34 35 36 37 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 46 Very large area average Very large 19 26 41 40 41 41 41 43 45 46 47 49 50 52 54 55 58 60 60 Large area average Large 9 13 20 21 21 23 25 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 36 37 36 

Medium area average Medium 7 8 12 12 14 15 16 17 17 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 25 

Small area average Small 5 6 9 9 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 

Very large urban areas – 3 million and over population.Methodology and data sources have been changed in 2010 and were applied retroactively to past years; these figures are not comparable to those in past editions of NTS.The urban areas included are those containing over 500,000 people and several smaller places mostly chosen by previous sponsors of the Texas Transportation Institute study on mobility.SOURCETexas Transportation Institute, Congestion Data for Your City, Excel spreadsheet of the base statistics for the 101 urban areas and population group summary statistics(College Station, TX: 2011), available at http://mobility.tamu.edu as of Jan. 20, 2011.NOTESSmall urban areas – less than 500,000 population.KEY: NA = not applicable; R = revised. Large urban areas – 1 million to less than 3 million population.Medium urban areas – 500,000 to less than 1 million population.

a Percent changes were calculated using the numbers in this table and were not obtained from the source. Rank is based on the calculated percent change with the highest 

number corresponding to a rank of 1.
Points Ranka Poi

Akron, OH Medium 1.02 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.05 -4 73 Albany-Schenectady, NY Medium 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.09 1.10 0 22 

Albuquerque, NM Medium 1.05 1.06 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.15 1.13 -2 43 Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ Medium 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 0 22 Anchorage, AK Small 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.05 -1 31 Atlanta, GA Very large 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.23 1.22 -5 80 Austin, TX Large 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.28 -2 43 Bakersfield, CA Medium 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.08 1 11 Baltimore, MD Large 1.05 1.06 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.16 1.17 -2 43 Baton Rouge, LA Medium 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.12 1.11 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.24 3 1 Beaumont, TX Small 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.08 2 4 Birmingham, AL Medium 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.14 -1 31 

Boise, ID Small 1.02 1.03 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.12 -3 55 Boston, MA-NH-RI Very large 1.09 1.13 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.26 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.30 1.29 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.30 1.21 1.20 -12 101 

Boulder, CO Small 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.13 -1 31 Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NY Medium 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.25 1.25 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.23 1.25 1 11 

Brownsville, TX Small 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.05 1.04 -3 61 Buffalo, NY Large 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.09 1.10 -3 55 Cape Coral, FL Small 1.07 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.12 0 22 Charleston-North Charleston, SC Medium 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.15 1.15 -3 61 Charlotte, NC-SC Large 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.19 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.19 1.17 -5 80 Chicago, IL-IN Very large 1.08 1.11 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.25 -2 43 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Large 1.03 1.04 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.12 -3 55 Cleveland, OH Large 1.03 1.03 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.10 -3 55 

Colorado Springs, CO Medium 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.14 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 -2 42 

Columbia, SC Small 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.08 1.09 2 4 Columbus, OH Large 1.02 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.11 0 22 Corpus Christi, TX Small 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1 11 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Very large 1.05 1.07 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.28 1.23 1.22 -4 73 

Dayton, OH Medium 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 -2 43 Denver-Aurora, CO Large 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.21 1.22 -4 73 Detroit, MI Very large 1.09 1.10 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.18 1.15 -7 93 El Paso, TX-NM Medium 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.15 -3 61 Eugene, OR Small 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.08 1.07 -5 80 

Fresno, CA Medium 1.03 1.03 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.06 1.07 -1 31 

Grand Rapids, MI Medium 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 0 22 

Greensboro, NC Small 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.05 -2 43 Hartford, CT Medium 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.09 1.13 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.19 1.19 1.15 1.13 -4 73 

Honolulu, HI Medium 1.09 1.10 1.16 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.16 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.18 2 4 Houston, TX Very large 1.18 1.24 1.23 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.28 1.25 -6 88 Indianapolis, IN Large 1.06 1.06 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.18 1.18 3 1 

Indio-Cathedral City-Palm Springs, CA Medium 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.13 3 3 

Jackson, MS Small 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.07 -1 31 

Jacksonville, FL Large 1.06 1.07 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.13 1.12 -5 78 

Kansas City, MO-KS Large 1.04 1.05 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.10 -6 86 

Knoxville, TN Small 1.04 1.04 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.09 1.07 1.06 -3 61 

Lancaster-Palmdale, CA Medium 1.07 1.07 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.06 1.11 1 11 

Laredo, TX Small 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.06 1.07 1 11 Las Vegas, NV Large 1.06 1.07 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.26 -3 61 Little Rock, AR Small 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.08 1.10 2 4 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Very large 1.21 1.23 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.37 1.34 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.41 1.40 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.42 1.35 1.38 -3 61 

Louisville, KY-IN Large 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.08 1.10 -3 55 

Madison, WI Small 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1 11 

McAllen, TX Medium 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.07 1.09 1 11 Memphis, TN-MS-AR Large 1.05 1.05 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.13 1.13 -6 88 Miami, FL Very large 1.09 1.10 1.19 1.18 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.26 1.23 -8 95 

Milwaukee, WI Large 1.06 1.07 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.16 -1 31 

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN Large 1.05 1.07 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.22 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.24 1.21 -10 99 

Nashville-Davidson, TN Large 1.11 1.10 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.14 1.15 -6 88 New Haven, CT Medium 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.15 1 11 

New Orleans, LA Large 1.14 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.15 -3 61 New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT Very large 1.10 1.11 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.32 1.35 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.27 1.27 -8 95 

Oklahoma City, OK Medium 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 2 4 Omaha, NE-IA Medium 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.08 -2 43 

Population group (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2006 (R) 2007

L

Short-term 

2004-2009

2008 2009

Table 1-70: Travel Time Index

Urban area (R) 1982 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2005

Points chang
Points Ranka Poi

Population group (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2006 (R) 2007

L

Short-term 

2004-2009

2008 2009

Table 1-70: Travel Time Index

Urban area (R) 1982 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2005

Points chang

Orlando, FL Large 1.07 1.11 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.19 1.20 -2 43 

Oxnard-Ventura, CA Medium 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.11 1.12 0 22 Pensacola, FL-AL Small 1.03 1.03 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.07 -3 61 

Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD Very large 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.19 1.19 -3 61 Phoenix, AZ Very large 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.17 1.20 2 4 Pittsburgh, PA Large 1.15 1.16 1.22 1.22 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.21 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.17 -6 88 Portland, OR-WA Large 1.06 1.07 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.27 1.23 1.23 -3 61 Poughkeepsie-Newburgh, NY Medium 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 -1 31 Providence, RI-MA Large 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.11 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.18 1.15 1.14 -5 80 Provo, UT Small 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.06 1 11 Raleigh-Durham, NC Large 1.04 1.05 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.12 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.13 1.13 -3 61 Richmond, VA Medium 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 -1 31 Riverside-San Bernardino, CA Large 1.01 1.03 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.16 1.16 -2 43 Rochester, NY Medium 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 0 22 Sacramento, CA Large 1.05 1.07 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.19 1.18 -8 95 Salem, OR Small 1.03 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.10 1.10 -2 43 Salt Lake City, UT Medium 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.11 1.12 -6 86 San Antonio, TX Large 1.03 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.19 1.20 1.16 1.16 -5 80 San Diego, CA Very large 1.04 1.06 1.14 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.24 1.20 1.18 -7 93 

San Francisco-Oakland, CA Very large 1.13 1.23 1.32 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.35 1.37 1.40 1.41 1.39 1.28 1.27 -10 99 

San Jose, CA Large 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.23 1.26 1.30 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.31 1.33 1.32 1.26 1.23 -6 88 San Juan, PR Large 1.07 1.08 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.22 1.25 0 22 Sarasota-Bradenton, FL Medium 1.06 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.10 -1 31 Seattle, WA Very Large 1.08 1.13 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.32 1.31 1.34 1.31 1.30 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.33 1.32 1.30 1.26 1.24 -8 95 Spokane, WA Small 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.09 1.10 -1 31 Springfield, MA-CT Medium 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.09 1 11 St. Louis, MO-IL Large 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.12 -5 78 

Stockton, CA Small 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.02 -2 43 Tampa-St. Petersburg, FL Large 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.16 1.16 -2 43 Toledo, OH-MI Medium 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.04 1.05 -3 61 Tucson, AZ Medium 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.11 -3 55 Tulsa, OK Medium 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.07 1 11 

Virginia Beach, VA Large 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.19 1.19 -4 73 Washington, DC-VA-MD Very large 1.11 1.18 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.33 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.36 1.29 1.30 -5 80 

Wichita, KS Medium 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.08 2 4 

Winston-Salem, NC Small 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 0 22 Worcester, MA Small 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.07 -1 31 439 Urban area averageb 439 Areas 1.09 1.11 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.20 1.20 -4 NA 

101 Urban area averageb 101 Areas 1.10 1.11 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.24 1.20 1.20 -4 NA Very large area averageb Very large 1.12 1.15 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.26 1.26 -5 NA Large area averageb Large 1.07 1.08 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.17 1.17 -4 NA Medium area averageb Medium 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.10 1.11 -1 NA Small area averageb Small 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 0 NA 

b Averages weighted by Vehicle Miles Traveled.

Methodology and data sources have been changed in 2009 and were applied retroactively to past years, these figures are not comparable to those in past editions of NTS. The Travel Time Index is the ratio of travel time in the peak period to the travel time at free-flow conditions. A value of 1.35 indicates a 20 minute free-flow trip takes 27 minutes in the peak. Free-flow speeds (60 mph on freeways and 35 mph on principal arterials) are used as comparison threshold.Very large urban areas – 3 million and over population.Texas Transportation Institute, Congestion Data for Your City, Excel spreadsheet of the base statistics for the 101 urban areas and population group summary statistics (College Station, TX: 2011), available at http://mobility.tamu.edu as of Jan. 20, 2011.SOURCEKEY: NA = not applicable.NOTESSmall urban areas – less than 500,000 population.

a Rank is based on the calculated point change with the highest number corresponding to a rank of 1.

Medium urban areas – 500,000 to less than 1 million population.Large urban areas – 1 million to less than 3 million population.
Akron, OH Medium 0.50 0.54 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.76 0.79 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.87 0.89 0.88 Albany-Schenectady, NY Medium 0.42 0.45 0.57 0.58 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 

Albuquerque, NM Medium 0.65 0.71 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.93 0.96 0.99 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.99 0.99 1.00 

Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ Medium 0.64 0.68 0.76 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.96 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.94 

Anchorage, AK Small 0.75 0.75 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 

Atlanta, GA Very large 0.83 0.93 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.11 1.18 1.21 1.25 1.29 1.31 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.32 1.31 

Austin, TX Medium 0.74 0.81 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.88 (R) 0.80 0.93 (R) 0.94 (R) 0.96 (R) 0.97 (R) 0.99 (R) 0.99 (R) 1.02 (R) 1.04 (R) 1.05 (R) 1.08 (R) 1.10 (R) 1.11 (R) 1.12 

Bakersfield, CA Medium 0.50 0.57 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.78 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.83 0.83 

Baltimore, MD Large 0.75 0.81 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.09 1.12 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.21 

Baton Rouge, LA Medium 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.09 

Beaumont, TX Small 0.56 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.64 (R) 0.66 (R) 0.70 (R) 0.71 (R) 0.74 (R) 0.75 (R) 0.77 (R) 0.78 (R) 0.79 (R) 0.82 (R) 0.83 (R) 0.86 (R) 0.87 (R) 0.86 

Birmingham, AL Medium 0.59 0.65 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.02 Boise, ID Small 0.54 0.55 0.79 0.81 0.78 0.79 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.89 0.89 0.91 0.95 0.94 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.94 

Boston, MA-NH-RI Very large 0.81 0.90 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.09 

Boulder, CO Small 0.73 0.75 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.90 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.89 

Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NY Medium 0.80 0.91 0.98 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.98 1.01 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 Brownsville, TX Small 0.53 0.53 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.66 (R) 0.72 (R) 0.77 (R) 0.77 (R) 0.82 (R) 0.80 (R) 0.85 (R) 0.83 (R) 0.85 (R) 0.84 (R) 0.82 (R) 0.80 (R) 0.79 (R) 0.79 

Buffalo, NY Large 0.48 0.50 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.77 Cape Coral, FL Small 0.94 0.92 0.87 0.87 0.90 0.98 1.06 1.14 1.15 1.11 1.14 1.13 1.11 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.26 1.33 1.31 

Charleston-North Charleston, SC Medium 0.85 0.89 0.94 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.05 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.13 1.14 

Charlotte, NC-SC Large 0.78 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.93 1.00 0.99 1.03 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.11 

Chicago, IL-IN Very large 0.81 0.89 1.03 1.04 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.08 1.14 1.13 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.24 1.28 1.28 1.23 1.18 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Large 0.66 0.74 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.92 0.97 0.97 1.00 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.06 1.05 1.06 

Cleveland, OH Large 0.73 0.69 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 

Colorado Springs, CO Medium 0.50 0.56 0.61 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.70 0.72 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.81 0.88 0.87 0.85 

Columbia, SC Small 0.57 0.65 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.94 

Columbus, OH Large 0.60 0.68 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.93 0.95 0.98 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.09 1.11 1.10 

Corpus Christi, TX Small 0.55 0.63 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.70 

Dallas -Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Very large 0.71 0.82 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 (R) 1.00 (R) 1.01 (R) 1.02 (R) 1.05 (R) 1.08 (R) 1.10 (R) 1.12 (R) 1.13 (R) 1.15 (R) 1.17 (R) 1.20 (R) 1.21 (R) 1.20 

Dayton, OH Medium 0.80 0.79 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.88 0.82 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.91 

Denver-Aurora, CO Large 0.82 0.83 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.03 1.07 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.15 1.16 1.14 1.18 1.16 1.17 

Detroit, MI Very large 0.91 0.96 1.06 1.08 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.23 

El Paso, TX-NM Medium 0.60 0.66 0.71 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.87 Eugene, OR Small 0.69 0.70 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.79 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.88 0.88 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.89 0.88 

Fresno, CA Medium 0.68 0.73 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.91 0.94 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.93 0.91 

Grand Rapids, MI Medium 0.56 0.61 0.71 0.74 0.80 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.87 0.87 Greensboro, NC Small 0.60 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.77 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 

Hartford, CT Medium 0.58 0.63 0.70 0.73 0.87 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 

Honolulu, HI Medium 0.82 0.88 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.10 

Houston, TX Very large 0.99 1.05 (R) 1.03 (R) 1.03 (R) 1.02 (R) 1.03 (R) 1.05 (R) 1.07 (R) 1.08 (R) 1.11 (R) 1.11 (R) 1.12 (R) 1.14 (R) 1.17 (R) 1.17 (R) 1.17 (R) 1.17 (R) 1.17 (R) 1.18 (R) 1.19 

Indianapolis, IN Large 0.80 0.83 0.94 0.97 1.02 1.05 1.11 1.17 1.17 1.20 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.14 1.11 1.09 Indio-Cathedral City-Palm Springs, CA Medium 0.80 0.84 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.94 0.92 

Jackson, MS Small 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.82 0.86 0.86 0.91 0.90 

Jacksonville, FL Medium 0.79 0.83 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.98 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.18 1.17 

Kansas City, MO-KS Large 0.53 0.64 0.74 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.79 Knoxville, TN Small 0.79 0.76 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.09 1.09 1.07 1.08 

Lancaster-Palmdale, CA Medium 1.13 1.12 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.91 

Laredo, TX Small 0.41 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.58 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.67 0.66 0.71 0.71 0.74 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.82 

Las Vegas, NV Large 0.69 0.66 0.94 0.97 1.02 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.08 1.09 1.14 1.18 1.16 1.19 1.24 1.28 1.32 1.36 1.42 

Little Rock, AR Small 0.54 0.60 0.70 0.73 0.71 0.72 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.83 0.86 0.82 0.83 0.87 0.89 0.94 0.94 

Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Very large 1.21 1.25 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.52 1.49 1.51 1.54 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.54 1.54 1.55 1.55 1.58 1.57 1.58 1.58 

Louisville, KY-IN Large 0.83 0.82 0.83 0.89 0.94 0.98 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.13 1.10 1.08 Madison, WI Small 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.83 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.83 0.85 0.84 

McAllen, TX Medium 0.52 0.57 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.68 0.70 0.75 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.79 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 

Memphis, TN-MS-AR Large 0.74 0.69 0.82 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.93 0.92 0.91 

Miami, FL Very Large 0.76 0.82 0.99 1.00 1.04 1.06 1.09 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.21 1.26 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 

1982 1985 2005

Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congestion Index

Urban area 1990 1992 1993 1994 1996 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2007 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 

Population 

group 1991
1982 1985 2005

Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congestion Index

Urban area 1990 1992 1993 1994 1996 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2007 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 

Population 

group 1991

Milwaukee, WI Large 0.65 0.75 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.99 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.95 0.95 0.95 

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN Large 0.65 0.73 0.85 0.87 0.90 0.93 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.19 1.17 1.18 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.16 

Nashville-Davidson, TN Large 0.82 0.80 0.85 0.84 0.85 0.84 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.93 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.98 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 

New Haven, CT Medium 0.63 0.68 0.80 0.79 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00 0.99 0.98 1.00 0.99 1.00 

New Orleans, LA Large 0.86 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.93 0.94 0.91 0.92 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.97 

New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT Very large 0.73 0.80 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.97 1.01 1.02 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.14 1.15 

Oklahoma City, OK Medium 0.63 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.77 0.77 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.92 

Omaha, NE-IA Medium 0.61 0.66 0.75 0.75 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.96 

Orlando, FL Large 0.72 0.83 0.96 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.16 1.22 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.23 1.23 1.24 

Oxnard-Ventura, CA Medium 0.83 0.97 1.15 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.22 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.22 

Pensacola, FL-AL Small 0.71 0.74 0.86 0.83 0.88 0.91 0.92 0.97 0.99 1.03 0.99 1.00 1.01 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.11 1.12 

Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD Very large 0.83 0.85 0.95 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.10 1.11 

Phoenix, AZ Very large 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.07 1.11 1.10 1.14 1.19 1.25 1.26 1.23 1.25 1.30 1.32 1.29 1.25 

Pittsburgh, PA Large 0.67 0.69 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78 

Portland, OR-WA Large 0.87 0.89 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.20 1.20 

Pooughkeepsie-Newburgh, NY Medium 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.89 

Providence, RI-MA Large 0.55 0.54 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.94 

Provo, UT Small 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.03 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.00 0.98 

Raleigh-Durham, NC Large 0.63 0.75 0.85 0.85 0.87 0.86 0.88 0.92 0.92 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.00 1.01 

Richmond, VA Medium 0.61 0.58 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.79 0.84 0.86 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.83 

Riverside-San Bernardino, CA Large 0.76 0.89 1.14 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.16 1.17 1.15 1.19 1.24 1.26 1.29 1.36 1.43 1.45 1.45 1.47 1.45 

Rochester, NY Medium 0.48 0.52 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.77 

Sacramento, CA Large 0.75 0.88 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.16 1.13 1.17 1.19 1.23 1.26 1.29 1.31 1.35 1.36 1.33 1.33 

Salem, OR Small 0.58 0.66 0.82 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.91 0.88 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.91 

Salt Lake City, UT Medium 0.72 0.77 0.88 0.92 0.95 0.99 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.03 1.01 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.01 1.03 

San Antonio, TX Large 0.68 0.78 0.75 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.94 0.99 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.11 

San Diego, CA Very large 0.83 0.93 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.37 

San Francisco-Oakland, CA Very large 1.01 1.13 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.35 1.39 1.40 1.39 1.40 1.40 1.38 

San Jose, CA Large 1.03 1.10 1.23 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.23 1.35 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.33 1.33 1.35 1.34 

San Juan, PR Large 0.69 0.73 0.83 0.83 0.86 0.87 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.98 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.09 1.14 1.17 1.15 1.15 1.14 

Sarasota-Bradenton, FL Medium 0.77 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.98 1.01 1.02 1.10 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.23 

Seattle, WA Very large 0.84 0.94 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.19 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.12 

Spokane, WA Small 0.53 0.59 0.64 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.71 0.72 

Springfield, MA-CT Medium 0.60 0.63 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.81 0.81 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 

St. Louis, MO-IL Large 0.84 0.89 0.86 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.99 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.89 

Stockton, CA Small 0.64 0.72 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.11 1.15 1.20 

Tampa-St. Petersburg, FL Large 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.18 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.13 1.17 1.20 1.21 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.29 

Toledo, OH-MI Medium 0.54 0.61 0.65 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.78 0.81 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.87 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.84 

Tucson, AZ Medium 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.04 1.06 1.10 1.12 1.18 1.17 1.15 

Tulsa, OK Medium 0.62 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.83 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.82 

Virginia Beach, VA Large 0.78 0.82 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.99 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 

Washington, DC-VA-MD Very large 0.83 1.01 1.05 1.06 1.12 1.15 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.25 1.28 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.33 1.34 

Wichita, KS Medium 0.49 0.49 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.56 

Winston-Salem, NC Small 0.70 0.75 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.85 0.84 0.86 

Worcester, MA Small 0.68 0.70 0.74 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.84 0.85 

439 Urban area averageb 439 Areas 0.69 0.73 0.84 0.86 0.86 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.03 

101 Urban area averageb 101 Areas 0.83 0.89 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 

Very large area averageb Very large 0.92 0.99 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 

Large area averageb Large 0.75 0.81 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 

Medium area averageb Medium 0.67 0.72 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 

Small area averageb Small 0.69 0.71 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.93 
1982 1985 2005

Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congestion Index

Urban area 1990 1992 1993 1994 1996 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2007 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 

Population 

group 1991

a Rank is based on the calculated point change with the highest number corresponding to a rank of 1.

KEY: NA = not applicable.Very large urban areas – 3 million and over population.Large urban areas – 1 million to less than 3 million population.Texas Transportation Institute, Congestion Data for Your City, Excel spreadsheet of the base statistics for the 101 urban areas and population group summary 

statistics (College Station, TX: 2011), available at http://mobility.tamu.edu as of Jan. 20, 2011.NOTESThe Roadway Congestion Index (RCI) is a measure of vehicle travel density on major roadways in an urban area. An RCI exceeding 1.0 indicates an undesirable congestion level, on an average, on the freeways and principal arterial street systems during the peak period. The urban areas included are those containing over 500,000 people and several smaller places mostly chosen by previous sponsors of the Texas Transportation Institute study on mobility.Methodology and data sources have been changed in 2010 and were applied retroactively to past years; these figures are not comparable to those in past editions of NTS.SOURCE

b Average weighted by vehicle miles traveled in city. 

Small urban areas – less than 500,000 population.Medium urban areas – 500,000 to less than 1 million population.
(R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009

Akron, OH Medium 493 501 497 488 464 446 490 500 554 462 374 349 52 59 63 68 71 80 79 80 81 89 80 85 144 147 149 149 144 140 160 164 182 153 160 148 58 60 61 62 65 67 65 68 69 79 73 78

Albany-Schenectady, NY Medium 265 283 330 358 382 431 505 542 641 741 431 446 87 89 88 87 86 81 75 75 68 61 73 66 68 73 86 95 103 119 144 159 192 224 183 190 79 80 80 79 80 75 71 71 66 64 66 67

Albuquerque, NM Medium 768 818 766 753 699 755 877 995 1067 1144 753 677 20 26 33 35 45 45 35 32 30 29 30 37 229 244 228 226 210 229 268 307 332 359 308 286 43 43 49 51 55 56 54 52 53 49 53 54

Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ Medium 589 534 584 590 594 585 642 689 671 734 520 522 41 55 54 57 59 63 61 58 65 62 61 56 187 172 192 195 198 197 218 234 228 251 233 237 51 55 55 58 58 59 59 59 60 60 60 60

Anchorage, AK Small 408 411 438 503 522 509 529 535 589 600 377 329 66 71 71 63 65 68 70 76 75 73 79 89 68 69 75 87 92 92 97 98 110 114 80 72 78 82 82 83 83 85 86 87 85 86 92 95

Atlanta, GA Very large 1,183 1,198 1,359 1,420 1,484 1,554 1,649 1,820 1,842 1,719 1,097 1,046 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 12 11 1,785 1,866 2,165 2,308 2,442 2,584 2,770 3,088 3,164 2,996 2,777 2,727 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 11 10

Austin, TX Medium 720 825 892 991 1,025 1,160 1,302 1,534 1,512 1,443 962 882 28 25 22 20 21 16 14 10 14 17 18 19 277 326 364 420 448 517 598 725 734 739 722 691 37 37 37 33 34 33 30 29 29 29 28 28

Bakersfield, CA Medium 102 106 113 119 146 163 206 239 235 232 262 310 99 100 100 100 100 100 99 98 99 99 94 92 22 23 26 27 35 40 52 63 66 66 98 119 98 98 98 99 97 97 95 94 94 94 84 82

Baltimore, MD Large 868 906 1,057 1,170 1,419 1,515 1,594 1,720 1,790 1,829 1,204 1,218 14 17 14 12 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 892 933 1,108 1,254 1,553 1,690 1,801 1,967 2,069 2,136 1,952 2,024 16 19 19 17 14 14 14 15 14 15 16 15

Baton Rouge, LA Medium 766 925 970 1,018 1,028 1,187 1,295 1,392 1,358 1,386 1,080 1,030 21 16 18 19 20 14 15 18 19 18 13 12 142 178 191 202 206 243 271 298 334 350 394 387 59 54 56 56 56 55 53 54 52 50 43 46

Beaumont, TX Small 316 377 431 476 569 609 672 721 738 758 561 501 81 79 73 69 62 61 58 55 58 60 53 59 36 42 48 54 65 72 79 87 89 93 95 86 93 92 91 91 89 90 89 90 92 90 86 92

Birmingham, AL Medium 646 672 736 753 771 810 871 909 932 942 615 662 32 35 35 35 37 36 36 40 43 44 44 39 200 210 232 244 257 280 311 333 350 363 338 380 46 49 48 50 51 48 47 47 48 48 50 47

Boise, ID Small 387 430 470 560 544 572 578 633 689 702 401 449 69 68 67 61 64 64 66 65 62 66 76 65 41 47 54 67 68 74 78 88 99 103 77 91 89 89 88 88 88 89 90 89 88 88 93 91

Boston, MA-NH-RI Very large 895 929 1,054 1,114 1,215 1,289 1,481 1,597 1,625 1,568 1,193 1,112 12 14 15 14 11 9 7 7 8 12 6 6 1,519 1,574 1,798 1,920 2,110 2,255 2,622 2,878 2,985 2,883 2,820 2,691 9 11 10 12 10 10 10 10 10 11 10 11

Boulder, CO Small 523 554 605 640 613 626 678 712 806 712 458 320 51 53 52 48 56 57 57 57 54 65 67 90 36 38 42 44 43 45 49 51 60 53 45 32 92 94 94 94 95 96 96 97 95 97 100 101

Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NY Medium 860 967 1,084 1,146 1,217 1,246 1,234 1,388 1,535 1,601 972 847 16 12 12 13 9 11 17 19 12 10 17 21 290 331 378 409 451 467 468 535 599 631 557 507 35 36 35 35 33 35 37 36 35 35 36 37

Brownsville, TX Small 148 156 201 222 233 268 273 319 325 338 327 350 97 97 95 95 95 95 95 96 95 95 88 84 12 13 17 19 21 24 25 30 31 33 47 52 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 99

Buffalo, NY Large 272 317 388 403 425 528 526 586 658 634 401 417 85 85 81 81 78 65 71 68 66 71 76 72 146 172 212 221 230 285 281 309 345 331 272 280 57 56 52 53 52 46 50 51 49 54 57 56

Cape Coral, FL Small 572 579 581 654 675 722 754 812 974 975 562 558 43 48 56 46 48 49 50 49 38 42 52 53 84 88 91 109 119 137 151 171 220 230 183 183 74 77 78 76 73 68 69 64 63 62 66 69

Charleston-North Charleston, SC Medium 578 605 634 652 681 762 814 828 951 971 600 646 42 41 46 47 47 43 42 47 40 43 49 41 120 127 138 144 152 171 187 192 223 230 203 227 63 64 63 63 62 61 61 62 62 62 63 61

Charlotte, NC-SC Large 384 431 532 563 633 662 761 800 875 940 673 651 70 67 59 59 52 54 48 51 50 45 37 40 132 154 202 223 263 284 332 353 392 425 439 437 60 59 53 52 48 47 45 45 44 43 42 42

Chicago, IL-IN Very large 1,379 1,415 1,501 1,561 1,844 1,955 2,155 2,408 2,450 2,434 1,655 1,738 333333212311 4,894 5,033 5,349 5,602 6,667 7,123 7,914 8,908 9,083 9,047 8,669 9,476 333333333333

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Large 634 625 710 688 717 768 775 818 834 850 519 451 35 39 36 43 42 42 45 48 52 55 62 63 465 473 548 546 580 635 643 683 707 731 603 525 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 30 30 30 32 35

Cleveland, OH Large 429 466 481 428 411 414 496 487 505 488 441 423 62 61 65 78 81 84 78 82 85 85 69 71 350 381 394 352 337 340 408 400 413 397 522 489 32 32 34 38 41 44 40 43 43 45 37 39

Colorado Springs, CO Medium 689 843 1,031 1,104 1,099 1,094 1,042 1,396 1,379 1,260 697 684 29 23 16 15 15 19 26 17 18 25 35 35 150 190 245 265 267 269 256 350 356 335 260 266 56 51 47 45 47 49 56 46 47 52 58 58

Columbia, SC Small 305 355 420 446 468 512 543 573 729 874 601 622 83 81 75 72 69 67 68 70 60 50 46 43 66 78 93 100 106 118 126 134 173 212 191 202 82 79 77 78 78 76 77 78 72 65 64 63

Columbus, OH Large 379 384 390 410 421 454 530 556 564 546 436 388 71 76 80 79 79 79 69 72 78 81 70 79 182 189 196 211 222 244 286 300 307 302 366 323 52 52 54 54 53 54 49 53 55 57 47 51

Corpus Christi, TX Small 179 215 221 266 257 274 296 327 282 337 249 245 94 93 93 92 94 94 94 94 97 96 95 98 33 39 40 49 47 51 55 61 53 63 60 63 94 93 95 93 93 93 93 95 96 95 96 96

Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Very Large 751 889 983 1,024 1,084 1,145 1,308 1,448 1,583 1,578 1,141 1,077 24 18 17 18 16 18 13 14 11 11 10 8 1,366 1,663 1,888 2,006 2,185 2,373 2,788 3,172 3,543 3,613 3,718 3,649 12 10 8999876655

Dayton, OH Medium 403 445 443 392 374 362 443 424 434 389 357 331 67 63 70 82 87 90 85 90 90 91 85 88 151 170 172 154 148 144 178 170 174 156 183 170 55 57 60 60 63 66 63 65 71 78 66 72

Denver-Aurora, CO Large 933 1,035 1,157 1,182 1,149 1,207 1,331 1,511 1,516 1,507 1,120 1,057 11 11 9 10 14 13 11 11 13 13 11 9 879 990 1,137 1,231 1,200 1,273 1,414 1,625 1,661 1,690 1,757 1,711 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 16

Detroit, MI Very large 775 818 876 948 1,009 1,074 1,112 1,157 1,255 1,287 885 761 19 26 24 26 23 23 23 26 25 22 21 30 1,578 1,668 1,786 1,937 2,063 2,200 2,277 2,357 2,543 2,589 2,313 2,032 8 9 11 11 12 11 12 12 12 12 12 14

El Paso, TX-NM Medium 320 405 509 555 574 603 729 799 856 818 601 501 79 72 62 62 61 62 53 52 51 56 46 59 107 138 174 191 199 211 257 284 306 299 285 242 66 61 59 59 57 58 55 55 56 58 55 59

Eugene, OR Small 220 293 374 306 322 356 358 416 384 371 266 216 91 88 83 90 91 91 91 91 92 94 93 100 26 35 44 38 41 46 46 54 51 50 48 39 96 95 93 96 96 95 97 96 97 98 98 100

Fresno, CA Medium 379 421 479 434 432 429 436 477 500 523 298 345 71 70 66 75 77 82 86 85 86 82 91 86 105 118 136 123 129 130 134 149 162 170 137 165 68 67 64 70 69 71 74 74 76 73 81 74

Grand Rapids, MI Medium 413 434 444 450 440 458 512 534 560 553 427 440 65 64 69 71 76 78 73 77 80 80 74 68 106 115 121 126 126 135 152 160 169 167 183 193 67 68 69 69 70 70 67 70 75 76 66 66

Greensboro, NC Small 561 635 696 794 840 822 635 626 593 566 374 377 44 38 38 34 33 35 63 66 74 78 80 83 75 88 99 116 125 127 100 100 96 93 90 93 77 75 76 73 71 72 84 86 90 90 90 90

Hartford, CT Medium 492 545 612 597 610 618 703 750 880 891 563 541 53 54 50 56 57 59 55 54 49 48 51 55 203 228 257 252 259 264 302 324 382 387 331 321 45 46 45 49 50 51 48 49 45 46 51 52

Honolulu, HI Medium 591 584 584 614 590 677 735 860 891 992 699 709 40 46 54 55 60 53 52 43 48 39 34 32 189 185 185 196 188 216 235 277 287 319 315 326 50 53 57 57 59 57 58 57 58 55 52 50

Houston, TX Very large 880 958 1,071 1,179 1,216 1,228 1,383 1,552 1,628 1,669 1,500 1,322 13 13 13 11 10 12 887734 1,351 1,509 1,733 1,978 2,091 2,128 2,410 2,719 2,859 2,943 3,688 3,403 13 13 12 10 11 12 11 11 11 10 6 6

Indianapolis, IN Large 765 753 815 834 877 896 925 942 943 934 644 615 22 30 31 32 32 31 31 34 41 47 42 45 372 368 398 411 437 450 469 491 506 514 514 503 30 33 33 34 35 37 36 37 37 39 38 38

Indio-Cathedral City-Palm Springs, CA Medium 395 378 353 348 331 418 457 559 611 574 339 337 68 77 85 88 90 83 84 71 72 76 87 87 67 71 73 77 77 105 122 162 191 181 140 140 81 81 84 85 85 81 79 69 67 69 80 79Jackson, MS Small 264 297 331 410 458 465 562 644 775 788 542 515 88 86 87 79 72 75 67 63 56 57 57 58 59 67 75 94 106 109 133 155 189 194 164 161 83 84 82 80 78 79 76 72 68 68 71 75

Jacksonville, FL Medium 597 595 617 616 713 793 867 889 928 988 675 601 39 43 48 52 43 39 37 42 44 40 36 47 265 267 282 290 341 388 442 465 498 543 492 445 40 40 41 43 39 38 38 38 38 37 39 41Kansas City, MO-KS Large 721 852 825 831 800 847 768 859 935 854 551 498 27 22 29 33 34 34 46 44 42 54 54 61 488 583 577 583 581 626 567 634 700 641 583 538 26 25 27 27 27 29 33 32 31 33 35 34

Knoxville, TN Small 640 656 644 638 627 650 661 648 615 679 519 486 33 37 44 49 54 56 59 62 71 68 62 62 124 131 135 137 138 146 152 154 152 170 177 170 62 62 65 65 67 65 68 73 77 73 70 72

Lancaster-Palmdale, CA Medium 231 234 260 290 335 379 402 436 486 480 352 382 90 92 92 91 88 88 90 89 87 86 86 81 54 56 65 74 89 103 112 125 143 145 144 161 87 87 85 86 84 82 81 81 79 81 79 75

Laredo, TX Small 24 27 30 34 32 41 40 43 49 63 107 318 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 91 3 4 4 5 4 6 6 7 8 10 18 54 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 98Las Vegas, NV Large 529 569 597 616 659 735 832 911 963 1,023 644 708 50 50 53 52 51 48 41 39 39 35 42 33 284 320 358 375 407 461 526 584 622 668 589 673 36 38 38 37 37 36 35 35 33 31 33 29Little Rock, AR Small 369 432 417 500 400 485 642 640 738 873 537 581 73 65 76 64 83 70 61 64 58 51 58 49 55 66 64 78 63 78 111 118 139 171 157 179 85 85 87 84 90 88 82 82 81 72 74 71Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Very large 1,606 1,734 1,827 1,960 1,996 2,019 2,204 2,338 2,485 2,444 1,448 1,464 111112121243 9,087 9,847 10,408 11,212 11,467 11,644 12,778 13,592 14,504 14,376 11,630 11,997 111111111111Louisville, KY-IN Large 543 580 617 561 623 651 716 717 718 688 525 521 48 47 48 60 55 55 54 56 61 67 59 57 241 260 280 258 291 316 359 370 380 373 376 389 42 41 42 47 45 45 44 44 46 47 46 45Madison, WI Small 133 155 166 181 189 203 226 219 243 237 241 287 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 99 98 98 96 94 23 27 29 32 34 37 42 41 46 45 63 79 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 99 99 99 95 93McAllen, TX Medium 69 108 137 167 169 178 190 196 206 217 142 147 100 99 99 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 101 11 18 23 30 31 36 41 44 50 56 53 56 100 99 99 98 99 99 99 98 98 96 97 97Memphis, TN-MS-AR Large 483 492 574 615 632 712 759 785 834 778 524 571 56 60 57 54 53 51 49 53 52 58 60 51 248 254 296 319 331 377 405 424 452 426 383 430 41 42 40 40 42 40 41 41 40 42 44 43Miami, FL Very Large 630 732 880 951 1,009 1,077 1,142 1,227 1,259 1,281 815 892 36 32 23 25 23 22 22 23 23 23 26 18 1,411 1,674 2,121 2,339 2,498 2,719 2,979 3,238 3,329 3,387 2,917 3,272 11 87666667788Milwaukee, WI Large 638 696 753 719 726 751 797 832 801 865 651 588 34 34 34 39 40 46 43 46 55 53 40 48 409 457 507 496 517 537 572 599 579 627 629 570 29 29 29 30 31 32 32 33 36 36 31 33

Minneapolis - St. Paul, MN Large 1,005 1,075 1,172 1,308 1,212 1,249 1,327 1,507 1,476 1,474 1,167 970 8 8 8 7 12 10 12 12 15 14 8 15 1,073 1,172 1,289 1,463 1,360 1,423 1,521 1,747 1,745 1,777 1,984 1,689 14 14 14 14 16 17 17 17 17 17 15 17

Nashville-Davidson, TN Large 738 801 913 954 1,054 1,156 1,225 1,293 1,272 1,271 822 831 25 28 21 24 18 17 18 20 22 24 25 22 275 315 375 409 479 548 596 649 645 657 587 624 38 39 36 36 32 31 31 31 32 32 34 32

New Haven, CT Medium 659 768 822 912 915 922 842 941 983 1,001 672 678 31 29 30 28 30 30 40 35 37 38 38 36 175 206 227 256 262 266 247 281 296 307 277 285 53 50 50 48 49 50 57 56 57 56 56 55

New Orleans, LA Large 627 667 668 657 670 717 737 811 1,029 987 716 772 38 36 41 45 49 50 51 50 34 41 33 27 328 349 350 345 347 368 375 409 445 450 459 511 34 34 39 39 38 41 43 42 41 41 41 36

New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT Very large 735 833 867 881 926 1,086 1,251 1,440 1,471 1,465 1,013 999 26 24 25 30 29 20 16 15 16 15 14 13 5,260 6,017 6,426 6,574 6,986 8,332 9,683 11,243 11,621 11,689 10,809 10,878 222222222222Oklahoma City, OK Medium 482 568 537 632 668 622 632 624 749 870 609 575 57 51 58 51 50 58 64 67 57 52 45 50 190 227 217 259 277 261 272 276 337 400 380 376 48 47 51 46 46 52 52 58 51 44 45 48

Omaha, NE-IA Medium 262 279 327 359 384 390 423 447 518 514 472 413 89 90 89 86 85 87 87 87 83 83 65 74 81 88 103 115 123 126 136 145 169 168 207 184 75 75 74 74 72 73 73 75 74 75 62 68

Orlando, FL Large 1,009 1,048 1,148 1,231 1,179 1,173 1,194 1,240 1,310 1,332 908 963 7 10 10 9 13 15 20 22 20 19 19 16 578 612 696 775 760 775 807 863 922 958 884 962 23 23 22 22 24 24 26 26 25 26 26 24

Oxnard-Ventura, CA Medium 300 378 401 464 493 521 593 677 681 775 444 443 84 77 79 70 67 66 65 60 63 59 68 67 79 101 110 131 144 156 185 218 226 259 209 216 76 73 73 66 64 63 62 61 61 59 61 62

Pensacola, FL-AL Small 320 341 369 373 411 464 501 553 641 666 423 427 79 83 84 84 81 76 76 74 68 69 75 70 54 59 65 68 77 88 98 110 129 136 108 108 86 86 86 87 86 86 85 83 84 83 83 83

Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD Very large 681 721 771 889 965 1,028 1,101 1,215 1,259 1,292 904 919 30 33 32 29 26 25 24 24 23 21 20 17 1,612 1,732 1,887 2,211 2,435 2,637 2,832 3,126 3,247 3,331 3,162 3,274 779887788877

Phoenix, AZ Very large 782 870 959 1,074 1,023 1,086 1,167 1,425 1,400 1,449 1,005 972 18 20 19 16 22 20 21 16 17 16 15 14 876 1,032 1,191 1,369 1,326 1,434 1,605 2,048 2,062 2,181 2,150 2,161 18 16 15 15 17 16 16 14 15 14 14 12

Pittsburgh, PA Large 756 860 842 913 941 961 1,032 1,046 1,021 1,080 746 778 23 21 28 27 27 29 27 30 35 30 31 25 685 777 760 822 845 863 927 939 917 970 914 965 21 21 21 21 21 23 23 24 26 25 25 23

Portland, OR-WA Large 800 873 946 962 933 996 1,084 1,193 1,238 1,241 864 830 17 19 20 23 28 27 25 25 26 26 22 23 534 598 663 694 684 754 836 936 996 1,013 977 958 24 24 23 26 26 26 24 25 24 24 24 25

Poughkeepsie-Newburgh, NY Medium 175 187 199 206 227 239 267 284 317 297 236 261 95 95 96 97 97 96 97 97 96 97 99 97 41 44 48 52 59 65 76 84 96 92 94 107 90 91 92 92 92 92 91 92 89 92 88 84

Providence, RI-MA Large 329 393 437 497 547 610 655 688 656 731 434 406 77 74 72 66 63 60 60 59 67 63 71 77 199 240 267 304 339 380 413 434 414 459 363 343 47 44 44 41 40 39 39 40 42 40 48 49Provo, UT Small 192 213 221 253 259 288 303 340 364 385 287 306 93 94 93 94 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 93 44 49 52 61 63 71 75 86 93 98 93 102 88 88 90 90 91 91 92 91 91 89 89 86

Raleigh-Durham, NC Large 548 597 676 714 769 769 846 919 916 1,017 646 620 47 42 40 42 38 41 39 38 45 36 41 44 190 213 255 283 324 347 399 452 469 523 465 472 49 48 46 44 43 42 42 39 39 38 40 40

Richmond, VA Medium 314 320 299 318 332 368 421 446 473 479 362 411 82 84 90 89 89 89 88 88 89 87 84 75 126 131 128 143 156 182 210 222 236 242 244 279 61 62 67 64 61 60 60 60 59 61 59 57

Riverside-San Bernardino, CA Large 484 528 612 636 686 795 925 1,122 1,186 1,185 770 741 55 57 50 50 46 37 31 28 27 27 29 31 347 389 465 500 568 681 828 1,012 1,093 1,115 1,009 976 33 30 30 29 29 27 25 23 22 22 22 22

Rochester, NY Medium 206 246 262 255 265 295 321 348 392 427 302 273 92 91 91 93 92 92 92 92 91 90 90 96 68 82 88 88 93 106 118 131 151 165 155 140 79 78 79 82 82 80 80 79 78 77 76 79

Sacramento, CA Large 560 592 668 718 718 783 898 981 1,033 1,015 578 550 45 44 41 40 41 40 34 33 33 37 50 54 357 387 448 496 527 607 714 802 864 859 677 671 31 31 31 30 30 30 28 28 28 28 29 30

Salem, OR Small 539 613 687 856 905 794 791 844 1,020 1,041 546 567 49 40 39 31 31 38 44 45 36 33 55 52 59 68 79 103 111 98 100 109 131 137 95 100 84 83 81 77 77 83 83 84 83 82 86 89

Salt Lake City, UT Medium 479 529 623 667 710 751 690 655 672 730 543 607 58 56 47 44 44 46 56 61 64 64 56 46 208 231 273 299 320 340 318 310 320 347 359 415 44 45 43 42 44 43 46 50 54 51 49 44

San Antonio, TX Large 476 574 706 720 732 760 856 920 908 939 660 663 59 49 37 38 39 44 38 37 46 46 39 38 273 331 412 422 436 470 543 592 599 633 647 664 39 35 32 32 36 34 34 34 34 34 30 31

San Diego, CA Very large 630 753 847 969 1,069 1,071 1,211 1,291 1,307 1,302 995 848 36 30 27 22 17 24 19 21 21 20 16 20 801 971 1,108 1,287 1,442 1,466 1,680 1,803 1,841 1,853 1,927 1,672 19 18 18 16 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 18

San Francisco-Oakland, CA Very large 1,134 1,194 1,402 1,407 1,506 1,604 1,766 2,025 2,122 2,102 1,170 1,112 664544444476 2,058 2,177 2,564 2,592 2,768 2,933 3,213 3,674 3,839 3,843 2,851 2,791 555555555599

San Jose, CA Large 936 1,103 1,239 1,330 1,309 1,371 1,340 1,462 1,596 1,609 864 774 10 7 7 6 7 7 10 13 9 8 22 26 766 913 1,029 1,104 1,087 1,139 1,112 1,214 1,349 1,360 1,005 937 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 20 19 19 23 26San Juan, PR Large 492 562 652 718 773 884 1,014 1,006 1,045 1,070 719 787 53 52 43 40 36 32 30 31 31 31 32 24 474 546 638 709 769 885 1,019 1,018 1,069 1,102 1,063 1,190 27 27 24 25 23 21 22 22 23 23 21 21

Sarasota-Bradenton, FL Medium 339 395 415 432 450 471 510 534 602 565 308 391 76 73 77 76 75 74 74 77 73 79 89 78 95 113 121 130 140 152 173 187 213 205 150 198 71 69 68 67 66 64 64 63 64 66 77 65

Seattle, WA Very large 1,241 1,266 1,269 1,233 1,227 1,307 1,356 1,540 1,594 1,603 1,157 1,056 4 4 6 8 8 8 9 9 10 9 9 10 1,477 1,523 1,544 1,531 1,562 1,717 1,821 2,097 2,203 2,252 2,249 2,119 10 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

Spokane, WA Small 475 515 532 493 498 473 472 478 524 577 433 385 60 58 59 67 66 73 82 83 82 75 72 80 88 97 100 93 94 96 97 98 108 120 114 106 73 74 75 81 81 84 87 87 86 85 82 85

Springfield, MA-CT Medium 328 354 377 365 390 391 420 478 515 505 368 417 78 82 82 85 84 86 89 83 84 84 83 72 111 121 131 127 136 137 147 167 182 178 163 183 65 65 66 68 68 69 70 67 70 71 72 69

St. Louis, MO-IL Large 989 1,062 1,136 1,037 1,043 987 1,031 1,124 1,109 1,032 841 772 9 9 11 17 19 28 28 27 29 34 24 27 979 1,053 1,147 1,064 1,083 1,046 1,107 1,229 1,229 1,159 1,306 1,238 15 15 16 20 20 20 20 19 20 21 19 20

Stockton, CA Small 163 180 194 220 233 233 269 325 349 378 238 240 96 96 97 96 95 97 96 95 94 93 98 99 29 33 36 42 46 47 55 68 74 80 70 73 95 96 96 95 94 94 94 93 93 93 94 94

Tampa-St Petersburg, FL Large 555 591 636 721 785 851 920 939 1,042 1,063 811 764 46 45 45 37 35 33 33 36 32 32 27 29 519 561 621 723 797 875 1,022 1,060 1,200 1,237 1,281 1,239 25 26 26 24 22 22 21 21 21 20 20 19

Toledo, OH-MI Medium 344 386 431 432 414 406 488 460 481 466 239 276 74 75 73 76 80 85 80 86 88 88 97 95 91 103 116 117 113 113 136 128 134 130 89 102 72 71 71 72 76 78 72 80 82 84 91 86

Tucson, AZ Medium 437 453 520 578 606 710 767 890 903 881 601 628 61 62 61 58 58 52 47 41 47 49 46 42 152 159 184 205 217 256 279 329 338 335 301 317 54 58 58 55 54 53 51 48 50 52 54 53

Tulsa, OK Medium 343 358 413 442 465 497 465 488 584 571 384 407 75 80 78 74 70 69 83 81 76 77 78 76 114 119 138 149 157 169 159 168 203 200 187 202 64 66 62 61 60 62 66 66 65 67 65 63

Virginia Beach, VA Large 868 927 862 986 1,007 1,006 1,026 1,099 1,173 1,154 786 695 14 15 26 21 25 26 29 29 28 28 28 34 616 669 631 733 754 756 773 828 884 872 818 714 22 22 25 23 25 25 27 27 27 27 27 27

Washington, DC-VA-MD Very large 1,443 1,553 1,707 1,833 1,901 2,042 2,143 2,274 2,335 2,552 1,615 1,555 222221333122 2,333 2,565 2,831 3,141 3,383 3,691 3,896 4,139 4,269 4,699 4,081 4,066 444444444444Wichita, KS Medium 424 430 449 443 455 478 522 529 635 663 466 451 63 68 68 73 74 71 72 79 70 70 66 63 100 102 110 109 114 121 134 138 170 181 157 160 70 72 72 75 75 74 75 77 73 69 74 77

Winston-Salem, NC Small 267 296 338 392 456 477 483 585 575 580 372 380 86 87 86 82 73 72 81 69 77 74 82 82 40 46 53 63 75 80 83 103 104 108 98 102 91 90 89 89 87 87 88 85 87 87 84 86Worcester, MA Small 423 432 484 498 488 463 499 554 564 605 481 429 64 65 64 65 68 77 77 73 78 72 64 69 101 104 117 122 119 114 125 139 143 153 148 135 69 70 70 71 74 77 78 76 80 79 78 81439 Urban area average 439 Areas 571 609 645 677 700 724 780 846 866 888 820 808 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 137 150 166 178 191 206 230 256 269 277 259 261 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA101 Urban area average 101 Areas 839 905 980 1,032 1,078 1,131 1,225 1,333 1,383 1,386 938 911 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 560 614 675 723 768 825 908 1,004 1,053 1,068 991 994 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAVery large area average Very large 1,056 1,135 1,229 1,300 1,370 1,439 1,574 1,724 1,789 1,788 1,200 1,166 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2,494 2,723 2,987 3,200 3,428 3,682 4,085 4,539 4,739 4,779 4,384 4,414 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NALarge area average Large 695 755 819 855 879 924 984 1,063 1,095 1,100 760 726 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 446 492 545 582 610 656 713 778 813 829 795 780 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAMedium area average Medium 451 494 531 554 567 592 628 680 728 747 509 508 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 127 140 153 162 169 180 196 216 236 244 227 233 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NASmall area average Small 357 391 419 458 470 488 516 552 604 642 438 436 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 53 59 64 72 75 80 86 94 104 112 101 104 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Methodology and data sources have been changed in 2010 and applied retroactively to past years, these figures are not comparable to those in past editions of NTS. NOTESKEY: NA = not applicableVery large urban areas - 3 million and over population.Texas Transportation Institute, Congestion Data for Your City, Excel spreadsheet of the base statistics for the 101 urban areas and population group summary statistics (College Station, TX: 2011), available at http://mobility.tamu.edu as of Jan. 20, 2011.The urban areas included are those containing over 500,000 people and several smaller places mostly chosen by previous sponsors of the Texas Transportation Institute study on mobility.The cost of congestion is estimated with a value for each hour of travel time and each gallon of fuel. For a more detailed explanation of the formulas used, see the source document.Large urban areas - 1 million to less than 3 million population.Medium urban areas - 500,000 to less than 1 million population.SOURCESmall urban areas - less than 500,000 population.

Table 1-71: Annual Highway Congestion Cost

Rank

Annual congestion cost per auto commuter (2009 dollars)

Value Value Rank

Annual congestion cost (2009 dollars- millions)

Urban area

Population 

group
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 200

On-time performance, total percent (weighted) 69.0 81.0 76.0 77.0 77.0 72.0 72.0 76.0 71.0 74.0 79.0 79.0 78.2 75.1 76.1 74.1 70.7 Short distance (<400 miles), percent 71.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 79.0 78.0 81.0 76.0 79.0 81.0 80.0 82.0 78.7 79.7 77.1 75.2 Long distance (>=400 miles), percent 64.0 78.0 53.0 59.0 61.0 47.0 49.0 57.0 49.0 53.0 59.0 54.6 55.0 52.1 51.6 52.8 40.7 

Hours of delay by cause, totala N N 12,126 21,084 22,847 32,991 34,729 25,248 25,056 25,825 27,289 29,252 70,396 83,837 85,932 88,413 95,162 95

Amtrakb N N 3,565 5,915 6,433 8,488 8,538 5,527 5,193 5,310 4,796 4,891 23,337 27,822 26,575 25,711 28,328 25Host railroadc N N 4,244 7,743 8,229 12,827 14,319 11,224 11,438 12,904 14,202 16,158 43,881 52,273 55,090 57,346 61,256 64Otherd N N 4,316 7,426 8,185 11,675 11,871 8,497 8,425 7,611 8,291 8,203 3,176 3,741 4,266 5,355 5,577 5

Trip length (miles)

0–250251–350351–450451–550> 551

15 or less20 or less25 or less30 or less

d Includes delays not attributable to Amtrak or other host railroads, such as customs and immigration, law enforcement action, weather, or waiting for scheduled departure time. 

2000-10: Amtrak, personal communication, October 2010.

 10 or less 

SOURCES: 1980: Amtrak, National Railroad Passenger Corporation Annual Report (Washington, DC: 1981).

Amtrak trains are considered on time if arrival at the endpoint is within the minutes of scheduled arrival time as shown on the following chart. Trip length is based on the total distance traveled by that train from origin to destination:1985-99: Ibid., Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

Minutes late at 

endpoint 

Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performance Trends and Hours of Delay by Cause

All percentages are based on Amtrak's fiscal year (October 1–September 30). NOTES Host railroad is a freight or commuter railroad over which Amtrak trains operate for all or part of their trip.KEY: N = data do not exist.

a Amtrak changed its method for reporting delays in 2000. Therefore, the data for 2000 and following years are not comparable with prior years.b Includes all delays that occur when operating on Amtrak owned tracks and all delays for equipment or engine failure, passenger handling, holding for connections, train servicing, and mail/baggage 

handling when on tracks of a host railroad. 

c Includes all operating delays not attributable to Amtrak when operating on tracks of a host railroad, such as track and signal related delays, power failures, freight and commuter train interference, 

routing delays, etc. 

Chapter 2

Transportation Safety

Section A

Multimodal
 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

TOTAL fatalities UUUUUU 47,350 44,321 42,058 42,827 43,587 44,568 44,848 44,474 43,910 44,086 44,384 44,941 45,276 45,134 45,052 Air, total 1,286 1,290 1,456 1,473 1,382 1,595 866 1,005 (R) 988 811 1,057 (R) 963 1,093 724 (R) 670 683 764 1,166 616 699 637 

U.S. air carriera 499 261 146 124 1 526 39 (n) 50 33 1 239 168 380 8 1 12 92 531 0 22 14 

Commuter carrierb N N N 28 37 37 6 (n) 77 21 24 25 9 14 46 0 12 5 13 020

On-demand air taxic N N N 69 105 76 51 78 68 42 63 52 63 39 45 38 71 60 35 42 64 

General aviationd 787 1,029 1,310 1,252 1,239 956 770 800 (R) 866 744 730 (R) 734 636 631 (R) 624 621 596 562 581 633 559 

Highway, total 36,399 47,089 52,627 44,525 51,091 43,825 44,599 41,508 39,250 40,150 40,716 41,817 (R) 42,065 42,013 41,501 41,717 41,945 42,196 43,005 42,884 42,836 

Passenger car occupants N N N 25,929 27,449 23,212 24,092 22,385 21,387 21,566 21,997 22,423 22,505 22,199 21,194 20,862 20,699 20,320 20,569 19,725 19,192 Motorcyclists 790 1,650 2,280 3,189 5,144 4,564 3,244 2,806 2,395 2,449 2,320 2,227 2,161 2,116 2,294 2,483 2,897 3,197 3,270 3,714 4,028 

Truck occupantse, light N N N 4,856 7,486 6,689 8,601 8,391 8,098 8,511 8,904 9,568 9,932 10,249 10,705 11,265 11,526 11,723 12,274 12,546 12,674 

Truck occupantse, large N N N 961 1,262 977 705 661 585 605 670 648 621 723 742 759 754 708 689 726 766 Bus occupants N N N 53 46 57 32 31 28 18 18 33 21 18 38 59 22 34 45 41 42 Pedestrians 7,210 7,990 8,950 7,516 8,070 6,808 6,482 5,801 5,549 5,649 5,489 5,584 5,449 5,321 5,228 4,939 4,763 4,901 4,851 4,774 4,675 

Pedalcyclists 490 690 760 1,003 965 890 859 843 723 816 802 833 765 814 760 754 693 732 665 629 727 Otherf 27,909 36,759 40,637 1,018 669 628 584 590 485 536 516 501 (R) 611 573 540 596 591 581 642 729 732 

Railroad, totalg 2,345 2,533 2,225 1,492 1,417 1,036 1,297 1,194 1,170 1,279 1,226 1,146 1,039 1,063 1,008 932 937 971 951 865 891 

Highway-rail grade crossingh 1,421 1,610 1,440 917 833 582 698 608 579 626 615 579 488 461 431 402 425 421 357 334 371 

Railroad 924 923 785 575 584 454 599 586 591 653 611 567 551 602 577 530 512 550 594 531 520 

Transit, totali N N N N N N 339 300 273 281 320 274 264 275 286 299 295 267 280 234 248 

Highway-rail grade crossingj N N N N N N N N N N N 17 7 12 26 21 20 13 24 21 29 Transit N N N N N N N N N N N 257 257 263 260 278 275 254 256 213 219 

Waterborne, totalk N N 2,016 2,039 1,847 1,377 1,051 1,010 1,032 1,026 992 1,016 906 989 1,033 928 888 828 863 833 822 

Vessel-relatedl N N 178 243 206 131 85 30 97 105 77 53 55 48 69 58 53 53 59 69 86 

Not related to vessel casualtiesl N N 420 330 281 130 101 56 119 121 131 134 142 120 149 136 134 94 54 61 60 

Recreational boatingm 739 1,360 1,418 1,466 1,360 1,116 865 924 816 800 784 829 709 821 815 734 701 681 750 703 676 

Pipeline, total N N 30 15 19 33 9 14 15 17 22 21 53 10 21 22 38 7 (R) 12 12 23 

Hazardous liquid pipeline N N 4745305013502410105Gas pipeline N N 26 8 15 28 6 14 10 17 21 18 48 10 19 18 37 7 (R) 11 12 18 

NOTES

d All operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135. 2006 includes the 154 persons killed aboard a foreign registered aircraft operated by Gol Airlines in a collision with another 

aircraft over Brazil.

e Light trucks are defined as trucks of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups, vans, truck-based station wagons, and utility vehicles. Large trucks are defined as trucks over 

10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit trucks and truck tractors.

h Fatalities occurring at highway-rail crossings resulting from freight and passenger rail operations including commuter rail. Highway-rail grade crossing fatalities, except train occupants, are also counted under 

highway.

k Vessel-related casualties include those involving damage to vessels such as collisions or groundings. Fatalities not related to vessel casualties include deaths from falling overboard or from accidents involving 

onboard equipment. 

l 1992-97 data come from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Between 1998 and 2001, the U.S. Coast Guard phased in a new computer system to track safety data, the Marine Information 

for Safety and Law Enforcement System. During that period, data come from combining entries in the Marine Safety Management Information System with entries in the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data for 2002 and 2003 come from the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data for prior years come from other sources and may not be directly comparable. 

m Data are based on information provided by the States, the District of Columbia and the five U.S. Territories to the Coast Guard Boating Accident Report Database (BARD) system. Research on the level of 

underreporting of fatal accidents in the BARD, based on discrepancies between the BARD and the Coast Guard Search and Rescue Management Information System (SARMIS), found that approximately 6 percent of recreational boating fatalities are not captured by the BARD system. Adjusting the number of recreational boating fatalities included in the BARD in 2001 by 6 percent increases the total to 722.

i Fatalities include those resulting from all reportable incidents, not just from accidents. j Includes motor bus, commuter rail, heavy rail, light rail, demand response, van pool, and automated guideway.Fatalities occurring at highway-rail crossings resulting from operations of public transit rail 

modes including commuter rail. Data for fatalities at light rail grade crossings are: 1995 (7); 1996 (3); 1997 (3); 1998 (10); 1999 (7); 2000 (12); 2001 (1); 2002 (1); 2003 (4); 2004 (10); 2005 (8); 2006 (7); 2007 (5); 2008 (8); and 2009 (14).

Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalities by Mode

g Includes Amtrak. Fatalities include those resulting from train accidents, train incidents, and nontrain incidents. Railroad fatality data for 1970 and before is not comparable with post-1970 data due to a change 

in the reporting system. 

KEY: N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a Carriers operating under 14 CFR 121, all scheduled and nonscheduled service. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 include aircraft with 10 or more seats that formerly operated under 14 CFR 135. This 

change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent data. In 2001, other than the persons aboard the aircraft who were killed, fatalities resulting from the September 11 terrorist acts are excluded. U.S. air carrier figure does not include 12 persons killed aboard a commuter aircraft when it and a US Air airliner collided.

b All scheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135 (Commuter air carriers). Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 applied to aircraft with 30 or fewer seats. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 includes only 

aircraft with fewer than 10 seats. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent data. Commuter air carrier figure does not include 22 persons killed aboard a US Air airliner when it and a commuter aircraft collided. 

f Includes occupants of other vehicle types, other nonmotorists, and unknown. For 1960-70, the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration did not break out fatality data 

to the same level of detail as in later years, so fatalities for those years also include occupants of passenger cars, trucks, and buses. 

c Nonscheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135 (On-demand air taxis ). 

Modal numbers do not add to the Total fatalities because some fatalities are counted in more than one mode. Total fatalities is derived from table 2-4 and earlier editions of this table. To avoid double 

counting, the following adjustments are made: most (not all) Highway-rail grade-crossing fatalities have not been added because most (not all) such fatalities involve motor vehicles and, thus, are already included in Highway fatalities; for Transit , all commuter rail fatalities and motor-bus, trolley-bus, demand-responsive, and van-pool fatalities arising from accidents have been subtracted because they are counted as Railroad , Highway , or Highway-rail grade-crossing fatalities . The reader cannot reproduce the Total fatalities in this table by simply leaving out the number of Highway-rail grade-crossing 

fatalities in the sum and subtracting the above transit submodes, because in so doing, grade-crossing fatalities not involving motor vehicles would be left out (see table 2-35 on rail). An example of such a fatality is a bicyclist hit by a train at a grade crossing.Caution must be exercised in comparing fatalities across modes because significantly different definitions are used. In particular, Rail and Transit fatalities include incident-related (as distinct from accidentrelated) fatalities, such as fatalities from falls in transit stations or railroad employee fatalities from a fire in a workshed. Equivalent fatalities for the Air and Highway modes (fatalities at airports not caused by 

moving aircraft or fatalities from accidents in automobile repair shops) are not counted toward the totals for these modes. Thus, fatalities not necessarily directly related to in service transportation are counted for the transit and rail modes, potentially overstating the risk for these modes. Highway fatalities data prior to 1975 have been adjusted to reflect the Fatality Analysis Reporting System's definition of a fatal crash as one that involves a motor vehicle on a trafficway that results in the death of a vehicle occupant or a nonmotorist within 30 days of the crash. The Federal Railroad Administration defines a grade crossing as a location where a public highway, road, street, or private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroad tracks at grade. The Federal Transit Administration defines two types of grade crossings: (1) At grade, mixed, and cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which other traffic moving in the same direction or other cross directions may pass. This includes city street right-of-way; (2) At grade with cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which no other traffic may pass, except to cross at grade-level crossings. This can include median strip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersecting streets. 
1985-2009: Ibid., Aviation Accident Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 5, available at www.ntsb.gov/aviation/aviation.htm as of Sept. 29, 2010. 

1970-1993: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts (Annual Editions), available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/cats/index.aspx as of December 

2008.Rail:On-demand air taxi:1960-70: National Safety Council, Accident Facts, 1974 (Washington, DC: 1974).

1990-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Accident and Incident Summary Statistics by Year, available at 

http://phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline as of Oct. 29, 2010. 2005-2009: Ibid., Preliminary Railroad Safety Statistics (Washington, DC: August Issue), table 1-1, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Oct. 27, 2010.2005-2009: Ibid., Preliminary Railroad Safety Statistics (Washington, DC: August Issue), table 1-3, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Oct. 27, 2010.1965-70: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1975, NTSB/ARC-77/1 (Washington, DC: January 1977). Highway-rail grade crossing:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Office of Program Management, personal communication, Aug. 28, 2007.2008-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Volpe Center, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Program, personal communication, Nov. 4, 2010.1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1980, NTSB/ARC-83/01 (Washington, DC: January 1983), tables 26 and 40. 1975: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1983, NTSB/ARC-87/01 (Washington, DC: February 1987), table 18.

Transit:1990-92: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Safety Management Information Statistics 1999 (Washington, DC: 2001), p. 41.1985-90: Ibid., Rail-Highway Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table S.

1991-95: Ibid., Railroad Safety Statistics , available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Sept. 9, 2008.1980: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1981, NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February 1985), tables 2 and 16.

1985-2009: Ibid., Aviation Accident Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 10, available at www.ntsb.gov/aviation/aviation.htm as of Sept. 29, 2010. 1992-2008: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal communication, Sept. 30, 2010.1970-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Accident and Incident Summary Statistics by Year, available at http://ops.dot.gov as of 

Nov. 18, 2003. Recreational boating:U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety, Boating Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://www.uscgboating.org as of Sept. 29, 2010.

Hazardous liquid and gas pipeline:1970-91: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigations and Analysis, Compliance Analysis Division, (G-MOA-2), personal communication, Apr. 13, 1999. 1993-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report, (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://transitsafety.volpe.dot.gov/data/SAMIS.asp as of Oct. 22, 2009.

Water:Commuter:1975-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development, personal communication.Transit:1991-95: Ibid., Railroad Safety Statistics , available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Sept. 9, 2008.Railroad:1960-65: National Safety Council, Accident Facts, 1974 (Washington, DC: 1974).1970-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 7.1996-2004: Ibid., Railroad Safety Statistics , table 1-1, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Sept. 29, 2010.1996-2004: Ibid., Railroad Safety Statistics , table 1-3, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Sept. 29, 2010.1985-2009: Ibid., Aviation Accident Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 9, available at www.ntsb.gov/aviation/aviation.htm as of Sept. 28, 2010. 1985-2009: Ibid., Aviation Accident Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 8, available at www.ntsb.gov/aviation/aviation.htm as of Sept. 29, 2010. 1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1981, NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February 1985), table 61.1960-70: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. General Aviation, Calendar Year 1970, NTSB/ARG-74/1 (Washington, DC: April 1974), table 117. 1994-2009: Ibid., Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), General Trends, available at http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/reportslinks.aspx as of Sept. 29, 2010.Highway:Vessel- and nonvessel-related:General aviation:Highway-rail grade crossing:1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration from data supplied by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, and individual state accident reports (adjusted to 30-day deaths).1975-80: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: General Aviation, Calendar Year 1985, NTSB/ARG-87/03 (Washington, DC: October 1987), table 21. 1960: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1967 (Washington, DC: December 1968).U.S. Air Carrier:Total: Multiple sources as cited in U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics , table 2-4, available at http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/ as of January 2011.SOURCESAir:
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001n 2002 

TOTAL injured persons UUUUUUUU 3,147,561 3,223,298 3,345,263 3,539,389 3,554,305 3,417,846 3,262,309 3,305,649 3,259,673 3,100,080 2,958,911 

Air,a total

U.S. air carrierb N N 107 81 19 30 29 26 22 19 31 25 77 43 30 67 29 19 (R) 24 

Commuter carrierc N N N N 14 14 11 31 7 2 6 17 2122740

On-demand air taxid N N N N 43 44 36 26 19 24 32 14 22 23 10 15 12 24 16 

General aviatione N N 715 769 681 501 409 432 408 385 415 396 366 350 327 322 309 321 297 

Highway, total NNNNNN 3,230,666 3,096,870 3,069,603 3,149,164 3,265,928 3,465,279 3,483,319 3,347,614 3,192,035 3,236,238 3,188,750 3,032,672 2,925,758 

Passenger car occupants NNNNNN 2,376,439 2,234,594 2,231,703 2,264,809 2,363,595 2,469,358 2,458,080 2,340,612 2,201,375 2,137,503 2,051,609 1,926,625 1,804,788 Motorcyclists NNNNNN 84,285 80,435 65,099 59,436 57,405 57,480 55,281 52,574 48,974 49,986 57,723 60,236 64,713 Truck occupantsf, light NNNNNN 505,144 562,601 544,657 600,874 631,411 722,496 761,478 754,820 762,506 846,865 886,566 860,527 879,338 

Truck occupantsf, large NNNNNN 41,822 28,031 33,778 32,102 30,208 30,344 32,760 30,913 28,767 32,892 30,832 29,424 26,242 Bus occupants NNNNNN 32,691 20,959 20,144 17,056 15,767 19,214 20,291 16,887 15,559 21,958 17,769 15,427 18,819 Pedestrians NNNNNN 104,805 88,446 89,184 94,001 91,987 85,837 81,797 77,011 68,955 85,235 77,625 77,619 70,664 

Pedalcyclists NNNNNN 74,903 67,088 62,691 67,916 62,489 66,572 58,158 57,802 53,379 51,290 51,160 45,277 48,011 Otherg NNNNNN 10,578 14,716 22,348 12,969 13,065 13,977 15,473 16,995 12,519 10,509 15,466 17,536 13,182 

Railroad, totalh 19,480 25,655 21,206 53,998 62,246 34,304 25,143 23,468 21,383 19,121 16,812 14,440 12,558 11,767 11,459 11,700 11,643 10,985 11,103 

Highway-rail grade crossingi 3,367 3,725 3,272 3,860 3,550 2,687 2,407 2,094 1,975 1,837 1,961 1,894 1,610 1,540 1,303 1,396 1,219 1,157 999 

Railroad 16,113 21,930 17,934 50,138 58,696 31,617 22,736 21,374 19,408 17,284 14,851 12,546 10,948 10,227 10,156 10,304 10,424 9,828 10,104 

Transit, totalj NNNNNN 54,556 52,125 55,089 52,668 58,193 57,196 55,288 56,132 55,990 55,325 56,697 53,945 19,260 

Highway-rail grade crossingk N N N N N N N N N N N 195 184 126 58 159 123 74 108 Transit NNNNNNNNNNN 57,001 55,104 56,006 55,932 55,166 56,574 53,871 19,152 

Waterborne, totall NNUUUUUU 5,356 5,128 6,144 6,165 6,064 5,737 5,321 4,992 5,112 5,008 4,856 

Vessel-relatedm N N 105 97 180 172 175 110 170 171 182 154 254 120 130 152 150 210 192 

Not related to vessel casualtiesm NNUUUUUU 1,503 1,398 1,878 1,870 1,368 1,062 579 525 607 524 602 

Recreational boating 929 927 780 2,136 2,650 2,757 3,822 3,967 3,683 3,559 4,084 4,141 4,442 4,555 4,612 4,315 4,355 4,274 4,062 

Pipeline, total N N 254 231 192 126 76 98 118 111 1,971 64 127 77 81 108 81 61 49 

Hazardous liquid pipeline N N 21 17 15 18 7 9 38 10 1,858 11 13 5 6 20 4 10 0 Gas pipeline N N 233 214 177 108 69 89 80 101 113 53 114 72 75 88 77 51 49 

e All operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135

Table 2-2: Injured Persons by Transportation Mode

i Injuries occurring at highway-rail crossings resulting from freight and passenger rail operations including commuter rail. Highway-rail grade crossing injuries, 

except train occupants, are also counted under highway. 

k Injuries occurring at highway-rail crossings resulting from operations of public transit rail modes including commuter rail. Data for injuries at light rail crossings 

are: 1995 (179); 1996 (171); 1997 (92); 1998 (42); 1999 (148); 2000 (111); 2001 (54); 2002 (76); 2003 (68); 2004 (76)

l Vessel-related injuries include those involving damage to vessels, such as collisions or groundings. Injuries not related to vessel casualties include those from falls overboard or from accidents involving onboard equipment

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.

d Nonscheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135 (on-demand air taxisj Includes motor bus, commuter rail, heavy rail, light rail, demand response, van pool, and automated guideway. Transit injuries include those resulting from all reportable incidents, not just from accidents. Directly Operated (DO) modes only. The drop in the number of injuries in 2002 is due largely to a change in definitions by the Federal Transit Administration. Only injuries requiring immediate medical treatment away from the scene now qualify as reportable. Previously, m 1992-97 data come from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Between 1998 and 2001 the U.S. Coast Guard phased in a new computer 

system to track safety data, the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. During that period data come from combining entries in the Marine Safety Management Information System with entries in the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data for 2002, 2003, and 2004 come from the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data for prior years come from other sources and may not be directly comparable. 

a Injuries classified as serious. See definitions of injuries in the glossaryh Includes Amtrak. Figures include those injuries resulting from train accidents, train incidents, and nontrain incidents. Injury figures also include occupational 

illness. Railroad injury data for 1970 and before are not comparable with post-1970 data due to a change in the reporting system

c All scheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135 (commuter air carriers). Before March 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 applied to aircraft with 30 or fewer seats. Since March 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 includes only aircraft with fewer than 10 seats. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent years' data. b All scheduled and nonscheduled service operating under 14 CFR 121. Since March 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes only aircraft with 10 or more seats formerly 

operated under 14 CFR 135. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent years' data. 

f Large trucks are defined as trucks over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit trucks and truck tractors. Light trucks are defined as trucks of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups, vans, truck-based station wagons, and utility vehic g Includes occupants of other unknown vehicle types and other nonmotoristn Other than the persons aboard the aircraft who were killed, fatalities resulting from the September 11 terrorist acts are exclude
Numbers may not add to total because some injuries are counted in more than one mode. To avoid double counting, the following adjustments have been made 

Most (not all) highway-rail grade crossing injuries have not been added because most (not all) such injuries involve motor vehicles and are already included in highway injuries.Air:SOURCESFor transit, all commuter rail injuries and motor-bus, trolley-bus, demand-responsive, and van-pool injuries arising from accidents have been subtracted because they are counted as railroad, highway, or highway-rail grade crossing injuries. 2000-06: Ibid., available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofSafety/Query/Default.asp as of Sept. 4, 2007.1960-70: National Safety Council, Accident Facts, 1974 (Washington, DC: 1974).Rail:1970-94: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: General Aviation (Washington, DC: Annual issues).NOTESThe Federal Railroad Administration defines a grade crossing as a location where a public highway, road, street, or private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroad tracks at grade. The Federal Transit Administration defines two types of grade crossings: (1) At grade, mixed, and cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which other traffic moving in the same direction or other cross directions may pass. This includes city street right-of-way; (2) At grade with cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which no other traffic may pass, except to cross at grade-level crossings. This can include median strip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersecting streets. The motor vehicle injury data in this table come from the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's General Estimates System (GES). The data from GES, which began operation in 1988, are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all policereported crashes. The GES sample includes only crashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death. The resulting figures do not take into account crashes that were not reported to the police or did not result in property damage.The reader cannot reproduce the total injuries count in this table by simply leaving out the number of highway-rail grade crossing injuries in the sum and subtracting the above transit submodes, because in so doing, grade-crossing injuries not involving motor vehicles would be left out (see table 2-35 on rail). An example of such an injury is a bicyclist injured by a train at a grade crossing. Highway-rail grade crossings:Highway:1995-2007: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communication, October 2008.Water:1990-99: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 1999, DOT HS 809 100 (Washington, DC: December 2000), table 4. 1991-99: Ibid., Interim Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report 2002 (Washington, DC: August 2003), table 1-1.

2005-06: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 

(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 4.1991-99: Ibid., Interim Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report 2002 (Washington, DC: August 2003), table 1-1.

2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Volpe Center, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis 

Program, personal communication, Sept. 7, 2007.Transit:Recreational boating:2000-04: Ibid., General Estimates System Database and personal communication, Dec. 9, 2003, Oct. 12, 2004, Apr. 20, 2006.1975: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development, personal communication.Railroad:1960-70: National Safety Council, Accident Facts, 1974 (Washington, DC: 1974).1970-91: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigations and Analysis, Compliance Analysis Division, (G-MOA-2), personal communication, Apr. 13, 1999.1992-2007: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal communication, October 2008U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Office of Program Management, personal communication as of June 8, 2006.Highway-rail grade crossings:2000-07: Ibid., available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofSafety/Query/Default.asp as of November 2008.Hazardous liquid and gas pipeline:1980-91: Ibid., Rail-Highway Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table S.

1970-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety Accident and Incident ,Summary Statistics by Year, available at http://ops.dot.gov as of November, 2008. 1970-91: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, Transit:1990-92: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Safety Management Information Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues).1993-2005: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report (Washington, DC: Annual issues), available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/data/SAMIS.asp as of Sept. 4, 2007.Vessel- and nonvessel-related:U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety, Boating Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), available at available at http://www.uscgboating.org as of November 2008.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Air 4,883 5,279 4,767 4,232 3,818 2,935 2,388 2,334 (R) 2,227 2,172 (R) 2,139 (R) 2,178 2,046 (R) 1,987 (R) 2,037 2,043 1,985 1,852 1,823 (R) 1,8

U.S. air carriera 90 83 55 37 19 21 24 26 18 23 23 36 37 49 50 51 56 46 41 

Commuter carrierb N N N 48 38 18 15 23 23 16 10 12 11 16 8 13 12 7 7 

On-demand air taxic N N N 152 171 157 107 88 76 69 85 75 90 82 77 74 80 72 60 

General aviationd 4,793 5,196 4,712 3,995 3,590 2,739 2,242 2,197 (R) 2,110 2,064 (R) 2,021 (R) 2,055 1,908 (R) 1,840 (R) 1,902 1,905 1,837 1,727 1,715 (R) 1,7

Highway, total crashese NNNNNN 6,471,000 6,117,000 6,000,000 6,106,000 6,496,000 6,699,000 6,770,000 6,624,000 6,335,000 6,279,000 6,394,000 6,323,000 6,316,000 6,328,0

Passenger car NNNNNN 5,560,592 5,178,450 5,042,203 5,040,116 5,401,164 5,593,685 5,598,699 5,423,286 5,146,124 4,915,734 4,926,243 4,831,842 4,802,056 4,746,6

Motorcycle NNNNNN 103,114 105,030 72,177 74,565 68,752 66,354 66,224 61,451 54,477 57,322 68,783 73,342 76,004 79,1

Truckf, light NNNNNN 2,152,486 2,200,134 2,191,171 2,407,212 2,573,701 2,749,596 2,880,782 2,900,896 2,866,729 3,079,617 3,207,738 3,254,105 3,272,326 3,345,3

Truckf, large NNNNNN 371,801 318,637 362,807 383,220 444,697 362,883 378,335 421,377 391,807 452,444 437,861 409,372 416,477 436,1

Bus N N N N N N 60,412 56,285 49,705 51,353 55,818 58,847 57,185 53,376 53,385 62,591 55,594 54,264 57,958 57,6

Railroad, totalg N N 11,654 20,117 18,817 10,194 8,594 8,046 7,269 7,503 7,483 7,092 6,700 6,262 6,083 6,257 6,485 6,260 5,815 5,9

Highway-rail grade crossingh 3,195 3,820 3,559 12,076 10,612 6,919 5,715 5,388 4,910 4,892 4,979 4,633 4,257 3,865 3,508 3,489 3,502 3,237 3,077 2,9

Railroadi N N 8,095 8,041 8,205 3,275 2,879 2,658 2,359 2,611 2,504 2,459 2,443 2,397 2,575 2,768 2,983 3,023 2,738 3,0

Transit, totalj NNNNNN 58,002 46,467 36,380 30,559 29,972 25,683 25,166 24,924 23,937 23,310 24,261 23,891 13,968 7,7

Highway-rail grade crossingk N N N N N N N N N N N 127 134 119 106 140 148 101 190 1

Transitl NNNNNNNNNNN 25,556 25,032 24,805 23,831 23,170 24,113 23,790 13,778 7,6

Waterborne, total N N 6,385 9,618 10,137 9,676 10,024 8,795 11,631 12,461 13,649 13,368 13,286 13,551 13,828 13,457 13,143 11,377 11,713 10,6

Vessel-relatedm N N 2,582 3,310 4,624 3,439 3,613 2,222 5,583 6,126 6,743 5,349 5,260 5,504 5,767 5,526 5,403 4,958 6,008 5,1

Recreational boating 2,738 3,752 3,803 6,308 5,513 6,237 6,411 6,573 6,048 6,335 6,906 8,019 8,026 8,047 8,061 7,931 7,740 6,419 5,705 5,4

Pipeline, total N N 1,428 1,592 1,770 517 379 449 389 445 467 349 381 346 389 339 380 341 (R) 334 (R) 3

Hazardous liquid pipeline N N 351 254 246 183 180 216 212 229 245 188 194 171 153 167 146 130 150 (R) 1Gas pipeline N N 1,077 1,338 1,524 334 199 233 177 216 222 161 187 175 236 172 234 211 (R) 184 2

The motor vehicle crash data are from the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrations' General Estimates System (GES), which began operation in 1988. GES data are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes. The GES sample includes only crashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death. The resulting figures do not take into account crashes that were not reported to the police or did not result in property damage.The Federal Railroad Administration defines a grade crossing as a location where a public highway, road, street, or private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroad tracks at grade. The Federal Transit Administration defines two types of grade crossings: (1) At grade, mixed, and cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which other traffic moving in the same direction or other cross directions may pass. This includes city street right-of-way; (2) at grade with cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-ofway over which no other traffic may pass, except to cross at grade-level crossings. This can include median strip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersecting streets.

f Large trucks are defined as trucks over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit trucks and truck tractors. Light trucks are defined as trucks of 10,000 pounds gross 

vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups, vans, truck-based station wagons, and utility vehicles.

g Includes Amtrak. Accidents and incidents resulting from freight and passenger rail operations including commuter rail. Railroad accident data for 1970 and before are not comparable with 

post-1970 data due to a change in the reporting system. 

k Accidents occurring at highway-rail grade crossings resulting from operations of public transit rail modes including commuter rail. Data for light rail crossings are: 1995 (98); 1996 (97); 1997 

(66); 1998 (66); 1999 (103); 2000 (106); 2001 (54); 2002 (112); 2003 (68); 2004 (106); 2005 (81); 2006 (95); 2007 (93); 2008 (107); and 2009 (119).

l Accidents occurring at highway-rail grade crossings resulting from operations of public transit rail modes excluding commuter rail. 

NOTES

h Accidents and incidents occurring at highway-rail crossings resulting from freight and passenger rail operations including commuter rail. Data are not comparable after 1970 due to a change 

in reporting system. Most highway-rail grade crossing accidents are also counted under highway.

i Train accidents only.j Accident figures include collisions with vehicles, objects, and people, derailments / vehicles going off the road. Accident figures do not include fires and personal casualties. The drop in the 

number of accidents in 2002 is due largely to a change in definitions by the Federal Transit Administration, particularly the definition of injuries. Beginning in 2002, only injuries requiring immediate medical treatment away from the scene qualified as reportable. In 2008, the property damage threshold was changed to $25,000. Previously, any accident with property damage equal to or greater than $7,500 was reported. 

m 1992-97 data are obtained from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Between 1998 and 2000, the U.S. Coast Guard phased in a new computer system to track safety data, the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. During this period, data are obtained from combining entries in the Marine Safety Management Information System with entries in the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data after 2002 comes from the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Statistics for prior years may not be directly comparable due to the revised method of capture.d All operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135.

Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents by Mode

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

e The U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration uses the term "crash" instead of accident in its highway safety data. Highway crashes often involve 

more than one motor vehicle, and hence "total highway crashes" is smaller than the sum of the components. Estimates of highway crashes are rounded to the nearest thousand in the source document.

a Carriers operating under 14 CFR 121, all scheduled and nonscheduled service. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes only aircraft with 10 or more seats formerly operated under 14 

CFR 135. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent data.

b All scheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes only aircraft with 10 or more seats formerly operated under 14 CFR 135. This change makes 

it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent data.

c Nonscheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135.
1960-70: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: General Aviation, Calendar Year 1970, NTSB/ARG-74/1 (Washington, DC: April 1974), table 117. 

U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Fatality Analysis Reporting System Database and General Estimates System Database. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 1, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/cats/index.aspx as of Oct. 28, 2010.1991-97: Ibid., Interim Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report 2002 (Washington, DC: August 2003), table 1-1.

Rail:Highway-rail grade crossings:1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development, Rail-Highway Grade-Crossing Accidents (Washington, DC: Annual 

Issues).1975-80: Ibid., Office of Policy and Program Development, personal communication.1970-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Accident and Incident Summary Statistics by Year, available at 

http://ops.dot.gov as of Nov. 18, 2003. 1990-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Accident and Incident Summary Statistics by Year, available at http://phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline as of Sept. 30, 2010. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety, Boating Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 28, available at 

http://www.uscgboating.org/statistics/accident_statistics.aspx as of Sept. 30, 2010.Hazardous liquid and gas pipeline:2008-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, personal communication, Oct. 14, 2010.Recreational boating:Water:Vessel-related:1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1980, NTSB/ARC-83/01 (Washington, DC: January 1983), tables 26 and 40. 1965-70: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1975, NTSB/ARC-77/1 (Washington, DC: January 1977). 1960: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1967 (Washington, DC: December 1968).

Transit:1992-2005: U.S Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal communication, June 8, 2005.2007-2009: National Transportation Safety Board, Aviation Accident Statistics , table 10, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of Sept. 30, 2010. 1985-2006: Ibid., personal communication, Sept. 4, 2007.2007-2009: National Transportation Safety Board, Aviation Accident Statistics , table 5, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of Sept. 30, 2010. SOURCESAir:Commuter air carrier:1985-2006: Ibid., personal communication, Sept. 4, 2007.1975: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1983, NTSB/ARC-87/01 (Washington, DC: February 1987), table 18.

1980: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1981, NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February 1985), tables 2 and 16.

Highway-rail grade crossings:1970-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development, Accident/Incident Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 4.

1998-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety Analysis, Railroad Safety Statistics Preliminary Annual Report (Washington, DC: August 

2010), table 1-1, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/Default.asp as of Dec. 14, 2010.Railroad:1985-2006: Ibid., personal communication, Sept. 4, 2007.2007-2009: National Transportation Safety Board, Aviation Accident Statistics , table 8, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of Sept. 30, 2010. 2007-2009: National Transportation Safety Board, Aviation Accident Statistics , table 9, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of Sept. 30, 2010. Highway:Total:1985-90: Ibid., Rail-Highway Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table S.1970-91: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigations and Analysis, Compliance Analysis Division, personal communication, Apr. 13, 1999.2006-2009: U.S Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigations and Analysis, Compliance Analysis Division, personal communication, Dec. 15, 2010.2006-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Volpe Center, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Program, personal communication, Oct. 20, 2009.1991-97: Ibid., Interim Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report 2002 (Washington, DC: August 2003), table 1-1.

Transit:1990-92: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Safety Management Information Statistics 2000 (Washington, DC: 2000), pp. 51-54 and personal 

communication, July 28, 2003.1998-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety Analysis, Railroad Safety Statistics Preliminary Annual Report (Washington, DC: August 

2010), table 1-1, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/Default.asp as of Dec. 14, 2010.1993-2005: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report (Washington, DC: Annual Issues) available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/data/SAMIS.asp as of Sept. 4, 2007.2008-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, personal communication, Oct. 14, 2010.1960-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Office of Program Management, personal communication, Sept. 4, 2007.1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1981, NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February 1985), table 61.General aviation:1975-80: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: General Aviation, Calendar Year 1985, NTSB/ARG-87/03 (Washington, DC: October 1987), table 21. 

On-demand air taxi:1985-2006: Ibid., personal communication, Sept. 4, 2007.2009: Ibid, Traffic Safety Facts Research Note , table 1, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/cats/index.aspx as of Oct. 28, 2010.Passenger car, motorcycle, light truck, large truck, and bus:Air carrier:
 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Per

TOTAL of all modesa 44,086 100.00 44,384 100.00 44,941 100.00 (R) 45,276 100.00 45,134 100.00 45,052 100.00 (R) 45,666 100.00 (R) 45,040 1

Passenger car occupants 20,862 47.32 20,699 46.64 20,320 45.21 20,569 45.43 19,725 43.70 19,192 42.60 18,512 40.54 17,925 Light-truck occupants 11,265 25.55 11,526 25.97 11,723 26.09 12,274 27.11 12,546 27.80 12,674 28.13 13,037 28.55 12,761 

Pedestrians struck by motor vehicles 4,939 11.20 4,763 10.73 4,901 10.91 4,851 10.71 4,774 10.58 4,675 10.38 4,892 10.71 4,795 Motorcyclists 2,483 5.63 2,897 6.53 3,197 7.11 3,270 7.22 3,714 8.23 4,028 8.94 4,576 10.02 4,837 Large-truck occupants 759 1.72 754 1.70 708 1.58 689 1.52 726 1.61 766 1.70 804 1.76 805 Pedalcyclists struck by motor vehicles 754 1.71 693 1.56 732 1.63 665 1.47 629 1.39 727 1.61 786 1.72 772 Recreational boating 734 1.66 701 1.58 681 1.52 750 1.66 703 1.56 676 1.50 697 1.53 710 Other and unknown motor vehicle occupants 447 1.01 450 1.01 458 1.02 528 1.17 589 1.31 602 1.34 659 1.44 601 General aviation 621 1.41 596 1.34 562 1.25 581 1.28 633 1.40 559 1.24 563 1.23 (R) 706 Railroad trespassersb (excluding grade crossings) 479 1.09 463 1.04 511 1.14 540 1.19 498 1.10 472 1.05 458 1.00 511 

Other nonoccupants struck by motor vehiclesc 149 0.34 141 0.32 123 0.27 114 0.25 140 0.31 130 0.29 186 0.41 185 

Grade crossings, not involving motor vehiclesd 57 0.13 64 0.14 76 0.17 47 0.10 62 0.14 85 0.19 76 0.17 65 

Air taxi 38 0.09 71 0.16 60 0.13 35 0.08 42 0.09 64 0.14 18 0.04 16 Heavy rail transit (subway) 84 0.19 80 0.18 59 0.13 73 0.16 49 0.11 59 0.13 35 0.08 23 Waterborne transportation (nonvessel-related) 136 0.31 134 0.30 94 0.21 54 0.12 61 0.14 60 0.13 60 0.13 56 Bus occupants (school, intercity, and transit) 59 0.13 22 0.05 34 0.08 45 0.10 41 0.09 42 0.09 58 0.13 27 Waterborne transportation (vessel-related) 58 0.13 53 0.12 53 0.12 59 0.13 69 0.15 86 0.19 78 0.17 73 Private grade crossings, with motor vehicles 36 0.08 55 0.12 30 0.07 39 0.09 30 0.07 30 0.07 26 0.06 38 Railroad employees, contractors, and volunteers on duty (excluding grade crossings) 31 0.07 22 0.05 23 0.05 22 0.05 20 0.04 27 0.06 28 0.06 19 Light rail transit 17 0.04 30 0.07 21 0.05 13 0.03 17 0.04 22 0.05 19 0.04 17 Railroad-related, not otherwise specified (excluding grade crossings) 17 0.04 23 0.05 13 0.03 25 0.06 11 0.02 20 0.04 26 0.06 5 Gas distribution pipelines 16 0.04 22 0.05 5 0.01 (R) 10 0.02 11 0.02 18 0.04 (R) 12 0.03 18 Transit buses, fatalities not related to accidentse 12 0.03 8 0.02 6 0.01 14 0.03 14 0.03 16 0.04 17 0.04 18 Air carriersf 12 0.03 92 0.21 531 1.18 0 0.00 22 0.05 14 0.03 22 0.05 50 Hazardous liquid pipelines 4 0.01 1 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 5 0.01 2 0.00 0 Passengers on railroad trains (excluding grade crossings) 3 0.01 4 0.01 3 0.01 7 0.02 2 0.00 3 0.01 16 0.04 2 Demand response transit, fatalities not related to accidentse 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 3 0.01 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 

Commuter air 12 0.03 5 0.01 13 0.03 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.00 2 Gas transmission pipelines 2 0.00 15 0.03 2 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 

Other counts, redundant with aboveg

Large-truck occupants and nonoccupants 5,380 12.20 5,282 11.90 5,111 11.37 4,939 10.91 5,036 11.16 5,235 11.62 5,240 11.47 5,027 Public grade crossings, with motor vehicles 309 0.70 306 0.69 315 0.70 271 0.60 241 0.53 249 0.55 255 0.56 266 Commuter rail 95 0.22 87 0.20 87 0.19 116 0.26 77 0.17 86 0.19 105 0.23 85 Transit buses, accident-related fatalities 90 0.20 82 0.18 89 0.20 64 0.14 73 0.16 61 0.14 49 0.11 76 Outside planes in crashesh 5 0.01 14 0.03 11 0.02 6 0.01 6 0.01 1 0.00 UUU

Demand response transit, accident-related fatalities 1 0.00 8 0.02 3 0.01 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 7 0.02 7 

g Fatalities at grade crossings with motor vehicles are included under relevant motor vehicle modes. Commuter rail fatalities are counted under railroad. For Transit bus and Demand responsive 

transit accidents, occupant fatalities are counted under "bus" and nonoccupant fatalities are counted under "Pedestrians ," "Pedalcyclists," or other motor vehicle categories.

2006-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety and Analysis, Railroad Safety Statistics Preliminary Annual Report, tables 1-3 and 7-4, available at 

http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Nov. 3, 2010. Transit:

2002 2004

KEY: NA = not applicable; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

2006

d Public grade-crossing fatalities involving motor vehicles are included in counts for motor vehicles.

2005

c Includes all nonoccupant fatalities, except pedalcyclists and pedestrians.a Includes fatalities outside the vehicle, unless otherwise specified.b Includes fatalities outside trains, except at grade crossings.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis (Washington, DC: Annual Issues) and personal communication, Nov. 12, 2010.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline Incidents and Mileage Reports, available at 

http://ops.dot.gov/stats/stats.htm as of Nov. 3, 2010.Waterborne transportation:U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal communications, Oct. 27, 2009 and Sept. 30, 2010.Recreational boating:U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety, Boating Statistics, table 30, available at http://www.uscgboating.org as of Nov. 2, 2010.Pipeline:Railroad:1999-2005: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety and Analysis, Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report (Annual Issues), available at 

http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Oct. 28, 2009. Air:National Transportation Safety Board, Aviation Accident Statistics, available at www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of Nov. 2, 2010.

f In 2001, other than the persons aboard the aircraft who were killed, fatalities resulting from the September 11 terrorist acts are excluded.

SOURCES U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), General Trends , available at http://wwwfars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/reportslinks.aspx as of Nov. 2, 2010.

Highway:

h Includes nonoccupant fatalities resulting from aviation accidents.

Table 2-4: Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

e Fatalities not related to Transit bus and Demand responsive transit accidents are not included under highway submodes.

1999 2000 2001 2003 
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (R) 2004 

Fatalitiesa 1,440 917 833 582 698 608 579 626 615 579 488 461 431 402 425 421 357 334 371 

Injured persons 3,272 3,860 3,890 2,687 2,407 2,094 1,975 1,837 1,961 1,894 1,610 1,540 1,303 1,396 1,219 1,157 999 1,035 1,094 Accidentsa 3,559 12,126 10,796 7,073 5,715 5,388 4,910 4,892 4,979 4,633 4,257 3,865 3,508 3,489 3,502 3,237 3,077 2,977 3,085 

SOURCES1970: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development, Rail-Highway Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual Issue), tables S and 11.1975-1998: FRA Accident/Incident Database, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ as of June 28, 2010.

Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Crossing Safety 

1998-2009: Ibid., Office of Safety Analysis, 2009 Preliminary Railroad Safety Statistics (Washington, DC: June 2010), table 1-1, available at 

http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of June 17, 2010.KEY: R = revised 

a 1970 data are not comparable to later years due to a change in the reporting system.

NOTEThe Federal Railroad Administration recommended not to report property damage statistics, which had been done in previous editions of NTS, due to inconsistencies in the reporting of data. 
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total fatalities 27 19 8 8 10 16 15 11 7 120 12 13 9 16 12 10 15 (R) 14 34 6 (R) 9 (R) 7 13

Accident-related 21 14 7 7 10 15 14 11 6 7 10 8 7 11 8 9 9 (R) 13 29 6 8 (R) 6 8

Air fatalitiesa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Highway fatalities 27 17 8 8 10 16 15 11 7 8 12 13 9 16 9 9 15 (R) 11 24 6 (R) 9 (R) 6 12

Accident-related 21 12 7 7 10 15 14 11 6 5 10 8 7 11 8 8 9 (R) 10 19 6 8 (R) 6 7

Rail fatalities 0200000002000 0 3 1 0 3 10 0 0 1 1

Accident-related 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 10 0 0 0 1

Waterb

 fatalities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Otherc

 fatalities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Total injured persons 648 626 253 423 439 604 627 577 400 1,175 221 195 265 251 168 136 119 288 (R) 949 (R) 234 228 (R) 223 201

Accident-related 168 47 16 18 40 98 62 111 18 864 16 13 15 16 12 15 16 96 700 13 45 (R) 9 44

Air injured persons 5 8 4 39 31 23 50 57 33 33 24 20 12 5 13 4 1 11 78 2 8 7 10

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Highway injured persons 527 493 195 311 333 465 511 425 296 216 152 151 218 164 109 118 105 155 (R) 178 192 161 (R) 153 153

Accident-related 156 43 9 9 27 34 61 95 14 22 11 9 15 15 12 14 16 12 45 11 45 (R) 9 34

Rail injured personsd,e 99 121 53 73 75 116 66 95 71 926 45 22 35 82 46 14 13 122 693 (R) 25 56 63 38

Accident-related 12 4 7 9 13 64 1 16 4 842 5 4 0 1 0 1 0 84 655 2 0 0 10

Waterb

 injured persons 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 3 0 0

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Otherc injured persons 15 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Total incidents 10,951 15,719 6,019 8,879 9,110 9,393 12,838 16,105 14,853 14,077 14,065 15,495 17,616 17,557 17,792 15,114 15,156 (R) 14,844 15,929 (R) 20,339 (R) 19,301 (R) 16,934 14,819

Accident-related 440 486 364 297 303 283 266 296 303 338 320 332 398 394 413 362 342 (R) 327 (R) 382 (R) 358 (R) 381 (R) 336 291

Air incidents 147 223 114 297 299 414 622 931 817 925 1,029 1,387 1,582 1,419 1,083 732 750 993 1,655 2,408 (R) 1,556 1,278 1,358

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 3 2 2 0 0 9 7 7 82

Highway incidents 10,063 14,161 4,752 7,296 7,644 7,843 11,095 14,011 12,869 12,034 11,929 13,108 14,953 15,063 15,804 13,502 13,594 (R) 13,069 13,460 (R) 17,160 (R) 16,932 (R) 14,808 12,728

Accident-related 330 347 302 249 249 245 217 244 253 294 267 277 331 329 357 319 300 (R) 281 (R) 322 (R) 307 (R) 321 (R) 302 252

Rail incidents 694 1,271 842 1,279 1,155 1,128 1,113 1,157 1,155 1,112 1,102 989 1,073 1,058 899 870 802 765 745 (R) 703 (R) 752 (R) 750 643

Accident-related 109 134 61 48 54 36 49 52 50 44 52 52 65 62 54 41 42 46 51 44 (R) 53 26 37

Waterb

 incidents 28 34 7 7 12 8 8 6 12 6 5 11 8 17 6 10 10 17 69 68 61 98 90

Accident-related 02000100000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Otherc incidents 19 30 304 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Accident-related 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Total property damage 

(current $ thousands)f 8,091 10,828 22,994 32,354 38,350 36,229 22,816 44,196 30,900 46,849 33,533 46,312 65,369 78,132 69,442 58,177 53,597 (R) 62,903 (R) 55,946 (R) 70,971 (R) 74,646 (R) 53,481 69,117

Accident-related 6,051 6,236 20,269 24,792 30,184 28,708 13,179 25,552 23,602 37,775 25,318 37,049 51,710 62,636 56,546 41,113 40,824 (R) 44,517 (R) 44,115 (R) 56,689 (R) 63,570 (R) 42,285 57,960

Air property damage 8.9 12.3 12.3 142 77 99 88 178 100 87 336 267 286 272 309 109 100 188 198 671 88 191 716

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 50 61 0 0 0 0 0 7 327

Highway property damage 5,584 7,324 12,690 20,190 29,650 24,130 19,866 25,253 22,141 29,257 24,741 28,669 34,359 51,030 47,737 48,076 49,109 (R) 47,159 (R) 40,179 (R) 59,502 (R) 47,237 (R) 43,078 50,743

Accident-related 3,694 3,782 10,175 14,132 23,953 18,350 11,263 13,539 16,342 22,315 17,871 21,597 23,085 37,837 36,404 33,529 37,650 (R) 34,322 (R) 31,052 (R) 47,467 (R) 38,414 (R) 34,661 42,507

Rail property damage 2,488 2,952 10,274 11,952 8,469 11,857 2,649 18,673 8,485 17,385 8,418 16,362 30,663 26,547 21,248 9,745 4,126 13,901 15,455 10,740 27,301 10,073 17,557

Accident-related 2,357 2,357 10,094 10,660 6,231 10,233 1,916 12,014 7,260 15,460 7,446 15,452 28,625 24,756 20,092 7,524 3,175 10,195 13,063 9,222 25,157 7,617 15,126

Waterb

 property damage 6.1 505 3.2 70 154 143 213 92 174 120 38 1,015 61 283 147 248 261 1,655 114 59 19 138 101

Accident-related 0 81 0 0 0 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Otherc property damage 3.5 35 14.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Accident-related 0.3 15.6 <0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

f

 Property damage under $30,000 is reported to the nearest $100. Property damage $30,000 or greater is reported to the nearest $1,000; therefore the components may 

add to the totals. Different cost thresholds for reporting property damage exist by property type. See NTS table 2-8 for the various thresholds.

e

 The 2005 spike in Rail Injured Persons is due to a chlorine accident by a train operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway Co. in Graniteville, South Carolina, on January 6, 

2005. 9 people died and 631 people were injured. For more information, see the PHMSA Incident Report Database at 

https://hazmatonline.phmsa.dot.gov/IncidentReportsSearch/.

NOTE

d The 1996 spike in Rail Injured Persons is due to a train derailment in Alberton, Montana, which caused 787 minor injuries from chlorine gas inhalation, according to the 

U.S. Department of Transportation Biennial Report on Hazardous Materials Transportation, 1996-1997. For more information, see 

http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Files/96_97biennial.rpt.pdf. 

a The 1996 spike in Air Fatalities was due to the ignition of an undeclared cache of chemical oxygen generators in a flight over Florida that killed 110 people, according to the 

U.S. Department of Transportation Biennial Report on Hazardous Materials Transportation, 1996-1997. 

Table 2-6: Hazardous Materials Fatalities, Injuries, Accidents, and Property Damage Data

SOURCES

1975-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of Hazardous Materials Safety, Hazardous Materials Information 

System Database, 1999. 

1990-2009: Ibid., Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Hazardous Material Safety, available at http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/library/datastats/incidents as of Dec. 15, 2010. 

KEY: R = revised. 

b Water category includes only nonbulk marine. Bulk marine hazardous materials incidents are reported to the U.S. Coast Guard and are not includ

Hazardous materials transportation incidents required to be reported are defined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 49 CFR 171.15, 171.16 (Form F 5800.1). 

Hazardous materials deaths and injuries are caused by the hazardous material in commerce.

c Other category includes freight forwarders and modes not otherwise specified
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001h 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2,007 (P) 2,008

All occupational fatalities 6,217 6,331 6,632 6,275 6,202 6,238 6,055 6,054 5,920 5,915 5,534 5,575 5,764 5,734 5,840 5,657 5,071

Transportation-related fatalities, totalb 2,484 2,499 2,762 2,587 2,601 2,605 2,645 2,618 2,573 2,524 2,385 2,364 2,490 2,493 2,459 2,351 2,053

Highwayc 1,158 1,242 1,343 1,346 1,346 1,393 1,442 1,496 1,365 1,409 1,373 1,353 1,398 1,437 1,356 1,414 1,149

Nonhighwayd 436 392 409 387 374 377 388 352 399 326 323 347 338 340 345 296 283

Aircraft 353 282 426 283 324 261 224 228 280 247 194 211 231 149 217 174 189

Pedestrian struck by vehiclee 346 365 391 388 353 367 413 377 370 383 356 337 378 391 379 345 322

Water vehiclef 109 119 94 87 119 109 112 102 84 90 71 69 91 88 96 71 75

Railwayg 66 86 81 82 74 93 60 56 71 62 64 43 50 83 65 49 34

As a percent of all occupational fatalities

Transportation-related fatalities, totalb 40.0 39.5 41.6 41.2 41.9 41.8 43.7 43.2 43.5 42.7 43.1 42.4 43.2 43.5 42.1 41.6 40.5

Highway 18.6 19.6 20.3 21.5 21.7 22.3 23.8 24.7 23.1 23.8 24.8 24.3 24.3 25.1 23.2 25.0 22.7

Nonhighway 7.0 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.4 5.8 6.7 5.5 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.2 5.6

Aircraft 5.7 4.5 6.4 4.5 5.2 4.2 3.7 3.8 4.7 4.2 3.5 3.8 4.0 2.6 3.7 3.1 3.7

Pedestrian struck by vehicle 5.6 5.8 5.9 6.2 5.7 5.9 6.8 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.4 6.0 6.6 6.8 6.5 6.1 6.3

Water vehicle 1.8 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.5

Railway 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.7

SOURCE

KEY: P = preliminary; R = revised.

h Data do not include fatalities from the terrorist attacks of September 11 which totaled 2,886. 

NOTES

g Includes collisions between railway vehicles, railway vehicle and other vehicle, railway vehicle and other object, and derailment. 

Table 2-7: Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalitiesa

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), available at http://www.bls.gov/iif/home.htm#news as of 

Dec. 2009. 

a

 Based on the 1992 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Manual. b Numbers may not add to totals because transportation categories may include subcategories not shown separately.

c Includes collisions between vehicles/mobile equipment moving in the same or opposite directions, such as in an intersection; between moving and standing 

vehicles/mobile equipment at the side of a roadway; or a vehicle striking a stationary object. Also includes noncollisions, e.g., jack-knifed or overturned 

vehicle/mobile equipment–no collision; ran off highway–no collision; struck by shifting load; sudden start or stop; not elsewhere classified. 

d Refers to farms and industrial premises. Includes collisions between vehicles/mobile equipment; vehicles/mobile equipment striking a stationary object. Also 

includes noncollisions such as a fall from a moving vehicle/mobile equipment, fall from and struck by vehicle/mobile equipment, overturned vehicle/mobile 

equipment, and loss of control of vehicle/mobile equipment. 

e Includes worker struck by vehicle/mobile equipment in roadway, on side of road, in a parking lot, or nonroad area.

Percentages may not add to totals due to rounding.

The above categories do not define the types of jobs people had, nor the industries in which they worked. The categories define the ways in which they died. F

example, a representative traveling for business reasons who is killed in a rail accident would be listed under rail. 

f Includes collisions, explosions, fires, fall from or on ship/boat, and sinking/capsized water vehicles involved in transportation. Does not include fishing boats. 
Modal administration Reporting threshold

Federal Aviation Administration More than $25,000 damage to property other than the aircraft.

Federal Highway Administration None; each state defines its own threshold and FHWA collects state reports.

Federal Railroad Administration More than $7,700 in damages to railroad on-track equipment, signals, track, track 

structures, and roadbed for accidents other than at grade-crossings. No threshold 

for grade-crossing accidents.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration None; property-damage-only crashes are recorded through the General Estimates 

System, a nationally representative sample of police-reported crashes of all 

iti Federal Transit Administration More than $7,500.

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration More than $50,000 for gas pipelines.

More than $50,000 for hazardous liquid pipelines.

U. S. Coast Guard More than $25,000 for commercial vessels.

More than $2,000 or complete loss of vessel for recreational boats.

Recreational boating: 33 CFR 173.55 (as of Nov. 23, 2007).

Federal Railroad Administration: 49 CFR 225.19 (as of Nov.23, 2007). 

Federal Transit Administration: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, Safety and 

Security Reporting Manual (Washington, DC: 2004), Internet site http://www.ntdprogram.com/ntdprogram/safety.htm as of dec. 6, 2007.

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration:

Gas pipeline: 49 CFR 191.3 (as of Nov. 23, 2007).

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic 

Safety Facts 2005 , DOT HS 809 775 (Washington, DC: 2005).

Hazardous liquid pipelines: 49 CFR 195.50 (as of Nov. 23, 2007).

U.S. Coast Guard:

Commercial shipping: 46 CFR 4.05-1 (as of Nov.23, 2007).

SOURCES

Federal Aviation Administration: 49 CFR 830.5 (as of Nov. 23, 2007). 

Table 2-8: Reporting Thresholds for Property Damage by U.S. Department of Transportation Modal 

Administrations

Federal Highway Administration: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, personal communication, Dec 2007. 

Section B

Air
 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Total fatalities 499 261 146 124 1 526 39 50 33 1 239 168 380 8 1 12 92 531 0 22 14 Total seriously injured persons N N 107 81 19 30 29 26 22 19 31 25 77 43 30 67 29 19 24 31 20 Total accidents 90 83 55 37 19 21 24 26 18 23 23 36 37 49 50 51 56 46 41 54 30 

Fatal accidents 17 98317644143541236022

Aircraft-miles (millions) 1,130 1,536 2,685 2,478 2,924 3,631 4,948 4,825 5,039 5,249 5,478 5,654 5,873 6,697 6,737 7,101 7,524 7,294 7,193 7,280 7,930 Rates per 100 million aircraft-milesFatalities 44.159 16.992 5.438 5.004 0.034 14.486 0.788 1.036 0.655 0.019 4.363 2.971 6.470 0.119 0.015 0.169 1.223 7.280 0.000 0.302 0.177 Seriously injured persons N N 3.985 3.269 0.650 0.826 0.586 0.539 0.437 0.362 0.566 0.442 1.311 0.642 0.445 0.943 0.385 0.260 0.334 0.426 0.252 Total accidents 7.965 5.404 2.048 1.493 0.650 0.578 0.485 0.539 0.357 0.438 0.420 0.637 0.630 0.732 0.742 0.718 0.744 0.631 0.570 0.742 0.378 Total accidents, fatal 1.504 0.586 0.298 0.121 0.034 0.193 0.121 0.083 0.079 0.019 0.073 0.053 0.085 0.060 0.015 0.028 0.040 0.082 0.000 0.027 0.025 

Aircraft departures (thousands) NNNN 5,479 6,307 8,092 7,815 7,881 8,073 8,238 8,457 8,229 10,318 10,980 11,309 11,468 10,955 10,508 10,433 11,023 

Rates per 100,000 aircraft departuresFatalities NNNN 0.018 8.340 0.482 0.640 0.419 0.012 2.901 1.986 4.618 0.078 0.009 0.106 0.802 4.847 0.000 0.211 0.127 

Seriously injured persons NNNN 0.347 0.476 0.358 0.333 0.279 0.235 0.376 0.296 0.936 0.417 0.273 0.592 0.253 0.173 0.228 0.297 0.181 

Total accidents NNNN 0.347 0.333 0.297 0.333 0.228 0.285 0.279 0.426 0.450 0.475 0.455 0.451 0.488 0.420 0.390 0.518 0.272 

Total accidents, fatal NNNN 0.018 0.111 0.074 0.051 0.051 0.012 0.049 0.035 0.061 0.039 0.009 0.018 0.026 0.055 0.000 0.019 0.018 

Flight hours (thousands) N 4,691 6,470 5,607 7,067 8,710 12,150 11,781 12,360 12,706 13,124 13,505 13,746 15,838 16,817 17,555 18,299 17,814 17,290 17,468 18,883 Rates per 100,000 flight hoursFatalities N 5.564 2.257 2.212 0.014 6.039 0.321 0.424 0.267 0.008 1.821 1.244 2.764 0.051 0.006 0.068 0.503 2.981 0.000 0.126 0.074 Seriously injured persons N N 1.654 1.445 0.269 0.344 0.239 0.221 0.178 0.150 0.236 0.185 0.560 0.271 0.178 0.382 0.158 0.107 0.139 0.177 0.106 Total accidents N 1.769 0.850 0.660 0.269 0.241 0.198 0.221 0.146 0.181 0.175 0.267 0.269 0.309 0.297 0.291 0.306 0.258 0.237 0.309 0.159 Total accidents, fatal N 0.192 0.124 0.054 0.014 0.080 0.049 0.034 0.032 0.007 0.030 0.022 0.036 0.025 0.006 0.011 0.016 0.034 0.000 0.011 0.011 

Fatalities, accidents, miles, departures, and flight hours:1960: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1967 (Washington, DC: December 1968). 

1975 (all categories except miles): Ibid., Calendar Year 1983, NTSB/ARC-87/01 (Washington, DC: February 1987), table 18. 

1975 (miles): Ibid., Calendar Year 1975, NTSB/ARC-77/1 (Washington, DC: January 1977 ). 

1990-2009: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communication, April 2010.1980: Ibid., Calendar Year 1981, NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February 1985), tables 2 and 16. 

1985-2009: Ibid., Aviation Accident Statistics , available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of Apr. 26, 2010.

Serious injuries:1970-85: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations (Washington, DC: Annual Issues). 

Table 2-9: U.S. Air Carriera Safety Data

1965-70: Ibid., Calendar Year 1975, NTSB/ARC-77/1 (Washington, DC: January 1977). 

KEY: N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised.

a Air carriers operating under 14 CFR 121, scheduled and nonscheduled service. Includes all scheduled and nonscheduled service accidents involving all-cargo carriers and commercial operators of large aircraft when those 

accidents occurred during 14 CFR 121 operations. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes aircraft with 10 or more seats formerly operated under 14 CFR 135. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for

CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent data. 

NOTESAircraft-miles , Aircraft departures , and Flight hours are compiled by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. Rates are computed by dividing the number of Fatalities , Seriously injured 

persons , Total accidents , and Fatal accidents by the number of Aircraft-miles , Aircraft departures , or Flight hours . These figures are based on information provided by airlines to the U.S. Department of Transportation, 

Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information. 1991 data do not include the 12 persons killed aboard a SkyWest commuter aircraft when it and a U.S. Air aircraft collided. For 2001, fatalities resulting from the September 11 terrorist acts are excluded, other than the persons aboard the aircraft who were killed.SOURCES
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Total fatalitiesb 37 37 6 77 21 24 25 9 14 46 0 12 5 13 0 2 0 

Total seriously injured persons 14 14 11 31 7 2 6 17 212274010Total accidentsc 38 18 15 23 23 16 10 12 11 16 8 13 12 7 7 2 4 Total accidents, fatal 87387432150512010Aircraft-miles (millions) 192 301 450 434 508 555 594 550 591 246 51 52 45 43 42 47 47 Rates per 100 million aircraft-milesFatalities 19.27 12.30 1.33 17.75 4.13 4.33 4.21 1.64 2.37 18.70 0.00 22.90 11.13 30.16 0.00 4.22 0.00 Seriously injured persons 7.29 4.65 2.44 7.14 1.38 0.36 1.01 3.09 0.34 0.41 3.94 3.82 15.58 9.28 0.00 2.11 0.00 Total accidentsd 19.79 5.98 3.33 5.30 4.53 2.89 1.68 2.18 1.86 6.50 15.76 24.81 26.70 16.24 16.81 4.22 8.55 

Total accidentsd, fatal 4.17 2.33 0.67 1.84 1.38 0.72 0.50 0.36 0.17 2.03 0.00 9.54 2.23 4.64 0.00 2.11 0.00 

Aircraft departures (thousands) 1,777 2,561 3,160 2,820 3,115 3,602 3,581 3,220 3,515 1,394 707 672 604 558 513 572 538 Rates per 100 thousand aircraft departuresFatalities 2.08 1.44 0.19 2.73 0.67 0.67 0.70 0.28 0.40 3.30 0.00 1.78 0.83 2.33 0.00 0.35 0.00 Seriously injured persons 0.79 0.55 0.35 1.10 0.22 0.06 0.17 0.53 0.06 0.07 0.28 0.30 1.16 0.72 0.00 0.17 0.00 Total accidentsd 2.14 0.70 0.47 0.82 0.74 0.44 0.28 0.37 0.31 1.15 1.13 1.93 1.99 1.25 1.36 0.35 0.74 

Total accidentsd, fatal 0.45 0.27 0.09 0.28 0.22 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.36 0.00 0.74 0.17 0.36 0.00 0.17 0.00 

Flight hours (thousands) 1,176 1,737 2,342 2,292 2,335 2,638 2,784 2,628 2,757 983 354 343 370 300 274 319 302 Rates per 100 thousand flight hoursFatalities 3.15 2.13 0.26 3.36 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.34 0.51 4.68 0.00 3.50 1.35 4.33 0.00 0.63 0.00 Seriously injured persons 1.19 0.81 0.47 1.35 0.30 0.08 0.22 0.65 0.07 0.10 0.57 0.58 1.89 1.33 0.00 0.31 0.00 Total accidentsd 3.23 1.04 0.64 1.00 0.98 0.61 0.36 0.46 0.40 1.63 2.26 3.79 3.25 2.33 2.56 0.63 1.32 

Total accidentsd, fatal 0.68 0.40 0.13 0.35 0.30 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.51 0.00 1.46 0.27 0.67 0.00 0.31 0.00 

Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carriera Safety Data

KEY: P= preliminary; R = revised.

b Total fatalities for 1991 on U.S. air carriers operating under 14 CFR 135, scheduled service do not include the 22 persons killed aboard a largecertificated aircraft when it collided with a commuter aircraft.c An attempted suicide case in 1992 is included in accidents but excluded in accident rates in this table.a Air carriers operating under 14 CFR 135, scheduled service. Includes accidents involving all-cargo air carriers when those accidents occurred 

during scheduled 14 CFR 135 operations. Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 applied to aircraft with 30 or fewer seats. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 includes only aircraft with fewer than 10 seats. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data with more recent years' data.

Fatalities, accidents, aircraft-miles, aircraft departures, and flight hours:1990-2009: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communication, Apr. 28, 2010.

d Rates are based on all accidents, including some that involve operators not reporting mileage or other traffic data to the U.S. Department of 

Transportation.

NOTESMiles, departures, and hours are compiled by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. Rates are computed by 

dividing the number of fatalities, serious injuries, total accidents, and fatal accidents by the number of miles, departures, or flight hours. These figures are based on information provided by airlines to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information. 1980: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1980, 

NTSB/ARC-83/01 (Washington, DC: January 1983), tables 26 and 40.1980-85: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).

Serious injuries:1985-2009: National Transportation Safety Board, Aviation Accident Statistics, table 8, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/stats.htm as of Apr. 22, 2010.SOURCES
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Total fatal accidents 6 4 4 1 4 3 5 4 1 2 36 0 2 Phase of operationApproach / descent / landing 1 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 00 0 0 Taxi/takeoff / climb 3 1 2 0 1 0 3 2 0 0 22 0 1 Cruise (in-flight)c 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 14 0 0 

Standing (static) 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 00 0 1 

Maneuvering 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 Other / not reported 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 00 0 0 

Table 2-11: U.S. Air Carriera Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operationb

a Carriers operating under 14 CFR 121. Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 applied only to aircraft with more than 30 seats or a 

maximum payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes aircraft with 10 or more seats that formerly operated under 14 CFR 135. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data with more recent data. 

KEY: R = revised.National Transportation Safety Board, personal communications, July 2, 2009.

b First phase of operation is the phase of flight in which the first occurrence leading to the accident happened.c Cruise (in-flight) numbers for 2001 are unusually high because of the incidents occurring on September 11, 2001.

NOTESOURCE2008 data are preliminary.
 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 200

TOTAL fatal accidents 38743215051201Phase of operation Approach / descent / landing 03512012001001Taxi/takeoff / climb 00110101020200Cruise (in-flight) 22111000030000

Standing (static) 01010000000000Maneuveringb 11000102000000

Other / not reported 01000000000000

KEY: R = revised.

a 14 CFR 135, scheduled operations. Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR applied to aircraft with 30 or fewer seats. Since Mar. 20, 

1997, 14 CFR 135 includes only aircraft with fewer than 10 seats. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data with more recent years' data.

SOURCE

Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carriera Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation

National Transportation Safety Board, personal communications, July 2, 2009.

b Includes instructional flights performing turns and agricultural flights for spraying and buzzing (repeated passes over a 

particular location).

NOTEFirst Phase of Operation is the part of the flight where the problem leading to the accident first occurs. 
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Total fatalities 69 105 76 51 78 68 42 63 52 63 39 45 38 71 60 35 42 64 Total seriously injured persons U 43 44 36 26 19 24 32 14 22 23 10 15 12 24 16 12 17 

Total accidents 152 171 157 107 88 76 69 85 75 90 82 77 74 80 72 60 73 66 

Total accidents, fatal 24 46 35 29 28 24 19 26 24 29 15 17 12 22 18 18 18 23 Flight hours (thousands) 2,526 3,618 2,570 2,249 2,241 2,844 2,324 2,465 2,486 3,220 3,098 3,802 3,204 3,930 2,997 2,911 2,927 3,238 Rates per 100,000 flight hoursb

Fatalities 2.73 2.90 2.96 2.27 3.48 2.39 1.81 2.56 2.09 1.96 1.26 1.18 1.19 1.81 2.00 1.20 1.43 1.98 Seriously injured persons U 1.19 1.71 1.60 1.16 0.67 1.03 1.30 0.56 0.68 0.74 0.26 0.47 0.31 0.80 0.55 0.41 0.53 Total accidents 6.02 4.73 6.11 4.76 3.93 2.67 2.97 3.45 3.02 2.80 2.65 2.03 2.31 2.04 2.40 2.06 2.49 2.04 

Total accidents, fatal 0.95 1.27 1.36 1.29 1.25 0.84 0.82 1.05 0.97 0.90 0.48 0.45 0.37 0.56 0.60 0.62 0.61 0.71 

Table 2-13: U.S. On-Demand Air Taxia Safety Data

a Air carriers operating under 14 CFR 135, nonscheduled service. Accidents on foreign soil and in foreign waters are excluded.b Rates are computed by dividing the number of fatalities, serious injuries, total accidents, and fatal accidents by the number of flight hours. 

NOTEHours are estimated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.KEY: P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.1990-2009: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communication, July 1, 2010.SOURCESFatalities, accidents and flight hours:1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1981, NTSB/ARC-85/01 

(Washington, DC: February 1985), table 61.1985-2009: National Transportation Safety Board, Aviation Accident Statistics, table 9, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of July 6, 2010.Serious injuries:1980-85: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).
1960d 1965d 1970d 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 (R) 1992 1993 1994 (R) 1995 1996 1997 (R) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Total fatalities 787 1,029 1,310 1,252 1,239 956 770 800 866 744 730 734 636 631 624 621 596 562 581 633 5Total seriously injured persons U U 715 769 681 501 409 431 408 385 415 396 366 350 327 322 309 321 297 323 2Total accidentsa,b 4,793 5,196 4,712 3,995 3,590 2,739 2,242 2,197 2,110 2,064 2,021 2,055 1,908 (R) 1,840 1,902 1,905 1,837 1,727 1,715 (R) 1,741 1,6

Total accidentsa,b, fatal 429 538 641 633 618 498 444 439 450 401 404 412 361 350 364 340 345 325 345 352 3

Flight hours (thousands) 13,121 16,733 26,030 28,799 36,402 28,322 28,510 27,678 24,780 22,796 22,235 24,906 24,881 25,591 25,518 29,246 27,838 25,431 25,545 25,998 24,8Rates per 100,000 flight hoursc

Fatalities 6.00 6.15 5.03 4.35 3.40 3.38 2.70 2.89 3.49 3.26 3.28 2.95 2.56 2.47 2.45 2.12 2.14 2.21 2.27 2.43 2Seriously injured persons U U 2.75 2.67 1.87 1.77 1.43 1.56 1.65 1.69 1.87 1.59 1.47 1.37 1.28 1.10 1.11 1.27 1.16 1.24 1Total accidentsa,b 36.53 31.05 18.10 13.87 9.86 9.67 7.86 7.94 8.51 9.05 9.09 8.25 7.67 (R) 7.19 7.45 6.51 6.60 6.79 6.71 (R) 6.70 6

Total accidents, fatala,b 3.27 3.22 2.46 2.20 1.70 1.76 1.56 1.59 1.82 1.76 1.82 1.65 1.45 1.37 1.43 1.16 1.24 1.28 1.35 1.35 1

1990-2009: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communication, July 1, 2010.Serious injuries:1970-85: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: General Aviation (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).

NOTESFlight hours are estimated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.1960-70: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. General Aviation, Calendar Year 1970, NTSB/ARG-74/1 

(Washington, DC: April 1974), table 117.1975-2009: National Transportation Safety Board, Aviation Accident Statistics: U.S. General Aviation, table 10, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of July 23, 2010. 2009 data are preliminary.

Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviationa Safety Data

SOURCESFatalities, accidents, flight hours and rates per 100,000 flight hours:KEY: U = data are unavailable; R = revised.

a U.S. registered civil aircraft not operated under 14 CFR 121 or 14 CFR 135. Accidents on foreign soil and in foreign waters are excluded. Suicide, sabotage, and stolen/unauthorized cases included in accidents and fatalities but excluded from accident rates in this table are: 1985 (11 accidents, 6 fatal accidents); 1990 (4,1); 1991 (8,5); 1992 (2,1); 1993 (5,4); 1994 (3,2); 1995 (10,6); 1996 (4,0); 1997 (5,2); 1998 (6,4); 1999 (3,1); 2000 (7,7); 2001 (3,1); 2002 (7,6); 2003 (4,3); 2004 (3,0); 2005 (2,1); 2006 (2,1); 2007 (2,2); 2008 (2,0); 2009 (2,0).b Since April 1995, the National Transportation Safety Board has been required by law to investigate all public-use accidents, increasing the number of NTSB reported general aviation accidents by approximately 1.75%.c Rates are computed by dividing the number of fatalities, serious injuries, total accidents, and fatal accidents by the number of flight hours, except for the exclusions 

mentioned in footnote a. 

d Data for 1960, 1965, and 1970 include air taxi.
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 200

Total, all degrees of hazard 568 758 454 348 311 254 275 238 194 238 211 257 239 211 180 (R) 1Criticala 118 180 74 52 46 35 47 32 26 31 22 28 30 37 26 

Potentialb 319 423 266 197 195 158 139 139 101 105 100 110 130 96 85 No hazardc 122 133 114 99 70 61 71 63 55 70 53 55 49 51 42 (R) Unclassifiedd 9 22 0 0 0 0 18 4 12 32 36 64 30 27 27 

NMAC involving aircraft operating under 14 CFR 121 e U U 136 117 76 60 71 50 56 82 70 66 75 48 53 (R) 

1990-2008: Ibid., Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) System, database query, available at https://www.nasdac.faa.gov/ as of July 27, 2009.1990-2008: Ibid., Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) System , database query , available at https://www.nasdac.faa.gov/ as of July 27, 2009.NMAC involving 121 aircraft:KEY: R = revised; U = data are not available.

a A situation where collision avoidance was due to chance, rather than an act on the part of the pilot. Less than 100 feet of aircraft separation 

would be considered critical. 

c When direction and altitude would have made a midair collision improbable regardless of evasive action taken.

Table 2-15: Number of Pilot-Reported Near Midair Collisions (NMAC) by Degree of Hazard

All data except NMAC involving 121 aircraft:

b An incident that would probably have resulted in a collision if no action had been taken by either pilot. Less than 500 feet would usually be 

required in this case. 

1980-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Air Traffic Resource Management, personal communication, 

Aug. 6, 2002.SOURCES

d No determination could be made due to insufficient evidence or unusual circumstances, or because incident is still under investigation.e Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 applied only to aircraft with more than 30 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 7,500 

pounds. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes aircraft with 10 or more seats that formerly operated under 14 CFR 125. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data with more recent years' data. 

NOTESNMACs are reported voluntarily to the FAA so these numbers may not be representative. Reporters consist of pilots of air carriers, general 

aviation and other aircraft involved in public-use operations. Incidents involving military aircraft may be included if they also involved a civilian aircraft.1980-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aviation Safety Statistical Handbook Annual Report 

(Washington, DC: Annual issues) and personal communication, Aug. 6, 2002. 
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

Enplanements (R) 551,960,680 (R) 583,293,766 (R) 629,769,620 (R) 657,261,487 (R) 658,362,620 (R) 679,185,450 Total prohibited items 3,775,345 6,114,612 7,089,599 15,887,596 13,711,759 6,516,022 

Firearms 927 683 650 2,217 2,075 1,416 Knivesb 1,036,697 1,961,849 2,058,652 1,822,752 1,607,125 1,056,687 

Box cuttersb 32,788 20,991 22,350 21,315 15,999 11,908 

Other cutting instrumentsb 1,846,207 2,973,413 3,567,731 3,276,691 163,419 101,387 

Clubsb 11,131 25,139 28,813 20,531 12,296 9,443 

Incendiaries 79,341 494,123 693,649 398,830 113,700 89,623 Otherb 768,254 638,414 717,754 10,345,260 11,797,145 5,245,558 

b 2008 consists of data up to Aug. 8, 2008 with the exception of Firearms and Incendiaries . TSA has stopped the collection of data on all prohibited items exc

as of Aug. 8, 2008.

Clubs includes martial arts items, baseball bats, night sticks, hammers, pool cues, and billy clubs.

Firearms includes any weapon (including a starter gun) that is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive, as pistols, compressed air guns, and stunning devices. Other refers to tools, self-defense items, compressed gas cylinders, bleach, lighters, and certain sporting goods. Lighters (except for torch lighters and micro prohibited items list effective Aug. 4, 2007.

Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Intercepted at Airport Screening Checkpointsa

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.The large increase in 2005 and decrease in 2007 was primarily due to the prohibition of lighters on board from April 2005 to August 2007. Fluctuations in coudefinitions and regulations governing prohibited items, in addition to the proportion of passengers carrying prohibited items and the intensity of search.Other cutting instruments include scissors, hatchets, swords, sabers, meat cleavers, ice axes, and picks. Effective Dec. 22, 2005, scissors less than 4 inches no longer prohibited.Knives include any length and type except round-bladed, butter, and plastic cutlery. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, Performance Measurement Information System (PMIS) and personal commuU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, T-

November 2010.

a All data for 2002, except enplanements, are for April through December.

NOTES: Enplanements:SOURCESAll data, except enplanements:
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Enplanements (R) 551,960,680 (R) 583,293,766 (R) 629,769,620 (R) 657,261,487 (R) 658,362,620 (R) 679,185,450 (R) 651,721,539 617,977,733

Total prohibited items 3,775,345 6,114,612 7,089,599 15,887,596 13,711,759 6,516,022 972,810 129,461

Firearms 927 683 650 2,217 2,075 1,416 902 889

Knivesb 1,036,697 1,961,849 2,058,652 1,822,752 1,607,125 1,056,687 626,182 U

Box cuttersb 32,788 20,991 22,350 21,315 15,999 11,908 6,284 U

Other cutting instrumentsb 1,846,207 2,973,413 3,567,731 3,276,691 163,419 101,387 59,459 U

Clubsb 11,131 25,139 28,813 20,531 12,296 9,443 6,447 U

Incendiaries 79,341 494,123 693,649 398,830 113,700 89,623 116,200 127,176

Otherb 768,254 638,414 717,754 10,345,260 11,797,145 5,245,558 157,336 1,396

Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Intercepted at Airport Screening Checkpointsa

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

The large increase in 2005 and decrease in 2007 was primarily due to the prohibition of lighters on board from April 2005 to August 2007. Fluctuations in counts can be attributed to changes in 

definitions and regulations governing prohibited items, in addition to the proportion of passengers carrying prohibited items and the intensity of search.

Other cutting instruments include scissors, hatchets, swords, sabers, meat cleavers, ice axes, and picks. Effective Dec. 22, 2005, scissors less than 4 inches and tools less than 7 inches were no 

longer prohibited.

Knives include any length and type except round-bladed, butter, and plastic cutlery. 

Clubs includes martial arts items, baseball bats, night sticks, hammers, pool cues, and billy clubs.

Firearms includes any weapon (including a starter gun) that is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive, as well as spear guns, BB guns, flare 

pistols, compressed air guns, and stunning devices. 

Other refers to tools, self-defense items, compressed gas cylinders, bleach, lighters, and certain sporting goods. Lighters (except for torch lighters and micro torches) were removed from the 

prohibited items list effective Aug. 4, 2007.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, Performance Measurement Information System (PMIS) and personal communication, November 2010.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, T-100 Domestic Market Data, as of 

November 2010.

a

 All data for 2002, except enplanements, are for April through December.

NOTES: 

Enplanements:

SOURCES

All data, except enplanements:

b 2008 consists of data up to Aug. 8, 2008 with the exception of Firearms and Incendiaries . TSA has stopped the collection of data on all prohibited items except for Firearms and Incendiaries as 

of Aug. 8, 2008.

Section C

Highway
 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2

Fatalities 36,399 47,089 52,627 44,525 51,091 43,825 44,599 41,508 39,250 40,150 40,716 41,817 42,065 42,013 41,501 41,717 41,945 42,196 Injured personsE NN N N N N 3,230,666 3,096,870 3,069,603 3,149,164 3,265,928 3,465,279 3,483,319 3,347,614 3,192,035 3,236,238 3,188,750 3,032,672 2,9

CrashesE NN N N N N 6,471,202 6,117,359 6,000,310 6,105,915 6,495,988 6,699,415 6,769,583 6,624,149 6,334,573 6,279,036 6,393,624 6,322,896 6,3Vehicle-miles (millions) 718,763 887,811 1,109,724 1,327,664 1,527,295 1,774,827 2,144,362 2,172,050 2,247,151 2,296,378 2,357,588 2,422,696 2,485,848 2,561,695 2,631,522 2,691,056 2,746,925 2,797,287 2,8Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesFatalities 5.1 5.3 4.7 3.4 3.3 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 Injured personsE N N N N N N 151 143 137 137 139 143 140 131 121 120 116 108 

CrashesE N N N N N N 302 282 267 266 276 277 272 259 241 233 233 226 

Table 2-17: Motor Vehicle Safety Data

KEY: E = estimated; N = data do not exist; R = revised.SOURCESFatalities:1960-70: Estimated by U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration from data supplied by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, and individual state accident reports (adjusted to 30-day deaths). Fatalities data prior to 1975 have been adjusted to reflect the Fatality Analysis Reporting System's definition of a fatal crash as one that involves a motor vehicle on a trafficway, which results in the death of a vehicle occupant or a nonmotorist within 30 days of the crash.1975-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 2006, DOT HS 809 919 (Washington, DC: December 2006), table 2.Injured persons: 1990-2001: Ibid., Traffic Safety Facts 2002, DOT HS 809 620 (Washington, DC: January 2004), table 2.

2002-06: Ibid., Traffic Safety Facts 2006, DOT HS 809 919 (Washington, DC: December 2006), table 2.

Crashes:1990-2006: Ibid., Traffic Safety Facts 2006, DOT HS 809 919 (Washington, DC: December 2006), table 1.

1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 

(Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.Vehicle-miles:1970-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2006 (Washington, DC: 2006), table VM1, 

and similar tables in earlier editions. Fatality, injury, and crash rates:Calculated by U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 2007 2008

Fatalities

Rural, total 29,545 24,492 25,786 23,978 24,510 24,889 24,751 25,185 23,640 23,396 25,693 25,203 24,740 23,549 23,099 22,707 20,807

Interstate 2,263 2,141 2,707 2,675 2,905 3,033 3,105 3,244 3,199 3,105 3,297 3,241 3,246 3,216 2,870 2,658 2,416

Other arterialsa 12,268 9,940 9,893 9,947 9,458 9,821 9,594 9,573 8,913 8,692 9,358 9,823 10,061 8,968 8,768 8,758 7,873

Collectorb 10,004 8,209 8,852 7,401 7,481 7,578 7,593 7,595 7,147 7,305 7,974 7,726 7,353 7,154 7,242 7,027 6,491

Local 5,010 4,202 4,334 3,955 4,666 4,457 4,459 4,773 4,381 4,294 5,064 4,413 4,080 4,211 4,219 4,264 4,027

Urban, total 21,546 19,333 18,813 17,839 17,555 17,078 16,143 15,970 15,695 15,219 16,759 16,825 17,161 17,752 18,309 17,467 15,956

Interstate 2,184 2,025 2,252 2,154 2,323 2,281 2,283 2,353 2,388 2,371 2,452 2,374 2,516 2,658 2,619 2,608 2,259

Other arterialsa 12,752 12,521 11,742 10,916 10,756 10,243 9,902 9,628 9,442 8,838 9,702 9,827 10,003 10,413 10,672 9,876 9,056

Collector 2,226 1,696 1,427 1,441 1,290 1,399 1,037 1,031 987 1,007 1,136 1,197 1,339 1,361 1,478 1,437 1,239

Local 4,384 3,091 3,392 3,328 3,186 3,155 2,921 2,958 2,878 3,003 3,469 3,427 3,303 3,320 3,540 3,546 3,402

Vehicle-miles of travel (VMT) (millions)

Rural, total 672,030 730,728 868,878 933,289 960,194 999,277 1,032,528 1,062,623 1,083,152 1,109,363 1,127,394 1,084,443 1,068,426 1,032,426 1,037,146 1,035,303 990,418

Interstate 135,084 154,357 200,173 223,382 232,565 240,255 251,520 260,166 268,180 273,619 280,609 269,650 266,245 256,642 257,915 256,438 243,290

Other arterialsa 262,774 282,803 330,866 368,595 378,847 392,057 403,484 413,320 420,599 427,482 433,930 417,299 409,413 396,455 394,582 393,465 374,273

Collectorb 189,468 206,669 240,460 236,148 241,030 254,100 257,868 264,453 267,231 272,074 274,869 262,799 260,664 250,701 251,367 251,514 241,158

Local 84,704 86,899 97,379 105,164 107,752 112,865 119,656 124,684 127,142 136,188 137,986 134,695 132,104 128,628 133,282 133,886 131,697

Urban, total 855,265 1,044,098 1,275,484 1,489,534 1,523,886 1,552,956 1,595,620 1,627,618 1,663,773 1,686,247 1,728,114 1,805,778 1,896,362 1,957,004 1,977,225 1,994,519 1,983,091

Interstate 161,242 216,188 278,901 341,528 351,579 361,433 374,622 383,259 393,465 399,986 409,208 432,757 455,538 470,925 477,287 483,315 476,091

Other arterialsa 484,189 578,270 699,233 815,170 834,623 846,627 862,996 878,153 900,392 913,936 937,935 974,933 1,021,705 1,051,088 1,060,266 1,068,130 1,062,226

Collector 83,043 89,578 106,297 126,929 129,310 130,146 131,905 131,603 135,372 137,921 141,964 154,453 162,218 170,265 173,216 174,661 175,389

Local 126,791 160,062 191,053 205,907 208,374 214,750 226,097 234,603 234,544 234,404 239,007 243,635 256,901 264,726 266,456 268,413 269,385

Fatality rates per 100 million vehicle miles

Rural, total 4.40 3.35 2.97 2.57 2.55 2.49 2.40 2.37 2.18 2.11 2.28 2.32 2.32 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.10

Interstate 1.68 1.39 1.35 1.20 1.25 1.26 1.23 1.25 1.19 1.13 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.11 1.04 0.99

Other arterialsa 4.67 3.51 2.99 2.70 2.50 2.50 2.38 2.32 2.12 2.03 2.16 2.35 2.46 2.26 2.22 2.23 2.10

Collectorb 5.28 3.97 3.68 3.13 3.10 2.98 2.94 2.87 2.67 2.68 2.90 2.94 2.82 2.85 2.88 2.79 2.69

Local 5.91 4.84 4.45 3.76 4.33 3.95 3.73 3.83 3.45 3.15 3.67 3.28 3.09 3.27 3.17 3.18 3.06

Urban, total 2.52 1.85 1.47 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.90 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.88 0.80

Interstate 1.35 0.94 0.81 0.63 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.59 0.60 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.47

Other arterialsa 2.63 2.17 1.68 1.34 1.29 1.21 1.15 1.10 1.05 0.97 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.99 1.01 0.92 0.85

Collector 2.68 1.89 1.34 1.14 1.00 1.07 0.79 0.78 0.73 0.73 0.80 0.77 0.83 0.80 0.85 0.82 0.71

Local 3.46 1.93 1.78 1.62 1.53 1.47 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.45 1.41 1.29 1.25 1.33 1.32 1.26

Includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia. 

Fatalities data reflect original numbers received by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Thus, the Fatalities 

data in this table could be slightly different from the revised NHTSA numbers that appear in other tables in this volume. 

SOURCES

Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Vehicle-Miles, and Associated Rates by Highway Functional System

a Urban Other arterials is the sum of other freeways and expressways, other principal arterials, and minor arterials. Rural Other arterials is the sum of other principal arterials and minor 

arterials.

b Rural Collector is the sum of major and minor collectors.

NOTES

KEY: R = revised.

Fatality rates:

Calculated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

Fatalities:

1980-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table FI-220, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.

1996-97: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table FI-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.

1998-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table FI-20, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of April 2010.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-202, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of April 2010.

Vehicle miles:
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20

Total traffic fatalities 44,525 51,091 43,825 44,599 41,508 39,250 40,150 40,716 41,817 (f) 42,065 42,013 41,501 41,717 41,945 42,196 43,005 4Occupant fatalities (by vehicle type) 35,925 41,927 36,043 37,134 34,740 32,880 33,574 34,318 35,291 35,695 35,725 35,382 35,875 36,348 36,440 37,375 3Passenger car, total 25,929 27,449 23,212 24,092 22,385 21,387 21,566 21,997 22,423 22,505 22,199 21,194 20,862 20,699 20,320 20,569 1

Subcompacta 3,834 7,299 7,993 8,309 7,694 7,028 6,968 7,060 6,791 6,618 6,838 6,012 5,504 5,291 4,886 4,674 

Compactb 614 927 2,635 5,310 5,338 5,354 5,707 6,322 6,899 7,288 7,992 7,589 7,432 7,525 7,211 7,348 

Intermediatec 1,869 3,878 4,391 4,849 4,681 4,418 4,483 4,407 4,666 4,670 3,308 3,273 3,556 4,115 4,426 4,709 

Fulld 10,800 11,580 6,586 4,635 4,040 3,796 3,675 3,560 3,413 3,417 3,924 4,303 4,365 3,744 3,765 3,775 

Unknown 8,812 3,765 1,607 989 632 791 733 648 654 512 137 17 5 24 32 63 

Trucke, total 5,817 8,748 7,666 9,306 9,052 8,683 9,116 9,574 10,216 10,553 10,972 11,447 12,024 12,280 12,431 12,963 1

Light 4,856 7,486 6,689 8,601 8,391 8,098 8,511 8,904 9,568 9,932 10,249 10,705 11,265 11,526 11,723 12,274 1Large 961 1,262 977 705 661 585 605 670 648 621 723 742 759 754 708 689 

Other vehicles, total 4,179 5,730 5,165 3,736 3,303 2,810 2,892 2,747 2,652 2,637 2,554 2,741 2,989 3,369 3,689 3,843 

Motorcycle 3,189 5,144 4,564 3,244 2,806 2,395 2,449 2,320 2,227 2,161 2,116 2,294 2,483 2,897 3,197 3,270 Bus 53 46 57 32 31 28 18 18 33 21 18 38 59 22 34 45 

Other / unknown vehicle type 937 540 544 460 466 387 425 409 392 455 420 409 447 450 458 528 

Nonoccupant fatalities, total 8,600 9,164 7,782 7,465 6,768 6,370 6,576 6,398 6,526 6,368 6,288 6,119 5,842 5,597 5,756 5,630 

Pedestrian 7,516 8,070 6,808 6,482 5,801 5,549 5,649 5,489 5,584 5,449 5,321 5,228 4,939 4,763 4,901 4,851 Pedalcyclist 1,003 965 890 859 843 723 816 802 833 765 814 760 754 693 732 665 Other 81 129 84 124 124 98 111 107 109 154 153 131 149 141 123 114 

2005 - 2006:Ibid, Traffic Safety Facts, A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates SystemDOT HS 810 631and DOT HS 810 818, Table 75, Internet site http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/TSF2005.PDF and http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/TSF2006.PDFas of April 21, 20081997-2004: Ibid., Traffic Safety Facts, Research Note: Passenger Vehicle Occupant Fatality Rates by Type and Size of Vehicle, DOT HS 809 979 (Washington, DC: 2006), table 4, Internet site http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/RNotes/2006/809979.pdf as of Mar. 25, 2008.1975-96: Ibid., personal communications, Dec. 18, 2003, Nov. 17, 2004, and Mar. 15, 2005.1975-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 2006, DOT HS 809 919 (Washington, DC: 2006), table 4.Breakout of passenger car types:

f Includes two fatalities that could not be assigned to a category below.

SOURCES

Table 2-19: Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities

d Includes cars with a wheelbase of 110 inches or greater.e Large trucks - trucks over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit trucks and truck tractors. Light trucks - trucks of 10,000 pounds 

gross vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups, vans, truck-based station wagons, and utility vehicles.

KEY: R = revised; U = data are not available

c Includes cars with a wheelbase of between 105 and 109 inches.b Includes cars with a wheelbase of between 100 and 104 inches.a Includes minicompact cars (wheelbase under 95 inches) and subcompact cars (wheelbase between 95 and 99 inches).
Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI 

TOTAL fatalities 43,825 23,167 44,599 22,587 41,508 20,159 39,250 18,290 40,150 17,908 40,716 17,308 41,817 17,732 42,065 17,749 42,013 16,711 41,501 16,673 41,717 16,572 41,945 17,380 42,196 17,400 43,005 17,524 42,643 17,013 42,636 16,694 43,443 16,8AI as a percent of total fatalities 52.9 50.6 48.6 46.6 44.6 42.5 42.4 42.2 39.8 40.2 39.7 41.4 41.2 40.7 39.9 39.2 3

Motorist fatalities, TOTAL 36,043 19,271 37,134 18,953 34,740 16,917 32,880 15,301 33,574 14,857 34,318 14,437 35,291 14,796 35,695 14,830 35,725 14,051 35,382 13,896 35,875 13,958 36,348 14,834 36,440 14,708 37,375 14,954 37,132 14,476 37,142 14,196 37,594 14,3

Single-vehicle crashes 17,130 10,882 18,159 11,162 17,280 10,208 15,958 9,045 15,932 8,761 15,997 8,330 16,732 8,868 16,723 8,781 16,529 8,244 16,666 8,417 17,075 8,516 17,471 8,964 17,753 8,973 18,600 9,238 18,175 8,939 18,288 8,808 18,806 9,0Two-vehicle crashes 16,467 7,296 16,262 6,676 15,025 5,821 14,449 5,341 15,161 5,205 15,664 5,219 15,744 5,017 15,935 5,084 16,218 4,904 15,742 4,638 15,726 4,562 15,758 4,854 15,618 4,739 15,628 4,744 15,795 4,606 15,737 4,492 15,649 4,4More than two-vehicle crashes 2,446 1,093 2,713 1,115 2,435 888 2,473 916 2,481 891 2,657 888 2,815 911 3,037 965 2,978 904 2,974 841 3,074 880 3,119 1,016 3,069 996 3,147 972 3,162 931 3,117 896 3,139 9

Nonmotorist fatalities, TOTAL 7,782 3,897 7,465 3,636 6,768 3,241 6,370 2,989 6,576 3,051 6,398 2,871 6,526 2,936 6,368 2,919 6,288 2,660 6,119 2,777 5,842 2,613 5,597 2,546 5,756 2,693 5,630 2,571 5,511 2,535 5,494 2,498 5,849 2,5

Pedestrians fatalities, total 6,808 3,575 6,482 3,264 5,801 2,891 5,549 2,721 5,649 2,735 5,489 2,578 5,584 2,607 5,449 2,593 5,321 2,350 5,228 2,463 4,939 2,314 4,763 2,254 4,901 2,371 4,851 2,292 4,749 2,253 4,641 2,211 4,881 2,1

Pedestrians, single-vehicle crashes 6,342 3,278 5,990 2,966 5,302 2,588 5,099 2,454 5,180 2,464 5,027 2,308 5,110 2,364 5,024 2,358 4,876 2,112 4,801 2,228 4,516 2,074 4,340 2,015 4,480 2,123 4,445 2,069 4,292 2,014 4,207 1,976 4,443 1,9Pedestrians, multiple-vehicle crashes 466 297 492 298 499 303 450 267 469 271 462 270 474 243 425 235 445 239 427 235 423 240 423 239 421 248 406 223 457 239 434 234 438 2

Pedalcyclists fatalities, total 890 284 859 315 843 305 723 228 816 279 802 262 833 290 765 265 814 252 760 268 754 270 693 246 732 283 665 243 622 238 725 248 784 2

Pedalcyclists, single-vehicle crashes 864 271 832 301 815 296 690 211 792 264 781 252 807 279 739 253 788 244 736 259 718 253 668 236 709 271 628 229 589 220 697 237 755 2Pedalcyclists, multiple-vehicle crashes 26 13 27 14 28 9 33 17 24 15 21 10 26 11 26 12 26 8 24 9 36 17 25 10 23 12 37 14 33 19 28 11 29 

Others/unknown 84 38 124 57 124 45 98 39 111 37 107 31 109 39 154 61 153 58 131 47 149 29 141 46 123 39 114 36 140 46 128 39 184 

U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) Database, personal communications, Sept. 6, 2006, Dec. 9, 2008, Oct. 20, 2009, and Nov. 22, 2010

Alcohol involvement pertains to any driver, pedestrian, or pedalcyclist involved in the accident. Alcohol results are determined from positive blood alcohol concentration tests and police-reported alcohol involvement and are adjusted by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. In 2001, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) adopted a new method, i.e., multiple imputation, to estimate missing blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test result data. This new method is being used by NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) to improve the scope of alcohol involvement statistics by the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). As a result, alcohol involvement fatalities have undergone a complete revision.The sum of individual categories may not add to totals because NCSA generates a separate estimate for each category of fatalities, including total fatalities. The estimates are rounded to the nearest whole number.SOURCESThe total motorist and nonmotorist fatalities data in this table are not comparable to total motorist and nonmotorist fatality data in other NTS tables that cite the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Traffic Safety Facts publication as a source.

KEY: AI = Alcohol involvement; Fatal = fatalities; R = revised.NOTES

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2002 2003 2005 

Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotorist Fatalities in Crashes by Number of Vehicles and Alcohol Involvement (AI)

1985 1990 1991 1999 2000 2001 2004 

1/13/2011 
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Fatalities 25,929 27,449 23,212 24,092 22,385 21,387 21,566 21,997 22,423 22,505 22,199 21,194 20,862 20,699 20,320 20,569 19,725 1Injured persons N N N 2,376,439 2,234,594 2,231,703 2,264,809 2,363,595 2,469,358 2,458,080 2,340,612 2,201,375 2,137,503 2,051,609 1,926,625 1,804,788 1,756,495 1,64

Vehicles involved in crashes N N N (R) 8,357,085 (R) 7,730,291 (R) 7,521,817 (R) 7,450,233 (R) 7,941,273 (R) 8,279,940 (R) 8,195,727 (R) 7,882,059 (R) 7,470,040 (R) 6,935,027 (R) 6,890,802 (R) 6,705,586 (R) 6,606,374 (R) 6,511,562 (R) 6,23

Vehicle-miles (millions) 1,030,376 1,107,056 1,248,981 1,427,178 1,411,655 1,436,035 1,445,106 1,459,208 1,478,352 1,499,139 1,528,399 1,555,901 1,566,808 1,580,735 1,595,443 1,611,860 1,612,237 1,62Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesFatalities 2.5 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 Injured persons N N N 167 158 155 157 162 167 164 153 141 136 130 121 112 109 

Vehicles involved in crashes N N N (R) 586 (R) 548 (R) 524 (R) 516 (R) 544 (R) 560 (R) 547 (R) 516 (R) 480 (R) 443 (R) 436 (R) 420 (R) 410 (R) 404 (R

KEY: N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised. NOTES

Table 2-21: Passenger Car Occupant Safety Data

All, except Vehicles involved in crashes : U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts (Final Edition) (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 4 and 7 and similar tables in previous editions, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/cats/listpublications.aspx?Id=E&ShowBy=DocType as of July 23, 2010.Vehicles involved in crashes: Ibid., Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) Database , National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System (NASS GES) Database, personal communication, July 23, 2010.Vehicle-miles in this table and in table 2-23 are taken from NHTSA revised data and are not based exclusively on USDOT, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) data. The change was made to reflect the different vehicle classification schemes used by FHWA and NHTSA. Thus, Vehicle-miles for passenger cars, and light and large trucks in this table and table 2-23 should not be compared with Vehicle-miles in 

chapter 1, which are taken directly from FHWA. Rates per 100 million vehicle-miles figures may differ from those in the source data due to rounding by the source. Vehicles involved in crashes figures in this table 

are not comparable to figures in previous editions due to a change in the source.SOURCES
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2

Fatalities 3,189 5,144 4,564 3,244 2,806 2,395 2,449 2,320 2,227 2,161 2,116 2,294 2,483 2,897 3,197 3,270 3,714 

Injured persons N N N 84,285 80,435 65,099 59,436 57,405 57,480 55,281 52,574 48,974 49,986 57,723 60,236 64,713 67,103 7

Motorcycles involved in crashes N N N 103,114 105,030 72,177 74,565 68,752 66,354 66,224 61,451 54,477 57,322 68,783 73,342 76,004 79,131 8

Vehicle-miles (millions) 5,629 10,214 9,086 9,557 9,178 9,557 9,906 10,240 9,797 9,920 10,081 10,283 10,584 10,469 9,639 9,552 9,577 1

Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesFatalities 56.7 50.4 50.2 33.9 30.6 25.1 24.7 22.7 22.7 21.8 21.0 22.3 23.5 27.7 33.2 34.2 38.8 

Injured persons N N N 882 876 681 600 561 587 557 522 476 472 551 625 677 701 

Motorcycles involved in crashes N N N 1,079 1,144 755 753 671 677 668 610 530 542 657 761 796 826 

Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety Data

1975-2004: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Fatality Analysis Reporting System Database and General Estimates System Database , personal communication, May 25, 2006.2005-07: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts , Final Edition , (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 35, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of March 2009.KEY: N = data do not exist; U = data are unavailable.Motorcycles involved in crashes:2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts, Early Edition, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 36, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of December 2, 2009.2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts , Early Edition , (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 10, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of December 2, 2009.SOURCESFatalities, injuries and vehicle-miles:1975-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts , Final Edition , (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 10, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of March 2009.NOTESThe injury and crash data in this table are from NHTSA's General Estimates System (GES). The data from the GES, which began operation in 1988, are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes. The GES sample includes only crashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death. The resulting figures do not take into account crashes that were not reported to the police or that did not result in property damage. 
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Fatalities, total 5,817 8,748 7,666 9,306 9,052 8,683 9,116 9,574 10,216 10,553 10,972 11,447 12,024 12,280 12,431 12,963 13,272 13,4

Light 4,856 7,486 6,689 8,601 8,391 8,098 8,511 8,904 9,568 9,932 10,249 10,705 11,265 11,526 11,723 12,274 12,546 12,6

Large 961 1,262 977 705 661 585 605 670 648 621 723 742 759 754 708 689 726 7

Injured persons, total N N N 546,966 590,632 578,435 632,976 661,619 752,840 794,238 785,733 791,273 879,757 917,398 889,951 905,580 915,941 927,4

Light N N N 505,144 562,601 544,657 600,874 631,411 722,496 761,478 754,820 762,506 846,865 886,566 860,527 879,338 889,048 900,1

Large N N N 41,822 28,031 33,778 32,102 30,208 30,344 32,760 30,913 28,767 32,892 30,832 29,424 26,242 26,893 27,2

Trucks involved in crashes, total N N N 2,783,396 2,809,179 2,852,683 3,139,660 3,411,997 3,568,059 3,757,001 3,834,545 3,805,318 4,150,879 4,307,493 4,347,654 4,423,255 4,516,020 4,570,3

Light N N N 2,398,620 2,478,832 2,476,648 2,742,332 2,951,353 3,190,587 3,363,246 3,396,628 3,393,363 3,675,959 3,850,498 3,917,831 3,988,668 4,059,299 4,154,4

Large N N N 384,776 330,347 376,035 397,328 460,644 377,472 393,755 437,917 411,955 474,920 456,995 429,823 434,587 456,721 415,9

Vehicle-miles (millions)

Light 204,274 295,475 388,778 555,659 595,924 642,397 675,353 711,515 749,971 787,255 824,896 861,951 903,314 942,611 976,096 1,012,648 1,043,936 1,098,8Large 81,330 108,491 123,504 146,242 149,543 153,384 159,888 170,216 178,156 182,971 191,477 196,380 202,688 205,520 209,032 214,603 217,917 220,7

Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesFatalities

Light 2.4 2.5 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Large 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 

Injured persons

Light N N N 90.9 94.4 84.8 89.0 88.7 96.3 96.7 91.5 88.5 93.8 94.1 88.2 86.8 85.2 8

Large N N N 28.6 18.7 22.0 20.1 17.7 17.0 17.9 16.1 14.6 16.2 15.0 14.1 12.2 12.3 1

Trucks involved in crashes

Light N N N 432 416 386 406 415 425 427 412 394 407 408 401 394 389 3

Large N N N 263 221 245 249 271 212 215 229 210 234 222 206 203 210 1

Fatalities, injuries, and vehicle-miles:1975-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 2008 (Final Edition) (Washington, DC: Annual 

Issues), tables 8 and 9, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of April 2010.Rates per 100 million vehicle-miles figures may not match those in the source data due to rounding by the source. The category Trucks involved in crashes, total , is not comparable to the category Crashes , that 

appeared in this table in 2008 and previous editions.

Table 2-23: Truck Occupant Safety Data

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised. Trucks involved in crashes:1975-2008: Ibid., National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) Database and General Estimates System (NASS GES) Database , personal communications, May 25, 2006 and July 23, 2010.NOTESLarge trucks - trucks over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit trucks and truck tractors. Light trucks - trucks of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups, vans, truck-based station wagons, and utility vehicles. The injury and crash data in this table are from the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) General Estimates System (GES). The data from GES, which began operation in 1988, are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes. The GES sample includes only crashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death. The resulting figures do not take into account crashes that were not reported to the police or that did not result in property damage. Vehicle-miles in this table and in table 2-19 are taken from NHTSA revised data and are not based exclusively on USDOT, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) data, as they have been in earlier reports. The change was made to reflect the different vehicle classification schemes used by FHWA and NHTSA. Thus, Vehicle-miles for passenger cars and Light and Large trucks in table 2-19 and this table should not be 

compared with Vehicle-miles in Chapter 1, which are taken directly from FHWA.

SOURCES
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 200

Fatalities 53 46 57 32 31 28 18 18 33 21 18 38 59 22 34 45 41 42 Injured persons N N N 32,691 20,959 20,144 17,056 15,767 19,214 20,291 16,887 15,559 21,958 17,769 15,427 18,819 18,174 16,410 1Vehicles involved in crashes N N N (R) 61,289 (R) 56,274 (R) 49,285 (R) 52,263 (R) 56,258 (R) 58,271 (R) 57,326 (R) 54,297 (R) 53,289 (R) 62,319 (R) 56,325 (R) 54,292 (R) 58,274 (R) 58,291 (R) 52,279 (R) 5

Vehicle-miles (millions) 6,055 6,059 4,478 5,726 5,750 5,778 6,125 6,409 6,420 6,563 6,842 7,007 7,662 7,590 7,077 6,845 6,783 6,801 Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesFatalities 0.9 0.8 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 Injured persons N N N 571 365 349 278 246 299 309 247 222 287 234 218 275 268 241 Vehicles involved in crashes N N N (R) 1,070 (R) 979 (R) 853 (R) 853 (R) 878 (R) 908 (R) 873 (R) 794 (R) 761 (R) 813 (R) 742 (R) 767 (R) 851 (R) 859 (R) 769 (R

a Bus includes school, transit, and intercity buses.

KEY: N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised.

Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dataa

NOTESRates per 100 million vehicle-miles figures may differ from those in the source data due to rounding by the source.1975-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 2008 (Final Edition) (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 4, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Cats/listpublications.aspx?Id=E&ShowBy=DocType as of April 2010.U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) Database, National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System (NASS GES) Database, personal communications, May 25, 2006, and July 23, 2010. The injury and crash data in this table are from the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) General Estimates System (GES). The data from GES, which began operation in 1988, are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all policereported crashes. The GES sample includes only crashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death. The resulting figures do not take into account crashes that were not reported to the police or that did not result in property damage. 1975-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, 

available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.cfm as of March 2009.1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.cfm as of April 2010.

Vehicles involved in crashes:Vehicle-miles:Fatalities, and injuries:SOURCES
State AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO Total

Ban on handheld devices Y YYY YBan on texting Y YYYYYY Y Y YYYY YYYYState MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY PR

Ban on handheld devices YY Y Y Y 10

Ban on texting Y YY YY Y Y Y YYYY YY 31

Table 2-25: State Laws on Distracted Driving- Ban on Hand-Held Devices and Texting While Driving: 2010

NOTES: While nine states have universal bans on hand-held devices and texting, many other states have partial bans on either or both that restrict use for novice drivers or bus drivers. In Iowa and Virginia, secondary enforcement is applied to texting while driving. In Maryland, secondary enforcement is applied to using hand-held devices while driving. Delaware's bans, while passed in 2010, are in effect as of Jan. 2, 2011.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, State Laws on Distracted Driving , available at http://www.distraction.gov/state-laws/ as of Mar. 18, 2011. 
1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Total fatalities 43,825 44,599 41,508 39,250 40,150 40,716 41,817 42,065 42,013 41,501 41,717 41,945 42,196 43,005 42,884 42,836 

Fatalities in alcohol-related crashes (BAC = .01+) 21,098 20,607 18,307 16,401 16,039 15,626 15,893 15,866 14,973 14,899 14,790 15,746 15,731 15,793 15,423 15,311 

Percent 48.1 46.2 44.1 41.8 39.9 38.4 38.0 37.7 35.6 35.9 35.5 37.5 37.3 36.7 36.0 35.7 

BAC = 0.00

Number 22,589 23,823 23,025 22,726 23,979 24,948 25,768 26,052 26,902 26,477 26,798 26,082 26,334 27,080 27,328 27,413 

Percent 51.5 53.4 55.5 57.9 59.7 61.3 61.6 61.9 64.0 63.8 64.2 62.2 62.4 63.0 63.7 64.0 

BAC = 0.01 - 0.07

Number 2,974 2,901 2,480 2,352 2,300 2,236 2,416 2,415 2,216 2,353 2,235 2,422 2,441 2,321 2,327 2,212 

Percent 6.8 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.2 

BAC = 0.08+

Number 18,125 17,705 15,827 14,049 13,739 13,390 13,478 13,451 12,757 12,546 12,555 13,324 13,290 13,472 13,096 13,099 

Percent 41.4 39.7 38.1 35.8 34.2 32.9 32.2 32.0 30.4 30.2 30.1 31.8 31.5 31.3 30.5 30.6 

Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) in Highway Crashes

U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 2009: Early Edition (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 13, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/cats/Index.aspx as of Feb. 1, 2011.KEY: BAC = blood alcohol concentration; P = preliminary; R = revised.NOTESBAC values have been assigned by U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) when alcohol test results are unknown. Alcohol-related crashes pertain to the BAC of the driver and nonoccupants struck by motor vehicles. For some years, numbers for Fatalities in alcohol-related crashes (BAC = .01+) may not add to totals due to rounding. In 2001, the NHTSA adopted a new method to estimate missing blood alcohol concentration (BAC ) test result data. This new method, multiple imputation, is being used by 

NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) to improve the scope of alcohol involvement statistics by the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. As a result of the methodology change, BAC 0.08 breakouts, which coincide with many state laws, can now be determined. Thus, NHTSA's general reporting categories have been modified to reflect this and are now BAC 0.00, BAC 0.01-0.07, and BAC 0.08+.

SOURCE
1986 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2

BAC = 0.08 per se lawsa 2 4 5 10 13 13 15 16 (c) 18 (c) 20 (d, R) 29 (d) 33 (

BAC level 0.02 or less for persons younger than 21 years 0 0 3 12 (c) 28 (c) 38 (c) 51 (c) 51 (c) 51 (c) 51 (c) 51 (c) 51 (

Administrative license revocation (ALR) for 

DUI / DWI offendersb (c) 21 (c) 27 (c) 30 (c) 33 (c) 38 (c) 40 (c) 41 (c) 41 (c) 41 (c) 41 (c) 41 (c) 41 (

2002: Ibid., Impaired Driving Division, personal communication, Feb. 5, 2004.

c Includes the District of Columbia.d Includes the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.

2003-06: Ibid., .08 BAC Laws (Washington, DC: 2004), Internet site 

http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/blood.htm as Oct. 19, 2004 and personal communication, Aug. 21, 2004, and Aug. 17, 2007.SOURCES 0.02 BAC and Administrative license revocation:1986-98: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Programs, Research and Evaluation Division, personal communications, Apr. 9, 1999 and Oct. 4, 1999.1986-2000: Ibid., Presidential Initiative for Making 0.08 BAC the National Legal Limit, A Progress Report , Internet site 

http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/limit.08/08progressreport/index.html as of Aug. 13, 2001.0.08 BAC: 2001: Ibid., Setting Limits, Saving Lives (Washington, DC: April 2001), DOT HS 809-241.

Table 2-27: Number of States with Different Types of Anti-DUI / DWI Legislation in Effect as of JanuarListed Year

KEY: BAC = blood alcohol concentration; DUI = driving under the influence; DWI = driving while intoxicated; R = revised.1999-2000, 2002-03: Ibid., Impaired Driving Division, personal communications, May 22, 2000, Feb. 5, 2004, and Oct. 15, 2004.2001: Ibid., Setting Limits, Saving Lives (Washington, DC: April 2001), DOT HS 809-241.NOTENational Uniform Minimum Drinking Age Act, which standardized the minimum drinking age at 21, was enacted in 1984.

a Per se law makes it illegal in and of itself to drive with an alcohol concentration measured at or above a certain level.b States that impose additional thresholds for ALR beyond those imposed for DUI/DWI are not included in these figures.
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 200

TOTAL fatal crashes 39,836 36,937 34,942 35,780 36,254 37,241 37,494 37,324 37,107 37,140 37,526 37,862 38,491 38,477 38,444 39Day of weekSunday 16.1 16.2 15.9 15.8 15.9 15.7 15.2 15.8 15.4 15.7 16.1 16.0 15.9 16.0 16.2 Monday 11.7 11.5 11.6 12.1 12.4 12.4 12.7 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.3 12.6 12.2 12.3 12.4 Tuesday 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.8 11.7 11.8 12.4 11.9 12.4 11.9 12.0 12.1 12.4 12.2 11.6 Wednesday 11.5 11.9 12.3 12.0 12.3 11.9 12.2 13.0 12.4 12.5 12.2 12.2 12.6 12.6 12.4 Thursday 12.6 12.5 13.3 13.0 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.0 12.1 12.9 13.0 12.7 12.8 12.8 13.3 Friday 16.7 16.5 16.1 16.3 16.3 16.6 16.1 16.1 15.8 15.9 16.0 16.2 15.8 15.7 16.0 Saturday 20.0 19.9 19.3 19.0 18.6 18.5 18.2 18.0 18.0 18.5 18.5 18.2 18.2 18.4 18.1 Unknown 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.05 Time of dayMidnight to 3 a.m. 15.7 15.3 14.3 13.8 13.1 12.8 12.6 12.2 12.3 12.2 12.5 12.5 13.1 12.5 12.4 3 a.m. to 6 a.m. 7.7 7.9 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.5 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.6 8.0 7.6 8.1 7.8 7.9 6 a.m. to 9 a.m. 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.9 9.3 9.2 9.5 9.9 9.7 10.1 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.7 9 a.m. to noon 8.5 8.6 8.8 9.7 9.6 9.4 9.7 9.9 10.2 10.1 9.9 10.0 9.7 9.9 9.9 Noon to 3 p.m. 11.6 11.7 12.4 12.5 13.1 12.9 12.7 13.3 13.4 13.2 13.1 13.2 13.1 13.1 13.4 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. 15.7 15.7 16.0 16.0 16.6 16.8 16.9 16.6 16.8 16.8 16.7 16.6 16.0 16.6 16.3 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. 15.6 15.6 16.5 16.2 15.7 15.9 15.7 15.9 15.6 15.4 15.3 15.4 15.4 15.3 15.7 9 p.m. to midnight 15.9 15.8 15.3 14.7 14.3 14.6 14.6 14.1 13.8 13.8 13.7 14.1 14.1 14.0 13.8 Unknown 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 

Atmospheric conditionNormal 86.7 86.7 85.7 87.0 87.3 86.7 86.3 86.4 87.2 89.0 88.0 88.4 88.0 87.3 87.0 Rain 9.3 9.0 10.0 8.7 8.3 8.6 8.4 8.8 8.8 7.3 7.1 7.5 7.8 7.8 8.3 Snow/sleet 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.2 1.8 2.4 2.7 2.5 1.7 1.6 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.2 1.9 Other/unknown 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.7 Light conditionDaylight 45.0 45.4 46.0 47.7 49.5 48.7 49.3 50.3 50.5 50.7 50.5 50.8 49.2 50.2 50.0 Dark, but lighted 17.7 17.4 17.4 16.4 15.6 16.0 15.9 15.6 14.9 15.0 15.9 15.7 16.1 15.7 15.8 Dark 32.7 33.0 32.4 31.5 30.3 30.7 30.3 29.5 30.0 29.7 29.2 29.0 30.2 29.7 29.6 Dawn or dusk 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.1 Unknown 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 

U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), WebBased Encyclopedia, available at http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of August 31, 2009.SOURCE

Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Day of Week, Time of Day, and Weather and Light Conditions (percent)
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 200

TOTAL fatal crashes 39,161 45,284 39,196 39,836 36,937 34,942 35,780 36,254 37,241 37,494 37,324 37,107 37,140 37,526 37,862 38,491 38,477 3Under 55 mph, total 15,233 20,079 19,278 19,136 17,507 16,827 16,985 16,948 17,439 17,345 17,258 17,018 16,963 17,054 17,582 17,651 17,422 1

5,10,15, 20, 25 mpha 2,617 2,865 2,504 2,234 2,097 1,911 1,895 1,890 1,893 1,896 1,955 1,873 1,863 1,827 1,919 1,897 1,883 

30, 35 mph 6,099 8,527 7,890 7,756 6,908 6,696 6,759 6,565 6,681 6,445 6,383 6,025 5,946 6,079 6,260 6,090 5,995 40, 45 mph 4,276 6,256 6,812 7,092 6,608 6,345 6,454 6,632 6,938 7,096 7,132 7,349 7,245 7,315 7,576 7,784 7,717 50 mph 2,241 2,431 2,072 2,054 1,894 1,875 1,877 1,861 1,927 1,908 1,788 1,771 1,909 1,833 1,827 1,880 1,827 

55 mph and above, total 16,095 20,352 18,871 19,749 18,630 17,450 18,144 18,698 19,140 19,460 19,251 19,333 19,373 19,735 19,416 19,898 19,995 1

55 mph 16,094 20,352 18,863 17,556 16,543 15,444 15,980 16,512 16,753 14,097 12,897 12,522 12,184 12,143 11,847 12,268 12,155 160 mph 0 0 2 18 9 4 9 13 16 523 935 1,073 1,069 1,163 1,221 1,270 1,364 65 mph 1 0 2 2,175 2,078 2,002 2,155 2,173 2,323 3,214 3,311 3,421 3,537 3,686 3,721 3,742 3,848 70 mph 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 38 1,282 1,633 1,835 2,079 2,230 2,116 2,027 2,039 Over 70 mph 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 344 475 482 504 513 511 591 589 

Unknownb 7,833 4,853 1,047 951 800 665 651 608 662 689 815 756 804 737 864 942 1,060 

Table 2-29: Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Posted Speed Limit

1975-93: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 2000 , DOT HS 809 337 (Washington, DC: December 2001), table 30, and the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) Web-Based Encyclopedia , available at http://www-fars.nthsa.dot.gov as of November 2003.1994-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), Web-Based Encyclopedia , available at http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of August 31, 2009.

KEY: mph = miles per hour; R = revised.

a The "No Statutory Limit" speed limit designation is included in this category.

NOTESIn 1974, Congress enacted a national maximum speed limit of 55 miles per hour (mph). Amendments in 1987 and 1991 allowed states to increase speed limits to 65 mph on rural Interstates and similar highways. The National Maximum Speed Limit was repealed in late 1995; speed limits are again set by the states, some of which have raised their maximum speed limits to 70 mph or above.SOURCES

b The "blank" designation is included in this category
1975-1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Safety beltsa,b 68,940 9,882 10,710 11,259 11,680 11,941 12,882 13,295 14,264 15,095 15,548 15,688 

Air bagsc 730 536 783 973 1,208 1,491 1,716 1,978 2,324 2,519 2,660 2,752 

Motorcycle helmets 15,076 624 617 627 660 745 872 947 992 1,173 1,324 1,554 Age 21 minimum legal drinking age 14,816 851 846 846 861 901 922 927 922 918 927 882 Child restraints 3,107 408 480 444 438 447 479 388 383 447 455 424 

Table 2-31: Estimated Number of Lives Saved by Occupant Protection, Motorcycle Helmets, and Drinking Age Law

KEY: R = revised.

a Represents all adults and children age 5 and older. Data are for passenger vehicles, which include cars, light trucks, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. Excludes medium and heavy trucks.

U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2008 (Final Edition) (Washington DC: 2009), http://wwwnrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/cats/listpublications.aspx?Id=E&ShowBy=DocType as of July 6, 2010.

b In 2002, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) revised its method for estimating lives saved by safety belts. The previous method included survey data from states with and without belt use laws. The current method relies on police-reported restraint use information for each individual occupant fatality. Also, the estimate now includes lives saved in passenger vehicles at all seating positions, where previously it had been front outboard positions only.c In 2002, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration revised the method for calculating lives saved by air bags.

SOURCE

Section D

Transit
 
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 200

Fatalitiesa 339 300 273 281 320 274 264 275 286 299 295 267 280 234 

Injuriesa,b 54,556 52,125 55,089 52,668 58,193 57,196 55,288 56,132 55,990 55,325 56,697 53,945 19,260 18,235 18

Accidentsb,c 58,002 46,467 36,380 30,559 29,972 25,683 25,166 24,924 23,937 23,310 24,261 23,891 13,968 7,793 7

Incidentsa,b,c (includes accidents) 90,163 83,139 73,531 64,986 70,693 62,471 59,392 61,561 60,094 58,703 59,898 58,149 30,331 19,797 20

Vehicle-miles (millions) 2,490 2,478 2,510 2,535 2,581 2,620 2,605 2,702 2,833 2,927 3,002 3,090 3,084 3,071 3Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesd

Fatalities (all reportable incidents) 13.6 12.1 10.9 11.1 12.4 10.5 10.1 10.2 10.1 10.2 9.8 8.6 9.1 7.6 Injuries (all reportable incidents) 2,191 2,103 2,195 2,077 2,254 2,183 2,122 2,078 1,976 1,890 1,889 1,746 624 594 Accidents 2,329 1,875 1,450 1,205 1,161 980 966 922 845 796 808 773 453 254 Property damageb,e (current $ millions) 38.0 37.5 37.5 44.9 38.4 46.3 57.6 55.5 61.5 55.3 58.9 73.1 32.2 59.2 

c Accidents include collisions with other vehicles, objects, and people (except suicides), and derailments/buses going off the road. Incidents include 

Accidents plus personal casualties (inside vehicles, inside stations, and boarding and alighting vehicle) and fires. 

 2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, personal communication on May 13, 2010.

d Fatality and Injury rates are based on total Incidents including Accidents and were calculated by dividing the number of Fatalities, Injuries , and 

Incidents in this table by the number of Vehicle miles . 

NOTES1990-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Report (Cambridge, 

MA: Annual Issues), available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Data/Samis.asp as of Mar. 23, 2009.SOURCESIn 2008, the property damage threshold was changed to $25,000. Previously, any accident with property damage equal to or greater than $7,500 was reported. This change in coverage caused a large drop in the number of accidents in 2008.

Table 2-32: Transit Safety and Property Damage Data

Transit vehicle-miles in this table differ from those reported in Chapter 1. The American Public Transit Association, which is the source for the vehiclemiles table in Chapter 1, includes all transit systems, while Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report covers only directly operated urban transit systems. Prior to the 2000 edition, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Report was entitled Safety Management Information Statistics (SAMIS) 

annual report.

e Total does not include Property damage for cable car, inclined plane, jitney, and ferry boat, which were: 1990–$335,000; 1991–$410,000; 

1992–$288,000; 1993–$221,000; 1994–$322,000; 1995–$3,263,000; 1996–$157,000; 1997–$67,000; 1998–$24,000; 1999–$104,000; 2000–$77,000; 2001–$1,605,000; 2002–$254,000; 2003–$15,348,000; 2004–$604,000; 2005–$44,000; 2006– $555,000; 2007–$1,234,000; 2008–$1,065,000. The large increase in excluded Property damage reported in 2003 is a result of the Staten Island Ferry Incident on Oct. 16, 2003 which resulted in $15,000,000 of Property damage.

b The drop in the number of Incidents, Accidents, Injuries , and Property damage beginning from 2002 is due largely to a change in definitions by the 

Federal Transit Administration, particularly the definition of Injuries . Only Injuries requiring immediate medical treatment away from the scene now qualify as reportable. Previously, any injury was reportable. Commuter rail data are now derived from the Federal Railroad Administration's Rail 

Accident Incident Reporting System (RAIRS). The threshold for reporting Property damage was changed from $1,000 in transit Property damage to 

$7,500 in total property damage from 2002 to 2007.

Data are provided only for transit systems that furnished safety data for inclusion in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis, annual reports. 

a Totals do not include data for cable car, inclined plane, jitney, and ferry boat. These data appear in the footnotes for table 2-33.
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Fatalities, total 212 215 173 191 225 179 152 185 192 190 183 197 109 120 111 106 121 149 144

Motor busc 92 80 91 79 90 69 82 100 90 91 82 89 64 73 61 49 76 76 63

Light rail 5 11 6 14 10 10 5 3 14 13 22 15 8 13 14 15 11 18 14

Heavy rail 51 59 33 37 41 43 32 28 18 21 19 26 30 17 15 7 12 25 31

Commuter rail 63 63 43 59 82 56 30 52 67 64 56 64 7 16 18 28 14 22 33

Demand responsive 0202213221430107783

Van pool 0000000000000030100

Automated guideway 1000000010000000000

Injured persons, totald 20,023 20,594 21,653 22,081 20,939 22,159 22,950 21,452 21,341 21,727 22,140 21,260 7,771 10,271 7,829 8,102 8,062 8,719 6,576

Motor busc 18,876 19,016 20,556 20,862 19,663 20,879 21,222 20,145 20,136 20,291 20,329 19,532 7,211 8,905 7,164 7,187 7,186 7,775 5,805

Light rail 465 474 468 361 327 355 680 320 332 427 415 305 177 192 245 268 255 373 269

Heavy rail 296 308 273 365 309 348 431 336 261 286 425 598 90 218 158 86 94 102 62

Commuter rail 84 560 110 210 216 159 213 99 66 54 53 108 50 102 51 263 100 60 180

Demand responsive 286 200 233 224 399 395 379 499 492 632 869 679 200 836 174 280 373 383 240

Van pool 16 36 13 58 24 23 25 52 53 37 49 38 43 18 37 18 47 25 20

Automated guideway 0001100110000000710

Accidents, totald 58,002 46,468 36,380 30,559 29,972 25,683 25,166 24,924 23,937 23,310 24,261 23,891 13,968 7,793 7,838 8,152 8,970 8,288 3,452

Motor busc 55,289 44,467 34,282 28,596 27,754 23,819 23,425 22,995 22,277 21,407 22,127 21,799 12,821 6,720 6,837 6,983 7,738 7,233 2,921

Light rail 699 671 600 449 512 309 341 363 328 300 357 344 558 556 490 625 634 623 189

Heavy rail 144 188 613 662 744 637 346 325 293 396 364 328 183 152 171 117 131 142 74

Commuter rail 175 248 181 208 266 216 201 192 193 215 258 237 89 89 93 68 77 128 103

Demand responsive 1,613 814 668 524 659 647 774 886 664 862 997 976 283 267 219 249 356 130 158

Van pool 81 79 35 119 36 54 78 160 179 130 157 207 34 9 28 110 32 31 7

Automated guideway 1111111330100000210

Vehicle-miles (millions), total 2,490 2,478 2,510 2,535 2,581 2,620 2,605 2,702 2,833 2,927 3,002 3,090 3,084 3,071 3,139 3,098 3,126 3,166 3,228

Motor busc 1,668 1,661 1,688 1,690 1,702 1,702 1,687 1,719 1,779 1,835 1,868 1,911 1,919 1,876 1,891 1,853 1,849 1,872 1,907

Light rail 24 27 28 27 34 34 37 41 43 48 52 53 60 64 63 67 72 80 84

Heavy rail 529 522 520 518 522 537 543 558 566 578 595 608 621 630 643 645 649 654 671

Commuter rail 187 188 188 206 210 217 203 216 242 249 253 257 255 256 279 271 283 289 275

Demand responsive 74 71 72 77 94 109 108 134 157 167 179 205 172 189 203 196 196 181 191

Van pool 8 8 13 16 18 19 25 33 44 49 52 54 56 55 58 65 77 87 99

Automated guideway 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 2

Fatalities, all modes 8.5 8.7 6.9 7.5 8.7 6.8 5.8 6.8 6.8 6.5 6.1 6.4 3.5 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.9 4.7 4.5

Motor busc 5.5 4.8 5.4 4.7 5.3 4.1 4.9 5.8 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.7 3.3 3.9 3.2 2.6 4.1 4.1 3.3

Light rail 20.8 40.3 21.2 51.1 29.6 29.0 13.3 7.4 32.3 27.1 42.3 28.5 13.3 20.4 22.1 22.3 15.4 22.5 16.7

Heavy rail 9.6 11.3 6.3 7.1 7.9 8.0 5.9 5.0 3.2 3.6 3.2 4.3 4.8 2.7 2.3 1.1 1.8 3.8 4.6

Commuter rail 33.6 33.4 22.9 28.6 39.0 25.8 14.8 24.1 27.6 25.7 22.1 24.9 2.7 6.2 6.5 10.3 5.0 7.6 12.0

Demand responsive 0.0 2.8 0.0 2.6 2.1 0.9 2.8 1.5 1.3 0.6 2.2 1.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 3.6 3.6 4.4 1.6

Van pool 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.2 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0

Automated guideway 162.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Injured persons, all modesd 804 831 863 871 811 846 881 794 753 742 738 688 252 334 249 262 258 275 204

Motor busc 1,132 1,145 1,218 1,234 1,155 1,227 1,258 1,172 1,132 1,106 1,088 1,022 376 475 379 388 389 415 304

Light rail 1,933 1,735 1,654 1,318 968 1,030 1,815 785 767 889 798 580 293 302 386 398 357 466 320

Heavy rail 56 59 52 71 59 65 79 60 46 50 71 98 14 35 25 13 14 16 9

Commuter rail 45 297 59 102 103 73 105 46 27 22 21 42 20 40 18 97 35 21 65

Demand responsive 386 282 324 292 425 361 349 372 313 379 485 331 117 443 86 143 191 211 125

Van pool 208 430 103 363 132 123 101 158 121 75 94 70 77 33 64 28 61 29 20

Automated guideway 0 0 0 104 85 0 0 70 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 389 56 0

Accidents, all modesd 2,329 1,875 1,450 1,205 1,161 980 966 922 845 796 808 773 453 254 250 263 287 262 107

Motor busc 3,315 2,678 2,031 1,692 1,631 1,400 1,389 1,338 1,252 1,166 1,184 1,141 668 358 362 377 418 386 153

Light rail 2,906 2,456 2,121 1,639 1,516 897 910 891 758 624 687 654 925 874 773 928 886 778 225

Heavy rail 27 36 118 128 142 119 64 58 52 69 61 54 29 24 27 18 20 22 11

Commuter rail 93 132 96 101 127 100 99 89 80 86 102 92 35 35 33 25 27 44 37

Demand response 2,177 1,147 928 682 702 591 714 661 423 516 557 476 165 141 108 127 182 72 83

Van pool 1,052 944 278 744 198 289 314 485 408 263 301 380 61 16 48 170 42 36 7

Automated guideway 162 204 102 104 85 87 69 209 207 0 62 0 0 0 0 0 111 56 0

d In 2002 the drop in the number of Accidents and Injuries is due largely to a change in definitions by the Federal Transit 

Administration, particularly the definition of Injuries . Only Injuries requiring immediate medical treatment away from the 

scene now qualify as reportable. Previously, any Injury was reportable. Commuter rail data are now derived from the 

Federal Railroad Administration's Rail Accident Incident Reporting System (RAIRS).

a Accident statistics for cable car, inclined plane, jitney, and ferry boat are not available. The number of incidents, 

Fatalities , and Injuries for these modes appear in the footnotes for table 2-33a

Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by Modea for All Reported Accidentsb

b Accidents includes collisions with vehicles, objects, people (except suicides), and derailments/vehicles going off road.

c Motor bus also includes trolley bus

Rates per 100 million vehicle-milese

1990-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics, 

available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Data/Samis.asp as of Sept. 15, 2009, and personal communications, Oct. 

8, 2004, Apr. 22, 2005, Apr. 24, 2006, June 14, 2007, June 18, 2008, and Sept. 1, 2010.

e Rates are based on total incidents including Accidents and were calculated by dividing the number of Fatalities , 

Injuries , and Accidents in this table by the number of Vehicle-miles .

Analysts for the FTA believe the change in reporting requirements in 2002 may have resulted in unreliable data in that 

year, particularly for Injuries and Accidents . The reliability of reporting is believed to be much better in 2003 and is 

expected to improve in the future.

Data are provided only for transit systems that furnished safety data for inclusion in the U.S. Department of 

Transportation, Federal Transit Administration Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis annual reports. Data 

covers only directly operated urban transit systems. Vehicle-miles for all transit systems including nonurban and 

purchased can be found in the Vehicle-miles table in chapter 1.

Prior to the 2000 edition, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Report was entitled Safety Management 

Information Statistics (SAMIS) annual report.

SOURCE

NOTES

Details may not add to totals due to rounding.
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Fatalities, total 339 300 273 281 320 274 264 275 286 299 295 267 (R) 289 (R) 259 (R) 263 (R) 249 (R) 246 (R) 307 171 224

Motor busc 110 88 99 83 108 82 101 109 109 102 90 95 (R) 80 (R) 109 (R) 82 (R) 75 (R) 108 (R) 105 81 78

Light rail 7 13 9 15 13 15 6 3 23 17 30 21 13 (R) 15 (R) 21 19 17 (R) 33 16 34

Heavy rail 117 103 91 83 85 79 74 77 54 84 80 59 73 (R) 47 (R) 60 35 23 32 67 100

Commuter rail 104 93 74 98 112 92 72 79 94 95 87 87 116 77 86 105 85 124 U U

Demand responsive 0 3 0 2 2 6 11 7 4 1 8 5 (R) 6 (R) 11 (R) 6 (R) 12 (R) 12 (R) 11 7 7

Van pool 000000000000 (R) 1 0 (R) 7 01104

Automated guideway 10000000200000130101

Injured persons, totalf 54,556 52,125 55,089 52,668 58,193 57,196 55,288 56,132 55,990 55,325 56,697 53,945 (R) 20,313 (R) 20,175 (R) 20,794 (R) 19,696 (R) 21,433 (R) 23,350 24,561 26,064

Motor busc 40,006 38,619 40,090 38,873 42,195 41,297 39,709 39,181 41,035 41,221 40,925 38,840 (R) 12,323 (R) 12,537 (R) 12,925 (R) 12,385 (R) 12,852 (R) 14,126 14,267 15,472

Light rail 1,244 1,251 1,268 982 1,181 1,319 1,604 1,087 1,076 1,271 1,338 1,201 (R) 539 (R) 556 (R) 654 (R) 614 (R) 656 (R) 843 1,006 1,054

Heavy rail 10,036 9,285 10,446 10,532 11,673 11,238 11,093 12,285 11,059 9,665 10,848 10,641 (R) 4,833 (R) 4,154 (R) 4,759 3,814 (R) 4,820 (R) 5,015 7,264 7,536

Commuter rail 2,438 2,308 2,546 1,560 2,374 2,374 1,953 2,388 1,677 1,761 1,783 1,813 1,483 1,597 1,364 1,672 1,426 1,548 U U

Demand responsive 807 622 713 652 731 935 882 1,121 1,064 1,345 1,736 1,374 (R) 1,070 (R) 1,283 (R) 1,031 (R) 1,180 (R) 1,607 (R) 1,768 1,979 1,896

Van pool 21 40 19 59 29 25 27 54 67 41 52 40 (R) 37 (R) 19 (R) 46 (R) 29 (R) 55 (R) 39 23 69

Automated guideway 4 0 7 10 10 8 20 16 12 21 15 36 28 29 15 2 (R) 17 11 22 37

All incidents, totalf 90,163 83,139 73,531 64,986 70,693 62,471 59,392 61,561 60,094 58,703 59,898 58,149 (R) 25,827 (R) 22,490 (R) 23,490 (R) 23,828 (R) 26,109 (R) 25,468 23,229 23,961

Motor busc 70,437 63,453 52,182 45,580 49,185 42,780 40,456 40,524 41,616 41,094 41,677 40,321 (R) 13,883 (R) 12,006 (R) 12,593 (R) 12,767 (R) 14,274 (R) 13,601 11,556 12,497

Light rail 1,465 1,543 1,492 1,136 1,413 1,276 1,350 1,173 1,121 1,182 1,319 1,299 (R) 1,056 (R) 985 (R) 939 (R) 1,129 (R) 1,130 (R) 1,181 1,009 986

Heavy rail 12,178 14,102 15,512 15,082 15,869 14,327 13,748 15,151 13,516 12,196 12,782 12,406 (R) 6,919 (R) 5,534 (R) 6,270 (R) 5,738 (R) 6,267 (R) 6,963 8,902 8,697

Commuter rail 3,031 2,716 3,160 2,111 3,115 2,847 2,449 3,078 2,410 2,499 2,072 2,159 1,720 1,749 1,598 1,663 1,575 1,732 U U

Demand responsive 2,965 1,241 1,137 946 1,062 1,173 1,284 1,454 1,221 1,577 1,871 1,719 (R) 2,195 (R) 2,171 (R) 2,037 (R) 2,402 (R) 2,816 (R) 1,924 1,724 1,716

Van pool 84 83 40 121 39 58 80 162 194 135 160 209 (R) 31 (R) 12 (R) 34 (R) 123 (R) 36 (R) 46 12 25

Automated guideway 3 1 8 10 10 10 25 19 16 20 17 36 23 33 19 6 (R) 11 21 26 40

Unlinked passenger trips 

(millions)d

, total 7,646 7,380 7,318 7,059 7,335 7,172 7,211 7,615 7,774 8,149 8,337 8,554 (R) 8,836 (R) 8,738 (R) 8,782 (R) 9,020 (R) 9,234 (R) 9,801 9,684 U

Motor busc 4,912 4,780 4,728 4,585 4,567 4,539 4,464 4,554 4,712 4,926 4,959 5,065 (R) 5,333 (R) 5,255 (R) 5,200 (R) 5,333 (R) 5,374 (R) 5,375 5,548 U

Light rail 174 184 187 187 274 249 259 259 273 289 316 327 (R) 337 (R) 338 (R) 350 (R) 381 (R) 407 (R) 418 451 U

Heavy rail 2,252 2,123 2,119 1,960 2,149 2,034 2,157 2,429 2,393 2,521 2,632 2,728 2,688 2,667 2,748 (R) 2,808 (R) 2,927 (R) 3,460 3,547 U

Commuter rail 286 274 262 303 318 322 302 311 360 374 388 390 380 375 377 383 399 413 U U

Demand responsive 14 13 13 15 17 18 17 48 22 23 24 27 (R) 78 (R) 82 (R) 83 (R) 87 (R) 88 (R) 91 96 U

Van pool 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 8 9 10 10 10 (R) 12 (R) 13 (R) 15 (R) 17 (R) 20 (R) 23 30 U

Automated guideway 6 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 8 8 8 9 12 (R) 18 (R) 21 12 U

Rates per 100 million unlinked passenger trips (millions)e

Fatalities, all modes 4.4 4.1 3.7 4.0 4.4 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.1 (R) 3.3 (R) 3.0 (R) 3.0 (R) 2.8 (R) 2.7 (R) 3.1 (R) 1.8 U

Motor busc 2.2 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.4 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.9 (R) 1.5 (R) 2.1 (R) 1.6 (R) 1.4 (R) 2.0 (R) 2.0 (R) 1.5 U

Light rail 4.0 7.1 4.8 8.0 4.7 6.0 2.3 1.2 8.4 5.9 9.5 6.4 (R) 3.9 (R) 4.4 (R) 6.0 (R) 5.0 (R) 4.2 (R) 7.9 (R) 3.5 U

Heavy rail 5.2 4.9 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.4 3.2 2.3 3.3 3.0 2.2 2.7 (R) 1.8 (R) 2.2 (R) 1.2 (R) 0.8 (R) 0.9 (R) 1.9 U

Commuter rail 36.4 33.9 28.3 32.4 35.2 28.6 23.8 25.4 26.1 25.4 22.4 22.3 30.6 20.5 22.8 27.4 21.3 30.0 U U

Demand responsive 0.0 22.6 0.0 13.5 12.0 33.9 65.5 14.6 18.1 4.3 32.8 18.6 (R) 7.7 (R) 13.5 (R) 7.2 (R) 13.9 (R) 13.6 (R) 12.1 7.3 U

Van pool 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (R) 8.2 (R) 0 (R) 47.1 (R) 0 (R) 4.9 (R) 4.4 0.0 U

Automated guideway 17.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.7 26.0 (R) 0 4.8 0.0 U

Injured persons, all modesf 714 706 753 746 793 798 767 737 720 679 680 631 (R) 230 (R) 231 (R) 237 (R) 218 (R) 232 (R) 238 254 U

Motor busc 815 808 848 848 924 910 890 860 871 837 825 767 (R) 231 (R) 239 (R) 249 (R) 232 (R) 239 (R) 263 257 U

Light rail 715 682 677 524 432 529 620 419 394 440 423 368 (R) 160 (R) 165 (R) 187 (R) 161 (R) 161 (R) 202 223 U

Heavy rail 446 437 493 537 543 553 514 506 462 383 412 390 (R) 180 (R) 156 (R) 173 136 (R) 165 (R) 145 205 U

Commuter rail 853 843 972 516 747 738 646 769 466 471 459 465 391 425 362 437 357 374 U U

Demand responsive 5,835 4,678 5,393 4,401 4,390 5,286 5,251 2,336 4,821 5,846 7,113 5,117 1,369 1,569 1,242 1,363 1,820 1,943 2,072 U

Van pool 1,037 1,721 584 1,398 638 537 461 701 773 411 524 405 302 141 309 168 269 173 77 U

Automated guideway 68 0 127 194 160 123 317 272 195 389 239 464 364 353 160 17 94 53 189 U

All incidents, all modesf 1,179 1,126 1,005 921 964 871 824 808 773 720 718 680 (R) 292 (R) 257 (R) 267 (R) 264 (R) 283 (R) 260 240 U

Motor busc 1,434 1,327 1,104 994 1,077 943 906 890 883 834 840 796 (R) 260 (R) 228 (R) 242 (R) 239 (R) 266 (R) 253 208 U

Light rail 842 841 796 606 516 512 522 452 411 410 417 398 (R) 314 (R) 292 (R) 268 (R) 297 (R) 278 (R) 282 224 U

Heavy rail 541 664 732 769 738 705 637 624 565 484 486 455 (R) 257 (R) 208 (R) 228 (R) 204 (R) 214 (R) 201 251 U

Commuter rail 1,060 991 1,207 698 980 885 810 991 670 668 533 554 453 466 424 435 394 419 U U

Demand responsive 21,440 9,333 8,600 6,385 6,378 6,632 7,644 3,030 5,532 6,854 7,666 6,402 (R) 2,808 (R) 2,655 (R) 2,454 (R) 2,774 (R) 3,190 (R) 2,115 1,805 U

Van pool 4,147 3,570 1,229 2,867 858 1,245 1,366 2,104 2,238 1,353 1,611 2,116 (R) 253 (R) 89 (R) 229 (R) 714 (R) 176 (R) 204 40 U

Automated guideway 51 28 145 194 160 154 396 323 260 371 271 464 299 401 203 52 (R) 61 101 223 U

Other Modes 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Fatalities: 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 10 0 0 1 2 1 0

Injuries: 378 327 399 383 616 598 354 357 379 1,091 762 897 58 156 58 18 54 106 58 77

Incidents: 186 411 400 411 650 536 301 353 253 1,078 745 891 99 99 60 25 48 113 63 75

2002-09: Ibid, National Transit Database, Safety and Security Time Series Data (Washington, DC: March 2010 Issue), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Aug. 20, 2010.

1990-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2004 Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Report (Cambridge, MA: 2005).

e Rates are based on total incidents including accidents and were calculated by dividing the number of fatalities, injuries, and incidents in this table by the number of unlinked 

passenger trips.

f In 2002 the drop in the number of incidents and injuries is due largely to a change in definitions by the Federal Transit Administration, particularly the definition of injuries. Only 

injuries requiring immediate medical treatment away from the scene now qualify as reportable. Previously, any injury was reportable. Commuter rail data are now derived from the 

Federal Railroad Administration's Rail Accident Incident Reporting System (RAIRS).

Data are provided only for transit systems that furnished safety data for inclusion in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration Transit Safety and 

Security Statistics and Analysis annual reports. Data covers only directly operated urban transit systems. Vehicle-miles for all transit systems including nonurban and purchased 

can be found in the vehicle-miles table in chapter 1.

Prior to the 2000 edition, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Report was entitled Safety Management Information Statistics (SAMIS) annual report.

Table 2-34: Transit Safety Data by Modea for All Reported Incidentsb

Analysts for the FTA believe the change in reporting requirements in 2002 may have resulted in unreliable data in that year, particularly for injuries and incidents. The reliability of 

reporting is believed to be much better in 2003 and is expected to improve in the future.

NOTES

SOURCES

a

 The figures for cable car, inclined plane, jitney, and ferry boat are lumped together and appear in this footnote. Note that the 2003 data include 11 fatalities and 70 injuries that 

resulted from the Oct. 16, 2003 Staten Island Ferry incident. 

b Incidents include accidents (collisions with vehicles, objects, people (except suicides), derailments/vehicles going off road), plus personal casualties, fires, and property damage 

associated with transit agency revenue vehicles and all transit facilities.

c

 Motor bus also includes trolley bus. d

 The number of unlinked passenger trips is equivalent to the number of passengers who board public transit vehicles. Passengers are counted each time they board a vehicle 

regardless of how many vehicles are necessary for a passenger to get to their destination.

Commuter rail are not required to submit safety and security data for the National Transportation Database .

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 

All transit rail, total 186 152 159 171 196 197 167 202 143 167 159 125 

Transit only 169 145 147 145 175 177 154 178 122 138 101 92 

Grade crossing 17 7 12 26 21 20 13 24 21 29 58 33 

Light rail, total 15 6 3 23 17 30 21 13 17 22 19 17 

Transit only N N N N N 18 20 12 13 12 9 9 

Grade crossing N N N N N 12 1 1 4 10 10 8 

Heavy rail, total 79 74 77 54 84 80 59 73 49 59 35 23 

Transit only N N N N N 80 58 73 48 58 35 22 Grade crossing NNNNN 0101101

Commuter rail, total 92 72 79 94 95 87 87 116 77 86 105 85 

Transit only N N N N N 79 76 93 61 68 57 61 

Grade crossing N N N N N 8 11 23 16 18 48 24 

SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at 

http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/ as of Apr. 5, 2006, and personal communications on June 8, 2005, Apr. 5, 2006, June 14, 2007, June 18, 2008, Aug. 20, 2010. 

Table 2-35: Transit and Grade-Crossing Fatalities by Rail Transit Mod

e

KEY: N = data do not exist; P = preliminary.NOTESLight rail and Heavy rail Grade crossings are regulated by the Federal Transit Administration. The Federal Transit Administration defines two types of Grade crossings : (1) At grade, 

mixed, and cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which other traffic moving in the same direction or other cross directions may pass. This includes city street rightof-way; (2) At grade with cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which no other traffic may pass, except to cross at grade-level crossings. This can include median strip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersecting streets. Commuter rail Grade crossings are regulated by the Federal Railroad Administration. The Federal Railroad Administration defines a Grade crossing as a location where a public 

highway, road, street, or private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroad tracks at grade.
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 

All transit rail, total 14,931 14,650 15,760 13,812 12,697 13,969 13,655 6,846 6,294 6,735 6,104 6,806 

Transit only 14,736 14,466 15,634 13,754 12,538 13,846 13,581 6,738 6,177 6,582 5,910 6,598 Grade crossing 195 184 126 58 159 123 74 108 117 153 194 208 

Light rail, total 1,319 1,604 1,087 1,076 1,271 1,338 1,201 557 539 633 618 659 

Transit only NNNNN 1,227 1,147 481 471 519 458 505 

Grade crossing N N N N N 111 54 76 68 114 160 154 

Heavy rail, total 11,238 11,093 12,285 11,059 9,665 10,848 10,641 4,806 4,158 4,738 3,814 4,721 

Transit only NNNNN 10,847 10,634 4,801 4,158 4,738 3,813 4,721 

Grade crossing NNNNN 1 7 5 0 0 1 0 

Commuter rail, total 2,374 1,953 2,388 1,677 1,761 1,783 1,813 1,483 1,597 1,364 1,672 1,426 

Transit only NNNNN 1,772 1,800 1,456 1,548 1,325 1,639 1,372 

Grade crossing N N N N N 11 13 27 49 39 33 54 

Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Crossing Injuries by Rail Transit Mod

e

SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report , (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/ as of Apr. 5, 2006, and personal communications on June 8, 2005, Apr. 5, 2006, June 14, 2007, June 18, 2008, Aug. 20, 2010.KEY: N = data do not exist; P = preliminary.NOTESLight rail and Heavy rail Grade crossings are regulated by the Federal Transit Administration. The Federal Transit Administration defines two types of 

Grade crossings : (1) At grade, mixed, and cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which other traffic moving in the same direction or other cross directions may pass. This includes city street right-of-way; (2) At grade with cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which no other traffic may pass, except to cross at grade-level crossings. This can include median strip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersecting streets. Commuter rail Grade crossings are regulated by the Federal Railroad Administration. The Federal Railroad Administration defines a Grade crossing as a 

location where a public highway, road, street, or private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroad tracks at grade.Data thresholds changed for certain elements beginning with 2002. The extreme drop in the incidents, injuries, collisions, and not otherwise classifieds (personal casualties) for 2002 is due to the change of the incident thresholds, specifically the definition of injuries, in the NTD. The injury definition was changed for the 2002 revision of the NTD to coincide with other USDOT modes. Only incidents involving immediate medical treatment away from the scene now qualify as reportable injuries. Previously, any reported incident/injury was reported to NTD. It was felt that this resulted in the collection of claims-based as opposed to safety-based data.
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 

All transit rail, total 18,450 17,547 19,402 17,047 15,877 16,173 15,864 9,903 8,286 8,751 8,534 8,889 

Transit only 18,323 17,413 19,283 16,941 15,737 16,025 15,763 9,505 8,010 8,440 7,999 8,713 Grade crossing 127 134 119 106 140 148 101 398 276 311 535 176 

Light rail, total 1,276 1,350 1,173 1,121 1,182 1,319 1,299 1,105 983 931 1,130 1,138 

Transit only 1,178 1,253 1,107 1,055 1,079 1,213 1,245 785 766 693 689 1,041 Grade crossing 98 97 66 66 103 106 54 320 217 238 441 97 

Heavy rail, total 14,327 13,748 15,151 13,516 12,196 12,782 12,406 7,078 5,554 6,222 5,741 6,176 

Transit only 14,325 13,746 15,146 13,513 12,195 12,781 12,398 7,076 5,553 6,221 5,740 6,173 Grade crossing 225311821113

Commuter rail, total 2,847 2,449 3,078 2,410 2,499 2,072 2,159 1,720 1,749 1,598 1,663 1,575 

Transit only 2,820 2,414 3,030 2,373 2,463 2,031 2,120 1,644 1,691 1,526 1,570 1,499 Grade crossing 27 35 48 37 36 41 39 76 58 72 93 76 

SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report , (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/ as of Apr. 5, 2006, and personal communications on June 8, 2005, Apr. 5, 2006, June 14, 2007, June 18, 2008, Aug. 20, 2010.

Table 2-37: Transit and Grade-Crossing Incidents by Rail Transit Mod

e

NOTESLight rail and heavy rail Grade crossings are regulated by the Federal Transit Administration. The Federal Transit Administration defines two types of 

Grade crossings : (1) At grade, mixed, and cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which other traffic moving in the same direction or other cross directions may pass. This includes city street right-of-way; (2) At grade with cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which no other traffic may pass, except to cross at grade-level crossings. This can include median strip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersecting streets. Commuter rail Grade crossings are regulated by the Federal Railroad Administration. The Federal Railroad Administration defines a Grade crossing as a 

location where a public highway, road, street, or private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroad tracks at grade.Data thresholds changed for certain elements beginning with 2002. The extreme drop in the incidents, injuries, collisions, and not otherwise classifieds (personal casualties) for 2002 is due to the change of the incident thresholds, specifically the definition of injuries, in the NTD. The injury definition was changed for the 2002 revision of the NTD to coincide with other USDOT modes. Only incidents involving immediate medical treatment away from the scene now qualify as reportable injuries. Previously, any reported incident/injury was reported to NTD. It was felt that this resulted in the collection of claims-based as opposed to safety-based data.KEY: P = preliminary.
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Reported Offenses, Violent Crime

Homicidea 19 20 19 51 21 12 16 0 4 1 1 2 4

Motor bus 8 9 6 40 7 7 8020 1 0 4

Commuter rail 114131 2010 0 2 0

Demand responsive 000000 0000 0 0 0

Heavy rail 8 9 8 6 11 4 4011 0 0 0

Light rail 211400 2000 0 0 0

Otherb 000000 0000 0 0 0

Forcible rapec 29 38 31 47 27 37 37 65 25 24 23 5 1

Motor bus 11 13 10 16 14 10 7 40 2 7 11 1 0

Commuter rail 547133 5130 2 0 0

Demand responsive 002410 1001 0 0 0

Heavy rail 13 19 8 24 8 20 9 20 15 12 4 3 0

Light rail 024204 2454 6 1 1

Otherb 0 0 0 0 1 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0

Robberyd 2,811 4,563 4,760 3,684 3,789 3,480 3,308 1,641 1,408 1,561 1,656 2,222 2,634

Motor bus 909 871 870 605 764 916 953 386 369 476 535 730 800

Commuter rail 181 242 187 133 183 144 144 89 29 44 107 126 110

Demand responsive 130134 4 7 1 0 2 14 1

Heavy rail 1,490 3,164 3,394 2,686 2,588 2,174 1,966 864 762 676 630 861 1,196

Light rail 181 238 222 220 200 213 217 287 236 353 377 463 486

Otherb 49 45 87 39 51 29 24 8 11 12 5 28 41

Aggravated assaulte 2,701 3,084 3,105 2,314 2,448 2,217 2,286 2,560 1,638 1,330 1,332 1,768 2,066

Motor bus 1,941 1,677 1,294 1,186 1,268 1,070 1,146 1,383 957 774 760 1,007 1,263

Commuter rail 133 69 92 80 97 58 109 102 33 78 115 172 107

Demand responsive 6 13 13 13 14 16 8 24 4 3 6 19 11

Heavy rail 437 1,074 1,051 837 903 839 786 815 395 279 249 334 421

Light rail 157 199 143 170 135 208 187 227 220 184 177 217 235

Otherb 27 52 512 28 31 26 50 9 29 12 25 19 29

Reported Offenses, Property Crime

Theftf 10,596 13,238 14,486 11,830 12,896 13,393 13,636 12,843 8,146 7,847 6,007 6,409 7,943

Motor bus 2,738 3,408 2,920 2,327 2,487 2,548 2,826 2,631 1,846 1,787 1,593 1,520 1,560

Commuter rail 2,238 2,262 2,345 2,021 1,872 2,139 2,001 1,912 563 730 1,224 1,449 1,293

Demand responsive 2 8 40 15 4 19 5 42 8 4 2 13 1

Heavy rail 4,625 6,794 8,321 6,807 7,789 7,856 7,807 7,158 4,802 4,396 2,204 2,527 4,121

Light rail 451 609 479 496 530 724 706 1,055 877 915 856 847 919

Otherb 542 157 381 164 214 107 291 45 50 15 128 53 49

Vehicle theftg 2,182 2,261 2,276 2,225 1,876 2,112 1,909 2,117 1,800 1,584 1,361 1,051 1,756

Motor bus 263 306 198 208 198 169 213 222 149 169 382 229 206

Commuter rail 253 125 262 470 272 367 308 152 67 63 54 126 84

Demand responsive 0 1 3 9 28 6 6531 080

Heavy rail 1,536 1,694 1,630 1,234 1,203 1,285 1,143 1,426 1,267 966 490 388 1,140

Light rail 128 135 179 273 156 279 226 310 306 385 434 298 322

Otherb 2 0 4 31 19 6 13 2 8 0 1 2 4

Burglaryh 1,759 1,650 1,757 491 415 563 625 467 429 601 393 681 2,947

Motor bus 156 104 94 75 86 142 120 95 79 160 142 100 2,125

Commuter rail 178 177 260 217 170 191 188 78 83 96 112 154 94

Demand responsive 204316 2221 111

Heavy rail 1,367 1,278 1,343 110 91 82 119 95 53 40 25 54 525

Light rail 43 78 48 70 42 131 180 197 212 303 105 367 195

Otherb 13 13 8 16 25 11 16 0 0 1 8 5 7

Arsoni 63 96 75 60 53 50 44 23 23 42 27 26 26

Motor bus 29 67 33 21 15 24 12 8 9 23 11 13 8

Commuter rail 14 1 21 10 12 6 9832 213

Demand responsive 000000 0000 001

Heavy rail 14 22 16 27 20 16 15 4 10 7 2 5 8

Light rail 6 6 5 2 6 4 8 0 1 10 12 6 5

Otherb 000000 0300 011

Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode
Reported Offenses, Arrests

Other assaultsj 2,991 3,088 2,697 2,787 2,641 2,799 2,441 1,589 1,752 1,546 1,530 2,141 2,266

Motor bus 1,896 1,571 1,439 1,400 1,217 1,159 1,024 715 800 710 703 1,023 954

Commuter rail 144 106 140 122 164 142 156 72 37 136 181 196 245

Demand responsive 4 0 16 3 4 3 6 12 2 3 3 29 47

Heavy rail 645 932 881 898 888 1,085 999 662 750 572 462 630 708

Light rail 181 330 195 282 269 354 204 101 153 107 164 214 248

Otherb 121 149 26 82 99 56 52 27 10 18 17 49 64

Vandalismk 17,228 8,627 9,539 6,571 6,895 7,312 2,971 1,130 953 994 1,298 1,748 1,751

Motor bus 13,343 6,167 5,262 3,656 4,178 4,579 1,410 523 456 429 568 589 673

Commuter rail 1,071 309 659 778 507 264 293 145 9 122 276 507 371

Demand responsive 12 17 8 10 16 7 9720 553

Heavy rail 1,157 1,339 1,128 1,067 1,222 1,200 984 190 220 201 209 213 327

Light rail 1,505 609 2,084 947 892 1,215 246 256 246 235 233 408 346

Otherb 140 186 398 113 80 47 29 9 20 7 7 26 31

Sex offensesl 664 803 1,047 962 1,009 844 798 N N N N N N

Motor bus 242 260 363 258 321 220 178 N N N N N N

Commuter rail 100 41 82 91 85 84 80 N N N N N N

Demand responsive 5 0 6 2 5 1 3NNN NNN

Heavy rail 249 430 517 541 515 477 474 N N N N N N

Light rail 59 71 79 68 80 58 60 N N N N N N

Otherb 9 1 0 2 3 4 3NNN NNN

Drug abuse violations m 2,578 3,944 4,355 3,792 4,131 4,083 4,339 N N N N N N

Motor bus 1,037 2,122 1,970 1,414 1,705 1,443 1,179 N N N N N N

Commuter rail 303 393 477 495 303 196 389 N N N N N N

Demand responsive 1 0 15 21 8 1 2 N N N N N N

Heavy rail 1,078 1,130 1,530 1,550 1,606 1,915 2,015 N N N N N N

Light rail 151 298 336 271 501 520 739 N N N N N N

Otherb 8 1 27 41 8 8 15 N N N N N N

Driving under the influence n 466 129 205 176 204 194 284 N N N N N N

Motor bus 91 82 101 101 132 67 156 N N N N N N

Commuter rail 26 21 22 21 12 44 26 N N N N N N

Demand responsive 0 0 1 4 0 0 1NNN NNN

Heavy rail 52 8 22 21 42 39 57 N N N N N N

Light rail 292 16 31 21 15 33 22 N N N N N N

Otherb 5 2 28 8 3 11 22 N N N N N N

Drunkennesso 10,479 6,921 8,632 12,643 11,487 6,087 8,033 N N N N N N

Motor bus 6,457 3,936 5,346 3,046 3,609 3,337 4,693 N N N N N N

Commuter rail 71 23 226 156 112 170 108 N N N N N N

Demand responsive 2 2 46 34 2 1 4 N N N N N N

Heavy rail 1,511 1,617 1,601 7,340 5,831 1,240 1,308 N N N N N N

Light rail 2,255 1,305 1,258 1,844 1,913 1,316 1,598 N N N N N N

Otherb 183 38 155 223 20 23 322 N N N N N N

Disorderly conduct p 22,206 26,178 25,325 15,897 15,971 27,314 32,569 N N N N N N

Motor bus 4,681 5,025 6,978 4,521 5,471 3,745 3,253 N N N N N N

Commuter rail 810 1,085 1,399 1,525 797 706 607 N N N N N N

Demand responsive 5 8 47 5 5 6 2 N N N N N N

Heavy rail 15,258 19,183 15,309 8,227 7,856 21,087 27,626 N N N N N N

Light rail 1,164 800 1,177 1,408 1,767 1,737 1,046 N N N N N N

Otherb 288 77 415 211 75 33 35 N N N N N N

Trespassingq 3,362 3,497 7,444 6,049 3,670 4,303 4,597 2,278 4,126 3,162 3,220 4,503 4,919

Motor bus 928 604 1,225 1,283 1,065 1,329 1,040 937 1,262 1,115 1,138 1,392 1,290

Commuter rail 845 674 4,150 2,850 1,080 709 1,034 475 270 664 730 1,033 1,150

Demand responsive 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 13 2 1 12 36 6

Heavy rail 1,155 1,208 1,398 1,254 1,044 1,267 1,228 483 616 663 634 853 1,058

Light rail 400 653 463 443 436 985 1,278 349 1,951 699 677 1,151 1,376

Otherb 34 358 206 217 45 13 17 21 25 20 29 38 39

Fare evasionr 33,903 47,873 53,406 58,856 55,194 53,863 47,258 74,385 69,950 103,156 129,590 126,092 135,602

Motor bus 3,172 2,372 1,819 1,694 2,388 591 847 3,089 7,427 10,270 21,787 4,372 5,181

Commuter rail 140 334 310 204 167 179 566 3,849 3,873 73 194 11,768 346

Demand responsive 1 1 2 5 1 3 5 201 1 43 2 448 5

Heavy rail 8,247 39,957 46,106 40,350 35,033 28,933 24,852 20,469 16,459 25,775 15,901 12,611 21,666

Light rail 22,212 1,185 912 12,798 17,320 24,124 20,945 46,766 42,187 66,991 91,701 96,868 108,388

Otherb 131 4,024 4,257 3,805 285 33 43 11 3 4 5 25 16

Curfew and loitering laws s 1,878 872 1,960 1,161 3,022 3,630 3,391 N N N N N N

Motor bus 1,201 241 1,112 291 495 469 403 N N N N N N

Commuter rail 19 27 223 72 172 329 330 N N N N N N

Demand responsive 0 1 5 0 0 0 0NNN NNN

Heavy rail 462 493 530 680 1,789 2,324 2,396 N N N N N N

Light rail 161 95 80 106 509 498 251 N N N N N N

Otherb 35 15 10 12 57 10 11 N N N N N N
b

 Other transit mode includes automated guideway, cable car, ferryboat, trolleybus, vanpool, monorail, inclined plane, and starting in 2001, the Alaska 

Railroad.

c

 The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. This includes assault to rape or attempt to rape. Beginning in 2006 a higher threshold was 

required for an incident to be recorded, this led to a significant decrease compared to previous years.

f The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another. This includes pocket-picking, 

purse-snatching, shoplifting, thefts from motor vehicles, thefts of motor vehicle parts and accessories, theft of bicycles, theft from buildings, theft from coinoperated devices or machines, and all other theft not specifically classified. 

g The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. A motor vehicle is a self-propelled vehicle that runs on the surface of land and not on rails. Examples of 

motor vehicles are automobiles, trucks, buses, motor cycles, and motor scooters. 

h The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft. This includes offenses known locally as burglary (any degree), unlawful entry with intent to 

commit a larceny or felony, breaking and entering with intent to commit a larceny, housebreaking, safe-cracking, and all attempts at these offenses. 

i To unlawfully and intentionally damage, or attempt to damage, any real or personal property by fire or incendiary device.

NOTES

j An unlawful attack or attempt by one person upon another where no weapon was used or which did not result in serious or aggravated injury to the victim. 

This includes simple assault, minor assault, assault and battery, injury by culpable negligence, intimidation, coercion, hazing, and all attempts to commit 

these offenses. 

k The willful or malicious destruction, injury, disfigurement, or defacement of any public or private property, real or personal, without consent of the owner or 

person having custody or control by cutting, tearing, breaking, marking, painting, drawing, covering with filth, or any other such means as may be specified by 

local law. 

KEY: N = data do not exist.

e

 An unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. This type of assault usually is accompanied 

by the use of a weapon or by means likely to produce death or great bodily harm. 

d The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by 

putting the victim in fear. The use or threat of force includes firearms, knives or cutting instruments, other dangerous weapons (clubs, acid, explosives), and 

strong-arm techniques (hands, fists, feet). 

a

 The killing of one or more human beings by another. This includes murder, non-negligent manslaughter, and manslaughter by negligence. 

Data are from transit agencies in urbanized areas over 200,000 population and include patrons, employees, and others. 

The figures for violent and property crime follow the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook (Washington, DC: 1984) and are based on records of calls for 

service, complaints, and/or investigations. These figures are for reported offenses and do not reflect the findings of a court, coroner, jury, or decision of a 

prosecutor. 

l Any sexual acts except forcible rape, prostitution, and commercialized vice. This includes offenses against chastity, common decency, morals, and the like, 

such as: adultery and fornication, buggery, incest, indecent exposure, indecent liberties, seduction, sodomy or crime against nature, statutory rape (no force), 

and all attempts to commit any of the above. 

m Arrests requested based on the narcotics used. This includes all arrests for violations of state and local laws, specifically those relating to the unlawful 

possession, sale, use, growing, manufacturing, and making of narcotic drugs. 

n The driving or operating of any vehicle or common carrier while drunk or under the influence of liquor or narcotics.

o

 Arrests for all offenses of drunkenness, which is the consumption of alcoholic beverages to the extent that one’s mental faculties and physical coordination 

are substantially impaired. This includes drunkenness, drunk and disorderly, common or habitual drunkard, and intoxication. 

p

 All charges of committing a breach of the peace. This includes, affray; unlawful assembly; disturbing the peace; disturbing meetings; disorderly conduct in 

state institutions, at court, at fairs, on trains or public conveyances, etc.; blasphemy, profanity, and obscene language; desecrating the flag; refusing to assist 

an officer; and all attempts to commit any of the above. 

q To unlawfully enter land, a dwelling, or other real property.

r The unlawful use of transit facilities by riding without paying the applicable fare.

s All arrests for violations of local curfew or loitering ordinances where such laws exist.

Security data was first reported to the Federal Transit Administration in 1995 and was not compiled for earlier years. 

1995-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram as of May 6, 2003, tables 25-27 and similar tables in earlier editions. 

2002-05: Ibid., personal communications June 14, 2007.

2006-07: Federal Transit Administration, Office of Safety and Security, personal communication, as of Oct. 1, 2009.

Beginning in 2002, data are no longer collected for the following offenses: sex offenses, drug abuse violations, driving under the influence, drunkenness, 

disorderly conduct, and curfew and loitering laws. 

Analysts for the FTA believe the change in reporting requirements in 2002 may have resulted in unreliable data in that year. The reliability of reporting is 

believed to be much better in 2003 and is expected to improve in the future.

SOURCES

Section E

Railroad
 
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Passengers on trains 4 3 3 8 3 58 5 0 12 6 4 14 4 3 7 3 3 

Railroad only 4 3 3 8 3 58 5 0 12 6 2 3 4 3 7 2 3 Grade crossing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 11 0 0 0 1 0 

Employees on duty 97 46 40 35 34 47 31 34 33 37 27 31 24 22 20 19 25 

Railroad only 97 44 35 34 32 44 30 32 32 37 23 29 22 21 19 18 23 Grade crossing 02512312104221112

Employees not on duty 42011402002010110

Railroad only 32011402002010110Grade crossing 10000000000000000

Contractor employees 7 4 3 3 11 6 3 7 9 11 5 12 3 4 10 5 4 

Railroad only 7 4 3 3 10 6 3 7 9 11 5 11 3 4 9 4 4 Grade crossing 00001000000100110

Nontrespassersa 739 507 551 484 475 489 505 443 365 363 326 305 335 269 267 205 242 

Railroad only 16 10 15 16 12 18 44 32 27 15 9 8 19 11 18 8 18 Grade crossing 723 497 536 468 463 471 461 411 338 348 317 297 316 258 249 197 224 

Trespassers 566 474 700 663 646 675 682 660 620 646 644 570 570 673 646 635 621 

Railroad only 457 391 543 524 533 523 529 494 471 533 536 479 463 511 540 501 475 Grade crossing 109 83 157 139 113 152 153 166 149 113 108 91 107 162 106 134 146 

Volunteer employees NNNNNNNNN 00000000

Railroad only NNNNNNNNN 00000000

Grade crossing NNNNNNNNN 00000000

Railroad only and grade crossing, total 1,417 1,036 1,297 1,194 1,170 1,279 1,226 1,146 1,039 1,063 1,008 932 937 971 951 868 895 

Railroad only 584 454 599 586 591 653 611 567 551 602 577 530 512 550 594 534 523 Grade crossing 833 582 698 608 579 626 615 579 488 461 431 402 425 421 357 334 372 

Motor vehicles 748 521 614 535 506 554 542 508 415 419 369 345 361 345 310 281 290 Nonmotor vehicles 85 61 84 73 73 72 (R) 72 (R) 72 (R) 72 42 62 57 64 76 47 53 82 

2005-09: Ibid., Highway-Rail Incidents by Type Major User from Form FRA F 6180.57, table 5.11, Hwy/Rail Incidents Summary Tables, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of June 23

NOTES

2005-09: Ibid., Railroad Safety Statistics Preliminary Annual Report (Washington, DC: June 2010 Issue), table 1-3, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of June 23, 2010.

All, except grade crossing total, motor vehicles, nonmotor vehicles:

1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), and the Accident/Incident Bulletin (Washington DC: Annual Issues).

1995-2004: Ibid., personal communication, May 14, 2008, and table 4.08, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety as of Sept. 16, 2009.

Grade crossing total, motor vehicles, nonmotor vehicles:

1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), and the Accident/Incident Bulletin (Washington DC: Annual Issues).

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.

Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Crossing Fatalities by Victim Class

1995-2004: Ibid., personal communication, May 14, 2008, and table 4.08, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety as of Sept. 16, 2009.

a Beginning in 1997, nontrespassers off railroad property are also included.

SOURCES

Railroad only includes fatalities from train accidents, train incidents, and nontrain incidents (excludes highway-rail grade crossings). This table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations. Details may not add to totals due 
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Passengers on trains 593 657 473 382 411 559 497 573 513 601 535 481 658 746 877 727 703 

Railroad only 569 646 462 360 329 515 413 543 489 558 516 438 648 726 851 653 675 Grade crossing 24 11 11 22 82 44 84 30 24 43 19 43 10 20 26 74 28 

Employees on duty 56,331 29,822 20,970 19,626 17,755 15,363 13,080 10,777 9,199 8,595 8,398 8,622 8,423 7,815 6,644 6,258 (R) 6,022 

Railroad only 56,186 29,667 20,801 19,479 17,598 15,220 12,955 10,654 9,120 8,484 8,276 8,482 8,323 7,718 6,534 6,182 (R) 5,906 Grade crossing 145 155 169 147 157 143 125 123 79 111 122 140 100 97 110 76 116 

Employees not on duty 671 419 326 362 310 348 306 252 228 263 219 216 286 209 213 226 200 

Railroad only 669 418 324 362 309 347 305 248 226 260 216 215 283 208 213 226 196 Grade crossing 21201114233131004

Contractor employees 74 110 242 219 226 262 252 269 208 334 380 384 368 383 375 372 360 

Railroad only 74 109 240 216 224 261 251 268 208 333 379 384 367 380 374 370 359 

Grade crossing 0123 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 3 1 2 1 

Nontrespassersa 3,849 2,562 2,339 2,110 1,909 1,856 1,913 1,869 1,660 1,540 1,236 1,342 1,294 1,201 2,380 1,058 1,247 

Railroad only 384 285 349 423 408 432 475 372 431 370 243 335 381 388 1,732 393 553 Grade crossing 3,465 2,277 1,990 1,687 1,501 1,424 1,438 1,497 1,229 1,170 993 1,007 913 813 648 665 694 

Trespassers 728 734 793 769 772 733 764 700 750 728 677 650 606 627 609 616 (R) 657 

Railroad only 474 492 560 534 540 509 452 461 474 516 513 445 414 404 395 398 (R) 406 Grade crossing 254 242 233 235 232 224 312 239 276 212 164 205 192 223 214 218 (R) 251 

Volunteer employees N N N N N N N N N 6 14 584575

Railroad only N N N N N N N N N 6 13 584575Grade crossing NNNNNNNNN 01000000

Railroad only and grade crossing, total 62,246 34,304 25,143 23,468 21,383 19,121 16,812 14,440 12,558 12,067 11,459 11,700 11,643 10,985 11,103 9,264 (R) 9,194 

Railroad only 58,356 31,617 22,736 21,374 19,408 17,284 14,851 12,546 10,948 10,527 10,156 10,304 10,424 9,828 10,104 8,229 (R) 8,100 Grade crossing 3,890 2,687 2,407 2,094 1,975 1,837 1,961 1,894 1,610 1,540 1,302 1,396 1,219 1,157 999 1,035 (R) 1,094  Motor vehiclesb 3,739 2,561 2,332 2,029 1,891 1,760 1,885 1,825 1,545 1,494 1,257 1,338 1,169 1,110 939 1,000 (R) 1,058 

 Non-motor vehiclesb 151 126 75 65 84 77 76 69 65 46 46 58 50 47 60 35 36 

b The components of grade crossing injuries were collected at a different point in time than the total grade crossing injuries and may not sum to the total of grade crossing injuries.

Table 2-40: Railroad and Grade-Crossing Injured Persons by Victim Class

NOTESKEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.

a Beginning in 1997, Nontrespassers off railroad property are also included.

Motor vehicle and non-motor vehicle:1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety Analysis, Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), and Accident/Incident Bulletin 

(Washington, DC: Annual Issues). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety Analysis, Hwy/Rail Incidents Summary Tables, table 5.11, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ as of June 17, 2010. 

2004-09: Ibid., Preliminary Railroad Safety Statistics, table 1-3, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of June 17, 2010.

Railroad only includes fatalities from train accidents, train incidents, and nontrain incidents (excludes Highway-rail grade crossings). This table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations. SOURCES1995-2003: Ibid., personal communication as of Apr. 10, 2008 and table 4.08 available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ as of Sept. 16, 2009.Railroad only and grade crossing:
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20

Fatalities, total 29 8 10 19 6 67 12 14 25 18 4 9 10 6 15 4 13 

Derailments 8 2 2 10 2 53 22621121712

Collisions 20 6 8 5 1 14 8 7 16 10 1 7 1 4 4 0 8 Other 1 0 0 4 3 0 2 5 3 6 2 1 7 1 4 3 3 

Injuries, total 665 476 451 326 171 308 262 294 281 185 129 129 275 310 1,884 232 347 

Derailmentsb 286 197 272 174 71 179 120 90 98 111 61 41 121 113 1,691 121 104 

Collisions 341 223 139 103 59 87 118 151 146 55 32 62 89 145 151 56 160 Other 38 56 40 49 41 42 24 53 37 19 36 26 65 52 42 55 83 

Accidents, total 8,205 3,275 2,879 2,658 2,359 2,611 2,504 2,459 2,443 2,397 2,575 2,768 2,983 3,023 2,738 3,019 3,385 

Derailments 6,442 2,495 2,146 1,936 1,734 1,930 1,825 1,742 1,816 1,741 1,757 1,961 2,112 2,234 1,989 2,133 (R) 2,435 (R) Collisions 1,201 366 315 261 207 205 240 235 205 202 168 205 238 220 192 198 (R) 237 (ROther 562 414 418 461 418 476 439 482 422 454 650 602 633 569 557 688 713 

Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by Type of Accident

a

KEY: R = revised.U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety Analysis, Train Accidents by Type and Major Cause from Form FRA F 6180.54 , table 3.09, Accident Summary Tables, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ as of Apr. 27, 2010.

a Excludes highway-rail grade crossing accidents.b In 2002, 1,441 injures were due to a single derailment in North Dakota involving hazardous materials.

NOTEThis table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations. It is train accidents only. SOURCE
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20

Passenger fatalitiesa 3 8 3 58 5 0 12 6 4 14 4 3 7 3 3 

Injured persons 473 382 411 559 497 573 513 601 535 481 658 746 877 727 703 (RTrain-miles, passenger trains (millions) 72 74 74 75 75 76 77 78 78 82 84 88 90 89 89 Fatalities per 100 million passenger train-miles 4.2 10.8 4.1 77.3 6.7 0.0 (R) 15.6 7.7 5.1 17.0 4.7 3.4 7.8 3.4 3.4 Injuries per 100 million passenger train-miles 656.9 516.2 555.4 745.3 662.7 753.9 666.2 770.2 682.5 583.6 780.7 850.1 979.1 813.3 787.0 (R) 1

1990-97: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety, Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 1-2, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Publications.aspx as of Sept. 8, 2010.Train-miles, passenger trains:1990-96: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics calculations (sum of all commuter rail train-miles reported to USDOT, Federal Transit Administration, plus Amtrak train-miles).A Train-mile is the movement of a train (which can consist of many cars) the distance of 1 mile. A Train-mile differs from a vehicle-mile, which is the movement of 

1 car (vehicle) the distance of 1 mile. A 10-car (vehicle) train traveling 1 mile would be measured as 1 Train-mile and 10 vehicle-miles. Caution should be used 

when comparing Train-miles to vehicle miles. 

Passenger fatalities and Injured persons include passengers on trains only. SOURCESFatalities and injuries:

Table 2-38: Railroad Passenger Safety Data

2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety, Railroad Safety Statistics 2009 Preliminary Annual Report (Washington, DC: Reporting month of May 2010), table 2-4, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of Sept. 8, 2010.NOTES1998-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety, Railroad Safety Statistics 2009 Preliminary Annual Report (Washington, DC: Reporting month of May 2010), table 1-2, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of Sept. 8, 2010.2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety, Railroad Safety Statistics 2008 Preliminary Annual Report (Washington, DC: Reporting month of December 2009), table 2-4, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of Sept. 8, 2010.KEY: P = preliminary; R = revised.

a There were three major train accidents that account for the increase number of deaths in 1993, 2005 and 2008. In 1993 a barge struck a rail bridge in Alabama 

causing an Amtrak train to derail into the waterway below leading to 42 passenger deaths. In 2005, a Southern California Regional Rail Authority train struck a jeep at a non-grade crossing location, derailed and struck a UPRR locomotive, which caused the train to strike another Southern California Regional Rail Authority train. The total passenger fatalities from both trains were 10. In 2008, a Southern California Regional Rail Authority train ran a red signal and collided head-on with a Union Pacific RR Co. freight, which lead to 24 passenger deaths. 

1997-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety, Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report (Washington, DC: 

Annual Issues), table 2-4, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Publications.aspx as of Sept. 8, 2010.
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 

Fatalities 785 575 584 454 599 567 551 602 577 530 512 550 594 531 520 525 Injured personsa 17,934 50,138 58,696 31,617 22,736 12,546 10,948 10,227 10,156 10,304 10,424 9,828 10,104 8,229 8,100 8,497 

Accidentsb 8,095 8,041 8,205 3,275 2,879 2,459 2,443 2,397 2,575 2,768 2,983 3,023 2,738 3,019 3,385 3,265 

Train-miles (millions) c,d 839 755 718 571 609 670 671 677 683 712 723 712 729 743 770 789 

Rate per 100 million train-milesFatalities 94 76 81 80 98 85 82 89 84 74 71 77 82 71 68 67 Injuries N 6,641 8,179 5,538 3,735 1,873 1,632 1,511 1,487 1,446 1,442 1,381 1,387 1,107 1,052 1,077 

Accidents 965 1,065 1,143 574 473 367 364 354 377 389 413 425 376 406 440 414 Property damage (current $ millions) 121.6 177.4 267.4 179.3 198.7 189.2 212.3 210.7 233.9 245.1 263.2 314.5 266.5 298.3 325.9 339.8 

Train-miles: 1995-99: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/Forms/Default.asp as of Aug. 22, 2002.2000-09: Ibid., table 1.06, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ as of Sept. 7, 2010.

b Train accidents only; excludes highway-rail grade-crossing accidents.c Train-miles in this table differ from Train-miles in the vehicle-miles table in Chapter 1. Train-miles reported in Chapter 1 include only Class I 

rail (see glossary for definition), while this table includes Class I rail, Group II rail, and other rail. In 2005, Group II rail accounted for 78 million Train-miles , and other rail for 29 million Train-miles . Moreover, the vehicle-miles table in Chapter 1 includes only Train-miles between terminals and/or stations, thus excluding yard and switching miles. In 2009, Class I yard/switching Train-miles totaled 63 million Train-miles . Note that 

commuter rail safety data are reported in the rail mode and the transit mode. Commuter rail Train-miles are included in Class I rail and Group II rail in this table.

d A Train-mile is the movement of a train (which can consist of many cars) the distance of 1 mile. A Train-mile differs from a vehicle-mile, which 

is the movement of 1 car (vehicle) the distance of 1 mile. A 10-car (vehicle) train traveling 1 mile would be measured as 1 Train-mile and 10 

vehicle-miles. Caution should be used when comparing Train-miles to vehicle-miles.

SOURCES Fatalities, injuries, accidents, and property damage: 1970-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development, Accident/Incident 

Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 14 and 15.1970-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), form 406.

Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety and Property Damage Data (Excludes highway-rail grade-crossing accidents)

1995-99: Ibid., Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report 2000 (Washington, DC: July 2001), tables 1-1 and 3-1, available at 

http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Publications.aspx as of Sept. 7, 2010.2000-09: Ibid., tables 1.06 and 3.09, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ as of Sept. 7, 2010.NOTEKEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.

a 1970 injuries are not comparable to later years due to a change in reporting system.

This table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations.
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Employee fatalities, total 40 35 34 47 31 34 33 37 27 31 24 22 20 19 25 Grade-crossing accidents and incidents 512312104221112Train accidents and incidents only (grade-crossing excluded) 35 34 32 44 30 32 32 37 23 29 22 21 19 18 23 Employee injuries, total 20,970 19,626 17,755 15,363 13,080 10,777 9,199 8,295 8,398 8,622 8,423 7,815 6,644 6,248 (R) 6,022 (R) 5,Grade-crossing accidents and incidents 169 147 157 143 126 123 79 111 122 140 100 97 110 76 116 (R) Train accidents and incidents only (grade-crossing excluded) 20,801 19,479 17,598 15,220 12,954 10,654 9,120 8,184 8,276 8,482 8,323 7,718 6,534 6,172 (R) 5,906 (R) 5,Employee hours (millions) 553.6 530.7 517.0 519.7 518.6 510.3 504.6 503.9 514.9 510.0 490.9 475.1 454.1 451.1 458.4 (R) 47Fatality rates per million employee hoursAll accidents / incidents 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0Grade-crossing accidents and incidents <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0

Train accidents and incidents only (grade-crossing excluded) 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0Injury rates per million employee hoursAll accidents / incidents 37.9 37.0 34.3 29.6 25.2 21.1 18.2 16.5 16.3 16.9 17.2 16.4 14.6 13.8 13.1 (R) 1Grade-crossing accidents and incidents 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 (R) Train accidents and incidents only (grade-crossing excluded) 37.6 36.7 34.0 29.3 25.0 20.9 18.1 16.2 16.1 16.6 17.0 16.2 14.4 13.7 12.9 (R) 1Train-miles (millions)

a,b 609 577 594 614 655 670 671 677 683 712 723 712 729 744 770 (R) 

Fatality rates per million train-milesAll accidents / incidents 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0Grade-crossing accidents and incidents <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0

Train accidents and incidents only (grade-crossing excluded) 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0Injury rates per million train-milesAll accidents/incidents 34.4 34.0 29.9 25.0 20.0 16.1 13.7 12.3 12.3 12.1 11.7 11.0 9.1 8.4 7.8 (R) Grade-crossing accidents and incidents 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 (R) Train accidents and incidents only (grade-crossing excluded) 34.2 33.8 29.6 24.8 19.8 15.9 13.6 12.1 12.1 11.9 11.5 10.8 9.0 8.3 7.7 (R) SOURCES1990-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).

Table 2-44: Fatalities and Injuries of On-Duty Railroad Employees

KEY: R = revised.

a Train-miles in this table differ from Train-miles in the vehicle-miles table in Chapter 1. Train-miles reported in Chapter 1 include only Class I rail (see glossary for definition), while this table includes Class 

I rail, Group II rail, and other rail. In 2005, Group II rail accounted for 78 million train-miles, and other rail for 29 million train-miles. Moreover, the vehicle-miles table in Chapter 1 includes only Train-miles between terminals and/or stations, thus excluding yard and switching miles. In 2005, Class I yard/switching train miles totaled 67 million train-miles. Note that commuter rail safety data are reported in the rail mode and in the transit mode. Commuter rail train-miles are included in Class I rail and Group II rail in this table.

2004-08: Ibid., Railroad Safety Statistics Preliminary Annual Report, (Washington, DC: Monthly Issue), tables 1-3 and 2-4, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of Apr. 9, 2010.

b A Train-mile is the movement of a train (which can consist of many cars) the distance of 1 mile. A Train-mile differs from a vehicle-mile, which is the movement of 1 car (vehicle) the distance of 1 mile. A 

10-car (vehicle) train traveling 1 mile would be measured as 1 train-mile and 10 vehicle-miles. Caution should be used when comparing train-miles to vehicle-miles. 

NOTE1996-2003: Ibid., Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1-3, 2-4, and 3-1, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Publications.aspx as of Apr. 9, 2010.This table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations.
Section F

Water
 
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (

Fatalitiesa 178 243 206 131 85 30 97 105 77 53 55 48 69 58 53 53 68 67 94 

Injuries 105 97 180 172 175 110 170 171 182 154 254 120 130 152 150 210 175 213 244 

Accidentsb 2,582 3,310 4,624 3,439 3,613 2,222 5,583 6,126 6,743 5,349 5,260 5,504 5,767 5,526 5,403 4,958 6,139 5,254 5,125 

Vesselsc 4,063 5,685 7,694 5,694 5,494 3,514 7,190 7,913 9,030 7,802 7,695 7,802 7,824 7,265 7,103 6,439 7,437 6,054 6,257 Property damage (current $ millions) UUUUUU 201.7 181.5 264.4 159.0 200.8 158.2 234.9 177.1 180.5 100.9 335.1 126.7 151.7 

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a Fatalities include the number of people who died or were declared missing subsequent to a marine acciden b Accidents in this table include the number of "marine casualty cases" reported to the U.S. Coast Guard in accordance with 46 U.S.C. 4.05.

Table 2-45: Waterborne Transportation Safety and Property Damage Data Related to Vessel Casualties

For 1992-97, data are obtained from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Between 1998 and 2001, the U.S. Coast Guard phased in a new computer system to track safety data, the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. During this period, data are derived by combining entries in the Marine Safety Management Information System with entries in the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data for 2002 and after are from the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data prior to 1992 come from other sources and may not be directly comparable to the data from later years.

c More than one vessel may be involved in a marine accident. Data from 1992 to 2003 has been revised to include vessels 

involved in pollution incidents, which the United States Coast Guard considers to be a vessel casualty. Data includes all vessel mishaps involving marine pollution discharges.

All deaths and injuries cited result from vessel casualties, such as groundings, collisions, fires, or explosions. The data are for all commercial vessels under U.S. jurisdiction, including U.S. flag vessels anywhere in the world and foreign flag vessels within the jurisdiction of the United States (within 12 miles, or having an interaction with a U.S. entity, such as a platform within 200 miles, or a collision with a U.S. ship). Commercial fishing vessels are included.2003-09: U.S. Department of Homeland Security (formerly U.S. Department of Transportation), U.S. Coast Guard, Compliance Analysis Division (CG-545), personal communication, February 2010.1970-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal communication, November 2008.SOURCESNOTES 
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (R) 2004 

Fatalitiesa 420 330 281 130 101 56 89 79 89 92 86 84 95 74 69 49 41 50 62 

Injuries U U U U U U 936 919 1,081 1,170 951 779 520 429 509 412 475 472 495 

Vesselsb U 321 274 128 98 51 1,427 1,378 1,592 1,726 1,283 968 526 445 514 440 594 562 537 

1970-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal communications, June 29, 2004, June 8, 2005, and June 22, 2007.

Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportation Safety Data not Related to Vessel Casualties

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.2003-08: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigations and Analysis CG-545, personal communication, Feb. 18, 2010.

a Fatalities include people who were declared missing b Figures represent the number of vessels involved in nonvessel casualties. These vessels were not part of the accident, but the 

accident may have occurred on the vessel (e.g., crewmembers swept overboard by a wave).

Figures reflect the number of deaths and injuries to people on commercial vessels not resulting from a casualty to the vessel. These injuries and fatalities result from such incidents as slips, falls, or electrocutions. Deaths and injuries from disease, homicides, suicides, fights, and diving accidents have been excluded. The data reflect deaths and injuries to people on both U.S. and foreign flag vessels within the jurisdiction of the United States (within 12 miles of U.S. coast) and on U.S. flag vessels anywhere in the world. NOTESSOURCES1992-97 data come from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Between 1998 and 2001 the U.S. Coast Guard phased in a new computer system to track safety data, the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. During that period data come from combining entries in the Marine Safety Management Information System with entries in the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data for 2002 to 2005 come from the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data prior to 1992 come from other sources and may not be directly comparable to the data from later years.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Fatalitiesa 739 1,360 1,418 1,466 1,360 1,116 865 924 816 800 784 829 709 821 815 734 701 681 750 703 676 697 

Injuries 929 927 780 2,136 2,650 2,757 3,822 3,967 3,683 3,559 4,084 4,141 4,442 4,555 4,612 4,315 4,355 4,274 4,062 3,888 3,363 3,451 Accidents 2,738 3,752 3,803 6,308 5,513 6,237 6,411 6,573 6,048 6,335 6,906 8,019 8,026 8,047 8,061 7,931 7,740 6,419 5,705 5,438 4,904 4,969 Vessels involved 3,562 4,778 4,762 8,002 6,954 8,305 8,591 8,821 8,206 8,688 9,722 11,534 11,306 11,396 11,368 11,190 10,984 8,974 7,907 7,363 6,725 6,628 Numbered boats (thousands) b 2,500 4,138 5,128 7,303 (R) 8,578 9,589 10,996 11,068 11,132 11,283 11,430 11,735 11,878 12,313 12,566 12,738 12,782 12,876 12,854 12,795 12,781 12,942 

Rates per 100,000 numbered boats

Fatalities 29.6 32.9 27.7 20.1 15.9 11.6 7.9 8.3 7.3 7.1 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.7 6.5 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.4 Injuries 37.2 22.4 15.2 29.2 30.9 28.8 34.8 35.8 33.1 31.5 35.7 35.3 37.4 37.0 36.7 33.9 34.1 33.2 31.6 30.4 26.3 26.7 Accidents 109.5 90.7 74.2 86.4 64.3 65.0 58.3 59.4 54.3 56.1 60.4 68.3 67.6 65.4 64.1 62.3 60.6 49.9 44.4 42.5 38.4 38.4 

Accident reports citing alcohol involvement c N N N N N 279 568 513 504 381 389 472 601 698 704 633 696 375 357 362 331 402 

Property damage (current $ millions) d 3.2 4.7 8.2 10.4 16.4 20.0 23.8 24.8 34.8 20.2 25.9 21.5 23.2 29.0 31.0 28.9 34.7 31.3 39.2 40.4 35.0 38.7 

Table 2-47: Recreational Boating Safety, Alcohol Involvement, and Property Damage Data

On July 2, 2001, the Federal threshold of property damage for reports of accidents involving recreational vessels changed from $500 to $2,000.

a The numbers for recreational boating safety fatalities in 2000 are raw numbers. Coast Guard reports a 6% addition as instructed by the DOT Inspector General 

because it found a discrepancy in a review of the Search and Rescue Management Information System (SARMIS) and BARD data. (See the discussion found in the DOT FY2003 Performance Plan/2001 Performance Report on pg. 135 under data details of recreational boating fatalities, available at http://www.dot.gov/performance/ as of Feb 10, 2010).

NOTESOnly a small fraction of property damages and nonfatal accidents are reported to the U.S. Coast Guard.KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety, Boating Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 8, 9, 16, 17, 28 and 35, available at http://www.uscgboating.org/statistics/accident_statistics.aspx as of Feb. 4, 2011.

b Numbered boats in 1960 is an estimate.c Starting in 2001 only cases where alcohol is determined to be a direct or indirect cause of an accident are reported. Previous years include cases where alcohol was 

present but played no role in the accident.

d 1992 data includes $11 million damage due to a boat fire

SOURCE All other data:Vessels involved for 1960 and 1965, and property damage for 1994 and 1995: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard (CG), Office of Boating Safety, personal communication, May 15, 2002.
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Fatalities 5 20 20 28 26 34 35 56 68 57 84 78 66 68 50 71 57 56 Injured persons 156 254 402 532 708 730 915 1,338 1,617 1,837 1,812 1,743 1,614 1,580 1,424 1,362 1,228 952 

Accidentsa 376 650 844 1,162 1,513 1,650 2,236 3,002 3,986 4,099 4,070 3,607 3,374 3,268 2,562 2,225 1,994 1,664 

Sales 29,000 48,000 64,000 72,000 68,000 79,000 107,000 142,000 200,000 191,000 176,000 130,000 106,000 92,000 80,900 79,300 80,600 79,500 Number in use 92,756 126,881 178,510 241,376 305,915 372,283 454,545 600,000 760,000 900,000 1,000,000 1,180,000 1,200,000 1,230,000 1,220,000 1,220,000 1,170,000 1,250,000 

Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Safety Data

Fatalities, injuries, and accidents: SOURCES Watercraft number in use for 2009 is an estimate.NOTES KEY: R = revised.1999-2009: National Marine Manufacturers Association, Recreational Boating Statistical Abstract (Annual Issues), table 1.3 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.nmma.org/statistics/publications/statisticalabstract.aspx as of Oct. 19, 2010.

a Total vessels involved

Personal watercraft are less than 13 feet in length and are designed to be operated by a person or persons sitting, standing, or kneeling on the craft rather than within the confines of the hull.1991-2009: National Marine Manufacturers Association, Recreational Boating Statistical Abstract (Annual Issues), table 3.1 and similar tables in earlier editions, 

available at http://www.nmma.org/statistics/publications/statisticalabstract.aspx as of Oct. 19, 2010.1987-96: National Marine Manufacturers Association, data compiled by the United States Coast Guard, personal communications.1987-90: Personal Watercraft Industry Association, available at http://www.pwia.org/faq/ as of June 19, 2000.U.S. Department of Homeland Security, United States Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety, Boating Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 19 and 

similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.uscgboating.org/statistics/accident_statistics.aspx as of Oct. 19, 2010.Sales: 1997-98: Ibid., available at http://www.nmma.org/facts/boatingstats/statistic98.html as of June 19, 2000.Use: 
1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Cases 60,775 53,097 52,782 53,294 53,026 53,899 49,704 43,553 41,096 37,218 39,844 40,214 39,457 36,763 31,622 32,540 Responsesa 70,237 64,971 66,409 69,856 69,784 70,337 63,679 55,710 52,141 46,602 50,622 48,226 49,502 46,643 U U

Sortiesa 88,449 84,033 84,872 88,388 88,147 108,758 110,267 98,423 91,722 83,307 89,635 57,697 59,015 54,609 33,426 33,107 

Search and Rescue resource hours b U 108,282 109,351 108,639 107,441 102,749 93,984 85,150 80,507 80,116 84,635 80,533 85,008 75,841 65,182 65,876 

Lives savedc 6,497 4,407 5,465 17,543 5,826 23,211 4,453 5,047 3,897 3,194 3,743 3,400 4,010 3,661 5,196 5,565 

Lives lost, total 1,335 1,085 1,116 939 1,215 931 772 978 744 606 533 1,018 710 635 673 783 

Lives lost before notificationd,e 259 622 748 540 800 593 468 611 454 418 353 779 413 399 412 502 

Lives lost after notificationf 1,076 463 368 399 415 338 304 367 290 188 180 239 297 236 261 281 

Lives unaccounted forg U U U U U U U U U U U 304 515 344 496 691 

Persons otherwise assisted 138,791 117,327 113,704 121,826 119,069 116,912 101,357 85,869 75,357 66,138 70,255 54,866 59,910 46,503 38,579 42,008 Value of property lost ($ million) h,i 424.3 368.5 213.6 314.5 316.2 435.5 222.6 273.8 414.8 84.3 262.3 415.2 441.0 76.0 19.6 53.5 

Value of property assisted ($ million) 2,376.8 2,044.9 2,282.4 1,951.4 2,491.8 2,891.2 4,467.2 3,494.2 1,762.1 1,288.2 1,235.0 778.8 1,501.0 1,589.0 478.8 778.4 Property loss prevented ($ million) 905.4 1,673.4 1,799.3 1,550.1 2,144.7 2,628.4 3,882.8 3,087.3 1,353.5 996.8 1,019.0 84.3 73.0 68.0 106.7 238.7 Value of property unaccounted for ($ million)j U U U U U U U U U U U 2.1 4.4 3.2 4.8 2.9 

KEY: U = data are unavailable.

a Responses are the number of U.S. Coast Guard units involved. Sorties are the number of trips made by boat, aircraft, or cutter.b Search and Rescue resource hours represent the time that Coast Guard assets (i.e., aircraft, boats, and cutters) perform search and rescue operations.

2000-09: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Search and Rescue, personal communication, July 2, 2010.SOURCES All data except Search and Rescue resource hours, lives unccounted for and value of property unaccounted for:1985-1993: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Search and Rescue Management Information Systems (SARMIS II) Database, available at www.uscg.mil/hq/g-o/g-opr/92-01summary.htm as of Aug. 8, 2002.2003-09: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Search and Rescue, personal communications, Apr. 1, 2008, and July 2, 2010.1994-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, ON SCENE The Journal of U.S. Coast Guard Search Rescue, available at www.uscg.mil/hq/go/g-opr/On%20Scene/onscene.htm as of July 28, 2004.2003-09: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Search and Rescue, personal communications, Apr. 1, 2008, and July 2, 2010.Search and Rescue resource hours:1990-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Command and Control Architecture, personal communications, Sept. 30, 2003 and July 28, 2004.

Table 2-49: U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue Statistics, Fiscal Year

g Added category; completes the accounting for all lives associated with USCG Search and Rescue (SAR) responses.i The B-52 crash in Guam accounts for the increase ($1,040 million) in 2008.j Added category; completes the accounting for all property associated with USCG SAR responses.

Lives unccounted for and value of property unaccounted for:

e The Egypt Air (217 fatalities) and Alaska Air (88 fatalities) crashes account for the increase in 2000.d Those persons whose lives were lost before the U.S. Coast Guard was notified of an incident.f Those persons whose lives were lost in an incident to which the U.S. Coast Guard was responding, but who were alive at the time the U.S. Coast Guard was 

notified of the incident. 

h Includes several out of the normal high cost incidents.c The Search and Rescue Management Information System's reporting policy has been revised and now requires complete reporting on all Lives saved. This 

policy also includes reporting on Lives saved in connection with Coast Guard Law Enforcement Activity (i.e., Alien Migrant Interdiction Operations (AMIO)). AMIO Lives saved in fiscal year 1992 was determined to be approximately 12,000. AMIO Lives saved in fiscal year 1994 was determined to be 15,179.

Section G

Pipeline

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

FatalitiesTotal hazardous liquid 47453050135024101052Total gas 26 8 15 28 6 14 10 17 21 18 48 10 19 18 37 7 (R) 11 12 18 12 

Gas transmission U U 1 6 0 0 3 1 0 2 1 1 1 2 15 2 1 1 0 0 Gas distribution U U 14 22 6 14 7 16 21 16 47 9 18 16 22 5 (R) 10 11 18 12 

Injured personsTotal hazardous liquida 21 17 15 18 7 9 38 10 1,858 11 13 5 6 20 4 10 0 5 16 2 

Total gas 233 214 177 108 69 89 80 101 113 53 114 72 75 88 77 51 49 66 44 46 

Gas transmission U U 13 12 17 12 15 17 22 10 5 5 11 8 18 5 5 8 3 7 

Gas distribution U U 164 96 52 77 65 84 91 43 109 67 64 80 59 46 44 58 41 39 

IncidentsTotal hazardous liquid 351 254 246 183 180 216 212 229 245 188 194 171 153 167 146 130 150 (R) 134 (R) 146 143 Total gas 1,077 1,338 1,524 334 199 233 177 216 222 161 187 175 236 172 234 211 (R) 184 238 (R) 297 352 

Gas transmission U U 389 129 89 71 74 95 81 64 77 73 99 54 80 87 82 97 123 182 Gas distribution U U 1,135 205 110 162 103 121 141 97 110 102 137 118 154 124 (R) 102 141 (R) 174 170 

Property damage (Millions of current dollar)Total hazardous liquid 1.2 2.2 5.7 5.1 15.7 37.8 39.1 28.9 62.2 32.5 85.1 55.2 63.3 86.4 150.6 25.3 (R) 51.6 (R) 67.4 (R) 165.9 (R) 306.3 Total gas 3.3 5.0 10.0 22.9 19.0 19.7 31.4 38.4 98.4 20.9 29.3 24.6 63.5 (R) 43.8 41.3 37.7 (R) 50.5 71.6 (R) 106.8 (R) 940.4 

Gas transmission U U 8.8 13.4 11.3 11.9 24.6 23.0 45.2 10.0 13.1 12.1 44.5 (R) 17.8 17.9 23.7 26.7 50.6 68.2 (R) 441.0 Gas distribution U U 1.2 9.5 7.7 7.8 6.8 15.3 53.3 11.0 16.3 12.5 19.1 25.9 23.4 14.1 (R) 23.8 21.0 (R) 38.6 (R) 499.3 

NOTESBeginning with 1985 data, pipeline incidents are credited to the year in which they occurred, not the year in which the report was received. Gas numbers represent the sum of transmission and gathering and distribution operators. KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.SOURCES

Table 2-50: Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety and Property Damage Data 

Beginning in 2002, only accidents with gross loss greater than or equal to 50 barrels; those involving any fatality or injury; fire/explosion not intentionally set; highly volatile liquid releases with gross loss of 5 or more barrels; or those involving total costs greater than or equal to $50,000 are reported. Due to this change in reporting criteria, accident data for 2002 and later are not comparable with the previous years. 1970-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, personal communication.1990-2010: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats/stats.htm as of Feb. 1, 2011.Property damage includes, but is not limited to, damage to the operator's facilities and to the property of others; gas lost; restoration of service and relighting; facility repair and replacement; leak locating; right-of-way cleanup; and environmental cleanup and damage.

a 1994 total Injured persons from hazardous liquid Includes 1,851 injuries requiring medical treatment reported for accidents 

caused by severe flooding near Houston, TX, in October 1994.

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

Chapter 3

Transportation and 

the Economy

Section A

Transportation and the 

Total Economy
 
(R) 1980 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 

TOTAL U.S. GDP 2,788.1 4,217.5 5,800.5 7,414.7 7,838.5 8,332.4 8,793.5 9,353.5 9,951.5 10,286.2 10,642.3 11,142.1 11,867.8 For-hire transportation services GDP, total 102.6 137.1 172.8 231.7 241.3 261.8 275.6 287.1 301.4 302.6 302.4 319.8 347 

Air transportation 13.1 19.3 31.3 46.2 46.9 53.6 52.4 54.3 53.1 45.2 46.8 53.2 56.1 Rail transportation 20.2 21.0 18.6 21.1 20.9 19.7 21.2 21.8 22.8 22.6 21.7 23.1 24.3 Water transportation 3.5 4.0 5.1 6.3 6.6 7.0 6.8 6.8 8.1 8.2 7.4 8.3 8.7 Truck transportation 28.4 39.4 49.7 69.3 73.1 80.3 86.9 93.4 97.0 97.8 97.2 102.0 110.2 Transit and ground passenger transportation 5.8 7.3 9.0 11.8 12.8 14.8 16.0 17.2 17.8 18.4 19.2 19.6 20.9 Pipeline transportation 5.1 7.3 6.0 6.7 7.1 7.2 7.8 8.9 9.1 14.7 10.3 10.2 11.5 Other transportation and support activities 20.2 29.3 39.9 51.6 54.3 57.2 61.1 61.4 67.5 70.3 73.4 76.0 83.9 Warehousing and storage 6.4 9.5 13.0 18.8 19.6 21.9 23.4 23.4 25.8 25.3 26.3 27.2 31.4 

Percent of U.S. GDPFor-hire transportation services 3.68 3.25 2.98 3.12 3.08 3.14 3.13 3.07 3.03 2.94 2.84 2.87 2.92 

Air transportation 0.47 0.46 0.54 0.62 0.60 0.64 0.60 0.58 0.53 0.44 0.44 0.48 0.47 Rail transportation 0.72 0.50 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.21 0.20 Water transportation 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 Truck transportation 1.02 0.93 0.86 0.93 0.93 0.96 0.99 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.92 0.93 Transit and ground passenger transportation 0.21 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 Pipeline transportation 0.18 0.17 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.14 0.10 0.09 0.10 Other transportation and support activities 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.66 0.68 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.71 Warehousing and storage 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.26 

Percent of for-hire transportation services GDP

Air transportation 12.77 14.08 18.11 19.94 19.44 20.47 19.01 18.91 17.62 14.94 15.48 16.64 16.17 Rail transportation 19.69 15.32 10.76 9.11 8.66 7.52 7.69 7.59 7.56 7.47 7.18 7.22 7.00 Water transportation 3.41 2.92 2.95 2.72 2.74 2.67 2.47 2.37 2.69 2.71 2.45 2.60 2.51 Truck transportation 27.68 28.74 28.76 29.91 30.29 30.67 31.53 32.53 32.18 32.32 32.14 31.89 31.76 Transit and ground passenger transportation 5.65 5.32 5.21 5.09 5.30 5.65 5.81 5.99 5.91 6.08 6.35 6.13 6.02 Pipeline transportation 4.97 5.32 3.47 2.89 2.94 2.75 2.83 3.10 3.02 4.86 3.41 3.19 3.31 Other transportation and support activities 19.69 21.37 23.09 22.27 22.50 21.85 22.17 21.39 22.40 23.23 24.27 23.76 24.18 Warehousing and storage 6.24 6.93 7.52 8.11 8.12 8.37 8.49 8.15 8.56 8.36 8.70 8.51 9.05 

Table 3-1: U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to For-Hire Transportation Services (Billions of current dollars)

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Industry Economic Accounts, Interactive tables, available at http://www.bea.gov/industry/index.htm as of Dec. 14, 2010.

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.KEY: R = revised.SOURCENOTE
 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 200

TOTAL U.S. GDP 7,313.3 7,613.9 7,886.0 8,034.0 8,015.1 8,287.1 8,523.5 8,870.6 9,093.7 9,433.9 9,854.3 10,283.5 10,779.9 11,226.0 11,347.1 11,553.0 11,840.6 12,263.8 12,6For-hire transportation services GDP, total 180.8 186.2 193.4 203.6 212.9 226.4 236.4 255.4 263.0 277.4 291.7 288.2 298.3 318.2 306.8 302.6 317.9 346.8 3

Air transportation 19.0 21.1 22.7 26.1 24.8 28.2 29.4 34.1 36.0 39.9 43.1 38.3 40.4 43.4 37.8 41.8 48.7 54.9 Rail transportation 20.5 21.1 19.7 20.7 23.4 23.9 23.9 24.8 25.2 25.5 24.0 24.5 25.7 27.3 26.1 24.2 25.7 26.9 Water transportation 4.2 4.4 4.9 5.9 6.4 7.0 7.4 8.0 7.8 8.4 9.1 7.1 5.8 7.2 6.1 4.9 4.8 6.2 Truck transportation 56.7 57.3 59.9 59.9 64.4 69.5 74.0 81.8 84.7 90.2 95.4 96.3 103.0 106.7 101.7 99.0 102.7 110.2 1Transit and ground passenger transportation 13.1 12.5 13.7 14.6 13.7 13.4 14.3 15.3 15.7 16.0 18.3 18.9 20.5 21.0 20.9 21.1 20.6 21.5 Pipeline transportation 6.0 5.3 6.2 7.2 7.0 6.9 6.4 5.9 6.8 6.8 6.3 6.0 7.7 8.8 13.4 9.1 9.5 10.8 Other transportation and support activities 51.3 52.5 54.2 55.5 59.7 61.4 64.2 66.0 65.0 66.9 68.9 71.6 69.8 75.7 74.6 75.9 78.0 85.1 Warehousing and storage 14.2 15.2 15.4 15.5 16.4 18.0 19.1 20.8 22.1 23.1 25.6 27.0 26.3 28.5 27.2 28.0 28.7 31.6 

Percent of U.S. GDPFor-hire transportation services 2.47 2.45 2.45 2.53 2.66 2.73 2.77 2.88 2.89 2.94 2.96 2.80 2.77 2.83 2.70 2.62 2.68 2.83 

Air transportation 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.32 0.31 0.34 0.34 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.33 0.36 0.41 0.45 Rail transportation 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.26 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.22 Water transportation 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 Truck transportation 0.78 0.75 0.76 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.87 0.92 0.93 0.96 0.97 0.94 0.96 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.87 0.90 Transit and ground passenger transportation 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.18 Pipeline transportation 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.09 Other transportation and support activities 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.74 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.69 Warehousing and storage 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.26 

Percent of for-hire transportation services GDP

Air transportation 10.51 11.33 11.74 12.82 11.65 12.46 12.44 13.35 13.69 14.38 14.78 13.29 13.54 13.64 12.32 13.81 15.32 15.83 1Rail transportation 11.34 11.33 10.19 10.17 10.99 10.56 10.11 9.71 9.58 9.19 8.23 8.50 8.62 8.58 8.51 8.00 8.08 7.76 Water transportation 2.32 2.36 2.53 2.90 3.01 3.09 3.13 3.13 2.97 3.03 3.12 2.46 1.94 2.26 1.99 1.62 1.51 1.79 Truck transportation 31.36 30.77 30.97 29.42 30.25 30.70 31.30 32.03 32.21 32.52 32.70 33.41 34.53 33.53 33.15 32.72 32.31 31.78 3Transit and ground passenger transportation 7.25 6.71 7.08 7.17 6.43 5.92 6.05 5.99 5.97 5.77 6.27 6.56 6.87 6.60 6.81 6.97 6.48 6.20 Pipeline transportation 3.32 2.85 3.21 3.54 3.29 3.05 2.71 2.31 2.59 2.45 2.16 2.08 2.58 2.77 4.37 3.01 2.99 3.11 Other transportation and support activities 28.37 28.20 28.02 27.26 28.04 27.12 27.16 25.84 24.71 24.12 23.62 24.84 23.40 23.79 24.32 25.08 24.54 24.54 2Warehousing and storage 7.85 8.16 7.96 7.61 7.70 7.95 8.08 8.14 8.40 8.33 8.78 9.37 8.82 8.96 8.87 9.25 9.03 9.11 

KEY: R = revised.

Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to For-Hire Transportation Services (Billions of chained 2005 dollars)

At the time of this publication the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) had only published chained 2005 dollar estimates from 1987 onward. Current dollar estimates for earlier years can be found in table 3-1, and chained 2000 $ estimates for earlier years can be found in the 2010 edition of NTS, table 3-1b.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Industry Economic Accounts, Interactive tables , available at http://www.bea.gov/industry/index.htm as of Dec. 14, 2010.

SOURCEDetails may not add to totals due to the nature of the chained dollar calculations.NOTES
1980 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 

Gross Domestic Product (R) 2,788.1 (R) 4,217.5 5,800.5 5,992.1 6,342.3 6,667.4 7,085.2 7,414.7 7,838.5 8,332.4 8,793.5 9,353.5 9,951.5 10,286.2 10,642.3 11,142.1 11,867Total transportation-related final demand

a (R) 336.8 (R) 479.8 599.2 598.7 635.7 678.0 733.5 765.3 824.4 890.2 928.5 994.2 1,045.3 1,060.0 1,059.1 1,090.7 1,161

Total transportation in GDP (percent) (R) 12.1 (R) 11.4 10.3 10.0 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.3 10.0 9.8 9Personal consumption of transportation, total (R) 226.5 (R) 357.4 442.9 418.3 451.3 485.3 528.2 554.0 599.0 641.8 669.2 730.5 798.4 814.1 818.3 857.4 909

Motor vehicles and parts (R) 84.4 (R) 170.1 205.1 185.7 204.8 224.7 249.8 255.7 273.5 293.1 320.2 350.7 363.2 383.3 401.3 401.5 404

 Motor vehicle fuels, lubricants, and fluids 86.7 97.2 111.4 108.9 112.9 114.5 116.5 120.4 130.5 134.4 121.8 136.5 172.9 168.1 160.3 192.8 231

Transportation services (R) 55.4 (R) 90.1 126.4 123.7 133.6 146.1 161.9 177.9 195.0 214.3 227.2 243.3 262.3 262.7 256.7 263.1 273

Gross private domestic investment, total (R) 51.6 (R) 73.7 73.4 74.6 78.3 93.3 111.9 120.5 128.6 141.6 154.3 180.9 177.6 161.2 148.4 139.5 167

Transportation structures (R) 3.2 (R) 4.7 3.4 3.1 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.4 5.4 6.1 7.2 6.5 6.8 7.0 6.8 6.6 6Transportation equipment 48.4 69.0 70.0 71.5 74.7 89.4 107.7 116.1 123.2 135.5 147.1 174.4 170.8 154.2 141.6 132.9 161

Exports ( + ), total 45.7 57.5 105.7 115.0 122.7 122.9 129.8 132.5 141.7 162.7 171.7 174.9 179.0 174.3 175.5 174.6 191

Civilian aircraft, engines, and parts 14.1 13.5 32.2 36.6 37.7 32.8 31.5 26.1 30.8 41.4 53.5 52.9 48.1 52.6 50.4 46.7 46Automotive vehicles, engines, and parts 17.4 24.9 36.2 39.9 46.9 51.6 57.5 61.4 64.4 73.4 72.5 75.3 80.4 75.4 78.9 80.6 89

Passenger fares 2.6 4.4 15.3 15.9 16.6 16.5 17.0 18.9 20.4 20.9 20.1 19.8 20.7 17.9 17.0 15.9 18

Other transportation 11.6 14.7 22.0 22.6 21.5 22.0 23.8 26.1 26.1 27.0 25.6 26.9 29.8 28.4 29.2 31.4 37

Imports ( - ), total 46.8 92.2 134.2 132.2 138.5 149.3 168.5 176.1 184.6 203.1 220.8 258.2 288.0 282.5 287.6 299.9 331

Civilian aircraft, engines, and parts 3.1 5.3 10.5 11.7 12.6 11.3 11.3 10.7 12.7 16.6 21.8 23.8 26.4 31.4 25.5 24.1 24Automotive vehicles, engines, and parts 28.3 64.9 88.2 85.5 91.5 102.1 118.1 123.7 128.7 139.4 148.6 179.0 195.9 189.8 203.7 210.1 228Passenger fares 3.6 6.4 10.5 10.0 10.6 11.4 13.1 14.7 15.8 18.1 20.0 21.3 24.3 22.6 20.0 21.0 24

Other transportation 11.8 15.6 25.0 25.0 23.8 24.5 26.0 27.0 27.4 29.0 30.4 34.1 41.4 38.7 38.4 44.7 54

Net exports of transportation-related goods and services

b -1.1 -34.7 -28.5 -17.2 -15.8 -26.4 -38.7 -43.6 -42.9 -40.4 -49.1 -83.3 -109.0 -108.2 -112.1 -125.3 -140

Government transportation-related purchases, total 59.8 83.4 111.4 123.0 121.9 125.8 132.1 134.4 139.7 147.2 154.1 166.1 178.3 192.9 204.5 219.1 224

Federal purchases

c 7.0 10.0 12.9 14.5 15.3 16.3 17.5 16.5 17.3 17.7 18.7 18.8 19.3 21.0 26.0 29.6 28

State and local purchasesc 48.6 67.2 89.7 92.8 95.2 100.2 106.2 109.5 113.8 121.3 126.9 138.3 150.0 161.9 168.3 172.9 178

Defense-related purchases

d

4.2 6.2 8.8 15.7 11.4 9.3 8.4 8.4 8.6 8.2 8.5 9.0 9.0 10.0 10.2 16.6 16

On July 31, 2009, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) released the results of the comprehensive, or benchmark, revision of the national income and product accounts (NIPAs) which resulted in many changes relative to previously published results.KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

Table 3-3: U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand (Current $ billions)

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Tables, tables 1.1.5, 2.3.5, 2.4.5, 3.11.5, 3.15.5, 4.2.5, 5.4.5, and 5.5.5, available at http://www.bea.gov/National/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=N as of Apr. 8, 2010.

a Sum of total Personal consumption of transportation, total Gross private domestic investment , Net exports of transportation-related goods and services , 

and total Government transportation-related purchases. 

b Exports minus Imports .c Federal purchases and State and local purchases are the sum of consumption expenditures and gross investmen d Defense-related purchases are the sum of transportation of material and trave

SOURCENOTE
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Gross Domestic Product 9,093.7 9,433.9 9,854.3 10,283.5 10,779.8 11,226.0 11,347.2 11,553.0 11,840.7 12,263.8 12,638

Total transportation-related final demanda 993.7 1,038.2 1,102.1 1,165.1 1,217.5 1,211.8 1,223.9 1,226.2 1,229.4 1,250.8 1,266

Total transportation in GDP (percent) 10.9 11.0 11.2 11.3 11.3 10.8 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10Personal consumption of transportation, total 703.2 738.2 781.0 831.4 882.1 903.6 921.5 937.3 958.3 976.6 979

Motor vehicles and parts 255.6 268.0 286.1 316.1 345.1 356.1 374.3 394.0 405.3 411.3 409Gasoline and oilb 233.8 238.8 246.1 256.1 263.5 261.3 263.6 267.5 276.3 282.1 283Transportion services 213.8 231.4 248.8 259.2 273.5 286.2 283.6 275.8 276.7 283.2 285

Gross private domestic investment, total 137.4 143.8 155.9 170.8 198.0 194.1 177.4 161.6 147.4 169.3 188

Transportation structures 5.9 7.0 7.7 8.8 7.7 7.9 7.8 7.4 7.0 7.0 7Transportation equipment 131.5 136.8 148.2 162.0 190.3 186.2 169.6 154.2 140.4 162.3 181

Exports ( + ), total 163.1 171.7 196.4 209.3 208.1 204.5 195.8 194.5 187.4 199.2 216

Civilian aircraft, engines, and parts 37.0 42.0 54.5 69.7 67.3 58.4 60.4 56.4 50.5 48.1 55Automotive vehicles, engines, and parts 65.8 68.2 77.2 76.2 78.6 83.2 77.8 81.0 82.2 90.2 98Passenger fares 27.1 29.2 31.4 30.7 28.1 28.6 24.5 22.7 18.9 20.3 21Other transportation 33.2 32.3 33.3 32.7 34.1 34.3 33.1 34.4 35.8 40.6 41

Imports ( - ), total 206.7 213.9 234.0 254.6 288.4 313.8 305.2 309.4 315.1 339.4 353

Civilian aircraft, engines, and parts 14.4 16.4 20.7 26.7 28.6 30.7 35.2 28.0 25.8 25.2 25Automotive vehicles, engines, and parts 131.2 135.7 146.6 156.1 186.7 202.9 196.7 210.5 216.0 230.6 239Passenger fares 20.8 22.1 23.9 26.0 27.1 29.1 24.9 20.9 21.5 25.7 26Other transportation 40.3 39.7 42.8 45.8 46.0 51.1 48.4 50.0 51.8 57.9 61

Net exports of transportation-related goods and servicesc -43.6 -42.2 -37.6 -45.3 -80.3 -109.3 -109.4 -114.9 -127.7 -140.2 -136

Government transportation-related purchases, total 196.7 198.4 202.8 208.2 217.7 223.4 234.4 242.2 251.4 245.1 234

Federal purchases 22.2 22.8 22.8 23.8 23.3 23.1 24.5 29.5 32.4 30.1 30State and local purchases 162.7 163.7 169.3 173.5 182.8 189.1 198.3 201.2 201.3 197.6 188Defense-related purchasesd 11.8 11.9 10.7 10.9 11.6 11.2 11.6 11.5 17.7 17.4 15

Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand (Chained 2005 $ billions)

b Gasoline and oil also includes lubricants and fluids.a Sum of total personal consumption of transportation , total gross private domestic investment , net exports of transportation-related goods 

and services and total government transportation-related purchases .

c Equal to exports minus imports.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Tables , tables 1.1.6, 2.3.6, 2.4.6, 

3.11.6, 3.15.6, 4.2.6, 5.4.6, and 5.5.6, available at http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=N#S2 as of Apr. 7, 2010.The Bureau Economic Analysis has changed the reference year for chained dollar estimates from 2000 to 2005 as part of the comprehensive revision of the national income and product accounts in 2009.SOURCEChained 2000 dollar estimates are provided in the 2010 edition of NTS, table 3-02b.

d Defense-related purchases are the sum of transportation of material and travel.

NOTES
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 200

Gross Domestic Demand 2,801.2 4,332.7 5,878.1 6,019.1 6,375.1 (R) 6,731.7 7,177.9 (R) 7,505.3 7,934.8 (R) 8,433.7 8,955.3 9,615.6 (R) 10,333.5 10,657.2 11,069.5 (R) 11,646.3 (R) 12,486.4 13,361.1 14Total domestic transportation-related final demand 337.9 514.5 627.7 615.9 651.5 704.4 772.2 808.9 867.3 930.6 977.6 1,077.5 1,154.3 1,168.2 1,171.2 1,216.0 1,301.4 1,402.7 1Total transportation in GDD (percent) 12.1 11.9 10.7 10.2 10.2 10.5 10.8 10.8 10.9 11.0 10.9 11.2 11.2 11.0 10.6 10.4 10.4 10.5 

Personal consumption of transportation, total 226.5 357.4 442.9 418.3 451.3 485.3 528.2 554.0 599.0 641.8 669.2 730.5 798.4 814.1 818.3 857.4 909.5 979.3 1

Motor vehicles and parts 84.4 170.1 205.1 185.7 204.8 224.7 249.8 255.7 273.5 293.1 320.2 350.7 363.2 383.3 401.3 401.5 404.7 409.6 Gasoline and oil 86.7 97.2 111.4 108.9 112.9 114.5 116.5 120.4 130.5 134.4 121.8 136.5 172.9 168.1 160.3 192.8 231.6 283.8 

Transportation services 55.4 90.1 126.4 123.7 133.6 146.1 161.9 177.9 195.0 214.3 227.2 243.3 262.3 262.7 256.7 263.1 273.2 285.9 

Gross private domestic investment, total 51.6 73.7 73.4 74.6 78.3 93.3 111.9 120.5 128.6 141.6 154.3 180.9 177.6 161.2 148.4 139.5 167.9 188.8 

Transportation structures 3.2 4.7 3.4 3.1 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.4 5.4 6.1 7.2 6.5 6.8 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.8 7.1 Transportation equipment 48.4 69.0 70.0 71.5 74.7 89.4 107.7 116.1 123.2 135.5 147.1 174.4 170.8 154.2 141.6 132.9 161.1 181.7 

Government transportation-related purchases, total 59.8 83.4 111.4 123.0 121.9 125.8 132.1 134.4 139.7 147.2 154.1 166.1 178.3 192.9 204.5 219.1 224.0 234.6 

Federal purchases a 7.0 10.0 12.9 14.5 15.3 16.3 17.5 16.5 17.3 17.7 18.7 18.8 19.3 21.0 26.0 29.6 28.9 30.1 

State and local purchases a 48.6 67.2 89.7 92.8 95.2 100.2 106.2 109.5 113.8 121.3 126.9 138.3 150.0 161.9 168.3 172.9 178.4 188.6 

Defense-related purchases b 4.2 6.2 8.8 15.7 11.4 9.3 8.4 8.4 8.6 8.2 8.5 9.0 9.0 10.0 10.2 16.6 16.7 15.9 

Table 3-5: U.S. Gross Domestic Demand (GDD) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand (Current $ billions)

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Tables , tables 1.4.5, 2.3.5, 2.4.5, 3.11.5, 3.15.5, 5.3.5 and 5.4.5, available at http://www.bea.gov/ as of Mar. 16, 2011.

b Defense-related purchases are the sum of the transportation of material and travel.a Federal purchases and State and local purchases are the sum of consumption expenditures and gross investment

SOURCE
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R

Gross Domestic Demand 9,189.0 9,542.0 9,992.8 10,539.9 11,141.1 11,681.4 11,825.7 12,107.7 12,449.2 12,952.5 13,361.1 13,705.7 Total domestic transportation-related final demand 1,037.3 1,080.4 1,139.7 1,210.4 1,297.8 1,321.1 1,333.3 1,341.1 1,357.1 1,391.0 1,402.7 1,395.5 

Total transportation in GDD (percent) 11.3 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.3 11.3 11.1 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.2 Personal consumption of transportation, total 703.2 738.2 781.0 831.4 882.1 903.6 921.5 937.3 958.3 976.6 979.3 960.5 

Motor vehicles and parts 255.6 268.0 286.1 316.1 345.1 356.1 374.3 394.0 405.3 411.3 409.6 396.6 Motor vehicle fuels, lubricants, and fluids 233.8 238.8 246.1 256.1 263.5 261.3 263.6 267.5 276.3 282.1 283.8 278.9 Transportation services 213.8 231.4 248.8 259.2 273.5 286.2 283.6 275.8 276.7 283.2 285.9 285.0 

Gross private domestic investment, total 137.4 143.8 155.9 170.8 198.0 194.1 177.4 161.6 147.4 169.3 188.8 204.9 

Transportation structures 5.9 7.0 7.7 8.8 7.7 7.9 7.8 7.4 7.0 7.0 7.1 8.4 Transportation equipment 131.5 136.8 148.2 162.0 190.3 186.2 169.6 154.2 140.4 162.3 181.7 196.5 

Government transportation-related purchases, total 196.7 198.4 202.8 208.2 217.7 223.4 234.4 242.2 251.4 245.1 234.6 230.1 

Federal purchasesa 22.2 22.8 22.8 23.8 23.3 23.1 24.5 29.5 32.4 30.1 30.1 30.8 

State and local purchasesa 162.7 163.7 169.3 173.5 182.8 189.1 198.3 201.2 201.3 197.6 188.6 184.9 

Defense-related purchasesb 11.8 11.9 10.7 10.9 11.6 11.2 11.6 11.5 17.7 17.4 15.9 14.4 

NOTEAt the time of this publication, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) had only published chained 2005 dollar estimates from 1995 onward. Current dollar estimates for earlier years can be found in table 3-5.

Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Demand (GDD) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand (Chained 2005 $ billions) 

a Federal purchases and State and local purchases are the sum of consumption expenditures and gross investments.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Tables, tables 1.4.6, 2.3.6, 2.4.6, 3.11.6, 3.15.6, 5.3.6 and 5.4.6, available at http://www.bea.gov/ as of Mar. 29, 2011. SOURCE

b Defense-related purchases are the sum of the transportation of material and travel.

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.
(R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009

GDP by industry, total 8,794 9,354 9,952 10,286 10,642 11,142 11,868 12,638 13,399 14,062 14,369 14,119

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 100 93 96 99 94 116 143 127 123 145 160 133

Mining 81 82 109 119 110 135 159 192 229 254 317 241

Utilities 165 173 174 178 181 192 208 206 236 249 263 268

Construction 384 428 467 491 494 516 554 612 651 657 623 538

Manufacturing, durable goods 781 802 839 759 768 766 822 878 923 943 927 867

Manufacturing, nondurable goods 546 566 577 585 588 608 661 690 728 756 720 718

Wholesale trade 557 579 618 613 615 638 685 725 770 813 823 781

Retail trade 627 653 686 704 731 769 795 839 875 886 840 820

Transportation and warehousing 276 287 301 303 302 320 347 370 396 405 419 390

Information 386 439 418 451 500 509 564 593 593 633 653 639

Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing 1,697 1,834 1,998 2,155 2,222 2,316 2,410 2,607 2,778 2,891 2,975 3,040

Professional and business services 927 1,010 1,117 1,171 1,198 1,259 1,347 1,462 1,571 1,701 1,769 1,701

Educational services, health care, and social assistance 601 639 678 729 790 847 906 953 1,015 1,078 1,149 1,213

Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services 321 355 382 391 411 427 457 482 511 545 535 513

Other services, except government 246 259 278 264 285 290 303 319 332 345 341 335

Government, total 1,099 1,154 1,215 1,275 1,353 1,435 1,508 1,586 1,668 1,760 1,855 1,923

Government, federal 352 362 378 385 417 447 478 502 527 552 580 612

Government, state and local 747 792 837 890 936 988 1,029 1,084 1,141 1,208 1,275 1,311

Percent of GDP

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1.14 0.99 0.96 0.96 0.89 1.04 1.20 1.01 0.91 1.03 1.11 0.94

Mining 0.92 0.88 1.09 1.16 1.03 1.21 1.34 1.52 1.71 1.81 2.21 1.71

Utilities 1.88 1.85 1.75 1.73 1.70 1.72 1.75 1.63 1.76 1.77 1.83 1.90

Construction 4.36 4.58 4.70 4.77 4.64 4.63 4.67 4.84 4.86 4.67 4.34 3.81

Manufacturing, durable goods 8.88 8.58 8.43 7.38 7.21 6.88 6.93 6.94 6.89 6.70 6.45 6.14

Manufacturing, nondurable goods 6.20 6.05 5.79 5.69 5.52 5.46 5.57 5.46 5.44 5.38 5.01 5.08

Wholesale trade 6.34 6.19 6.21 5.96 5.78 5.73 5.77 5.74 5.74 5.78 5.73 5.53

Retail trade 7.13 6.99 6.90 6.84 6.87 6.90 6.70 6.64 6.53 6.30 5.85 5.80

Transportation and warehousing 3.13 3.07 3.03 2.94 2.84 2.87 2.92 2.93 2.95 2.88 2.91 2.76

Information 4.39 4.69 4.20 4.39 4.70 4.56 4.75 4.69 4.43 4.50 4.54 4.53

Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing 19.30 19.61 20.07 20.95 20.88 20.79 20.30 20.62 20.73 20.56 20.70 21.53

Professional and business services 10.54 10.80 11.22 11.38 11.26 11.30 11.35 11.57 11.73 12.09 12.31 12.05

Educational services, health care, and social assistance 6.84 6.83 6.81 7.09 7.42 7.60 7.64 7.54 7.58 7.67 8.00 8.59

Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services 3.65 3.80 3.83 3.80 3.86 3.83 3.85 3.81 3.82 3.88 3.73 3.63

Other services, except government 2.79 2.77 2.79 2.57 2.68 2.60 2.55 2.52 2.48 2.45 2.37 2.38

Government, total 12.50 12.34 12.21 12.40 12.71 12.88 12.70 12.55 12.45 12.52 12.91 13.62

Government, federal 4.00 3.86 3.80 3.74 3.91 4.01 4.03 3.97 3.93 3.93 4.04 4.33

Government, state and local 8.50 8.47 8.41 8.66 8.80 8.87 8.67 8.58 8.52 8.59 8.87 9.29

KEY: R = revised.

Table 3-7: Contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Selected Industries (Current billions of dollars) 

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Industry Economic Accounts, available at http://www.bea.gov/industry/gpotables/ as of Jan. 21, 2011.

NOTE

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE
(R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009

GDP by industry, total 10,284 10,780 11,226 11,347 11,553 11,841 12,264 12,638 12,976 13,229 13,229 12,881

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 89 93 104 100 104 115 123 127 128 119 129 136

Mining 286 265 233 263 266 231 229 192 208 214 207 263

Utilities 196 216 223 193 200 208 216 206 207 214 227 207

Construction 602 634 655 640 618 619 620 612 594 562 530 447

Manufacturing, durable goods 625 672 748 702 728 750 818 878 938 972 982 857

Manufacturing, nondurable goods 637 651 650 633 639 657 701 690 700 719 635 613

Wholesale trade 538 566 606 636 642 681 718 725 748 789 788 811

Retail trade 703 723 751 775 800 819 819 839 854 865 805 790

Transportation and warehousing 288 298 318 307 303 318 347 370 386 390 393 342

Information 363 413 397 426 474 486 550 593 598 649 676 659

Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing 1,992 2,122 2,262 2,399 2,394 2,430 2,466 2,607 2,716 2,764 2,764 2,795

Professional and business services 1,158 1,210 1,270 1,301 1,311 1,347 1,393 1,462 1,511 1,549 1,597 1,517

Educational services, health care, and social assistance 785 805 824 845 880 909 937 953 985 1,003 1,042 1,054

Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services 401 426 443 436 444 454 473 482 496 504 480 439

Other services, except government 338 341 347 310 320 315 317 319 319 320 304 284

Government, total 1,462 1,479 1,507 1,520 1,549 1,565 1,576 1,586 1,593 1,606 1,640 1,653

Government, federal 479 476 483 476 486 494 501 502 500 501 515 533

Government, state and local 984 1,004 1,025 1,044 1,064 1,071 1,075 1,084 1,093 1,104 1,125 1,119

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 0.86 0.86 0.92 0.88 0.90 0.97 1.00 1.01 0.99 0.90 0.98 1.06

Mining 2.78 2.46 2.07 2.32 2.30 1.95 1.87 1.52 1.60 1.62 1.56 2.04

Utilities 1.90 2.00 1.99 1.70 1.73 1.75 1.76 1.63 1.60 1.62 1.72 1.60

Construction 5.85 5.89 5.83 5.64 5.35 5.23 5.05 4.84 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.47

Manufacturing, durable goods 6.07 6.24 6.66 6.19 6.30 6.33 6.67 6.94 7.22 7.35 7.43 6.66

Manufacturing, nondurable goods 6.19 6.03 5.79 5.58 5.53 5.55 5.72 5.46 5.39 5.44 4.80 4.76

Wholesale trade 5.23 5.25 5.40 5.61 5.56 5.75 5.85 5.74 5.76 5.96 5.96 6.29

Retail trade 6.84 6.71 6.69 6.83 6.93 6.91 6.68 6.64 6.58 6.54 6.09 6.13

Transportation and warehousing 2.80 2.77 2.83 2.70 2.62 2.68 2.83 2.93 2.98 2.94 2.97 2.65

Information 3.53 3.83 3.54 3.76 4.10 4.10 4.48 4.69 4.61 4.91 5.11 5.11

Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing 19.37 19.69 20.15 21.15 20.73 20.52 20.10 20.62 20.93 20.89 20.89 21.70

Professional and business services 11.26 11.22 11.31 11.46 11.34 11.38 11.36 11.57 11.64 11.71 12.07 11.78

Educational services, health care, and social assistance 7.63 7.47 7.34 7.45 7.62 7.68 7.64 7.54 7.59 7.58 7.88 8.18

Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services 3.90 3.95 3.94 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.85 3.81 3.82 3.81 3.63 3.41

Other services, except government 3.29 3.17 3.09 2.74 2.77 2.66 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.42 2.30 2.20

Government, total 14.22 13.72 13.43 13.39 13.41 13.22 12.85 12.55 12.28 12.14 12.39 12.83

Government, federal 4.66 4.41 4.30 4.19 4.20 4.17 4.09 3.97 3.85 3.79 3.89 4.14

Government, state and local 9.56 9.31 9.13 9.20 9.21 9.04 8.77 8.58 8.42 8.35 8.50 8.69

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Industry Economic Accounts , available at http://www.bea.gov/industry/gpotables/ as of Jan. 21, 2011.

NOTES

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

Chained (2005) dollar series are calculated as the product of the chain-type quantity index and the 2005 current-dollar value of the corresponding series, divided by 100.

The formula for the chain-type quantity indexes uses weights of more than one period. Therefore, the corresponding chained-dollar estimates are usually not additive.

Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Selected Industries (Billions of chained 2005 dollars)

Percent of GDP

KEY: R = revised.

SOURCE
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 200

Total GDP 5,992 6,342 6,667 7,085 7,415 7,839 8,332 8,794 9,354 9,952 10,286 10,642 11,142 11,868 12,Housing 1,274 1,355 1,452 1,570 1,646 1,751 1,843 1,968 2,111 2,249 2,366 2,451 2,597 2,808 3,

Percent of total 21.3 21.4 21.8 22.2 22.2 22.3 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.6 23.0 23.0 23.3 23.7 2

Healthcare 802 872 925 974 1,030 1,082 1,151 1,226 1,298 1,395 1,496 1,619 1,723 1,840 1,

Percent of total 13.4 13.7 13.9 13.7 13.9 13.8 13.8 13.9 13.9 14.0 14.5 15.2 15.5 15.5 1

Food 784 814 830 878 887 944 968 996 1,055 1,117 1,148 1,161 1,207 1,279 1,

Percent of total 13.1 12.8 12.4 12.4 12.0 12.0 11.6 11.3 11.3 11.2 11.2 10.9 10.8 10.8 1

Transportation 595 637 682 741 771 827 895 930 1,007 1,057 1,051 1,076 1,103 1,169 1,

Percent of total 9.9 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.4 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.8 10.6 10.2 10.1 9.9 9.8 1

Education 393 412 432 457 490 519 554 586 628 679 724 749 792 829 

Percent of total 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.0 

Other 2,144 2,252 2,347 2,465 2,591 2,716 2,921 3,087 3,254 3,454 3,502 3,587 3,721 3,943 4,

Percent of total 35.8 35.5 35.2 34.8 34.9 34.7 35.1 35.1 34.8 34.7 34.0 33.7 33.4 33.2 3

Table 3-9: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Major Social Function (Current $ billions) 

Other includes all other categories (e.g. entertainment, personal care products and services, and payments to pension plans).Details may not add to totals due to independent rounding.U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, calculated based on data from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Account Tables , available at http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/Index.asp as of Oct. 19, 2010.KEY: R = revised.NOTESSOURCE
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Passenger-miles (billions) 1,327 1,630 2,170 2,561 2,895 3,326 3,946 3,976 4,089 4,166 4,262 4,309 4,442 4,580 4,706 4,837 4,953 5,179 (R) 5,182 5,2Index (1980 = 100) (R) 46 (R) 56 (R) 75 (R) 88 100 115 136 137 141 144 147 149 153 158 163 167 171 179 179 1Ton-miles (billions) UUUU 3,404 3,314 3,622 3,636 3,746 3,767 3,945 4,104 4,174 4,179 4,228 4,300 4,329 4,357 4,409 4,4

Index (1980 = 100) U U U U 100 97 106 107 110 111 116 121 123 123 124 126 127 128 130 Populationa (millions) 181 194 205 216 228 238 250 253 257 260 263 267 (R) 270 273 276 279 282 285 288 2

Index (1980 = 100) 79 85 90 95 100 105 110 111 113 114 116 117 (R) 118 120 121 123 124 125 126 1Industrial Production Indexb (2002=100) 26 35 42 46 56 61 70 69 71 73 77 80 84 90 95 100 104 100 100 1

Gross Domestic ProductCurrent $ (billions) 526 719 1,039 (R) 1,638 (R) 2,788 (R) 4,218 (R) 5,801 (R) 5,992 (R) 6,342 (R) 6,667 (R) 7,085 (R) 7,415 (R) 7,839 (R) 8,332 (R) 8,794 (R) 9,354 (R) 9,952 (R) 10,286 (R) 10,642 (R) 11,Index (1980 = 100) 19 26 37 59 100 151 208 215 227 239 (R) 254 (R) 266 (R) 281 (R) 299 (R) 315 (R) 335 (R) 357 (R) 369 (R) 382 (R) 4Chained (2005) $ (billions) (R) 2,831 (R) 3,610 (R) 4,270 (R) 4,880 (R) 5,839 (R) 6,849 (R) 8,034 (R) 8,015 (R) 8,287 (R) 8,523 (R) 8,871 (R) 9,094 (R) 9,434 (R) 9,854 (R) 10,284 (R) 10,780 (R) 11,226 (R) 11,347 (R) 11,553 (R) 11,8

Ton-miles:Passenger miles is the summation of all modes from table 1-40 less transit motor busTon miles is the summation of all modes from table 1-50U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), National Transportation Statistics , table 1-50.

Table 3-10: National Transportation and Economic Trends

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a Annual estimates as of July 1 of each year. Data include Armed Forces abroadb Industrial Production Index covers manufacturing, mining, and utilities.

U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 2, available at 

http://www.census.gov/ as of Feb. 09, 2010.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics, table 1-40.

NOTESSOURCESPassenger-miles:Population:U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Account Tables , tables 1.1.5 and 1.1.6, available at 

http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=N as of Feb. 09, 2010.Industrial Production Index1960-75: Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the Presiden, Industrial Production Indexes , table B-52, available at 

http://www.gpoaccess.gov/eop/download.html as of Feb. 09, 2010.Gross Domestic Product:1980-2008: The Federal Reserve System, Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization , Annual Revision Release (Washington DC: March 27, 2009), table 1A,

available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/ as of Feb. 09, 2010.
Section B

Transportation and

Consumer Expenditures
 
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Aviation fuel (excluding taxes)Aviation gasolinea 108.4 120.1 112.0 104.7 102.7 99.0 95.7 100.5 111.6 112.8 97.5 105.9 130.6 132.3 128.8 149.3 

Jet fuel kerosenea 86.8 79.6 76.6 65.2 61.0 58.0 53.4 54.0 65.1 61.3 45.2 54.3 89.9 77.5 72.1 87.2 Highway fuel (including taxes)Gasoline, premiumb N 134.0 134.9 132.1 131.6 130.2 130.5 133.6 141.3 141.6 125.0 135.7 169.3 165.7 155.6 177.7 

Gasoline, regularb 124.5 120.2 116.4 114.0 112.7 110.8 111.2 114.7 123.1 123.4 105.9 116.5 151.0 146.1 135.8 159.1 

Gasoline, all types 122.1 119.6 121.7 119.6 119.0 117.3 117.4 120.5 128.8 129.1 111.5 122.1 156.3 153.1 144.1 163.8 Diesel no. 2 (excluding taxes)a 81.8 78.9 72.5 64.8 61.9 60.2 55.4 56.0 68.1 64.2 49.4 58.4 93.5 84.2 76.2 94.4 Railroad fuelDiesel 82.6 77.8 69.2 67.2 63.3 63.1 59.9 60.0 67.7 67.8 57.0 55.5 87.5 85.5 73.3 89.3 

Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 61.

b Average retail price.

SOURCESAll data except railroad fuel:NOTEFor a comparison with other consumer goods prices see table 3-12.

Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transportation Fuel to End-Users (Current ¢ / gallon)

KEY: N = data do not exist.

a Sales to end-users (those sales made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk customers in agriculture, industry, and 

utility).

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review (Washington, DC: November 2010), 

tables 9.4 and 9.7, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/prices.html as of Dec. 16, 2010.Railroad fuel:
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 200

Retail price of motor gasoline, all types

(constant 2007 dollars per gallon)Total service station price (R) 1.91 (R) 2.20 (R) 3.00 (R) 2.15 (R) 1.82 (R) 1.74 (R) 1.67 (R) 1.59 (R) 1.56 (R) 1.56 (R) 1.63 (R) 1.59 (R) 1.35 (R) 1.45 (R) 1.82 (R) 1.71 (R) 1.57 (R) Service station price excluding taxes (R) 1.31 (R) 1.73 (R) 2.65 (R) 1.73 (R) 1.40 (R) 1.24 (R) 1.17 (R) 1.08 (R) 1.01 (R) 1.01 (R) 1.09 (R) 1.07 (R) 0.83 (R) 0.93 (R) 1.31 (R) 1.22 (R) 1.08 (R) Average motor fuel taxesa (R) 0.59 (R) 0.48 (R) 0.35 (R) 0.42 (R) 0.43 (R) 0.50 (R) 0.50 (R) 0.51 (R) 0.55 (R) 0.55 (R) 0.54 (R) 0.53 (R) 0.52 (R) 0.52 (R) 0.51 (R) 0.49 (R) 0.48 (R) 0

Retail price of motor gasoline, all types (current dollars per gallon)Total service station price 0.36 0.57 1.22 1.20 1.22 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.17 1.21 1.29 1.29 1.12 1.22 1.56 1.53 1.44 1Service station price excluding taxes 0.25 0.45 1.08 0.98 0.95 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.78 0.80 0.88 0.88 0.71 0.81 1.14 1.11 1.02 1Average motor fuel taxesa 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.22 0.27 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0

Consumer price indices (1982-84 = 100)All items 39 54 82 108 131 136 140 145 148 152 157 161 163 167 172 177 180 Food 39 60 87 106 132 136 138 141 144 148 153 157 161 164 168 173 176 Shelter 36 49 81 110 140 146 151 156 161 166 171 176 182 187 193 201 208 Apparel 59 73 91 105 124 129 132 134 133 132 132 133 133 131 130 127 124 Motor fuel 28 45 97 99 101 99 99 98 99 100 106 106 92 101 129 125 117 Medical care 34 48 75 114 163 177 190 201 211 221 228 235 242 251 261 273 286 

1980-2007: Ibid., Monthly Energy Review (Washington, DC: March 2007), table 9.4, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov as of February 2009. 

Consumer price indices: KEY: R = revised.

Table 3-12: Price Trends of Gasoline v. Other Consumer Goods and Services

1970-2007: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index-Urban (Current Series) , available at http://www.bls.gov/cpi/ as of June 18, 

2009.SOURCESRetail price: Average motor fuel taxes:American Petroleum Institute, Policy Analysis and Statistics, personal communication, April 2009.

a State and federal taxes are weighted averages computed by the American Petroleum Institute, based on gasoline sold in the 50 states. Local taxes are excluded, but 

additional state sales taxes levied on motor fuel are included. 

Retail price: Total service station price:1970-75: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency, Annual Energy Review 2003 (Washington, DC: 2004), table 5.24, available at 

http://www.eia.doe.gov as of September 2004.
Base 

date 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Air Transportation (NAICS 481) 12/92 U U 100.0 105.6 108.5 113.7 121.1 125.3 124.5 130.8 147.7 157.2 157.8 162.1 162.3 

Scheduled Air Transportation (NAICS 4811) 12/89 110.2 121.2 114.2 125.4 129.1 135.9 145.5 150.8 149.3 157.3 180.1 193.0 193.3 198.5 198.6 

Scheduled Air Transportation (NAICS 48111) 12/89 110.2 121.2 114.2 125.4 129.1 135.9 145.5 150.8 149.3 157.3 180.1 193.0 193.3 198.5 198.6 

Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation (NAICS 481111) 12/89 110.6 122.4 114.8 126.8 130.6 137.8 148.1 153.9 152.6 161.2 186.5 200.6 200.4 205.7 205.8 Scheduled Freight Air Transportation (NAICS 481112) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 100.2 

Nonscheduled Air Transportation (NAICS 4812) 12/96 UUUUUU 100.0 97.8 99.2 102.2 107.3 112.7 114.7 117.8 119.9 

Nonscheduled Air Transportation (NAICS 48121) 12/96 UUUUUU 100.0 97.8 99.2 102.2 107.3 112.7 114.7 117.8 119.9 

Rail Transportation (NAICS 482) 12/96 UUUUUU 100.0 100.5 101.7 101.3 102.6 104.5 106.6 108.8 113.4 

Rail Transportation (NAICS 4821) 12/96 UUUUUU 100.0 100.5 101.7 101.3 102.6 104.5 106.6 108.8 113.4 

Rail Transportation (NAICS 48211) 12/96 UUUUUU 100.0 100.5 101.7 101.3 102.6 104.5 106.6 108.8 113.4 

Line -Haul Railroads (NAICS 482111) 12/84 107.5 109.3 109.9 110.9 111.8 111.7 111.5 112.1 113.4 113.0 114.5 116.6 118.9 121.4 126.5 

Water Transportation (NAICS 483) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.3 

Deep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation (NAICS 4831) NA UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

Deep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation (NAICS 48311) NA UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

Deep Sea Freight Transportation (NAICS 483111) 06/88 113.1 119.5 116.4 115.9 114.4 113.3 114.1 113.1 116.7 134.0 155.8 172.2 185.8 219.9 225.9 Coastal and Great Lakes Freight Transportation (NAICS 483113) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.7 

Inland Water Transportation (NAICS 4832) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 103.2 

Inland Water Transportation (NAICS 48321) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 103.2 

Inland Water Freight Transportation (NAICS 483211) 12/90 100.0 99.2 97.7 95.8 98.5 114.6 109.9 105.9 106.8 111.2 117.9 123.4 120.6 124.7 131.0 

Truck Transportation (NAICS 484) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 103.1 

General Freight Trucking (NAICS 4841) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 103.5 

General Freight Trucking, Local (NAICS 48411) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 105.2 

General Freight Trucking, Local (NAICS 484110) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 105.2 

General Freight Trucking, Long Distance (NAICS 48412) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 103.2 

General Freight Trucking, Long Distance, Truckload (NAICS 484121) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 102.7 

General Freight Trucking, Long Distance, Less Than Truckload (NAICS 484122) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 104.2 

Specialized Freight Trucking (NAICS 4842) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 102.3 

Used Household and Office Goods Moving (NAICS 48421) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 102.6 

Used Household and Office Goods Moving (NAICS 484210) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 102.6 

Specialized Freight (except Used Goods) Trucking, Local (NAICS 48422) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 102.7 

Specialized Freight (except Used Goods) Trucking, Local (NAICS 484220) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 102.7 

Specialized Freight (except Used Goods) Trucking, Long Distance (NAICS 48423) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.7 

Specialized Freight (except Used Goods) Trucking, Long Distance (NAICS 484230) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.7 

Pipeline Transportation (NAICS 486) NA U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U 

Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil (NAICS 4861) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 103.9 

Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil (NAICS 48611) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 103.9 

Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil (NAICS 486110) 06/86 94.2 94.4 94.8 95.0 102.5 113.4 104.7 96.0 96.8 95.5 101.0 111.1 112.3 111.1 115.2 

Other Pipeline Transportation (NAICS 4869) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.4 

Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products (NAICS 48691) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.4 

Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products (NAICS 486910) 06/86 100.8 101.1 101.2 101.3 103.4 104.6 104.3 105.3 104.8 104.9 105.3 108.5 111.0 112.7 116.0 

Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices for Selected Transportation and Warehousing Services (North American Industry Classification System [NAICS] basis) (Base date = 100)
Base 

date 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices for Selected Transportation and Warehousing Services (North American Industry Classification System [NAICS] basis) (Base date = 100)

Support Activities for Transportation (NAICS 488) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.1 

Support Activities for Air Transportation (NAICS 4881) 12/96 UUUUUU 100.0 102.5 105.2 108.6 114.2 117.5 121.4 125.1 128.1 

Airport Operations (NAICS 48811) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.1 

Air Traffic Control (NAICS 488111) NA UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUOther Airport Operations (NAICS 488119) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.1 

Other Support Activities for Air Transportation (NAICS 48819) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 102.0 

Other Support Activities for Air Transportation (NAICS 488190) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.9 

Support Activities for Water Transportation (NAICS 4883) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.0 

Port and Harbor Operations (NAICS 48831) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 102.4 

Port and Harbor Operations (NAICS 488310) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 102.4 

Marine Cargo Handling (NAICS 48832) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 100.5 

Marine Cargo Handling (NAICS 488320) 12/91 U 100.0 101.2 102.6 102.9 102.1 101.6 103.7 104.9 106.7 109.1 111.4 110.9 111.5 113.2 

Navigational Services to Shipping (NAICS 48833) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.5 

Navigational Services to Shipping (NAICS 488330) 12/92 U U 100.0 99.8 101.5 107.2 110.9 113.3 115.6 119.7 124.2 125.4 127.4 129.3 133.1 

Freight Transportation Arrangement (NAICS 4885) 12/96 UUUUUU 100.0 99.4 97.7 97.3 98.3 98.2 97.5 97.9 98.9 

Freight Transportation Arrangement (NAICS 48851) 12/96 UUUUUU 100.0 99.4 97.7 97.3 98.3 98.2 97.5 97.9 98.9 

Freight Transportation Arrangement (NAICS 488510) 12/94 UUUU 100.0 99.8 101.5 101.4 99.7 99.2 100.3 100.3 99.5 99.9 100.9 

Postal Service (NAICS 491) 06/89 100.0 117.9 119.8 119.8 119.8 132.2 132.3 132.3 132.3 135.3 135.2 143.4 150.2 155.0 155.0 

Postal Service (NAICS 4911) 06/89 100.0 117.9 119.8 119.8 119.8 132.2 132.3 132.3 132.3 135.3 135.2 143.4 150.2 155.0 155.0 

Couriers and Messengers (NAICS 492) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 106.1 

Couriers (NAICS 4921) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 106.6 Local Messengers and Local Delivery (NAICS 4922) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 101.1 

Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 493) 12/06 UUUU 82.7 84.1 84.6 85.4 86.5 89.0 90.8 93.2 94.5 95.8 U 

Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 4931) 12/06 UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

General Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 49311) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 100.3 

General Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 493110) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 100.4 

Refrigerated Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 49312) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 100.5 

Refrigerated Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 493120) 12/91 U 100.0 101.0 101.8 102.7 104.2 104.6 105.1 105.4 106.4 108.1 109.8 109.8 109.8 110.5 

Farm Product Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 49313) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 100.0 100.2 

Farm Product Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 493130) 12/92 U U 100.0 100.1 100.9 104.0 102.4 102.9 104.1 107.1 110.6 114.2 115.6 116.1 116.5 

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Producer Price Index Industry Data , available at www.bls.gov/data/sa.htm as of June 9, 2010.

KEY: NA = not applicable; NAICS = North American Industry Classification System; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

SOURCE
Base date 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2

Transportation Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 336) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Motor Vehicle Manufacturing (NAICS 3361) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Automobile and Light Duty Motor Vehicle Manufacturing (NAICS 33611) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Automobile and Light Duty Motor Vehicle Manufacturing (NAICS 336110) 06/82 119.9 125.3 129.1 133.2 138.0 139.1 140.4 138.7 136.8 137.6 138.7 137.6 134.9 

 Automobile Manufacturing ((NAICS 336111) NA UUUUUUUUUUUUU Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing (NAICS 336112) NA UUUUUUUUUUUUU

 Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing (NAICS 33612)a 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing (NAICS 336120) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing (NAICS 3362) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing (NAICS 33621) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing (NAICS 336211) 12/82 125.4 128.1 131.1 132.8 136.8 145.5 149.9 153.5 155.3 157.0 160.3 163.3 165.6 

 Truck Trailer Manufacturing (NAICS 336212) 12/79 125.6 128.1 131.2 134.2 138.6 148.6 147.8 147.7 152.2 153.6 156.6 156.1 155.6  Motor Home Manufacturing (NAICS 336213) 06/84 125.8 128.7 131.8 133.9 134.5 137.8 141.6 143.1 145.0 147.6 149.4 151.8 154.8  Travel Trailer and Camper Manufacturing (NAICS 336214) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 3363) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 33631) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve Manufacturing (NAICS 336311) 12/82 118.6 119.7 120.7 121.9 122.7 124.8 126.4 127.1 127.0 126.5 127.8 128.5 129.1 

 Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 336312) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Motor Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 33632) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Vehicular Lighting Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 336321) 12/83 112.8 121.8 122.7 123.2 123.2 124.1 124.3 123.7 124.7 124.7 122.7 122.5 122.7 

 Other Motor Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 336322) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing (NAICS 33633) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing (NAICS 336330) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing (NAICS 33634) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing (NAICS 336340) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 33635) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 336350) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing (NAICS 33636) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing (NAICS 336360) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping (NAICS 33637) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping (NAICS 336370) 12/82 112.6 111.7 111.5 111.4 111.9 111.7 112.5 112.8 111.9 110.4 110.6 110.1 110.3 

 Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 33639) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Motor Vehicle Air-Conditioning Manufacturing (NAICS 336391) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  All Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 336399) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 3364) 06/85 117.7 122.3 126.6 130.1 134.0 137.3 140.8 142.7 143.4 144.8 149.9 154.7 157.3 

 Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 33641) 06/85 117.7 122.3 126.6 130.1 134.0 137.3 140.8 142.7 143.4 144.8 149.9 154.7 157.3  Aircraft Manufacturing (NAICS 336411) 12/85 116.0 120.4 124.3 128.6 132.9 137.3 140.5 142.3 142.7 144.1 150.5 155.7 158.8  Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 336412) 12/85 112.6 117.9 123.6 125.7 129.0 130.9 133.4 134.8 135.8 136.8 139.7 144.0 145.7  Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 336413) 06/85 116.3 120.3 124.9 128.0 130.7 131.7 136.3 139.0 140.8 142.2 143.3 146.6 148.1  Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Manufacturing (NAICS 336414) NA UUUUUUUUUUUUU Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 336415) NA UUUUUUUUUUUUU Other Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 336419) NA UUUUUUUUUUUUU Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing (NAICS 3365) 06/84 114.2 117.3 118.7 119.8 122.6 127.6 129.7 127.4 127.6 128.2 128.6 128.3 127.7  Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing (NAICS 336510) 06/84 114.2 117.3 118.7 119.8 122.6 127.6 129.6 127.4 127.5 128.1 128.6 128.2 127.7  Ship and Boat Building (NAICS 3366) 12/84 120.1 122.7 125.7 129.9 133.0 135.0 138.2 142.0 144.1 145.6 149.0 152.6 156.8  Ship and Boat Building (NAICS 33661) 12/84 120.1 122.7 125.7 129.9 133.0 135.0 138.2 142.0 144.1 145.6 149.0 152.6 156.8  Ship Building and Repairing (NAICS 336611) 12/85 114.0 116.2 118.3 123.3 126.8 127.6 130.1 133.3 134.8 135.4 137.6 140.1 144.1  Boat Building (NAICS 336612) 12/81 136.0 140.1 144.9 147.7 150.2 154.6 159.6 165.0 168.6 172.7 179.4 186.3 190.5  Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 3369) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

 Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 33699) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU  Motorcycle, Bicycle, and Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 336991) 12/84 109.9 111.8 114.4 116.9 119.0 122.2 123.3 123.3 124.2 125.5 127.7 127.9 128.6 

 Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing (NAICS 336992) NA UUUUUUUUUUUUU All Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 336999) 12/03 UUUUUUUUUUUUU 

Table 3-14: Producer Price Indices for Transportation Equipment, NAICS Basis (Base date = 100)

KEY: NA = not applicable; NAICS = North American Industry Classification System; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.Data are not seasonally adjusted.U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Producer Price Index Industry Data , available at http://www.bls.gov/data/ as of June 21, 2010.NOTESOURCEa 2009 data is an average of 11 months (i.e., from February to December).
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Total expenditures 331,795 443,811 648,301 1,033,788 1,755,826 2,717,608 3,835,453 3,980,073 4,236,891 4,483,594 4,750,806 4,987,280 5,273,608 5,570,626 5,918,488 6,342,784 6,830,371 7,148,807 7,439,191 7,804,013 8,285,080 8,819

Transportation 40,765 56,529 76,503 124,390 226,486 357,415 442,931 418,274 451,285 485,332 528,231 554,064 598,935 641,818 669,157 730,472 798,408 814,097 818,351 857,412 909,486 979

expenditures 12.3 12.7 11.8 12.0 12.9 13.2 11.5 10.5 10.7 10.8 11.1 11.1 11.4 11.5 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.4 11.0 11.0 11.0 

Food and beverage 83,041 101,623 145,130 225,387 360,888 477,253 653,911 676,347 690,778 712,079 740,777 760,464 789,277 819,336 849,515 895,149 947,583 980,935 1,007,790 1,055,957 1,121,075 1,190Clothing and footwear 29,263 36,483 49,945 71,433 108,834 154,300 206,959 210,436 223,024 230,952 239,687 244,146 252,712 262,012 273,015 287,050 297,319 294,337 295,168 302,782 315,864 331Communication 5,206 7,535 11,606 19,955 31,796 53,104 70,093 73,870 81,142 85,767 93,263 98,942 108,317 120,106 130,593 144,727 162,067 171,320 177,468 181,816 187,853 192Final consumption expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households 5,276 7,192 11,089 18,050 31,888 50,346 79,614 84,245 92,343 94,622 102,369 107,170 115,715 112,248 130,995 145,407 165,368 186,204 205,005 211,815 210,013 214Health 20,363 31,977 56,849 102,717 195,473 345,323 583,724 638,374 700,443 741,681 779,896 826,007 868,312 919,880 979,652 1,033,334 1,109,594 1,209,403 1,317,080 1,403,832 1,500,649 1,601Household operationa 26,179 34,706 46,617 67,805 110,737 155,993 200,559 199,109 209,398 221,891 238,616 251,692 263,723 277,270 296,846 319,652 342,492 351,096 363,539 376,468 400,430 423

Housing, utilities, and fuels 60,525 80,999 113,786 184,843 327,026 513,995 709,115 747,817 783,331 826,866 879,204 926,774 975,497 1,023,141 1,076,806 1,137,399 1,214,461 1,303,244 1,349,054 1,410,631 1,480,618 1,603Financial services and insurance 13,551 19,394 31,071 54,014 95,599 180,539 253,218 281,979 311,759 341,016 349,027 364,689 393,631 431,297 469,649 514,234 569,962 562,791 576,166 601,753 667,481 712Recreation 19,711 28,891 47,017 77,053 127,440 207,163 314,746 326,272 346,841 378,423 413,996 449,768 481,538 509,502 545,957 593,596 639,851 655,708 680,923 712,511 764,637 807Education 3,360 5,465 9,914 15,886 25,443 41,172 65,958 70,561 76,442 81,086 86,364 92,304 99,627 107,120 115,244 123,931 134,291 143,615 149,527 159,684 169,412 180

Foreign travel, net 2,121 2,858 4,514 4,445 3,540 7,742 -7,673 -15,219 -19,951 -20,662 -17,497 -21,462 -24,511 -21,506 -13,739 -13,798 -13,328 -7,409 -5,148 -550 545 Other 22,433 30,157 44,263 67,808 110,675 173,267 262,297 268,009 290,055 304,538 316,871 332,720 350,833 368,398 394,794 431,633 462,303 483,468 504,265 529,900 557,014 580

Disposable Personal Income (DPI) 365,200 497,800 735,500 1,187,300 2,002,700 3,079,300 4,254,000 4,444,900 4,736,700 4,921,600 5,184,300 5,457,000 5,759,600 6,074,600 6,498,900 6,803,300 7,327,200 7,648,500 8,009,700 8,377,800 8,889,400 9,277

Transportation as a percent of DPI 11.2 11.4 10.4 10.5 11.3 11.6 10.4 9.4 9.5 9.9 10.2 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.3 10.7 10.9 10.6 10.2 10.2 10.2 

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Tables , table 2.1, available at http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=N#S2 as of Mar. 15, 2011. The categories have been revised due to the Comprehensive Benchmark revision by the source in 2010, thus this table is not comparable to the 2009 and earlier editions.a Includes furnishings, household equipment, and routine household maintenance.

Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures by Category (Current $ millions)

Ibid., National Income and Product Accounts Tables , table 2.3.5u, available at http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/nipa_underlying/SelectTable.asp as of Mar. 15, 2011. 

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.NOTESDPI: All except DPI: KEY: R = revised.SOURCES
(R) 1960 (R) 1965 (R) 1970 (R) 1975 (R) 1980 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2

TOTAL transportation 40,800 56,500 76,500 124,400 226,500 357,400 442,900 418,300 451,300 485,300 528,200 554,100 598,900 641,800 669,200 730,500 798,400 814,100 818,400 857,400 90User-operated transportation, total 39,510 55,324 74,483 121,055 218,784 349,064 433,277 409,458 444,552 479,512 523,379 548,274 592,165 631,797 658,024 719,713 780,631 802,062 811,282 850,878 90

New cars and net purchases of used cars 16,571 25,191 26,754 36,775 57,243 110,679 118,988 103,658 112,410 120,391 133,268 132,634 135,930 139,384 146,306 155,938 160,260 157,556 155,296 144,639 14New and used trucks and RVs 606 1,284 2,667 7,739 11,849 40,988 63,882 60,337 70,115 80,809 91,229 96,231 108,636 123,810 144,833 165,365 173,295 195,945 216,558 227,075 22Motor vehicle parts and accessories 2,487 3,450 6,087 10,287 17,926 23,483 28,254 27,803 28,727 30,797 33,737 35,366 37,647 39,133 39,477 41,069 41,788 41,260 41,674 43,288 4

Repair and rentala 5,262 7,213 11,776 18,972 32,597 58,034 82,032 78,832 86,705 95,755 108,622 121,371 134,351 147,753 154,548 166,188 176,972 181,925 179,036 180,860 18

Gasoline and oil 12,004 14,751 21,921 39,703 86,689 97,205 111,440 108,852 112,864 114,518 116,492 120,410 130,494 134,428 121,791 136,456 172,929 168,083 160,273 192,793 23Parking fees and tolls 567 816 1,205 1,652 2,529 4,004 5,171 5,546 6,427 6,864 7,281 7,766 8,405 9,482 10,687 11,463 12,318 12,859 12,747 13,152 1Insurance premiums, less claims paidb 2,013 2,619 4,073 5,927 9,951 14,671 23,510 24,430 27,304 30,378 32,750 34,496 36,702 37,807 40,382 43,234 43,069 44,434 45,698 49,071 5

Purchased intercity transportation, total 1,447 2,145 4,156 7,402 15,376 21,014 29,468 28,827 29,338 31,973 34,231 37,071 40,241 45,141 49,015 52,325 59,015 53,237 50,195 53,918 5

Railroad 448 429 395 474 588 616 696 697 546 526 488 482 489 490 519 555 635 697 726 713 Intercity bus 154 206 311 455 873 754 615 674 682 724 776 836 895 1,022 1,118 1,202 1,360 1,410 1,412 1,394 Airline 678 1,279 3,075 5,890 12,768 18,088 25,891 25,069 25,581 27,742 29,226 31,072 33,269 37,216 40,269 43,042 49,166 42,873 39,515 43,348 4Other

c 167 231 375 583 1,147 1,556 2,266 2,387 2,529 2,981 3,741 4,681 5,588 6,413 7,109 7,526 7,854 8,257 8,542 8,463 

Purchased local transportation, total 1,904 1,958 2,906 4,019 4,864 7,093 9,701 10,468 11,153 11,507 11,761 11,738 11,958 11,931 12,910 13,309 13,947 14,703 14,752 15,161 1

Mass transit system 1,295 1,346 1,726 2,051 2,998 4,521 7,124 7,843 8,567 8,794 8,962 8,749 8,796 8,673 9,411 10,040 10,876 11,336 11,298 11,952 1Taxi 609 612 1,180 1,968 1,866 2,572 2,577 2,625 2,586 2,713 2,799 2,989 3,162 3,258 3,499 3,269 3,071 3,367 3,454 3,209 

KEY: R = revised; RVs = recreational vehicles.

Table 3-16: Personal Consumption Expenditures on Transportation by Subcategory (Current millions of dollars)

A significant revision has been made for all years due to a comprehensive revision made by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Tables , tables 2.5.5 and 2.4.5U , available at http://www.bea.gov/national/index.htm as of Jan. 26, 2011.

a Also includes greasing, washing, storage, and leasing.

NOTESSOURCE

b Consists of premiums plus premium supplements less normal losses and dividends paid to policyholders for motor vehicles insurance. c Consists of baggage charges, coastal and inland waterway fares, travel agents' fees, airports bus fares, and limousine services.
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Average total cost per mile (current ¢) 14.4 21.2 23.2 33.0 37.3 38.8 38.7 39.4 41.2 42.6 44.8 46.1 47.0 49.1 51.0 50.2 51.7 56Gasb 4.8 5.9 5.6 5.4 6.6 5.9 5.9 5.6 5.8 5.6 6.6 6.2 5.6 6.9 7.9 5.9 7.2 6Gas as a percent of total costb 33.4 27.9 24.0 16.4 17.7 15.2 15.2 14.2 14.1 13.1 14.7 13.5 11.9 14.1 15.5 11.7 13.9 11

Maintenancec 1.0 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.1 5

Tires 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 0Average total cost per 15,000 miles (current $) 2,154 3,176 3,484 4,954 5,601 5,824 5,804 5,916 6,185 6,389 6,723 6,908 7,050 7,363 7,654 7,533 7,754 8,4Variable cost 968 1,143 1,113 1,260 1,455 1,350 1,380 1,365 1,440 1,440 1,620 1,605 1,590 1,829 2,040 1,770 1,965 1,8Fixed costd 1,186 2,033 2,371 3,694 4,146 4,474 4,424 4,551 4,745 4,949 5,103 5,303 5,460 5,534 5,614 5,764 5,789 6,5

Changes in methodology have been made in 1985 and 2004, and thus costs may not be comparable before and after those years.In 2004, the American Automobile Association adopted a new method for calculating vehicle operating costs that represent the real-world personal use of a vehicle over a five-year and 75,000-mile ownership period. The total cost of owning and operating an automobile include fuel, Maintenance, 

Tires , insurance, license, registration and taxes, depreciation, and finance. Prior to 1985, the cost figures are for a mid-sized, current model, American car equipped with a variety of standard and optional accessories. After 1985, the cost figures represent a composite of three current model American cars. The 2004 fuel costs are based on average late-2003 U.S. prices from AAA's Fuel Gauge Report: www.fuelgaugereport.com. Insurance figures are based on a full-coverage policy for a married 47-year-old male with

a good driving record living in a small city and commuting three to ten miles daily to work. The policy includes $100,000/$300,000 level coverage with a $500 deductible for collision coverage and a $100 deductible for comprehensive coverage. Depreciation costs are based on the difference between new-vehicle purchase price and its estimated trade-in-value at the end of five years. American Automobile Association analysis covers vehicles equipped with standard and optional accessories including automatic transmission, air conditioning, power steering, power disc brakes, AM/FM stereo, driver- and passenger-side air bags, anti-lock brakes, cruise control, tilt steering wheel, tinted glass, emissions equipment, and rear-window defogger. SOURCE The sum of Variable and Fixed costs may not add to totals due to rounding.

Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobilea (Assuming 15,000 Vehicle-Miles per Year) 

American Automobile Association, Your Driving Costs (Heathrow, FL: Annual issues), available at http://www.aaapublicaffairs.com/Main/ as of Apr. 

16, 2010.

a All figures reflect the average cost of operating a vehicle 15,000 miles per year in stop and go conditions.b Prior to 2004, data include oil cost.c Beginning in 2004, data include oil cost.d Fixed costs (ownership costs) include insurance, license, registration, taxes, depreciation, and finance charges.

NOTES 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Air carrier, domestic, scheduled service 33.01 34.13 40.65 53.64 84.60 92.53 107.86 106.78 103.60 109.80 103.21 106.66 110.37 114.10 114.34 114.98 121.27 111.60 101.67 (R)106.77 103Class I bus, intercity

a 2.46 2.73 3.81 5.46 10.57 11.98 20.22 21.86 21.15 21.32 19.77 20.10 22.85 20.83 23.14 26.16 29.46 30.27 30.11 U 

Transit, all modesb (unlinked) 0.14 0.16 0.22 0.27 0.30 0.53 0.67 0.70 0.72 0.77 0.85 0.88 0.93 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.96 1Commuter rail 0.64 0.71 0.84 1.04 1.41 2.85 2.90 3.01 3.09 3.09 3.19 3.13 3.25 3.30 3.29 3.30 3.33 3.43 3.49 3.79 3Intercity rail / Amtrakc 4.22 3.92 3.19 12.96 17.72 26.15 39.59 41.19 40.78 40.11 39.10 39.92 43.31 45.26 44.75 46.85 49.61 51.58 55.15 50.68 50

Class I bus, intercity:Transit and commuter rail:1960-93: Interstate Commerce Commission, Transport Statistics in the United States, Motor Carriers (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), part 2.1994-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Selected Earnings Data, Class I Motor Carriers of Passengers (Washington, DC: Annual Issues) (operating revenue / revenue passengers).1997-2009: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak), Amtrak Annual Report (Washington, DC: Annual Issues) (ticket revenue per passenger mile multiplied by average trip length of passengers), p. 61, available at http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=Page&pagename=am%2FLayout&cid=1241245669222 as of Jan. 27, 2011.1975-80: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs Department, personal communication.1985-96: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak), Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues) (transportation revenues / Amtrak system passenger trips).1960-2001: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book Appendix A: Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 43, and similar tables in earlier editions (passenger fares / passenger trips).1960-70: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).2002-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, Data Tables (Washington, D.C.: 

Annual Reports), table 26, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Jan. 27, 2011. Intercity rail / Amtrak:

Table 3-18: Average Passenger Fares (Current dollars)

SOURCES1965-70: Ibid. Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973 (Washington, DC: March 1974), part III, table 2 (enplanements); part IV, table 2 (passenger revenue).1960: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 (Washington, DC: February 1970), part III, table 2 (enplanements); part IV, table 2 (passenger revenue).2002-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, TranStats Database, T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class, available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/DL_SelectFields.asp?Table_ID=264&DB_Short_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summary as of Jan. 26, 2011 and Air Carrier Financial Reports , Schedule P-11 and Schedule P-12, available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/databases.asp?Mode_ID=1&Mode_Desc=Aviation&Subject_ID2=0as of Jan. 26, 2011.

1985-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December Issues); and Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December Issues) (passenger revenue / revenue passenger enplanements). 

b Prior to 1984, excludes Commuter railroad, automated guideway, urban ferryboat, demand responsive, and most rural and smaller systems. c Amtrak began operations in 1971.

1975-80: Ibid. Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December issues), p. 1, line 3; and Air Carrier Traffic Statistics 

( Washington, DC: Annual December Issues), p. 2, line 16 (passenger revenue / revenue passenger enplanements). KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable

a Regular route Intercity service.

Air carrier, domestic, scheduled service:
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2

Air carrier, domestic, scheduled service 125.95 125.32 125.66 122.77 111.64 101.90 106.89 108.02 103.46 103.09 102.06 103.98 112.86 110.01 108.66 109.13 109.90 109.81 111.22 (R) 114.09 110.63 Class I bus, intercitya 21.06 22.08 24.34 22.24 26.92 19.46 27.74 28.64 27.27 28.40 26.35 27.61 30.82 27.96 29.46 32.54 35.01 34.86 33.60 U U 

Transit, all modesb (unlinked) 1.27 1.26 1.15 1.22 0.94 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.06 1.10 1.20 1.21 1.17 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.12 1.07 1.06 1.05 

Commuter railc 4.58 5.00 5.02 4.82 3.95 5.09 3.79 3.83 3.88 3.82 3.91 3.64 3.54 3.60 3.51 3.39 3.32 3.26 3.20 3.51 3.95 

Intercity rail / Amtrakd 30.19 27.63 19.08 60.03 49.68 46.70 51.80 52.46 51.20 49.59 47.87 46.39 47.22 49.41 47.69 48.14 49.43 49.00 50.54 46.92 50.65 

1975-80: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs Department, personal communication.1960-93: Interstate Commerce Commission, Transport Statistics in the United States, Motor Carriers (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), part 2.Class I bus, intercity:1994-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Selected Earnings Data, Class I Motor Carriers of Passengers (Washington, DC: Annual 

Issues) (operating revenue / revenue passengers).Air carrier, domestic, scheduled service:1960: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 (Washington, DC: February 1970), part III, table 2 (enplanements); part IV, table 2 (passenger revenue).

1985-1996: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak), Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues) (transportation revenues / Amtrak system 

passenger trips).Transit and commuter rail:1960-2001: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 43 and similar tables in earlier editions 

(passenger fares / passenger trips).1997-2009: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak), Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues) (ticket revenue per passenger mile 

multiplied by average trip length of passengers), p. 61, available at http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=Page&pagename=am%2FLayout&cid=1241245669222 as of Jan. 27, 2011.Intercity rail / Amtrak:1960-70: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).

SOURCES1975-80: Ibid., Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December Issues), p. 1, line 3; and Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December 

Issues), p. 2, line 16 (passenger revenue / revenue passenger enplanements). 1985-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual 

December Issues); and Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December Issues) (passenger revenue / revenue passenger enplanements). 

d Amtrak began operations in 1971.

NOTES2002-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, Data Tables (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), table 26, available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Jan. 27, 2011. 2002-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, TranStats Database, T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class, available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/DL_SelectFields.asp?Table_ID=264&DB_Short_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summaryas of Jan. 27, 2011 and Air Carrier Financial Reports, Schedule 

P-11 and Schedule P-12, available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/databases.asp?Mode_ID=1&Mode_Desc=Aviation&Subject_ID2=0as of Jan. 27, 2011.

The Bureau of Economic Analysis has changed the reference year for chained dollar estimates from 2000 to 2005 as part of the comprehensive revision of the national income and product accounts in 2009. As a result all the data are revised and cannot be comparable with the previous editions.This table is deflated using data from the Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts tables , table 2.4.4U. Lines 203, 199, 

201 and 197 are used respectively to deflate their corresponding rows.1965-70: Ibid., Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973 (Washington, DC: March 1974), part III, table 2 (enplanements); part IV, table 2 (passenger revenue).

Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares (Chained 2005 dollars)

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable

a Regular route Intercity service.c This category is now deflated using the railway transportation instead of mass transit deflator and the Intercity rail deflator used in previous editions.b Prior to 1984, excludes commuter railroad, automated guideway, urban ferryboat, demand responsive, and most rural and smaller systems.

Section C

Transportation Revenues,

Employment, and 

Productivity
 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2

Air carrier, domestic, scheduled service 6.1 6.1 6.0 7.7 11.5 12.2 13.4 13.2 12.9 13.7 13.1 13.5 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.0 14.6 13.2 12.0 12.3 Index (1990 = 100) 46 46 45 57 86 91 100 99 96 102 98 101 103 104 105 104 109 99 89 92 Class I bus, intercitya 2.7 2.9 3.6 4.9 7.3 9.9 11.6 12.0 11.8 12.0 11.6 12.2 12.3 12.6 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.9 UU

Index (1990 = 100) 23 25 31 42 63 86 100 104 102 104 101 106 106 109 110 110 111 112 UUCommuter rail 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.6 6.7 12.1 13.4 13.0 13.3 14.3 13.5 13.1 13.7 14.7 14.4 14.9 14.6 15.1 15.2 16.2 Index (1990 = 100) 22 25 28 34 50 90 100 97 99 107 101 97 102 109 107 111 109 112 113 121 Intercity / Amtrakb 3.0 3.1 4.0 5.7 8.2 11.3 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.0 13.7 14.6 16.6 17.3 17.5 18.4 23.2 24.9 26.8 25.0 

Index (1990 = 100) 21 22 28 40 58 80 100 100 100 99 97 103 118 123 124 130 165 176 190 177 Consumer Price Index (1990 = 100) 23 24 30 41 63 82 100 104 107 111 113 117 120 123 125 127 132 136 138 141 

Air carrier, domestic, scheduled service:NOTEThe Bureau of Transportation Statistics rebased the consumer price index from 1982-84=100 to 1990=100. Commuter rail:Intercity class I bus: Intercity / Amtrak:

Table 3-20: Average Passenger Revenue per Passenger-Mile (Current ¢)

2002-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, Data Tables (Washington, D.C.: Annual reports), available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of May 27, 2010. 1990-2001: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: 2010), tables 2 and 42 (passenger fares / passenger miles).1960: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 (Washington, DC: February 1970), part III, table 2 (passenger-miles); part 

IV, table 2 (passenger revenues).KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a Regular route Intercity service.b Amtrak began operations in 1971.

SOURCES1960-2008: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index-Urban, U.S. All Items Indexes, available at 

http://www.bls.gov/cpi/ as of May 27, 2010.1960-70: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual issues).1975-80: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 1994 (Lansdowne, VA: 1994), p. 50.1985-2002: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak), Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues) (transportation revenues / passenger-miles).Consumer Price Index:2003-08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual issues), p. 77 and similar pages in previous editions (passenger revenue/revenue passenger miles).1965-70: Ibid., Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973 (Washington, DC: March 1974), part III, table 2 (passenger-miles); part IV, table 2 (passenger revenues).1975-80: Ibid., Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December issues), p. 2, line 3. 

Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December issues), p. 4, line 9.1985-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Financial Statistics 

(Washington, DC: Annual December issues), p. 4, line 3 and similar pages in previous editions; and Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December issues), p. 3, line 9, and similar pages in previous editions (total passenger operating revenues / total revenue passengermiles).1960-85: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002), p. 48.2002-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, TranStats Database, T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class, available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/DL_SelectFields.asp?Table_ID=264&DB_Short_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summary as of June 23, 2010 and 

Air Carrier Financial Repots, Schedule P-11 and Schedle P-12, available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/databases.asp?Mode_ID=1&Mode_Desc=Aviation&Subject_ID2=0 as of June 24, 2010.

1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002), p. 48.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 2002 2003 200

Air carrier, domestica 22.80 20.46 21.91 28.22 46.31 48.77 55.84 61.18 60.64 60.19 59.86 61.39 63.68 63.92 66.88 68.62 73.85 71.09 (R) 69.30 (R) 69.11 7

Index (1990 = 100) 41 37 39 51 83 87 100 110 109 108 107 110 114 114 120 123 132 127 (R) 124 (R) 124 (R) Truckb 6.31 6.46 8.50 11.60 18.00 22.90 12.88 12.46 12.96 13.12 13.56 13.5 13.98 14.27 12.89 13.14 13.75 13.31 (R) 13.09 (R) 13.33

Index (1990 = 100) U U U U U U 100 97 101 102 105 105 109 111 100 102 107 103 102 103 Class I rail 1.40 1.27 1.43 2.04 2.87 3.04 2.66 2.59 2.58 2.52 2.49 2.40 2.35 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.26 2.24 2.26 2.28 Index (1990 = 100) 53 48 54 77 108 114 100 97 97 95 94 90 88 90 88 86 85 84 85 86 Barge N 0.35 0.30 0.52 0.77 0.80 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.36 1.4 1.63 1.56 1.5 1.52 1.58 1.67 1.75 1.71 1.77 Index (1990 = 100) N U U U U U 100 99 98 96 99 97 110 97 107 98 97 95 120 125 Oil pipelinec 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.37 1.33 1.57 1.22 1.17 1.21 1.17 1.23 1.28 1.18 1.17 1.11 1.17 1.3 1.34 1.33 1.31 

Index (1990 = 100) U U U U U U 100 96 99 96 101 105 97 96 91 96 107 110 109 107 Producer Price Index (1990 = 100)d 28 29 33 49 74 88 100 102 103 105 105 107 110 111 110 112 116 118 117 120 

1960-2009: Council of Economic Advisors, 2010 Economic Report of the President (Washington, DC: 2010), table B-65, available at 

http://www.gpoaccess.gov/eop/ as of July 8, 2010.1985: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Washington, 

DC: Annual December Issues) (freight operating revenues).1975-80: Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: 1976, 1981), pp. 4 and 14 (December 1976) and pp. 2 and 3 (December 1981).Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December Issues) (freight revenue ton-miles).1990-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), TranStats Database , T-1, Schedule P-11, and Schedule P-12 

data, available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/ as of July 8, 2010, and BTS special tabulation, July 8, 2010.Truck, barge, and oil pipeline:Class I rail:Producer Price Index:1965-70: Ibid., Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973 (Washington, DC: 1974), part III, tables 2 and 13.

NOTE: There is a break in the data from 1985 to 1990 for Truck , Barge , and Oil pipeline; therefore, data prior to 1990 cannot be indexed using 1990 as the 

base year because the data are incomparable.SOURCESAir carrier, domestic, scheduled service:1960: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 (Washington, DC: 1970), part III, tables 2 and 13.

Table 3-21: Average Freight Revenue Per Ton-mile (Current ¢)

1960-2004: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 46 and similar pages in previous editions.1960-2008: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 30 and similar pages in previous editions.

b General freight common carriers, most of which are LTL (less-than-truckload) carriers.d Total finished goods. Converted to 1990 base year index by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and therefore not comparable to previous editions of 

this table.

c The jump from 1975 to 1980 reflects entrance of Alaska pipeline moving crude petroleum to U.S. refineries.

a For 1990 and later, air carriers that did not report both financial data and all months of traffic data for a given period were excluded from the calculations. 

Cargo revenue includes both scheduled and charter property revenue and mail revenue.KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2

Air carrier, domestic, all services 2,178 3,691 7,180 12,020 26,440 37,629 57,961 56,165 57,654 63,233 65,949 70,885 76,891 82,250 86,494 90,931 98,896 86,511 79,220 88,830 99,229 (R) 111,730 1

Truckinga NNNNNN 127,314 126,772 135,437 142,547 155,713 161,806 174,743 183,153 197,314 207,751 223,197 221,355 222,383 228,311 248,191 272,911 

Class I bus, intercity 463 607 722 955 1,397 1,233 943 981 938 928 870 917 912 996 999 1,014 1,088 1,076 1,070 U U U 

Transitb 1,407 1,444 1,707 3,451 6,510 12,195 16,053 16,533 16,915 17,276 17,968 18,241 19,151 19,515 21,062 22,220 24,243 25,288 26,632 28,021 29,718 U 

Class I rail 9,514 10,208 11,992 16,402 28,258 27,586 28,370 27,845 28,349 28,825 30,809 32,279 32,693 33,118 33,151 33,521 34,102 34,576 35,327 36,639 40,517 46,118 

Intercity / Amtrakc N N N 253 454 832 1,308 1,347 1,320 1,400 1,409 1,490 1,550 1,669 2,244 2,011 2,111 2,109 2,228 2,074 1,865 1,886 Water transportation (domestic)d 1,722 1,822 2,070 3,293 7,219 7,704 7,940 7,964 7,935 8,028 7,745 7,712 7,283 6,940 6,824 6,795 6,930 6,235 U U U U Oil pipelinee 895 1,051 1,396 2,220 7,548 8,910 8,506 8,095 8,548 8,470 8,676 9,077 8,637 8,632 8,579 9,067 8,958 9,066 U U U U Gas pipeline (investor-owned)f 8,700 11,500 16,400 30,551 85,918 103,945 66,027 63,922 66,405 69,965 63,430 58,435 72,025 U 57,548 59,142 72,075 79,276 68,594 75,567 80,331 102,062 

Transmission companies 3,190 4,088 5,928 11,898 41,604 45,738 21,756 19,818 20,193 19,873 13,841 12,092 12,050 10,339 9,450 9,555 10,404 10,257 10,096 10,892 11,313 16,547 Distribution companies N N N 5,938 14,013 21,510 18,750 17,812 19,854 20,307 20,911 19,421 30,407 30,864 28,182 28,135 34,696 39,179 31,210 38,199 40,410 48,957 Integrated companies N N N 6,962 17,300 17,396 10,117 11,047 10,279 12,506 11,827 10,899 11,941 12,125 2,974 3,086 3,755 4,184 3,150 3,753 2,424 2,803 

Combination companies N N N 5,753 13,001 19,301 15,404 15,245 16,079 17,279 16,851 16,023 17,627 U 16,942 18,366 23,220 25,656 24,138 22,723 26,184 33,755 

Oil pipeline:Gas pipeline:SOURCESTrucking:Class I rail:Intercity/Amtrak:Water transportation:Air carrier, domestic, all services:1960-70: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973 (Washington, DC: March 1974).1960-93: Interstate Commerce Commission, Annual Report of the Interstate Commerce Commission (Washington, DC: Annual issues).

1994-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Selected Earnings Data, Class 1 Motor Carriers of Passengers (Washington, DC: 

Annual issues).Transit:

e Oil pipeline revenues are much smaller than gas pipeline revenues because oil pipeline companies are common carriers that include transportation costs only.

1975-80: Ibid., Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), p. 1.

1985-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December issues).1998-2005: Ibid., Service Annual Survey , 2004 (Washington, DC: February 2006), table 2.1.

1990-97: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Transportation Annual Survey, 1998 (Washington, DC: January 2000), table 1.

2002: Ibid., Consolidated Financial Statements, Internet site http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/03financial.pdf as of July 21, 2004.KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.

a Data from 1990 through 1997 include local trucking (4212), trucking, except local (4213), local trucking, without storage (4214), and courier services, except air (4215) 

based on SIC (Standard Industrial Classification). For 1998 and later, data includes truck transportation (484) and couriers and messengers (492) based on NAICS (North American Industry Classification System). Therefore, data from 1998 onward are not directly comparable with data prior to 1998.

b Excludes commuter rail, automated guideway, urban boat, demand responsive, and most rural and smaller systems prior to 1984. Includes operating assistance.c Amtrak began operations in 1971.d Includes foreign traffic moving on domestic inland waterways.

Intercity Class I bus:1960-2004: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book, 2007 (Washington, DC: 2007), table 50 and similar tables in earlier editions.

f Data are not directly comparable from year to year due to acquisition and mergers. Prior to 1975, pipeline companies are not categorized by distribution, integrated, or 

combination. Total numbers for these companies are 1960 = 5,505; 1965 = 7,437; 1970 = 10,542. In 1997, the American Gas Association revised the database that identifies companies by type (distribution, integrated, or transmission). This reclassification of companies has resulted in numerous additions to the distribution company sample, in particular from the integrated company sample.

Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenues (Current $ millions) 

2002: Ibid., personal communication, Oct. 6, 2004.1960-2005: American Gas Association, Gas Facts, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 11-1, 11-2, 11-3, and 11-4, and similar tables in earlier editions.

1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America (Washington, DC: 2002), p. 38-40.

1975-80: Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs Department, personal communication.1985-2001: Ibid., Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).2003: Ibid., Consolidated Financial Statements, Internet site http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/04financial.pdf as of Feb. 2, 2006.1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America (Washington, DC: 2002), p. 38-40.2004-06: Ibid., Consolidated Financial Statements, Internet site http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/07financial.pdf as of Jan. 4, 2008.1960-2006: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: 2007), p. 12 and similar tables in earlier editions. 
NAICS 

Code 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

TOTAL U.S. labor forceb 54,296 60,874 71,006 77,069 90,528 97,511 109,487 108,375 108,726 110,844 114,291 117,298 119,708 122,776 125,930 128,993 131,785 131,826 130,341 129,999 131,435 133,703 136,086 137,5

Transportation related labor force 2,115 2,133 2,312 3,040 3,054 3,550 12,317 12,011 11,867 11,981 12,350 12,705 12,192 13,247 13,481 13,767 13,907 13,752 13,438 13,224 13,259 13,395 13,492 13,5

48-49 Transportation and warehousingc U U U 2,620 2,961 3,012 3,476 3,463 3,462 3,554 3,701 3,838 3,935 4,027 4,168 4,300 4,410 4,372 4,224 4,185 4,249 4,361 4,470 4,5

481 Air transportation U U U U U U 529 525 520 517 511 511 526 542 563 586 614 615 564 528 515 501 487 4

4811 Scheduled air transportation U U U U U U 503 498 491 486 477 473 486 501 520 543 570 570 520 485 472 456 442 4

4812 Nonscheduled air transportation U U U U U U 27 27 29 31 34 38 40 41 43 44 45 45 44 43 43 44 45 

482 Rail transportation 862 716 617 534 518 350 272 256 248 242 235 233 225 221 225 229 232 227 218 218 226 228 228 2483 Water transportation U U U U U U 57 57 57 53 52 51 51 51 51 52 56 54 53 55 56 61 63 

4831 Sea, coastal, and Great Lakes water transportation U U U U U U 35 36 35 33 33 32 32 32 32 33 36 34 32 34 35 37 39 

484 Truck transportation UUUUUU 1,122 1,105 1,107 1,155 1,206 1,249 1,282 1,308 1,354 1,392 1,406 1,387 1,339 1,326 1,352 1,398 1,436 1,4

4841 General freight trucking U U U U U U 807 795 797 831 867 901 924 942 976 1,002 1,013 992 952 935 950 981 1,005 1,0

4842 Specialized freight trucking U U U U U U 315 310 311 324 339 348 359 367 379 390 393 395 388 390 402 417 431 4

485 Transit and ground passenger transportation U U U U U U 274 284 288 300 317 328 339 350 363 371 372 375 381 382 385 389 399 4

4851-4852 Urban transit, interurban and rural bus transportation U U U U U U 46 46 46 48 52 53 55 56 59 59 59 60 61 60 60 60 60 

4851 Urban transit systems U U U U U U 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 36 36 35 36 38 38 39 40 40 

4852 Interurban and rural bus transportation 38 39 41 38 36 33 25 23 22 21 22 23 23 21 23 23 23 24 23 22 21 20 20 

4853 Taxi and limousine service U U U U U U 57 59 58 61 64 66 68 70 72 73 72 71 68 67 66 66 69 

4854 School and employee bus transportation U U U 66 81 93 114 118 121 125 130 136 137 142 146 151 152 153 161 165 167 169 172 1

4855 Charter bus industry U U U 11 15 21 26 27 27 28 28 29 31 32 34 36 38 37 36 33 32 31 31 

4859 Other transit and ground passenger transportation U U U U U U 31 34 36 39 43 45 48 51 52 53 51 54 56 58 59 63 67 

486 Pipeline transportation U U U U U U 60 61 60 59 57 54 51 50 48 47 46 45 42 40 38 38 39 487 Scenic and sightseeing transportation U U U U U U 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 25 25 26 28 29 26 27 27 29 28 488 Support activities for transportation U U U U U U 364 377 370 382 405 430 446 473 497 518 537 539 525 520 535 552 571 5

4881 Support activities for air transportation U U U U U U 96 96 96 99 101 104 109 115 124 133 141 140 139 136 142 148 157 1

4883 Support activities for water transportation U U U U U U 91 96 89 86 89 92 90 92 94 96 97 95 95 94 92 94 99 1

4884 Support activities for road transportation U U U U U U 35 36 38 41 45 49 53 57 60 63 66 69 70 72 76 79 81 

4885 Freight transportation arrangement U U U U U U 111 115 114 120 130 143 149 161 166 172 178 179 168 167 171 177 180 1

4889 Support activities for other transportation, including rail U U U U U U 32 33 34 37 40 43 45 48 53 54 56 57 52 52 55 55 53 

492 Couriers and messengers U U U U U U 375 379 389 414 466 517 540 546 568 586 605 587 561 562 557 571 582 5

4921 Couriers and express delivery services U U U U U U 340 344 354 378 423 469 489 494 513 528 546 530 507 510 507 522 533 5

4922 Local messengers and local delivery U U U U U U 35 35 35 36 43 48 51 52 55 58 59 57 54 51 50 50 50 

493 Warehousing and storage U U U U U U 407 403 406 413 431 444 452 462 474 494 514 514 517 528 558 595 638 6

Transportation related manufacturing

324 Petroleum and coal products manufacturing U U U U U U 153 155 152 146 144 140 137 136 135 128 123 121 118 114 112 112 113 1

32621 Tire manufacturingd U U U U U U 90 86 87 87 85 87 86 84 87 87 87 82 76 72 70 67 60 

32622 Rubber and plastic hoses and belting manufacturing U U U 29 31 26 25 23 23 24 26 27 27 28 29 30 30 29 28 28 28 29 28 

334511 Search, detection, navigation, guidance, aeronautical, and 

nautical system and instrument manufacturing U U U U U 354 280 256 226 201 175 158 158 159 163 161 149 150 148 145 151 157 158 1

336 Transportation equipment manufacturing UUUUUU 2,135 2,029 1,978 1,915 1,937 1,979 1,975 2,028 2,078 2,089 2,057 1,939 1,830 1,775 1,767 1,772 1,769 1,7

3361 Motor vehicle manufacturing U U U U U U 271 258 260 264 282 295 285 287 284 291 291 279 265 265 256 248 237 2

3362 Motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing U U U U U U 130 120 126 136 151 160 155 158 170 184 183 159 152 153 165 171 179 1

3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing U U U U U U 653 639 661 678 736 787 800 809 818 837 840 775 734 708 692 678 655 6

3364 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing U U U U U U 841 784 711 624 552 514 514 555 579 547 517 511 470 442 442 455 474 4

3365 Railroad rolling stock manufacturing U U U U U U 31 28 27 29 33 35 33 32 35 35 33 28 23 23 25 27 28 

3366 Ship and boat building 130 148 158 179 203 172 174 165 158 148 147 148 147 146 154 154 154 148 147 147 149 154 157 13369 Other transportation equipment manufacturing U U U U U U 35 35 36 37 38 40 41 41 40 40 40 39 39 38 38 39 40 

Other transportation related industries

2373 Highway, street, and bridge construction U U U U U U 289 267 264 271 274 278 288 294 308 336 340 346 346 340 347 351 348 3

4231 Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies 

merchant wholesalers U U U U U U 309 304 302 306 320 335 343 350 354 360 356 347 346 342 341 344 348 3

42386 Transportation equipment and supplies merchant 

wholesalerse U U U U U U 35 34 33 31 31 32 33 35 37 40 39 36 34 32 32 33 33 

4247 Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers U U U U U U 155 147 137 129 128 126 124 123 122 123 119 114 111 106 101 100 100 1

441 Motor vehicle parts dealers UUUUUU 1,494 1,435 1,428 1,475 1,565 1,627 1,686 1,723 1,741 1,797 1,847 1,855 1,879 1,883 1,902 1,919 1,910 1,9

4411 Automobile dealers U U U 769 783 904 983 938 935 970 1,032 1,072 1,113 1,135 1,142 1,180 1,217 1,225 1,253 1,254 1,257 1,261 1,247 1,2

4412 Other motor vehicle dealers U U U U U U 93 84 81 83 91 97 101 105 110 121 132 136 142 149 159 166 169 1

4413 Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores U U U U U U 418 413 413 422 443 459 471 484 489 496 499 493 485 480 487 491 494 4

447 Gasoline stations U U U U U U 910 889 876 881 902 922 946 956 961 944 936 925 896 882 876 871 864 8

5321 Automotive equipment rental and leasing U U U U U 142 163 152 151 156 163 171 180 184 189 199 208 208 195 193 197 199 199 1

5615 Travel arrangement and reservation services U U U U U U 250 240 245 256 271 281 294 302 304 297 299 285 252 235 226 224 226 2

6219 Other ambulatory health care services U U U U U U 99 107 114 125 135 143 154 164 171 173 173 180 187 195 200 206 217 2

8111 Automotive repair and maintenance U U U U U U 659 636 636 670 701 738 781 811 828 864 888 904 900 894 891 886 887 8

81293 Parking lots and garages U U U U U U 68 69 68 70 71 75 78 82 85 89 93 96 96 100 102 103 108 1

912001 Postal service 591 619 741 699 673 750 825 813 800 793 821 850 867 866 881 890 880 873 842 809 782 774 770 7

Government employment, totalf 532 650 795 831 846 852 903 905 884 892 900 899 U 895 842 862 873 890 932 894 888 888 885 8

U.S. DOTg U U 104 112 112 100 104 108 110 109 103 101 99 98 69 65 64 66 99 59 57 56 54 

State and Local h,i 532 650 691 719 734 752 798 796 774 783 798 798 U 797 772 797 809 824 832 835 830 833 831 8

1970-75: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1976 (Washington, DC: 1976), table 409, and U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, G-WPM, Office of Military Personnel, personal communication.All data, except as noted:1992-2009: Ibid., Government Employment and Payroll, available at http://www.census.gov/pub/govs/ as of Nov. 1, 2010U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Data,National Employment Hours and Earnings, available at http://www.bls.gov/data/ as of Nov. 1, 2010

State and local:

Government employment:2004-09: Ibid., DOT Workforce Demographics, Demographics by Year, available at http://dothr.ost.dot.gov/workforceinfo/demographics.htm as of Nov. 1, 20101990-2003: Ibid., DOT Workforce Demographics (Washington, DC : Annual issues).1980-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary of TransportationDOT Employment Facts, A Report to Management(Washington, DC: Annual issues). 

1960-91: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1993 (Washington, DC: 1993), table 500 and similar tables in earlier editions. USDOT:State and local employment statistics for years 1965 and later are significantly different from the data reported in the previous edition of the report because current data include employment for air, water and transit modes in addition to highway.Due to lack of data, employment for inland water transportation; pipeline transportation of crude oil; pipeline transportation of natural gas; other pipeline; scenic and sightseeing transportation for land, water and other; commercial air, rail, water transportation equipment rental and leasing; and regulation and administration of transportation programs are not reported. Details may not add to totals due to independent roundingNOTES

c Does not include Postal servicef Not all government agencies are included (e.g., the National Transportation Safety Board)g The U.S. Department of Transportation was created in 1966. Data are on a fiscal year basis and include permanent civilians as well as temporary employees and military. The United States Coast 

Guard (USCG) and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) were transferred to the Department of Homeland Security in 2003.

h Full-time equivalent employment. Data prior to 1986 are not directly comparable to data from later years due to a change in the way full-time equivalent was calculated. Full-time equivalent was not 

calculated for 1985. State and local data for 1960 include highway employment only. For years 1965 and later, state and local government employment covers highway, air, water and transit modes.

SOURCES

e Does not include motor vehicle wholesalers

Table 3-23: Employment in For-Hire Transportation and Selected Transportation-Related Industriesa (North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) basis) (Thousands) 

b Excludes farm employment.

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a Annual averages.d Includes tire manufacturing and tire retreadingi Due to a change in the reference period, from October to March, the October 1996 Annual Survey of Government Employment and Payroll was not conducte
SOC code Occupation 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

53-2011 Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers 88,040 94,820 88,800 78,810 76,940 78,490 76,240 75,810 78,250 77,090 74,420

53-2012 Commercial pilots 18,780 18,040 18,380 19,570 19,940 21,370 24,860 27,120 29,180 31,250 29,180

53-2021 Air traffic controllers 22,620 23,350 22,990 23,410 22,610 22,260 21,590 23,240 24,180 24,260 24,420

53-2022 Airfield operations specialists 4,510 4,580 5,390 5,910 4,670 4,810 4,510 4,760 6,210 8,050 7,670

53-3011 Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 13,520 15,700 17,620 17,280 18,420 17,410 18,320 21,100 21,520 21,790 19,570

53-3021 Bus drivers, transit and intercity 160,210 175,470 190,530 197,090 187,900 183,710 183,450 191,120 189,050 184,160 177,510

53-3022 Bus drivers, school 463,860 457,050 469,100 468,790 471,130 475,430 465,880 456,570 461,590 460,100 459,480

53-3031 Driver/sales workers 385,210 373,660 378,220 368,730 397,630 406,910 400,530 396,680 382,360 372,720 363,050

53-3032 Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer 1,558,400 1,577,070 1,548,480 1,520,880 1,520,740 1,553,370 1,624,740 1,673,950 1,693,590 1,672,580 1,550,930

53-3033 Truck drivers, light or delivery services 1,085,050 1,033,220 996,000 977,920 951,400 938,730 938,280 941,590 922,900 908,960 834,780

53-3041 Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 119,630 130,200 125,860 125,720 131,880 132,650 144,280 154,490 165,590 170,520 167,740

53-4011 Locomotive engineers 19,940 29,390 30,730 28,250 30,070 31,180 37,390 36,870 41,760 42,760 43,560

53-4012 Locomotive firers 890 1,040 730 710 630 620 540 560 580 970 960

53-4013 Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers 5,070 4,020 4,840 4,600 6,020 6,170 6,970 5,820 4,950 5,480 5,360

53-4021 Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 14,500 16,830 17,070 15,030 15,310 16,410 20,700 22,810 23,120 24,610 24,270

53-4031 Railroad conductors and yardmasters 36,680 40,380 40,910 38,070 35,120 35,720 38,330 37,110 37,540 39,580 41,540

53-4041 Subway and street car operators U 3,190 U 7,250 8,720 8,900 7,430 6,740 6,600 7,430 6,050

53-5011 Sailors and marine oilers 27,200 30,090 28,650 25,360 27,170 27,570 31,090 31,690 32,520 32,420 31,950

53-5021 Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels 20,660 21,080 22,180 22,530 24,050 25,200 28,570 29,170 30,540 30,600 30,450

53-5022 Motorboat operators 4,000 3,540 3,410 3,600 3,130 2,830 2,700 2,450 3,250 3,380 3,070

53-5031 Ship engineers 6,800 7,370 7,470 8,020 10,230 10,330 13,240 14,190 13,710 11,190 10,850

53-6011 Bridge and lock tenders 6,970 4,790 4,500 3,900 3,490 3,500 3,620 3,700 4,750 4,490 4,290

53-7071 Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators 6,940 6,510 6,070 6,920 5,250 4,680 3,950 3,900 4,230 4,050 4,160

53-7072 Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers 13,480 13,730 12,920 12,360 10,540 9,810 9,970 10,030 10,400 9,280 10,310

17-2011 Aerospace engineers 71,790 71,550 74,380 74,210 71,750 73,650 81,100 86,720 85,510 67,800 70,570

17-2121 Marine engineers and naval architects 4,450 4,680 4,860 4,810 6,060 6,620 6,550 7,810 6,620 6,480 5,270

17-3021 Aerospace engineering and operations technicians 17,270 19,850 15,570 14,700 10,650 9,260 9,950 8,280 7,870 8,540 7,940

49-2091 Avionics technicians 15,560 15,360 16,340 21,710 21,020 22,310 22,490 15,360 16,300 18,360 17,960

49-2093 Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 14,700 15,930 16,650 17,320 17,130 17,390 20,560 20,480 18,160 15,860 13,900

49-2096 Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 14,250 12,480 13,210 15,200 15,070 15,490 17,650 19,510 19,310 19,980 17,090

49-3011 Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 125,970 135,730 135,250 125,850 113,470 112,830 115,120 118,210 118,780 116,310 112,130

49-3021 Automotive body and related repairers 179,960 168,170 168,630 175,370 168,630 162,820 158,160 155,500 152,790 147,200 133,290

49-3022 Automotive glass installers and repairers 20,520 21,240 21,550 19,710 18,040 18,150 17,760 18,650 18,340 18,330 15,920

49-3023 Automotive service technicians and mechanics 587,320 692,570 701,150 687,380 689,630 668,540 654,800 642,360 650,780 649,460 606,990

49-3031 Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 273,320 258,800 254,420 254,470 249,230 251,430 248,280 254,850 250,370 248,620 232,810

49-3043 Rail car repairers 7,230 10,620 11,860 13,520 16,790 18,140 24,270 23,810 23,190 20,780 20,910

49-3051 Motorboat mechanics 18,450 19,040 18,370 18,550 17,990 17,680 18,190 18,550 19,610 19,640 18,180

49-3052 Motorcycle mechanics 11,390 11,720 13,290 13,030 15,000 15,920 16,140 16,700 16,800 16,850 16,070

49-3091 Bicycle repairers 8,080 7,940 7,730 7,000 7,560 7,750 7,980 8,350 9,130 9,690 9,290

49-3092 Recreational vehicle service technicians 13,100 12,200 11,830 12,490 12,520 12,340 13,540 13,560 14,030 13,400 10,860

49-3093 Tire repairers and changers 99,880 88,530 86,200 81,560 85,030 87,110 100,860 103,120 100,510 98,520 92,440

51-2011 Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 18,070 32,680 33,620 25,690 19,830 18,710 22,820 27,680 34,410 43,330 39,870

51-9122 Painters, transportation equipment 45,920 43,270 44,090 45,670 47,390 49,810 52,650 52,170 51,260 50,310 46,810

51-9197 Tire builders 16,680 15,790 13,410 13,020 16,400 17,960 19,860 23,210 20,530 21,740 17,820

53-6031 Service station attendants 109,050 106,010 107,650 102,550 96,450 90,640 96,340 94,780 93,140 84,480 79,480

53-7061 Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 302,380 301,330 304,500 311,070 321,630 330,520 333,350 334,560 336,210 330,850 298,500

Transportation equipment manufacturing and maintenance occupations

Vehicle operators, pipeline operators, and primary support

Table 3-24: Employment in Transportation and Transportation-Related Occupations
SOC code Occupation 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Table 3-24: Employment in Transportation and Transportation-Related Occupations

47-2071 Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 58,410 56,330 57,880 58,760 60,210 61,860 63,220 63,090 63,850 61,230 54,850

47-4051 Highway maintenance workers 139,540 145,790 148,390 146,290 139,810 136,550 140,600 138,670 137,140 136,420 139,490

47-4061 Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 8,620 9,940 11,680 10,450 12,120 10,430 13,510 13,680 14,050 15,020 14,880

49-9097 Signal and track switch repairers 3,720 5,540 8,550 7,990 7,600 7,780 6,100 5,980 6,090 6,570 6,450

53-7031 Dredge operators 1,910 3,100 2,920 2,850 2,190 1,730 1,720 1,780 1,910 1,910 1,990

13-1032 Insurance appraisers, auto damage 19,310 12,320 12,110 13,270 11,260 12,520 12,900 12,630 12,150 11,280 10,960

33-3041 Parking enforcement workers 7,660 8,040 9,160 10,180 9,690 9,990 10,140 10,090 9,910 9,530 9,670

33-3052 Transit and railroad police 4,590 5,760 6,750 6,010 4,790 4,610 5,090 5,320 5,530 3,830 3,930

33-9091 Crossing guards 68,310 72,830 69,990 73,020 68,910 70,180 69,390 67,750 67,570 68,530 68,470

39-6022 Travel guides 4,180 5,200 5,480 4,960 5,240 4,140 3,120 3,220 3,520 4,510 4,270

39-6031 Flight attendants 123,310 126,380 115,750 104,360 99,910 101,980 99,590 96,760 97,010 99,480 95,810

39-6032 Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters 22,780 23,550 25,910 26,580 28,440 27,730 24,810 20,790 20,690 21,870 22,450

41-3041 Travel agents 111,130 124,030 111,310 104,550 98,410 90,500 88,590 87,600 85,580 86,420 76,990

43-4181 Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 222,340 199,700 183,280 174,170 156,140 159,910 160,120 157,650 167,390 163,880 142,500

43-5021 Couriers and messengers 134,370 130,210 121,670 120,900 117,460 111,700 106,520 105,070 100,820 96,110 93,460

43-5032 Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 171,560 167,180 170,050 168,380 161,570 165,910 172,550 185,410 190,190 193,210 185,100

43-5052 Postal service mail carriers 352,550 354,980 355,120 347,420 344,090 344,050 347,180 346,990 348,070 354,570 339,030

43-5071 Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 886,230 864,530 802,600 792,470 757,750 747,270 759,910 763,350 755,790 760,950 715,130

53-6021 Parking lot attendants 109,340 116,930 109,930 108,460 109,890 120,080 124,250 131,870 131,860 136,470 129,990

53-6041 Traffic technicians 5,000 4,590 5,090 5,370 5,980 6,240 6,990 6,560 6,550 7,030 6,570

53-6051 Transportation inspectors 22,440 26,520 27,670 28,340 23,860 24,140 25,570 23,790 24,130 24,940 24,250

53-7081 Refuse and recyclable material collectors 135,320 118,910 125,600 132,290 137,510 139,920 133,930 125,770 126,270 129,080 128,940

53-7121 Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 20,830 17,480 19,430 16,960 15,910 16,530 15,950 15,360 14,870 12,330 11,560

11-3071 Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 123,450 116,680 108,590 107,400 90,940 88,100 84,870 89,010 92,790 96,300 92,380

53-1011 Aircraft cargo handling supervisors 8,090 9,960 9,070 8,920 8,580 7,460 6,210 5,620 4,690 4,950 5,370

53-1021 First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, 

hand 138,210 146,790 147,490 147,180 159,780 169,860 176,030 178,820 184,400 186,230 174,540

53-1031 First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material-moving 

machine and vehicle operators 175,260 186,710 197,430 207,280 211,960 222,590 221,520 220,570 223,710 218,480 205,780

Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) uses a mail survey to measure employment levels and wage rates for all full- and part-time wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments. The survey does not 

include self-employed owners and partners in unincorporated firms, household workers, or unpaid family workers. In 1999, OES began using the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system to organize 

occupational data. Consequently, estimates from 1999 and subsequent years are not directly comparable to previous occupational estimates. The SOC is being adopted by all federal agencies and consists of 

821 detailed occupations, grouped into 449 board occupations, 96 minor groups, and 23 major groups. 

NOTES

Transportation Infrastructure construction and maintenance occupations

A broad definition of transportation and transportation-related occupations is used in this table based on Sen, B. and M. Rossetti, "A Complete Count of the U.S. Transportation Workforce," Transportation 

Research Record 1719 : 2000, pp 259-266. Some occupational categories may include workers not engaged in transportation or transportation-related activities. For example, the category "first-line 

supervisors/managers" (53-1021 and 53-1031) may include workers in material moving occupations along with transportation occupations. Moreover, some workers engaged in transportation and transportationrelated activities may be excluded. For example, "baggage porters and bellhops" is not included in this table because it is believed that a large share of workers in this category work in hotels or similar 

establishments. 

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wages (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at 

http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm as of June 30, 2010.

SOURCE

Secondary Support Service Occupations

Other

KEY: U = data are unavailable; SOC = Standard Occupational Classification.
(R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R

All industries 35,504 37,108 39,243 40,201 40,957 42,450 44,152 45,729 Transportation and warehousing 36,021 37,447 39,057 39,913 40,641 41,490 43,210 43,865 

Air 49,115 50,812 53,107 56,052 58,035 57,469 58,887 56,707 Rail 59,786 61,306 63,353 63,708 64,491 67,273 71,119 72,235 Water 51,190 53,493 54,727 56,149 56,714 57,897 61,470 62,852 Truck 33,687 34,865 36,029 36,500 37,312 38,284 40,090 41,476 Transit and ground passenger transportation 21,838 22,801 23,824 24,344 24,771 25,373 26,212 26,820 Pipeline 64,143 71,872 96,520 100,398 81,969 83,849 89,175 88,856 Other transportation and support activitiesb 32,607 34,460 35,765 36,133 37,629 39,109 41,433 42,509 

Warehousing and storage 31,290 32,301 33,613 34,171 35,178 36,614 37,947 38,863 

Table 3-25: Average Wagea and Salary Accruals per Full-Time Equivalent Employee by Transportation Industry (Nort

Classification System [NAICS] basis) (Current $)

SOURCEKEY: R = revised.

a Wages do not include supplements to wages and salaries such as pension, profit-sharing, and other retirement plans, and health, life, and unemployment insurance cb Comprises business establishments involved in scenic and sightseeing transportation, support activities for transportation, postal service, and couriers and messenge

NOTESU.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Tables , table 6.6d, available at http://www.bea.gov/ as of Apr. 2

Wage and salary accruals consist of the monetary remuneration of employees, including compensation of corporate officers; commissions, tips and bonuses; voluntary contributions to certain deferred compensation plans, such as 401(k) plans; and receipts in kind that represent income. In other words, accruals are wage and salary easalary paid. For example, wage and salary earned in 1999 but not paid until 2000 are included in accruals for 1999. However, the difference between wage and salary and salary paid is usually very small.Use care in comparing the data in this table with those in table 3-26. This table includes weighted part-time employees' salaries. Table 3-26 covers only full-time emploData in this table are based on the 2002 NAICS codes. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) provides these data on a Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) basis on a NAICS basis beginning in 1998 (see table 3-21a of 2010 edition of NTS for data based on SIC). This table is not comparable to previous editions due to the CompBenchmark revision by the BEA in 2007.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

TOTAL, all occupationsa 576 596 608 620 638 651 671 695 722 739

Transportation and material moving occupations 481 504 514 520 520 543 556 570 593 599

Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers 671 648 709 705 655 734 767 811 761 786

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 1,193 1,040 1,233 1,350 1,418 1,366 1,407 1,358 1,390 1,650

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 1,090 1,123 1,041 1,583 1,239 1,444 1,259 1,225 1,116 1,056

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 580 521 456 322 399 939 452 693 432 663

Bus drivers 462 467 499 501 500 517 519 507 561 563

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 551 585 599 603 610 624 642 665 702 685

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 451 484 488 481 486 483 538 501 503 514

Motor vehicle operators, all other 509 508 409 353 380 394 417 484 511 511

Locomotive engineers and operators 870 953 963 925 1,056 998 1,129 1,157 1,223 1,122

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 689 753 792 880 820 698 999 706 1,027 960

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 817 927 818 884 881 1,017 904 912 1,067 1,027

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 754 727 579 515 686 497 696 973 700 1,003

Sailors and marine oilers 508 697 701 616 424 628 812 549 666 980

Ship and boat captains and operators 779 848 899 944 848 798 829 1,158 1,154 1,491

Ship engineers 712 1,190 1,181 1,154 980 1,288 452 997 1,158 1,583

Bridge and lock tenders 935 560 667 726 599 637 627 892 512 918

Parking lot attendants 316 329 341 350 378 360 397 410 436 421

Service station attendants 314 335 362 369 319 323 364 404 373 398

Transportation inspectors 731 696 747 847 810 893 771 839 910 962

Other transportation workers 483 491 645 652 606 735 749 600 631 602

Conveyor operators and tenders 465 488 350 363 521 501 847 563 549 538

Crane and tower operators 675 688 694 589 732 727 790 715 925 778

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 572 617 602 653 607 616 623 726 708 827

Hoist and winch operators 733 610 604 789 709 516 625 446 406 962

Industrial truck and tractor operators 448 477 499 488 486 499 513 519 534 531

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 361 363 354 373 384 385 379 405 428 421

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 401 426 420 464 443 456 474 474 501 502

Machine feeders and offbearers 412 403 433 437 422 449 451 511 439 532

Packers and packagers, hand 313 332 338 348 349 372 391 374 388 408

Pumping station operators 730 622 786 801 747 910 888 942 919 835

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 435 505 430 456 508 491 393 517 475 463

Shuttle car operators 992 696 1,030 741 736 772 436 364 643 610

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 420 703 506 589 504 462 407 607 683 1,032

Material moving workers, all other 491 463 516 515 591 598 553 665 517 643

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey , table A-26, personal communications, Oct. 4, 2004, Nov. 20, 2005, Oct. 

27, 2006, Dec. 20, 2007, Mar. 4, 2009 and June 8, 2010.

NOTES

a

 Earnings for all full-time workers, not just transportation related.

SOURCE

Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers in Transportation by Detailed Occupation (1998 

Standard Occupational Classification [SOC] basis) (Current $)

The 1998 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System was developed by the Federal Government in response to a growing need for a universal 

occupational classification system. The SOC is being adopted by all Federal agencies and consists of 821 detailed occupations, grouped into 449 broad 

occupations, 96 minor groups, and 23 major groups.

This table does not include part-time employees, while table 3-25 includes salaries of part-time employees.
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

All industries 4,180,916 4,465,176 4,827,698 4,952,202 4,997,306 5,154,598 5,410,691 5,705,982 6,070,143 6,415Transportation and warehousing, total 145,915 154,753 164,611 167,412 165,098 166,849 176,601 183,949 194,415 205

Air 26,030 28,047 30,513 32,831 31,064 28,911 28,805 27,111 27,274 29Rail 12,687 12,706 12,524 12,215 11,971 12,265 12,955 13,720 14,416 14Water 2,526 2,617 2,666 2,828 2,896 2,974 3,257 3,619 3,942 4Truck 44,328 46,895 49,337 49,364 48,870 49,701 53,250 56,744 60,267 62Transit and ground passenger transportation 7,997 8,588 8,876 8,985 9,210 9,454 9,925 10,381 11,281 12Pipeline 3,090 3,227 4,239 4,232 3,274 3,186 3,172 3,185 3,593 4Other transportation and support activitiesb 35,001 37,569 40,085 40,215 40,266 41,682 44,591 46,853 49,754 52

Warehousing and storage 14,256 15,104 16,370 16,742 17,545 18,676 20,646 22,336 23,888 25

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Tables, table 6.3d, available at http://www.bea.gov/ as of Sept. 8, 2010.

a Wages do not include supplements to wages and salaries such as pension, profit-sharing, and other retirement plans, and health, life, and unemployment insurance compensation.b Comprises business establishments involved in scenic and sightseeing transportation, support activities for transportation, postal service, and couriers and messengers.

Table 3-27: Total Wagea and Salary Accruals by Transportation Industry (North American Industry Classification System [NAICS] basis) (Cu

NOTESData in this table are based on the 2002 NAICS codes. This table is not comparable to previously published editions due to the change in NAICS codes base year.SOURCE
(R) 1987 (R) 1988 (R) 1989 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 

Output per houra worked

Air transportationb 77 77 75 73 76 80 83 91 92 95 98 95 94 96 91 100 110 

Line-haul railroads 45 48 51 53 57 62 65 67 70 75 76 77 80 87 92 100 105 General freight trucking, long-distance 80 81 80 83 87 91 90 92 90 89 93 93 93 95 96 100 103 Postal Service 85 85 85 89 88 89 92 92 92 91 94 95 97 99 100 100 101 Output per employeec

Air transportationb 77 77 75 73 76 80 83 91 92 95 98 95 94 96 91 100 110 

Line-haul railroads 48 52 54 57 59 64 68 73 77 82 84 83 86 93 95 100 105 General freight trucking, long-distance 77 78 77 80 83 88 88 91 88 89 93 92 93 96 95 100 103 Postal Service 82 82 82 87 88 90 93 93 92 91 95 96 97 101 100 100 102 

a Based on the number of paid hours.b The average weekly hours were assumed to be constant for Air transportation industries; therefore, the Output per hour worked and the Output per 

employee measures are identical. 

Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indices for Selected Transportation Industries (North American Industry Classification System [NAICS] basis) (Index, 2002 = 100)

c Full-time and part-time employees are counted equally. Hence, these data do not reflect output per full-time equivalent employee.

KEY: R = revised.U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Industry Productivity and Costs , available at http://www.bls.gov/data/ as of June 29, 2010 .

NOTESBureau of Labor Statistics developed labor productivity indexes for all manufacturing and retail trade of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industries as well as selected mining, transportation, communications and services industries. Data in this table are not comparable to the data published in previous editions of the report due to change in base year of the index from 1997 to 2002.SOURCE

Section D

Government Finance
 
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Total government revenues 94,548 97,591 101,257 112,733 129,743 128,073 125,480 131,412 132,774 136,328 Federal 30,478 31,188 31,960 39,442 52,567 47,147 43,197 45,914 46,434 46,284 State and local 64,070 66,403 69,297 73,291 77,176 80,926 82,284 85,497 86,340 90,044 Total government expenditures 143,256 149,133 155,954 163,544 182,318 186,374 211,180 223,808 238,092 237,636 State and local expenditures including federal grants 123,369 129,158 135,988 142,364 161,352 165,290 180,864 188,012 195,423 198,377 Federal grants 24,793 24,760 25,913 25,014 27,824 35,277 38,668 42,593 42,547 42,779 Federal expenditures, less grants 19,886 19,976 19,965 21,180 20,966 21,084 30,316 35,796 42,669 39,260 

Government transportation revenues consist of money collected by governments from transportation user charges and taxes to finance transportation programs. The following types of receipts are excluded: 1) revenues collected from users of the transportation system that are directed to the general fund and used for nontransportation purposes, 2) nontransportation general fund revenues that are used to finance transportation programs and 3) proceeds from borrowing. 

Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation-Related Revenues and Expenditures, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions)

SOURCE U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009. KEY: R = revised.NOTESNumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Total government expenditure is the sum of state and local expenditure including federal grants and federal expenditures, less grants. Local government receipts and outlays for highway are not included in 2007.
(R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 

Total government revenues 129,957 131,016 133,489 146,637 163,534 155,216 148,035 151,043 146,469 144,215 146,856 148,130 Federal 41,892 41,870 42,133 51,304 66,258 57,139 50,961 52,773 51,223 48,962 51,284 49,831 State and local 88,065 89,146 91,356 95,333 97,277 98,076 97,074 98,269 95,246 95,253 95,572 98,299 Total government expenditures 196,907 200,211 205,597 212,728 229,802 225,873 249,139 257,241 262,650 251,384 243,086 245,347 State and local expenditures including federal grants 169,573 173,394 179,276 185,179 203,375 200,320 213,373 216,098 215,580 209,853 208,045 211,166 Federal grants 34,079 33,240 34,162 32,536 35,071 42,753 45,619 48,956 46,935 45,254 50,032 43,241 Federal expenditures, less grants 27,334 26,817 26,321 27,550 26,427 25,552 35,765 41,144 47,070 41,531 35,041 34,181 

BTS used the Price Index for Government Consumption Expenditures and Gross Investment as the price deflator. Previous editions of this table used chained 2000 dollars, so this table is not comparable to previous editions.U. S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009.Government transportation revenues consist of money collected by governments from transportation user charges and taxes to finance transportation programs. The following types of receipts are excluded: 1) revenues collected from users of the transportation system that are directed to the general fund and used for nontransportation purposes, 2) nontransportation general fund revenues that are used to finance transportation programs and 3) proceeds from borrowing. Total government expenditures are the sum of state and local expenditures including federal grants and federal expenditures less grants.Local government receipts and outlays for highway are not included in 2007.To eliminate the effects of inflation over time, the Bureau of Transportation Statistics converted current dollars to chained 2005 dollars.

Table 3-30: Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation-Related Revenues and Expenditures, Fiscal Year (Chained 2005 $ millions)

KEY: R = revised.NOTESSOURCE
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2

Federal revenuesCurrent 30,478 31,188 31,960 39,442 52,567 47,147 43,197 45,914 46,434 46,284 51,284 Chained (R) 41,892 (R) 41,870 (R) 42,133 (R) 51,304 (R) 66,258 (R) 57,139 (R) 50,961 (R) 52,773 (R) 51,223 (R) 48,962 (R) 51,284 (RFederal expendituresCurrent 44,679 44,736 45,878 46,193 48,790 56,361 68,984 78,390 85,216 82,038 85,072 Chained (R) 61,413 (R) 60,058 (R) 60,483 (R) 60,086 (R) 61,497 (R) 68,306 (R) 81,384 (R) 90,100 (R) 94,006 (R) 86,785 (R) 85,072 (RFederal user coverage (percent) 68 70 70 85 108 84 63 59 54 56 60 State and local revenuesCurrent 64,070 66,403 69,297 73,291 77,176 80,926 82,284 85,497 86,340 90,044 95,572 (R) 

Chained (R) 88,065 (R) 89,146 (R) 91,356 (R) 95,333 (R) 97,277 (R) 98,076 (R) 97,074 (R) 98,269 (R) 95,246 (R) 95,253 (R) 95,572 (RState and local expendituresCurrent 103,663 108,735 115,095 120,890 137,298 139,101 150,706 152,839 158,841 161,292 168,699 (R) Chained (R) 142,486 (R) 145,976 (R) 151,732 (R) 157,247 (R) 173,057 (R) 168,580 (R) 177,795 (R) 175,671 (R) 175,225 (R) 170,623 (R) 168,699 (R) State and local user coverage (percent) 62 61 60 61 56 58 55 56 54 56 57 

KEY: R = Revised.

Table 3-31: Summary of Transportation Revenues and Expenditures from Own Funds and User Coverage, Fiscal Year (Current and chained 2005 $ millions

The big jump of federal user coverage (percent) in 1999 is due to the fact that Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 allowed taxpayers to delay depositing highway motor fuel tax receipts that would have been required to be made iAugust and September of 1998 until October 5, 1998. October 5, 1998 is in fiscal year 1999. U. S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009.

Government transportation revenues consist of money collected by governments from transportation user charges and taxes to finance transportation programs. The following types of receipts are excluded: 1) revenues cofrom users of the transportation system that are directed to the general fund and used for nontransportation purposes, 2) nontransportation general fund revenues that are used to finance transportation programs and 3) prfrom borrowing. User coverage ratio is a measure of the extent to which federal outlays on transportation programs are covered by receipt from transportation- related taxes and charges that are earmarked for transportation programs. NOTESLocal government receipts from highway are not included in 2007.Sate and local expenditure includes outlays from all sources of funds excluding federal grants.Federal expenditure includes direct federal spending and grants to state and local governments.SOURCE
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

TOTAL, all modes 94,548 97,591 101,257 112,733 129,743 128,073 125,480 131,412 132,774 136,328 Federal 30,478 31,188 31,960 39,442 52,567 47,147 43,197 45,914 46,434 46,284 State and local 64,070 66,403 69,297 73,291 77,176 80,926 82,284 85,497 86,340 90,044 Highway, total 67,544 72,729 74,116 79,921 92,577 90,980 86,994 91,412 92,310 96,189 Federal 22,200 25,981 25,316 28,638 39,308 34,985 31,486 33,297 34,421 35,107 State and local 45,344 46,748 48,801 51,283 53,269 55,995 55,509 58,114 57,889 61,082 Air, total 14,518 11,899 13,879 19,034 22,054 22,298 23,248 24,532 24,212 23,130 Federal 6,291 3,128 4,488 8,682 11,089 10,544 10,103 11,282 10,597 9,652 State and local 8,227 8,771 9,391 10,352 10,965 11,754 13,145 13,250 13,615 13,478 Railroads, Total 36 200010000Federal 36 200010000Transit, total 8,575 8,753 9,006 9,417 10,587 10,670 10,922 11,448 11,906 12,377 State and local 8,575 8,753 9,006 9,417 10,587 10,670 10,922 11,448 11,906 12,377 Water, total 3,832 4,168 4,216 4,323 4,486 4,058 4,250 3,937 4,279 4,569 Federal 1,909 2,037 2,117 2,084 2,131 1,551 1,543 1,252 1,349 1,462 State and local 1,923 2,131 2,099 2,239 2,355 2,507 2,707 2,685 2,930 3,107 Pipeline, total 35 31 30 29 30 40 44 57 57 55 Federal 35 31 30 29 30 40 44 57 57 55 General support, total 7 9 9 9 9 26 21 26 10 8 Federal 7 9 9 9 9 26 21 26 10 8 

NOTES KEY: R = Revised.

Table 3-32: Transportation Revenues by Mode and Level of Government, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions)

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009. Government transportation revenues consist of money collected by governments from transportation user charges and taxes to finance transportation programs. The following types of receipts are collected from users of the transportation system that are directed to the general fund and used for non-transportation purposes, 2) non-transportation general fund revenues that are used to finanprograms and 3) proceeds from borrowing.SOURCE

Local government receipts from highway are not included in 2007.

Numbers may not add to total due to independent rounding. 
(R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (

TOTAL, all modes 129,957 131,016 133,489 146,637 163,534 155,216 148,035 151,043 146,469 144,215 Federal 41,892 41,870 42,133 51,304 66,258 57,139 50,961 52,773 51,223 48,962 State and Local 88,065 89,146 91,356 95,333 97,277 98,076 97,074 98,269 95,246 95,253 Highway, total 92,840 97,638 97,709 103,957 116,688 110,262 102,631 105,067 101,831 101,754 Federal 30,514 34,879 33,374 37,251 49,545 42,400 37,145 38,272 37,971 37,139 State and Local 62,326 62,759 64,335 66,706 67,142 67,862 65,486 66,796 63,860 64,616 Air, total 19,956 15,975 18,297 24,758 27,798 27,023 27,427 28,197 26,709 24,468 Federal 8,647 4,199 5,917 11,293 13,977 12,779 11,919 12,967 11,690 10,210 State and Local 11,309 11,776 12,381 13,465 13,821 14,245 15,508 15,229 15,019 14,257 Railroads, total 49 300010000Federal 49 300010000Transit, total 11,786 11,751 11,873 12,249 13,345 12,931 12,886 13,158 13,134 13,093 State and Local 11,786 11,751 11,873 12,249 13,345 12,931 12,886 13,158 13,134 13,093 Water, total 5,267 5,596 5,558 5,624 5,654 4,918 5,014 4,525 4,720 4,833 Federal 2,624 2,735 2,791 2,711 2,686 1,880 1,820 1,439 1,488 1,547 State and Local 2,644 2,861 2,767 2,913 2,968 3,038 3,194 3,086 3,232 3,287 Pipeline, total 48 42 40 38 38 48 52 66 63 58 Federal 48 42 40 38 38 48 52 66 63 58 General support, total 10 12 12 12 11 32 25 30 11 8 Federal 10 12 12 12 11 32 25 30 11 8 

SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009 . 

Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues by Mode and Level of Government, Fiscal Year (Chained 2005 $ millions)

KEY: R = Revised.NOTESWhile previous versions of this table use chained 2000 dollars, this table has been updated and uses chained 2005 dollars and thus is not comparable to previous editions of this table.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding. Local government receipts from highway are not included in 2007.Government transportation revenues consist of money collected by governments from transportation user charges and taxes to finance transportation programs. The following types of rcollected from users of the transportation system that are directed to the general fund and used for non-transportation purposes, 2) non-transportation general fund revenues that are usprograms and 3) proceeds from borrowing. 
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

TOTAL, all fundsCurrent $ 16,441 20,483 31,795 35,697 37,475 36,499 31,916 32,345 31,139 31,306 30,637 44,323 48,175 45,550 (R) 38,153 (R) 33,561 (R

Chained 2005 $ 39,456 37,259 50,146 54,411 55,703 52,936 45,067 44,459 41,804 41,271 39,851 55,867 58,385 53,737 43,853 37,023 Airport / Airway Trust FundCurrent $ 5,442 7,426 14,355 15,263 15,204 12,850 12,386 11,365 7,692 6,358 9,411 12,446 13,934 14,485 12,642 12,397 Chained 2005 $ 13,060 13,508 22,640 23,265 22,599 18,637 17,490 15,621 10,326 8,382 12,241 15,688 16,887 17,089 14,531 13,676 Highway Trust Fund, highway accountCurrent $ 10,999 10,361 9,629 10,246 11,300 11,523 7,927 9,421 11,658 12,575 8,519 19,206 22,553 20,372 16,136 12,991 

Chained 2005 $ 26,396 18,847 15,186 15,617 16,796 16,712 11,193 12,949 15,651 16,578 11,081 24,208 27,333 24,034 18,546 14,331 Highway Trust Fund, transit accountCurrent $ N 2,524 7,155 9,250 9,798 10,617 9,945 9,579 9,525 9,857 10,051 9,753 8,547 7,368 6,096 4,823 Chained 2005 $ N 4,591 11,285 14,099 14,564 15,398 14,043 13,166 12,787 12,995 13,074 12,293 10,358 8,692 7,007 5,320 

Harbor Maintenance Trust FundCurrent $ N N 30 74 121 305 451 621 865 1,106 1,246 1,556 1,621 1,777 1,850 2,001 

Chained 2005 $ N N 47 113 180 442 637 854 1,161 1,458 1,621 1,961 1,965 2,096 2,126 2,207 Inland Waterway Trust FundCurrent $ N 172 281 217 186 180 214 238 275 300 327 345 364 404 392 383 Chained 2005 $ N 313 443 331 276 261 302 327 369 395 425 435 441 477 451 423 Oil Spill Liability Trust FundCurrent $ N N 345 647 866 1,024 993 1,121 1,124 1,110 1,083 1,017 1,156 1,144 1,037 966 Chained 2005 $ N N 544 986 1,287 1,485 1,402 1,541 1,509 1,463 1,409 1,282 1,401 1,350 1,192 1,066 

1995-2008: U.S. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues), available at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/browse.html as of Jan. 8, 2010.Reported figures are cash balances at the end of the year for all trust funds.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Access to National Income and Product Accounts Tables, table 3.9.4, available at http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb as of Jan. 8, 2010. KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.

Table 3-34: Cash Balances of the Transportation-Related Federal Trust Funds, Fiscal Year($ millions)

NOTESThe chained dollar numbers are not comparable to the data published in earlier editions of NTS due to changes in the reference (base) year of the deflators used.Chained dollar deflator:SOURCES1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Transportation Receipts and Outlays in the Federal Budget, Fiscal Years 1977-94 (Washington, DC: April 1997), table 1-3. 
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2

TOTAL, all modes 148,342 153,471 160,973 167,084 186,088 195,462 219,691 231,229 244,057 (R) 243,330 (R) 2Federal 44,679 44,736 45,878 46,193 48,790 56,361 68,984 78,390 85,216 (R) 82,038 (R) State and local 103,663 108,735 115,095 120,890 137,298 139,101 150,706 152,839 158,841 161,292 1Highways, total 93,558 97,798 102,762 106,708 116,484 125,531 132,930 138,921 142,565 145,271 1Federal 20141 20690 21400 20727 23528 27900 30124 32644 33,081 33,362 State and local 73417 77108 81362 85981 92956 97631 102806 106276 109,484 111,909 1Air, total 20,444 20,763 21,543 22,598 22,811 23,301 33,151 37,672 34,983 (R) 39,708 (R) Federal 12,633 12,576 11,988 12,704 10,954 10,863 19,240 23,535 19,700 (R) 24,106 (R) State and local 7,811 8,187 9,555 9,894 11,857 12,438 13,911 14,137 15,283 15,602 Transit, total 25,807 26,351 27,634 28,912 37,949 37,510 41,360 43,130 42,698 44,600 Federal 5,687 5,492 6,268 6,683 8,535 11,619 13,366 14,275 14,498 14,866 State and local 20,120 20,859 21,366 22,229 29,414 25,891 27,994 28,855 28,200 29,734 Water, total 6,685 6,782 7,139 7,130 7,722 7,643 10,621 8,038 11,775 10,905 Federal 4,376 4,204 4,330 4,345 4,651 4,502 4,627 4,467 5,900 6,858 State and local 2,309 2,578 2,809 2,785 3,070 3,141 5,995 3,571 5,875 4,047 Rail, total 1,049 1,028 1,164 1,100 453 778 753 1,324 1,242 1,533 Federal 1,044 1,024 1,162 1,099 452 778 753 1,324 1,242 1,533 State and local 5421100000Pipeline, total 24 34 33 36 38 46 37 48 65 73 Federal 24 34 33 36 38 46 37 48 65 73 State and local 0000000000General support, total 775 716 698 600 632 653 838 2,097 10,730 (R) 1,240 (RFederal 775 716 698 600 632 653 838 2,097 10,730 (R) 1,240 (RState and local 0000000000

Table 3-35: Transportation Expenditures by Mode and Level of Government from Own Funds, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions)

Federal expenditures from own funds include all amounts of money paid out by the federal government including not only direct spending but also grants to state and local governments. State and local expenditures from own funds include outlays of the state and local governments from all sources of funds excluding federal grants. U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009 .KEY: R = revised.Local government outlays for highway are not included in 2007 due to lack of data. SOURCENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding. NOTES
(R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R

TOTAL, all modes 203,899 206,035 212,215 217,334 234,555 236,886 259,180 265,772 269,231 257,409 253,772 Federal 61,413 60,058 60,483 60,086 61,497 68,306 81,384 90,100 94,006 86,785 85,072 State and local 142,486 145,977 151,732 157,248 173,057 168,581 177,796 175,672 175,225 170,624 168,699 Highways, total 128,597 131,293 135,473 138,800 146,821 152,135 156,824 159,673 157,270 153,675 152,122 Federal 27,684 27,776 28,212 26,960 29,656 33,813 35,539 37,521 36,493 35,292 33,508 State and local 100,912 103,517 107,261 111,840 117,165 118,322 121,285 122,153 120,776 118,383 118,614 Air, total 28,101 27,874 28,400 29,394 28,752 28,239 39,109 43,299 38,591 42,006 42,051 Federal 17,364 16,883 15,804 16,525 13,807 13,165 22,698 27,051 21,732 25,501 26,427 State and local 10,737 10,990 12,596 12,870 14,945 15,074 16,411 16,248 16,859 16,505 15,624 Transit, total 35,472 35,376 36,431 37,607 47,833 45,459 48,795 49,573 47,102 47,180 46,609 Federal 7,817 7,373 8,263 8,693 10,758 14,081 15,768 16,407 15,993 15,726 16,044 State and local 27,656 28,003 28,168 28,914 37,075 31,378 33,026 33,166 31,109 31,454 30,565 Water, total 9,189 9,105 9,412 9,274 9,733 9,262 12,531 9,238 12,989 11,536 10,307 Federal 6,014 5,644 5,708 5,652 5,863 5,456 5,458 5,134 6,509 7,255 6,411 State and local 3,174 3,460 3,704 3,622 3,870 3,806 7,072 4,105 6,481 4,281 3,896 Rail, total 1,442 1,380 1,535 1,431 571 943 889 1,522 1,370 1,622 1,472 Federal 1,435 1,375 1,532 1,430 570 943 888 1,522 1,370 1,622 1,472 State and local 75321000000Pipeline, total 33 46 44 47 48 56 44 55 72 78 82 Federal 33 46 44 47 48 56 44 55 72 77 82 State and local 00000000000General support, total 1,065 961 920 780 797 791 989 2,410 11,837 1,312 1,129 Federal 1,065 961 920 780 796 791 988 2,410 11,836 1,312 1,129 State and local 00000000000

KEY: R = revised.NOTESNumbers may not add to totals due to rounding. 

Table 3-36: Transportation Expenditures by Mode and Level of Government from Own Funds, Fiscal Year (Chained 2005 $ mi

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009.While previous versions of this table used chained 2000 dollars, this table has been updated and uses chained 2005 dollars and thus is not comparable to previous editions of this table.Local government outlays for highway are not included in 2007 due to lack of data. Federal expenditures from own funds include all amounts of money paid out by the federal government including not only direct spending but also grants to state and local governments. State and local expenditures from own funds include outlays of the state and local governments from all sources of funds excluding federal grants. SOURCE
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20

Total, all modes 24,793 24,760 25,913 25,014 27,824 35,277 38,668 42,593 42,547 42,779 5Highway 18,457 18,712 19,819 19,073 21,952 25,710 27,630 29,890 29,800 29,276 3Air 1,826 1,655 1,489 1,511 1,565 1,578 2,020 2,860 2,681 2,961 Transit 4,410 4,298 4,518 4,342 4,226 7,942 8,957 9,767 10,011 10,319 1Water 62 55 31 32 21 91000Rail 21 23 37 35 38 13 31 43 22 20 Pipeline 12 11 13 14 16 18 19 22 20 19 General Support 6 6 6 6 6 8 10 12 12 185 

Table 3-37: Federal Transportation Grants to State and Local Governments by Mode, Fiscal Year (Curre

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009.SOURCENOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding. 
(R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 

Total, all modes 34,079 33,240 34,162 32,536 35,071 42,753 45,619 48,956 46,935 45,254 Highway 25,369 25,121 26,128 24,809 27,669 31,158 32,596 34,355 32,874 30,969 Air 2,510 2,222 1,963 1,965 1,973 1,912 2,383 3,287 2,958 3,132 Transit 6,062 5,769 5,956 5,648 5,327 9,625 10,567 11,226 11,044 10,916 Water 85 74 41 42 26 11 1 0 0 0 Rail 29 31 49 46 48 16 37 49 24 21 Pipeline 16 15 17 18 20 22 23 25 22 20 General support 8 8 8 8 8 10 12 14 13 196 

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Government Transportation Fin2009 .

Table 3-38: Federal Transportation Grants to State and Local Governments by Mode, Fiscal Year (Chained 200

SOURCENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding. KEY: R = revised.NOTESBTS used the Price Index for Government Consumption Expenditures and Gross Investment as the price deflator. Previous editions of this table used chainethis table is not comparable to previous editions.

Chapter 4

Transportation, Energy, 

and the Environment

Section A

U.S. and Transportation Sector 

Energy Consumption
 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 1997 1998 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 2002 (R) 2003 200

Domestic production, totala 7.96 9.01 11.30 10.01 10.17 10.58 8.91 9.08 8.87 8.58 8.39 8.32 8.29 8.27 8.01 7.73 7.73 7.67 7.63 7.40 

Crude oilb 7.04 7.80 9.64 8.37 8.60 8.97 7.36 7.42 7.17 6.85 6.66 6.56 6.46 6.45 (R) 6.25 (R) 5.88 5.82 5.80 5.75 5.68 Natural gas plant liquids 0.93 1.21 1.66 1.63 1.57 1.61 1.56 1.66 1.70 1.74 1.73 1.76 1.83 1.82 1.76 1.85 1.91 1.87 1.88 1.72 Gross imports, total 1.81 2.47 3.42 6.06 6.91 5.07 8.02 7.63 7.89 8.62 9.00 8.83 9.48 10.16 10.71 10.85 11.46 11.87 11.53 12.26 1Crude oilb,c 1.02 1.24 1.32 4.10 5.26 3.20 5.89 5.78 6.08 6.79 7.06 7.23 7.51 8.23 8.71 8.73 9.07 9.33 9.14 9.66 1Petroleum productsd 0.80 1.23 2.10 1.95 1.65 1.87 2.12 (R) 1.84 1.80 1.83 1.93 (R) 1.61 1.97 1.94 (R) 2.00 2.12 2.39 2.54 2.39 2.60 Exports 0.20 0.19 0.26 0.21 0.54 0.78 0.86 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.94 0.95 0.98 1.00 0.94 (R) 0.94 1.04 0.97 (R) 0.98 1.03 

U.S. net importse 1.61 2.28 3.16 5.85 6.36 4.29 (R) 7.16 (R) 6.63 (R) 6.94 (R) 7.62 (R) 8.05 (R) 7.89 8.50 9.16 (R) 9.76 9.91 10.42 10.90 (R) 10.55 11.24 (R) 1

U.S. petroleum consumption 9.80 11.51 14.70 16.32 17.06 15.73 16.99 16.71 17.03 17.24 17.72 17.72 18.31 (R) 18.62 18.92 19.52 19.70 19.65 19.76 20.03 2By the transportation sector 5.14 6.04 7.78 (R) 8.95 (R) 9.55 (R) 9.84 (R) 10.89 (R) 10.76 (R) 10.88 11.12 (R) 11.42 (R) 11.67 11.92 (R) 12.10 12.42 (R) 12.76 13.01 12.94 (R) 13.21 13.32 (R) 1Transportation petroleum use as a percent of domestic petroleum production 64.5 67.0 68.8 (R) 89.4 (R) 93.9 (R) 93.0 (R) 122.1 (R) 118.6 (R) 122.7 (R) 129.6 (R) 136.1 (R) 140.2 143.7 (R) 146.3 155.0 (R) 165.1 168.3 168.7 (R) 173.2 180.0 (R) 1Transportation petroleum use as a percent of domestic petroleum consumption 52.4 52.4 52.9 (R) 54.84 (R) 56.0 (R) 62.6 (R) 64.1 (R) 64.4 (R) 63.9 (R) 64.5 (R) 64.4 (R) 65.8 65.1 (R) 65.0 65.7 (R) 65.4 66.0 65.8 (R) 66.8 66.5 (R) 

World petroleum consumption 21.34 31.14 46.81 56.20 63.11 60.09 66.69 (R) 67.29 (R) 67.48 (R) 67.60 (R) 68.92 70.13 71.67 73.43 (R) 74.07 (R) 75.76 76.74 77.47 (R) 78.12 79.68 (R) 8

U.S. petroleum consumption as percent of world petroleum consumption 45.9 37.0 31.4 29.0 27.0 26.2 25.5 (R) 24.8 (R) 25.2 (R) 25.5 (R) 25.7 25.3 25.5 (R) 25.4 (R) 25.5 (R) 25.8 25.7 25.4 (R) 25.3 25.1 (R) 

1975-2009: Ibid., Monthly Energy Review (Washington, DC: September 2010), tables 3.1 and 3.3b, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/mer/contents.html as of Sept. 2, 2010.

a Includes crude oil and natural gas plant liquids. This data series has been revised from 1975 forward to exclude the field production of other liquids including: 

finished motor gasoline, motor gasoline blending components, and other hydrocarbons and oxygenat

1960-2006: Ibid., Annual Energy Review 2006, DOE/EIA-0384(2005) (Washington, DC: July 2007), table 5.13c, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov as of 

Sept. 23, 2008.2007-09: Ibid., Monthly Energy Review (Washington, DC: September 2010), table 3.7c, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/mer/contents.html as of Sept. 2, 2010.World petroleum consumption:Ibid., Annual Energy Review (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 11.10, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/inter.html as of Aug. 20, 2010.SOURCESU.S. petroleum consumption by transportation sector:Domestic production, imports, exports, and U.S. petroleum consumption:1960-70: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review , DOE/EIA-0384(2000) (Washington, DC: August 2001), 

table 5.1.

b Includes lease condensate c Includes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977

Table 4-1: Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption(Million barrels per day)

d Beginning in 1985, motor gasoline blending components and aviation gasoline blending components are include Net imports is equal to Imports minus Exports .

NOTEComponent numbers may not add to totals due to independent rounding. KEY: P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.
(R) 1960 (R) 1965 (R) 1970 (R) 1975 (R) 1980 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 

Energy consumption, total 45.09 54.02 67.84 72.00 78.12 76.49 84.65 84.61 85.96 87.60 89.26 91.17 94.17 94.76 95.18 96.81 98.97 96.32 97.85 98.13 100.31 100.44 Transportation 10.56 12.40 16.06 18.21 19.66 20.04 22.36 22.06 22.36 22.71 23.31 23.79 24.38 24.69 25.20 25.89 26.49 26.21 26.78 26.92 27.82 28.27 

Transportation as percent of total energy consumption

23.4 23.0 23.7 25.3 25.2 26.2 26.4 26.1 26.0 25.9 26.1 26.1 25.9 26.1 26.5 26.7 26.8 27.2 27.4 27.4 27.7 28.1 

Industrial 16.98 20.12 22.97 21.45 22.61 19.47 21.21 20.85 21.79 21.78 22.42 22.75 23.44 23.72 23.21 22.99 22.87 21.83 21.85 21.54 22.44 21.45 

Industrial as percent of total energy consumption 37.7 37.3 33.9 29.8 28.9 25.5 25.1 24.6 25.3 24.9 25.1 24.9 24.9 25.0 24.4 23.7 23.1 22.7 22.3 21.9 22.4 21.4 

Residential and commercial 9.39 10.48 12.55 12.03 11.53 10.86 10.43 10.66 10.91 11.09 10.97 11.01 11.71 11.30 10.39 10.79 11.40 10.92 11.04 11.46 11.19 10.93 

Residential and commercial as percent of total energy consumption 

20.8 19.4 18.5 16.7 14.8 14.2 12.3 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.3 12.1 12.4 11.9 10.9 11.1 11.5 11.3 11.3 11.7 11.2 10.9 

Energy input at electric utilities 8.16 11.01 16.26 20.31 24.33 26.13 30.66 31.02 30.89 32.03 32.56 33.62 34.64 35.04 36.39 37.14 38.21 37.36 38.17 38.22 38.88 39.80 

Energy input at electric utilities as percent of total energy consumption

18.1 20.4 24.0 28.2 31.1 34.2 36.2 36.7 35.9 36.6 36.5 36.9 36.8 37.0 38.2 38.4 38.6 38.8 39.0 38.9 38.8 39.6 

Percentage of primary demand met by petroleumTransportation 95.9 95.7 95.3 96.7 96.7 97.2 96.7 96.9 96.9 96.7 96.5 96.5 96.6 96.4 96.9 96.9 97.0 96.9 96.7 96.8 96.8 96.6 Industrial 33.9 33.7 33.9 38.0 42.1 39.8 39.0 38.3 39.4 38.6 39.2 37.9 38.6 39.2 39.3 40.9 39.9 42.2 42.1 42.9 44.0 45.1 Residential and commercial 37.2 36.9 34.3 31.6 26.3 24.2 22.6 21.4 20.9 20.1 20.1 19.2 19.1 18.9 19.0 19.8 20.3 20.9 19.4 20.2 20.5 19.9 Electric utilities 6.8 6.6 13.0 15.6 10.8 4.2 4.2 3.9 3.2 3.5 3.3 2.2 2.4 2.6 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.4 2.5 3.2 3.1 3.1 

SOURCES1960-70: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review, (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 2.1a - 2.1f, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/contents.html as of Sept. 1, 2010 .1975-2009: Ibid., Monthly Energy Review , (Washington, DC: August 2010), tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3-8a, 3-8b and 3.8c, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/contents.html as of Sept. 1, 2010.

Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Energy from Primary Sources by Sector (Quadrillion Btu)

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; R = revised.NOTESThe data for Residential, Commercial, and Industrial sectors include only fossil fuels consumed directly. Most renewable fuels are not included. The data for the Transportation sector includes only fossil and renewable fuels consumed directly. The data for Electric utilities includes all fuels (fossil, nuclear, geothermal, hydro, and other renewables) used by electric 

utilities. Due to a lack of consistent historical data, some renewable energy resources are not included in this table. The totals in table 4-4 are the best numbers for total U.S. energy consumption from all sources. Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 200

Total petroleum demand 19.9 23.3 29.5 32.7 34.2 30.9 (R) 33.6 32.8 (R) 33.5 33.7 34.6 34.4 35.7 36.2 36.8 37.8 38.3 38.2 38.2 38.8 4

Transportation 10.1 11.9 15.3 17.6 19.0 19.5 21.6 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.6 23.8 24.4 25.1 25.7 25.4 25.9 26.1 2Industrial 5.8 6.8 7.8 8.1 9.5 7.7 8.3 8.0 8.6 8.4 8.8 8.6 9.1 9.3 9.1 9.4 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.2 Residential and commercial 3.5 3.9 4.3 3.8 3.0 (R) 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.3 Electric utilities 0.5 0.7 2.1 3.2 2.6 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.2 

Transportation as percent of total

petroleum demand 50.86 51.03 51.85 53.82 55.58 62.97 (R) 64.45 65.07 (R) 64.65 65.12 65.09 66.66 66.06 65.85 66.33 66.33 67.12 66.55 67.79 67.16 66

Table 4-3: Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector (Quadrillion Btu)

The sum of components may not add to totals due to rounding.1960-70: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1997, DOE/EIA-0384(97) (Washington, DC: July 1998), tables 2.1, 5.12b, and A3. 1975-2009: Ibid., Monthly Energy Review (Washington, DC: May 2010), tables 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/mer/consump.html as of June 14, 2010.SOURCESKEY: Btu = British thermal unit; R = revised.NOTESTransportation's share of U.S. petroleum demand in this table differs slightly from table 4-1because this table takes into account differences within sectors in the use of various grades of petroleum-based fuel that have a different Btu content per unit volume. 

Section B

Transportation Energy 

Consumption by Mode
 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2

Energy consumption (all sectors) 45.09 54.02 67.84 72.00 78.12 (R) 76.49 (R) 84.65 (R) 84.61 (R) 85.96 (R) 87.60 (R) 89.26 (R) 91.17 (R) 94.17 (R) 94.76 (R) 95.18 (R) 96.81 (R) 98.97 (R) 96.32 (R) 97.85 (R) 98.13 (RTotal transportation consumptiona 10.60 12.43 16.10 18.24 19.70 (R) 20.09 (R) 22.42 (R) 22.12 (R) 22.41 (R) 22.77 (R) 23.36 (R) 23.85 (R) 24.44 (R) 24.75 (R) 25.26 (R) 25.95 (R) 26.55 (R) 26.27 (R) 26.84 (R) 26.99 (

Transportation as percent of total energy consumption 23.5 23.0 23.7 25.3 25.2 (R) 26.3 (R) 26.5 (R) 26.1 (R) 26.1 (R) 26.0 (R) 26.2 (R) 26.2 (R) 25.9 (R) 26.1 (R) 26.5 (R) 26.8 (R) 26.8 (R) 27.3 (R) 27.4 (R) 27.5 

Total primary consumptionb 10.49 12.38 16.05 18.21 19.66 20.04 22.37 22.07 22.36 22.72 23.31 23.79 24.38 24.70 25.20 25.89 26.49 26.22 26.79 (R) 26.92 

Coalc 0.075 0.016 0.007 0.001 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 

in million short tonsc 3.046 0.655 0.298 0.024 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 

Natural gasd 0.36 0.52 0.74 0.59 0.65 0.52 0.68 0.62 0.61 0.64 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.78 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.70 (R) 0.63 

in trillion cubic feet 0.35 0.50 0.72 0.58 0.63 0.50 0.66 0.60 0.59 0.63 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.76 0.64 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.68 0.61 

Petroleum productse 10.13 11.87 15.31 17.61 19.01 19.47 21.62 21.37 21.67 (R) 21.98 (R) 22.50 (R) 22.95 (R) 23.56 (R) 23.81 (R) 24.42 (R) 25.10 (R) 25.68 (R) 25.41 (R) 25.91 (R) 26.06 (

in million barrels 1,880 2,203 2,839 3,267 3,494 3,591 3,974 3,929 3,982 4,060 4,167 4,259 (R) 4,363 4,416 4,533 (R) 4,659 (R) 4,762 (R) 4,722 (R) 4,821 4,862 (

Electricity 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.014 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.020 0.019 0.023 Electrical system energy lossesf 0.026 0.024 0.026 0.024 0.027 0.032 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.038 0.039 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.040 0.042 (R) 0.043 (R) 0.042 0.051 

Table 4-4: U.S. Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector (Quadrillion Btu)

Natural gas:

c Beginning from 1980, small amounts of coal consumed for transportation are included in industrial sector consumption.

Cubic feet: KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised. a Sum of primary consumption, electricity, and electrical system energy losses categories.

b Sum of biomass, natural gas, and petroleum categories.

NOTEEnergy consumption (all sectors) differs from totals in table 4-2 for 1990 and subsequent years. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review (Washington DC: Annual Issues), tables 2.1a, 2-

1e, 4-3, 7-3, and 5-13c, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov as of August 2010.

d Consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors, and small amounts consumed as vehicle fuel.f Incurred in the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity plus plant use and unaccounted for electrical system energy losses.

1960-70: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2000, DOE/EIA-0384 (2000) 

(Washington DC: August 2001) table 6.5.1975-2008: Ibid., Monthly Energy Review (Washington DC: December 2009), table 4.3, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov as of August 2010.

e Includes most nonutility use of fossil fuels to produce electricity and small amounts (about 0.1 quadrillion Btu per year since 1990) of 

renewable energy in the form of ethanol blended into motor gasoline.

SOURCESAll except noted: 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2

AirCertificated carriersa

Jet fuel (million gallons) 1,954 3,889 7,857 7,558 8,519 10,115 12,212 11,360 11,598 11,960 12,501 12,812 13,187 13,658 13,303 14,491 13,904 13,112 12,287 12,417 

General aviationb

Aviation gasoline (million gallons) 242 292 551 412 520 421 353 354 314 268 266 287 289 292 311 345 333 279 277 272 

Jet fuel (million gallons) N 56 208 453 766 691 663 577 494 454 464 560 608 642 815 967 972 918 938 932 

HighwayGasoline, diesel and other fuels (million gallons)

Passenger car and motorcycle 41,171 49,723 67,879 74,253 70,186 71,700 69,759 64,501 65,627 67,246 68,079 68,268 69,419 70,094 71,901 73,495 73,275 73,752 75,662 75,646 Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclec N U 12,313 19,081 23,796 27,363 35,611 38,217 40,929 42,851 44,112 45,605 47,354 49,388 50,462 52,859 52,939 53,522 55,220 60,758 

Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck N 13,848 3,968 5,420 6,923 7,399 8,357 8,172 8,237 8,488 9,032 9,216 9,409 9,576 6,817 9,372 9,563 9,667 10,321 8,880 Combination truck N 6,658 7,348 9,177 13,037 14,005 16,133 16,809 17,216 17,748 18,653 19,777 20,193 20,302 25,158 24,537 25,666 25,512 26,480 23,815 Bus 827 875 820 1,053 1,018 834 895 864 878 929 964 968 990 1,027 1,040 1,148 1,112 1,026 1,000 969 

Transitd

Electricity (million kWh) 2,908 2,584 2,561 2,646 2,446 4,216 4,837 4,853 4,716 4,865 5,081 5,068 (R) 4,923 (R) 4,908 (R) 4,962 (R) 5,126 (R) 5,382 (R) 5,485 (R) 5,529 (R) 5,508 (Motor fuel (million gallons)

Diesel 208 248 271 365 431 609 651 665 685 679 678 678 (R) 535 (R) 539 (R) 560 (R) 576 (R) 591 (R) 596 (R) 673 (R) 554 Gasoline and other nondiesel fuelse 192 124 68 8 11 46 34 34 37 46 60 61 (R) 25 (R) 26 (R) 22 (R) 21 (R) 24 (R) 26 (R) 35 (R) 27 

Compressed natural gas N N N N N N N N 1 2 5 11 (R) 11 (R) 19 (R) 29 (R) 35 (R) 44 (R) 53 (R) 66 (R) 79 

Rail, Class I (in freight service)Distillate / diesel fuel (million gallons) 3,463 3,592 3,545 3,657 3,904 3,110 3,115 2,906 3,005 3,088 3,334 3,480 3,579 3,575 3,583 3,715 3,700 3,710 3,730 3,826 AmtrakElectricity (million kWh) N N N 180 254 295 330 303 300 301 309 336 363 390 416 443 470 456 518 537 Distillate / diesel fuel (million gallons) N N N 63 64 65 82 82 82 83 74 72 71 76 76 79 95 97 84 75 Water Residual fuel oil (million gallons) 3,952 3,093 3,774 4,060 8,952 4,590 6,326 6,773 6,563 5,282 5,386 5,886 5,701 5,010 5,620 5,838 6,410 5,409 4,848 3,874 Distillate / diesel fuel oil (million gallons) 787 652 819 1,098 1,478 1,699 2,065 2,046 2,219 2,155 2,189 2,339 2,491 2,574 2,595 2,419 2,261 2,044 2,079 2,217 Gasoline (million gallons) N N 598 730 1,052 1,053 1,300 1,710 1,316 874 876 1,060 994 987 956 1,098 1,124 994 1,081 1,107 PipelineNatural gas (million cubic feet) 347,075 500,524 722,166 582,963 634,622 503,766 659,816 601,305 587,710 624,308 685,362 700,335 711,446 751,470 635,477 645,319 642,210 624,964 666,920 591,492 

1975-93: Ibid., General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 5.1, and similar tables in earlier editions.1994-2008: Ibid., FAA Aerospace Forecasts Fiscal Years 2009-2025 (Washington, DC: March 2009), tables 22 and 30, and similar tables in earlier editions, available at 

http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/aerospace_forecasts/2009-2025/media/2009%20Forecast%20Doc.pdf as of May 28, 2010.Pipeline:1960-2008: U.S. Department of Energy, Natural Gas Annual 2008, DOE/EIA-0131(04) (Washington, DC: March 2010), table 15 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/natural_gas/data_publications/natural_gas_annual/nga.html as of May 28, 2010. Rail:1960-2008: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 40.Amtrak:1975-2008: National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), Energy Management Department and Government Affairs Department, personal communication, Jan. 7, 2010.Residual and distillate / diesel fuel oil:1960-80: American Petroleum Institute, Basic Petroleum Data Book (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 10, 10a, 12, and 12a.

1985-2008: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 2, 4, and similar tables in earlier editions.

Electricity / motor fuel / compressed natural gas:1960-96: American Public Transportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: June 2009), tables 26, 27, 28 and similar tables in earlier editions. 

1970-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table MF-24 and similar tables in earlier editions, 

available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 28, 2010.Gasoline:Highway:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, 

available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 29, 2010.1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 28, 2010.Transit:Water:1997-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transportation Database , table 17 and similar tables in previous years, available at 

www.ntdprogram.gov as of Mar. 8, 2010.

Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation in Physical Units

e Gasoline and all other nondiesel fuels such as liquefied natural gas, methanol, and propane, except compressed natural gas.c 1965 data is included in Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck category.

1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation - 1972 edition (Washington, DC: 1973), table 9.12.

SOURCESAir:Certificated air carriers:1960-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Fuel Cost and Consumption, available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information as of Mar. 4, 2010.General aviation:KEY: kWh = kilowatt-hour; N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a Domestic operations only.b Includes fuel used in air taxi operations, but not commuter operations. Data for 1996 are estimated using new information on nonrespondents and are therefore not comparable to earlier 

years. See the accuracy statement in the appendix for more detailed information.

d Data from 1997-2008 are not comparable to data before 1997 due to different sources. Prior to 1984, excludes commuter rail, automated guideway, ferryboat, demand responsive vehicles, 

and most rural and small systems. 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

AirCertificated carriersa

Jet fuel 264 525 1,061 1,020 1,150 1,366 1,664 1,553 1,588 1,614 1,672 1,711 1,784 1,831 1,800 1,944 2,007 1,872 1,74

General aviationb

Aviation gasoline 29 35 66 50 63 51 42 43 38 32 32 35 35 35 37 42 40 34 3Jet fuel U 8 28 61 103 93 90 78 67 61 63 76 82 87 110 131 131 124 12

HighwayGasoline, diesel and other fuels 

Passenger car and motorcycle 5,146 6,215 8,485 9,282 8,773 8,963 8,720 8,063 8,203 8,406 8,510 8,534 8,677 8,762 8,988 9,187 9,159 9,219 9,45

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle U U 1,539 2,385 2,975 3,420 4,451 4,777 5,116 5,356 5,514 5,701 5,919 6,173 6,308 6,607 6,617 6,690 6,90

Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truckc U 1,921 550 752 960 1,026 1,159 1,133 1,142 1,177 1,253 1,278 1,305 1,328 946 1,300 1,326 1,341 1,29

Combination truck U 923 1,019 1,273 1,808 1,942 2,238 2,331 2,388 2,462 2,587 2,743 2,801 2,816 3,489 3,403 3,560 3,538 3,67Bus 115 121 114 146 141 116 124 120 122 129 134 134 137 142 144 159 154 142 13

Transitd

Electricity 10 9 9 9 8 14 17 17 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 19 1

Motor fuel

Diesel 29 34 38 51 60 84 90 92 95 94 94 94 96 99 103 106 109 103 10Gasoline and other nondiesel fuelse 24 16 9 1 1 6 4 4 5 6 8 8 8 7 7 666

Compressed natural gas UUUUUUUU 0 1 1 1 2 3 5 6 8 9 1

Rail, Class I (in freight service)Distillate / diesel fuel 480 498 492 507 541 431 432 403 417 428 462 483 496 496 497 515 513 515 51AmtrakElectricity U U U 1111111111111 1 1 U Distillate / diesel fuel U U U 9 9 9 11 11 11 12 10 9 10 10 10 10 11 10 U Water Residual fuel oil 592 463 565 608 1,340 687 947 1,014 983 791 806 881 853 750 841 874 960 810 72

Distillate / diesel fuel oil 109 90 114 152 205 236 286 284 308 299 304 324 345 357 360 336 314 284 28

Gasoline U U 75 91 132 132 163 214 165 109 109 133 124 123 120 137 141 124 13PipelineNatural gas 358 516 745 601 654 519 680 620 606 644 707 722 734 775 655 665 662 644 68

Table 4-6: Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Trillion Btu)

c1965 data includes other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.d Prior to 1984, excludes commuter rail, automated guideway, ferryboat, demand responsive vehicles, and most rural and smaller 

systems.

eGasoline and all other nondiesel fuels such as liquefied natural gas, methanol, and propane, except compressed natural gas.

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit, R = revised, U = data are unavailable, P = preliminary.

a Domestic operations only.b Includes fuel used in air taxi operations, but not commuter operations.
Natural gas = 1,031 Btu/ft3

Jet fuel = 135,000 Btu/gallonAviation gasoline = 120,200 Btu/gallonAutomotive gasoline = 125,000 Btu/gallonDiesel motor fuel = 138,700 Btu/gallonCompressed natural gas = 138,700 Btu/gallonDistillate fuel = 138,700 Btu/gallonResidual fuel = 149,700 Btu/gallon1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-

009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A. (Revised data obtained from Internet site http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/ohimstat.ht

1995-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.

NOTESGeneral aviation:The following conversion rates were used:SOURCESResidual and distillate / diesel fuel oil:1960-80: American Petroleum Institute, Basic Petroleum Data Book (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 10, 10a, 12, and 12a.

1985-2006: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales (Washington, DC: Annual

issues), tables 2, 4, and similar tables in earlier editions.

Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual issues).

Amtrak:

1975-2001: Amtrak, Energy Management Department, personal communication.

Water:Air:

Certificated air carriers:U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Fuel Cost and Consumption , available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information as of August Electricity 1kWh = 3,412 Btu, negating electrical system losses. To include approximate electrical system losses, multiply this conversion factor by 3.1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation - 1972 edition 

(Washington, DC: 1973), table 9.12.

1975-93: Ibid., General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 5.1, and similar tables in earlier 

editions.

1994-2006: Ibid., FAA Aerospace Forecasts Fiscal Years 2007-2018 (Washington, DC: Dec. 2005), table 34 and similar tables in 

earlier editions.Highway:Transit:Electricity / motor fuel / compressed natural gas:

American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 27, 28, 29 andsimilar tables in earlier editions. Rail:Gasoline:1970-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual

issues), table MF-24 and similar tables in earlier editions.Pipeline:

U.S. Department of Energy, Natural Gas Annual, DOE/EIA-0131(04) (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 15 and similar tables in 

earlier editions. 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

TOTAL demand 60,761 71,187 89,601 102,996 104,838 107,550 113,606 112,222 114,883 116,579 118,717 120,253 122,595 124,235 127,978 131,781 131,891 133,740 Highway 55,429 66,979 85,598 99,354 101,183 103,545 109,529 107,913 110,974 113,668 115,682 117,061 119,515 120,938 124,694 128,743 128,884 129,682 Nonhighway, total 5,332 4,208 4,003 3,642 3,655 4,005 4,076 4,309 3,908 2,911 3,035 3,192 3,081 3,297 3,284 3,038 3,007 4,058 

Agriculture 2,292 1,963 1,932 1,565 1,059 1,081 681 779 806 846 912 927 918 984 907 703 652 802 

Aviationa 1,324 501 393 410 413 382 361 339 344 340 364 367 344 335 351 322 296 356 

Marine 61 96 598 730 1,052 1,053 1,300 1,710 1,319 874 897 1,060 994 987 956 1,098 1,124 994 

Other

b

1,656 1,647 1,080 938 1,131 1,490 1,733 1,482 1,439 850 862 838 825 990 1,070 915 934 1,907 

a Does not include aviation jet fuel.

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics , Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC: 1996), table MF-221, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 17, 2010.All nonhighway uses of gasoline were estimated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Highway: 2002-07: Ibid., personal communication, June 21, 2010.Nonhighway:1960-2001: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables MF-21 and MF-24, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 17, 2010.1995-2001: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MF-21, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 17, 2010.

b Includes state, county, and municipal use, industrial and commercial use, construction use, and miscellaneous.

2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MF-21, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 21, 2010.

Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gasoline (Million gallons) by Mode

NOTESOURCES
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 

Number of aircraft 2,135 2,125 2,679 2,495 3,808 4,678 6,083 6,054 7,320 7,297 7,370 7,411 7,478 7,616 8,111 8,228 8,055 8,497 8,194 Average miles flown per aircraft (thousands) 487 667 949 932 768 740 777 770 669 701 726 759 782 791 766 796 862 801 834 Aircraft-miles (millions)Domestic operations 858 1,134 2,068 1,948 2,523 3,046 (R) 3,963 (R) 3,854 (R) 3,995 (R) 4,156 (R) 4,378 (R) 4,628 (R) 4,807 (R) 4,907 (R) 5,030 (R) 5,326 (R) 5,662 5,545 5,615 

International operations 182 284 475 377 401 415 (R) 760 (R) 807 (R) 904 (R) 958 (R) 975 (R) 998 (R) 1,043 (R) 1,114 (R) 1,186 (R) 1,225 (R) 1,282 1,264 1,221 Fuel consumption (million gallons)Domestic operations (R) 1,954 (R) 3,889 (R) 8,009 7,558 8,519 10,115 12,323 11,506 11,763 11,959 12,384 12,672 13,217 13,563 13,335 14,402 14,865 13,868 12,922 

International operations (R) 566 (R) 1,280 (R) 2,136 1,949 1,747 2,488 3,909 3,940 4,120 4,113 4,279 4,443 4,618 4,915 4,923 5,250 5,508 5,336 5,079 Aircraft-miles flown per gallonDomestic operations (R) 0.44 (R) 0.29 (R) 0.26 0.26 0.30 0.30 (R) 0.32 (R) 0.33 (R) 0.34 (R) 0.35 (R) 0.35 (R) 0.37 (R) 0.36 (R) 0.36 (R) 0.38 (R) 0.37 (R) 0.38 0.40 0.43 International operations (R) 0.32 (R) 0.22 (R) 0.22 0.19 0.23 0.17 (R) 0.19 (R) 0.20 (R) 0.22 (R) 0.23 (R) 0.23 (R) 0.22 (R) 0.23 (R) 0.23 (R) 0.24 (R) 0.23 (R) 0.23 0.24 0.24 

Number of aircraft:1980-85: Ibid., FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1986 (Washington, DC: 1986), table 5.1.

1990-97: Ibid., FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1997 (Washington, DC: unpublished), personal communication, Mar. 19, 

1999.1998-2008: Aerospace Industries Association, Aerospace Facts and Figures (Washington DC: Annual Issues), "Active U.S. Air Carrier Fleet", p. 94 

and similar pages in earlier editions.KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1970 edition (Washington, DC: 1970), table 5.3.1970-75: Ibid., FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1979 (Washington, DC: 1979), table 5.1.

Table 4-8: Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travela

1960: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics 1969 (Washington, DC: 1970), part III, tables 2 and 13.Aircraft-miles flown:

a Aircraft operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135.

SOURCES1965-1970: Ibid., Handbook of Airline Statistics 1973 (Washington, DC: 1974), part III, tables 2 and 13.

1975-1980: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics 

(Washington, DC: December 1976), pp. 4 and 14; and (December 1981), pp. 2 and 3.1985: Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December Issues), pp. 2 and 3, line 27 plus line 50.

1990-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, 

available at http://www.bts.gov/xml/air_traffic/src/index.xml#CustomizeTable as of June 7, 2010.Fuel consumption:1960-75: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, personal communication, June 8, 2010.1980-2009: Ibid., Fuel Cost and Consumption, available at http://www.bts.gov/xml/fuel/report/src/index.xml as of Apr. 28, 2010.
Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20

Vehicles registered (thousands)a 73,858 90,358 111,242 137,913 161,490 177,133 193,057 192,314 194,427 198,041 201,802 205,427 210,441 211,580 215,496 220,461 225,821 235,331 234,624 23

Vehicle-miles traveled (millions) 718,762 887,812 1,109,724 1,327,664 1,527,295 1,774,826 2,144,362 2,172,050 2,247,151 2,296,378 2,357,588 2,422,696 2,485,848 2,561,695 2,631,522 2,691,056 2,746,925 2,797,287 2,855,508 2,89

Fuel consumed (million gallons) 57,880 71,104 92,329 108,984 114,960 121,301 130,755 128,563 132,888 137,262 140,839 143,834 147,365 150,386 155,379 161,411 162,554 163,478 168,682 1

Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands) 9.7 9.8 10.0 9.6 9.5 10.0 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.8 12.1 12.2 12.2 12.2 11.9 12.2 

Average miles traveled per gallon 12.4 12.5 12.0 12.2 13.3 14.6 16.4 16.9 16.9 16.7 16.7 16.8 16.9 17.0 16.9 16.7 16.9 17.1 16.9 

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons) 784 787 830 790 712 685 677 669 683 693 698 700 700 711 721 732 720 695 719 

KEY: R = revised.

a Includes personal passenger vehicles, buses, trucks and motorcycles.

NOTESee tables 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14, and 4-15 for individual highway vehicles.

SOURCES 1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 , table VM-201A, available at www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi as of Mar. 23, 2009.

1995-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables MF-21, MV-1, and VM-1, available at www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi as of Mar. 23, 2009.
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

TOTAL fuel consumptiona 134,230,631 135,912,964 140,718,522 144,774,683 148,180,046 151,597,859 156,838,150 161,210,087 163,032,407 165,201,691 169,983,219 177,697,941 180,698,532 182,185,7

Alternative fuels, total 229,631 293,334 281,152 276,643 295,616 312,589 323,790 302,287 322,037 348,421 378,589 402,941 428,532 420,7

Liquefied petroleum gases 208,142 264,655 248,467 232,701 239,158 238,356 241,386 209,817 212,576 215,876 223,143 224,697 211,883 188,1Compressed natural gas 16,823 21,603 24,160 35,162 46,923 65,192 72,412 79,620 86,475 104,496 120,670 133,222 158,903 166,8Liquefied natural gas 585 1,901 2,345 2,759 3,247 3,714 5,343 5,828 7,259 8,921 9,382 13,503 20,888 22,4Methanol, 85%b 1,069 1,593 2,340 2,023 1,775 1,554 1,212 1,073 585 439 337 NNMethanol, neat 2,547 3,166 3,190 2,150 347 347 449 447 0000 NEthanol, 85%b 21 48 80 190 694 1,280 1,727 3,916 12,071 14,623 17,783 26,376 31,581 38,0

Ethanol, 95%b 85 80 140 995 2,699 1,136 59 62 13 0 0 0 N

Electricityc 359 288 430 663 773 1,010 1,202 1,524 3,058 4,066 7,274 5,141 5,269 5,2Hydrogen N N N N N N N N N N N 2 8

Other Fuels NNNNNNNNNNN 00

Biodiesel NNNNNNNN 6,816 7,076 16,917 18,220 (R) 27,616 (R) 93,2

Oxygenates

Methyl-tertiary-butyl-etherd 1,175,000 2,069,200 2,018,800 2,691,200 2,749,700 3,104,200 2,903,400 3,402,600 3,296,100 3,352,200 2,383,000 2,368,400 1,877,300 1,654,5

Ethanol in gasohol 701,000 760,000 845,900 910,700 660,200 830,700 889,500 950,300 1,085,800 1,143,300 1,413,600 1,919,572 2,414,167 2,756,6

Traditional fuels, total 134,001,000 135,619,630 140,437,370 144,498,040 147,884,430 151,285,270 156,514,360 160,907,800 162,710,370 164,853,270 169,604,630 177,295,000 180,270,000 181,765,0

Gasolinee 110,135,000 111,323,000 113,144,000 115,943,000 117,783,000 119,336,000 122,849,000 125,111,000 125,720,000 127,768,000 131,299,000 135,330,000 138,283,000 138,723,0

Dieself 23,866,000 24,296,630 27,293,370 28,555,040 30,101,430 31,949,270 33,665,360 35,796,800 36,990,370 37,085,270 38,305,630 41,965,000 41,987,000 43,042,0

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels 2008, table C-1 and similar tables in earlier editions, 

available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/atftables/afv_atf.html as of July 12, 2010.

b The remaining portion of 85% methanol, 85% ethanol, and 95% ethanol fuels is Gasoline . Consumption data include the Gasoline portion of the fuel.c Excludes gasoline-electric hybrids.d Includes a very small amount of other ethers, primarily tertiary-amyl-methyl-ether and ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether. e Gasoline consumption includes Ethanol in gasohol and Methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether . f Diesel includes Biodiesel.

NOTES

Beginning with 2003 data, the methodology used to develop the estimates of alternative fueled vehicles (AFVs) in use and alternate transportation fuel consumption were changed. The data reflect this new methodology.

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding. 

Table 4-10: Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement Fuels for Highway Vehicles (Thousand gasoline-equivalent gallons)

SOURCEKEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.

a Total fuel consumption is the sum of Alternative fuels, Gasoline, and Diesel . Oxygenate consumption is included in Gasoline consumption.

The traditional fuel consumption data in this table are slightly different from the fuel consumption data in table 4-9 due to different sources.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Vehicles registered (thousands)Passenger cars 61,671 75,258 89,244 106,706 121,601 127,885 133,700 128,300 126,581 127,327 127,883 128,387 129,728 129,749 131,839 132,432 133,621 137,633 135,921 135,670 

Motorcycles 574 1,382 2,824 4,964 5,694 5,444 4,259 4,177 4,065 3,978 3,757 3,897 3,872 3,826 3,879 4,152 4,346 4,903 5,004 5,370 

Vehicle-miles traveled (millions)Passenger carsa 587,000 723,000 917,000 1,034,000 1,112,000 1,247,000 1,408,000 1,358,000 1,372,000 1,375,000 1,406,000 1,438,000 1,469,854 1,502,556 1,549,577 1,569,100 1,600,287 1,628,332 1,658,474 1,672,079 

Motorcycles U U 3,000 5,600 10,200 9,100 9,600 9,200 9,600 9,900 10,200 9,800 9,920 10,081 10,283 10,584 10,469 9,639 9,552 9,577 Fuel consumed (million gallons)Passenger carsa 41,171 49,723 67,819 74,140 69,982 71,518 69,568 64,317 65,436 67,048 67,874 68,072 69,221 69,892 71,695 73,283 73,065 73,559 75,471 75,455 

Motorcycles U U 60 113 204 182 191 184 191 198 205 196 198 202 206 212 209 193 191 192 

Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands)Passenger carsa 9.5 9.6 10.3 9.7 9.1 9.8 10.5 10.6 10.8 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.3 11.6 11.8 11.8 12.0 11.8 12.2 12.3 

Motorcycles U U 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.7 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.8 Average miles traveled per gallonPassenger carsa 14.3 14.5 13.5 13.9 15.9 17.4 20.2 21.1 21.0 20.5 20.7 21.1 21.2 21.5 21.6 21.4 21.9 22.1 22.0 22.2 

Motorcycles U U 50.0 49.6 50.0 50.0 50.3 50.0 50.3 50.0 49.8 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 49.9 50.0 50.0 Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons)Passenger carsa 667.6 660.7 759.9 694.8 575.5 559.2 520.3 501.3 516.9 526.6 530.8 530.2 533.6 538.7 543.8 553.4 546.8 534.5 555.3 556.2 

Motorcycles U U 21.2 22.8 35.8 33.4 44.8 44.1 47.0 49.8 54.6 50.3 51.2 52.7 53.0 51.0 48.2 39.4 38.2 35.7 

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tables MV-201 and VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009. 

See table 4-12 for other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.SOURCESAverage miles traveled per vehicle , Average miles traveled per gallon , and Average fuel consumed per vehicle are derived by calculation.

Table 4-11: Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 26, 2010.

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a 1960 and 1965 data include Motorcycles .

NOTES
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Number registered (thousands) 14,211 20,418 27,876 37,214 48,275 53,033 57,091 59,994 62,904 65,738 69,134 70,224 71,330 75,356 79,085 84,188 85,011 87,1Vehicle-miles traveled (millions) 123,000 201,000 291,000 391,000 575,000 649,000 707,000 746,000 765,000 790,000 816,540 850,739 868,275 901,022 923,059 943,207 966,034 984,0Fuel consumed (million gallons) 12,313 19,081 23,796 27,363 35,611 38,217 40,929 42,851 44,112 45,605 47,354 49,388 50,462 52,859 52,939 53,522 55,220 60,7Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands) 8.7 9.8 10.4 10.5 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.4 12.2 12.0 11.8 12.1 12.2 12.0 11.7 11.2 11.4 1Average miles traveled per gallon 10.0 10.5 12.2 14.3 16.1 17.0 17.3 17.4 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.0 17.4 17.6 17.5 1

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons) 866.5 934.5 853.6 735.3 737.7 720.6 716.9 714.3 701.3 693.7 685.0 703.3 707.4 701.5 669.4 635.7 649.6 69

Table 4-12: Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 26, 2010.KEY: R = revised.1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 

1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009.Nearly all vehicles in this category are light trucks, which include vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles. In

1995, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration revised its vehicle categories beginning with 1993 data. The new categories are passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck, and combination truck. Prior to 1993, some minivans and sport utility vehicles were included under the passenger car category. NOTESSOURCES
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Number registered (thousands) 3,681 4,232 4,374 4,593 4,487 4,481 4,370 4,408 4,906 5,024 5,266 5,293 5,735 5,763 5,926 5,704 5,651 5,849 6,1

Vehicle-miles (millions) 27,100 34,600 39,800 45,400 51,900 52,900 53,900 56,800 61,300 62,705 64,072 66,893 68,021 70,304 70,500 72,448 75,866 77,757 78,4Fuel consumed (million gallons) 3,968 5,420 6,923 7,399 8,357 8,172 8,237 8,488 9,032 9,216 9,409 9,576 (R) 9,741 9,372 9,563 9,667 10,321 8,880 8,9

Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands) 7.4 8.2 9.1 9.9 11.6 11.8 12.3 12.9 12.5 12.5 12.2 12.6 11.9 12.2 11.9 12.7 13.4 13.3 1

Average miles traveled per gallon 6.8 6.4 5.7 6.1 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.8 7.0 (R) 7.0 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.4 8.8 

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons) 1,077.8 1,280.8 1,582.8 1,610.9 1,862.5 1,823.8 1,885.0 1,925.7 1,840.9 1,834.5 1,786.7 1,809.1 (R) 1,698.5 1,626.3 1,613.7 1,695.0 1,826.5 1,518.4 1,45SOURCES In 1995, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration revised its vehicle categories beginning with 1993 data to include passenger cars, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks, and combination trucks. Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks are on a single frame with at least 2 axles and 6 tires. Pre-1993 data have been reassigned to the most appropriate category. 

Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travela

a Beginning in 1998, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) used the Census Bureau's 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) for its baseline 

estimate of single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks. Prior to 1998, the FHWA used the Census Bureau's 1992 Transportation Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS) 

for its baseline estimates. Therefore, post-1997 data may not be comparable to 1997 and earlier years.

1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 

1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009. 1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Aug. 3, 2010.KEY: R = revised.NOTE 
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Number registered (thousands) 787 905 1,131 1,417 1,403 1,709 1,691 1,675 1,680 1,682 1,696 1,747 1,790 1,997 2,029 2,097 2,154 2,277 1,908 

Vehicle-miles traveled (millions) 31,700 35,100 46,700 68,700 78,100 94,300 96,600 99,500 103,100 108,900 115,500 118,899 124,584 128,359 132,384 135,020 136,584 138,737 140,160 

Fuel consumed (million gallons) 6,658 7,348 9,177 13,037 14,005 16,133 16,809 17,216 17,748 18,653 19,777 20,193 20,302 25,158 24,537 25,666 25,512 26,480 23,815 Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands) 40.3 38.8 41.3 48.5 55.7 55.2 57.1 59.4 61.4 64.8 68.1 68.1 69.6 64.3 65.3 64.4 63.4 60.9 73.4 

Average miles traveled per gallon 4.8 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.9 

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons) 8,465.2 8,118.6 8,115.9 9,201.3 9,980.3 9,440.6 9,938.3 10,276.0 10,562.4 11,093.1 11,662.7 11,561.1 11,341.9 12,595.7 12,095.9 12,241.5 11,843.0 11,630.9 12,479.5 

Table 4-14: Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel a

a Beginning in 1998, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) used the Census Bureau's 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) for its baseline 

estimate of combination trucks. Prior to 1998, the FHWA used the Census Bureau's 1992 Transportation Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS) for its baseline 

estimates. Therefore, post-1997 data may not be comparable to 1997 and earlier years.

1965-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: 

July 1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009.1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of 

Apr. 26, 2010.KEY: R = revised.SOURCES 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Number registered (thousands) 272 314 378 462 529 593 627 631 645 654 670 686 695 698 716 729 746 750 761 777 Vehicle-miles traveled (millions) 4,300 4,700 4,500 6,100 6,100 4,500 5,700 5,800 5,800 6,100 6,400 6,400 6,563 6,842 7,007 7,662 7,590 7,077 6,845 6,783 

Fuel consumed (million gallons) 827 875 820 1,053 1,018 834 895 864 878 929 964 968 990 1,027 1,040 1,148 1,112 1,026 1,000 969 

Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands) 15.8 15.0 11.9 13.2 11.5 7.6 9.1 9.2 9.0 9.3 9.5 9.3 9.4 9.8 9.8 10.5 10.2 9.4 9.0 8.7 Average miles traveled per gallon 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.8 6.0 5.4 6.4 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.8 7.0 

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons) 3,039.0 2,784.1 2,171.8 2,278.5 1,925.2 1,405.3 1,427.5 1,368.6 1,361.8 1,419.6 1,437.9 1,412.1 1,424.8 1,471.7 1,453.9 1,575.7 1,490.4 1,368.7 1,314.0 1,247.8 KEY: R = revised.

Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 

26, 2010.NOTEThis table Includes data for both publicly and privately owned school, transit, and other commercial buses.SOURCES1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July

1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2

Number of vehicles (thousands) 65 62 61 62 75 94 93 97 103 108 116 116 94 98 100 103 106 111 112 Vehicle-miles traveled (millions) 2,143 2,008 1,883 2,176 2,287 2,791 3,242 3,306 3,355 3,435 3,468 3,550 2,751 2,853 2,970 3,111 3,202 3,319 3,433 Electric power consumed (million kWh) 2,908 2,584 2,561 2,646 2,446 4,216 4,837 4,853 4,716 4,865 5,081 5,068 4,923 4,908 4,962 5,126 5,382 5,485 5,529 Primary energy consumed (thousand gallons)

Diesel 208,100 248,400 270,600 365,060 431,400 608,738 651,030 665,158 684,944 678,511 678,226 678,286 534,958 539,169 560,448 575,889 590,610 595,918 673,040 5Gasoline and other nondiesel fuelsb 191,900 124,200 68,200 7,576 11,400 45,704 33,906 34,467 37,179 45,672 60,003 60,730 25,227 25,726 22,107 21,097 23,641 26,008 35,395 

Compressed natural gas NNNNNNNN 1,009 1,579 4,835 10,740 11,476 19,339 28,800 34,825 43,676 52,510 65,774 

Table 4-16: Transit Industry Electric Power and Primary Energy Consumptiona and Travel

b 1960 to 1991 data include propane. Series not continuous between 1991 and 1992. 1992 to 1995 data include propane, liquefied natural gas, bio/soy fuel, biodiesel, hydrogen, methanol and ethynol, except compressed natural gas. 1996 to 2001 data include only propane, liquified natural gas, methanol and ethynol. 2002 to 2009 data include the above, and also biodiesel and grain fuel.

Data prior to 1996 are not comparable to data from 1996 onward due to a change in sources with differing methodologies. 2009 data for Gasoline and other nondiesel fuels is 

not comparable to previous years' data due to a change in the reporting requirements that require transit agencies to submit energy consumption data for both purchased transportation (PT) services and directly operated (DO) transportation services. The major effect of this reporting change occurred within the following modes: Demand Response, Motor Bus, Publico, and Vanpool. This table includes approximate electrical system losses, and thus the conversion factor is multiplied by 3.NOTES1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, tables 19 and 17 and similar tables in previous editions, available at 

www.ntdprogram.gov as of Dec. 9, 2010.KEY: kWh = kilowatt hour; N = data do not exist; R = revised.SOURCE1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book Appendix A: Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 7, 17, 29, 30, 31 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/transitstats.aspx as of Apr. 1, 2010.

a Prior to 1984, the data in this table include the energy consumption of bus, heavy rail, light rail and trolley bus. Commuter rail, automated guideway, urban ferryboat, demaresponsive vehicles, and most rural and smaller systems are excluded from the data during this period.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Number in useLocomotivesa 29,031 27,780 27,077 27,846 28,094 22,548 18,835 18,344 18,004 18,161 18,505 18,812 19,269 19,684 20,261 20,256 20,028 19,745 20,506 20,774 

Carsb 1,965,486 1,800,662 1,784,181 1,723,605 1,710,827 1,421,686 1,212,261 1,189,660 1,173,136 1,173,132 1,192,412 1,218,927 1,240,573 1,270,419 1,315,667 1,368,836 1,380,796 1,314,136 1,299,670 1,278,98

Miles traveled (millions)Freight train-milesc 404 421 427 403 428 347 380 375 390 405 441 458 469 475 475 490 504 500 500 51

Locomotive unit-miles N N N 1,479 1,531 1,228 1,280 1,238 1,278 1,320 1,405 1,445 1,465 1,423 1,440 1,504 1,503 1,478 1,444 1,48Car-miles 28,170 29,336 29,890 27,656 29,277 24,920 26,159 25,628 26,128 26,883 28,485 30,383 31,715 31,660 32,657 33,851 34,590 34,243 34,680 35,55Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands)Locomotives N N N 53.1 54.5 54.5 68.0 67.5 71.0 72.7 75.9 76.8 76.0 72.3 71.1 74.2 75.0 74.8 70.4 71

Cars 14.3 16.3 16.8 16.0 17.1 17.5 21.6 21.5 22.3 22.9 23.9 24.9 25.6 24.9 24.8 24.7 25.1 26.1 26.7 27Average miles traveled per gallonTrains 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.1Cars 8.13 8.17 8.43 7.56 7.50 8.01 8.40 8.82 8.69 8.71 8.54 8.73 8.86 8.86 9.11 9.11 9.35 9.23 9.30 9.2Fuel consumed (million gallons) 3,463 3,592 3,545 3,657 3,904 3,110 3,115 2,906 3,005 3,088 3,334 3,480 3,579 3,575 3,583 3,715 3,700 3,710 3,730 3,82Average fuel consumed per locomotivea (thousand gallons) 119.3 129.3 130.9 131.3 139.0 137.9 165.4 158.4 166.9 170.0 180.2 185.0 185.7 181.6 176.8 183.4 184.7 187.9 181.9 184

Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fuel Consumption and Travel

KEY: N = data do not exist, R = revised.Locomotive unit-miles:Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts 2009 (Washington, DC: 2009), pp. 33, 34, 40, 49, and 51, and similar tables in earlier editions.SOURCESAll data except for locomotive unit-miles:

a For 1960-80, the total includes a small number of steam and electric units, which are not included in the per locomotive fuel consumption figure. b Includes cars owned by Class I railroads, other railroads, car companies, and shippers.c Based on the distance run between terminals and/or stations; does not include yard or passenger train-miles.

2005-08: Association of American Railroads, personal communication, June 13, 2007, Apr. 24, 2008, and Apr. 28, 2010.1975-92, 2002: Ibid., Railroad Ten-Year Trends (Washington, DC: Annual issues).

1993-2001, 2003-04: Ibid., Analysis of Class I Railroads (Washington, DC: Annual issues).
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Number in use

Locomotives 355 419 291 318 316 336 360 338 313 299 332 345 329 378 401 372 442 Cars 1,913 2,128 1,854 1,863 1,786 1,796 1,853 1,852 1,722 1,730 1,728 1,962 1,992 1,894 2,084 2,896 1,623 

Miles traveled (millions)

Train-miles 30 30 30 33 34 34 35 34 32 30 32 33 34 35 36 38 37 Car-miles 253 235 251 301 313 307 303 304 292 276 288 312 342 368 378 379 332 

Locomotive fuel consumed

Electric (million of kWhs) (R) 180 (R) 254 (R) 295 (R) 330 (R) 303 300 301 309 336 363 390 416 443 470 (R) 456 (R) 518 (R) 537 (Diesel (million gallons) (R) 63 (R) 64 (R) 65 (R) 82 82 (R) 82 (R) 83 74 72 71 76 76 79 95 97 (R) 84 (R) 75 

Average miles traveled per car (thousands) 132 110 135 162 175 171 164 164 170 160 167 159 172 194 181 131 204 

2003–08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier editions.

KEY: kWh = kilowatt hour; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.1975–80: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication.

Table 4-18: Amtrak Fuel Consumption and Travel 

1985–2000: Ibid., Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).

Number of locomotives and cars:Car-miles:Train-miles: 2001–08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier editions.

1975–2002: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).SOURCESMiles traveled:Locomotive fuel consumed:1975-2001: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication.2001-08: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), personal communication, Jan. 7, 2010.1975: Association of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts 1975 (Washington, DC: 1976), p. 40.1980–85: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs Department, personal communication. 1990–2000: Ibid., Amtrak Corporate Reporting, Route Profitability System, personal communication, Aug. 22, 2001.2001–08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier editions.
Motor 

gasoline Fuel oil

Jet fuel and 

aviation gas Otherc Total

FY 1999P

, total 41.1 162.3 444.7 2.9 651.0 187.2 137.6 40.5 1,016.3

Agriculture 3.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 3.5 1.9 2.0 0.5 7.8

Defense 13.5 143.4 436.8 1.7 595.4 98.7 86.0 30.5 810.7

Energy 1.0 1.1 0.0 0.1 2.3 15.7 6.7 4.7 29.4

GSA 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 9.5 3.2 1.5 14.3

Health and Human Services 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.9 2.8 3.3 0.1 7.0

Interior 2.8 0.8 0.1 0.7 4.5 1.5 1.4 0.1 7.5

Justice 4.8 0.4 1.5 0.0 6.7 3.8 4.5 0.4 15.4

NASA 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.0 1.8 6.4 3.0 0.2 11.4

Postal Service 10.4 5.0 0.0 0.0 15.4 16.3 7.5 0.6 39.8

Transportation 0.8 6.5 4.4 0.0 11.7 7.8 1.0 0.0 20.5

Veterans Affairs 1.2 1.1 0.0 0.0 2.3 9.4 14.3 1.5 27.5

Othera 2.4 3.1 0.9 0.0 6.4 13.3 4.8 0.6 25.1

FY 2008, total (R) 47.3 (R) 180.0 (R) 504.7 (R) 18.2 (R) 750.2 (R) 189.7 (R) 131.9 (R) 33.8 (R) 1,105.6

Agriculture 2.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.2 1.9 1.2 0.3 6.6

Defense (R) 19.7 (R) 161.7 499.5 (R) 15.6 (R) 696.3 100.7 69.5 23.4 (R) 889.9

Energy 0.7 1.4 Z 0.3 2.4 16.7 5.9 3.2 (R) 28.1

GSA 0.1 0.1 0.0 Z 0.2 9.8 6.8 1.6 18.4

Health and Human Services 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.1 1.0 3.4 5.6 0.4 (R) 10.3

Interior 1.8 1.1 0.1 1.0 4.0 2.2 1.1 0.2 7.5

Justice 2.6 0.3 0.0 Z 2.9 5.2 10.1 0.5 (R) 18.8

NASA 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.1 1.1 5.5 2.8 0.9 (R) 10.2

Postal Service 13.2 2.7 0.0 0.1 16.1 (R) 20.7 (R) 9.3 0.3 46.4

Transportation 0.4 0.2 0.5 Z 1.1 (R) 2.7 (R) 0.7 0.2 (R) 4.7

Veterans Affairs 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.1 2.0 (R) 10.8 14.9 1.9 (R) 29.5

Otherb 5.4 10.1 4.0 0.5 20.1 10.1 4.0 1.1 (R) 35.2

FY 2009P

, total 48.7 169.0 505.9 13.6 737.2 189.3 131.1 38.1 1,095.7

Agriculture 2.1 0.6 Z 0.5 3.2 1.8 1.2 0.5 6.6

Defense 19.4 148.8 500.7 10.7 679.7 101.1 74.2 25.3 880.3

Energy 0.6 1.7 Z 0.3 2.6 16.8 6.3 5.4 31.1

GSA 0.1 0.1 0.0 Z 0.2 9.8 6.9 1.8 18.6

Health and Human Services 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.9 3.4 6.3 0.2 10.8

Interior 1.9 1.3 0.1 0.8 4.1 2.4 1.2 0.2 7.9

Justice 2.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 3.4 5.0 7.6 0.6 16.5

NASA 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1 1.0 5.5 2.8 0.9 10.2

Postal Service 14.4 4.9 0.0 0.3 19.6 19.4 5.1 0.1 44.2

Transportation 0.4 0.2 0.5 Z 1.1 2.5 0.6 0.2 4.3

Veterans Affairs 0.9 1.1 0.0 0.1 2.1 10.8 15.1 1.8 29.9

Otherb 5.6 9.0 3.9 0.8 19.3 10.9 3.9 1.1 35.3

Purchased steam = 1,000 Btu/pound.

Coal = 24.580 million Btu/short ton.

Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

c Includes liquefied petroleum gases.

NOTES

d

 Includes purchased steam, chilled water from district heating and cooling systems, and any other energy type, such as renewable energy.

Data in this table are prepared using the following conversion factors:

Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source (Trillion Btu)

Petroleum

Total

SOURCE

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1999 and 2009, table 1.13, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/ as of Nov. 24, 

2010. 

Electricity = 3,412 Btu/kilowatt-hour.

Motor gasoline = 5.250 million Btu/barrel.

a

 Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Department of State, Environmental Protection Agency, 

Federal Communications Commission, Federal Trade Commission, Panama Canal Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 

Office of Personnel Management, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Railroad Retirement Board, Tennessee Valley Authority, 

Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S. Information Agency.

b Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, 

Federal Trade Commission, Federal Communications Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Department of Housing and 

Urban Development, Railroad Retirement Board, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the 

Treasury, Office of Personnel Management, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Central Intelligence Agency, Social Security Administration, and U.S. information Agency 

(International Broadcasting Bureau). 

Natural gas = 1,031 Btu/cubic foot.

Aviation gasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel.

Fuel oil = 5.8254 million Btu/barrel.

Jet fuel = 5.460 million Btu/barrel. 

Liquefied petroleum gas = 4.011 million Btu/barrel.

Electricity Natural gas

Coal and 

otherd

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; FY = fiscal year; GSA = General Services Administration; NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration; R = revised; Z = value too small 

to report.

These data include energy consumed at foreign installations and in foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. 

government energy use for electricity generation and uranium enrichment is excluded. Other energy used by U.S. agencies that produce electricity or enriched uranium is included. 

The U.S. government's fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30. 
Section C

Transportation Energy 

Intensity and Fuel Efficiency
 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200

Air, certificated carrierDomestic operations 8,633 10,118 10,185 7,746 5,742 5,047 4,932 4,671 4,564 4,558 4,444 4,382 4,183 4,166 4,123 4,049 3,883 3,890 3,

International operations 9,199 10,292 10,986 8,465 4,339 5,103 4,546 4,609 4,258 4,099 4,145 4,173 4,108 4,168 4,278 4,123 3,833 3,965 3,Highwaya

Passenger car 4,495 4,455 4,841 4,743 4,348 4,269 3,811 3,654 3,703 3,785 3,771 3,721 3,688 3,657 3,637 3,672 3,589 3,597 3,

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 6,810 6,571 5,709 4,971 4,539 4,277 4,256 4,275 4,345 4,538 4,541 4,564 4,569 4,612 4,509 3,985 4,

Motorcycle b b 2,500 2,354 2,125 1,896 2,227 1,917 1,990 2,063 2,135 2,274 2,271 2,273 2,273 2,273 2,273 2,049 1,

Transit motor bus NNNN 2,742 3,389 3,723 3,767 4,038 3,944 4,162 4,155 4,196 4,228 4,133 4,044 4,147 3,698 3,Amtrak N N N 2,383 2,148 2,089 2,066 1,978 2,035 2,023 1,935 1,838 2,153 2,200 2,138 2,107 2,134 2,100 

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.

a For 1995 and subsequent years, highway passenger-miles were taken directly from Highway Statistics rather than derived from 

vehicle-miles and average occupancy, as is the case for 1960-1994.

Amtrak:Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication, Apr. 21, 20081960-80: Air Transport Association, Internet site http://www.airlines.org as of Aug. 30, 2004.1985-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington DC: Annual December issues).

Transit motor bus:American Public Transportation Association, 2008 Public Transportation Fact Book , Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual 

issues), tables 2 and 28, and similar tables in earlier editions.Passenger car:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A. 

b Included in passenger car.

NOTEFuel consumed:To calculate total Btu, multiply fuel consumed (see tables 4-21, 4-22, 4-24, 4-25) by 135,000 Btu/gallon for air carrier; 125,000 Btu/gallon for passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, and motorcycle; 138,700 Btu/gallon for transit motor bus and Amtrak diesel consumption; and 3,412 Btu/KwH for Amtrak electric consumption.SOURCESAir:Certificated air carriers:Passenger-miles:

Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes (Btu per passenger-mile)

Motorcycle:1970-85: Ibid., Highway Statistics Summary to 1985, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.1990-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.1995-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:1970-94: Ibid., Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, available at http://www.bts.gov/oai/fuel/fuelyearly.html as of Mar. 27, 2008.Highway:
1960 1965 1970 (R) 1975 (R) 1980 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 

Aircraft-miles (millions)

Domestic operations 858 1,134 2,068 1,638 2,276 3,026 3,963 3,854 3,995 4,156 4,378 4,628 4,807 4,907 5,030 5,326 5,662 5,545 5,615 6,10International operations 182 284 475 334 334 415 760 807 904 958 975 998 1,043 1,114 1,186 1,225 1,282 1,264 1,221 1,26

Available seat-miles (millions)

Domestic operations 52,220 94,787 213,160 215,275 326,734 452,756 570,558 551,562 567,040 582,122 598,150 616,459 639,013 652,026 661,616 698,866 726,291 704,801 687,316 696,97

International operations 13,347 29,533 51,960 64,138 84,514 110,578 182,652 186,468 205,829 211,831 211,109 215,623 220,708 228,689 237,413 242,981 254,048 245,718 227,127 225,55

Passenger-miles (millions)

Domestic operations 30,557 51,887 104,147 119,591 190,766 275,864 345,873 338,085 354,764 362,227 388,410 403,912 434,652 450,673 462,754 487,940 515,598 486,506 483,572 505,57

International operations 8,306 16,789 27,563 34,864 53,932 73,237 126,363 125,211 138,950 143,766 149,108 154,882 161,512 169,356 172,179 180,269 192,798 178,343 172,003 168,60

Fuel consumed (million gallons)

Domestic operations 1,954 3,889 7,857 7,558 8,519 10,115 12,212 11,360 11,598 11,960 12,501 12,812 13,187 13,658 13,303 14,491 14,865 13,868 12,922 13,08International operations 566 1,280 2,243 1,949 1,747 2,488 3,938 3,888 4,079 4,112 4,325 4,511 4,658 4,962 4,915 5,277 5,508 5,336 5,079 5,21

Seats per aircraft

Domestic operations 60.9 83.6 103.1 131.5 143.6 149.6 144.0 143.1 141.9 140.1 136.6 133.2 132.9 132.9 131.5 131.2 128.3 127.1 122.4 114International operations 73.3 104.0 109.4 192.1 252.7 266.2 240.2 231.2 227.6 221.1 216.4 216.1 211.5 205.3 200.1 198.3 198.2 194.5 186.0 178

Seat-miles per gallon

Domestic operations 26.7 24.4 27.1 28.5 38.4 44.8 46.7 48.6 48.9 48.7 47.8 48.1 48.5 47.7 49.7 48.2 48.9 50.8 53.2 53International operations 23.6 23.1 23.2 32.9 48.4 44.4 46.4 48.0 50.5 51.5 48.8 47.8 47.4 46.1 48.3 46.0 46.1 46.1 44.7 43

Energy intensity (Btu/passenger-mile)

Domestic operations 8,633 10,118 10,185 8,532 6,029 4,950 4,767 4,536 4,413 4,457 4,345 4,282 4,096 4,091 3,881 4,009 3,892 3,848 3,608 3,49International operations 9,199 10,292 10,986 7,547 4,374 4,586 4,207 4,192 3,963 3,861 3,916 3,932 3,893 3,955 3,854 3,952 3,857 4,039 3,986 4,17

Load factor (percent)

Domestic operations (R) 58.5 (R) 54.7 (R) 48.9 55.6 58.4 60.9 60.6 61.3 62.6 62.2 64.9 65.5 68.0 69.1 69.9 69.8 71.0 69.0 70.4 72International operations (R) 62.2 (R) 56.8 (R) 53.0 54.4 63.8 66.2 69.2 67.1 67.5 67.9 70.6 71.8 73.2 74.1 72.5 74.2 75.9 72.6 75.7 74

Table 4-21: Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All Servicesa

Load factor: Ratio of Passenger-miles to Available seat-miles.

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; R = revised.Seats per aircraft, seat-miles per gallon, energy intensiveness and load factor:Heat equivalent factor used for Btu conversion is 135,000 Btu/gallon.

a U.S. owned carriers only. Operations of foreign-owned carriers in or out of the United States not included.

NOTESAircraft-miles include all four large certificated air-carrier groups (majors, nationals, large regionals, and medium regionals), scheduled and charter, passenger, and all-cargo. Fuel consumed includes majors, nationals, and large regionals, 

scheduled and charter, passenger, and all-cargo.SOURCESDerived by calculation.1960-70: Air Transport Association, available at http://www.air-transport.org/ as of July 31, 2002.1975-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class , available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/Fields.asp?Table_ID=264, as of Dec. 15, 2010.U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Airline Fuel Cost and Consumption , available at 

http://www.transtats.bts.gov/fuel.asp as of Dec. 15, 2010.Passenger-miles include all four large certificated air-carrier groups, scheduled and charter, passenger service only.International operations include operations outside the United States, including those between the United States and foreign countries and the United States and its territories or possessions. Aircraft-miles, available seat-miles, and passenger-miles:Fuel consumed:
,

Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Vehicle-miles (millions)

Passenger car 587,000 723,000 917,000 1,034,000 1,112,000 1,247,000 1,408,000 1,358,000 1,372,000 1,375,000 1,406,000 1,438,000 1,470,000 1,503,000 1,550,000 1,569,000 1,600,287 1,628,332 1,658,474 1,672,0

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 123,000 201,000 291,000 391,000 575,000 649,000 707,000 746,000 765,000 790,000 817,000 851,000 868,000 901,000 923,059 943,207 966,034 984,0

Motorcycle b b 3,000 5,600 10,200 9,100 9,600 9,200 9,600 9,900 10,200 9,800 9,900 10,100 10,300 10,600 10,469 9,639 9,552 9,5

Passenger-miles (millions)a

Passenger car 1,145,000 1,395,000 1,751,000 1,954,000 2,012,000 2,094,000 2,282,000 2,200,000 2,208,000 2,213,000 2,250,000 2,287,000 2,337,000 2,389,000 2,464,000 2,495,000 2,544,457 2,556,481 2,620,389 2,641,8

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 226,000 363,000 521,000 688,000 1,000,000 1,117,000 1,202,000 1,253,000 1,269,000 1,256,000 1,298,000 1,353,000 1,381,000 1,433,000 1,467,664 1,678,853 1,674,792 1,706,1

Motorcycle b b 3,000 6,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 12,000 11,516 11,760 12,131 12,1

Average occupancy ratePassenger car 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.81 1.68 1.62 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.57 1.58 1

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.78 1.73 1

Motorcycle b b 1.00 1.07 1.18 1.32 1.25 1.30 1.25 1.21 1.18 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.13 1.10 1.22 1.27 1

Fuel consumed (million gallons)Passenger car 41,171 49,723 67,819 74,140 69,982 71,518 69,568 64,317 65,436 67,048 67,874 68,072 69,221 69,892 71,695 73,283 73,065 73,559 75,471 75,4

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 12,313 19,081 23,796 27,363 35,611 38,217 40,929 42,851 44,112 45,605 47,354 49,388 50,462 52,859 52,939 53,522 55,220 60,7

Motorcycle b b 60 113 204 182 191 184 191 198 205 196 198 202 206 212 209 193 191 1

Energy intensity (Btu/passenger-mile)c

Passenger car 4,495 4,455 4,841 4,743 4,348 4,269 3,811 3,654 3,704 3,787 3,771 3,721 3,702 3,657 3,637 3,671 3,589 3,597 3,600 3,5

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 6,810 6,571 5,709 4,971 4,451 4,277 4,256 4,275 4,345 4,539 4,560 4,563 4,568 4,611 4,509 3,985 4,121 4,4

Motorcycle b b 2,500 2,354 2,125 1,896 1,990 1,917 1,990 2,063 2,135 2,227 2,250 2,295 2,341 2,205 2,273 2,049 1,969 1,9

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; N = data do not exist; R = revised.

b Included in passenger car.c Energy Intensity (Btu/passenger-mile) is calculated by converting the fuel consumption in gallons to the energy equivalent Btu units and dividing by the passenger-miles. 

heat equivalent factor used for Btu conversion is 125,000 Btus/gallon.

NOTES: In 1995, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration revised its vehicle type categories for 1993 and later data. These new categories include passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck, and combination truck. Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle includes vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles. In previous years, some minivans and sport utility vehicles were included in the passenger car category. Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks are on a single frame with at least 2 axles and 6 tires. Pre-1993 data have been reassigned to the closest available category.Vehicle-miles and passenger-miles data for 1960 through 1999 have been rounded to the nearest billion miles.SOURCES:Vehicle-miles:Passenger car:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table 

VM-201A.1995-2005: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:1970-94: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985 (Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.Motorcycle:1970-94: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985 (Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.For 1970-94, the unrevised motorcycle vehicle-miles are subtracted from the combined passenger car and motorcycle vehicle-miles from VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.Passenger-miles: 1960-97: Vehicle-miles multiplied by vehicle occupancy rates.1998-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.

Fuel consumed:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table 

VM-201A.For 1970-94, the unrevised motorcycle fuel consumed is subtracted from the combined passenger car and motorcycle fuel consumed from VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues) table VM-1.
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Average U.S. passenger car fuel efficiency (mpg) (calendar year)

Passenger cara 16.0 17.5 20.3 21.2 21.0 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.2 21.5 21.6 21.4 21.9 22.1 22.0 22.2 22.5 

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle 12.2 14.3 16.1 17.0 17.3 17.4 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.0 17.4 17.6 17.5 16.2 16.2 

New vehicle fuel efficiency (mpg)b (model year)

Light-duty vehicle

Passenger car 24.3 27.6 28.0 28.4 27.9 28.4 28.3 28.6 28.5 28.7 28.8 28.3 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.5 29.5 

Domestic 22.6 26.3 26.9 27.3 27.0 27.8 27.5 27.7 28.1 27.8 28.6 28.0 28.7 28.7 29.1 29.1 29.9 Imported 29.6 31.5 29.9 30.1 29.2 29.6 29.7 30.3 29.6 30.1 29.2 29.0 28.3 29.0 28.8 29.9 28.7 

Light truck (<8,500 lbs GVWR)c 18.5 20.7 20.8 21.3 20.8 21.0 20.8 20.5 20.8 20.6 21.0 20.9 21.3 20.9 21.4 21.8 21.5 

CAFE standards (mpg)b (model year)

Passenger car 20.0 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 Light truckd U 19.5 20.0 20.2 20.2 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 

Table 4-23: Average Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Passenger Cars and Light Trucks

New vehicle fuel efficiency (based on model year production) and CAFE standards:U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Summary of Fuel Economy Performance (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://www.nhtsa.gov/ as of Nov. 30, 2010.

c Beginning with FY 1999, the total Light truck fleet ceased to be categorized by either domestic or imported fleets.

KEY: CAFE = Corporate Average Fuel Economy; GVWR = gross vehicle weight rating; mpg = miles per gallon; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a From 1980 to 1994, Passenger car fuel efficiency includes motorcycles.b Assumes 55% city and 45% highway-miles. The source calculated average miles per gallon for Light-duty vehicles by taking the reciprocal of the sales-weighted average of 

gallons per mile. This is called the harmonic average. 

d No combined figure is available for 1980. In 1980, CAFE standard for 2 wheel drive, and 4 wheel drive Light trucks were 16.0, and 14.0 mpg respectively. 

NOTEThe fuel efficiency figures for Light duty vehicles represent the sales-weighted harmonic average of the combined Passenger car and Light truck fuel economies.

SOURCESAverage U.S. passenger car fuel efficiency:1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table 

VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/ohimstat.htm as of Sept. 10, 2010.1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Dec. 20, 2010.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2

Vehicle-miles (millions) 1,576 1,528 1,409 1,526 1,677 1,863 2,130 2,167 2,178 2,210 2,162 2,184 1,673 1,705 1,765 1,821 1,860 1,913 1,912 1,862 Passenger-miles (millions) NNNN 21,790 21,161 20,981 21,090 20,336 20,247 18,832 18,818 15,820 16,507 16,931 17,556 17,625 18,352 18,084 17,065 

Energy consumed

Diesel (million gallons) 208 248 271 365 431 518 563 573 592 576 565 564 466 463 468 477 490 492 468 442 Compressed Natural Gas (million gallons) N N N N N N N N N N N 10 10 18 27 33 42 51 65 78 Bio-diesel (million gallons) NNNNNNNNNNN N N N N N N N 1 1 

Liquefied natural gas (million gallons) NNNNNNNNNNN 2 2 3 3 4 9 10 14 12 

Gasoline (million gallons) NNNNNNNNNNN 211211111

Other major fuelsa (million gallons) N N N N N N N N N N N N 11 9421122

Powerb (million KWH) NNNNNNNNNNNN 00111131

Energy consumed, total (Billion Btu) NNNNNNNNNNNN 65,971 65,846 66,340 67,548 69,801 70,455 68,097 64,473 

Diesel 28,850 34,398 37,588 50,626 59,780 71,860 78,109 79,456 82,117 79,855 78,374 78,194 64,603 64,261 64,964 66,111 67,907 68,218 64,959 61,269 Compressed Natural Gas N N N N N N N N N N N 225 228 398 613 749 947 1,148 1,462 1,760 Bio-diesel NNNNNNNNNNN N N N N N N N 98 107 

Liquefied natural gas N N N N N N N N N N N 144 190 274 218 372 741 829 1,188 995 

Gasoline N N N N N N N N N N N 288 125 165 189 135 127 154 132 115 Other major fuela N N N N N N N N N N N N 822 745 349 173 69 96 233 213 

Powerb NNNNNNNNNNNN 3 2 6 8 10 10 26 14 

Energy intensity (Btu/passenger-mile) NNNNNNNNNNNN 4,170 3,989 3,918 3,848 3,960 3,839 3,766 3,778 

SOURCESLiquefied petroleum gas = 91,300 Btu/gallon.Methanol = 64,600 Btu/gallon.Ethanol = 84,600 Btu/gallon.1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Appendix A: Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 2, 6, 30, 32 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/transitstats.aspx as of Aug 23, 2010. 1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database , tables 17, 19, and similar tables in earlier editions, available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Dec. 20, 2010.Compressed natural gas = 22,500 Btu/gallon.Bio-Diesel = 126,200 Btu/gallon.Liquefied natural gas = 84,800 Btu/gallon.Gasoline = 125,000 Btu/gallonKerosene = 135,000 Btu/gallon.Grain additive = 120,900 Btu/gallon.Electricity 1KWH = 3,412 Btu, negating electrical system losses. This table includes approximate electrical system losses, and thus the conversion factor is multiplied by 3.Bunker fuel = 149,700 Btu/gallon.NOTESData from 1996 and after are not comparable to the data for earlier years or to the data published in previous editions of the report due to different data sources used.Data from 1996 and after are for those vehicles used for directly operated (DO) services only .Energy consumed, total does not include the other types of energy identified in table 17 in the National Transit Database due to the lack of information on the unit of measurement for 

such data before 2008.The following conversion rates were used:Diesel =138,700 Btu/gallon.

Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Transit Motor Buses 

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; N = data do not exist; R = revised.a Before 2002, Other major fuels includes liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, ethanol, and bunker fuel. From 2002 to 2009, Other major fuels includes liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, 

ethanol, bunker fuel, kerosene, and grain additive.

b Power includes electric propulsion and electric battery.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 200

Revenue freight ton-miles (millions) 572,309 697,878 764,809 754,252 918,958 876,984 1,033,969 1,038,875 1,066,781 1,109,309 1,200,701 1,305,688 1,355,975 1,348,926 1,376,802 1,433,461 1,465,960 1,495,472 1,507,011 1,551Car-miles (millions) 28,170 29,336 29,890 27,656 29,277 24,920 26,159 25,628 26,128 26,883 28,485 30,383 31,715 31,660 32,657 33,851 34,590 34,243 34,680 35Tons per car load 44.4 48.9 54.9 60.8 67.1 67.7 66.6 66.2 66.0 64.4 63.4 65.3 66.6 63.4 64.1 63.4 62.6 64.0 63.3 Fuel consumed (million gallons) 3,463 3,592 3,545 3,657 3,904 3,110 3,115 2,906 3,005 3,088 3,334 3,480 3,579 3,575 3,583 3,715 3,700 3,710 3,730 3Energy intensity (Btu/revenue freight ton-mile) 839 714 643 672 589 492 418 388 391 386 385 370 366 368 361 359 350 344 343 Energy intensity (Btu/car-mile) 17,051 16,983 16,450 18,341 18,495 17,310 16,516 15,727 15,952 15,932 16,234 15,886 15,652 15,662 15,218 15,222 14,836 15,027 14,918 14

Table 4-25: Energy Intensity of Class I Railroada Freight Service

Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts 2010 (Washington, DC: 2010), pp. 34, 37, and 40, and similar tables in earlier editions.

SOURCEKEY: Btu = British thermal unit.The heat equivalent factor used for Btu conversion is 138,700 Btu/gallon.NOTE

a The threshold for classification as a Class I Railroads is based on operating revenues; the 2009 threshold is $389.8 million.
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 

Revenue passenger-miles (millions)a 3,931 4,503 4,785 6,057 6,273 6,091 6,199 5,921 5,545 5,050 5,166 5,304 5,330 5,498 5,571 5,314 5,680 

Locomotive fuel consumedTotal energy consumed (billion Btu) b 9,367 9,673 9,995 12,512 12,406 12,328 12,511 11,251 11,184 11,117 11,823 11,962 12,494 14,776 14,987 13,479 12,182 Electric (millions of kWh)b,c 180 254 295 330 303 300 301 309 336 363 390 416 443 470 456 518 537 

Diesel (million gallons) c 63 64 65 82 82 82 83 74 72 71 76 76 79 95 97 84 75 

Energy intensity (Btu/revenue passenger-mile)a 2,383 2,148 2,089 2,066 1,978 2,024 2,018 1,900 2,017 2,201 2,289 2,255 2,344 2,688 2,690 2,537 2,145 

SOURCES2001-08: Amtrak, personal communication as of January 7, 2010.Revenue passenger-miles:1975-2000: Amtrak, Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).Locomotive fuel consumed:1975-2001: Amtrak., State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication.2001-08: Amtrak, personal communication as of January 7, 2010.

Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amtrak Services

NOTEThe heat equivalent factors used in Btu conversion are: diesel = 138,700 Btu/gallon; electric = 3,412 Btu/kWh.

c Electric usage and diesel usage data are calendar year data.a Revenue passenger-miles data prior to 2001 are fiscal year data; 2001 data and more recent data are calendar year data.

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; kWh = kilowatt hour; U = data are not available.

b Does not include electric power generation and distribution losses, which, if included, would triple the electric conversion factor given below and increase the 

numbers in this row by about 20 percent.
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 200

Revenue passenger-miles (millions)a 3,753 4,503 4,785 6,057 6,273 6,091 6,199 5,869 5,401 5,066 5,166 5,325 5,289 5,574 5,571 5,314 5,680 5

Total fuel consumed (billion Btu) a,b UUUUUUU 13,409 13,530 13,651 14,545 14,872 15,591 18,061 18,171 17,101 15,934 15

Electric (millions of kWh)a,b U U U U U U U 309 336 363 390 416 443 470 456 518 537 

Diesel (million gallons) U U U U U U U 74 72 71 76 76 79 95 97 84 75 

Energy intensity (Btu/revenue passenger-mile)a,b 3,548 3,065 2,703 2,505 2,417 2,534 2,565 2,282 2,501 2,690 2,811 2,788 2,943 3,235 3,257 3,212 2,800 2

Electric = 10,399 Btu/kWh. The electric conversion factor takes into account losses associated with the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, and thus it is more than three times the value of the factor that is used in table 4-26.Diesel = 138,700 Btu/gallon.Energy intensity (Btu/revenue passenger-mile) is calculated by the source and may differ from direct calculations.U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Transportation Analysis, Transportation Energy Databook, Edition 28 (Oak Ridge, TN: 2010), tables A.15, 9.10 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.cta.ornl.gov/data as of Dec. 28, 2010.NOTEThe heat equivalent factors used in Btu conversion are: SOURCE

Table 4-27: Energy Intensity of Amtrak Services (Loss-adjusted conversion factors)

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; kWh = kilowatt hour; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.a Energy use for 1994 on is not directly comparable to earlier years. Some commuter rail energy use may have been inadvertently included in earlier years.

b Includes electric power generation and distribution losses.
(R) 1982 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009 Percent Rank Percent Rank

Akron, OH Medium 0.7 1.0 2.4 2.6 3.2 4.0 4.9 4.3 5.3 6.3 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.0 6.7 6.5 6.9 5.7 5.4 5.1 -24.5 94 616.1 48

Albany-Schenectady, NY Medium 0.7 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.9 5.6 5.9 6.8 7.7 6.2 6.5 16.1 16 800.1 31

Albuquerque, NM Medium 1.8 2.6 4.7 4.9 5.8 6.3 6.8 7.7 8.6 9.2 9.5 9.8 8.9 8.7 8.0 8.4 9.4 10.1 10.4 10.7 8.9 8.6 -8.4 71 370.0 68

Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ Medium 2.0 2.4 3.5 3.7 4.5 5.4 6.2 6.9 8.2 9.0 9.6 8.5 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.0 9.5 9.7 9.1 9.6 8.1 8.4 -11.5 79 322.3 77

Anchorage, AK Small 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.5 -22.0 92 33.4 101

Atlanta, GA Very large 10.9 16.3 26.7 30.5 35.8 42.7 50.8 56.5 61.5 68.8 76.5 79.7 87.1 90.5 96.7 100.3 101.3 106.2 103.6 100.9 87.0 90.6 -10.5 78 729.9 37

Austin, TX Large 2.2 3.8 5.7 6.5 6.4 7.1 6.9 10.7 12.1 13.7 13.8 15.4 16.0 18.5 19.7 22.2 24.8 28.2 27.1 27.0 25.6 25.6 3.5 41 1,087.2 16

Bakersfield, CA Medium 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.1 4.0 103.0 2 3,383.3 3

Baltimore, MD Large 8.4 14.5 31.5 31.8 31.6 33.8 35.0 38.3 39.0 40.4 40.0 41.7 46.3 52.1 64.2 68.4 70.0 71.5 73.0 73.2 66.1 70.9 1.3 48 743.2 35

Baton Rouge, LA Medium 1.8 2.4 3.3 3.7 3.6 4.6 5.2 5.8 6.2 6.3 6.6 7.9 8.0 8.4 8.5 9.7 10.2 10.6 11.4 11.5 11.3 11.5 13.4 21 550.3 53

Beaumont, TX Small 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.5 0.8 50 476.6 56

Birmingham, AL Medium 1.7 2.5 3.2 3.5 3.9 4.6 5.7 6.1 6.8 7.5 9.1 9.5 9.8 10.0 10.6 11.5 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 11.3 13.3 7.7 33 663.8 44

Boise, ID Small 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.9 2.9 3.5 6.7 34 1,926.3 6

Boston, MA-NH-RI Very large 17.2 25.5 44.7 45.9 50.9 52.1 53.7 54.1 56.4 61.7 67.7 68.5 73.2 76.6 85.3 86.3 96.9 100.1 99.3 93.7 91.6 89.9 -7.2 65 424.1 60

Boulder, CO Small 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.2 -37.9 101 166.9 95

Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NY Medium 3.6 5.6 8.1 8.1 9.4 9.4 10.5 11.7 11.5 13.4 15.2 16.8 18.0 18.7 20.9 21.0 20.4 21.7 23.2 23.6 19.7 18.7 -8.0 70 421.6 61

Brownsville, TX Small 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.7 65.6 3 1,837.9 7

Buffalo, NY Large 2.3 2.8 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.3 5.4 5.6 6.2 7.2 8.4 9.8 9.9 10.2 12.2 11.8 12.3 13.2 12.2 9.8 10.7 -9.1 74 357.8 73

Cape Coral, FL Small 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.7 5.2 5.5 5.9 7.2 7.4 5.8 5.9 7.9 32 690.9 41

Charleston-North Charleston, SC Medium 2.0 2.8 4.3 4.5 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.6 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.0 7.7 8.0 8.0 8.6 8.7 7.2 8.3 3.4 43 320.5 78

Charlotte, NC-SC Large 1.0 1.7 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.6 4.3 5.5 6.3 7.4 9.1 9.9 11.4 12.1 13.2 13.3 14.1 14.6 14.0 14.3 8.0 31 1,395.4 10

Chicago, IL-IN Very large 54.6 84.2 135.0 139.0 144.4 146.5 150.9 175.5 201.1 204.1 218.6 219.8 217.9 227.8 270.4 282.8 300.1 320.2 310.1 292.2 266.0 276.9 -7.7 68 407.1 64

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Large 2.0 3.4 8.5 9.2 10.7 12.5 15.1 15.4 16.6 19.7 20.4 20.2 22.1 21.7 22.6 24.2 23.7 23.9 23.6 23.7 19.6 17.5 -26.1 97 794.7 32

Cleveland, OH Large 2.8 3.0 8.5 9.5 10.2 12.6 14.4 17.7 19.1 22.1 20.6 21.8 21.3 18.8 17.4 17.1 19.5 17.7 17.5 16.4 18.2 18.1 -7.4 67 548.2 54

Colorado Springs, CO Medium 0.9 1.1 1.7 1.9 2.5 2.9 3.7 4.4 4.7 6.2 7.5 9.3 11.1 11.8 11.9 11.7 10.8 14.0 13.7 12.3 9.1 9.7 -10.2 75 1,008.6 19

Columbia, SC Small 0.6 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.5 6.6 5.8 6.3 43.2 5 1,016.3 18

Columbus, OH Large 0.9 1.3 4.2 4.5 5.2 6.2 7.0 7.9 8.6 9.4 9.6 9.8 9.5 10.7 11.3 12.4 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.0 13.3 12.1 -13.7 83 1,301.6 14

Corpus Christi, TX Small 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.6 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.2 3.0 3.2 -0.6 52 226.5 89

Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Very large 8.6 16.4 31.6 35.1 37.5 41.6 43.9 50.2 54.5 56.2 65.4 75.9 81.4 86.0 93.5 100.5 113.9 123.5 130.8 128.6 122.5 126.1 10.7 25 1,359.5 12

Dayton, OH Medium 2.4 2.9 4.6 4.7 5.0 5.8 5.2 6.7 6.6 7.2 7.3 8.1 7.8 7.0 6.7 6.5 7.9 7.1 7.1 6.2 6.3 6.0 -23.7 93 148.6 98

Denver-Aurora, CO Large 8.4 11.1 14.4 16.7 18.6 22.5 25.2 30.5 34.6 38.3 41.5 45.7 49.4 52.3 50.7 52.6 55.3 60.3 59.3 58.6 58.9 60.4 9.2 29 617.7 47

Detroit, MI Very large 24.2 29.6 52.6 56.1 63.3 67.2 64.2 64.0 67.4 69.7 71.0 74.7 75.1 79.8 84.6 87.4 86.4 85.1 86.9 85.5 70.5 64.9 -24.9 95 167.8 94

El Paso, TX-NM Medium 1.0 1.4 2.7 3.6 4.5 4.7 5.9 5.4 5.1 5.7 6.7 8.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.6 13.3 13.9 14.0 13.5 10.0 8.7 -34.5 99 766.4 33

Eugene, OR Small 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 -25.9 96 153.2 96

Fresno, CA Medium 1.4 1.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.9 4.2 5.1 5.6 6.1 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.6 6.0 6.3 6.4 5.0 6.3 11.2 24 360.4 71

Grand Rapids, MI Medium 0.8 1.4 2.6 2.7 3.8 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.8 5.1 6.2 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.8 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.3 8.0 10.7 26 857.0 26

Greensboro, NC Small 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.9 3.2 3.0 3.4 3.8 3.9 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.1 3.3 -18.1 87 1,070.0 17

Hartford, CT Medium 1.8 2.6 4.1 4.4 7.2 5.8 6.7 7.3 7.6 8.9 10.1 11.1 12.1 11.7 11.9 11.7 12.9 13.2 14.6 14.6 12.1 12.0 -7.1 64 552.0 52

Honolulu, HI Medium 3.3 4.3 7.7 7.6 8.6 8.7 8.8 9.3 9.3 8.5 8.7 8.4 8.1 8.3 8.0 8.9 9.2 10.3 10.5 11.4 10.8 12.0 30.4 7 263.9 85

Houston, TX Very large 28.3 39.6 45.6 43.9 42.0 42.2 47.5 49.8 56.4 65.5 68.2 74.0 80.2 89.1 93.8 95.0 102.9 110.9 111.5 110.4 135.8 129.6 25.9 9 358.6 72

Indianapolis, IN Large 3.8 4.3 7.4 8.5 10.0 12.9 15.1 16.0 16.8 18.5 16.5 16.1 16.3 16.7 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 16.9 15.7 15.6 -8.8 72 314.6 80

Indio-Cathedral City-Palm Springs, CA Medium 1.2 1.5 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.7 4.1 5.1 5.8 5.3 4.1 4.3 3.9 39 260.8 86

Jackson, MS Small 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.7 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.9 4.5 4.3 5.2 5.8 6.9 6.7 5.5 5.6 6.6 35 682.4 43

Jacksonville, FL Large 3.0 4.2 7.3 7.8 9.3 9.6 10.3 11.7 12.4 12.0 11.6 11.6 11.8 11.9 13.8 15.4 16.9 17.3 18.1 19.1 17.0 16.0 -4.9 60 439.7 59

Kansas City, MO-KS Large 2.7 4.7 10.1 10.0 12.0 18.2 19.2 19.7 22.6 25.0 25.7 30.3 29.1 29.2 29.1 30.6 26.5 26.0 27.5 24.4 21.8 21.0 -20.7 91 692.0 40

Knoxville, TN Small 1.1 1.2 3.2 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.4 4.9 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.1 6.6 6.4 6.3 -4.4 58 458.3 58

Lancaster-Palmdale, CA Medium 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.6 3.0 3.6 4.1 4.2 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.6 5.5 29.5 8 226.2 90

Laredo, TX Small 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.3 960.7 1 18,816.7 1

Las Vegas, NV Large 1.1 1.7 5.4 6.4 7.3 8.6 10.1 11.4 12.4 12.8 14.0 15.3 16.2 17.2 18.6 20.9 22.9 24.2 25.2 25.7 21.5 25.2 9.8 28 2,112.6 5

Little Rock, AR Small 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.3 3.0 3.6 3.3 4.0 3.2 3.9 5.2 5.2 6.1 7.1 6.2 7.2 38.7 6 1,107.8 15

Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Very large 162.1 201.3 405.8 399.1 397.2 375.4 359.2 382.2 396.4 405.5 408.1 421.6 426.6 446.6 458.3 452.9 473.8 470.3 481.5 462.6 374.8 406.6 -14.2 84 150.9 97

Louisville, KY-IN Large 3.5 3.7 4.3 5.5 6.8 7.9 8.5 8.6 9.9 10.7 11.5 12.0 12.3 11.2 12.7 13.6 14.8 14.5 14.2 13.2 12.7 13.7 -7.8 69 291.7 83

Madison, WI Small 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.4 3.1 53.0 4 271.1 84

McAllen, TX Medium 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.5 1.9 2.1 3.7 40 3,420.3 2

Memphis, TN-MS-AR Large 1.9 2.2 6.0 6.2 6.8 8.2 9.8 11.1 11.7 12.4 12.8 12.8 14.1 15.0 15.5 17.1 17.6 16.7 16.8 15.2 13.1 15.5 -12.0 81 701.4 39

Miami, FL Very large 15.0 19.7 41.9 41.5 47.8 47.7 50.9 55.9 58.3 62.2 65.8 76.7 90.7 98.1 104.4 111.8 117.4 120.7 119.1 117.4 95.5 109.3 -6.9 63 627.6 46

Milwaukee, WI Large 4.5 6.4 12.5 13.3 15.5 15.9 15.1 16.9 17.1 17.5 18.6 20.9 21.9 21.1 21.7 21.5 22.0 21.5 20.1 21.0 21.0 19.7 -10.4 77 336.8 74

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN Large 4.3 8.3 18.0 18.6 22.6 27.5 33.1 36.4 37.8 47.9 52.0 55.7 59.1 64.4 60.8 61.6 61.7 67.1 63.9 62.8 73.5 64.8 5.0 36 1,390.2 11

Long-term 

Gallons wasted (millions) 1982-2009

Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due to Congestion

Urban area Population group

Percent changea

Short-term 

2004-2009
Nashville-Davidson, TN Large 4.7 4.8 8.1 7.8 7.7 8.0 10.8 11.9 12.4 14.1 13.5 15.1 16.8 18.2 20.9 23.1 23.7 23.8 22.3 21.9 18.4 20.3 -14.2 85 331.3 75

New Haven, CT Medium 1.5 2.3 3.4 3.5 4.6 5.2 5.4 5.9 5.6 7.0 8.6 9.8 10.2 11.7 12.0 11.9 10.5 11.7 11.7 11.7 10.3 10.7 1.8 46 613.0 49

New Orleans, LA Large 7.9 10.9 11.5 12.2 11.7 11.5 12.8 12.9 12.1 12.9 13.5 14.0 13.1 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.1 13.6 14.1 13.7 13.2 14.8 13.1 22 85.9 100

New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT Very large 56.2 70.8 140.6 136.0 136.4 145.7 160.9 179.0 190.5 214.3 222.3 251.0 250.3 250.6 266.0 306.1 343.7 371.8 370.4 364.3 339.1 348.3 1.3 47 520.1 55

Oklahoma City, OK Medium 1.4 2.2 3.1 3.7 3.9 4.7 4.6 6.7 7.6 8.8 9.2 10.7 9.8 11.3 11.8 10.9 10.9 10.8 12.4 14.3 12.6 13.3 21.7 13 850.5 27

Omaha, NE-IA Medium 0.8 1.1 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.4 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.2 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.9 6.7 6.4 7.7 7.2 24.3 11 860.5 25

Orlando, FL Large 3.1 5.6 13.0 15.3 15.9 16.0 17.4 19.0 20.9 23.7 25.5 26.6 28.4 31.2 30.5 30.0 30.1 30.8 32.1 32.6 27.9 31.2 3.5 42 921.3 21

Oxnard-Ventura, CA Medium 0.6 1.1 2.1 2.1 2.6 3.0 4.0 4.2 4.8 4.4 4.6 5.7 5.9 6.8 7.4 7.9 8.9 9.7 9.8 10.9 8.5 9.3 4.7 37 1,590.8 8

Pensacola, FL-AL Small 0.4 0.5 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.9 5.0 3.8 3.9 -2.5 55 849.0 28

Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD Very large 25.2 30.7 43.8 44.3 48.8 47.3 49.9 52.7 56.5 63.4 72.6 75.5 77.5 89.5 97.7 103.1 106.8 111.1 110.4 110.7 100.2 106.0 -0.7 53 320.1 79

Phoenix, AZ Very large 13.5 15.2 20.5 21.3 24.0 24.2 25.2 24.5 29.5 31.7 34.3 40.5 45.3 50.7 47.9 51.5 56.0 68.0 66.0 66.8 65.2 69.2 23.5 12 411.1 63

Pittsburgh, PA Large 17.4 19.6 32.3 31.7 30.1 29.7 29.6 34.9 35.1 34.7 33.3 36.9 35.0 36.5 37.6 36.8 38.0 36.6 34.4 34.6 30.8 33.4 -12.0 82 91.8 99

Portland, OR-WA Large 5.0 5.7 11.3 12.2 15.1 16.5 17.3 19.8 22.5 24.8 25.7 28.2 29.3 30.1 29.2 31.3 33.2 35.4 35.8 34.9 32.9 33.9 2.1 45 575.9 50

Poughkeepsie-Newburgh, NY Medium 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.6 4.1 25.2 10 397.2 66

Providence, RI-MA Large 1.3 1.7 4.1 4.3 4.7 5.5 5.7 6.1 7.5 7.7 10.2 11.8 12.7 14.1 15.3 17.0 17.7 17.2 16.0 17.3 12.8 12.3 -30.2 98 816.0 30

Provo, UT Small 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.9 18.9 14 459.3 57

Raleigh-Durham, NC Large 1.0 1.9 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.7 6.4 7.0 7.5 9.0 9.0 9.9 11.1 12.1 13.8 14.7 16.0 17.3 17.1 18.6 15.5 16.1 0.7 51 1,476.3 9

Richmond, VA Medium 1.5 1.7 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.6 5.8 7.2 7.6 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.6 7.1 7.6 8.8 9.7 9.8 10.1 10.1 9.5 11.2 15.4 17 640.9 45

Riverside-San Bernardino, CA Large 1.2 2.4 10.1 11.8 12.5 12.6 11.0 12.4 13.5 13.3 15.3 16.9 18.5 19.2 21.6 25.7 30.0 34.2 35.6 35.2 32.2 33.1 10.3 27 2,680.0 4

Rochester, NY Medium 1.1 1.5 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.9 4.0 4.4 3.9 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.7 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.0 5.7 -0.8 54 417.2 62

Sacramento, CA Large 3.1 4.9 13.4 13.8 13.3 13.2 14.9 14.8 16.6 15.7 16.8 18.0 20.0 21.9 23.4 26.3 29.4 31.2 32.4 30.8 23.8 25.1 -14.6 86 702.3 38

Salem, OR Small 0.4 0.5 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 4.0 4.3 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.6 4.7 3.1 3.4 -10.2 76 828.9 29

Salt Lake City, UT Medium 1.8 3.0 5.3 6.2 7.5 8.7 10.4 11.3 11.2 10.9 10.3 11.3 12.7 13.8 14.6 15.1 13.3 12.2 11.9 12.4 12.4 15.1 13.5 20 738.7 36

San Antonio, TX Large 1.9 3.9 4.5 4.5 5.4 5.6 6.6 8.8 11.1 12.9 14.8 17.7 20.5 20.4 21.1 22.2 25.0 25.6 24.7 25.9 25.4 27.2 9.2 30 1,311.1 13

San Diego, CA Very large 5.9 10.3 29.2 28.3 31.0 30.1 29.4 30.5 33.1 34.0 36.7 43.9 48.4 53.9 60.8 61.1 68.2 69.3 67.5 64.9 66.9 60.1 -11.9 80 915.3 22

San Francisco-Oakland, CA Very large 29.9 56.6 92.7 86.6 87.9 89.9 84.6 91.9 94.9 89.0 95.6 97.3 106.5 104.5 111.7 114.6 119.4 128.2 130.4 125.0 92.2 94.9 -20.5 90 217.7 91

San Jose, CA Large 11.9 20.5 32.6 33.2 30.8 29.1 31.3 34.3 34.4 33.6 36.7 42.7 45.9 47.7 46.6 47.5 44.3 47.2 50.7 49.0 35.4 35.4 -20.0 89 196.9 92

San Juan, PR Large 4.8 6.9 15.1 16.0 17.9 19.3 22.9 25.1 26.5 28.0 28.7 32.4 36.1 39.5 42.9 47.5 52.2 50.0 50.3 49.9 45.7 49.8 -4.6 59 935.7 20

Sarasota-Bradenton, FL Medium 1.5 2.4 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.3 4.0 4.3 4.4 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.9 6.2 6.8 7.0 7.6 7.2 5.2 7.0 3.0 44 367.9 69

Seattle, WA Very large 8.7 16.8 44.7 48.4 51.6 55.2 56.7 59.0 59.7 64.9 66.1 66.1 63.7 62.2 63.2 68.4 68.1 73.2 72.5 70.5 69.5 68.7 0.9 49 688.2 42

Spokane, WA Small 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.3 3.2 3.3 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.8 -7.3 66 325.3 76

Springfield, MA-CT Medium 2.3 2.6 3.2 3.4 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.2 4.9 5.4 5.3 5.5 6.1 6.3 6.0 5.3 6.2 12.6 23 170.2 93

St. Louis, MO-IL Large 10.4 14.1 17.3 17.0 20.5 28.1 36.7 44.4 45.3 48.2 48.7 51.5 52.3 48.0 48.5 45.7 44.2 44.1 42.3 39.0 41.8 42.5 -4.0 57 306.9 81

Stockton, CA Small 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.6 17.8 15 893.1 23

Tampa-St. Petersburg, FL Large 9.0 10.9 15.9 18.6 19.0 20.1 20.8 22.0 22.1 21.6 22.6 23.8 24.7 27.9 30.7 32.8 37.2 37.2 41.0 41.7 41.5 42.6 14.5 18 372.2 67

Toledo, OH-MI Medium 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.5 2.3 3.1 3.4 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.6 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.3 2.8 3.3 -36.9 100 757.6 34

Tucson, AZ Medium 2.5 3.0 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.2 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.6 7.3 7.8 9.0 9.3 10.3 10.2 9.7 8.3 8.7 -6.5 62 243.6 88

Tulsa, OK Medium 1.7 3.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.7 5.3 6.8 7.2 7.5 7.7 8.3 8.9 9.3 9.7 8.7 8.7 10.0 9.5 7.5 8.4 -3.1 56 399.6 65

Virginia Beach, VA Large 7.6 11.2 15.8 15.7 15.6 16.3 19.7 22.8 26.8 28.5 30.0 31.9 28.3 31.8 33.7 34.0 33.3 34.0 34.3 33.2 29.5 26.6 -20.0 88 250.9 87

Washington, DC-VA-MD Very large 22.7 45.1 75.4 84.1 99.4 104.3 109.2 113.0 121.9 121.2 118.7 127.3 129.2 141.6 151.9 161.0 162.7 163.2 161.1 168.5 141.8 148.2 -8.9 73 554.1 51

Wichita, KS Medium 1.6 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.4 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.6 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.1 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.4 6.4 7.7 7.8 6.9 7.3 14.2 19 365.1 70

Winston-Salem, NC Small 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.6 3.1 3.5 3.7 3.6 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.5 3.8 4.6 38 873.3 24

Worcester, MA Small 1.3 1.6 2.2 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.4 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.3 5.0 -6.4 61 296.6 82

439 Urban area average 439 Areas 1.7 2.3 4.2 4.3 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.9 7.2 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 9.5 9.4 8.6 8.9 -0.7 NA 437.8 NA

101 Urban area average 101 Areas 6.8 9.5 17.0 17.4 18.5 19.2 20.1 21.8 23.3 24.7 25.9 27.7 28.8 30.2 32.0 33.5 35.3 36.7 36.9 36.3 32.7 33.8 -4.2 NA 396.0 NA

Very large urban area average Very large 32.2 45.2 82.0 82.7 86.5 87.5 89.1 95.9 102.5 107.5 112.5 119.5 123.5 129.8 139.1 145.5 154.5 161.5 161.4 157.5 141.2 146.0 -5.5 NA 353.2 NA

Large urban area average Large 4.6 6.5 11.6 12.3 13.1 14.5 16.0 18.0 19.2 20.7 21.5 23.3 24.4 25.5 26.6 28.0 29.0 29.8 29.9 29.5 27.4 27.9 -3.8 NA 504.2 NA

Medium urban area average Medium 1.5 2.0 3.1 3.3 3.9 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.3 5.8 6.3 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.2 8.6 9.0 9.0 7.9 8.4 1.9 NA 471.2 NA

Small urban area average Small 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.8 7.6 NA 502.6 NA

a

 Percent changes were calculated using the numbers in this table and were not obtained from the source. Ranks are based on the calculated percent changes with the 

highest number corresponding to a rank of 1.

NOTES

"Wasted" fuel is the difference between the fuel consumed under estimated existing conditions and the fuel consumed under free-flow conditions. Previous editions of this 

table were calculated on the basis of total fuel consumed during congested trips. Calculations are made for peak period speeds and for free-flow speeds on both the 

freeway and principal arterial systems. For a more detailed description of the formulas used, see the source document.

KEY: NA = not applicable; R = revised.

Very large urban areas - over 3 million population.

Large urban areas - over 1 million and less than 3 million population.

Medium urban areas - over 500,000 and less than 1 million population.

Small urban areas - less than 500,000 population.

Methodology and data sources have been changed in 2010 and were applied retroactively to past years; these figures are not comparable to those in the 

past editions of NTS.

SOURCES

Texas Transportation Institute, Congestion Data for Your City, Excel spreadsheet of the base statistics for the 101 urban areas and population group summary statistics 

(College Station, TX: 2011), available at http://mobility.tamu.edu as of Feb. 25, 2011.

The urban areas included are those containing over 500,000 people and several smaller places mostly chosen by previous sponsors of the Texas Transportation Institute 

study on mobility.
(R) 1982 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 

Akron, OH Medium 2.0 2.8 6.8 7.1 8.7 10.7 13.4 11.5 14.3 16.8 17.9 17.9 17.0 16.5 15.5 14.6 15.8 15.2 16.1 13.2 12.6 Albany-Schenectady, NY Medium 2.1 3.0 5.3 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.6 6.8 7.2 7.6 8.6 9.2 10.2 11.0 12.0 13.1 14.7 15.0 16.8 19.0 14.5 Albuquerque, NM Medium 6.2 8.3 13.8 14.0 16.5 17.6 18.7 20.9 22.9 24.1 24.9 25.8 23.5 22.6 20.9 21.7 24.0 25.6 26.1 26.7 22.6 Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ Medium 6.5 7.2 9.8 10.1 12.3 14.6 16.3 17.9 20.8 22.3 23.5 20.6 22.1 21.6 21.6 20.8 21.9 22.3 20.9 21.9 18.1 Anchorage, AK Small 11.0 12.0 11.5 11.5 12.5 11.7 12.2 11.7 12.4 12.1 13.5 13.5 13.6 14.9 15.4 14.8 14.7 14.3 15.1 14.9 13.1 Atlanta, GA Very large 8.5 11.2 16.2 18.1 20.7 24.0 27.7 29.9 31.7 34.3 36.8 37.1 39.6 40.4 42.6 43.7 43.8 45.4 43.8 42.0 34.8 Austin, TX Large 6.9 10.8 13.7 14.9 14.1 15.6 15.0 22.2 23.9 25.8 25.0 27.1 27.3 30.5 31.5 34.7 37.6 41.6 39.0 36.7 33.9 Bakersfield, CA Medium 0.7 0.9 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.6 3.1 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.8 5.2 6.3 6.8 6.5 6.1 8.7 Baltimore, MD Large 7.6 12.2 24.5 24.3 23.9 24.8 25.4 27.7 28.1 29.0 28.7 29.8 32.5 35.7 43.2 45.1 45.6 46.0 46.5 46.2 41.1 Baton Rouge, LA Medium 8.0 10.8 15.1 15.9 15.0 18.5 20.2 22.3 23.6 23.7 24.2 28.0 28.0 29.0 28.9 32.2 33.2 33.8 31.6 31.1 30.2 Beaumont, TX Small 4.5 5.7 5.3 6.5 7.3 7.8 7.4 8.4 10.0 10.0 11.9 14.6 15.8 17.7 20.2 21.5 22.8 23.6 23.9 23.4 22.4 Birmingham, AL Medium 4.5 6.4 7.9 8.6 9.4 11.1 13.6 14.5 16.1 17.6 21.5 22.1 22.7 22.5 23.2 24.2 25.3 24.9 24.4 24.0 20.7 Boise, ID Small 1.7 2.8 6.4 7.3 7.4 7.8 7.2 7.8 9.8 12.1 14.0 15.2 15.7 18.5 18.1 18.6 18.1 19.0 19.8 19.3 14.7 Boston, MA-NH-RI Very large 8.3 12.1 20.6 21.1 23.3 23.8 24.5 24.5 25.4 27.3 29.0 29.4 31.2 32.4 35.8 35.9 39.8 40.4 39.4 37.1 38.0 Boulder, CO Small 6.7 8.2 9.8 10.9 13.4 15.6 15.5 17.8 17.8 20.2 19.2 20.1 20.7 21.0 19.8 19.9 20.4 20.4 22.5 19.3 16.7 Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NY Medium 8.1 12.6 18.1 18.1 20.9 20.8 23.0 25.3 24.4 28.2 31.3 34.0 35.8 36.3 39.2 38.8 37.3 39.1 41.4 41.6 34.5 Brownsville, TX Small 1.3 1.5 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.5 3.9 4.4 4.8 5.7 5.9 7.0 7.6 8.0 8.6 8.5 9.5 9.3 9.4 11.1 Buffalo, NY Large 3.4 4.3 6.7 6.4 6.7 7.2 7.7 8.0 8.2 9.1 10.4 12.0 13.8 14.0 14.6 17.5 17.1 18.0 19.4 18.2 14.5 Cape Coral, FL Small 5.8 6.7 9.2 9.9 11.5 15.0 17.5 20.3 21.1 20.1 18.1 18.0 17.6 19.8 20.5 21.2 21.2 21.6 24.7 24.1 18.4 Charleston-North Charleston, SC Medium 9.0 12.0 16.8 17.5 19.7 19.8 20.4 19.9 19.7 20.2 22.2 22.7 22.5 22.5 23.3 25.3 25.9 25.4 27.3 27.0 21.6 Charlotte, NC-SC Large 3.7 6.3 8.8 9.1 9.5 8.8 8.7 8.7 10.1 12.2 13.3 15.2 17.6 18.3 20.2 20.7 22.3 22.2 23.2 23.8 21.9 Chicago, IL-IN Very large 13.0 19.8 30.2 31.1 32.3 32.4 33.0 38.1 42.9 43.2 45.6 45.8 45.3 47.0 55.4 57.5 60.5 64.1 62.0 58.2 51.8 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Large 2.6 4.5 11.2 11.4 13.1 15.0 18.0 17.8 18.4 21.2 21.4 20.6 22.0 21.1 21.6 22.6 22.0 22.0 21.5 21.2 17.3 Cleveland, OH Large 2.5 2.7 7.7 8.6 9.2 11.3 12.9 15.9 17.1 19.8 18.4 19.4 19.0 16.7 15.5 15.2 17.3 15.8 15.6 14.7 15.5 Colorado Springs, CO Medium 4.6 5.4 7.7 8.3 10.7 12.1 14.9 16.9 17.3 22.0 26.0 31.2 35.2 36.8 36.8 35.8 32.9 41.9 39.9 34.8 24.7 Columbia, SC Small 2.6 4.7 6.8 6.9 8.2 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.7 9.2 9.4 10.8 12.1 12.4 13.2 14.3 14.5 14.6 17.9 20.9 18.2 Columbus, OH Large 1.6 2.5 7.8 7.8 8.7 10.1 11.2 12.6 13.4 14.4 14.5 14.3 13.7 15.0 15.5 16.6 18.7 18.5 18.1 16.9 16.1 Corpus Christi, TX Small 5.5 6.5 8.3 8.9 9.4 9.1 8.9 8.9 9.6 10.2 10.4 12.1 11.5 13.2 12.7 13.0 13.8 14.3 12.2 13.6 12.6 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Very large 5.5 9.2 15.0 16.5 17.5 19.1 19.8 22.2 23.1 23.2 26.2 29.6 30.9 32.0 33.8 35.3 39.0 41.1 42.6 40.9 38.3 Dayton, OH Medium 5.8 6.9 11.1 11.4 11.9 13.4 11.6 14.5 14.0 15.1 15.1 16.4 15.5 13.7 13.2 12.6 15.2 13.7 13.6 11.9 12.4 Denver-Aurora, CO Large 8.8 10.6 12.9 15.0 16.4 19.8 21.3 24.9 27.7 30.0 32.0 34.7 36.6 36.5 35.3 36.2 37.8 40.8 39.3 38.0 38.0 Detroit, MI Very large 9.5 11.4 19.8 21.0 23.6 25.0 23.9 23.8 25.1 25.9 26.4 27.7 27.9 29.6 31.3 32.3 32.0 31.6 32.5 32.2 27.2 El Paso, TX-NM Medium 3.3 4.6 7.5 9.5 11.7 12.3 15.0 13.6 12.4 13.8 15.5 19.4 22.6 23.5 24.4 25.5 29.2 30.1 30.2 28.5 21.7 Eugene, OR Small 4.5 4.7 6.3 6.1 6.3 5.9 5.6 6.1 6.5 7.9 8.8 11.5 13.5 11.1 11.4 12.5 12.1 13.7 12.0 11.2 9.8 Fresno, CA Medium 5.9 6.0 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.9 9.6 10.3 11.0 11.5 13.9 15.1 16.2 14.2 14.6 14.2 13.8 14.4 14.5 14.8 10.9 Grand Rapids, MI Medium 3.4 5.1 8.7 9.2 12.5 16.1 14.9 13.5 14.6 15.4 18.1 18.5 17.8 17.6 17.1 17.3 18.4 18.1 18.1 17.6 17.2 Greensboro, NC Small 2.5 2.3 5.5 6.3 8.8 10.9 11.3 11.7 18.7 17.2 19.0 20.7 20.6 23.8 24.7 23.9 19.3 18.3 17.1 15.7 12.8 Hartford, CT Medium 3.6 5.0 7.6 8.2 13.4 10.7 12.3 13.3 13.9 16.3 18.2 19.8 21.5 20.6 20.9 20.5 22.4 22.8 25.2 25.0 20.9 Honolulu, HI Medium 9.0 11.2 17.9 17.8 19.6 19.6 19.6 20.6 20.4 18.8 19.4 18.8 18.0 18.3 17.8 19.7 20.5 22.8 23.2 25.3 23.7 Houston, TX Very large 18.6 26.0 24.9 23.8 22.7 22.6 25.2 25.9 28.5 32.2 32.5 34.4 36.3 38.9 39.9 40.1 43.2 46.3 46.4 45.8 56.4 Indianapolis, IN Large 6.8 7.8 12.2 13.8 16.2 20.9 24.1 25.2 25.8 28.2 25.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.3 25.1 24.3 23.7 22.8 19.9 Indio-Cathedral City-Palm Springs, CA Medium 16.2 15.3 17.0 16.7 15.6 15.2 14.4 13.6 13.5 14.0 13.0 12.1 10.8 10.3 9.7 11.9 12.5 14.4 15.1 13.7 10.2 Jackson, MS Small 3.3 3.5 4.0 5.4 5.8 5.9 7.8 8.2 8.7 10.2 10.2 11.5 11.8 14.0 15.8 15.2 18.1 19.8 23.2 22.4 18.9 Jacksonville, FL Large 7.1 9.7 15.0 15.3 17.9 18.3 19.3 21.4 22.3 21.3 20.3 20.0 20.0 19.7 22.5 24.5 25.7 25.8 26.2 27.1 24.1 Kansas City, MO-KS Large 3.7 6.2 13.1 13.0 15.1 21.1 22.0 22.4 25.5 27.8 28.1 32.9 31.0 31.0 29.8 30.8 26.7 26.1 27.3 24.1 20.8 Knoxville, TN Small 5.5 5.7 14.9 15.7 17.2 18.3 19.9 21.4 25.8 25.5 24.7 24.7 23.2 22.2 21.9 22.1 21.5 20.4 18.6 19.9 19.0 Lancaster-Palmdale, CA Medium 13.7 13.9 11.0 13.6 13.2 11.7 10.2 8.5 8.8 7.8 7.8 7.5 8.0 8.8 10.3 11.4 11.6 12.1 12.8 12.4 11.4 Laredo, TX Small 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.8 4.6 Las Vegas, NV Large 3.9 5.3 11.9 13.2 14.0 15.5 17.3 18.5 18.6 18.3 19.1 19.8 19.8 20.7 22.0 24.3 26.5 27.5 28.4 28.7 23.6 Little Rock, AR Small 3.4 3.9 5.9 6.7 7.0 8.8 9.6 10.1 11.4 11.4 14.5 17.2 15.7 18.8 14.5 17.4 22.0 20.5 23.5 26.2 21.2 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Very large 26.3 30.8 57.0 54.5 53.8 50.4 48.1 50.8 52.1 53.0 53.2 54.8 55.2 57.6 58.9 57.9 60.3 59.7 60.9 58.0 46.9 Louisville, KY-IN Large 6.6 6.8 7.7 9.8 12.0 14.0 15.0 15.2 17.3 18.6 20.0 20.7 20.9 18.9 21.1 21.7 22.9 21.7 20.8 18.8 18.1 Madison, WI Small 4.7 4.8 5.4 4.7 4.8 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.6 6.5 6.5 7.0 7.2 7.5 7.9 7.2 7.7 7.3 9.0 McAllen, TX Medium 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 3.0 3.1 3.1 4.7 5.5 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.1 7.4 5.3 Memphis, TN-MS-AR Large 3.7 4.1 10.1 10.5 11.3 13.4 15.7 17.3 17.9 18.7 19.2 19.1 21.0 22.2 22.8 24.8 25.3 23.8 23.9 21.3 18.2 Miami, FL Very large 6.8 8.4 16.3 15.9 18.1 17.8 18.8 19.9 20.2 21.2 22.1 25.3 28.4 30.1 31.8 33.4 33.9 34.5 34.0 33.5 27.4 Milwaukee, WI Large 5.8 8.1 15.7 16.8 19.5 20.0 18.9 20.9 20.8 21.1 22.1 24.3 24.8 23.3 23.2 23.0 23.4 22.8 21.2 22.1 22.4 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN Large 3.9 7.2 14.0 14.1 16.8 20.3 23.8 25.6 26.3 32.7 35.0 36.7 38.7 41.4 39.0 38.9 38.7 41.6 38.9 37.5 43.3 

Gallons wasted

Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per Person

Urban area Population group
Nashville-Davidson, TN Large 13.5 13.7 21.5 20.3 19.5 19.9 26.5 28.0 28.1 30.4 27.4 29.0 31.0 32.2 34.9 37.0 36.9 36.0 33.4 32.2 26.4 

New Haven, CT Medium 5.2 7.8 11.1 11.4 14.7 16.7 17.0 18.0 16.9 20.5 24.6 28.0 28.3 31.7 32.1 31.6 27.3 30.0 29.6 29.2 25.3 New Orleans, LA Large 12.4 16.8 17.4 18.3 17.2 16.9 18.7 18.9 17.7 18.9 19.6 20.4 19.1 18.4 18.9 19.6 19.5 20.5 24.9 22.8 21.0 

New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT Very large 6.3 8.0 15.4 14.9 14.9 15.8 17.3 19.2 20.4 22.9 23.5 26.3 25.6 25.4 26.7 30.2 33.6 36.0 35.5 34.5 31.7 Oklahoma City, OK Medium 3.3 5.0 6.6 7.9 8.2 9.6 9.3 13.4 14.9 17.0 17.6 20.2 18.3 20.9 21.4 19.7 19.2 18.4 20.8 23.5 20.6 Omaha, NE-IA Medium 2.2 3.1 6.0 5.9 7.6 7.5 8.3 8.4 9.2 8.6 9.8 10.3 11.4 12.5 13.4 13.3 13.7 13.9 15.6 14.9 17.7 Orlando, FL Large 7.5 12.4 22.7 25.3 25.6 24.9 26.3 27.5 29.4 32.2 34.2 35.0 35.9 38.0 36.3 34.9 34.2 34.0 35.0 34.8 29.7 

Oxnard-Ventura, CA Medium 2.1 4.0 6.5 6.5 7.9 8.8 11.6 12.0 13.9 12.6 12.9 15.8 15.9 17.8 18.7 19.5 21.2 22.3 21.8 24.1 18.2 

Pensacola, FL-AL Small 2.5 2.9 6.3 6.0 7.3 8.0 8.1 9.4 11.5 13.1 12.3 12.8 13.1 13.0 14.2 15.6 16.4 17.2 19.4 19.4 15.1 Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD Very large 8.9 10.7 14.9 15.1 16.5 16.0 16.8 17.6 18.7 20.6 23.3 23.8 24.0 27.3 29.3 30.5 31.5 32.7 32.5 32.6 29.3 Phoenix, AZ Very large 16.0 15.6 18.3 18.6 20.0 19.7 19.9 18.6 21.3 21.8 22.7 25.3 27.0 29.5 27.4 28.9 30.2 35.1 33.2 32.9 30.8 

Pittsburgh, PA Large 14.3 16.3 27.0 26.5 25.3 25.0 24.9 29.3 29.4 28.9 27.9 31.0 29.4 30.8 31.8 31.1 32.1 30.9 29.0 29.2 25.6 

Portland, OR-WA Large 7.4 8.2 15.8 16.6 20.1 21.5 22.0 24.7 27.6 28.6 29.0 30.9 31.4 31.4 30.0 31.0 32.4 34.0 33.4 32.1 29.8 

Poughkeepsie-Newburgh, NY Medium 4.3 4.9 5.8 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.6 6.8 7.2 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.4 8.7 9.4 9.5 10.1 9.4 9.1 

Providence, RI-MA Large 1.9 2.3 5.5 5.8 6.3 7.3 7.5 8.0 9.6 9.9 12.8 14.7 15.8 17.4 18.6 20.7 21.2 20.7 19.3 20.8 15.5 

Provo, UT Small 3.8 3.7 5.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 6.8 6.8 6.9 7.6 7.7 8.5 8.4 9.5 9.6 10.4 10.5 11.1 11.4 11.4 10.1 Raleigh-Durham, NC Large 4.2 7.1 14.0 13.5 13.1 15.1 16.5 17.4 18.0 20.9 19.7 20.9 22.3 23.0 24.8 24.7 25.7 26.7 25.3 27.4 22.0 

Richmond, VA Medium 3.6 3.8 7.0 7.6 9.0 9.3 11.7 14.3 15.0 13.6 13.0 12.8 11.8 12.2 12.4 13.6 15.0 15.1 15.5 15.3 14.2 

Riverside-San Bernardino, CA Large 1.9 3.7 12.2 13.6 14.0 14.0 12.1 13.6 14.6 14.2 16.0 17.2 18.2 18.3 19.5 22.4 25.1 28.4 28.9 28.0 24.9 Rochester, NY Medium 2.5 3.6 6.5 7.1 7.5 7.4 7.9 9.2 9.3 10.2 8.9 10.1 10.4 10.2 10.5 11.2 11.7 12.1 12.8 12.7 11.8 Sacramento, CA Large 6.1 8.6 19.5 19.0 18.0 17.6 19.6 19.1 21.2 19.4 20.0 20.8 22.6 24.0 24.1 25.6 28.0 28.8 29.3 27.5 20.8 

Salem, OR Small 3.2 4.0 10.2 12.0 14.1 16.7 17.8 18.0 17.0 18.2 19.6 21.5 22.6 26.6 28.0 25.1 23.9 24.4 28.5 28.0 18.3 

Salt Lake City, UT Medium 4.1 6.1 10.2 11.9 14.2 16.7 19.5 20.9 20.3 19.3 17.9 19.5 21.8 23.1 24.3 25.1 21.7 19.5 18.8 19.6 19.0 San Antonio, TX Large 3.2 6.1 6.0 6.1 7.2 7.4 8.5 11.4 14.3 16.5 18.8 22.5 25.7 25.5 26.0 26.3 28.8 29.1 27.5 28.1 26.4 

San Diego, CA Very large 5.3 8.6 20.2 18.5 19.9 19.0 18.3 19.0 20.5 20.7 22.0 25.9 28.2 30.9 34.3 34.0 37.4 37.8 36.5 34.7 35.2 San Francisco-Oakland, CA Very large 14.9 27.7 41.3 38.1 37.8 38.6 36.3 39.3 40.5 37.9 40.5 41.0 44.7 43.5 46.7 48.1 50.4 54.3 55.3 52.5 38.6 

San Jose, CA Large 13.9 23.5 35.1 33.6 31.1 29.0 30.8 33.6 32.8 31.5 33.8 38.8 41.6 43.2 42.3 43.1 40.2 42.8 45.2 43.6 31.0 

San Juan, PR Large 5.2 7.0 13.3 13.8 15.1 16.0 18.2 19.6 20.4 21.2 21.5 24.0 26.6 28.8 31.1 34.2 37.4 35.6 35.4 34.9 31.0 Sarasota-Bradenton, FL Medium 6.6 9.7 8.6 9.2 9.1 10.1 10.1 9.5 11.3 12.2 12.4 14.1 14.2 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.7 15.8 16.9 15.5 10.9 Seattle, WA Very large 7.6 13.6 32.4 33.6 35.2 37.0 37.2 38.0 37.9 40.9 41.1 40.6 38.7 37.1 36.7 38.5 37.5 39.8 38.8 37.1 36.2 Spokane, WA Small 3.4 5.0 7.1 9.4 10.9 14.6 14.8 11.5 12.0 13.3 13.9 14.7 14.9 13.4 13.3 12.4 11.9 11.2 11.8 12.6 11.6 Springfield, MA-CT Medium 6.1 6.5 8.1 8.3 9.8 9.8 9.6 9.9 9.7 9.9 11.0 11.8 11.8 11.1 12.1 11.9 12.4 13.7 14.2 13.4 12.1 

St. Louis, MO-IL Large 8.5 11.3 13.5 13.1 15.9 21.6 28.1 33.9 34.6 36.7 37.1 39.2 39.1 35.2 35.1 32.5 31.1 30.4 28.8 26.2 27.6 

Stockton, CA Small 1.8 2.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.8 5.4 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.5 6.7 7.2 8.0 7.8 8.5 9.9 10.2 10.8 8.4 Tampa-St. Petersburg, FL Large 9.6 10.8 14.0 16.3 16.6 17.3 17.7 18.2 18.2 17.7 18.3 19.0 19.2 21.1 22.9 24.2 25.4 25.0 27.0 27.2 26.9 Toledo, OH-MI Medium 1.1 1.5 2.8 2.8 3.8 4.4 6.9 9.1 10.0 11.3 12.7 13.9 14.7 14.5 13.7 12.9 14.5 12.9 13.1 12.1 7.6 Tucson, AZ Medium 8.2 9.2 10.0 9.5 9.7 9.6 8.9 9.1 9.7 12.7 13.3 13.6 14.9 16.2 17.2 19.7 20.3 22.1 21.6 20.3 17.1 Tulsa, OK Medium 5.2 8.8 10.5 10.2 10.3 10.6 10.9 12.3 15.6 16.4 17.0 17.4 18.7 19.9 20.7 21.6 19.1 18.9 21.6 20.5 15.6 Virginia Beach, VA Large 10.2 13.9 17.7 17.1 16.8 17.4 20.8 23.8 27.7 29.3 30.6 32.0 28.0 31.0 32.6 32.8 32.0 32.7 33.0 31.8 28.0 

Washington, DC-VA-MD Very large 14.6 27.4 42.3 45.0 52.3 53.0 54.5 55.9 59.3 57.6 54.3 57.0 57.6 61.1 63.1 65.8 66.2 66.3 65.1 67.7 56.3 

Wichita, KS Medium 6.8 9.5 11.7 12.0 12.6 16.3 16.7 16.2 15.8 19.6 20.2 20.0 19.7 19.0 19.1 19.1 19.9 19.5 22.7 22.7 20.7 

Winston-Salem, NC Small 3.4 5.5 5.1 5.2 7.0 6.1 6.0 7.6 7.3 8.6 10.8 11.7 12.3 14.4 16.2 16.4 15.8 18.0 16.8 16.6 13.5 

Worcester, MA Small 5.1 6.3 8.1 9.1 9.5 11.2 12.8 13.8 14.5 14.8 16.1 16.6 17.5 17.6 17.5 16.3 16.9 17.9 17.5 18.3 17.3 

439 Urban area average 439 Areas 12 14 23 23 23 25 25 26 27 27 27 28 28 30 31 31 32 32 32 31 27 

101 Urban area average 101 Areas 10 14 22 22 23 24 24 26 27 28 29 31 31 32 34 34 36 36 36 35 31 

Very large urban area average Very large 13 18 30 30 31 30 31 32 34 35 36 37 38 39 42 43 44 46 46 44 39 Large urban area average Large 7 9 16 16 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 27 27 28 28 29 30 30 30 29 26 

Medium urban area average Medium 5 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 21 18 

Small urban area average Small 4 5 7 8 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 15 

KEY: NA = not applicable; R = revised.Very large urban areas - over 3 million population.Large urban areas - over 1 million and less than 3 million population.Medium urban areas - over 500,000 and less than 1 million population.Small urban areas - less than 500,000 population."Wasted" fuel is the difference between the fuel consumed under estimated existing conditions and the fuel consumed under free-flow conditions. Previous editions of this table were calculated on the basis of total fuel consumed during congested trips. Calculations are made for peak period speeds and for free-flow speeds on both the freeway and principal arterial systems. For a more detailed description of the formulas used, see the source document.The urban areas included are those containing over 500,000 people and several smaller places mostly chosen by previous sponsors of the Texas Transportation Institute study on mobility.Methodology and data sources have been changed in 2010 and were applied retroactively to past years, these figures are not comparable to those in past editions of NTS.SOURCE

a Percent changes were calculated using the numbers in this table and were not obtained from the source. Ranks are based on the calculated percent changes with the highest number 

corresponding to a rank of 1.

Texas Transportation Institute, Congestion Data for Your City, Excel spreadsheet of the base statistics for the 101 urban areas and population group summary statistics (College Station, TX: 2011), available at http://mobility.tamu.edu as of Mar. 10, 2011, and personal communication, Mar. 17, 2011.NOTES

Section D

Air Pollution
 
Engine type and 

pollutant

Prior to 

controld 1968-1969 1970-1971 1972 1973-1974 1975-1976 1977-1979 1980 1981 1982-1986 1987-1993

HC (total) 11 g 2.20 0.41 h h

NMHC e 0.25 (0.31) hNMOG e 0.13 (0.16) 0.10 (0.13)

CO 80 g 23.00 7.00 3.40 (4.20)

Cold-temp. COc e 10.00 h

NOx 4 3.00 3.10 0.40 (0.60) 0.14 (0.20)

Particulates e 0.08 (0.10) 0.08 (0.08) 0.02 (0.02)

Formaldehyde e 0.02 (0.02)

HC (total) 11 0.41 h

NMHC e 0.25 (0.31)

NMOG e h (0.16) 0.10 (0.13)

CO 80 7.00 3.40 (4.20) h (4.20) 3.40 (4.20)NOx 4 3.10 1.00 (1.25) h (0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulates e 0.60 0.20 0.08 (0.10) h (0.10) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehyde e h (0.02) 0.02 (0.02)Test procedure

5 years/50,00

5 years/50,00 10 years/100,000 miles 10 years/120,000 m

hh

15.00 

2.00 

3.40 1.00 

h

3.40 

hh 1.00 h

7-mode CVS-72 CVS-75

h

GasolineDiesel

2.00 

3.40 1.50 0.41

hh

39.00 15.00 

Table 4-30: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Vehiclesa,b (Grams per mile)

Interim Tier 2i 2004-

2006 Tier 2i 2007+

Useful life, intermediateb,f

hh 1.50 0.41 

hh

e No estimate available.f Manufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a full useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and have either 1) intermediate useful life standards waived or 2) receive additional NOx credits.b All emissions standards must be met for a useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles. Beginning with model year 1994, a second set of emissions standards must also be met for a full useful life of 

10 years/100,000 miles; these standards are shown in parentheses. Tier 1 exhaust standards were phased-in during 1994-96 at a rate of 40%, 80%, and 100%, respectively.

KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; CVS = constant volume sampler; HC = hydrocarbons; NMHC = non-methane hydrocarbons; NMOG = nonmethane organic gases; NOx = nitrogen oxides.

Useful life, full

Tier 1i 1994-2003b

hhh

SOURCES40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000).Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.

g In 1968-69, exhaust emissions standards were issued in parts per million rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.a The test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulations. The 7-mode procedure was used through model year 1971 

and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 procedure became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total HC and CO standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure. Additional standards for CO and composite standards for NMHC and NOx tested under the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in beginning with model year 2000; these standards are not shown in this table.

h No standard has been set.I The term "tier" refers to a level of standards and is associated with specific years. Interim Tier 2 refers to an intermediate level of standards that move manufacturers toward compliance with 

Tier 2 standards. Interim Tier 2 and Tier 2 standards are established as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NOx, CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulate matter; HC and NMHC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2. Manufacturers may certify any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weight corporate average NOx standard is met for the full useful life of the vehicle. The Tier 2 corporate average NOx standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standards are based on vehicle type. The interim sales-weighted average for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) is 9.3 grams/mile. For LDVs, Tier 2 standards will be phased in at a rate of 25% in 2004, 50% in 2005, 75% in 2006, and 100% in 2007. During this period, all LDVs not meeting the Tier 2 standards must meet Interim Tier 2 standards.

c The cold CO emissions standard is measured at 20 0F (rather than 75 0F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.d The "Prior to control" column reports emissions estimates of a typical newly manufactured car in the years before exhaust emissions certification standards were implemented.
Engine type and 

pollutant

Prior to 

controlg

1968-

1969

1970-

1971 1972

1973-

1974 1975

1976-

1978

1979-

1981

1982-

1983 1984

1985-

1986 1987

1988-

1993

HC (total) 11 i 2.20 j (0.80) j

NMHC h 0.25 (0.31) jNMOG h 0.13 

CO 80 i 23.00 3.40 (4.20)

Cold-temp. COd e 10.00 j

NOx 4 3.00 1.20 0.40 (0.60) 

Particulates h 0.08 (0.10) 0.08 

Formaldehyde h 0.02 

HC (total) 11 2.00 j (0.80)

NMHC h 0.25 -0.31

NMOG h j 

CO 80 20.00 3.40 (4.20) j NOx 4 3.10 1.20 1.00 (1.25) j Particulates h 0.08 (0.10) j Formaldehyde h j LDT1 weight criterae

b The test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode 

procedure was used through model year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 procedure became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that total HC and CO standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure. Additional standards for CO and composite standards for NMHC and NOx tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in beginning with model year 2000. These standards are not shown in this table.

c Emissions standards had to be met for a useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles 

was defined for 1985-93 (several useful life options were available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1994, emissions standards were established for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a full useful life (full useful life standards are shown in parentheses). HC standards, however, were established only for full useful life. Tier 1 exhaust standards, except particulates standards, were phased in during 1994-96 at a rate of 40%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. Particulate matter standards were phased-in at a rate of 40%, 80%, and 100% during 1995-97.

SOURCES

d The cold CO emissions standard is measured at 20 0F (rather than 75 0F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.e GVWR is the maximum design loaded weight. LVW is the curb weight (nominal vehicle weight) plus 300 pounds.f Manufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a full useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and either have (1) intermediate useful life standards waived 

or (2) receive additional NOx credits.

g The "Prior to controls" column reports emissions estimates of a typical newly manufactured car in the years before exhaust emissions certification 

standard were implemented.

2.00 1.70 0.80 

40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000).Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.

k The term "tier" refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim Tier 2 refers to an intermediate level of standards that move manufacturers 

toward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Interim Tier 2 and Tier 2 standards are established as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NOx, CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulates (HC and NMHC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2). Manufacturers may certify any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporate average NOx standard is met for the full useful life. The Tier 2 corporate average NOx standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standards are based on vehicle type. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for LDT1 vehicles is 0.3 grams/mile. Tier 2 standards will be phased in at a rate of 25% in 2004, 50% in 2005, 75% in 2006, and 100% in 2007. During this period, all LDT1 vehicles not meeting the Tier 2 standards must meet Interim Tier 2 standards. 

h No estimate available.I In 1968-69, exhaust emissions standards were issued in parts per million rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.j No standard has been set.a Light-duty truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978, all trucks with a GVWR up to 6,000 pounds were classified 

as light-duty trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 pounds GVWR. During 1988-93, light duty trucks were divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1-LDT4 categories. The standards for LDT2, LDT3, and LDT4 are shown in tables 4-32 through 4-34.

jjj

jj

jj

39.00 20.00 

j

GVWR up through 6,000 pounds

Diesel

18.00 10.00 

5 years/50,000 miles 11 years/120,000 miles 10 years/100,000 miles

Inter

20

j

18.00 2.30 

Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LD

KEY: CO=carbon monoxide; CVS = constant volume sampler; GVWR=gross vehicle weight rating; HC=hydrocarbons; LVW=loaded vehicle weight; NMHC=nonmethane hydrocarbons; NMOG= nonmethane organic gases; NOx=nitrogen oxides. Useful life, full

Tier 1k 1994 1995-2003

GVWR up through 6,000 lbs; LVW up through 3,750 pounds

Useful life, intermediatec,f 

j 3.10 2.30 jjj

0.26

GVWR up through 8,500 pounds

j 5 years/50,000 miles 5 years

Test procedure b

j

Gasoline

1.70 

3.40 

j

7-mode CVS-72 CVS-75

0.60 

10.00 0.80 
Engine type and 

pollutant

Prior to controlg 1968-1969 1970-1971 1972 1973-1974 1975 1976-1978 1979-1981 1982-1983 1984 1985-1986 1987 1988-1990 1991-1993

HC (total) 11 e 2.20 j (0.80) 

NMHC h j (0.40) NMOG h 

CO 80 I 23.00 4.40 (5.50) 

Cold-temp. COd h 12.5 j

NOx 4 3.00 0.70 (0.97) 

Particulates h 0.08 (0.10) 

Formaldehyde h 

HC (total) 11 2.00 j (0.80) 

NMHC h 0.32 (0.40) NMOG h 

CO 80 20.00 4.40 (5.50) NOx 4 3.10 j (0.97) Particulates h 0.50 0.45 0.08 (0.10) Formaldehyde h 

GVWR up through 6,000 pounds GVWR up through 8,500 pounds

SOURCES

40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000).Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.

g The "Prior to controls" reports emissions estimates of a typical newly manufactured car in the years before exhaust emissions certification standards were implemented.k The term "tier" refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim 2 refers to an intermediate level of standards that move manufacturers toward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Interim Tier 2 and Tier 2 standards are established as "bins." Each bin is a se

CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulates (HC and NMHC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2). Manufacturers may certify any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporatmet for the full useful life. The Tier 2 corporate average NOx standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standards are based on vehicle type. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for LDT2 vehicles is 0.3 grams/mile. Tier 2 standrate of 25% in 2004, 50% in 2005, 75% in 2006, and 100% in 2007. During this period all LDT2 vehicles not meeting the Tier 2 standards must meet Interim Tier 2 standards.

a Light-duty truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a GVWR up to 6,000 pounds were classified as light-duty trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised 

During 1988-93, light-duty trucks were divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1-LDT4 categories. The standards for LDT1, LDT3, and LDT4 are shown in tables 4-31, 4-33, and 4-34.

i In 1968-69, exhaust emissions standards were issued in parts per million rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.j No standard has been set.f Manufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a full useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and either have (1) intermediate useful life standards waived or (2) receive additional NOx credits. h No estimate available.

Useful life, full 5 years/50,000 miles 11 years/120,000 miles 10 years/100,000 miles

eGVWR is the maximum design loaded weight. LVW is the curb weight (nominal vehicle weight) plus 300 pounds.b The test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1

became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total HC and CO standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure. Additional standarstandards for NMHC and NOx tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in beginning with model year 2000. These standards are not shown in this table.

c Emissions standards had to be met for a useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93 (several useful life options were available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1994, em

established for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a full useful life (full useful life standards are shown in parentheses). HC standards, however, were established only for full useful life. Tier 1 exhaust standards, except particulates standduring 1994-96 at a rate of 40%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. Particulates standards were phased-in at a rate of 40%, 80%, and 100% during 1995-97.

dThe cold CO emissions standard is measured at 20 0F (rather than 75 0F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.

7-mode CVS-72 CVS-75

Tier 1k 1994 

0.80 

18.00 10.00 

j 3.10j

20.00 2.00 1.70 

Table 4-32: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT2) a,b,c (Grams per mile)

Tier 1k 1995-2003 

GasolineUseful life, intermediatec, f

KEY: CO=carbon monoxide; GVWR=gross vehicle weight rating; HC=hydrocarbons; LVW=loaded vehicle weight; NMHC=non-methane hydrocarbons; NMHC=nonmethane hydrocarbons; NMOG=nonmethane organic gases; NOx=nitrogen oxides. LDT2 weight criteriaeTest procedureb

GVWR up through 6,000 pounds; LVW o

3.40 

jj

39.00 

2.30 1.70

jjj

Diesel

5 years/50,000 miles 

jj

1.70 0.80 

jj 18.00 10.00 jjj

0.60 

2.30 1.70

0.13
Engine type and 

pollutant

Prior to controlg

1968-

1969

1970-

1971 1972

1973-

1974 1975

1976-

1978

1979-

1981

1982-

1983 1984

1985-

1986 1987

1988-

1989 1990

1991-

1995

HC (total) 11 I 2.20 j (0.80) j

NMHC h 0.32 (0.46) jNMOG h 0.16 (0.23) 

CO 80 i 23.00 4.40 (6.40) 

Cold-temp. COd h 12.50 NOx 4 3.00 2.30 0.70 (0.98) 0.40 (0.60) 

Particulates h j (0.10) 0.08 (0.08) 

Formaldehyde h 0.02 (0.03) 

HC (total) 11 2.00 j (0.80)

NMHC h 0.32 (0.46)

NMOG h j (0.23) 

CO 80 20.00 4.40 (6.40) j 

NOx 4 3.10 2.30 j (0.98) j (0.60) 

Particulates h 0.50 0.13 j (0.10) j (0.08) Formaldehyde h j (0.03) 

Any ALVW

j No standard has been set.

SOURCES

40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000).Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.

d The cold CO emissions standard is measured at 20 0F (rather than 75 0F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful lifee GVWR is the maximum design loaded weight. ALVW is the numerical average of the GVWR and the curb weight.f Manufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a full useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and either have (1) intermediate useful life standards waived or (2) receive additional NOx credits.g The "Prior to controls" column reports emissions estimates of a typical newly manufactured car in the years before exhaust emissions certifcation standards were implementedk The term "tier" refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim 2 refers to an intermediate level of standards that moves manufacturers toward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Interim Tier 2 and 

Tier 2 standards are established as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NOx, CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulates (HC and NMHC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2). Manufacturers may certify any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporate average NOx standard is met for full useful life. The Tier 2 corporate average NOx standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standards are based on vehicle type. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for LDT3 vehicles is 0.6 grams/mile. Tier 2 LDT3 standards will be phased in during 2008 and 2009. In 2008, 50% of LDT3 vehicles must meet Tier 2 standards; the others must meet Interim Tier 2 standards. Beginning in 2009, all LDT3 vehicles must meet Tier 2 standards. 

h No estimate available.i In 1968-69, exhaust emissions standards were issued in parts per million rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table

7-mode CVS-72 CVS-755 years/50,000 miles 11 years/120,000 miles

j

Useful life, intermediatec,fTest procedureb

c Emissions standards had to be met for a full useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93 (several useful life options 

were available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1996, emissions standards were established for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles (intermediate and full useful life standards are shown in parentheses). This applied to all pollutants except HC and particulates for all LDT3 vehicles and NOx for diesel-powered LDT3 vehicles, which were only required to meet full useful life standards. Tier 1 exhaust standards were phased-in during 1996-97 at a rate of 50% and 100%, respectively. 

b The test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model year 1971 and was 

replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 procedure became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total HC and CO standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure. Additional standards for CO and composite standards for NMHC and NOx tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in beginning with model year 2002. These standards are not shown in this table. 

a Light-duty truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a GVWR up to 6,000 pounds were classified as light-duty trucks and were required to meet the same 

standards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 pounds GVWR. During 1988-93, light-duty trucks were divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1-LDT4 categories. The standards for LDT1, LDT2, and LDT4 are given in tables 4-31, 4-32, and 4-34.

KEY: ALVW=adjusted loaded vehicle weight; CO = carbon monoxide; GVWR=gross vehicle weight rating; HC = hydrocarbons; NMHC=nonmethane hydrocarbon; NMOG=nonmethane organic gases; NOx=nitrogen oxides.

5 years/50,000 miles

Useful life, full

j

LDT3 weight criteriae

Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT3)a,b,c (G

ALVW up through 5,75

GVWR 6,001-8,500 pounds

Tier 1k 1996-2007

 GVWR up through 6,000 pounds GVWR up through 8,500 pounds

GasolineDiesel

j

39.00 20.00 18.00 10.00 

Interim Tier 2 k 

2008

3.40 2.00 1.70 0.80 

j jj 3.10 2.30 1.70 

jjjj

1.70 0.80 j

j

jj 18.00 10.00 

jj 2.30 1.70 j 0.60 0.45
Engine type and 

pollutant

Prior to controlg 1968-1969 1970-1971 1972 1973-1974 1975 1976-1978 1979-1981 1982-1983 1984 1985-1986 1987 1988-1989 1990 1991-1995

HC (total) 11 I 2.20 j (0.80)

NMHC h 0.39 (0.56)

NMOG h 

CO 80 i 23.00 5.00 (7.30) 

Cold-temp. COd h 12.50 j

NOx 4 3.00 2.30 1.10 (1.53) 

Particulates h j (0.12) 

Formaldehyde h 

HC (total) 11 2.00 j (0.80)

NMHC h 0.39 (0.56)

NMOG h 

CO 80 20.00 5.00 (7.30) NOx 4 3.10 2.30 j (1.53) Particulates h 0.50 0.13 j (0.12) Formaldehyde h 

Any ALVW

jjj

18.00 

j

2.30 

0.60 

10.00 

1.70 

0.45

j

0.80 

j

1.70 

39.00 20.00 18.00 10.00 

j

1.70 

j jjj

3.10 2.30 j

 GVWR up through 8,500 pounds GVWR 6,001-8,500 pounds

5 years/50,000 miles

3.40 

j

2.00 1.70 0.80 

Table 4-34: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT4) a,b,c (Grams per mile)

Tier 1k 1996-2007 

KEY: ALVW=adjusted loaded vehicle weight; CO = carbon monoxide; GVWR=gross vehicle weight rating; HC = hydrocarbons; NMHC=nonmethane hydrocarbon; NMOG=nonmethane organic gases; NOx=nitrogen oxides.

DieselGasolineUseful life, full LDT4 weight criteriae GVWR up through 6,000 pounds

a Light-duty truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a GVWR up to 6,000 pounds were classified as light-duty trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of 

1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 pounds GVWR. During 1988-93, light-duty trucks were divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1-LDT4 categories. The standards for LDT1, LDT2, and LDT3 are given in tables 4-31, 4-32, and 4-33.

Test procedurebUseful life, intermediatec,f

7-mode CVS-72 CVS-75

j

5 years/50,000 miles 11 years/120,000 miles

c Emissions standards had to be met for a full useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93 (several useful life options were available for 

1984). Beginning in model year 1996, emissions standards were established for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles (intermediate and full useful life standards are shown in parentheses). This applied to all pollutants except HC and particulates for all LDT4 vehicles and NOx for diesel-powered LDT4 vehicles, which were only required to meet full useful life standards. Tier 1 exhaust standards were phased-in during 1996-97 at a rate of 50% and 100%, respectively.

d The cold CO emissions standard is measured at 20 0F (rather than 75 0F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.f Manufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a full useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and either have (1) intermediate useful life standards waived or (2) receive additional NOx credits.e GVWR is the maximum design loaded weight. ALVW is the numerical average of the GVWR and the curb weight.

Additional standards for CO and composite standards for NMHC and NOx tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in beginning with model year 2002. These standards are not shown in this table.

b The test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 

procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 procedure became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total HC and CO standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure.

SOURCES40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000).Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.

k The term "tier" refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim 2 refers to an intermediate level of standards that moves manufacturers toward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Interim Tier 2 and Tier 2 standards are 

established as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NOx, CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulate matter (HC and non-methane HC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and interim Tier 2). Manufacturers may certify any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporate average NOx standard is met for full useful life. The Tier 2 corporate average NOx standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standards are based on vehicle type. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for LDT4 vehicles is 0.6 grams/mile. Tier 2 standards will be phased in during 2008 and 2009. In 2008, 50% of LDT4 vehicles must meet Tier 2 standards; the others must meet Interim Tier 2 standards. Beginning in 2009, all LDT4 vehicles must meet Tier 2 standards.

g The "Prior to control" column reports emissions estimates of a typical newly manufactured car in the years before exhaust emissions certification standards were implemented.h No estimate available.i In 1968-69, exhaust emissions standards were issued in parts per million rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.j No standard has been set.
Engine type and pollutant 2004 2008 2009+

NMOG 0.195 -0.280 0.125 -0.156

CO 5.000 -7.300 3.400 -4.200

Cold-temp. COc 12.500

NOx 0.600 -0.900 0.140 -0.200

Particulates 0.120 -0.120 0.020 -0.020

Formaldehyde 0.022 -0.032 0.015 -0.018

HC 1.3 g/bhp-hr

NMHC + NOx 2.4 g/bhp-hr

NMOG g (0.280) 0.125 (0.156)

CO 15.5 g/bhp-hr g (7.300) 3.400 (4.200)

NOx 4.0 g/bhp-hr g (0.900) 0.140 (0.200)

Particulates 0.10 g/bhp-hr g (0.120) 0.020 (0.020)

Formaldehyde g (0.032) 0.015 (0.018)

Smoke opacity (acceleration / lugging / peak)d 20/15/50

Weight Criteria Greater than 8,500 pounds GVWR; less than 10,000 pounds GVWR

Test procedure, gasoline

Test procedure, diesel

Useful life-gasoline, intermediateb,e

Useful life-gasoline, full

Useful life-diesel, intermediateb,e

Useful life-diesel, full

b Diesel MDPVs can continue to use light heavy-duty truck standards for new vehicle certification until 2008. Note that these standards are 

measured in grams per brake horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr). Beginning in 2008, MDPVs must use the same on-chassis testing procedure as 

heavy light-duty trucks (catgories LDT3 and LDT4) and must meet standards for MDPVs. Beginning in 2009, MDPVs must meet the same 

standards as light heavy-duty trucks, except MDPVs are not required to meet Supplemental Federal Test Procedure standards.

c

The cold CO emissions standard is measured at 20 0F (rather than 75 0F) and is applicable for a full useful life of 5-years/50,000-miles.

d Smoke opacity is expressed as a percentage for acceleration, lugging, and peak operation modes. Lugging occurs when a vehicle is carrying 

a load.

e

Manufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and have either 1) intermediate useful life standards 

waived or 2) receive additional NOx credits.

11 years/120,000 miles

SOURCE 

f

The term "tier" refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim 2 refers to an intermediate level of stndards that moves manufacturers 

toward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Tier 2 and interim Tier 2 standards are established as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NOx, 

CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulates (HC and NMHC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2). Manufacturers may certify 

any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporate average NOx 

standard is met for full useful life. The Tier 2 corporate average NOx standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx 

standards are based on vehicle type. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for MDPVs is 0.6 grams/mile. Tier 2 MDPV standards will 

be phased in during 2008 and 2009. In 2008, 50% of MDPVs must meet Tier 2 standards; the other 50% of MDPVs must meet interim Tier 2 

standards. Beginning in 2009, all MDPVs must meet Tier 2 standards.

5 years/50,000 miles

11 years/120,000 miles

g 5 years/50,000 miles

8 years/110,000 miles

40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000) Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.

g

Diesel MDPVs are not required to meet intermediate life standards during this time period

a The MDPV category was created for the Interim Tier 2 and Tier 2 vehicle emissions standards. This category was specifically designed to 

help bring passenger vehicles (such as large sport utility vehicles and passenger vans) over 8,500 pounds GVWR into the Tier 2 program. 

MDPVs are defined as any complete heavy-duty vehicle less than 10,000 pounds GVWR designed primarily for transportation of persons, 

including conversion vans (i.e., vans which are intended to be converted to vans used primarily for transporting people). This does not include 

vehicles that have 1) a capacity of more than 12 persons total, or 2) are designed to accommodate more than 9 persons seated rearward of the 

driver's seat, or 3) have a cargo box (i.e., a pickup-bed or box) of six feet or more in interior length. Prior to Tier 2 standards, these vehicles 

would have been regulated as light heavy-duty trucks.

Table 4-35: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasolineand Diesel-Powered Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles (MDPV)a,b 

Interim Tier 2f Tier 2f

KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g/bhp-hr = grams per brake horsepower/hour; GVWR = gross vehicle weight rating; HC = hydrocarbons; 

NMHC=nonmethane hydrocarbon; NMOG = nonmethane organic gases; NOx = nitrogen oxides.

(Grams per mile)

Gasoline

Diesel

CVS-75

EPA Transient CVS-75

table_04_35.xls
Engine type and pollutant 1970-73 1974-78 1979-83 1984 1985-86 1987 1988-89 1990 1991-93 1994-97 1998-2003 20

GasolineHC + NOx j 16 10 j

NOx + NMHC j 

NMHC j HC k j 1.5 1.9 1.1 NOx j 10.6 6.0 5.0 4.0 

CO k 40 25 37.1 14.4

Particulates j 

DieselHC + NOx j 16 10 j

HC k j 1.5 1.3 jNOx j 10.7 6.0 5.0 4.0 j NOx + NMHC j 2.4l 

NMHC j CO k 40 25 15.5Particulates j 0.60 0.25 0.10 Smoke opacity (acceleration / lugging / peak) a 40/20/j 20/15/50

Weight criteria for light heavy-duty trucks b GVWR over 6,000 lbs GVWR over 8,500 lbs GVWR 8,501 through 14,000 lbs

Test procedure, gasolinec 9-mode steady-state MVMA transient

Test procedure, dieselc 13-mode steady-state EPA transient

Useful life (gasoline) d 5 years/50,000 miles 8 years/110,000 miles 10 yea

Weight range and pollutant 2005-06 2007 2008+

GVWR 8,500 through 10,000 lbsNMOGg 0.28 e

NMHCh e 0.195CO 7.3NOx 0.9 0.2Particulates e 0.02

HCHO e 0.032GVWR 10,001 lbs through 14,000 lbsNMOGi 0.33 e

NMHCj e 0.230CO 8.1NOx 1.0 0.4Particulates e 0.02

HCHO e 0.040Test procedurei EPA HD-UDDS

Table 4-36: Federal Exhaust Emissions Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Heavy-Duty Trucks (Gram

Complete Vehicles - (Grams per mile)e,f

4/18/2011 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, personal communication, October 2001.

k This test procedure currently exists to test complete vehicles that have been optionally chassis certified. However, chassis certification is not required until 2005.l Required for complete gasoline heavy-duty vehicles only.

NOTETables 4-32a and 4-32b are identical for heavy-duty diesel engines.SOURCESKEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NOx = nitrogen oxides; NMHC = nonmethane hydrocarbons; NMOG = nonmethane organic gas; 

HCHO = formaldeyhyde.40 CFR 86, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Internet site at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfrhtml_00/Title_40/40cfr86_00.html as of Oct. 9, 2001. 

b Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight.e No standard set.j The manufacturer has the option of satisfying this standard by measurement of nonmethane organic gas or total hydrocarbons.f Although emissions standards for HC and CO were in effect for these years, they were not measured in grams per brake horsepower-hour and are, therefore, incompatible with the engine certification section of this table. g Vehicles can meet a NMHC + NOx standard of 2.5 g/bhp-h, given they meet a NMHC standard of no more than 0.5 g/bhp-h.h Starting in 2005, complete gasoline heavy-duty vehicles of 14,000 lbs GVWR or below will have to be chassis certified. i The manufacturer has the option of satisfying this standard by measurement of nonmethane hydrocarbons or total hydrocarbons.c Several testing procedures have been used during the course of exhaust emissions control. A steady-state 9-mode test procedure (13-mode for diesel) was used for 1970-83 standards. For 1984, either the steady-state tests or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) transient test procedure could be used. For diesels, the EPA transient test was required from 1985 to the present. For gasoline-powered vehicles, either the EPA or the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA) transient test procedure could be used during 1985-86, and the MVMA procedure was required thereafter. d Emissions standards apply to the useful life of the vehicle. Useful life was 5 years/50,000 miles through 1983 and became 8 years/110,000 miles beginning in model year 1985. 1984 was a transitional year in which vehicles could meet the older standard (and test procedure) or the newer one. Useful life requirement for gasoline-powered trucks meeting NOx standards for 1998 and after is 10 years/110,000 miles. Starting in 2004, the useful life will be 10 years/110,000 miles. The useful life requirements for heavy-duty diesel truck standards are more complex and vary by vehicle weight, pollutant, test procedure, and year. Consult the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations for further information. a Smoke opacity is expressed in percentage for acceleration, lugging, and peak modes (acceleration/lugging/peak). Lugging is when a vehicle is carrying a load.

4/18/2011 
Engine type and pollutant 1970-73 1974-78 1979-83 1984 1985-86 1987 1988-89 1990 1991-93 1994-97 1998-2003 2004 

GasolineHC + NOx e 16 10 e

NOx + NMHC e NMHC e 

HC f e 1.5 1.9 NOx e 10.6 6.0 5.0 4.0 

CO f 40 25 37.1 

Particulates e DieselHC + NOx e 16 10 e

HC f e 1.5 1.3 eNOx e 10.7 6.0 5.0 4.0 e 

NOx + NMHC e 2.4g 

NMHC CO f 40 25 15.5Particulates e 0.60 0.25 0.10 Smoke opacity (acceleration / lugging / peak)a 40/20e 20/15/50

Weight criteria for heavy heavy-duty trucksb GVWR over 6,000 lbs GVWR over 8,500 lbs

Test procedure, gasolinec 13-mode steady-state MVMA transient

Test procedure, dieselc 13-mode steady-state EPA transient

Useful life (gasoline)d 5 years/50,000 miles 8 years/110,000 miles 10 years/

Table 4-37: Federal Exhaust Emissions Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty Trucks

c Several testing procedures have been used during the course of exhaust emissions control. A steady-state 9-mode test procedure (13-mode for diesel) was used for 1970-83 standards. For 1984, either the steady

state tests or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) transient test procedure could be used. For diesels, the EPA transient test was required from 1985 to the present. For gasoline-powered vehicles, eithethe EPA or the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA) transient test procedure could be used during 1985-86, and the MVMA procedure was required thereafter. 

d Emissions standards apply to the useful life of the vehicle. Useful life was 5 years/50,000 miles through 1983 and became 8 years/110,000 miles beginning in model year 1985. 1984 was a transitional year in which 

vehicles could meet the older standard (and test procedure) or the newer one. Useful life requirement for gasoline-powered trucks meeting NOx standards for 1998 and after is 10 years/110,000 miles. Starting in 20the useful life will be 10 years/110,000 miles. The useful life requirements for heavy-duty diesel truck standards are more complex and vary by vehicle weight, pollutant, test procedure, and year. Consult the U.S. Coof Federal Regulations for further information. 

f Although emissions standards for HC and CO were in effect for these years, they were not measured in grams per brake horsepower-hour and are, therefore, incompatible with this table. 

KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NOx = nitrogen oxides; NMHC = nonmethane hydrocarbons.

GVWR over 14,000 lbs

a Smoke opacity is expressed in percentage for acceleration, lugging, and peak modes (acceleration/lugging/peak). Lugging is when a vehicle is carrying a load.b Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight.

(Grams per brake horsepower-hour)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, personnal communication, Oct. 2001. 40 CFR 86, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, internet site at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfrhtml_00/Title_40/40cfr86_00.html as of Oct. 9, 2001. 

e No standard set.

SOURCES

g Vehicles can meet a NMHC + NOx standard of 2.5 g/bhp-h, given they meet a NMHC standard of no more than 0.5 g/bhp-h.

NOTETables 4-32a and 4-32b are identical for heavy-duty diesel engines.
Pollutant

Engine displacement

Emissions prior to controlsc 1978-79 1980-89 1990-96 1997+

HC 50-169 cc 5

170-749 cc 5 + 0.0155(D-170)d 5.0

750 cc and greater 14 5.0

CO 50 cc and greater 11.0-31.0 17 12Total HC equivalent 50 cc and greater 5.0CO 50 cc and greater 12HC 50 cc and greater 5.0CO 50 cc and greater 12Useful life (Class I) 50-169 cc 5 years or 12,000 km (7,456 mi), whichever comes first

(Class II) 170-279 cc 5 years or 18,000 km (11,185 mi), whichever comes first(Class III) 280 cc and greater 5 years or 30,000 km (18,641 mi), whichever comes first

Natural gas and LPG-powered

SOURCE:

Table 4-38: Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Motorcyclesa (g/km)b

c Estimates of emissions rates prior to controls are ranges of emissions for all engine displacements. Not available for 

motorcycles powered by fuels other than gasoline. 

d D = engine displacement in cubic centimeters (cc). For example, the standard for a 300 cc engine would be 5.0 + 

0.0155(300-170) = 7.0 g/km. 

40 CFR 86 Subpart E (July 1, 2000). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, personal communication, Aug. 28, 2001. 

1.0-13.8

KEY: cc = cubic centimeters; D = engine displacement; g = gram; HC = hydrocarbon; h = hour; kg = kilogram; km = kilometer; lb = pound; LPG = liquefied petroleum gas; mi = miles; mph = miles per hour. 

a A motorcycle is any motor vehicle with a headlight, taillight, and stoplight, and having two or three wheels and a curb mass 

less than or equal to 793 kg (1,749 lb). (The limit was 680 kg, or 1,499 lb prior to the 1998 model year.) A motorcycle is excluded from the standards if it has a displacement of less than 50 cc (3.1 cubic inches) or if with a 80 kg (176 lb) driver it cannot start from a dead stop using only the engine or exceed a speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) on a level, paved surface. 

b Readers who wish to compare motorcycle regulations with passenger car and truck regulations should note that 5.0 g/km = 

8.0 g/mi and 12 g/km = 19 g/mi. The formula for 1978-79 HC emissions by motorcycles 170-749 cc becomes, in g/mi., approximately 8.0 + 0.025(D-170). 

Gasoline-poweredMethanol-powered
Engine typec Pollutant 1974-75 1976-77 1978-82 1983 1984-96 1997-99 

Turboprop

Smoke g187(rO)-0.168 

Class T3 turbojet

CO (g/kN)d 118

HC (g/kN)d 19.6

NOx (g/kN)d e40 + 2(rPR) 

Smoke 25 h83.6(rO)-0.274 

Class T8 turbojet

CO (g/kN)d 118

HC (g/kN)d 19.6

NOx (g/kN)d e40 + 2(rPR) 

Smoke 30 h83.6(rO)-0.274 

Turbofan and turbojet engines other than Classes T3, T8, and TSS

CO (g/kN)d 118

HC (g/kN)d 19.6

NOx (g/kN)d e40 + 2(rPR) 

Smoke i83.6(rO)-0.274 j83.6(rO)-0.274 h83.6(rO)-0.274 

TSS engines (supersonic aircraft engines)

HC (g/kN) 140(0.92)rPR

Smoke h83.6(rO)-0.274 

Year of engine manufacture

Table 4-39: Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured and In-Use Aircraft En
g Engines with rO>=1,000 kW.

SOURCE:Turbofans and turbojets other than T3, T8, and TSS–Boeing 747-400s, 757s, 767-200s and 777s, and McDonnell-Douglas MD-11s; Canadair Regional Jets.Turboprops–Used mostly in regional airliners such as ATR 72, Dornier 328, and Saab SF 340.

j Engines with rO<26.7 kN. Smoke number may not exceed 50. k Class T8 turbojet engines shall not exceed a smoke number of 30 beginning Feb. 1, 1974.

40 CFR 87, Subparts A-D (July 1, 2000), and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, personal communication, Aug. 28, 2001.

d Applies to engines with rO>26.7 kN.e Effective as of July 7, 1997. This standard applies only to those engines of a type or model for which the date of manufacture of the first individual production model was on or before Dec. 31, 1995 and for which the date of manufacture of the individual engine was on or before Dec. 31, 1999.f Effective as of July 7, 1997. This standard also applies to engines of a type or model for which the date of manufacture of 

the first individual production model was after Dec. 31, 1995 and for which the date of manufacture of the individual engine was after Dec. 31, 1999.

i Engines with rated output rO>=129 kN. This is also the in-use standard for all such aircraft engines.

TSS–British Aircraft Corp./Aerospatiale Concorde (the only supersonic aircraft currently used in commercial civil aviation).

h Engines manufactured on or after Jan. 1, 1984 and with rO>=26.7 kN. Smoke number may not exceed 50.

KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram; g/kN = grams of pollutant per kilonewtons of thrust; HC = hydrocarbon, kN = kilonewtons; kW = kilowatt; NOx = nitrogen oxides; rO = rated output, which is the maximum power or thrust available for takeoff; rPR = rated pressure ratio. 

a Federal standards apply to all planes operating in the United States, regardless of where they were manufactured. This table primarily displays exhaust emissions standards for newly manufactured aircraft engines. Only two standards (smoke standards) have been set for in-use aircraft engines (see footnotes i and k). Therefore, unless otherwised noted, emissions in this table apply to new aircraft engines only. b HC, CO, and NOx are measured using the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Gaseous Emissions Test Procedure. Smoke is measured using the ICAO Smoke Emission Test Procedure. There is no useful life or warranty period for purposes of compliance with emissions standards. c Examples of commercial aircraft that use each engine type include the following:

Class T3 turbojet–Boeing 707-320s (Class T3 engines are currently out of production, though some are still in use).Class T8 turbojet–Boeing 727s and 737-200s, and McDonnell-Douglas MD-80s and DC-9s.
Pollutant Duty-cycle f

Tier 0 1973-

2001h

Tier 1 2002-

2004 Tier 2 2005+

Line-haul 1.00 0.55 0.30Switch 2.10 1.20 0.60Line-haul 1.00 0.55 0.30Switch 2.10 1.20 0.60Line-haul 1.00 0.55 0.30Switch 2.10 1.20 0.60Line-haul 5.0 2.2 1.5Switch 8.0 2.5 2.4Line-haul (optional standard) g 10.0 10.0 10.0

Switch (optional standard) g 12.0 12.0 12.0Line-haul 9.5 7.4 5.5Switch 14.0 11.0 8.1Line-haul 0.60 0.45 0.20Switch 0.72 0.54 0.24Line-haul (optional standard) g 0.30 0.22 0.10Switch (optional standard) g 0.36 0.27 0.12Steady-state 30% 25% 20%30-second peak 40% 40% 40%3-second peak 50% 50% 50%

NOx

ParticulatesSmoke opacity (% opacitynormalized) h

7.5 MWh per hp or 10 years i, j Useful life

Table 4-40: Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Locomotivesa(g/bhph except where noted)

Total HCbNonmethane HCcTotal HC equivalentdCO
d Total HC standards apply to locomotives powered by any fuel except alcohol or natural gas or fuels 

primarily composed of alcohol or natural gas. e Nonmethane HC standards apply to locomotives powered by natural gas or fuels that are primarily 

composed of natural gas. 

f Total HC equivalent standards apply to locomotives powered by alcohol or fuels that are primarily 

composed of alcohol. 

KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph = brake horsepower hour; CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram; h = hour; MW = megawatt; MWh = megawatt hour; NOx = nitrogen oxides; PM = particulate matter. 

b The line-haul duty-cycle is weighted toward operation in the higher power notches and is typical of linehaul applications. The switch duty-cycle is typical of switch operations, with more emphasis on idle and low power notch emissions. Locomotives generally are required to meet the standards for both dutycycles. However, Tier 0 dedicated switch locomotives rated at 2,300 hp or less are only required to meet the switch duty-cycle standard. c Tier 0 standards apply to all new production locomotives in the 2001 model year, as well as for any 

1994 through 2001 model year freight locomotives remanufactured on or after Jan. 1, 2001. They also apply to all other 1973 through 2001 model year locomotives remanufactured on or after Jan. 1, 2002. Other phase-in options are also available for manufacturers (see 40 CFR 92 for more detail on phase-in options). 

a Locomotive standards apply to both new and remanufactured locomotives, except as noted.

SOURCE: 40 CFR 92, Jul. 1, 2000, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, personal communication, Aug. 28, 2001. 

g Manufacturers and remanufacturers can elect to comply with the alternate CO and PM standards. 

However, a manufacturer or remanufacturer using the alternate standards must meet both the CO and the PM standards. This allows locomotives to have higher CO emissions in exchange for meeting more stringent PM standards. 

i For Tier 0 locomotives not equipped with MW/h meters, the minimum useful life is 750,000 miles or 10 

years, whichever comes first. 

j This is a minimum standard. The certifying manufacturer or remanufacturer must specify a longer 

useful life if the locomotive or locomotive engine is designed to last longer than the applicable minimum useful life. 

h Smoke opacity values are normalized to be equivalent to a 1 meter path length.
HC + NOx (g/kWh)

Rated power 

< 4.3 kW Rated power >= 4.3 kW c,d

1998b 278.00 (0.917 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 2.44

1999 253.00 (0.833 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 2.892000 228.00 (0.750 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 3.332001 204.00 (0.667 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 3.782002 179.00 (0.583 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 4.222003 155.00 (0.500 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 4.672004 130.00 (0.417 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 5.112005 105.00 (0.333 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 5.562006+ 81.00 (0.250 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 6.00

a The standards apply to marine spark-ignition outboard, personal watercraft, and jet-boat engines only. There are currently no federal 

standards for marine spark-ignition sterndrive/inboard engines (previously proposed standards have not been finalized). Marine compressionignition engines under 50 hp are covered under the proposed nonroad compression-ignition engine standards. Federal standards are in development for marine compression-ignition engines over 50 hp. 

b P = the average power of the engine family in kilowatts (sales-weighted). c As an example, the standards for an outboard engine of 125 hp (just over 93 kW) would be 149.53 g/kWh in 1998, 123.63 g/kWh in 2000, 

97.74 g/kWh in 2002, 72.00 g/kWh in 2004, and 46.10 g/kWh in 2006. 

SOURCE:

d All emissions standards must be met for the useful life of the engine.e The standards for personal watercraft did not go into effect until 1999, although the standard went into effect for outboard engines in 1998. 

Table 4-41: Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Marine Spark-Ignition Outboard, Personal Watercrafte, and Jet-Boat Enginesa (g/kWh)

Year Warranty period Useful lifed40 CFR 91 July 1, 2000 edition, pp. 301-302, 398, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, personal communication, Aug. 28, 2001. 

Outboard engines: 350 

hr/10 yr; 

Personal watercraft: 

350 hr/5 yr

1 yr for all emissions-related components

1 yr for all emission-related components; 3 

yr/200 hr for specified major emissions control 

components

2 yr/200 hr for all emissions-related 

components; 3 yr/200 hr for specified major 

emissions control components

KEY: g = gram; hr = hour; HC = hydrocarbon; hp = horsepower; kW = kilowatt; kWh = kilowatt hour; NOx = nitrogen oxide; yr = year. 
Engine 

categoryc

Displacement 

(liters/cylinder) Rated power (kW) Year

NOx + THC 

(g/kW-hr)

PM 

(g/kW-hr)

CO 

(g/kW-hr) Useful Lifed Warranty Period

< 0.9 2005 7.5 0.40

0.9 to < 1.2 2004 7.2 0.30

1.2 to < 2.5 2004 7.2 0.20

2.5 to < 5.0 2007 7.2 0.20

5.0 to < 15.0 37 kW and above 7.8 0.27

15.0 to < 20.0 37 kW to < 3,300 kW 8.7 0.50

15.0 to < 20.0 3,300 kW and above 9.8 0.50

20.0 to < 25.0 37 kW and above 9.8 0.50

25.0 to < 30.0 37 kW and above 11.0 0.50

3 30 and above 37 kW and above

SOURCE: 

5 yrs or 10,000 hrs 

operation 2007

5.0

5.0

No Tier 2 emissions standards have been set for Category 3 commercial marine vessels.

1

2

37 kW and above 10 yrs or 10,000 hrs 

operation

10 yrs or 20,000 hrs 

operation

5 yrs or 5,000 hrs 

operation

Federal Register, Vol. 64, No. 249, Dec. 29, 1999, pp 73,299 to 73,373, and U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, personal communication, Aug. 28, 2001.

Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Commercial Marine CompressionIgnition Enginesa,b

Category 1 (< 5 liters displacement/cylinder and rated power >=37 kW): These engines are typically used as propulsion 

engines on relatively small commercial vessels (fishing vessels, tugboats, crewboats, etc.). They are also used as 

auxiliary engines on vessels of all sizes and applications.

Category 2 (>= 5 liters displacement/cylinder to < 30 liters displacement/cylinder and rated power >=37 kW): The 

largest engines that are widely used as propulsion engines in harbor and coastal vessels in U.S. waters. These engines 

also provide auxiliary power on very large vessels. Many of these engines are of similar size and configuration as 

locomotive engines or use comparable emissions control technologies.

Category 3 (>= 30 liters displacement/cylinder and rated power .=37kW): These are very large high-power engines that 

are used almost exclusively for propulsion on vessels engaged in international trade.

d Manufacturers must demonstrate that the engine or engine family will meet all standards for its useful life. 

Certification for useful life is accomplished by testing a sample of engines. The warranty period applies to each 

engine manufactured. The manufacturer of each engine must provide a warranty to the ultimate purchaser or 

owner (and each subsequent purchaser or owner) that the engine is designed, built, and equipped so as to 

conform at the time of sale with Tier 2 standards and is free from defects in materials and workmanship that 

would cause the engine to fail to conform to these standards for the warranty period. Furthermore, this warranty 

cannot be shorter than any mechanical warranty on the engine and must be at least one half of the useful life 

period.

KEY: CO=carbon monoxide; disp=displacement; g/kW-hr=gram per kilowatt-hour; hrs=hours;kW=kilowatt; 

NOx=nitrogen oxides; PM=particulate matter; THC=total hydrocarbons; yrs=years.

a Tier 2 emissions standards established by Congress apply to commercial compression-ignition (diesel) 

engines with a power rating of at least 37 kW. Both propulsion and auxiliary engines are covered under these 

standards, but land-based engines used in portable auxiliary equipment must meet standards for land-based 

engines. Smaller compression-ignition engines are covered under a separate rule. The U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) also intends to regulate recreational marine diesel engine emissions under a separate 

rule and is establishing provisions to allow exemptions for category 1 and 2 engines used as auxiliary engines 

in U.S.-flagged vessels engaged in foreign trade or overseas operations at least 75 percent of the time (i.e., 

operation will occur more than 320 nautical kilometers outside the United States, not including trips between 

U.S. ports in Alaska, Hawaii, the continental United States, or its territories).

b MARPOL Annex VI nitrogen oxide (NOx) standards (international standards adopted by the International Maritime 

Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) are referred to as Tier 1 emissions standards. These standards 

apply to any diesel engine over 130 kW installed on a vessel constructed on or after Jan. 1, 2000 and to any engine that 

undergoes major conversion after that date. MARPOL standards are currently voluntary for ships engaged in domestic 

travel but will be required for ships engaged in foreign trade with countries that ratify MARPOL standards. Although they 

have not yet been ratified by the United States, the EPA encourages engine manufacturers to make compliant engines and 

encourages owners to purchase them. If ratified by the United States, MARPOL Annex VI NOx standards will be 

retroactively effective Jan. 1, 2000.

c

 Emissions standards are based on displacement/cylinder and rated power. The three standards categories are as follows:
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

GASOLINE (assuming zero RFG)

Light-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 2.79 2.50 2.23 1.98 1.77 1.57 1.39 1.25 1.14 1.05 0.97 0.89 0.81 0.74 0.61 0.52 0.46 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.33

Nonexhaust HC 1.21 1.17 1.12 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.72 0.68 0.62 0.57 0.51 0.46

Total HC 4.00 3.67 3.35 3.07 2.84 2.62 2.41 2.26 2.12 2.00 1.88 1.77 1.65 1.54 1.37 1.25 1.13 1.04 0.95 0.87 0.79

Exhaust CO 42.89 39.15 35.54 32.23 29.32 26.60 24.18 22.38 20.86 19.54 18.53 17.80 16.98 16.14 13.79 12.57 10.87 10.28 9.68 9.20 8.73

Exhaust NOx 2.70 2.47 2.27 2.09 1.94 1.78 1.64 1.55 1.46 1.35 1.29 1.25 1.20 1.14 1.00 0.92 0.79 0.73 0.67 0.61 0.56

Light-duty trucks

Exhaust HC 3.68 3.33 3.00 2.71 2.45 2.21 1.96 1.80 1.65 1.54 1.45 1.35 1.24 1.13 0.96 0.78 0.69 0.64 0.55 0.51 0.48

Nonexhaust HC 1.37 1.30 1.21 1.17 1.13 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.90 0.84 0.80 0.76 0.71 0.66 0.62 0.58 0.53

Total HC 5.05 4.63 4.21 3.88 3.59 3.32 3.04 2.85 2.68 2.54 2.43 2.30 2.14 1.98 1.76 1.54 1.40 1.31 1.17 1.09 1.01

Exhaust CO 56.23 51.99 47.93 44.34 40.77 37.51 34.47 32.20 30.23 28.28 26.81 25.43 23.85 21.51 18.76 16.23 14.33 13.52 12.49 11.76 11.02

Exhaust NOx 2.62 2.42 2.26 2.11 1.98 1.84 1.73 1.65 1.59 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.50 1.45 1.32 1.21 1.09 1.02 0.94 0.88 0.81

Heavy-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 3.66 3.34 3.03 2.76 2.39 2.16 1.94 1.73 1.51 1.35 1.22 1.09 0.98 0.82 0.73 0.64 0.53 0.48 0.42 0.32 0.28

Nonexhaust HC 2.74 2.60 2.34 2.25 2.16 2.07 1.97 1.87 1.79 1.69 1.62 1.54 1.48 1.41 1.35 1.24 1.14 1.07 0.99 0.92 0.86

Total HC 6.40 5.94 5.37 5.00 4.55 4.24 3.91 3.60 3.29 3.04 2.84 2.63 2.46 2.24 2.08 1.88 1.67 1.54 1.41 1.24 1.14

Exhaust CO 85.61 78.64 72.12 65.92 60.01 54.16 48.52 43.26 38.82 34.54 31.08 27.59 24.73 20.60 18.46 16.73 14.51 13.55 12.38 9.96 9.42

Exhaust NOx 7.19 6.96 6.72 6.52 6.35 6.11 5.89 5.73 5.56 5.40 5.26 5.13 5.01 4.91 4.62 4.28 3.73 3.33 2.94 2.58 2.25

Motorcycles

Exhaust HC 2.01 1.88 1.82 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61

Nonexhaust HC 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68

Total HC 2.74 2.60 2.54 2.46 2.43 2.40 2.34 2.32 2.32 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.30 2.30 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29

Exhaust CO 15.15 14.78 14.77 14.76 14.76 14.67 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.58 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59

Exhaust NOx 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25

DIESEL

Light-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.73 0.60 0.58 0.48 0.36 0.29 0.23 0.18

Exhaust CO 1.49 1.52 1.56 1.60 1.64 1.69 1.73 1.76 1.78 1.79 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.74 1.59 1.57 1.41 1.21 1.09 0.99 0.90

Exhaust NOx 1.83 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.88 1.86 1.85 1.81 1.72 1.62 1.54 1.43 1.32 1.11 0.85 0.69 0.53 0.42

Light-duty trucks

Exhaust HC 1.59 1.60 1.64 1.64 1.68 1.67 1.69 1.63 1.51 1.42 1.02 0.88 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.80 0.79 0.63 0.55 0.48 0.44

Exhaust CO 2.67 2.70 2.76 2.77 2.85 2.85 2.89 2.79 2.60 2.44 1.77 1.54 1.66 1.68 1.68 1.37 1.34 1.06 0.93 0.82 0.76

Exhaust NOx 2.71 2.66 2.62 2.56 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.31 2.17 2.07 1.76 1.64 1.67 1.66 1.59 1.37 1.30 1.09 0.94 0.82 0.72

Heavy-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 2.21 1.97 1.74 1.55 1.38 1.23 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.85 0.79 0.74 0.69 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.39

Exhaust CO 10.06 9.22 8.43 7.71 7.00 6.32 5.73 5.23 4.80 4.43 4.10 3.82 3.58 3.37 3.19 3.05 2.90 2.66 2.31 2.01 1.75

Exhaust NOx 23.34 22.14 21.47 21.10 20.75 20.49 20.24 20.04 19.84 19.14 18.05 16.68 15.52 13.92 12.50 11.45 10.55 9.60 8.61 7.77 6.87

Average Emissions Per Vehicle, Gasoline and Diesel Fleet

Exhaust HC 2.98 2.70 2.42 2.18 1.96 1.76 1.56 1.43 1.32 1.23 1.16 1.08 0.99 0.91 0.77 0.65 0.58 0.54 0.48 0.45 0.42

Nonexhaust HC 1.21 1.16 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.01 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.77 0.74 0.69 0.65 0.60 0.56 0.51 0.47

Total HC 4.20 3.86 3.52 3.24 3.00 2.77 2.55 2.40 2.26 2.14 2.04 1.93 1.81 1.68 1.51 1.35 1.23 1.15 1.04 0.96 0.89

Exhaust CO 45.07 41.43 37.93 34.76 31.84 29.12 26.65 24.90 23.40 22.00 20.94 20.02 18.94 17.49 15.24 13.56 11.95 11.32 10.55 9.93 9.37

Exhaust NOx 4.15 3.92 3.75 3.61 3.49 3.36 3.24 3.18 3.12 3.02 2.91 2.78 2.65 2.48 2.25 2.07 1.87 1.73 1.57 1.44 1.30

Average emissions per vehicle rates assume a fleet comprised exclusively of gasoline and diesel vehicles. For emissions estimates of a fleet using RFG and diesel, see table 4-44.

Table 4-43: Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates per Vehicle by Vehicle Type using Gasoline and Diesel(Grams per mile)

Data are as of July 1 of each year. Vehicles types are defined as follows: light-duty vehicles (passenger cars up to 6,000 lb GVWR); light-duty trucks (pickups and minivans up to 8,500 lb GVWR); heavy-duty vehicles (8,501 lbs or more 

GVWR); motorcycle (highway only). This table is based on MOBILE6, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) latest highway vehicle emissions factor model. Interested readers can learn more about the MOBILE6 model at the 

following USEPA Internet site http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm.

Emissions factors are national averages based on the following assumptions: ambient temperature 75 oF, daily temperature range 60-84 oF, average traffic speed 27.6 mph (representative of overall traffic in urban areas), standard 

operating mode (cold-start, hot-start, stabilized), vehicle-miles traveled fractions, no inspection/maintenance or antitampering programs, and gasoline volatility 9.0 per square inch RVP (Reid vapor pressure). 

SOURCE

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, personal communication, June 28, 2010.

KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NOx = nitrogen oxide; RFG = reformulated gasoline.

NOTES

See table 4-44 for emissions from vehicles operating on reformulated gasoline.

Data for nonexhaust HC is negligible for diesel light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, and heavy-duty vehicles.
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

RFG (assuming 100% RFG) 

Light-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 1.45 1.28 1.15 1.04 0.97 0.84 0.76 0.68 0.62 0.55 0.47 0.41 0.38 0.35

Nonexhaust HC 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.47 0.43

Total HC 2.34 2.15 2.01 1.88 1.78 1.48 1.39 1.29 1.21 1.12 1.02 0.92 0.85 0.78

Exhaust CO 22.78 20.84 19.43 18.25 17.21 15.36 14.68 13.88 13.17 12.49 11.44 9.81 9.29 8.84

Exhaust NOx 1.78 1.64 1.55 1.46 1.35 1.24 1.19 1.12 1.06 1.00 0.90 0.77 0.72 0.66

Light-duty trucks

Exhaust HC 2.09 1.85 1.69 1.55 1.44 1.27 1.18 1.07 0.97 0.89 0.71 0.63 0.59 0.50

Nonexhaust HC 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.68 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.47

Total HC 3.02 2.75 2.58 2.42 2.29 1.96 1.84 1.71 1.59 1.48 1.28 (R) 1.16 1.09 0.97

Exhaust CO 31.86 29.46 27.70 26.19 24.63 22.25 21.09 19.71 17.78 16.66 14.47 15.79 12.03 11.22

Exhaust NOx 1.84 1.73 1.65 1.59 1.55 1.47 1.45 1.41 1.36 1.31 1.20 1.07 1.01 0.93

Heavy-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 2.14 1.91 1.70 1.48 1.32 1.16 1.03 0.92 0.77 0.70 0.62 0.51 0.45 0.40

Nonexhaust HC 1.72 1.64 1.56 1.50 1.43 1.12 1.07 1.03 1.01 0.97 0.90 0.83 0.78 0.73

Total HC 3.86 3.55 3.26 2.98 2.75 2.28 2.10 1.96 1.78 1.67 1.51 1.34 1.23 1.13

Exhaust CO 46.02 41.15 36.62 32.80 29.12 25.87 22.88 20.41 16.87 15.33 13.89 12.01 11.25 10.41

Exhaust NOx 6.13 5.90 5.74 5.57 5.41 5.18 5.01 4.86 4.75 4.63 4.36 3.79 3.39 3.00

Motorcycles

Exhaust HC 1.69 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61

Nonexhaust HC 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.41

Total HC 2.24 2.17 2.16 2.16 2.14 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.05 2.05 2.04 2.04 2.03 2.02

Exhaust CO 12.64 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56

Exhaust NOx 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25

DIESEL

Light-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.73 0.60 0.58 0.48 0.36 0.29

Exhaust CO 1.69 1.73 1.76 1.78 1.79 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.74 1.59 1.57 1.41 1.21 1.09

Exhaust NOx 1.89 1.89 1.88 1.86 1.85 1.81 1.72 1.62 1.54 1.43 1.32 1.11 0.85 0.69

Light-duty trucks

Exhaust HC 1.67 1.69 1.63 1.51 1.42 1.02 0.88 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.80 0.79 0.63 0.55

Exhaust CO 2.85 2.89 2.79 2.60 2.44 1.77 1.54 1.66 1.68 1.68 1.37 1.34 1.06 0.93

Exhaust NOx 2.46 2.42 2.31 2.17 2.07 1.76 1.64 1.67 1.66 1.59 1.37 1.30 1.09 0.94

Heavy-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 1.23 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.85 0.79 0.74 0.69 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45

Exhaust CO 6.32 5.73 5.23 4.80 4.43 4.10 3.82 3.58 3.37 3.19 3.05 2.90 2.66 2.31

Exhaust NOx 20.49 20.24 20.04 19.84 19.14 18.05 16.68 15.52 13.92 12.50 11.45 10.55 9.60 8.61

Average Emissions Per Vehicle, RFG and Diesel Fleet

Exhaust HC 1.65 1.46 1.34 1.23 1.15 1.02 0.94 0.86 0.78 0.71 0.60 0.53 0.50 0.44

Nonexhaust HC 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.49 0.46 0.42

Total HC 2.51 2.30 2.16 2.03 1.93 1.64 1.55 1.44 1.35 1.26 1.12 1.02 0.95 0.87

Exhaust CO 24.92 22.93 21.56 20.38 19.27 17.44 16.62 15.64 14.43 13.62 12.18 10.66 10.12 9.52

Exhaust NOx 3.36 3.24 3.18 3.12 3.02 2.85 2.71 2.58 2.40 2.24 2.06 1.86 1.71 1.57

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, personal communication, Nov. 23, 2009.

As of July 1 of each year. Vehicle types are defined as follows: light-duty vehicles (passenger cars up to 6,000 lb gross vehicle weight rating GVWR) ; light-duty trucks (pickups and minivans 

up to 8,500 lb GVWR); heavy-duty vehicles (8,501 lb or more GVWR); motorcycle (on-highway only). The data in this table are based on MOBILE6, and reflect the introduction of RFG starting 

in 1995. Interested readers can learn more about the MOBILE6 model at the following USEPA Internet site http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm. 

Emissions factors are national averages based on the following assumptions: ambient temperature 75 oF, daily temperature range 60 -84 oF, average traffic speed 27.6 mph (representative of 

overall traffic in urban areas), standard operating mode (cold-start, hot-start, stabilized), vehicle-miles traveled fractions and no inspection/maintenance or antitampering programs. 

Emissions estimates in this table assume 100% RFG.

Average emissions per vehicle rates assume a fleet comprised exclusively of reformulated gasoline and diesel vehicles. For emissions estimates of a fleet using gasoline and diesel, see table 

4-38.

Table 4-44: Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates per Vehicle by Vehicle Type using Reformulated Gasoline and 

Diesel (Grams per mile)

KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NOx = nitrogen oxide; RFG = reformulated gasoline; R = revised. 

NOTES

SOURCE
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 

TOTAL all sources (R) 204.04 188.40 (R) 185.41 (R) 176.84 (R) 154.19 147.13 (R) 140.90 (R) 135.90 (R) 133.56 (R) 126.78 128.86 117.91 115.38 114.54 114.47 106.26 111.06 105.05 99.04 93.0Highway vehicles 163.23 153.56 143.83 134.19 110.26 104.98 99.71 94.43 89.16 83.88 78.61 75.85 73.24 68.71 68.06 63.48 60.60 56.58 52.56 48.5Off-Highway 11.37 14.33 16.69 19.03 21.45 21.93 22.42 22.90 23.39 23.87 24.36 23.67 23.69 23.32 24.18 24.68 22.66 22.00 21.34 20.6Fuel combustion 4.63 4.48 7.30 8.49 5.51 5.86 6.15 5.59 5.52 5.93 4.34 4.33 4.33 5.54 4.78 4.83 5.47 5.36 5.24 5.1Industrial processesa 9.84 7.54 6.95 5.28 4.77 4.62 4.55 4.65 4.61 4.61 3.64 3.80 3.81 2.55 2.63 2.76 2.24 2.17 2.10 2.0

Waste disposal and recycling 7.06 3.23 2.30 1.94 1.08 1.12 1.14 1.25 1.23 1.19 2.90 2.95 3.12 3.02 1.85 1.85 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.5Miscellaneous 7.91 5.26 8.34 7.93 11.12 8.62 6.93 7.08 9.66 7.30 15.02 7.32 7.18 11.41 12.96 8.68 18.49 17.36 16.23 15.1

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF), Current Emission Trends Summaries , available at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html as of Jan.11, 2010, and personal communication, Feb. 3, 2011.KEY: R = revised. 

a Industrial processes consists of chemical and allied product manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries, other industrial processes; and 

solvent utilization, storage, and transport.

Table 4-45: Estimated National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide (Million short tons) 

NOTEDetails may not add up to totals due to rounding in the source.SOURCE 
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2

TOTAL (R) 26.88 (R) 26.38 (R) 27.08 25.76 (R) 25.53 (R) 25.18 (R) 25.26 (R) 25.36 (R) 25.35 (R) 24.96 24.79 24.70 24.35 22.84 22.60 21.55 21.14 20.39 19.65 18.91 Highway vehicles 12.62 12.06 11.49 10.93 9.59 9.45 9.31 9.16 9.02 8.88 8.73 8.79 8.62 8.37 8.39 7.77 7.87 7.41 6.95 6.49 Off-Highway 2.65 2.97 3.35 3.58 3.78 3.85 3.92 3.98 4.05 4.11 4.18 4.18 4.16 4.08 4.17 4.16 4.51 4.63 4.76 4.89 Fuel combustion 10.06 10.49 11.32 10.05 10.89 10.78 10.93 11.11 11.02 10.83 10.51 10.55 10.38 9.20 8.82 8.45 7.49 7.04 6.59 6.14 Industrial processesa 0.78 0.54 0.56 0.80 0.80 0.72 0.76 0.74 0.77 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.85 0.78 0.81 0.85 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 

Waste disposal and recycling 0.44 0.16 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.15 Miscellaneous 0.33 0.17 0.25 0.31 0.37 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.39 0.27 0.41 0.19 0.18 0.25 0.28 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.27 

Table 4-46: Estimated National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides (Million short tons) 

NOTEDetails may not add up to totals due to rounding in the source.SOURCE U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF), Current Emission Trends Summaries, 

available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html as of Jan.19, 2010, and personal communication, Feb. 3, 2011.KEY: R = revised.

a Industrial processes consists of chemical and allied product manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries, and other 

industrial processes; and solvent utilization, storage, and transport.
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 

Total all sources 34.66 30.77 (R) 31.11 (R) 27.40 24.11 23.58 23.07 22.73 (R) 22.57 (R) 22.04 20.87 19.53 18.78 18.27 17.51 17.11 21.17 20.48 19.79 18.42 Highway vehicles 16.91 15.39 13.87 12.35 9.39 8.86 8.33 7.80 7.28 6.75 6.22 5.99 5.86 5.68 5.33 4.95 4.92 4.65 4.38 4.11 Off-Highway 1.62 1.92 2.19 2.44 2.66 2.71 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.89 2.93 2.75 2.67 2.68 2.64 2.62 3.06 2.99 2.93 2.87 Fuel combustion 0.72 0.66 1.05 1.57 1.01 1.08 1.12 0.99 0.99 1.07 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.14 1.18 1.19 1.72 1.41 1.09 0.77 Industrial processes

a 12.33 11.10 12.10 9.50 9.01 9.18 9.37 9.53 9.69 9.71 8.14 8.34 7.88 7.48 7.21 7.40 7.10 7.06 7.03 6.99 

Waste disposal and recycling 1.98 0.98 0.76 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.05 1.05 1.07 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.49 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.39 Miscellaneous 1.10 0.72 1.13 0.57 1.06 0.76 0.49 0.56 0.72 0.55 1.94 0.82 0.72 0.79 0.73 0.53 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.29 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF), Current Emission Trends Summaries, available at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html as of Jan.19, 2010, and personal communication, Feb. 3, 2011.SOURCE KEY: R = revised.

a Industrial processes consists of chemical and allied product manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries, and other industrial 

processes; and solvent utilization, storage, and transport.

Table 4-47: Estimated National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (Million short tons) 

NOTEDetails may not add up to totals due to rounding in the source.
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 

Total all sources (R) 13.02 (R) 7.56 7.01 (R) 41.32 (R) 27.75 27.35 (R) 27.10 27.36 (R) 28.61 (R) 25.82 22.86 22.91 22.89 22.57 22.96 22.93 18.43 18.37 18.32 18.26 Highway vehicles 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 Off-Highway 0.16 0.21 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 Fuel combustion 2.87 2.25 2.45 1.54 1.20 1.15 1.18 1.12 1.11 1.18 0.91 0.91 0.84 0.85 0.89 0.94 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 Industrial processes

b 7.67 3.70 2.75 1.06 1.04 0.99 0.99 0.91 0.91 0.95 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.50 0.51 0.53 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90 

Waste disposal and recycling 1.00 0.37 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.47 0.36 0.36 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 Miscellaneous

c 0.84 0.57 0.85 37.74 24.54 24.23 23.96 24.33 25.62 22.77 20.22 20.25 20.31 20.18 20.64 20.57 16.09 16.09 16.09 16.09 

NOTEDetails may not add up to totals due to rounding in the source.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF), Current Emission Trends Summaries, available at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html as of October 2009, and personal communication, February 2011.SOURCE 

Table 4-48: Estimated National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10)

a (Million short tons)

KEY: R = revised.

c In 1985 there appears to be a spike in Miscellaneous emissions. This is likely due to a methodological change, and the EPA does not change historical 

data when it changes its methodology.

b Industrial processes consists of chemical and allied product manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries, other industrial processes; solvent utilization; and storage and transport.a Fine particulate matter less than 10 microns. Data include PM without condensible
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 

Total (R) 7.56 7.32 7.20 (R) 7.15 (R) 7.54 6.93 6.72 6.26 6.26 6.40 6.50 6.22 3.10 3.07 3.04 3.01 2.79 2.5Highway vehicles 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.1Off-Highway 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.29 0.2Fuel combustion 0.91 0.89 0.93 0.85 0.84 0.90 0.66 0.66 0.63 0.67 0.72 0.74 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.2Industrial processesb 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.28 0.2

Waste disposal and recycling 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.44 0.33 0.33 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.2Miscellaneous 5.23 5.00 4.85 4.93 5.36 4.73 4.72 4.24 4.28 4.50 4.68 4.38 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.64 1.4

SOURCE KEY: R = revised. 

a Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in size. Data include PM without condensibles.b Industrial processes consists of chemical and allied product manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries, and other industrial 

processes; solvent utilization; and storage and transportation.

Table 4-49: Estimated National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5)a (Million short tons)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF), Current Emission Trends Summaries , available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html as of Jan. 19, 2010, and personal communication, Feb. 3, 2011.NOTEDetails may not add up to totals due to rounding in the source.
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 

TOTAL all sources 31.22 (R) 28.04 (R) 25.93 23.31 (R) 23.08 (R) 22.38 22.08 (R) 21.77 21.35 18.62 18.39 18.84 18.94 17.55 16.35 15.93 14.77 14.71 14.65 14.59 Highway vehicles 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.46 0.50 0.47 0.44 0.40 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.15 Off-Highway 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.48 0.44 0.44 0.51 0.62 0.73 0.83 Fuel combustion 23.46 22.66 21.39 20.02 20.29 19.80 19.49 19.25 18.89 16.23 16.25 16.65 16.74 15.34 14.16 13.74 12.80 12.69 12.58 12.47 Industrial processes

a 7.09 4.68 3.77 2.43 1.86 1.68 1.72 1.65 1.62 1.59 1.37 1.43 1.43 1.33 1.38 1.43 1.06 1.04 1.01 0.99 

Waste disposal and recycling 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 Miscellaneous 0.11 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 

Table 4-50: Estimated National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide (Million short tons)

NOTEDetails may not add up to totals due to rounding in the source.SOURCE U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF), Current Emission Trends Summaries, available at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html as of Jan. 19, 2010, and personal communication, Feb. 3, 2011.KEY: R = revised.

a Industrial processes consists of chemical and allied product manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries, and other industrial 

processes; solvent utilization; and storage and transport. 
(R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R

Akron, OH 18 22 7 23 21 26 16 37 40 14 28 38 15 10 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 26 15 5 13 12 9 8 9 15 3 18 17 9 5 Albuquerque, NM 74 6 17 5 3 5 2 3 5 7 1 11 15 5 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA 22 13 5 10 18 19 22 39 31 18 34 38 13 13 Atlanta, GA 59 57 19 27 53 41 46 76 85 62 39 38 23 20 Austin-San Marcos, TX 23 4 1 8 28 5 2 9 14 14 5 8 9 8 Bakersfield, CA 54 143 17 129 133 127 94 104 161 164 158 186 169 160 Baltimore, MD 72 45 17 61 57 43 46 70 54 39 50 59 31 31 Baton Rouge, LA 38 25 15 19 31 15 23 29 42 47 17 16 23 22 Bergen-Passaic, NJ 20 22 6 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 Birmingham, AL 57 44 21 11 50 25 29 38 65 68 41 28 17 17 Boston, MA-NH 80 20 12 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 9 8 1 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 41 19 10 13 12 6 5 26 22 7 24 29 13 8 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 21 5 10 3 1 5 5 12 13 9 0 4 3 3 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 69 56 9 15 32 40 41 67 62 40 32 42 12 17 Chicago, IL 148 24 40 11 29 14 15 20 27 17 38 34 19 13 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 93 47 18 29 33 30 20 36 40 22 28 42 22 8 Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria, OH 83 23 27 32 30 29 23 40 50 29 44 39 22 22 Columbus, OH 30 30 7 23 27 26 17 40 37 16 20 38 12 3 Dallas, TX 91 15 7 35 36 22 35 54 33 44 32 18 13 15 Dayton-Springfield, OH 24 16 7 28 28 28 22 38 28 14 15 45 13 8 Denver, CO 83 23 22 13 11 12 7 18 9 15 17 26 32 2 Detroit, MI 76 21 32 21 20 26 18 33 41 17 41 34 25 11 El Paso, TX 60 18 12 8 6 10 5 12 7 15 13 10 10 3 Fort Lauderdale, FL 36 7 12 3 3 2 3 9 7 5 5 3 0 1 Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 37 21 6 53 52 28 27 32 33 38 31 37 38 25 Fresno, CA 44 105 20 90 91 105 118 86 164 164 186 204 167 84 Gary, IN 63 16 16 12 30 17 15 22 33 18 45 27 15 8 Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI 41 23 13 30 32 19 19 32 36 15 31 31 22 9 Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC 62 39 9 20 25 18 30 48 38 29 22 42 13 5 Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC 25 14 9 14 30 27 40 57 56 47 31 49 13 13 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, PA 16 19 8 28 28 17 21 37 31 17 42 35 13 8 Hartford, CT 31 16 6 23 26 10 18 22 22 14 26 30 13 9 Honolulu, HI 30 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 Houston, TX 103 38 23 55 82 38 58 61 64 57 42 40 47 37 Indianapolis, IN 88 35 27 45 39 32 27 36 43 17 27 38 17 4 Jacksonville, FL 27 9 14 1 1 2 1 14 6 3 5 1 0 4 Jersey City, NJ 17 14 8 19 21 15 20 16 28 9 17 22 10 5 Kansas City, MO-KS 79 20 15 23 34 15 23 25 14 23 14 23 22 1 Knoxville, TN 54 57 19 38 60 58 70 97 98 65 58 69 31 14 Las Vegas, NV-AZ 98 25 8 22 6 21 9 9 8 6 2 13 10 4 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 28 11 6 8 24 9 10 13 16 29 17 18 3 0 Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 124 100 44 145 124 97 65 64 71 83 105 94 106 99 Louisville, KY-IN 55 37 17 47 41 28 32 48 78 29 36 50 21 9 Memphis, TN-AR-MS 44 38 14 37 56 39 35 55 56 52 33 34 29 11 Miami, FL 20 3 11 4 8 3 4 6 9 8 2 2 2 3 Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, NJ 15 30 4 19 31 19 28 39 35 19 29 36 11 15 Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI 55 14 16 17 23 15 6 16 26 9 25 22 17 6 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI 130 10 20 4 9 0 4 4 4 8 10 4 5 0 Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31 32 46 35 19 35 46 25 22 

(R)Number 

Metropolitan Statistical Area of trend sites

Table 4-51: Air Pollution Trends in Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas(Number of days with AQI values greater than 100 at trend sites and all monitoring sites)

All sites Trend sites

(R) Number 

of days with 

AQI > 100 

(2007)

(R) Total 

number of 

sites in 2007
Nashville, TN 51 38 19 31 46 46 44 45 66 49 23 33 20 7 

Nassau-Suffolk, NY 22 16 5 28 20 14 23 27 28 12 14 22 15 6 New Haven-Meriden, CT 37 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 3 1 New Orleans, LA 61 17 13 23 37 15 22 19 42 33 19 7 16 12 New York, NY 131 27 18 26 25 21 33 27 27 26 33 37 17 13 Newark, NJ 44 21 16 33 33 24 23 35 36 17 34 43 14 8 Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA_NC 29 9 7 19 22 12 37 34 32 23 14 31 10 5 Oakland, CA 86 7 19 5 13 9 2 11 20 12 15 23 13 8 Oklahoma City, OK 30 5 9 21 29 10 15 35 17 16 24 10 13 6 Omaha, NE-IA 39 5 13 1 4 0 1 7 7 3 2 0 1 1 Orange County, CA 30 19 8 30 20 13 8 7 7 11 6 6 15 10 Orlando, FL 24 11 13 7 9 6 6 23 13 14 12 5 4 5 Philadelphia, PA-NJ 98 40 42 48 54 41 41 61 51 37 51 59 34 20 Phoenix-Mesa, AZ 160 205 26 33 41 45 33 47 47 35 25 22 26 9 Pittsburgh, PA 116 58 39 35 36 30 32 47 50 40 56 59 42 40 Portland-Vancouver, OR-WA 63 10 12 5 4 12 0 9 6 5 4 7 2 4 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA 54 19 8 20 17 10 16 10 14 13 21 24 8 4 Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC 60 29 6 11 10 13 29 46 43 16 11 39 8 3 Richmond-Petersburg, VA 31 25 9 26 28 23 40 50 39 17 24 40 14 5 Riverside-San Bernardino, CA 146 177 44 167 154 147 131 117 151 171 183 175 158 147 Rochester, NY 17 10 1 8 10 1 10 11 17 2 14 16 5 0 Sacramento, CA 92 57 21 69 61 70 39 55 93 65 72 90 66 55 St, Louis, MO-IL 143 41 35 49 46 35 32 45 45 30 36 49 29 11 Salt Lake City-Ogden, UT 74 47 13 27 8 14 3 20 18 23 29 34 20 38 San Antonio, TX 29 4 2 7 32 7 10 12 20 5 4 26 18 6 San Diego, CA 62 35 26 90 94 61 39 51 49 58 53 35 40 27 San Francisco, CA 30 4 12 0 3 1 0 0 11 4 12 17 3 2 San Jose, CA 33 7 4 5 16 18 2 14 5 0 4 8 9 3 SanJuan-Bayamon, PR 53 1 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Scranton-Wilkes Barre-Hazleton, PA 19 7 12 19 25 14 19 26 25 8 24 30 7 4 Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA 89 10 10 2 0 2 0 3 6 8 6 7 2 2 Springfield, MA 42 22 10 28 17 8 22 24 18 7 28 24 13 9 Syracuse, NY 19 10 5 8 10 3 6 10 12 2 13 19 4 0 Tacoma, WA 25 14 4 3 3 4 0 6 2 15 11 9 8 4 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 73 14 24 10 14 8 24 20 23 29 18 5 13 11 Toledo, OH 18 8 6 12 15 20 8 15 18 9 24 23 15 9 Tucson, AZ 51 1 20 10 14 8 8 7 8 5 0 7 7 0 Tulsa, OK 29 5 8 26 39 23 12 24 24 21 21 22 16 1 Ventura, CA 38 23 14 97 100 95 75 54 54 57 52 26 47 41 Washington, DC-MD-VA-WV 124 44 39 43 54 39 51 65 61 35 41 54 21 21 West Palm Beach-Boca Raton, FL 24 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Wilmington-Newark, DE-MD 41 27 9 46 47 22 31 42 40 24 36 34 24 10 Youngstown-Warren, OH 29 20 8 7 14 15 14 34 24 11 25 28 11 4 Particulate matter is the term for solid or liquid particles found in the air.The major reason for revisions to the historical data for the AQI is that changes in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are retroactively applied to the data for previous years to provide consistent comparisons over time. In addition, data from monitoring stations that have fallen below/surpassed the criterion to qualify as a 'trend site' is excluded/included in the latest calculation of the index.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Air Trends , Air Quality Index Information, available at 

http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/aqi_info.html as of February 2009.The Air Quality Index (AQI) integrates information on 6 major pollutants (particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter, particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide) across an entire monitoring network into a single number that represents the worst daily air quality experienced in an urban area. An AQI greater than 100 indicates that at least 1 criteria pollutant exceeded air quality standards on a given day; therefore, air quality would be in the unhealthful range on that day. Air quality monitoring sites are selected as "trend sites" if they have complete data for at least 8 of the 10 last years.SOURCEKEY: AQI = Air Quality Index; R = revised.NOTESData for 1999 to 2007 include particulate matter 2.5 micron in diameter (PM 2.5).
O3

e CO SO2 PM-10 Pb NO2 O3 CO SO2 PM-10 Pb Total exposed

1 AK Anchorage . 1 . 1 . . 255 195 255

2 AK Fairbanks . 1 .... 39 39

3 AK Juneau . . . 1 . . 13 13

4 AL Birmingham 1 . . . . . 805 805

5 AZ Ajo . .11 . . 77 7

6 AZ Douglas . . 1 1 . . 15 15 15

7 AZ Miami-Hayden . . 2 1 . . 44 4

8 AZ Morenci . . 1 . . . 8 8

9 AZ Nogales . . . 1 . . 24 24

10 AZ Paul Spur . . .1 . . 1 1

11 AZ Phoenix 1 1 . 1 . . 3,028 3,028 3,111 3,111

12 AZ Rillito . . .1 . . 0 0

13 AZ San Manuel . . 1 . . . 7 7

14 AZ Yuma . . . 1 . . 82 82

15 CA Imperial Valley . . .1 . . 119 119

16 CA Los Angeles-South Coast Air Basin 1 1 . 1 . . 14,550 14,550 14,550 14,550

17 CA Mono Basin (in Mono Co.) . . .1 . . 0 0

18 CA Owens Valley . . .1 . . 7 7

19 CA Sacramento Metro 1 . . 1 . . 1,978 1,223 1,978

20 CA San Diego 1 ..... 2,813 2,813

21 CA San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose 1 ..... 6,541 6,541

22 CA San Joaquin Valley 2 . . 1 . . 3,302 3,080 3,302

23 CA Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc 1 . . . . . 399 399

24 CA Searles Valley . . .3 . . 22 22

25 CA Southeast Desert Modified AQMA 1 . . 2 . . 1,024 424 1,024

26 CA Ventura Co. 1 . . . . . 753 753

27 CO Aspen . . . 1 . . 5 5

28 CO Denver-Boulder . . . 1 . . 2,389 2,389

29 CO Fort Collins .1 . . . . 143 143

30 CO Lamar . . .1 . . 8 8

31 CO Steamboat Springs . . .1 . . 9 9

32 CT Greater Connecticut 1 . . 1 . . 2,532 123 2,532

33 DC-MD-VA Washington 1 ..... 4,544 4,544

34 DE Sussex County 1 . . . . . 156 156

35 GA Atlanta 1 ..... 3,698 3,698

36 GUb Piti Power Plant . .1 . . . 1 1

37 GUb Tanguisson Power Plant . .1 . . . 1 1

38 ID Boise . 1 .... 197 197

39 ID Bonner Co. (Sandpoint ) . . . 1 . . 36 36

40 ID Pocatello Area . . . 2 . . 66 66

41 ID Shoshone Co. . . . 2 . . 12 12

42 IL-IN Chicago-Gary-Lake County 1 . 1 3 . . 8,757 484 322 8,757

43 KY-WV Ashland-Huntington . . 1 . . . 49 49

44 LA Baton Rouge 1 . . . . . 636 636

45 MA Boston-Lawrence 1 ..... 5,883 5,883

46 MA Springfield (W. Mass) 1 . . . . . 814 814

47 MD Baltimore 1 ..... 2,512 2,512

48 MD Kent and Queen Anne Cos. 1 . . . . . 59 59

49 ME Knox/Lincoln County 1 . . . . . 73 73

50 ME Lewiston-Auburn 1 . . . . . 220 220

51 ME Portland 1 . . . . . 487 487

52 MO Liberty-Arcadia . . . .1 . 66

53 MO-IL St. Louis 1... g

1 . 2,482 2 2,482

54 MT Billings/Laurel (Yellowstone Co.) . .1 . . . 6 6

55 MT Butte . . . 1 . . 34 34

56 MT Columbia Falls . . . . .1 3 3

57 MT East Helena (Lewis & Clark Co.) . .1 .1 . 2 2 2

58 MT Kalispell . . . 1 . . 15 15

59 MT Lame Deer . . . .1 . 0 0

60 MT Libby . . . 1 . . 3 3

61 MT Missoula . 1 . 1 . . 52 52 52

62 MT Polson . . . 1 . . 3 3

63 MT Ronan . . . 1 . . 2 2

64 MT Thompson Falls . . . 1 . . 1 1

65 MT Whitefish . . . 1 . . 5 5

66 NH Manchester 1 . . . . . 364 364

67 NH Portsmouth-Dover-Rochester 1 . . . . . 192 192

68 NJ Atlantic City 1 . . . . . 354 354

69 NM Anthony . . .1 . . 2 2

70 NM Grant Co. . . 1 . . . 31 31

71 NM Sunland Park f

1 . . . . . 10 10

Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants

States Consolidated nonattainment area name a Ref. no.

Number of areas in nonattainment d Area population, in 1,000s h

(Condensed nonattainment area list as of September 2003)
O3

e CO SO2 PM-10 Pb NO2 O3 CO SO2 PM-10 Pb Total exposed

Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants

States Consolidated nonattainment area name a Ref. no.

Number of areas in nonattainment d Area population, in 1,000s h

(Condensed nonattainment area list as of September 2003)

72 NV Lake Tahoe . 1 . . . . 29 29

73 NV Las Vegas . 1 . 1 . . 478 1,375 1,375

74 NV Reno 1 1 . 1 . . 339 178 339 339

75 NY Albany-Schenectady 1 . . . . . 892 892

76 NY Buffalo-Niagara Falls 1..... 1,170 1,170

77 NY Essex City, Whiteface 1..... 0 0

78 NY Jefferson Co. 1 . . . . . 111 111

79 NY Poughkeepsie 1 . . . . . 600 600

80 NY-NJ-CT New York-N. New Jersey-Long Island 1 . . 1 . . 19,171 1,537 19,171

81 OH Cleveland-Akron-Lorain . . 1 . . 1,095 1,095

82 OH Lucas Co. (Toledo) . . 1 . . . 455 455

83 OH-KY Cincinnati-Hamilton 1..... 1,514 1,514

84 OH-PA Youngstown-Warren 1 . . . . . 120 120

85 OR Grants Pass . . . 1 . . 20 20

86 OR Klamath Falls . . .1 . . 19 19

87 OR LaGrande . . . 1 . . 12 12

88 OR Lakeview . . . 1 . . 3 3

89 OR Medford . . . 1 . . 78 78

90 OR Oakridge . . . 1 . . 3 3

91 OR Springfield-Eugene . . . 1 . . 179 179

92 OR Salem . 1 . . . . 135 135

93 PA Altoona 1 . . . . . 129 129

94 PA Erie 1 . . . . . 280 280

95 PA Harrisburg-Lebanon 1 . . . . . 629 629

96 PA Johnstown 1 . . . . . 232 232

97 PA Lancaster 1 . . . . . 470 470

98 PA Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley . 1 2 1 . . 335 410 21 410

99 PA Scranton-Wilkes-Barre 1 . . . . . 763 763

100 PA Warren Co . . 2 . . . 20 20

101 PA York 1 . . . . . 473 473

102 PA-DE-NJ-MD Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton 1 ..... 6,311 6,311

103 PA-NJ Allentown-Bethlehem 1 . 1 740 102 740

104 PR Guaynabo Co. . . . 1 . . 92 92

105 RI Providence (all of RI) 1 ..... 1,048 1,048

106 TX Beaumont-Port Arthur 1 . . . . . 385 385

107 TX Dallas-Fort Worth 1 ..... 4,589 4,589

108 TX El Paso 1 1 . 1 . . 679 62 563 679

109 TX Houston-Galveston-Brazoria 1 ..... 4,669 4,669

110 UT Ogden . . . 1 . . 77 77

111 UT Salt Lake City . .11 . . 898 898 898

112 UT Tooele Co. . . 1 . . . 40 40

113 UT Utah Co. (Provo) . 1 . 1 . . 118 368 368

114 VA Smyth Co., White Top 1..... 0 0

115 WA Spokane . 1 . 1 . . 322 204 322

116 WA Wallula . . . 1 . . 0 0

117 WA Yakima . 1 . 1 . . 63 63

118 WI Door Co. 1 . . . . . 27 27

119 WI Manitowoc Co. 1 . . . . . 82 82

120 WI Milwaukee-Racine 1 ..... 1,839 1,839

121 WV Follansbee . . . 1 . . 2 2

122 WV New Manchester Gr. (in Hancock Co) . .1 . . . 9 9

123 WV Wier.-Butler-Clay (in Hancock Co) . . 1 1 . . 16 15 16

124 WY Sheridan . . . 1 . . 15 15

38 20 33 78 10 0 99,824 34,047 4,664 29,919 1,375 113,090

O3

m CO SO2 PM10 Pb NO2 O3

m CO SO2 PM10 Pb All Pollutants

56 16 24 67 3 0 116,228 19,921 3,660 31,850 10 125,730

c National total includes Guam (U.S. territory).

e 1-hour ozone standard.

f Ozone nonattainment area is a portion of Dona Ana County, New Mexico.

g Lead nonattainment area is Herculaneum, Missouri in Jefferson County.

SOURCE

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends 

Report, 2003 (Research Triangle Park, NC: 2003), table A-19. Internet website http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/ as of Nov. 17, 2006.

National Totals (130 areas) o

Consolidated Nonattainment Area Name a, b

Number of Areas in Nonattainment c

National totals (124 areas)c

KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; NO2 = nitrogen dioxide; O3 = ozone; Pb = lead; PM-10 = particulate matter smaller than 10 microns; 

SO2 = sulfur dioxide; . = all areas in attainment for a particle or pollutant.

a This is a simplified listing of classified nonattainment areas. Unclassified and Section 185a (transitional) nonattainment areas are 

not included. Names of nonattainment areas are listed alphabetically within each state. Note that several smaller nonattainment 

areas may be inside one larger nonattainment area. In these cases, the smaller nonattainment areas are listed on the same line as 

the larger one, and the number of nonattainment areas are indicated under each pollutant. 

b Guam (U.S. territory)

d The number of nonattainment areas for each of the criteria pollutants is listed. A dot (.) indicates that all areas are in attainment 

for that pollutant.

The "Total exposed" values represent estimated population living in areas that are in nonattainment for at least one pollutant.

NOTE

Reference numbers 1-124 do not indicate ranking.

Area Population, in 1000's State(s) d

h Population figures were obtained from the 2000 census data. For nonattainment areas defined as only partial counties, population 

figures for just the nonattainment area were used when these were available. Otherwise, whole county population figures were 

used. When a larger nonattainment area encompasses a smaller one, double counting the population in the "Total exposed" 

column is avoided by only counting the population of the larger nonattainment area. 
Sector (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 

Total U.S. CO2 Emissions from energy use by sector 1,368.6 1,355.6 1,382.6 1,411.3 1,432.8 1,447.6 1,498.5 1,520.9 1,531.2 1,548.2 1,596.9 1,569.4 1,587.3 1,600.2 

Transportation 431.6 425.8 431.5 439.2 450.4 458.7 470.5 475.6 485.3 498.6 510.7 504.7 515.6 517.4 Natural gas 9.9 9.0 8.8 9.3 10.3 10.5 10.7 11.4 9.6 9.8 9.7 9.5 10.3 9.2 Electricity 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 Petroleum 420.8 415.9 421.8 429.0 439.3 447.3 458.9 463.3 474.7 487.9 499.9 494.3 504.4 507.0 

Motor gasoline 262.3 260.6 264.4 272.6 275.9 280.8 285.6 288.2 296.6 304.1 306.0 307.4 315.2 316.2 

Liquid petroleum gas 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 Jet fuel 60.7 58.7 58.2 58.7 61.0 60.6 63.3 63.9 64.9 66.9 69.2 66.2 64.6 63.1 Distillate fuel 73.0 71.8 73.5 75.7 80.4 83.7 89.2 93.2 96.0 99.8 103.0 105.6 107.6 113.0 Residual fuel 21.8 22.0 23.0 19.4 19.0 19.6 18.3 15.3 14.5 14.3 19.1 12.6 14.5 12.3 Lubricants 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 Aviation gas 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 

Industrial 460.0 448.3 468.8 466.2 474.4 474.1 488.7 496.4 489.5 483.6 487.2 467.9 467.8 468.8 Residential 262.3 266.5 266.9 283.4 281.5 283.4 299.6 297.2 299.1 305.5 322.2 318.6 326.2 334.0 Commercial 214.8 215.0 215.5 222.5 226.4 231.4 239.7 251.7 257.3 260.6 276.8 278.2 277.6 280.1 Total U.S. CO2 Emissions (Incl. adj. and other sources)a 1,369.3 1,356.3 1,386.4 1,420.1 1,443.6 1,458.5 1,509.2 1,530.1 1,537.5 1,556.6 1,606.9 1,583.6 1,603.6 1,619.5 

Table 4-53: U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector (Million metric tons of carbon)

Numbers in this table may not be comparable to the numbers in the previous edition of the report due to changes in methodology of estimation by the Energy Information Administration.Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of carbon equals 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2007, (Washington, DC: 2007), available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/index.html as of March 2009.

a "Adjustments" comprise the addition of U.S. territories and the subtraction of military bunker fuels and international bunker fuels. "Other sources" comprise the addition of gas flaring, CO2 in natural gas, cement production, other industrial, and limestone consumption. 

Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors.Numbers may not add to totals due to independent rounding.KEY: CO2 = carbon dioxide; P = preliminary; R = revised.

NOTESSOURCE

Section E

Water Pollution, Noise, 

and Solid Waste

Source Incidents

Gallons 

spilled Incidents

Gallons 

spilled Incidents

Gallons 

spilled Incidents

Gallons 

spilled Incidents

Gallons 

spilled Incidents

Gallons 

spilled Incidents

Gallons 

spilled Incidents

Gallons 

spilled Incidents

Gallons 

spilled Incidents

Gallons 

spilled Incidents

Gallons 

spilled Incidents

Gallons 

spilled Incidents

Gallons 

spilled 

TOTAL all spills 6,169 8,436,248 8,177 7,915,007 9,038 2,638,229 9,335 3,117,831 8,624 942,574 8,315 885,303 8,539 1,172,449 8,354 1,431,370 7,559 854,520 4,497 638,883 4,192 401,139 3,897 1,416,713 3,881 9,926,580 Vessel sources, total 1,662 4,862,911 2,485 6,387,158 5,478 1,624,153 5,586 1,681,020 5,347 380,879 5,172 621,235 5,680 576,475 5,560 1,033,643 5,021 569,856 1,816 247,382 1,715 210,805 1,705 1,306,557 1,835 2,124,808 

Tankship 164 732,397 249 4,977,251 148 125,491 122 219,311 124 22,429 104 56,673 92 8,414 111 608,176 95 125,217 55 4,753 38 4,450 35 636,834 37 2,976 Tank barge 385 3,683,548 457 992,025 353 1,101,938 313 1,163,258 252 165,649 220 248,089 227 158,977 229 133,540 246 212,298 126 30,219 156 102,874 143 215,822 126 2,006,774 Other vesselsa 1,113 446,966 1,779 417,882 4,977 396,724 5,151 298,451 4,971 192,801 4,848 316,473 5,361 409,084 5,220 291,927 4,680 232,341 1,635 212,410 1,521 103,481 1,527 453,901 1,672 115,058 

Nonvessel sources, total 2,802 3,250,229 2,584 1,408,472 1,116 958,222 1,078 1,408,303 1,356 501,265 1,553 246,716 1,615 551,381 1,645 373,761 1,465 270,523 1,286 200,871 1,140 93,515 1,137 70,456 1,146 7,771,646 

Offshore pipelines 23 17,977 73 46,228 7 1,143 4 386 13 810 10 843 5 35,707 4 17 13 1,241 0 0 1 14,952 0 0 23 26,465 Onshore pipelines 362 759,040 76 270,700 23 10,751 13 978,006 19 223,312 35 47,020 20 433 21 17,004 21 12,336 00001 15,000 1 110,000 

Otherb 2,417 2,473,212 2,435 1,091,544 1,086 946,328 1,061 429,911 1,324 277,143 1,508 198,853 1,590 515,241 1,620 356,740 1,431 256,946 1,286 200,871 1,139 78,563 1,136 55,456 1,122 7,635,181 

Mysteryc 1,705 323,108 3,108 119,377 2,444 55,854 2,671 28,508 1,921 60,430 1,590 17,352 1,244 44,593 1,149 23,966 1,073 14,141 1,395 190,630 1,337 96,819 1,055 39,700 900 30,126 

c Mystery spills are spills from unknown or unidentified sources. U.S. Coast Guard investigators are unable to identify the vessel or facility that spilled the oil into U.S. navigable waters.

NOTE: The spike in Gallons spilled for 2005 can be attributed to the passage of Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana and Mississippi on Aug. 29, 2005, which caused numerous spills approximating 8 million gallons of oil in U.S. 

waters. The totals in this table may be different from those that appear in the source, due to rounding by the source.SOURCE

1985 1999 2000 2001 2004

U.S. Coast Guard, Polluting Incidents In and Around U.S. Waters, A Spill/Release Compendium: 1969-2008 (Washington, DC: February 2010), pp. 22, 23, 160, 176-77, 193-94, 208-09, 221, 234, available at 

https://homeport.uscg.mil/ as of Dec. 22, 2010.

1990 1995

a Other vessels include commercial vessels, fishing boats, freight barges, freight ships, industrial vessels, oil recovery vessels, passenger vessels, unclassified public vessels, recreational boats, research vessels, school ships, 

tow and tug boats, mobile offshore drilling units, offshore supply vessels, publicly owned tank and freight ships, as well as vessels not fitting any particular class (unclassified).

b Other nonvessel sources include designated waterfront facilities, nonmarine land facilities, fixed offshore and inshore platforms, mobile facility, municipal facility, aircraft, land vehicles, railroad equipment, bridges, factories, 

fleeting areas, industrial facilities, intakes, locks, marinas, MARPOL reception facilities, nonvessel common carrier facilities, outfalls, sewers, drains, permanently moored facilities, shipyards, ship repair facilities.

Table 4-50: Petroleum Oil Spills Impacting Navigable U.S. Waterways

1996 1997 1998 2002 2003 2005 

4/18/2011 
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20

Total confirmed releases 87,528 126,816 184,457 237,022 270,567 303,635 317,488 341,773 371,387 397,821 412,392 418,918 427,307 439,385 447,233 452,041 46

Cleanups initiated 51,770 79,506 129,074 171,082 209,797 238,671 252,615 292,446 314,965 346,300 367,603 379,243 384,029 403,558 412,657 421,924 43Cleanups not initiated 35,758 47,310 55,383 65,940 60,770 64,964 64,873 49,327 56,422 51,521 44,789 39,675 43,278 35,827 34,576 30,117 2

Cleanups completed 16,905 26,666 55,444 87,065 107,448 131,272 152,683 178,297 203,247 228,925 249,759 268,833 284,602 303,120 317,405 332,799 35

Releases not cleaned up 70,623 100,150 129,013 149,957 163,119 172,363 164,805 163,476 168,140 168,896 162,633 150,085 142,705 136,265 129,828 119,242 11

1991-2010: Ibid., UST Performance Measures, available at http://www.epa.gov/swerust1/cat/camarchv.htm as of Feb. 7, 2011.All data are cumulative from the start of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Underground Storage Tank program, which began in 1984.Data represent fiscal year, October 1 through September 30.NOTES

Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Storage Tank Releases and Cleanups

SOURCES1990: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Underground Storage Tanks, personal communications, Nov. 17 and 18, 1998.
Unknown 1963-1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20

TOTAL length 6 328 54 45 65 54 106 103 64 99 (R) 143 88 89 (R) 133 54 (R) 102 (R) 140 (R) 54 (R) 82 (RType I barriersa d6 210 39 30 40 35 83 88 44 78 114 63 47 (R) 95 37 (R) 70 (R) 116 (R) 31 (R) 67 (

Type II barriersb 0 114 14 14 24 16 8 8 19 18 18 21 16 32 15 31 23 (R) 18 (R) 11 (

All other typesc N 4 1 1 1 3 15 7 1 3 (R) 11 4 26 (R) 6 2 (R) 1 1 (R) 5 (R) 4 (

Cost (2004 $ millions) 0 329 67 57 106 72 168 163 108 176 228 144 135 203 79 180 242 110 147 

a A Type I barrier is built on a new highway project or a physically altered existing highway. b A Type II barrier is built to abate noise along an existing highway (often referred to as retrofit abatement) and is not mandatory. c All other types of barriers are nonfederally funded.d Have not been assigned a year of construction or a cost.

Forty-five miles of barriers, while assigned a year of construction, cannot be assigned a cost. California did not provide data for the years 1999 - 2004 and therefore these years may not be comparable with previous years. SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Environment and Planning, Highway Traffic Noise Barrier Construction Trends 

(Washington, DC: May 2006), tables 1 and 3. 

Table 4-56: Highway Noise Barrier Construction (Miles)

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.NOTES

4/18/2011 
1975 1980 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009

Exposure

People (thousands) 7,000 5,200 3,400 2,700 1,700 1,500 1,300 1,100 680 874 867 570 505 491 498 481 468 387 286

Percent of U.S. resident population 3.25 2.29 1.43 1.08 0.65 0.57 0.49 0.41 0.25 0.31 0.30 0.20 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.13 0.09

U.S. resident population (millions) 215.5 227.2 237.9 249.5 262.8 265.2 267.8 270.2 272.7 282.2 285.1 287.8 290.3 293.0 295.8 298.6 301.6 304.4 307.0

b Estimates are for areas surrounding airport property of 250 of the largest civil airports with jet operations in the United States. They exclude 

Exposure to aircraft noise within an airport boundary.

SOURCES

Exposure:

1975-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Environment and Energy, personal communication, 

June 3, 2010 and Feb. 15, 2011. 

Population:

1975-2009: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Population Estimates , available at http://www.census.gov/popest/estbygeo.html as of 

Mar. 16, 2011.

Table 4-56: Number of People Residing in High Noise Areas Around U.S. Airportsa,b,c

(Within 65 dB DNL noise-level contours)

c 1975 Exposure estimates were made by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980–2008 estimates were made by FAA. 

Noise Exposure people data for 2000 and forward was re-estimated using an enhanced version of U.S. MAGENTA (Model for Assessing the 

Global Exposure of Noise because of Transport Airplanes). The enhanced version of the model uses radar-based traffic data to account for 

unscheduled operations including freight, General Aviation and military operations. The enhanced U.S. MAGENTA also includes 

improvements to the acoustical model to account for differences in the sound attenuation characteristics between wing-mounted and tailmounted aircraft engines. These enhancements result in computed population noise Exposure estimates that are more accurate and larger 

than previous versions of the model. Therefore, it is important to note that the "growth" in the number of people exposed from 1999 to 2000 

resulted from improvements in measurement, not deterioration in aviation noise trends. 

NOTES

a Noise-level contours are graphical representations of noise levels on a map, similar to elevation contours on a topographic map. Noiselevel contours are lines that join points of equal sound levels. Areas between given noise-level contour lines would have a noise level between 

the two contour values. The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has identified DNL 65 dB as the 

highest threshold of airport noise Exposure that is normally compatible with indoor and outdoor activity associated with a variety of land uses, 

including residential, recreational, schools, and hospitals.

KEY: dB = decibels; DNL = day-night sound level; R = revised. 
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2

TOTAL motor vehicles 8,298 6,576 10,137 9,829 11,073 10,850 12,781 8,413 12,369 10,332 10,811 12,509 11,665 11,664 14,299 14,122 13,296 12,085 11,134 10,071 12,074 12,707 1

Passenger cars 7,461 5,669 8,405 7,729 8,897 8,565 11,194 7,366 7,824 7,414 7,527 8,244 6,819 7,216 8,085 7,650 UUUUUU

Trucks 837 908 1,732 2,100 2,177 2,284 1,587 1,048 4,545 2,918 3,284 4,265 4,846 4,447 6,214 6,472 UUUUUU

Table 4-58: Motor Vehicles Scrapped (Thousands)

2002-09: National Automobile Dealers Association, NADA Data: Vehicles in Operation and Scrappage, available at http://www.nada.org/Publications/NADADATA/ as of Feb. 7, 2011. KEY: U = data are unavailable.1970-2001: The Polk Co., personal communication, July 31, 2002.NOTESFigures represent vehicles that are not re-registered.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.2009 data covers 15 months of market activity (7/1/08 – 9/30/09) in order to capture the most recent behavior available.SOURCES

appendix a

Metric Conversion 

Tables
 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Highwaya 5,706,240 5,937,942 6,002,985 6,176,897 6,211,806 6,218,364 6,223,214 6,250,563 6,278,181 6,284,828 6,287,055 6,296,117 6,308,068 6,350,265 6,286,564 6,304,192 6,334,735 6,354,229 

Class I railb,c 333,672 321,544 316,202 308,222 265,255 234,584 192,732 187,691 181,946 177,712 175,953 174,234 170,235 164,359 161,852 160,017 159,727 157,421 

Amtrakc NNNN 38,624 38,624 38,624 40,234 40,234 40,234 40,234 38,624 40,234 40,234 35,406 37,015 37,015 37,015 

Transitd

Commuter railc NNNNN 5,752 6,649 6,498 6,457 6,583 6,583 6,695 5,926 7,109 8,324 8,354 8,383 8,382 

Heavy rail NNNNN 2,081 2,174 2,203 2,258 2,336 2,342 2,346 2,379 2,457 2,457 2,478 2,507 2,530 Light rail N N N N N618 777 887 898 865 904 913 1,027 1,060 1,087 1,290 1,343 1,444 

Navigable channelse 40,234 40,234 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 

Oil pipelinef 307,295 339,358 351,917 363,533 351,469 343,764 335,954 328,029 316,309 312,181 306,339 292,759 285,715 289,478 287,506 285,599 284,847 254,675 

Gas pipelineg 1,015,416 1,235,204 1,469,761 1,575,971 1,692,666 1,787,635 2,044,469 1,959,297 1,957,093 2,055,243 2,149,327 2,143,125 2,115,745 2,143,284 2,209,056 2,195,686 2,216,582 2,274,896 1960-2000: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002), page 58. 2001-03: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline Statistics , available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as of May 22, 2009.1960-96: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Ohio River Division, Huntington District, Ohio River Navigation System Report, 1996, Commerce on the Ohio River and its Tributaries (Fort 

Belvoir, VA: 1996), page 2.1997-99: Ibid., Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center Databases , personal communication, Aug. 3, 2001.2004-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline Statistics , available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as of Nov. 30, 2010.Gas pipeline:1960-80: American Gas Association, Gas Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 5-1 and similar tables in earlier editions, personal communication, May 07, 2009.1985-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline Statistics , available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as of 

Nov. 30, 2010.2000-04: Ibid., personal communication, Apr. 21, 2006.2005-06: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, personal communication, Dec. 12, 2006.2007-08: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, personal communication, May 13, 2009 and Dec. 15, 2009.Oil pipeline:1985-2001: Amtrak, Corporate Planning and Development, Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).

2002-09: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), page 77, and similar tables in earlier editions.

Transit: 1985-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram as of Nov. 16, 2009.1996-2009: Ibid., National Transit Database (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 23 and similar tables in earlier edition, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram as of Dec. 

21, 2010.Navigable channels:1960-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-212. 

1996-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics , table HM-20, (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Dec. 21, 2010.Class I rail:1960-09: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), page 3, and similar tables in earlier editions.Amtrak:1980: Amtrak, Corporate Planning and Development , personal communication (Washington, DC).NOTE1 mile = 1.609344 kilometersSOURCESHighway:

Table 1-1M: System Kilometers Within the United States

d Transit system length is measured in directional route-kilometers. Directional route-kilometers are the distance in each direction over which public transportation vehicles travel while in 

revenue service. Directional route-kilometers are computed with regard to direction of service, but without regard to the number of traffic lanes or rail tracks existing in the right-of-way. Beginning in 2002, directional route-kilometers data for the Commuter and Light rail modes include purchased transportation. 2005 and later years directional route-kilometer data for the 

Heavy rail mode include purchased transportation.

e These are estimated sums of all domestic waterways which include rivers, bays, channels, and the inner route of the Southeast Alaskan Islands, but does not include the Great Lakes or 

deep ocean traffic. The Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center monitored 20,297 kilometers as commercially significant inland shallow-draft waterways in 2001. Beginning in 2007, waterways connecting lakes and the St. Lawrence seaway inside the U.S. are included.

f Includes trunk and gathering lines for crude-oil pipeline. CO2 or other is excluded for 2004 to 2008. The large drop in kilometer between 2000 and 2001 is due to a change in the source of 

the data.

g Excludes service pipelines. Data not adjusted to common diameter equivalent. Kilometers as of the end of each year. Data includes gathering, transmission, and distribution mains. Prior to 

1985 data also include field lines. See table 1-10 for a more detailed breakout of Oil and Gas pipeline kilometers. Length data reported in Gas Facts prior to 1985 was taken from the 

American Gas Association's member survey, the Uniform Statistical Report, supplemented with estimates for companies that did not participate. Gas Facts length data is now based on information reported to the U.S. Department of Transportation on Form 7100. Since data for 1985 and later years are obtained from the Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration, data for these years are not comparable with prior years or with numbers published in the previous NTS reports. 

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a All public road and street kilometers in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. For years prior to 1980, some kilometers of nonpublic roadways are included. No consistent data on privatroad kilometers are available. Beginning in 1998, approximately 70,000 kilometers of Bureau of Land Management Roads are excluded.b Data represent kilometers of road owned (aggregate length of road, excluding yard tracks, sidings, and parallel lines).c Portions of Class I freight railroads , Amtrak , and Commuter rail networks share common trackage. Amtrak data represent kilometers of road operated.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 (R)1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (R)2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

TOTAL paved and unpaved 5,706 5,938 6,003 6,177 6,212 6,218 6,223 6,251 6,278 6,285 6,287 6,296 6,331 6,370 6,355 6,325 6,357 6,377 6,406 6,419 6,430 6,454 6,488 6,513 6,531Pavedb, total 1,980 2,341 2,669 2,986 3,336 3,402 3,629 3,669 3,706 3,666 3,769 3,827 3,831 3,878 3,895 3,945 4,031 4,061 4,148 4,204 4,149 4,187 4,232 4,241 4,400

Low and intermediate typec 1,082 1,220 1,443 1,556 1,676 1,634 1,649 1,657 1,651 1,625 1,678 1,709 1,716 NNNNNNNNNNNN

High-typec 899 1,121 1,226 1,430 1,660 1,769 1,980 2,012 2,055 2,041 2,091 2,118 2,115 NNNNNNNNNNNN

Unpavedd

, total 3,726 3,597 3,334 3,191 2,876 2,816 2,594 2,582 2,572 2,619 2,518 2,469 2,500 2,492 2,460 2,380 2,326 2,315 2,258 2,215 2,281 2,267 2,256 2,272 2,131

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.

c Beginning in 1997, data no longer available for paved minor collectors and local public roads

NOTES1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-12, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Jan. 7, 2010.

d Unpaved mileage includes the following categories: unimproved roadways using the natural surface and maintained to permit passability; graded and drained roadways of natural 

earth aligned and graded to permit reasonably convenient use by motor vehicles, and that have adequate drainage to prevent serious impairment of the road by normal surface water–surface may be stabilized; and soil, gravel, or stone roadways drained and graded with a surface of mixed soil, gravel, crushed stone, slag, shell, etc.–surface may be stabilized. The percentage of unpaved roads that are nonsurfaced dropped from approximately 42% in the 1960s to about 37% in the first half of the 1970s, to about 32% in 1980 and has held at about 22% since 1985. 

A public road is any road under the jurisdiction of and maintained by a public authority (federal, state, county, town or township, local government or instrumentality thereof) and open to public travel. No consistent data on private road mileage are available (although prior to 1980 some nonpublic roadway mileage are included). Most data are provided by the states to the US DOT Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Some years contain FHWA estimates for some states. Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Roads and Streets in the United States by Type of Surfacea (Thousands of Kilometers)

a 1960-95 data include the 50 states and the District of Columbia; 1996-2008 data include the 50 states, District of Columbia, and Puerto Ricob Paved mileage includes the following categories: low type (an earth, gravel, or stone roadway that has a bituminous surface course less than 1" thick); intermediate type (a mixed 

bituminous or bituminous penetration roadway on a flexible base having a combined surface and base thickness of less than 7"); high-type flexible (a mixed bituminous or bituminous penetration roadway on a flexible base having a combined surface and base thickness of 7" or more; high-type composite (a mixed bituminous or bituminous penetration roadway of more than 1" compacted material on a rigid base with a combined surface and base thickness of 7" or more; high-type rigid (Portland cement concrete roadway with or without a bituminous wearing surface of less than 1"). 

1960-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC), table HM-212, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Jan. 7, 2010.SOURCES
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

TOTAL lane-kilometers 12,749,503 12,903,711 12,956,959 13,016,041 13,074,455 13,087,501 13,104,911 13,129,436 13,162,268 13,264,917 13,133,628 13,161,188 13,235,639 13,280,089 13,349,784 13,381,890 13,420,032 13,472,974 13,551,624 13,610,790 13,653,625 13,747,278

Urban, total 2,245,429 2,482,154 2,688,403 2,708,127 2,830,403 2,902,894 2,938,464 2,961,365 2,989,596 3,029,873 3,044,248 3,051,294 3,082,703 3,165,650 3,229,046 3,393,543 3,539,197 3,642,525 3,715,335 3,772,074 3,849,593 3,931,200

Interstate 77,986 92,207 100,124 101,109 108,254 111,341 113,993 114,870 115,535 116,286 117,492 117,954 118,950 119,867 120,873 128,089 133,456 138,381 141,532 143,666 146,069 146,368

Other arterialb 536,995 598,111 642,733 647,536 673,041 700,686 712,093 717,491 723,368 730,035 730,739 724,866 734,152 736,347 744,893 779,198 813,247 843,036 857,673 869,350 888,965 915,059

Collectorc 233,561 261,320 270,000 266,005 283,465 289,123 295,078 297,780 300,823 303,925 301,805 299,876 303,474 305,032 307,132 333,707 350,274 362,984 373,131 376,350 390,612 406,331

Local 1,396,888 1,530,515 1,675,546 1,693,477 1,765,643 1,801,744 1,817,300 1,831,224 1,849,870 1,879,627 1,894,212 1,908,598 1,926,127 2,004,404 2,056,148 2,152,549 2,242,220 2,298,124 2,342,999 2,382,708 2,423,947 2,463,442

Rural, total 10,504,074 10,421,557 10,268,556 10,307,914 10,244,052 10,184,606 10,166,447 10,168,070 10,172,671 10,235,043 10,089,380 10,109,894 10,152,936 10,114,439 10,120,738 9,988,347 9,880,835 9,830,449 9,836,290 9,838,716 9,804,032 9,816,078

Interstate 210,792 212,284 218,663 219,680 214,794 212,655 211,252 212,298 213,983 214,308 214,415 215,971 216,597 216,713 216,569 209,833 205,817 202,076 200,170 198,773 197,668 196,144

Other arterialb 816,095 820,773 832,581 833,339 847,664 846,364 852,659 854,089 857,549 864,200 865,816 867,908 869,781 872,807 875,501 859,837 856,243 852,236 853,147 853,718 853,928 864,848

Collectorc 2,303,401 2,360,568 2,361,876 2,361,810 2,319,815 2,308,561 2,304,885 2,281,129 2,279,896 2,283,075 2,278,467 2,275,537 2,276,686 2,275,862 2,267,167 2,234,598 2,222,041 2,210,189 2,202,341 2,203,997 2,198,491 2,219,178

Local 7,173,786 7,027,931 6,855,435 6,893,084 6,861,779 6,817,027 6,797,650 6,820,554 6,821,243 6,873,460 6,730,682 6,750,479 6,789,872 6,749,058 6,761,501 6,684,079 6,596,733 6,565,948 6,580,632 6,582,228 6,553,946 6,535,908

a Includes the 50 States and the District of Columbia.

b Urban other arterial includes other freeways and expressways, other principal arterial, and minor arterial. Rural other arterial includes other principal arterial and minor arterial prior to 2009 

and other freeways and expressways, other principal arterial and minor arterial for 2009.

c Collector is the sum of major and minor collectors. 

1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-60, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 11, 2011.

1.609344 kilometer = 1 mile.

Table 1-6M: Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane-Kilometers by Functional Systema

NOTES

In estimating rural and urban lane kilometers, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration assumes that rural minor collector and urban/rural local roads are two 

lanes wide.

2009 data exclude 1,325 kilometers of federal agency owned roads and 114 kilometers of other non federal agency owned roads. 2008 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal agency 

owned roads. 2007 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal owned roads and 703 kilometers of local government owned roads. 2006 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal owned roads 

and include 441 kilometers of miscoded roads. 2005 data exclude 1,239 kilometers of federal agency owned roads.

SOURCES

1980-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Information Management, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC), table 

HM-260, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 11, 2011.
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Urban VKT, total (millions) 1,376,416 1,680,313 2,052,693 2,073,635 2,193,623 2,268,647 2,332,337 2,397,173 2,452,457 2,499,240 2,567,901 2,619,397 2,677,583 2,714,387 2,780,296 2,905,683 3,045,305 3,141,230 3,181,749 3,209,867 3,191,476 3,214,446

Interstate 259,494 347,921 448,848 459,186 488,058 510,804 532,012 549,636 565,812 581,670 602,896 616,796 633,221 643,715 657,607 696,255 731,262 754,895 768,113 777,820 766,194 764,379

Other arterialb 779,227 930,635 1,125,306 1,138,640 1,199,956 1,245,597 1,284,094 1,311,889 1,343,196 1,362,514 1,388,857 1,413,250 1,449,040 1,470,837 1,508,530 1,567,398 1,641,674 1,686,945 1,706,062 1,718,989 1,709,487 1,693,145

Collectorc 133,645 144,162 171,068 172,652 186,789 189,721 193,263 204,272 208,104 209,450 212,281 211,794 217,860 221,962 228,324 247,438 260,888 270,431 278,754 281,090 282,261 288,356

Local 204,050 257,595 307,470 303,157 318,821 322,525 322,968 331,375 335,345 345,607 363,868 377,557 377,462 377,872 385,835 394,592 411,482 428,959 428,819 431,969 433,533 468,567

Rural VKT, total (millions) 1,081,527 1,175,993 1,398,324 1,421,941 1,422,816 1,427,015 1,461,833 1,501,983 1,545,282 1,608,180 1,661,693 1,710,126 1,743,164 1,787,494 1,815,598 1,746,758 1,722,397 1,670,398 1,669,001 1,666,159 1,593,923 1,577,522

Interstate 217,397 248,414 322,147 329,933 330,812 335,239 346,923 359,498 374,277 386,653 404,782 418,697 431,594 440,347 450,555 434,434 429,688 416,482 415,071 412,697 391,537 389,256

Other arterialb 422,894 455,127 532,477 538,736 553,714 562,574 575,065 593,196 609,695 630,955 649,345 665,174 676,888 687,966 698,141 670,446 659,741 642,019 634,885 633,221 602,334 599,429

Collectorc 304,919 332,602 386,983 395,303 378,051 364,188 371,000 380,043 387,900 408,934 414,998 425,596 430,067 437,917 442,581 424,323 419,928 404,890 404,549 404,773 388,106 371,271

Local 136,318 139,850 156,716 157,968 160,239 165,014 168,844 169,245 173,410 181,639 192,568 200,659 204,615 221,264 224,320 217,554 213,040 207,007 214,497 215,469 211,946 217,566

Urban VKT per lane-kilometer, 

total (thousands) 613 677 764 766 775 782 794 (R) 809 820 825 844 858 869 857 861 856 860 862 856 851 829 818

Interstate 3,327 3,773 4,483 4,542 4,508 4,588 4,667 (R) 4,785 4,897 5,002 5,131 5,229 5,323 5,370 5,440 5,436 5,479 5,455 5,427 5,414 5,245 5,222

Other arterialb 1,451 1,556 1,751 1,758 1,783 1,778 1,803 (R) 1,828 1,857 1,866 1,901 1,950 1,974 1,997 2,025 2,012 2,019 2,001 1,989 1,977 1,923 1,850

Collectorc 572 552 634 649 659 656 655 686 692 689 703 706 718 728 743 741 745 745 747 747 723 710

Local 146 168 184 179 181 179 178 181 181 184 192 198 196 189 188 183 184 187 183 181 179 190

Rural VKT per lane-kilometer, 

total (thousands) 103 113 136 138 139 140 144 148 152 157 165 169 172 177 179 175 174 170 170 169 163 161

Interstate 1,031 1,170 1,473 1,502 1,540 1,576 1,642 1,693 1,749 1,804 1,888 1,939 1,993 2,032 2,080 2,070 2,088 2,061 2,074 2,076 1,981 1,985

Other arterialb 518 555 640 646 653 665 674 695 711 730 750 766 778 788 797 (R) 780 771 753 744 742 705 693

Collectorc 132 141 164 167 163 158 161 167 170 179 182 187 189 192 195 190 189 183 184 184 177 167

Local 19 20 23 23 23 24 25 25 25 26 29 30 30 33 33 33 32 32 33 33 32 33

Table 1-36M: Roadway Vehicle-Kilometers Traveled (VKT) and VKT per Lane-Kilometers by Functional Classa

1 mile=1.609344 kilometers.

Component values may not add to totals due to rounding.

SOURCES

1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-202, available at www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi as of Mar. 18, 2009.

b Urban other arterial includes other freeways and expressways, other principal arterial, and minor arterial. Rural other arterial includes other principal arterial and minor arterial prior to 2009, and includes other freeways and expressways, other 

principal arterial and minor arterial for 2009.

b Collector is the sum of major and minor collectors. 

NOTES

See table 1-6M for estimated highway Lane-kilometers by functional class.

KEY: R = revised.

1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-60, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 14, 2011.

1995-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-2, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 14, 2011.

2009 data exclude 1,325 kilometers of federal agency owned roads and 114 kilometers of other non federal agency owned roads. 2008 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal agency owned roads. 2007 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal 

owned roads and 703 kilometers of local government owned roads. 2006 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal owned roads and included 441 kilometers of miscoded roads. 2005 data exclude 1,239 kilometers of federal agency owned roads.

a

 Includes the 50 States and the District of Columbia.

Vehicle-Kilometers Traveled (VMT):

Lane-kilometers:

1980-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Information Management, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC), table HM-260, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 29, 2011.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Air, total 53,750 92,740 189,166 237,217 352,556 466,929 577,550 563,568 588,318 598,885 640,839 667,376 718,817 745,307 766,630 808,626 (R) 855,091 808,544 777,971 813,082 897,840 939,467 947,026 977,750 939,061

Air carrier, certificated, domestic, all services 50,049 85,659 174,520 218,871 328,898 447,134 556,629 544,095 570,937 582,953 625,068 649,995 699,505 725,190 745,548 785,934 830,629 782,956 777,971 813,082 897,840 939,467 947,026 977,750 939,061

General aviationa 3,701 7,081 14,645 18,347 23,657 19,795 20,921 19,473 17,381 15,933 15,772 17,381 19,312 20,117 21,082 22,692 24,462 25,589 UUUUUUU

Highway, totalb 2,047,212 2,502,912 3,286,284 3,870,399 4,270,411 4,848,878 5,731,210 5,794,157 5,950,903 6,064,114 6,175,877 6,225,055 6,386,498 6,581,197 (R) 6,760,265 6,927,051 7,065,142 7,473,462 7,510,870 7,599,112 7,796,390 (R) 7,866,385 7,933,046 (R) 7,987,433 7,840,214

Passenger carb,c,g 1,842,173 2,244,718 2,817,796 3,144,925 3,237,982 3,370,965 3,671,543 3,540,975 3,553,795 3,561,931 3,620,609 3,680,388 3,761,146 3,844,827 3,965,147 4,015,104 4,094,907 4,114,257 4,217,107 4,251,702 4,322,420 (R) 4,344,110 4,298,629 (R) 4,252,689 4,108,725

Motorcycleb,c,g U U 5,274 9,965 19,725 19,009 19,995 18,759 19,226 19,609 19,940 17,344 17,561 17,846 18,203 18,736 18,533 18,926 19,523 19,574 20,688 (R) 21,367 24,628 (R) 27,839 29,603

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclec,h U U 363,090 584,622 838,104 1,107,376 1,608,947 1,797,569 1,933,896 2,016,283 2,042,728 2,021,571 2,089,410 2,176,919 2,221,791 2,305,586 2,361,976 2,701,852 2,695,316 2,745,707 2,865,873 (R) 2,904,621 3,020,240 (R) 3,103,329 3,093,096

Truck, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or moreh 158,602 207,234 43,583 55,693 64,073 73,130 83,527 85,131 86,702 91,366 98,627 100,914 103,114 107,654 109,469 113,143 113,459 137,581 122,094 125,138 126,239 (R) 126,327 129,301 (R) 131,989 135,105

Truck, combination 46,436 50,960 56,543 75,195 110,527 125,630 151,827 155,535 160,146 165,949 175,309 185,800 191,349 200,499 206,574 213,051 217,294 259,376 223,276 225,566 229,122 (R) 231,790 228,799 (R) 233,429 230,953

Busd UUUUU 152,767 195,371 196,189 197,138 208,977 218,663 219,038 223,918 233,451 239,081 261,430 258,974 241,469 233,554 231,425 232,048 (R) 238,170 231,449 (R) 238,158 242,732

Transit, totale UUUU 64,139 63,699 66,213 65,505 64,762 63,382 63,706 64,065 62,739 64,664 66,957 69,651 72,582 74,847 74,184 73,510 74,908 75,840 79,669 83,482 86,441

Motor busd UUUU 35,068 34,055 33,766 33,941 32,728 32,584 30,307 30,285 27,040 28,178 28,765 30,069 30,267 31,516 31,670 30,865 30,450 31,261 32,815 32,811 34,115

Light rail U U U U 613 563 919 1,065 1,128 1,135 1,341 1,384 1,537 1,647 1,795 1,915 2,156 2,297 2,304 2,375 2,537 2,735 3,003 3,107 3,349

Heavy rail UUUU 16,991 16,781 18,467 16,943 17,280 16,465 17,168 16,993 18,556 19,402 19,770 20,764 22,279 22,817 21,989 21,897 23,101 23,203 23,692 25,972 27,117

Trolley bus U U U U 352 492 311 314 320 303 301 301 296 304 292 300 309 301 302 283 279 278 264 250 259

Commuter rail 6,754 6,643 7,390 7,263 10,486 10,515 11,397 11,819 11,780 11,169 12,868 13,267 13,439 12,935 14,005 14,104 15,128 15,359 15,288 15,378 15,635 15,241 16,671 17,923 17,754

Demand responsived U U U U U586 694 731 797 904 929 977 629 855 826 900 946 1,007 1,048 1,108 1,133 1,188 1,212 1,252 1,358

Ferry boati U U U U U U460 454 436 418 418 418 411 409 451 474 480 475 485 590 575 578 579 613 628

Otheri U U U U628 707 200 238 293 404 373 439 830 932 1,053 1,125 1,018 1,074 1,098 1,012 1,199 1,355 1,434 1,555 1,860

Rail

Intercity/Amtrakf 27,462 21,340 9,944 6,326 7,247 7,765 9,748 10,095 9,803 9,976 9,529 8,924 8,127 8,314 8,536 8,578 8,848 8,946 8,800 9,141 8,869 8,660 8,706 9,309 9,943

1985: Amtrak, Amtrak FY95 Annual Report (Washington, DC: 1996), Statistical Appendix, page 4. 

1990-2002: Ibid., Amtrak Annual Report (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), Statistical Appendix.

All other data:

1993-95: American Public Transit Association, personal communication, Aug. 13, 2001.

Transit:

Ferryboat:

1992: American Public Transit Association, personal communication, July 19, 2000.

1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.

1970-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1985 (Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.

1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/index.html as of July 28, 2000, table VM1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.

Single-unit 2-axle 6-tires or more truck, combination truck, and bus:

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/index.html as of July 28, 2000, table VM2003-08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), page 77. 

1960-1995: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 2 and similar tables in earlier editions.

1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.

Rail, Intercity / Amtrak:

1960-80: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).

1965-70: Ibid., Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973 (Washington, DC: 1974), part III, table 2.

1975-80: Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: 1976, 1981), page 4 (December 1976) and page 2 (December 1981).

1985-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December issues), page 3, line1.

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.

General aviation:

Highway:

Passenger car and motorcycle:

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/index.html as of July 28, 2000, table VM1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010 .

Motorcycle:

f

 Amtrak began operations in 1971. Does not include contract commuter passengers.

1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers

i

Ferry boats are included in Other in 1980 and 1985.

Transit data from 1996 and after are not comparable to the data for earlier years or to the data published in previous editions of the report due to different data sources used.

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:

SOURCES

Air:

Air carrier, domestic, all services:

1985-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.

e

 Prior to 1985, excludes demand responsive and most rural and smaller systems funded via Sections 18 and 16(b)2, Federal Transit Act. The series is not continuous between 1980 and 1985. Transit rail modes are 

measured in car-Kilometers. Car-Kilometers measure individual vehicle-Kilometers in a train. A 10-car train traveling 1 Kilometer would equal 1 train-Kilometer and 10 car-Kilometers. 

1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002), pages 45-46.

g Motorcycles are included in Passenger car in 1960 and 1965. h Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles are included in single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck in 1960 and 1965.

1960: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 (Washington, DC: 1970), part III, table 2.

NOTES

Air carrier passenger-kilometers are computed by summing the products of the aircraft-kilometers flown on each interairport segment multiplied by the number of passengers carried on that segment. Highway 

passenger-kilometers from 1960 to 1994 are calculated by multiplying vehicle-kilometers of travel as cited by FHWA by the average number of occupants for each vehicle type. Average vehicle occupancy rates are 

based on various sources, such as the National Household Travel Survey, conducted by the Federal Highway Administration, and the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, conducted by the Bureau of the Census. Transit 

passenger-kilometers are the cumulative sum of the distances ridden by each passenger. Rail passenger-kilometers represent the movement of 1 passenger for 1 Kilometer. 

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

2007 data for Bus, Paratransit (Demand responsive), and Other are not comparable to earlier years due to change in the method of data collection and estimation by the American Public 

c U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), provides data separately for passenger car and motorcycle in its annual Highway Statistics series. However, the 1995 summary report 

provides updated data for passenger car and motorcycle combined. Passenger car figures in this table were computed by U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics by subtracting the 

most current motorcycle figures from the aggregate passenger car and motorcycle figures. 

d Motor bus and demand responsive figures are also included in the bus figure for highway.

Table 1-40M: U.S. Passenger-Kilometers (Millions) 

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a

 All operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135.

b

 In July 1997, FHWA published revised passenger-miles data for the highway modes for a number of years. The major change reflected the reassignment of some vehicles from the passenger car category to the other 

2-axle 4-tire vehicle category. Passenger-miles for passenger car, motorcycle, and other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles were derived by multiplying vehicle-miles for these vehicles by average vehicle occupancy rates, provided 

by the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (1977, 1983, and 1995) and the National Household Travel Survey (2001). 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

TOTAL U.S. tonne-kilometers of freight (millions) U 2,706,838 3,221,739 3,335,607 4,363,158 4,306,056 4,839,335 4,888,912 4,990,309 5,020,175 5,277,541 5,502,687 5,582,528 5,555,831 5,594,959 5,704,438 5,704,172 (R) 5,738,168 (R) 5,801,434 5,879,329 U

Air carrier, domestic, all servicesa 807 1,975 3,955 5,066 6,611 7,528 13,233 12,935 14,337 15,585 17,232 18,279 18,777 19,857 20,206 20,735 21,874 (R) 19,081 (R) 19,520 22,236 24,019 

Intercity truckb 416,092 524,130 601,508 662,827 810,284 890,583 1,246,816 1,276,016 1,308,135 1,366,534 1,454,132 1,521,291 1,563,630 1,633,709 1,677,508 1,731,527 1,756,346 1,787,006 1,832,265 1,845,405 U

Class I rail 835,555 1,018,882 1,116,600 1,101,187 1,341,653 1,280,372 1,509,566 1,516,728 1,557,470 1,619,560 1,752,990 1,906,268 1,979,686 1,969,394 2,010,092 2,092,813 2,140,261 2,183,347 2,200,194 2,265,056 2,427,347 Domestic water transportationc,d U 715,099 870,428 826,321 1,345,855 1,303,711 1,216,951 1,238,639 1,250,736 1,152,878 1,189,759 1,179,260 1,116,421 1,032,799 982,262 957,539 942,849 907,644 893,620 884,957 906,891 

Coastwise U 441,708 525,275 461,126 921,460 892,009 699,522 733,100 733,360 654,658 668,084 642,892 595,794 510,761 459,692 427,378 414,445 400,848 384,977 407,213 408,584 Lakewise U 110,838 115,946 100,033 90,149 70,347 88,956 80,794 81,444 82,398 85,063 87,166 85,168 90,760 90,014 83,284 84,502 74,245 78,332 69,406 81,369 Internal U 160,161 227,487 263,378 331,914 339,746 426,886 423,332 434,544 414,477 434,725 447,232 433,306 429,265 430,540 444,889 441,727 430,489 428,371 406,387 414,772 Intraport U 2,392 1,721 1,785 2,331 1,609 1,587 1,413 1,387 1,346 1,887 1,970 2,153 2,012 2,016 1,989 2,176 2,063 1,940 1,950 2,167 

Oil pipelined 334,334 446,751 629,248 740,206 858,756 823,862 852,770 844,594 859,632 865,617 863,427 877,589 904,015 900,073 904,891 901,825 842,842 841,090 855,836 861,675 875,399 

1.459972 tonne-kilometers= 1 ton-mile

b The methodology was changed in 1990 for intercity trucks. Therefore figures prior to 1990 are not comparable to those after 1990.

Table 1-49: U.S. Tonne-Kilometers of Freight (Millions)

SOURCES

c Excludes intraterritorial traffic, for which ton-miles were not compiled.d The large increase between1975 and 1980 was a result of a new Alaska pipeline and consequent water transportation of crude petroleum from Alaskan 

NOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a Includes freight, express, and mail revenue ton-miles as reported on U.S. DOT Form 41. 

Intercity truck: 1960-2003: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 2007 (Washington, DC: 2007), p. 40.

Class I rail:Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issue), p. 27.Air carrier, domestic, all services:1960-65: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 (Washington, DC: 1970).

1970-80: Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 2, line 3.

1985-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, 

DC: Annual Issues), p. 3, line 3. Domestic water transportation:1980-2007: Ibid., Shifts in Petroleum Transportation (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 1.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the U.S. (New Orleans, LA: Annual Issues), part 5, section 1, table 1-4, and similar tables in earlier editions available at http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/wcsc.htm as of September 2, 2009.Oil pipeline:1960-70: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 1998 (Washington, DC: 1998), p. 44.1975: Association of Oil Pipe Lines, Shifts in Petroleum Transportation (Washington, DC: Annual Issue), table 4.
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20

TOTAL U.S. ton-miles of freight (R) 4,969,620 (R) 4,915,544 (R) 4,665,313 (R) 4,747,646 (R) 4,876,494 (R) 4,838,132 (R) 4,859,174 (R) 5,072,668 (R) 5,251,540 (R) 5,208,871 (R) 5,287,736 (R) 5,308,407 (R) 5,469,427 (R) 5,500,046 (R) 5,759,311 (R) 5,991,826 (R) 6,093,814 (R) 6,101,563 (R) 6,173,311 (R) 6,278,087 (R) 6,319,854 (R) 6,361,648 (R) 6,Air 7,066 7,431 7,504 8,570 9,490 9,796 10,716 12,658 13,622 14,906 15,213 14,541 16,045 16,848 17,563 18,571 20,089 20,294 20,644 21,170 23,082 19,400 Truck (R) 919,160 (R) 920,948 (R) 944,002 (R) 983,894 (R) 1,031,882 (R) 1,046,352 (R) 1,073,218 (R) 1,131,184 (R) 1,169,042 (R) 1,209,404 (R) 1,238,995 (R) 1,266,962 (R) 1,299,503 (R) 1,354,607 (R) 1,442,108 (R) 1,509,428 (R) 1,550,171 (R) 1,621,117 (R) 1,663,775 (R) 1,717,218 (R) 1,741,211 (R) 1,770,966 (R) 1,Railroad 1,360,694 1,349,014 1,182,577 1,227,836 1,314,108 1,279,241 1,301,177 1,389,806 1,497,469 1,526,588 1,554,005 1,521,187 1,603,603 1,657,092 1,782,732 1,922,797 (R) 2,010,520 2,030,951 2,114,554 2,195,309 2,257,582 2,334,980 2,Domestic water transportation 1,345,853 1,356,917 1,294,220 1,342,541 1,296,045 1,303,713 1,275,141 1,307,281 1,299,417 1,190,680 1,216,951 1,238,639 1,250,733 1,152,877 1,189,756 1,179,260 1,116,422 1,032,799 982,262 957,539 942,848 907,646 

Coastwise 921,460 926,739 923,735 948,617 867,111 892,009 848,082 856,738 819,913 706,464 699,522 733,100 733,360 654,657 668,083 642,891 595,794 510,761 459,693 427,378 414,445 400,848 Lakewise 90,149 90,734 52,009 62,907 72,683 70,347 63,068 73,111 84,912 85,128 88,956 80,793 81,443 82,398 85,062 87,166 85,167 90,761 90,013 83,284 84,502 74,245 Internal 331,914 337,522 316,853 329,411 354,562 339,747 362,244 375,703 392,785 397,342 426,886 423,332 434,543 414,477 434,724 447,232 433,307 429,265 430,540 444,889 441,726 430,489 Intraport 2,330 1,921 1,623 1,606 1,689 1,609 1,748 1,729 1,807 1,746 1,587 1,413 1,387 1,345 1,886 1,971 2,153 2,012 2,016 1,988 2,175 2,063 

Pipeline 1,336,846 1,281,234 1,237,010 1,184,805 1,224,970 1,199,030 1,198,922 1,231,739 1,271,990 1,267,292 1,262,572 1,267,078 1,299,542 1,318,621 1,327,152 1,361,770 1,396,612 1,396,402 1,392,076 (R) 1,386,852 (R) 1,355,130 (R) 1,328,657 (R) 1,

Oil and oil products 858,464 823,424 826,344 811,744 829,264 823,424 843,864 857,004 877,443 852,624 852,770 844,594 859,632 865,617 863,427 877,589 904,015 900,073 904,891 (R) 901,825 (R) 842,842 (R) 841,090 (R) Natural Gas 478,383 457,809 410,666 373,060 395,706 375,606 355,058 374,736 394,547 414,669 409,802 422,484 439,911 453,004 463,724 484,181 492,597 496,330 487,185 485,027 512,288 487,568 

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), special tabulation.1.459972 tonne-kilometers = 1 ton mile.

Table 1-50M: U.S. Tonne-Kilometers of Freight (BTS Special Tabulation) (Millions)

KEY: R = revised.NOTESBTS developed a more comprehensive and reliable estimates of ton-miles for the air, truck, rail, water, and pipeline modes than are presented in table 1-49. These improved estimates are not comparable to data in table 1-49M.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCE
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

TOTAL freight 997.8 1,154.8 1,389.5 1,537.7 1,813.4 1,622.4 1,963.0 1,897.9 1,934.2 1,930.7 2,009.2 2,032.5 2,072.1 2,116.6 2,122.4 2,107.0 (R) 2,199.5 2,171.1 (R) 2,123.0 Foreign 307.8 402.5 527.0 679.2 835.9 702.5 944.9 919.5 941.2 961.7 1,012.2 1,040.9 1,073.6 1,107.3 1,129.8 1,143.8 (R) 1,229.0 1,225.4 (R) 1,196.8 

Imports 191.7 244.8 307.8 432.3 469.5 374.4 544.3 503.8 532.3 588.6 652.7 610.2 664.6 715.1 762.7 780.9 852.5 863.5 848.1 Exports 116.1 157.8 219.2 246.9 366.4 328.1 400.6 415.7 408.9 373.1 359.5 430.6 409.0 392.2 367.1 362.9 376.5 362.0 348.6 

Domestic 690.0 752.2 862.5 858.5 977.5 920.0 1,018.1 978.4 993.0 969.0 997.0 991.6 998.5 1,009.3 992.6 963.2 970.5 945.7 926.2 

Inland 264.0 335.3 428.3 457.2 485.3 485.0 564.8 544.7 563.4 550.9 561.0 562.7 564.3 572.0 567.0 566.6 570.1 562.3 551.6 Coastal 189.8 182.8 216.3 210.4 299.0 281.0 270.9 267.2 258.7 246.5 251.3 241.9 242.6 238.7 226.5 207.6 205.9 202.9 196.3 Great Lakes 140.7 139.4 142.5 117.3 104.4 83.4 99.9 93.8 97.4 99.7 104.1 105.3 104.2 111.3 110.8 103.3 103.7 90.7 92.0 Intraport 94.5 93.3 73.9 71.0 85.4 67.4 78.4 68.6 69.7 67.5 75.2 75.4 80.7 81.5 81.7 80.4 85.8 84.6 81.7 Intraterritory 0.9 1.3 1.5 2.6 3.3 3.1 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.5 5.4 6.2 6.6 5.7 6.5 5.3 5.0 5.3 4.6 

Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freight (Million short tonnes)

NOTES Conversion: 1 short ton=.90718474 short tonnesSOURCES1965-2007: Ibid., Waterborne Commerce of the United States (New Orleans, LA, Annual Issues), available at http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc as of July 14, 2009.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1960: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2004 (New Orleans, LA), 

part 5, tables 1-1, 1-3, and 1-6.KEY: R = revised.Beginning in 1996, shipments of fish are excluded from domestic tonnage totals.
Tonnekilometers Percent

Tonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers PercentTonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent 

Crude oil, total 484.0 100.0 1099.4 100.0 1147.8 100.0 917.2 100.0 855.5 100.0 793.1 100.0 710.9 100.0 663.0 100.0 617.6 100.0 548.9 100.0 549.8 100.0 560.6 100.0 555.4 100.0 546.2 100.0 549.4 100.0 534.3 100.0 489.8 100.0 578.7 100.0

Pipelinesa 420.5 86.9 529.4 48.2 488.2 42.5 488.8 53.3 490.4 57.3 493.9 62.3 492.6 69.3 487.8 73.6 468.8 75.9 413.8 75.4 404.4 73.6 418.4 74.6 415.4 74.8 414.2 75.8 428.5 78.0 438.7 82.1 389.2 79.5 482.8 83.4

Water carriersb 59.3 12.2 565.6 51.4 655.8 57.1 425.1 46.4 361.6 42.3 295.5 37.3 215.1 30.3 172.1 26.0 146.0 23.6 132.9 24.2 143.2 26.0 139.7 24.9 137.4 24.7 129.5 23.7 118.4 21.6 93.1 17.4 97.7 19.9 92.3 15.9

Motor carriers

c 2.0 0.4 3.6 0.3 2.6 0.2 2.2 0.2 2.5 0.3 2.5 0.3 2.5 0.3 2.3 0.4 2.0 0.3 1.8 0.3 1.6 0.3 1.8 0.3 1.9 0.3 1.8 0.3 2.0 0.4 2.0 0.4 2.3 0.5 2.5 0.4

Railroads 2.2 0.5 0.7 0.1 1.2 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.2 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.1 1.0 0.2

Refined petroleum products, total 752.2 100.0 718.7 100.0 597.6 100.0 654.9 100.0 670.0 100.0 699.3 100.0 685.6 100.0 694.5 100.0 715.2 100.0 726.0 100.0 720.1 100.0 701.7 100.0 734.2 100.0 771.4 100.0 773.3 100.0 714.5 100.0 729.8 100.0 709.1 100.0

Pipelinesa 319.7 42.5 329.4 45.8 335.6 56.2 364.0 55.6 387.2 57.8 410.1 58.6 407.5 59.4 417.1 60.1 433.0 60.5 429.1 59.1 436.7 60.6 437.4 62.3 446.3 60.8 461.2 59.8 458.4 59.3 410.1 57.4 425.0 58.2 436.8 61.6

Water carriers 375.8 50.0 336.4 46.8 206.1 34.5 230.4 35.2 223.7 33.4 225.0 32.2 216.5 31.6 214.8 30.9 215.3 30.1 224.0 30.8 213.0 29.6 192.6 27.4 213.2 29.0 231.0 29.9 232.7 30.1 218.0 30.5 217.7 29.8 191.0 26.9

Motor carriers

c 38.3 5.1 35.5 5.0 39.3 6.6 41.2 6.3 35.9 5.4 40.9 5.8 38.0 5.5 39.0 5.6 40.3 5.6 43.9 6.1 43.4 6.0 42.9 6.1 46.6 6.3 48.5 6.3 48.8 6.3 49.3 6.9 48.9 6.7 48.8 6.9

Railroads 18.4 2.4 17.5 2.4 16.5 2.7 19.4 3.0 23.2 3.5 23.4 3.3 23.7 3.4 23.7 3.4 26.6 3.7 29.1 4.0 27.0 3.8 28.8 4.1 28.2 3.8 30.8 4.0 33.3 4.3 37.1 5.2 38.3 5.2 32.6 4.6

Combined crude and petroleum products, total 1,236.2 100.0 1,818.1 100.0 1,745.4 100.0 1,572.1 100.0 1,525.5 100.0 1,492.4 100.0 1,396.5 100.0 1,357.5 100.0 1,332.8 100.0 1,275.0 100.0 1,269.9 100.0 1,262.3 100.0 1,289.6 100.0 1,317.6 100.0 1,322.7 100.0 1,248.9 100.0 1,219.7 100.0 1,288.0 100.0

Pipelinesa 740.2 59.9 858.8 47.2 823.9 47.2 852.8 54.2 877.6 57.5 904.0 60.6 900.1 64.5 904.9 66.7 901.8 67.7 842.8 66.1 841.1 66.2 855.8 67.8 861.7 66.8 875.4 66.4 886.9 67.1 848.7 68.0 814.2 66.8 919.6 71.4

Water carriersb 435.1 35.2 902.0 49.6 862.0 49.4 655.5 41.7 585.3 38.4 520.5 34.9 431.6 30.9 386.9 28.5 361.3 27.1 356.8 28.0 356.2 28.1 332.3 26.3 350.5 27.2 360.5 27.4 351.1 26.5 311.1 24.9 315.4 25.9 283.2 22.0

Motor carriers

c 40.3 3.3 39.1 2.2 41.9 2.4 43.4 2.8 38.4 2.5 43.4 2.9 40.4 2.9 41.3 3.0 42.3 3.2 45.7 3.6 45.0 3.5 44.7 3.5 48.5 3.8 50.2 3.8 50.8 3.8 51.4 4.1 51.4 4.2 51.2 4.0

Railroads 20.6 1.7 18.2 1.0 17.7 1.0 20.4 1.3 (R) 24.4 1.6 24.5 1.6 24.4 1.7 24.4 1.8 27.3 2.0 29.6 2.3 27.6 2.2 29.5 2.3 28.9 2.2 31.5 2.4 33.9 2.6 37.7 3.0 38.8 3.2 33.6 2.6

1975: Association of Oil Pipe Lines, Shifts in Petroleum Transportation (Washington, DC), table 6.

1980-85: Ibid., (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1, 2, and 3.

NOTES

Details may not add to totals due to rounding in the source publication.

1.459972 tonne-kilometers = 1 ton mile.

SOURCES

2006 2007 2008

a Beginning with 2006 data, Pipeline data were taken from PHMSA F 7000-1-1. Previously, data were extracted from FERC Form No. 6, which 

included data for federally-regulated pipelines. For 2005, data for federally regulated Pipelines were estimated to include about 90 percent of the total 

national ton-miles, so the Pipeline statistics for that year were adjusted to include an additional 10 percent of ton-miles. From 1990 through 2004, the 

federally regulated estimate was 84 percent with a 16 percent addition for other Pipeline ton-miles.

b The large increase in Water carrier Ton-miles between 1975 and 1980 reflects the entrance of the Alaska pipeline, moving crude petroleum for water 

transportation to U.S. refineries.

1999 2004 2005

c The amount carried byMotor carriers is estimated.

2000 2001 2002 2003

1990-2009: Ibid., (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1, 2, and 3, available at http://www.aopl.org/publications/?fa=reports as of Mar. 23, 2011.

Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode (billions)

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009

Total petroleum demand 21,016 24,541 31,156 34,533 36,086 32,625 (R) 35,400 34,654 (R) 35,373 35,602 36,464 36,332 37,637 38,150 38,843 39,921 40,370 40,288 40,330 40,944 42,511 42,615 42,155 41,959 39,332 37,210

Transportation 10,688 12,524 16,153 18,584 20,055 20,543 22,815 22,550 22,867 23,185 23,734 24,217 24,862 25,123 25,766 26,479 27,095 26,811 27,339 27,497 28,406 28,811 29,172 29,290 27,878 26,737

Industrial 6,067 7,164 8,219 8,595 10,049 8,164 8,734 8,426 9,053 8,880 9,284 9,087 9,550 9,800 9,616 9,912 9,621 9,725 9,716 9,740 10,407 10,206 10,345 10,008 9,017 8,203

Residential and commercial 3,682 4,083 4,547 4,014 3,203 (R) 2,767 2,490 2,413 2,407 2,350 2,329 2,232 2,362 2,249 2,083 2,251 2,447 2,406 2,261 2,436 2,418 2,296 1,954 1,967 1,943 1,859

Electric utilities 579 771 2,237 3,340 2,779 1150 1,360 1,264 1,045 1,186 1,117 796 862 978 1,378 1,278 1,207 1,347 1,014 1,271 1,279 1,303 684 693 493 411

Transportation as percent of total 

petroleum demand 50.86 51.03 51.85 53.82 55.58 62.97 (R) 64.45 65.07 (R) 64.65 65.12 65.09 66.66 66.06 65.85 66.33 66.33 67.12 66.55 67.79 67.16 66.82 67.61 69.20 69.81 70.88 71.85

SOURCES

1960-70: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1997, DOE/EIA-0384(97) (Washington, DC: July 1998), tables 2.1, 5.12b, and A3. 

1975-2009: Ibid., Monthly Energy Review (Washington, DC: May 2010), tables 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/mer/consump.html as of June 14, 2010.

The sum of components may not add to totals due to rounding.

Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector (Petajoules)

KEY: R = revised.

NOTES

Transportation's share of U.S. petroleum demand in this table differs slightly from table 4-1 because this table takes into account differences within sectors in the use of various grades of petroleum-based fuel that have a different 

Btu content per unit volume. 

1,055.06 petajoules = 1 quadrillion British thermal unit (Btu).
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Air

Certificated carriersa

Jet fuel (million liters) 7,397 14,721 29,742 28,610 32,249 38,289 46,228 43,002 43,903 45,273 47,320 48,498 49,919 51,700 50,358 54,853 52,631 49,635 46,512 47,003 50,649 50,286 49,284 49,206 47,202

General aviationb

Aviation gasoline (million liters) 916 1,105 2,086 1,560 1,968 1,594 1,336 1,340 1,189 1,014 1,007 1,086 1,092 1,106 1,178 1,307 1,260 1,057 1,047 1,031 1,033 (R) 1,368 1,331 (R) 1,328 (P) 1,321

Jet fuel (million liters) N 212 787 1,715 2,900 2,616 2,510 2,184 1,870 1,719 1,756 2,120 2,300 2,430 3,084 3,662 3,679 3,477 3,552 3,529 4,659 5,486 5,939 5,843 (P) 5,866

Highway

Gasoline, diesel and other fuels (million liters)

Passenger car and motorcycle 155,849 188,222 256,950 281,078 265,683 271,414 264,067 244,163 248,425 254,554 257,707 258,424 262,781 265,335 272,175 278,207 277,375 279,180 286,413 286,352 286,192 280,442 284,776 281,548 270,646

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclec N U 46,610 72,229 90,078 103,580 134,802 144,667 154,933 162,209 166,982 172,632 179,255 186,953 191,019 200,093 200,395 202,602 209,031 229,994 240,059 247,638 229,719 234,076 231,663

Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck N 52,420 15,021 20,517 26,206 28,008 31,635 30,934 31,180 32,131 34,190 34,887 35,617 36,249 25,805 35,477 36,200 36,595 39,068 33,616 33,914 34,228 36,273 38,020 37,433

Combination truck N 25,203 27,815 34,739 49,350 53,015 61,070 63,629 65,170 67,183 70,609 74,865 76,437 76,850 95,233 92,884 97,155 96,573 100,236 90,151 91,573 92,406 106,395 108,056 101,504

Bus 3,131 3,312 3,104 3,986 3,854 3,157 3,388 3,271 3,324 3,517 3,649 3,663 3,747 3,886 3,937 4,347 4,210 3,883 3,784 3,668 5,148 5,031 4,347 4,334 4,200

Transitd

Electricity (million kWh) 2,908 2,584 2,561 2,646 2,446 4,216 4,837 4,853 4,716 4,865 5,081 5,068 (R) 4,923 (R) 4,908 (R) 4,962 (R) 5,126 (R) 5,382 (R) 5,485 (R) 5,529 (R) 5,508 (R) 5,657 (R) 5,765 5,770 6,216 6,337

Motor fuel (million liters)

Diesel 787 939 1,026 1,382 1,632 2,304 2,464 2,518 2,593 2,568 2,567 2,568 (R) 2,025 (R) 2,041 (R) 2,122 (R) 2,180 (R) 2,236 (R) 2,256 (R) 2,548 (R) 2,098 (R) 2,052 (R) 1,819 2,000 1,949 1,890

Gasoline and other nondiesel fuelse 727 469 257 30 42 174 129 129 141 173 227 230 (R) 96 (R) 97 (R) 84 (R) 80 (R) 89 (R) 98 (R) 134 (R) 101 (R) 117 (R) 306 178 194 257

Compressed natural gas N N N N N N N N 4 6 18 41 (R) 43 (R) 73 (R) 109 (R) 132 (R) 165 (R) 199 (R) 249 (R) 301 (R) 328 (R) 355 419 408 427

Rail, Class I (in freight service)

Distillate / diesel fuel (million liters) 13,109 13,597 13,419 13,843 14,778 11,773 11,792 11,000 11,375 11,689 12,621 13,173 13,548 13,533 13,563 14,063 14,006 14,044 14,120 14,483 15,365 15,513 15,868 15,376 14,710

Amtrak

Electricity (million kWh) N N N 180 254 295 330 303 300 301 309 336 363 390 416 443 470 456 518 537 551 531 549 578 582

Distillate / diesel fuel (million liters) N N N 238 242 246 310 310 310 314 278 274 270 286 288 300 359 367 320 282 260 248 236 234 240

Water 

Residual fuel oil (million liters) 14,960 11,708 14,286 15,369 33,887 17,375 23,947 25,639 24,844 19,994 20,390 22,282 21,582 18,965 21,276 22,100 24,264 20,477 18,351 14,664 17,755 19,603 21,780 23,950 19,176

Distillate / diesel fuel oil (million liters) 2,979 2,468 3,100 4,156 5,595 6,431 7,817 7,745 8,398 8,157 8,288 8,854 9,429 9,743 9,823 9,158 8,560 7,738 7,870 8,392 8,099 7,592 7,204 7,283 4,495

Gasoline (million liters) N N 2,264 2,763 3,982 3,986 4,921 6,473 4,982 3,307 3,314 4,014 3,761 3,737 3,620 4,157 4,256 3,762 4,093 4,192 3,804 4,773 4,684 4,624 4,302

Pipeline

Natural gas (million cubic meters) (R) 9,828 (R) 14,173 (R) 20,449 (R) 16,507 (R) 17,970 (R) 14,265 (R) 18,683 (R) 17,027 (R) 16,642 (R) 17,678 (R) 19,407 (R) 19,831 (R) 20,145 (R) 21,279 (R) 17,994 (R) 18,273 (R) 18,185 (R) 17,696 (R) 18,885 (R) 16,749 (R) 16,032 (R) 16,537 16,543 17,595 18,348

Table 4-5M: Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation
1960-2008: U.S. Department of Energy, Natural Gas Annual 2008, DOE/EIA-0131(04) (Washington, DC: March 2010), table 15 and similar tables in earlier editions, 

available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/natural_gas/data_publications/natural_gas_annual/nga.html as of May 28, 2010. 

NOTE

1 gallon = 3.785412 liters; 1 cubic foot = 0.028316 cubic meters.

Certificated air carriers:

KEY: kWh = kilowatt-hour; N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable. 

a

 Domestic operations only.

b

 Includes fuel used in air taxi operations, but not commuter operations. Data for 1996 are estimated using new information on nonrespondents and are therefore not 

comparable to earlier years. See the accuracy statement in the appendix for more detailed information.

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), 

table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 29, 2010.

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 28, 

2010.

Transit:

d

 Data from 1997-2008 are not comparable to data before 1997 due to different sources..Prior to 1984, excludes commuter rail, automated guideway, ferryboat, 

demand responsive vehicles, and most rural and small systems.

e

 Gasoline and all other nondiesel fuels such as liquefied natural gas, methanol, and propane, except compressed natural gas.

c

 1965 data is included in Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck category.

SOURCES

Air:

1960-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Fuel Cost and Consumption, available at 

http://www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information as of Mar. 4, 2010.

General aviation:

1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation - 1972 edition (Washington, DC: 1973), table 

9.12.

1975-93: Ibid., General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 5.1, and similar tables in earlier editions.

1994-2008: Ibid., FAA Aerospace Forecasts Fiscal Years 2009-2025 (Washington, DC: March 2009), tables 22 and 30, and similar tables in earlier editions, available 

at http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/aerospace_forecasts/2009-2025/media/2009%20Forecast%20Doc.pdf as of May 28, 2010.

Highway:

Electricity / motor fuel / compressed natural gas:

1960-96: American Public Transportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: June 2009), tables 26, 27, 28 and similar tables in 

earlier editions. 

Rail:

1960-2008: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 40.

Amtrak:

1975-2008: National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), Energy Management Department and Government Affairs Department, personal communication, Jan. 

7, 2010.

1997-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transportation Database , table 17 and similar tables in previous years, 

available at www.ntdprogram.gov as of Mar. 8, 2010.

Gasoline:

Pipeline:

Water:

Residual and distillate / diesel fuel oil:

1960-80: American Petroleum Institute, Basic Petroleum Data Book (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 10, 10a, 12, and 12a.

1985-2008: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 2, 4, and similar 

tables in earlier editions.

1970-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MF-24 and similar tables 

in earlier editions, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 28, 2010.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20

AirCertificated carriersa

Jet fuel 278 554 1,119 1,077 1,213 1,441 1,755 1,639 1,675 1,703 1,764 1,805 1,883 1,932 1,899 2,051 (R) 2,117 (R) 1,975 (R) 1,841 (R) 

General aviationb

Aviation gasoline 31 37 70 52 66 53 45 45 40 34 34 36 37 37 39 44 42 (R) 35 (R) 35 

Jet fuel U 8 30 65 109 98 94 82 70 65 66 80 87 91 116 138 138 (R) 131 (R) 134 (R

HighwayGasoline, diesel and other fuels 

Passenger car and motorcycle 5,430 6,558 8,952 9,793 9,256 9,456 9,200 8,507 8,655 8,869 8,978 9,003 9,155 9,244 9,482 9,693 9,664 9,727 9,978 Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle U U 1,624 2,516 3,138 3,609 4,696 5,040 5,398 5,651 5,818 6,014 6,245 6,513 6,655 6,971 6,982 7,059 7,283 

Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truckc U 2,026 581 793 1,013 1,083 1,223 1,196 1,205 1,242 1,322 1,349 1,377 1,401 998 1,371 1,399 1,415 1,361 

Combination truck U 974 1,075 1,343 1,908 2,049 2,361 2,460 2,519 2,597 2,730 2,894 2,955 2,971 3,682 3,591 3,756 3,733 3,875 

Bus 121 128 120 154 149 122 131 126 128 136 141 142 145 150 152 168 163 150 146 

Transitd

Electricity 10 9 9 10 9 15 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 20 20 20 

Motor fuel

Diesel 30 36 40 53 63 89 95 97 100 99 99 99 101 105 108 112 115 109 106 Gasoline and other nondiesel fuels e 25 16 9 1 1 6 4 4 5 6 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 (R) 7 

Compressed natural gas UUUUUUUU 0 1 1 2 2 3 5 6 8 10 12 

Rail, Class I (in freight service)Distillate / diesel fuel 507 526 519 535 571 455 456 425 440 452 488 509 524 523 524 544 541 543 546 

AmtrakElectricity U U U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U Distillate / diesel fuel U U U 9 9 10 12 12 12 12 11 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 U Water Residual fuel oil 624 489 596 641 1,414 725 999 1,070 1,037 834 851 930 900 791 888 922 1,012 854 766 Distillate / diesel fuel oil 115 95 120 161 216 249 302 299 325 315 320 342 364 377 380 354 331 299 304 Gasoline U U 79 96 139 139 171 226 174 115 115 140 131 130 126 145 148 131 143 PipelineNatural gas 378 544 786 634 690 548 718 654 639 679 746 762 774 817 691 702 699 680 725 

Table 4-6M: Energy 

Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Petajoules)
Jet fuel = 37,626,700 joules/liter

Aviation gasoline = 33,501,698 joules/literAutomotive gasoline = 34,839,537 joules/literDiesel motor fuel = 38,657,950 joules/liter1994-2007: Ibid., FAA Aerospace Forecasts FY 2009-2025 (Washington, DC: March 2009), table 34 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/ as of August 20, 2009.Highway:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of September 28, 2009.American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book, Appendix A: Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 29, 30, 31 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/transitstats.aspx as of September 28, 2009.SOURCESAir:Certificated air carriers:U.S. Department of Energy, Natural Gas Annual, DOE/EIA-0131(04) (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 15 and 

similar tables in earlier editions. 1960-80: American Petroleum Institute, Basic Petroleum Data Book (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 10, 10a, 

12, and 12a.1985-2007: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 2, 4, and similar tables in earlier editions.Gasoline:1970-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table MF-24 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of September 28, 2009.Rail:

Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual issues).

Amtrak:1975-2001: Amtrak, Energy Management Department, personal communication.U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Fuel Cost and Consumption , available at 

http://www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information as of August 20, 2009.1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation - 

1972 edition (Washington, DC: 1973), table 9.12.General aviation:Water:Residual and distillate / diesel fuel oil:Pipeline:1995-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of September 28, 2009.Transit:Electricity / motor fuel / compressed natural gas:1975-93: Ibid., General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 5.1, and similar 

tables in earlier editions.The following conversion rates were used:

Distillate fuel = 38,655,829 joules/liter

KEY: P = preliminary; R = revised, U = data are unavailable.

a Domestic operations only.b Includes fuel used in air taxi operations, but not commuter operations.d Prior to 1984, excludes commuter rail, automated guideway, ferryboat, demand responsive vehicles, and most rural 

and smaller systems.

Electricity 1kWh = 3,600,000 joules/kWh, negating electrical system losses. To include approximate electrical system losses, multiply this conversion factor by 3.

c1965 data includes other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.

1.055056 petajoules = 1 trillion British thermal unit (Btu).

eGasoline and all other nondiesel fuels such as liquefied natural gas, methanol, and propane, except compressed 

NOTES

Compressed natural gas = 38,657,950 joules/literResidual fuel = 41,723,829 joules/literNatural gas = 38,413,974 joules/m 3
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 (R) 2003 

TOTAL demand 230,005 269,471 339,178 389,882 396,854 407,121 430,044 424,806 434,878 441,300 449,392 455,209 464,074 470,279 484,449 498,845 499,261 (R) 506,261 (R) 522,543 526,764 Highway 209,820 253,541 324,025 376,094 383,019 391,960 414,614 408,496 420,084 430,282 437,904 443,125 452,412 457,800 472,018 487,345 487,879 490,900 (R) 506,247 509,679 Nonhighway, total 20,185 15,930 15,152 13,788 13,834 15,160 15,430 16,310 14,795 11,018 11,488 12,083 11,662 12,479 12,431 11,500 11,382 (R) 15,361 16,297 17,086 

Agriculture 8,675 7,432 7,313 5,924 4,009 4,091 2,579 2,949 3,049 3,204 3,452 3,508 3,475 3,727 3,433 2,661 2,469 3,034 3,149 3,229 

Aviationa 5,011 1,898 1,488 1,551 1,563 1,444 1,366 1,282 1,303 1,289 1,379 1,389 1,301 1,267 1,329 1,219 1,120 1,347 1,293 1,152 

Marine 230 365 2,264 2,762 3,983 3,986 4,923 6,472 4,994 3,307 3,394 4,014 3,761 3,737 3,619 4,156 4,256 3,762 4,093 4,192 

Other

b

6,270 6,235 4,087 3,551 4,280 5,639 6,562 5,608 5,448 3,218 3,263 3,172 3,124 3,749 4,050 3,464 3,537 7,218 7,762 8,512 

KEY: R = revised.

2002-07: Ibid., personal communication, June 21, 2010.2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MF-21, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 21, 2010.NOTESHighway: 1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics , Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC: 1996), table MF-221, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 17, 2010.1995-2001: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MF-21, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 17, 2010.SOURCES2002-07: Ibid., personal communication, June 21, 2010.2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables MF-21 and MF-24, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 21, 2010.

Table 4-7M: Domestic Demand for Gasoline (Million liters) by Mode

Nonhighway:1960-2001: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables MF-21 and MF-24, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 17, 2010.

a Does not include aviation jet fuel.b Includes state, county, and municipal use, industrial and commercial use, construction use, and miscellaneous.

All nonhighway uses of gasoline were estimated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 1 gallon = 3.785412 liters.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2

Number of aircraft 2,135 2,125 2,679 2,495 3,808 4,678 6,083 6,054 7,320 7,297 7,370 7,411 7,478 7,616 8,111 8,228 8,055 8,497 8,194 8,176 Average kilometers flown per aircraft (thousands) 784 1,074 1,528 1,500 1,236 1,191 1,250 1,239 1,077 1,128 1,169 1,222 1,259 1,272 1,233 1,281 1,387 1,289 1,343 1,450 Aircraft-Kilometers (millions)Domestic operations 1,381 1,825 3,328 3,135 4,060 4,902 (R) 6,378 (R) 6,203 (R) 6,429 (R) 6,689 (R) 7,046 (R) 7,448 (R) 7,736 (R) 7,897 (R) 8,095 (R) 8,572 (R) 9,112 8,923 9,037 9,826 1International operations 293 457 764 607 645 668 (R) 1,224 (R) 1,298 (R) 1,455 (R) 1,542 (R) 1,570 (R) 1,606 (R) 1,679 (R) 1,793 (R) 1,909 (R) 1,972 (R) 2,063 2,033 1,965 2,031 Fuel consumption (million liters)Domestic operations (R) 7,398 (R) 14,721 (R) 30,318 28,610 32,249 38,289 46,648 43,557 44,527 45,268 46,880 47,967 50,033 51,341 50,479 54,518 56,272 52,496 48,916 49,520 5

International operations (R) 2,141 (R) 4,846 (R) 8,086 7,378 6,614 9,418 14,797 14,913 15,596 15,571 16,196 16,817 17,483 18,605 18,636 19,875 20,850 20,198 19,226 19,755 2

Aircraft-Kilometers flown per literDomestic operations (R) 0.19 (R) 0.12 (R) 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.13 (R) 0.14 (R) 0.14 (R) 0.14 (R) 0.15 (R) 0.15 (R) 0.16 (R) 0.15 (R) 0.15 (R) 0.16 (R) 0.16 (R) 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.20 International operations (R) 0.14 (R) 0.09 (R) 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.07 (R) 0.08 (R) 0.09 (R) 0.09 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 

Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travela

1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, available at http://www.bts.gov/xml/air_traffic/src/index.xml#CustomizeTable as of June 7, 2010.Fuel consumption:1960-75: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/oai/fuel/fuelyearly.html as of June 25, 2004.1980-2008: Ibid., Fuel Cost and Consumption, available at http://www.bts.gov/xml/fuel/report/src/index.xml as of Apr. 28, 2010.1960: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics 1969 (Washington, DC: 1970), part III, tables 2 and 13.

1965-1970: Ibid., Handbook of Airline Statistics 1973 (Washington, DC: 1974), part III, tables 2 and 13.

1975-1980: Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: December 1976), pp. 4 and 14; and (December 1981), pp. 2 and 3.

1985-1995: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, 

DC: Annual December Issues), pp. 2 and 3, line 27 plus line 50.1998-2008: Aerospace Industries Association, Aerospace Facts and Figures (Washington DC: Annual Issues), "Active U.S. Air Carrier Fleet", p. 94 and 

similar pages in earlier editions.Aircraft-miles flown:SOURCESNumber of aircraft:1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1970 edition (Washington, DC: 1970), table 5.3.1970-75: Ibid., FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1979 (Washington, DC: 1979), table 5.1.

1990-97: Ibid., FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1997 (Washington, DC: unpublished), personal communication, Mar. 19, 1999.

1980-85: Ibid., FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1986 (Washington, DC: 1986), table 5.1.

1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.3.785412 liters = 1 gallon.NOTES

a Aircraft operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135
Table 4-9M: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Vehicles registered (thousands)a 73,858 90,358 111,242 137,913 161,490 177,133 193,057 192,314 194,427 198,041 201,802 205,427 210,441 211,580 215,496 220,461 225,821 235,331 

Vehicle-kilometers traveled (millions) 1,156,735 1,428,795 1,785,928 2,136,668 2,457,943 2,856,306 3,451,016 3,495,576 3,616,439 3,695,662 3,794,170 3,898,951 4,000,585 4,122,648 4,235,024 4,330,835 4,420,747 4,501,797 

Fuel consumed (million liters) 219,100 269,158 349,503 412,549 435,171 459,174 494,962 486,664 503,036 519,593 533,134 544,471 557,837 569,273 588,174 611,007 615,334 618,833 

Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands) 15.7 15.8 16.1 15.5 15.2 16.1 17.9 18.2 18.6 18.7 18.8 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.7 19.6 19.6 19.1 

Average kilometers traveled per gallon 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.6 6.2 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.3 

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (liters) 2,966 2,979 3,142 2,991 2,695 2,592 2,564 2,531 2,587 2,624 2,642 2,650 2,651 2,691 2,729 2,771 2,725 2,630 

KEY: R = revised.

a Includes personal passenger vehicles, buses, and trucks.

NOTESee tables 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14, and 4-15 for individual highway vehicles.SOURCES 1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 

(Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables MF-21, MV-1, and VM-1.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008

Vehicles registered (thousands)

Passenger cars 61,671 75,258 89,244 106,706 121,601 127,885 133,700 128,300 126,581 127,327 127,883 128,387 129,728 129,749 131,839 132,432 133,621 137,633 135,921 135,670 136,431 136,568 135,400 135,933 137,080 

Motorcycles 574 1,382 2,824 4,964 5,694 5,444 4,259 4,177 4,065 3,978 3,757 3,897 3,872 3,826 3,879 4,152 4,346 4,903 5,004 5,370 (R) 5,768 6,227 6,679 7,138 7,753 

Vehicle-kilometers traveled (millions)

Passenger carsa 944,685 1,163,556 1,475,768 1,664,062 1,789,591 2,006,852 2,265,956 2,185,489 2,208,020 2,212,848 2,262,738 2,314,237 2,365,501 2,418,129 2,493,802 2,525,222 2,575,412 2,620,546 2,669,055 2,690,950 2,735,708 2,749,437 2,720,651 2,691,575 2,600,459 

Motorcycles U U 4,828 9,012 16,415 14,645 15,450 14,806 15,450 15,933 16,415 15,772 15,965 16,224 16,549 17,033 16,848 15,512 15,372 15,413 16,290 16,824 (R) 19,392 21,920 23,310 

Fuel consumed (million liters)

Passenger carsa 155,849 188,222 256,723 280,650 264,911 270,725 263,344 243,466 247,702 253,804 256,931 257,681 262,030 264,571 271,396 277,406 276,582 278,450 285,690 285,627 285,427 (R) 293,059 283,940 281,548 270,646 

Motorcycles U U 227 428 772 689 723 697 723 750 776 742 751 763 779 801 793 731 723 725 766 715 837 917 970 

Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands)

Passenger carsa 15.3 15.5 16.5 15.6 14.7 15.7 16.9 17.0 17.4 17.4 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.0 19.6 19.8 20.1 20.1 (R) 20.1 19.8 19.0

Motorcycles U U 1.7 1.8 2.9 2.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.4 4.0 (R) 4.1 (R) 4.2 (R) 4.3 (R) 4.1 3.9 (R) 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.0

Average kilometers traveled per liter

Passenger carsa 6.1 6.2 5.7 5.9 6.8 7.4 8.6 9.0 8.9 8.7 8.8 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.6 9.4 (R) 9.6 9.6 9.6

Motorcycles U U 21.3 21.1 21.3 21.3 21.4 21.3 21.4 21.3 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.3 (R) 23.5 (R) 23.2 23.9 24.0

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (liters)

Passenger carsa 2,527.1 2,501.0 2,876.6 2,630.1 2,178.5 2,116.9 1,969.7 1,897.6 1,956.9 1,993.3 2,009.1 2,007.1 2,019.8 2,039.1 2,058.5 2,094.7 2,069.9 2,023.1 2,101.9 2,105.3 2,092.1 2,145.9 (R)2,097.0 2,071.2 1,974.4

Motorcycles U U 80.4 86.2 135.6 126.6 169.8 166.8 177.9 188.4 206.6 190.4 194.0 199.5 200.7 193.0 182.4 149.0 144.5 135.0 (R) 132.9 (R) 114.9 (R) 125.3 128.5 125.2

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tables MV-201 and VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of 

Mar. 23, 2009. 

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 26, 2010.

See table 4-12 for other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.

Average miles traveled per vehicle , Average miles traveled per gallon , and Average fuel consumed per vehicle are derived by calculation.

1 Gallon = 3.785412 liters.

1 Mile = 1.609344 Kilometers.

SOURCES

NOTES

Table 4-11M: Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a 1960 and 1965 data include Motorcycles .
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008

Number registered (thousands) 14,211 20,418 27,876 37,214 48,275 53,033 57,091 59,994 62,904 65,738 69,134 70,224 71,330 75,356 79,085 84,188 85,011 87,187 (R) 91,845 95,337 99,125 101,470 101,235

Vehicle-kilometers traveled (millions) 197,949 323,478 468,319 629,254 925,373 1,044,464 1,137,806 1,200,571 1,231,148 1,271,382 1,314,094 1,369,132 1,397,353 1,450,054 1,485,519 1,517,945 1,554,681 1,583,746 1,653,060 1,675,409 1,742,099 1,790,026 1,784,123

Fuel consumed (million liters) 46,610 72,229 90,078 103,580 134,802 144,667 154,933 162,209 166,982 172,634 179,255 186,953 191,020 200,093 200,395 202,602 209,031 229,994 240,060 222,843 229,719 234,076 231,663

Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands) 13.9 15.8 16.8 16.9 19.2 19.7 19.9 20.0 19.6 19.3 19.0 19.5 19.6 19.2 18.8 (R) 18.0 18.3 18.2 18.0 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.6

Average kilometers traveled per liter 4.2 4.5 5.2 6.1 6.9 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.4 6.9 6.9 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.7

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (liters) 3,279.9 3,537.5 3,231.4 2,783.4 2,792.4 2,727.8 2,713.8 2,703.8 2,654.6 2,626.1 2,592.9 2,662.2 2,678.0 2,655.3 2,533.9 (R) 2,406.6 2,458.9 2,638.0 2,613.7 2,337.4 2,317.5 2,306.9 2,288.4

1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWAPL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as 

of Mar. 23, 2009.

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 26, 2010.

1 Gallon = 3.785412 Liters. 

1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers. 

Table 4-12M: Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

KEY: R = revised.

NOTES

Nearly all vehicles in this category are light trucks, which include vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles. In 1995, the 

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration revised its vehicle categories beginning with 1993 data. 

The new categories are passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck, and combination 

truck. Prior to 1993, some minivans and sport utility vehicles were included under the passenger car category. 

SOURCES
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Number registered (thousands) 3,681 4,232 4,374 4,593 4,487 4,481 4,370 4,408 4,906 5,024 5,266 5,293 5,735 5,763 5,926 5,704 5,651 5,849 6,1

Vehicle-kilometers (millions) 43,613 55,683 64,052 73,064 83,525 85,134 86,744 91,411 98,653 100,914 103,114 107,654 109,469 113,143 113,459 116,594 122,094 125,138 126,2Fuel consumed (million liters) 15,021 20,517 26,206 28,008 31,635 30,934 31,180 32,131 34,190 34,886 35,617 36,249 36,874 35,477 36,200 36,595 39,068 33,616 33,9

Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands) 11.8 13.2 14.6 15.9 18.6 19.0 19.9 20.7 20.1 20.1 19.6 20.3 19.1 19.6 19.1 20.4 21.6 21.4 2Average kilometers traveled per liter 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.7 

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (liters) 4,080.1 4,848.5 5,991.7 6,097.9 7,050.3 6,903.7 7,135.4 7,289.4 6,968.4 6,944.4 6,763.4 6,848.1 6,429.7 6,156.2 6,108.7 6,416.1 6,913.9 5,747.8 5,50

In 1995, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration revised its vehicle categories beginning with 1993 data to include passenger cars, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks, and combination trucks. Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire with at least 2 axles and 6 tires. Pre-1993 data have been reassigned to the most appropriate category. 1 Gallon = 3.785412 liters and 1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers.SOURCES 1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of April 16, 2009. 1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Aug. 3, 2010.KEY: R = revised.

a Beginning in 1998, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) used the Census Bureau's 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) for its baseline estimate of single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks. Prior to 1998, the FHWA used the Census Bureau's 1992 Transportatio

its baseline estimates. Therefore, post-1997 data may not be comparable to 1997 and earlier years.

NOTES 

Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel a
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Number registered (thousands) 787 905 1,131 1,417 1,403 1,709 1,691 1,675 1,680 1,682 1,696 1,747 1,790 1,997 2,029 2,097 2,154 2,277 1,908 2,010 2,0Vehicle-kilometers traveled (millions) 51,016 56,488 75,156 110,562 125,690 151,761 155,463 160,130 165,923 175,258 185,879 191,349 200,499 206,574 213,051 217,294 219,811 223,276 225,566 229,122 231,7

Fuel consumed (million liters) 25,203 27,815 34,739 49,350 53,015 61,070 63,629 65,170 67,183 70,609 74,864 76,437 76,850 95,233 92,884 97,155 96,573 100,236 90,151 91,573 104,8

Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands) 64.9 62.4 66.5 78.0 89.6 88.8 91.9 95.6 98.7 104.2 109.6 109.6 112.0 103.4 105.0 103.6 102.0 98.1 118.2 114.0 11Average kilometers traveled per liter 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.5 

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (liters) 32,044.4 30,732.3 30,721.9 34,830.6 37,779.5 35,736.6 37,620.7 38,898.8 39,982.9 41,991.8 44,148.0 43,763.7 42,933.9 47,679.9 45,788.0 46,339.0 44,830.6 44,027.8 47,240.0 45,550.9 50,22

NOTES1 Gallon = 3.785412 liters.

Table 4-14M: Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travela

a Beginning in 1998, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) used the Census Bureau's 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) for its baseline estimate of 

combination trucks. Prior to 1998, the FHWA used the Census Bureau's 1992 Transportation Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS) for its baseline estimates. Therefore, post1997 data may not be comparable to 1997 and earlier years.

KEY: R = revised.1965-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), 

table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009.1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 26, 2010.1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers.SOURCES 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008

Number registered (thousands) 272 314 378 462 529 593 627 631 645 654 670 686 695 698 716 729 746 750 761 777 795 807 822 834 843

Vehicle-kilometers traveled (millions) 6,920 7,564 7,242 9,817 9,817 7,242 9,173 9,334 9,334 9,817 10,300 10,300 10,562 11,011 11,277 12,331 12,215 11,389 11,016 10,916 10,945 11,233 10,917 11,233 11,449

Fuel consumed (million liters) 3,131 3,312 3,104 3,986 3,854 3,157 3,388 3,271 3,324 3,517 3,649 3,664 3,747 3,886 3,938 4,347 4,210 3,883 3,784 3,668 5,149 (R) 4,240 4,347 4,334 4,200

Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands) 25.4 24.1 19.2 21.2 18.6 12.2 14.6 14.8 14.5 15.0 15.4 15.0 15.2 15.8 15.8 16.9 16.4 (R) 15.2 14.5 14.1 13.8 13.9 13.3 13.5 13.6

Average kilometers traveled per liter 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.1 (R) 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.7

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (liters) 11,503.9 10,539.0 8,221.3 8,624.9 7,287.5 5,319.5 5,403.5 5,180.9 5,155.0 5,373.6 5,443.0 5,345.4 5,393.5 5,571.0 5,503.7 5,964.5 5,641.8 5,181.1 4,973.9 4,723.3 6,474.3 (R) 5,253.3 5,288.8 5,193.7 4,980.9

1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers.

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, available 

at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009.

Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel

KEY: R = revised.

NOTES

This table Includes data for both publicly and privately owned school, transit, and other commercial buses.

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 26, 2010.

1 Gallon = 3.785412 liters.

SOURCES
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Number of vehicles (thousands) 65 62 61 62 75 94 93 97 103 108 116 116 94 98 100 103 106 111 112 115 Vehicle-kilometers traveled (millions) 3,449 3,232 3,031 3,502 3,680 4,491 5,217 5,321 5,399 5,528 5,580 5,713 4,427 4,592 4,780 5,007 5,154 5,341 5,525 5,594 Electric power consumed (million kJ) (R) 31,406,400 (R) 27,907,200 (R) 27,658,800 (R) 28,576,800 (R) 26,416,800 (R) 45,532,800 (R) 52,239,600 (R) 52,412,400 (R) 50,932,800 (R) 52,542,000 (R) 54,874,800 (R) 54,734,400 (R) 53,166,175 (R) 53,003,439 (R) 53,584,844 (R) 55,357,631 (R) 58,121,648 (R) 59,233,940 (R) 59,716,280 (R) 59,486,622 (R) 61,098Primary energy consumed (thousand liters)

Diesel 787,744 940,296 1,024,332 1,381,903 1,633,027 2,304,324 2,464,417 2,517,897 2,592,795 2,568,444 2,567,365 2,567,592 2,025,035 2,040,977 2,121,525 2,179,979 2,235,701 2,255,796 2,547,732 2,098,201 2,051Gasoline and other nondiesel fuels b 726,421 470,148 258,165 28,678 43,154 173,008 128,348 130,472 140,738 172,887 227,136 229,888 95,494 97,382 83,684 79,862 89,492 98,453 133,983 101,033 116

Compressed natural gas NNNNNNNN 3,819 5,977 18,302 40,655 43,443 73,204 109,018 131,826 165,333 198,772 248,980 300,774 327

1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database , tables 19 and 17 and similar tables in previous editions, available at 

www.ntdprogram.gov as of Dec. 9, 2010.This table is not comparable to previous editions due to a change in the unit of measure of power consumption.1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.3.785412 liters = 1 gallon.SOURCE1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book Appendix A: Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 7, 17, 29, 

30, 31 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/transitstats.aspx as of Apr. 1, 2010.

Table 4-16M: Transit Industry Electric Power and Primary Energy Consumption a and Travel

NOTESData prior to 1996 are not comparable to data from 1996 onward due to a change in sources with differing methodologies. 2009 data for Gasoline and other nondiesel fuels is 

not comparable to previous years' data due to a change in the reporting requirements that require transit agencies to submit energy consumption data for both purchased transportation (PT) services and directly operated (DO) transportation services. The major effect of this reporting change occurred within the following modes: Demand Response, Motor Bus, Publico, and Vanpool. The heat equivalent factor used in joule conversion for electric = 3,600 kJ/kWh, negating electrical system losses. This table includes approximate electrical system losses, and thus the conversion factor is multiplied by 3.KEY: kJ = kilojoule; kWh = kilowatt hour; N = data do not exist.

a Prior to 1984, excludes commuter rail, automated guideway, urban ferryboat, demand responsive vehicles, and most rural and smaller systems.b 1960 to 1991 data include propane. Series not continuous between 1991 and 1992. 1992 to 1995 data include propane, liquefied natural gas, bio/soy fuel, biodiesel, 

hydrogen, methanol and ethynol, except compressed natural gas. 1996 to 2001 data include only propane, liquified natural gas, methanol and ethynol. 2002 to 2009 data include the above, and also biodiesel and grain fuel.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Number in useLocomotivesa 29,031 27,780 27,077 27,846 28,094 22,548 18,835 18,344 18,004 18,161 18,505 18,812 19,269 19,684 20,261 20,256 20,028 19,745 20,506 20,774 

Carsb 1,965,486 1,800,662 1,784,181 1,723,605 1,710,827 1,421,686 1,212,261 1,189,660 1,173,136 1,173,132 1,192,412 1,218,927 1,240,573 1,270,419 1,315,667 1,368,836 1,380,796 1,314,136 1,299,670 1,278,980 

Kilometers traveled (millions)Freight train-kilometers c 651 677 687 648 690 559 611 603 628 653 710 738 754 764 764 789 811 804 804 830 

Locomotive unit-kilometers N N N 2,380 2,464 1,976 2,060 1,992 2,057 2,124 2,261 2,326 2,358 2,290 2,317 2,420 2,419 2,378 2,323 2,388 Car-kilometers 45,335 47,212 48,103 44,508 47,117 40,105 42,099 41,244 42,049 43,264 45,842 48,897 51,040 50,952 52,556 54,478 55,667 55,109 55,812 57,220 Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands)Locomotives N N N 85.5 87.7 87.6 109.4 108.6 114.2 117.0 122.2 123.6 122.4 116.3 114.4 119.5 120.8 120.4 113.3 115.0 Cars 23.1 26.2 27.0 25.8 27.5 28.2 34.7 34.7 35.8 36.9 38.4 40.1 41.1 40.1 39.9 39.8 40.3 41.9 42.9 44.7 Average kilometers traveled per literTrains 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Cars 3.46 3.47 3.58 3.22 3.19 3.41 3.57 3.75 3.70 3.70 3.63 3.71 3.77 3.77 3.87 3.87 3.97 3.92 3.95 3.95 Fuel consumed (million liters) 13,109 13,597 13,419 13,843 14,778 11,773 11,792 11,000 11,375 11,689 12,621 13,173 13,548 13,533 13,563 14,063 14,006 14,044 14,120 14,483 Average fuel consumed per locomotivea (thousand liters) 451.5 489.5 495.6 497.1 526.0 522.1 626.0 599.7 631.8 643.7 682.0 700.3 703.1 687.5 669.4 694.3 699.3 711.3 688.6 697.2 

Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight Fuel Consumption and Travel

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.

a For 1960-80, the total includes a small number of steam and electric units, which are not included in the per locomotive fuel consumption figure. b Includes cars owned by Class I railroads, other railroads, car companies, and shippers.c Based on the distance run between terminals and/or stations; does not include yard or passenger train-kilometers.

NOTES1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.3.785412 liters = 1 gallon.SOURCES1993-2001, 2003-04: Ibid., Analysis of Class I Railroads (Washington, DC: Annual issues).

2005-08: Association of American Railroads, personal communication, June 13, 2007, Apr. 24, 2008, and Apr. 28, 2010.All data except for locomotive unit-miles:Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts 2009 (Washington, DC: 2009), pp. 33, 34, 40, 49, and 51, and similar tables in earlier editions.Locomotive unit-miles:1975-92, 2002: Ibid., Railroad Ten-Year Trends (Washington, DC: Annual issues).
1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Number in use

Locomotives 355 419 291 318 316 336 360 338 313 299 332 345 329 378 401 372 442 276 258 319 270 278

Cars 1,913 2,128 1,854 1,863 1,786 1,796 1,853 1,852 1,722 1,730 1,728 1,962 1,992 1,894 2,084 2,896 1,623 1,211 1,186 1,191 1,164 1,177

Kilometers traveled (millions)

Train-kilometers 48 48 48 53 55 55 56 55 51 48 51 53 55 56 58 61 60 60 58 58 60 61

Car-kilometers 407 378 404 484 504 494 488 489 470 444 463 502 550 592 608 609 534 496 426 425 429 437

Locomotive fuel consumed

Electric (million of kWhs) (R) 180 (R) 254 (R) 295 (R) 330 (R) 303 300 301 309 336 363 390 416 443 470 (R) 456 (R) 518 (R) 537 (R) 551 (R) 531 (R) 549 (R) 578 582

Diesel (million liters)a (R) 239 (R) 240 (R) 245 (R) 311 (R) 310 (R) 309 (R) 313 (R) 278 (R) 274 (R) 270 (R) 286 (R) 288 (R) 300 (R) 359 (R) 367 (R) 320 (R) 282 (R) 260 (R) 248 (R) 236 (R) 234 240

Average kilometers traveled per car (thousands) 213 178 218 260 282 275 263 264 273 257 268 256 276 313 292 210 329 410 359 357 369 372

Table 4-18M: Amtrak Fuel Consumption and Travel 

KEY: kWh = kilowatt hour; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

SOURCES

Number of locomotives and cars:

1975–80: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication.

a

 The conversion factor has changed to "3.785412 liters/gallon" from "3.78541178 liters/gallon" in the previous version of this table, in order to be consistent with this conversion 

factor used in the other NTS tables. The reported data will not change due to the change of the precision of the conversion factor, however, the precision of the underlying data have 

changed.

1975-2001: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication.

2001-08: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), personal communication, Jan. 7, 2010.

NOTES

1 Gallon = 3.785412 liters.

1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers.

Car-miles:

1975: Association of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts 1975 (Washington, DC: 1976), p. 40.

1980–85: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs Department, personal communication. 

1990–2000: Ibid., Amtrak Corporate Reporting, Route Profitability System, personal communication, Aug. 22, 2001.

2001–08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier editions.

Locomotive fuel consumed:

1985–2000: Ibid., Amtrak Annual Report , Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).

2001–08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier editions.

Miles traveled:

Train-miles: 

1975–2002: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).

2003–08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier editions.
Motor 

gasoline

 Distillate 

and residual 

fuel oil

Jet fuel and 

aviation gas Otherd Total

FY 1998, total 34.1 188.8 502.1 18.5 743.4 195.7 150.6 45.2 1,134.9

Agriculture 3.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 3.6 2.1 1.6 2.1 9.4

Defense 14.2 170.6 491.9 14.7 691.4 106.8 98.0 32.4 928.6

Energy 0.3 1.3 0.1 0.1 1.8 15.7 6.8 5.9 30.2

GSA 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 9.7 3.4 1.5 14.8

Health and Human Services 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.9 3.1 3.5 0.2 7.7

Interior 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.7 1.7 1.6 0.4 0.0 3.7

Justice 2.4 0.2 1.7 0.0 4.3 3.8 4.5 0.4 13.1

NASA 0.1 0.5 1.2 0.0 1.8 6.9 3.4 0.2 12.2

Postal Service 10.7 5.1 0.0 0.8 16.6 16.8 8.0 0.0 41.4

Transportation 0.0 4.7 6.2 1.7 12.7 5.1 1.5 0.0 19.2

Veterans Affairs 0.6 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.8 9.8 14.5 1.6 27.7

Othera 1.7 3.9 0.9 0.1 6.7 14.5 5.1 0.8 27.0

FY 2007, total (R) 48.4 (R) 223.1 486.9 (R) 5.8 (R) 764.2 (R) 203.8 138.0 (R) 38.6 (R) 1,144.7

Agriculture 2.2 0.5 0.1 0.3 3.2 2.0 1.7 0.2 7.1

Defense 18.8 204.8 480.8 3.3 707.6 106.8 73.3 24.6 912.3

Energy 0.7 1.7 0.0 0.4 2.8 (R) 17.6 6.5 (R) 6.3 (R) 33.3

GSA 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 10.6 7.6 1.8 20.0

Health and Human Services (R) 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.1 (R) 1.1 3.5 5.4 0.4 (R) 10.3

Interior 2.1 1.2 0.0 0.9 4.2 2.2 1.3 0.1 7.8

Justice (R) 3.1 (R) 0.3 0.1 (R) 0.0 (R) 3.5 6.3 11.1 0.8 (R) 21.7

NASA 0.1 0.4 1.1 0.1 1.7 5.8 2.8 0.8 11.2

Postal Service 13.6 3.3 0.0 0.4 17.3 23.7 6.9 0.4 48.3

Transportation 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.0 1.6 3.4 0.8 0.0 5.8

Veterans Affairs 0.8 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.1 11.3 16.4 2.0 31.8

Otherc 6.2 8.3 4.3 0.2 19.1 10.7 4.2 1.1 35.0

FY 2008P

, total 49.2 189.6 532.6 19.1 790.5 185.5 153.4 35.9 1,165.2

Agriculture 2.2 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.3 2.0 1.3 0.3 6.9

Defense 20.3 170.3 527.0 16.4 733.9 106.2 73.3 24.7 938.2

Energy 0.7 1.5 0.0 0.3 2.5 17.6 6.2 3.4 29.8

GSA 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 10.3 7.2 1.7 19.4

Health and Human Services 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.9 3.6 5.9 0.4 10.9

Interior 1.9 1.2 0.1 1.1 4.2 2.3 1.2 0.2 7.9

Justice 2.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 3.1 5.2 10.7 0.5 19.4

NASA 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.1 1.2 5.8 3.0 0.9 10.9

Postal Service 13.9 2.8 0.0 0.1 16.9 9.8 21.8 0.3 48.8

Transportation 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.0 1.2 0.7 3.0 0.2 5.1

Veterans Affairs 0.8 1.1 0.0 0.1 2.0 11.2 15.7 2.0 30.9

Otherc 5.7 10.7 4.2 0.5 21.1 10.7 4.2 1.2 37.1

Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source (Petajoules)

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; FY = fiscal year; GSA = General Services Administration; NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration; P = preliminary.

1 Trillion BTU=1.05506 Petajoules

a

 Includes U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S Information Agency, U.S. 

Department of Housing and Urban Development, Federal Communications Commission, Office of Personnel Management, U.S. Department of State, Federal 

Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Department of the Treasury, National Archives and Records Administration, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Railroad 

Retirement Board, Federal Trade Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and Environmental Protection Agency.

Petroleum

Electricity Natural gas

Coal and 

othere Total
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Air, certificated carrierDomestic operations 5,659 6,633 6,677 5,078 3,764 3,308 3,233 3,062 2,992 2,988 2,913 2,873 2,742 2,731 2,703 2,655 2,546 2,550 2,358 International operations 6,031 6,748 7,202 5,550 2,845 3,345 2,980 3,022 2,792 2,687 2,718 2,736 2,693 2,733 2,804 2,703 2,513 2,599 2,570 Highwaya

Passenger car 2,947 2,921 3,174 3,109 2,850 2,799 2,498 2,395 2,428 2,481 2,472 2,439 2,418 2,397 2,384 2,407 2,353 2,358 2,360 Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 4,465 4,308 3,743 3,259 2,976 2,804 2,790 2,803 2,849 2,975 2,977 2,992 2,995 3,024 2,956 2,612 2,702 Motorcycle b b 1,639 1,543 1,393 1,243 1,460 1,257 1,305 1,352 1,400 1,491 1,489 1,490 1,490 1,490 1,490 1,343 1,291 Transit motor bus NNNN 1,798 2,222 2,441 2,470 2,647 2,586 2,728 2,724 2,751 2,772 2,709 2,651 2,719 2,424 2,327 

Amtrak N N N 1,562 1,408 1,370 1,354 1,297 1,334 1,326 1,269 1,205 1,411 1,442 1,402 1,381 1,399 U U 

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available. a For 1995 and subsequent years, highway passenger-miles were taken directly fromHighway Statistics rather than derived from vehicle-miles and average

b Included in passenger car.

Table 4-20M: Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes (Kilojoule per passenger-kilometer)

NOTESTo calculate total joules, multiply fuel consumed (see tables 4-21, 4-22, 4-24, 4-25) by 37,626,700 joules/liter for air carrier, 34,839,537 joules/liter for passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, and motorcycle, and 38,657,950 joules/liter for transit motor bus and Amtrak diesel consumption; and 3,599,851 joules/KwH for Amtrak electric consumption1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.SOURCESAir:Certificated air carriers:Passenger-kilometers:1960-80: Air Transport Association, Internet site http://www.airlines.org as of Aug. 30, 2004.Fuel consumed:U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Internet site http://www.bts.gov/oai/fuel/fuelyearly.html as of Mar. 27, 2008.1985-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington DC: Annual December issues).Highway:Passenger car:1995-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A. 

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:1970-94: Ibid., Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.

1995-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.

Motorcycle:Amtrak:Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication April 22, 2008.1970-85: Ibid., Highway Statistics Summary to 1985, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.

1990-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.

Transit motor bus:American Public Transportation Association, 2008 Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 2 and 28, and similar tables in earlier editions.
1960 1965 1970 (R) 1975 (R) 1980 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 

Aircraft-kilometers (millions)

Domestic operations 1,381 1,825 3,328 2,635 3,663 4,869 6,378 6,203 6,429 6,689 7,046 7,448 7,736 7,897 8,095 8,572 9,112 8,923 9,037 9,82International operations 293 457 764 537 538 668 1,224 1,298 1,455 1,542 1,570 1,606 1,679 1,793 1,909 1,972 2,063 2,033 1,965 2,03

Available seat-kilometers (millions)

Domestic operations 84,040 152,545 343,048 346,452 525,827 728,641 918,225 887,653 912,562 936,834 962,630 992,094 1,028,392 1,049,334 1,064,768 1,124,715 1,168,853 1,134,267 1,106,127 1,121,67

International operations 21,480 47,529 83,622 103,220 136,011 177,958 293,950 300,091 331,250 340,909 339,746 347,011 355,194 368,039 382,079 391,040 408,850 395,445 365,526 363,00

Passenger-kilometers (millions)

Domestic operations 49,177 83,504 167,608 192,464 307,008 443,959 556,629 544,096 570,938 582,948 625,086 650,033 699,504 725,288 744,730 785,263 829,775 782,956 778,234 813,64

International operations 13,367 27,019 44,358 56,109 86,795 117,863 203,361 201,508 223,619 231,369 239,966 249,258 259,928 272,552 277,096 290,115 310,278 287,015 276,811 271,33

Fuel consumed (million liters)

Domestic operations 7,397 14,721 29,742 28,610 32,249 38,289 46,228 43,002 43,903 45,273 47,320 48,498 49,919 51,700 50,358 54,853 56,272 52,496 48,916 49,52International operations 2,143 4,845 8,491 7,378 6,614 9,418 14,906 14,717 15,442 15,565 16,373 17,078 17,633 18,782 18,607 19,974 20,850 20,197 19,226 19,75

Seats per aircraft

Domestic operations 60.9 83.6 103.1 131.5 143.6 149.6 144.0 143.1 141.9 140.1 136.6 133.2 132.9 132.9 131.5 131.2 128.3 127.1 122.4 114.International operations 73.3 104.0 109.4 192.1 252.7 266.2 240.2 231.2 227.6 221.1 216.4 216.1 211.5 205.3 200.1 198.3 198.2 194.5 186.0 178.

Seat-kilometers per liter

Domestic operations 11.4 10.4 11.5 12.1 16.3 19.0 19.9 20.6 20.8 20.7 20.3 20.5 20.6 20.3 21.1 20.5 20.8 21.6 22.6 22.International operations 10.0 9.8 9.8 14.0 20.6 18.9 19.7 20.4 21.5 21.9 20.7 20.3 20.1 19.6 20.5 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.0 18.

Energy intensity (Kilojoule/passenger-kilometer)

Domestic operations (R) 5,659 (R) 6,633 (R) 6,677 5,593 3,952 3,245 3,125 2,974 2,893 2,922 2,848 2,807 2,685 2,682 2,544 2,628 2,552 2,523 2,365 2,29International operations (R) 6,031 (R) 6,748 (R) 7,202 4,948 2,867 3,007 2,758 2,748 2,598 2,531 2,567 2,578 2,552 2,593 2,527 2,591 2,528 2,648 2,613 2,73

Load factor (percent)

Domestic operations (R) 58.5 (R) 54.7 (R) 48.9 55.6 58.4 60.9 60.6 61.3 62.6 62.2 64.9 65.5 68.0 69.1 69.9 69.8 71.0 69.0 70.4 72.International operations (R) 62.2 (R) 56.8 (R) 53.0 54.4 63.8 66.2 69.2 67.1 67.5 67.9 70.6 71.8 73.2 74.1 72.5 74.2 75.9 72.6 75.7 74.

NOTES

Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All Servicesa

KEY: R = revised.

a U.S. owned carriers only. Operations of foreign-owned carriers in or out of the United States not included.

SOURCESAircraft-kilometers include all four large certificated air-carrier groups (majors, nationals, large regionals, and medium regionals), scheduled and charter, passenger, and all-cargo. Fuel consumed includes majors, nationals, and 

large regionals, scheduled and charter, passenger, and all-cargo.Passenger-kilometers include all four large certificated air-carrier groups, scheduled and charter, passenger service only.International operations include operations outside the United States, including those between the United States and foreign countries and the United States and its territories or possessions. Heat equivalent factor used for conversion is 37,626.7 Kilojoules/liter.1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.Derived by calculation.3.785412 litres = 1 gallon.Load factor : Ratio of Passenger-kilometers to Available seat-kilometers.Aircraft-kilometers, available seat-kilometers, and passenger-kilometers:1960-70: Air Transport Association, available at http://www.air-transport.org/ as of July 31, 2002.1975-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class, available at 

http://www.transtats.bts.gov/Fields.asp?Table_ID=264, as of Dec. 15, 2010.Fuel consumed:U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Airline Fuel Cost and Consumption, available at 

http://www.transtats.bts.gov/fuel.asp as of Dec. 15, 2010.Seats per aircraft, seat-kilometers per liter, energy intensiveness and load factor:
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 200

Vehicle-kilometers (millions)

Passenger car 944,685 1,163,556 1,475,768 1,664,062 1,789,591 2,006,852 2,265,956 2,185,489 2,208,020 2,212,848 2,262,738 2,314,237 2,365,736 2,418,844 2,494,483 2,525,061 2,575,412 2,620,546 2,669,055 2,690Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 197,949 323,478 468,319 629,254 925,373 1,044,464 1,137,806 1,200,571 1,231,148 1,271,382 1,314,834 1,369,552 1,396,911 1,450,019 1,485,519 1,517,945 1,554,681 1,583Motorcycle b b 4,828 9,012 16,415 14,645 15,450 14,806 15,450 15,933 16,415 15,772 15,933 16,254 16,576 17,059 16,848 15,512 15,372 15

Passenger-kilometers (millions)a

Passenger car 1,842,699 2,245,035 2,817,961 3,144,658 3,238,000 3,369,966 3,672,523 3,540,557 3,553,432 3,561,478 3,621,024 3,680,570 3,761,037 3,844,723 3,965,424 4,015,313 4,094,907 4,114,257 4,217,107 4,251Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 363,712 584,192 838,468 1,107,229 1,609,344 1,797,637 1,934,431 2,016,508 2,042,258 2,021,336 2,088,929 2,177,442 2,222,504 2,306,190 2,361,976 2,701,852 2,695,316 2,745Motorcycle b b 4,828 9,656 19,312 19,312 19,312 19,312 19,312 19,312 19,312 17,703 17,703 17,703 17,703 19,312 18,533 18,926 19,523 19

Average occupancy ratePassenger car 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.81 1.68 1.62 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.57 1.58 Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.78 1.73 Motorcycle b b 1.00 1.07 1.18 1.32 1.25 1.30 1.25 1.21 1.18 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.13 1.10 1.22 1.27 

Fuel consumed (million liters)Passenger car 155,849 188,222 256,723 280,650 264,911 270,725 263,344 243,466 247,702 253,804 256,931 257,681 262,030 264,570 271,395 277,406 276,582 278,450 285,690 285Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 46,610 72,229 90,078 103,580 134,802 144,667 154,933 162,209 166,982 172,634 179,254 186,954 191,019 200,093 200,395 202,602 209,031 229Motorcycle b b 227 428 772 689 723 697 723 750 776 742 750 765 780 801 793 730 723 

Energy intensity (Btu/passenger-kilometer)c

Passenger car 2,793 2,768 3,008 2,947 2,702 2,653 2,368 2,271 2,302 2,353 2,343 2,312 2,301 2,272 2,260 2,281 2,230 2,235 2,237 2Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 4,232 4,083 3,548 3,089 2,766 2,657 2,645 2,656 2,700 2,820 2,834 2,835 2,838 2,865 2,802 2,476 2,561 2Motorcycle a a 1,553 1,463 1,320 1,178 1,236 1,191 1,236 1,282 1,327 1,384 1,398 1,426 1,455 1,370 1,412 1,273 1,223 1For 1970-94, the unrevised motorcycle fuel consumed is subtracted from the combined passenger car and motorcycle fuel consumed from VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.

Passenger-miles: 1960-97: Vehicle-miles multiplied by vehicle occupancy rates.1998-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.

Fuel consumed:1970-94: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985 (Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.For 1970-94, the unrevised motorcycle vehicle-miles are subtracted from the combined passenger car and motorcycle vehicle-miles from VM-201A.

1995-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table 

VM-201A.Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:1970-94: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985 (Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.Motorcycle:1995-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.

Vehicle-miles:Passenger car:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table 

VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.

,p p , p y p y , p y p g

car category. Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks are on a single frame with at least 2 axles and 6 tires. Pre-1993 data have been reassigned to the closest available category.Vehicle-miles and passenger-miles data for 1960 through 1999 have been rounded to the nearest billion miles.SOURCES:These new categories include passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck, and combination truck. KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; N = data do not exist; R = revised.

Table 4-22M: Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles

In 1995, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration revised its vehicle type categories for 1993 and later data. 

b Included in passenger car.c Energy Intensity (Btu/passenger-kilometer) is calculated by converting the fuel consumption in liters to the energy equivalent Btu units and dividing by the passenger-miles. 

The heat equivalent factor used for Btu conversion is 33,021.5046605 Btus/liter.

NOTES: 
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Average U.S. passenger car fuel efficiency (kmpl) (calendar year)Passenger cara (R) 6.8 (R) 7.4 (R) 8.6 (R) 9.0 (R) 8.9 (R) 8.8 (R) 8.8 (R) 9.0 (R) 9.0 9.1 (R) 9.2 (R) 9.1 (R) 9.3 (R) 9.4 (R) 9.3 (R) 9.4 (R) 9.6 

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle (R) 5.2 (R) 6.1 (R) 6.9 (R) 7.2 (R) 7.3 (R) 7.4 (R) 7.4 (R) 7.4 (R) 7.3 (R) 7.3 (R) 7.3 (R) 7.2 (R) 7.4 (R) 7.5 (R) 7.4 (R) 6.9 (R) 6.9 New vehicle fuel efficiency (kmpl) b (model year)

Light-duty vehicle

Passenger car 10.3 11.7 11.9 12.1 11.9 12.1 12.0 12.2 12.1 12.2 12.2 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.5 12.5 

Domestic 9.6 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.5 11.8 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.8 12.2 11.9 12.2 12.2 12.4 12.4 12.7 Imported 12.6 13.4 12.7 12.8 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.9 12.6 12.8 12.4 12.3 12.0 12.3 12.2 12.7 12.2 

Light truck (<8,500 lbs GVWR) c 7.9 8.8 8.8 9.1 8.8 8.9 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.9 9.1 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.1 

CAFE standards (kmpl)b (model year)

Passenger car 8.5 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 Light truckd U 8.3 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 

NOTESU.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Summary of Fuel Economy Performance (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://www.nhtsa.gov/ as of Sept. 10, 2010.SOURCESAverage U.S. passenger car fuel efficiency:1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), 

table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/ohimstat.htm as of Sept. 10, 2010.1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.cfm as of Sept. 10, 

2010.New vehicle fuel efficiency (based on model year production) and CAFE standards:The fuel efficiency figures for light duty vehicles represent the sales-weighted harmonic average of the combined passenger car and light truck fuel economies.1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.3.785412 liters = 1 gallon.

Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Passenger Cars and Light Trucks

KEY: CAFE = Corporate Average Fuel Economy; GVWR = gross vehicle weight rating; kmpl = kilometers per liter; R = revised; U = data are not available.

a From 1980 to 1994, passenger car fuel efficiency includes motorcycles.b Assumes 55% city and 45% highway-miles. The source calculated average miles per gallon for light-duty vehicles by taking the reciprocal of the sales-weighted 

average of gallons per mile. This is called the harmonic average. These data were then converted to metric units. 

c Beginning with FY 1999, the total light truck fleet ceased to be categorized by either domestic or import fleets.d No combined figure is available for 1980. In 1980, CAFE standard for 2 wheel drive, and 4 wheel drive light trucks were 6.8, and 6.0 kmpl respectively. 
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 20

Vehicle-kilometers (millions) (R) 2,537 (R) 2,460 2,268 2,456 2,699 2,998 3,428 3,487 3,505 3,556 3,479 3,514 2,692 2,744 2,841 2,931 2,993 3,079 3,077 2Passenger-kilometers (millions) NNNN (R) 35,068 (R) 34,055 33,766 33,941 32,728 32,584 30,307 30,285 25,460 26,565 27,248 28,253 28,365 29,535 29,104 27

Energy consumed

Diesel fuel (million liters) 787 939 1,026 1,382 1,632 1,961 2,132 2,169 2,241 2,179 2,139 2,134 1,763 1,754 1,773 1,804 1,853 1,862 1,773 1Compressed Natural Gas (million liters) N N N N N N N N N N N 38 38 67 103 126 159 193 246 Bio-diesel (million liters) N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 3 Liquefied natural gas (million liters) N N N N N N N N N N N 6 8 12 10 17 33 37 53 Gasoline (million liters) NNNNNNNNNNN 9 4 5 6 4 4 5 4 

Other major fuelsa (million liters) N N N N N N N N N N N N 43 34 16 9 3 4 8 

Powerb (million KWH) NNNNNNNNNNNN 0011113

Energy consumed, total (Billion kilojoules) NNNNNNNNNNNN 69,603.1 69,471.5 69,992.2 71,266.4 73,643.6 74,333.7 71,846.4 68,0

Diesel fuel 30,437.9 36,291.4 39,657.1 53,412.7 63,070.9 75,816.8 82,409.4 83,830.3 86,638.2 84,251.6 82,689.4 82,499.6 68,159.8 67,799.1 68,541.0 69,750.9 71,645.9 71,973.7 68,535.1 64,6Compressed Natural Gas NNNNNNNNNNN 237.4 240.3 420.4 647.0 789.9 999.5 1,211.3 1,542.7 1,8Bio-diesel NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 103.1 1

Liquefied natural gas NNNNNNNNNNN 152.1 200.4 288.9 229.9 392.1 781.3 874.6 1,252.9 1,0Gasoline NNNNNNNNNNN 303.3 132.0 174.5 199.4 142.6 133.7 162.5 139.3 1Other major fuelsa NNNNNNNNNNNN 867.4 786.0 368.0 182.2 73.0 100.9 245.8 2

Powerb N N N N N N N N N N N N 3.2 2.6 6.8 8.7 10.2 10.7 27.5 

Energy intensity (kilojoules/passenger-kilometer) NNNNNNNNNNNN 2,734 2,615 2,569 2,522 2,596 2,517 2,469 2

Gasoline = 34,839.54 kilojoules/liter.Liquefied petroleum gas = 25,446.80 kilojoules/liter.Liquefied natural gas = 23,635.15 kilojoules/liter.Ethanol = 23,579.40 kilojoules/liter.1.055056 kilojoules = 1 British thermal unit (Btu). SOURCES1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Appendix A: Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 2, 6, 30, 32 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/transitstats.aspx as of Aug 23, 2010. Kerosene = 37,626.70 kilojoules/liter.Bunker fuel = 41,723.83 kilojoules/liter.The following conversion rates were used:Diesel =38,657.95 kilojoules/liter.Data from 1996 and after are for those vehicles used for directly operated (DO) services only .NOTES1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database , tables 17, 19, and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Dec. 20, 2010.1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.3.785412 liters = 1 gallon.Grain additive = 33,696.80 kilojoules/liter.Bio-Diesel = 35,174.00 kilojoules/liter.Electricity 1KWH = 3,412 Btu, negating electrical system losses. This table includes approximate electrical system losses, and thus the conversion factor is multiplied by 3.Methanol = 18,005.07 kilojoules/liter.a Before 2002, Other major fuels include liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, ethanol, and bunker fuel. From 2002 to 2009, Other major fuels include liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, ethanol, bunker 

fuel, kerosene, and grain additive.

b Power includes electric propulsion and electric battery.

Table 4-24M: Energy Intensity of Transit Motor Buses 

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.Compressed Natural Gas = 6,271.117 kilojoules/liter.Data from 1996 and after are not comparable to the data for earlier years or to the data published in previous editions of the report due to different data sources used.Energy consumed, total does not include the other types of energy identified in table 17 in the National Transit Database due to the lack of information on the unit of measurement for such data before 2008.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Revenue freight tonne-kilometers (millions) 835,555 1,018,882 1,116,600 1,101,187 1,341,653 1,280,372 1,509,566 1,516,728 1,557,470 1,619,560 1,752,990 1,906,268 1,979,686 1,969,394 2,010,092 2,092,813 2,140,261 2,183,347 2,200,194 2,265,05Car-kilometers (millions) 45,335 47,212 48,103 44,508 47,117 40,105 42,099 41,244 42,049 43,264 45,842 48,897 51,040 50,952 52,556 54,478 55,667 55,109 55,812 57,22Tonnes per car load (R) 40.3 (R) 44.4 (R) 49.8 (R) 55.2 (R) 60.9 (R) 61.4 (R) 60.4 (R) 60.1 (R) 59.9 (R) 58.4 (R) 57.5 (R) 59.2 (R) 60.4 (R) 57.5 (R) 58.2 (R) 57.5 (R) 56.8 (R) 58.1 (R) 57.4 (R) 56

Fuel consumed (million liters) 13,109 13,597 13,419 13,843 14,778 11,773 11,792 11,000 11,375 11,689 12,621 13,173 13,548 13,533 13,563 14,063 14,006 14,044 14,120 14,48Energy intensity (kilojoule / revenue freight tonne-kilometer) (R) 606 (R) 516 (R) 465 (R) 486 (R) 426 (R) 355 (R) 302 (R) 280 (R) 282 (R) 279 (R) 278 (R) 267 (R) 265 (R) 266 (R) 261 (R) 260 (R) 253 (R) 249 (R) 248 (R) 24

Energy intensity (kilojoule / car-kilometer) (R) 11,178 (R) 11,133 (R) 10,784 (R) 12,023 (R) 12,124 (R) 11,347 (R) 10,827 (R) 10,310 (R) 10,457 (R) 10,444 (R) 10,642 (R) 10,414 (R) 10,261 (R) 10,267 (R) 9,976 (R) 9,979 (R) 9,726 (R) 9,851 (R) 9,779 (R) 9,78

NOTES1.055056 kilojoules = 1 British thermal unit (Btu).KEY: R = revised.

Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Class I Railroada Freight Service

The heat equivalent factor used for joule conversion is 38,655.900 joules/liter.1.459972 tonne-kilometer = 1 ton-mile.1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts 2010 (Washington, DC: 2010), pp. 34, 37, and 40, and similar tables in earlier editions.0.9071847 tonnes = 1 ton.3.785412 liters = 1 gallon.SOURCEa The threshold for classification as a Class I Railroads is based on operating revenues; the 2009 threshold is $389.8 million.
appendix b

Glossary

14 CFR 121 (Air): Code of Federal Regulations,

Title 14, part 121. Prescribes rules governing the

operation of domestic, flag, and supplemental air

carriers and commercial operators of large

aircraft. 

14 CFR 135 (Air): Code of Federal Regulations,

Title 14, part 135. Prescribes rules governing the

operations of commuter air carriers (scheduled)

and on-demand air taxi (unscheduled). 

ACCIDENT (Aircraft): As defined by the

National Transportation Safety Board, an occurrence incidental to flight in which, as a result of

the operation of an aircraft, any person (occupant

or nonoccupant) receives fatal or serious injury or

any aircraft receives substantial damage.

ACCIDENT (Automobile): See Crash (Highway) 

ACCIDENT (Gas): 1) An event that involves the

release of gas from a pipeline or of liquefied natural gas (LNG) or other gas from an LNG facility

resulting in personal injury necessitating inpatient hospitalization or a death; or estimated

property damage of $50,000 or more to the operator or others, or both, including the value of the

gas that escaped during the accident; 2) An event

that results in an emergency shutdown of an LNG

facility; or 3) An event that is significant in the

judgment of the operator even though it did not

meet the criteria of 1) or 2).

ACCIDENT (Hazardous liquid or gas): Release of

hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide while being

transported, resulting in any of the following: 1)

An explosion or fire not intentionally set by the

operator; 2) Loss of 50 or more barrels of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide; 3) Release to the

atmosphere of more than 5 barrels a day of highly

volatile liquids; 4) Death of any person; 5) Bodily

harm resulting in one or more of the following: a)

The loss of consciousness, b) The necessity of carrying person from the scene, c) The necessity for

medical treatment, d) Disability that prevents the

discharge of normal duties; and 6) Estimated

damage to the property of the operators and/or

others, exceeding $50,000.

ACCIDENT (Highway-Rail Grade-Crossing): An

impact between on-track railroad equipment and

an automobile, bus, truck, motorcycle, bicycle,

farm vehicle, or pedestrian or other highway user

at a designated crossing site. Sidewalks, pathways,

shoulders, and ditches associated with the crossing are considered to be part of the crossing site.

ACCIDENT (Rail): A collision, derailment, fire,

explosion, act of God, or other event involving

operation of railroad on-track equipment (standing or moving) that results in railroad damage

exceeding an established dollar threshold. 

ACCIDENT (Recreational Boating): An occurrence involving a vessel or its equipment that

results in 1) A death; 2) An injury that requires

medical treatment beyond first aid; 3) Damage to

a vessel and other property, totaling to more than

$500 or complete loss of a vessel; or 4) The disappearance of the vessel under circumstances that

indicate death or injury. Federal regulations (33

CFR 173-4) require the operator of any vessel

that is numbered or used for recreational purposes to submit an accident report.

ACCIDENT (Transit): An incident involving a

moving vehicle. Includes a vehicle, object, or person (except suicides) or a derailment/left roadway.

ACTIVE AIRCRAFT (General Aviation): All

legally registered civil aircraft that flew one or

more hours. 

AERIAL APPLICATION FLYING (General Aviation): The operation of aircraft for the purposes of

dispensing any substances required for agriculture, health, forestry, seeding, firefighting, and

insect control purposes.

AERIAL OBSERVATION FLYING (General Aviation): Any use of an aircraft for aerial mapping

and photography, surveying, patrolling, fish spotting, search and rescue, hunting, sightseeing, or

highway traffic advisory not included under Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 135.
 Appendix B: Glossary

AIR CARRIER: A person who undertakes

directly, by lease, or other arrangement to engage

in air transportation. More specifically, the commercial system of air transportation comprising

large certificated air carriers, small certificated air

carriers, commuter air carriers, on-demand air

taxis, supplemental air carriers, and air travel

clubs. 

AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER: A

facility established to provide air traffic control

service to aircraft operating on an IFR (instrument flight rule) flight plan within controlled airspace and principally during the en route phase of

flight.

AIR TAXI: An aircraft operator who conducts

operations for hire or compensation in accordance with 14 CFR 135 (for safety purposes) or

FAR Part 135 (for economic regulations/reporting

purposes) in an aircraft with 30 or fewer passenger seats and a payload capacity of 7,500 pounds

or less. An air taxi operates on an on-demand

basis and does not meet the flight scheduled qualifications of a commuter air carrier (see below). 

AIRCRAFT REVENUE HOURS: The airborne

hours in revenue service, computed from the

moment an aircraft leaves the ground until it

lands.

AIRCRAFT REVENUE MILES: The miles (computed in airport-to-airport distances) for each

interairport hop actually completed in revenue

service, whether or not performed in accordance

with the scheduled pattern. For this purpose,

operation to a flag stop is a hop completed even if

a landing is not actually made. In cases where the

interairport distances are inapplicable, aircraftmiles flown are determined by multiplying the

normal cruising speed for the aircraft type by the

airborne hours.

AIRPORT: A landing area regularly used by aircraft for receiving or discharging passengers or

cargo.

AIRPORT/AIRWAY TRUST FUND: See Trust

Funds.

ALTERNATIVE FUELS: The Energy Policy Act

of 1992 defines alternative fuels as methanol,

denatured ethanol, and other alcohol; mixtures

containing 85 percent or more (but not less than

70 percent as determined by the Secretary of

Energy by rule to provide for requirements relating to cold start, safety, or vehicle functions) by

volume of methanol, denatured ethanol, and

other alcohols with gasoline or other fuels.

Includes compressed natural gas, liquid petroleum

gas, hydrogen, coal-derived liquid fuels, fuels

other than alcohols derived from biological materials, electricity, or any other fuel the Secretary of

Energy determines by rule is substantially not

petroleum and would yield substantial energy

security and environmental benefits.

AMTRAK: Operated by the National Railroad

Passenger Corporation of Washington, D.C., this

rail system was created by the Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-518, 84 Stat. 1327) and

given the responsibility for the operation of intercity, as distinct from suburban, passenger trains

between points designated by the Secretary of

Transportation. 

ARTERIAL HIGHWAY: A major highway used

primarily for through traffic.

ASPHALT: A dark brown to black cement-like

material containing bitumens as the predominant

constituent. The definition includes crude asphalt

and finished products such as cements, fluxes, the

asphalt content of emulsions, and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback

asphalt. Asphalt is obtained by petroleum

processing.

AVAILABLE SEAT-MILES (Air Carrier): The aircraft miles flown in each interairport hop multiplied by the number of seats available on that hop

for revenue passenger service. 

AVERAGE HAUL: The average distance, in miles,

one ton is carried. It is computed by dividing tonmiles by tons of freight originated.

AVERAGE PASSENGER TRIP LENGTH (Bus/

Rail): Calculated by dividing revenue passengermiles by the number of revenue passengers.

AVIATION GASOLINE (General Aviation): All

special grades of gasoline used in aviation reciprocating engines, as specified by American Society

of Testing Materials (ASTM) Specification D910

and Military Specification MIL-G5572. 

Includes refinery products within the gasoline

range marketed as or blended to constitute aviation gasoline. 

BARREL (oil): A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S.

gallons.
Appendix B: Glossary 

BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION

(Highway): A measurement of the percentage of

alcohol in the blood by grams per deciliter. 

BRITISH THERMAL UNIT: The quantity of

heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 pound

of water by 1 °F at or near 39.2 °F.

BULK CARRIER (Water): A ship with specialized

holds for carrying dry or liquid commodities, such

as oil, grain, ore, and coal, in unpackaged bulk

form. Bulk carriers may be designed to carry a

single bulk product (crude oil tanker), or accommodate several bulk product types (ore/bulk/oil

carrier) on the same voyage or on a subsequent

voyage after holds are cleaned.

BUS: Large motor vehicle used to carry more than

10 passengers, includes school buses, intercity

buses, and transit buses. 

BUSINESS TRIP (American Travel Survey): A

trip taken for business or business combined with

pleasure, or for attending a convention, conference, or seminar.

CAFE STANDARDS: See Corporate Average Fuel

Economy Standards.

CAR-MILE (Rail): The movement of a railroad

car a distance of 1 mile. An empty or loaded carmile refers to a mile run by a freight car with or

without a load. In the case of intermodal movements, the designation of empty or loaded refers

to whether the trailers/containers are moved with

or without a waybill.

CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE

AND NECESSITY (Air Carrier): A certificate

issued by the Department of Transportation to an

air carrier under Section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act authorizing the carrier to engage in air

transportation.

CERTIFICATED AIR CARRIER: An air carrier

holding a Certificate of Public Convenience and

Necessity issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to conduct scheduled services

interstate. These carriers may also conduct nonscheduled or charter operations. Certificated air

carriers operate large aircraft (30 seats or more or

a maximum load of 7,500 pounds or more) in

accordance with FAR Part 121. See also Large

Certificated Air Carrier.

CERTIFICATED AIRPORTS: Airports that service air carrier operations with aircraft seating

more than 30 passengers.

CHAINED DOLLARS: A measure used to

express real prices, defined as prices that are

adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the

purchasing power of the dollar. Real prices usually reflect buying power relative to a reference

year. The “chained-dollar” measure is based on

the average weights of goods and services in successive pairs of years. It is “chained” because the

second year in each pair, with its weights,

becomes the first year of the next pair. Prior to

1996, real prices were expressed in constant dollars, a weighted measure of goods and services in

a single year. See also Constant Dollars and Current Dollars.

CLASS I RAILROAD: A carrier that has an

annual operating revenue of $250 million or more

after applying the railroad revenue deflator formula, which is based on the Railroad Freight Price

Index developed by the U.S. Department of Labor,

Bureau of Labor Statistics. The formula is the current year's revenues x 1991 average index/current

year's average index.

COASTWISE TRAFFIC (Water): Domestic traffic

receiving a carriage over the ocean, or the Gulf of

Mexico (e.g., between New Orleans and Baltimore, New York and Puerto Rico, San Francisco

and Hawaii, Alaska and Hawaii). Traffic between

Great Lakes ports and seacoast ports, when having a carriage over the ocean, is also considered

coastwise. 

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION: Ratio of the

sampling error (or standard error) of a statistic to

the value of that statistic. Also referred to as relative standard error.

COLLECTOR (Highway): In rural areas, routes

that serve intracounty rather than statewide

travel. In urban areas, streets that provide direct

access to neighborhoods and arterials.

COLLISION WITH OBJECT (Transit): An incident in which a transit vehicle strikes an obstacle

other than a vehicle or person (e.g., building, utility pole). Reports are made if the accident results

in a death, injury, or property damage over

$1,000. 

COLLISION WITH PEOPLE (Transit): An incident in which a transit vehicle strikes a person.

Excludes suicides and suicide attempts. Reports

are made if the incident results in death, injury, or

property damage over $1,000. 
 Appendix B: Glossary

COLLISION WITH VEHICLE (Transit): An incident in which a transit vehicle strikes or is struck

by another vehicle. Reports are made if the incident results in a death, injury, or property damage

over $1,000. 

COMBINATION TRUCK: A power unit (truck

tractor) and one or more trailing units (a semitrailer or trailer).

COMMERCIAL BUS: Any bus used to carry passengers at rates specified in tariffs; charges may be

computed per passenger (as in regular route service) or per vehicle (as in charter service).

COMMERCIAL SERVICE AIRPORT: Airport

receiving scheduled passenger service and having

2,500 or more enplaned passengers per year.

COMMUTER AIR CARRIER: Different definitions are used for safety purposes and for economic regulations and reporting. For safety

analysis, commuter carriers are defined as air carriers operating under 14 CFR 135 that carry passengers for hire or compensation on at least five

round trips per week on at least one route

between two or more points according to published flight schedules, which specify the times,

days of the week, and points of service. On March

20, 1997, the size of the aircraft subject to 14

CFR 135 was reduced from 30 to fewer than 10

passenger seats. (Larger aircraft are subject to the

more stringent regulations of 14 CFR 121.) Helicopters carrying passengers or cargo for hire,

however, are regulated under CFR 135 whatever

their size. Although, in practice, most commuter

air carriers operate aircraft that are regulated for

safety purposes under 14 CFR 135 and most aircraft that are regulated under 14 CFR 135 are

operated by commuter air carriers, this is not necessarily the case. 

For economic regulations and reporting requirements, commuter air carriers are those carriers

that operate aircraft of 60 or fewer seats or a

maximum payload capacity of 18,000 pounds or

less. These carriers hold a certificate issued under

section 298C of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958,

as amended. 

COMMUTER RAIL (Transit): Urban passenger

train service for short-distance travel between a

central city and adjacent suburb. Does not include

rapid rail transit or light rail service.

COMPACT CAR: An automobile industry designation usually consisting of cars with a wheelbase

between 100 and 104 inches.

COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS: Natural gas

compressed to a volume and density that is practical as a portable fuel supply. It is used as a fuel for

natural gas-powered vehicles.

CONSTANT DOLLAR: Dollar value adjusted for

changes in the average price level by dividing a

current dollar amount by a price index. See also

Chained Dollar and Current Dollar.

CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY

STANDARDS (CAFÉ): Originally established by

Congress for new automobiles and later for light

trucks. Under CAFE, automobile manufacturers

are required by law to produce vehicle fleets with

a composite sales-weighted fuel economy not

lower than the CAFE standards in a given year.

For every vehicle that does not meet the standard,

a fine is paid for every one-tenth of a mile per gallon that vehicle falls below the standard.

CORPORATE FLYING (General Aviation): Corporate aircraft piloted by a professional crew.

CRASH (Highway): An event that produces

injury and/or property damage, involves a motor

vehicle in transport, and occurs on a trafficway or

while the vehicle is still in motion after running

off the trafficway.

CRUDE OIL: A mixture of hydrocarbons that

exists in the liquid phase in natural underground

reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface-separating

facilities.

CURRENT DOLLAR: Dollar value of a good or

service in terms of prices current at the time the

good or service is sold. See also Chained Dollar

and Current Dollar.

DEADWEIGHT TONNAGE (Water): The carrying capacity of a vessel in long tons (2,240

pounds). It is the difference between the number

of tons of water a vessel displaces “light” and the

number of tons it displaces when submerged to

the “load line.”

DEMAND-RESPONSIVE VEHICLE (Transit): A

nonfixed-route, a nonfixed-schedule vehicle that

operates in response to calls from passengers or

their agents to the transit operator or dispatcher.
Appendix B: Glossary 

DERAILMENT/LEFT ROADWAY (Transit): A

noncollision incident in which a transit vehicle

leaves the rails or road on which it travels. This

also includes rollovers. Reports are made for all

occurrences.

DESTINATION OF TRIP (American Travel Survey): The place the survey respondent names as

the destination of the trip. If more than one location is visited on the same trip, the farthest point

from the origin is considered the destination.

DIESEL FUEL: A complex mixture of hydrocarbons with a boiling range between approximately

350 and 650 °F. Diesel fuel is composed primarily

of paraffins and naphthenic compounds that

auto-ignite from the heat of compression in a diesel engine. Diesel is used primarily by heavy-duty

road vehicles, construction equipment, locomotives, and by marine and stationary engines.

DISTILLATE FUEL OIL: A general classification

for one of the petroleum fractions produced in

conventional distillation operations. Included are

No. 1, No. 2 and No. 4 fuel oils and No. 1, No. 2,

and No. 4 diesel fuels. Distillate fuel oil is used

primarily for space heating, on- and off-highway

diesel engine fuel (including railroad engine fuel

and fuel for agricultural machinery), and electric

power generation. 

DISTRIBUTION MAINS (Gas): A network of

pipelines, services, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of gas from the point of local

supply to, and including, the sales meters.

DOMESTIC FREIGHT (Water): All waterborne

commercial movements between points in the

United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands,

excluding traffic with the Panama Canal Zone.

Cargo moved for the military in commercial vessels is reported as ordinary commercial cargo;

military cargo moved in military vessels is

omitted.

DOMESTIC OPERATIONS (Air Carrier): All air

carrier operations having destinations within the

50 United States, the District of Columbia, the

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. 

DOMESTIC PASSENGER (Water): Any person

traveling on a public conveyance by water

between points in the United States, Puerto Rico,

and the Virgin Islands.

DRY CARGO BARGES (Water): Large flat-bottomed, nonself-propelled vessels used to transport

dry-bulk materials such as coal and ore.

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS TRUST

FUND: See Trust Funds.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY: The ratio of energy

inputs to the outputs from a process; for example,

miles traveled per gallon of fuel (mpg).

ENPLANED PASSENGERS (Air Carrier): See

Revenue Passenger Enplanements.

ETHANOL: A clear, colorless, flammable oxygenated hydrocarbon with a boiling point of

78.5 °C. in the anhydrous state. It is used in the

United States as a gasoline octane enhancer and

oxygenate (10-percent concentration). Ethanol

can be used in high concentrations in vehicles

optimized for its use. Otherwise known as ethyl

alcohol, alcohol, or grain-spirit.

FATAL CRASH (Highway): A police-reported

crash involving a motor vehicle in transport on a

trafficway in which at least one person dies within

30 days of the crash as a result of that crash.

FATAL INJURY (Air): Any injury that results in

death within thirty days of the accident.

FATALITY: For purposes of statistical reporting

on transportation safety, a fatality shall be considered a death due to injuries in a transportation

crash, accident, or incident that occurs within 30

days of that occurrence.

FATALITY (Rail): 1) Death of any person from

an injury within 30 days of the accident/incident

(may include nontrain accidents/incidents); or 2)

Death of a railroad employee from an occupational illness within 365 days after the occupational illness was diagnosed by a physician.

FATALITY (Recreational Boating): All deaths

(other than deaths by natural causes) and missing

persons resulting from an occurrence that involves

a vessel or its equipment.

FATALITY (Transit): A transit-caused death confirmed within 30 days of a transit incident. Incidents include collisions, derailments, personal

casualties, and fires associated with transit agency

revenue vehicles, transit facilities on transit property, service vehicles, maintenance areas, and

rights of way.

FATALITY (Water): All deaths and missing persons resulting from a vessel casualty.
 Appendix B: Glossary

FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION (FERC): The Federal agency with jurisdiction over, among other things, gas pricing, oil

pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification.

FERRY BOAT (Transit): Vessels that carry passengers and/or vehicles over a body of water. Generally steam or diesel-powered, ferry boats may

also be hovercraft, hydrofoil, and other highspeed vessels. The vessel is limited in its use to the

carriage of deck passengers or vehicles or both,

operates on a short run on a frequent schedule

between two points over the most direct water

routes other than in ocean or coastwise service,

and is offered as a public service of a type normally attributed to a bridge or tunnel.

FIELD AND GATHERING GAS PIPELINES: A

network of pipelines (mains) transporting natural

gas from individual wells to a compressor station,

processing point, or main trunk pipeline.

FLAG STOP (Air): A drop-off or pick-up point

along a predetermined route that is visited only by

request or if a signal to stop is given.

FOSSIL FUELS: Any naturally occurring organic

fuel formed in the Earth's crust, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

FREIGHT REVENUE (Rail): Revenue from the

transportation of freight and from the exercise of

transit, stopoff, diversion, and reconsignment

privileges as provided for in tariffs.

FREIGHTERS (Water): General cargo carriers,

full containerships, partial containerships, roll-on/

rolloff ships, and barge carriers.

FULL-SIZE CAR: As designated by the automobile industry, cars with a wheelbase between 110

and 114 inches.

GAS TRANSMISSION PIPELINES: Pipelines

installed for the purpose of transmitting gas from

a source or sources of supply to one or more distribution centers, or to one or more large volume

customers; or a pipeline installed to interconnect

sources of supply. Typically, transmission lines differ from gas mains in that they operate at higher

pressures and the distance between connections is

greater.

GASOHOL: A blend of finished motor gasoline

(leaded or unleaded) and alcohol (generally ethanol but sometimes methanol) limited to 10 percent by volume of alcohol.

GASOLINE: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, with or without small quantities of additives that have been blended to

produce a fuel suitable for use in spark ignition

engines. Motor gasoline includes both leaded or

unleaded grades of finished motor gasoline,

blending components, and gasohol. Leaded gasoline is no longer used in highway motor vehicles

in the United States.

GENERAL AVIATION: 1) All facets of civil aviation, except facets of those air carriers holding a

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity.

2) All civil aviation activity except that of air carriers certificated in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Parts 121, 123, 127, and

135. The types of aircraft used in general aviation

range from corporate multiengine jet aircraft

piloted by professional crews to amateur-built single-engine piston-driven acrobatic planes to balloons and dirigibles. 3) All civil aviation

operations other than scheduled air services and

nonscheduled air transport operations for taxis,

commuter air carriers, and air travel clubs that do

not hold Certificates of Public Convenience and

Necessity.

GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM: A data collection system that uses a nationally representative

probability sample selected from all policereported highway crashes. It began operation in

1988.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: The total output of goods and services produced by labor and

property located in the United States, valued at

market prices. As long as the labor and property

are located in the United States, the suppliers

(workers and owners) may be either U.S. residents

or residents of foreign countries.

GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT RATING (gvwr)

(Truck): The maximum rated capacity of a vehicle, including the weight of the base vehicle, all

added equipment, driver and passengers, and all

cargo.

HARBOR MAINTENANCE TRUST FUND: See

Trust Funds.
Appendix B: Glossary 

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL: Any toxic substance

or explosive, corrosive, combustible, poisonous,

or radioactive material that poses a risk to the

public's health, safety, or property-particularly

when transported in commerce.

HEAVY RAIL (Transit): An electric railway with

the capacity to transport a heavy volume of passenger traffic and characterized by exclusive

rights-of-way, multicar trains, high speed, rapid

acceleration, sophisticated signaling, and highplatform loading. Also known as “subway,” “elevated (railway),” or “metropolitan railway

(metro).”

HIGHWAY-RAIL GRADE CROSSING (Rail): A

location where one or more railroad tracks are

crossed by a public highway, road, or street or a

private roadway at grade, including sidewalks and

pathways at or associated with the crossing.

HIGHWAY TRUST FUND: A grant-in-aid type

fund administered by the U.S. Department of

Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.

Most funds for highway improvements are apportioned to States according to formulas that give

weight to population, area, and mileage.

HOUSEHOLD TRIP (American Travel Survey):

A trip in which one or more members of a household travel together.

HIGHWAY-USER TAX: A charge levied on persons or organizations based on their use of public

roads. Funds collected are usually applied toward

highway construction, reconstruction, and

maintenance.

INCIDENT (Hazmat): Any unintentional release

of hazardous material while in transit or storage.

INCIDENT (Train): Any event involving the

movement of a train or railcars on track equipment that results in a death, a reportable injury, or

illness, but in which railroad property damage

does not exceed the reporting threshold.

INCIDENT (Transit): Collisions, derailments,

personal casualties, fires, and property damage in

excess of $1,000 associated with transit agency

revenue vehicles; all other facilities on the transit

property; and service vehicles, maintenance areas,

and rights-of-way.

INJURY (Air): See SERIOUS INJURY (air and

general aviation).

INJURY (Gas): Described in DOT Forms 7100.1

or 7100.2 as an injury requiring “in-patient hospitalization” (admission and confinement in a

hospital beyond treatment administered in an

emergency room or out-patient clinic in which

confinement does not occur).

INJURY (Hazardous Liquid Pipeline): An injury

resulting from a hazardous liquid pipeline accident that results in one or more of the following:

1) Loss of consciousness, 2) A need to be carried

from the scene, 3) A need for medical treatment,

and/or 4) A disability that prevents the discharge

of normal duties or the pursuit of normal duties

beyond the day of the accident.

INJURY (Highway): Police-reported highway

injuries are classified as follows:

Incapacitating Injury: Any injury, other than a

fatal injury, that prevents the injured person from

walking, driving, or normally continuing the

activities the person was capable of performing

before the injury occurred. Includes severe lacerations, broken or distorted limbs, skull or chest

injuries, abdominal injuries, unconsciousness at

or when taken from the accident scene, and

inability to leave the accident scene without assistance. Exclusions include momentary unconsciousness.

Nonincapacitating Evident Injury: Any injury,

other than a fatal injury or an incapacitating

injury, evident to observers at the scene of the

accident. Includes lumps on head, abrasions,

bruises, minor lacerations, and others. Excludes

limping.

Possible Injury: Any injury reported or claimed

that is not evident. Includes momentary unconsciousness, claim of injuries not obvious, limping,

complaint of pain, nausea, hysteria, and others.

INJURY (Highway-Rail Grade Crossing): 1) An

injury to one or more persons other than railroad

employees that requires medical treatment; 2) An

injury to one or more employees that requires

medical treatment or that results in restriction of

work or motion for one or more days, or one or

more lost work days, transfer to another job, termination of employment, or loss of consciousness;

3) Any occupational illness affecting one or more

railroad employees that is diagnosed by a

physician.
 Appendix B: Glossary

INJURY (Rail): 1) Injury to any person other than

a railroad employee that requires medical treatment, or 2) Injury to a railroad employee that

requires medical treatment or results in restriction

of work or motion for one or more workdays, one

or more lost workdays, termination of employment, transfer to another job, loss of consciousness, or any occupational illness of a railroad

employee diagnosed by a physician.

INJURY (Recreational Boating): Injury requiring

medical treatment beyond first aid as a result of

an occurrence that involves a vessel or its equipment. 

INJURY (Transit): Any physical damage or harm

to a person requiring medical treatment or any

physical damage or harm to a person reported at

the time and place of occurrence. For employees,

an injury includes incidents resulting in time lost

from duty or any definition consistent with a transit agency's current employee injury reporting

practice.

INJURY (Water): All personal injuries resulting

from a vessel casualty that require medical treatment beyond first aid.

INLAND AND COASTAL CHANNELS:

Includes the Atlantic Coast Waterways, the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the New York State

Barge Canal System, the Gulf Coast Waterways,

the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, the Mississippi

River System (including the Illinois Waterway),

Pacific Coast Waterways, the Great Lakes, and all

other channels (waterways) of the United States,

exclusive of Alaska, that are usable for commercial navigation.

INSTRUCTIONAL FLYING: Flying under the

supervision of a flight instructor (excludes proficiency flying).

INTERCITY CLASS BUS I: As defined by the

Bureau of Transportation Statistics, an interstate

motor carrier of passengers with an average

annual gross revenue of at least $1 million. 

INTERCITY TRUCK: Truck that carries freight

beyond local areas and commercial zones.

INTERMEDIATE -SIZE CAR: As designated by

the automobile industry, a car with a wheelbase

between 105 and 109 inches.

INTERNAL TRAFFIC (Water): Vessel movements (origin and destination) that take place

solely on inland waterways located within the

boundaries of the contiguous 48 states or within

the state of Alaska. The term “internal traffic”

also applies to carriage on both inland waterways

and the water of the Great Lakes; carriage

between offshore areas and inland waterways;

and carriage occurring within the Delaware Bay,

Chesapeake Bay, Puget Sound, and the San Francisco Bay, which are considered internal bodies of

water rather than arms of the ocean.

INTERSTATE HIGHWAY: Limited access,

divided highway of at least four lanes designated

by the Federal Highway Administration as part of

the Interstate System.

INTRAPORT (Water): Movement of freight

within the confines of a port whether the port has

one or several channels included in the port definition. Does not include car-ferries and general

ferries moving within a port.

INTRATERRITORY TRAFFIC (Water): Traffic

between ports in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin

Islands, which are considered a single unit. 

JET FUEL: The term includes kerosene-type jet

fuel and naphtha-type jet fuel. Kerosene-type jet

fuel is used primarily for commercial turbojet and

turboprop aircraft engines. Naphtha-type jet fuel

is used primarily for military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.

LAKEWISE OR GREAT LAKES TRAFFIC:

Waterborne traffic between U.S. ports on the

Great Lakes system. The Great Lakes system is

treated as a separate waterways system rather

than as a part of the inland system.

LARGE CERTIFICATED AIR CARRIERS: An

air carrier holding a certificate issued under section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as

amended, that: 1) Operates aircraft designed to

have a maximum passenger capacity of more than

60 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more

than 18,000 pounds, or 2) Conducts operations

where one or both terminals of a flight stage are

outside the 50 states of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto

Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Large certificated air carriers are grouped by annual operating

revenues: 1) Majors (more than $1 billion in

annual operating revenues), 2) Nationals

(between $100 million and $1 billion in annual
Appendix B: Glossary 

operating revenues), Large regionals ($20 million

and $99,999,999 in annual operating revenues),

and 4) Medium regionals (less than $20 million in

annual operating revenues).

LARGE REGIONALS (Air): Air carrier groups

with annual operating revenues between $20 million and $99,999,999.

LARGE CAR: As designated by the automobile

industry, a car with a wheelbase greater than 114

inches.

LARGE TRUCK: Trucks over 10,000 pounds

gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit

trucks and truck tractors.

LEASE CONDENSATE: A mixture consisting

primarily of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons,

which are recovered as a liquid from natural gas

in lease or field separation facilities. This category

excludes natural gas liquids, such as butane and

propane, which are recovered at natural gas processing plants or facilities.

LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE: A vehicle category that

combines light automobiles and trucks.

LIGHT RAIL: A streetcar-type vehicle operated

on city streets, semiexclusive rights-of-way, or

exclusive rights-of-way. Service may be provided

by step-entry vehicles or by level boarding.

LIGHT TRUCK: Trucks of 10,000 pounds gross

vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups,

vans, truck-based station wagons, and sport utility vehicles.

LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG): Natural

gas, primarily methane, that has been liquefied by

reducing its temperature to -260 °F. at atmospheric pressure. 

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG): Propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, isobutane, and isobutylene produced at refineries or

natural gas processing plants, including plants

that fractionate new natural gas plant liquids.

LOCOMOTIVE: Railroad vehicle equipped with

flanged wheels for use on railroad tracks, powered directly by electricity, steam, or fossil fuel,

and used to move other railroad rolling

equipment. 

LOCOMOTIVE-MILE: The movement of a locomotive unit, under its own power, the distance of

1 mile. 

MAINS (Gas): A network of pipelines that serves

as a common source of supply for more than one

gas service line.

MAJORS (Air): Air carrier groups with annual

operating revenues exceeding $1 billion.

MEDIUM REGIONALS (Air): Air carrier groups

with annual operating revenues less than $20

million.

MERCHANDISE TRADE EXPORTS: Merchandise transported out of the United States to foreign countries whether such merchandise is

exported from within the U.S. Customs territory,

from a U.S. Customs bonded warehouse, or from

a U.S. Foreign Trade Zone. (Foreign Trade Zones

are areas, operated as public utilities, under the

control of U.S. Customs with facilities for handling, storing, manipulating, manufacturing, and

exhibiting goods.) 

MERCHANDISE TRADE IMPORTS: Commodities of foreign origin as well as goods of

domestic origin returned to the United States with

no change in condition or after having been processed and/or assembled in other countries. Puerto

Rico is a Customs district within the U.S. Customs territory, and its trade with foreign countries

is included in U.S. import statistics. U.S. import

statistics also include merchandise trade between

the U. S. Virgin Islands and foreign countries even

though the Islands are not officially a part of the

U.S. Customs territory. 

METHANOL: A light, volatile alcohol produced

commercially by the catalyzed reaction of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Methanol is blended

with gasoline to improve its operational efficiency.

METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER

(MTBE): A colorless, flammable, liquid oxygenated hydrocarbon that contains 18.15 percent

oxygen. It is a fuel oxygenate produced by reacting methanol with isobutylene.

MID-SIZE CAR: See Intermediate-Size Car.

MINI-COMPACT CAR: An automobile industry

designation usually consisting of cars with a

wheelbase of less than 95 inches.

MINOR ARTERIALS (Highway): Streets and

highways linking cities and larger towns in rural

areas, in distributing trips to small geographic

areas in urban areas (not penetrating identifiable

neighborhoods).
 Appendix B: Glossary

MOTOR BUS (Transit): A rubber-tired, self-propelled, manually steered bus with fuel supply

onboard the vehicle. Motor bus types include:

intercity, school, and transit.

MOTORCYCLE: A two- or three-wheeled motor

vehicle designed to transport one or two people,

including motor scooters, minibikes, and mopeds.

NATIONALS (Air): Air carrier groups with

annual operating revenues between $100 million

and $1 billion. 

NATURAL GAS: A naturally occurring mixture

of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases found

in porous geologic formations beneath the Earth's

surface, often in association with petroleum. The

principal constituent is methane.

NATURAL GAS PLANT LIQUIDS: Liquids

recovered from natural gas in processing plants or

field facilities, or extracted by fractionators. They

include ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, pentanes plus, and other products, such as

finished motor gasoline, finished aviation gasoline, special naphthas, kerosene, and distillate fuel

oil produced at natural gas processing plants.

NEAR MIDAIR COLLISION (Air): An incident

in which the possibility of a collision occurred as

a result of aircraft flying with less than 500 feet of

separation, or a report received from a pilot or

flight crew member stating that a collision hazard

existed between two or more aircraft.

NONOCCUPANT (Automobile): Any person

who is not an occupant of a motor vehicle in

transport (e.g., bystanders, pedestrians, pedalcyclists, or an occupant of a parked motor vehicle).

NONRESPONSE ERROR: Error that results

from some members of the sample or census not

providing information. Nonresponse bias results

from a systematic difference between those who

do and those who do not respond to the measurement instrument.

NONSAMPLING ERROR: All sources of bias or

inaccuracy in a study other than sampling error.

Examples of nonsampling errors include processing, recording, or dataentry errors; nonresponse

error; and response error. 

NONSCHEDULED SERVICE (Air): Revenue

flights not operated as regular scheduled service,

such as charter flights, and all nonrevenue flights

incident to such flight.

NONSELF-PROPELLED VESSEL (Water): A vessel without the means for self- propulsion.

Includes dry cargo and tanker barges.

NONTRAIN INCIDENT: An event that results

in a reportable casualty, but does not involve the

movement of ontrack equipment, and does not

cause reportable damage above the threshold

established for train accidents.

NONTRESPASSERS (Rail): A person lawfully on

any part of railroad property used in railroad

operations, or a person adjacent to railroad premises when injured as the result of railroad operations.

NONVESSEL-CASUALTY-RELATED DEATH:

A death that occurs onboard a commercial vessel

but not as a result of a vessel casualty, such as a

collision, fire, or explosion.

OCCUPANT: Any person in or on a motor vehicle in transport. Includes the driver, passengers,

and persons riding on the exterior of a motor

vehicle (e.g., a skateboard rider holding onto a

moving vehicle). Excludes occupants of parked

cars unless they are double parked or motionless

on the roadway.

OCCUPATIONAL FATALITY: Death resulting

from a job-related injury.

OPERATING EXPENSES (Air): Expenses

incurred in the performance of air transportation,

based on overall operating revenues and expenses.

Does not include nonoperating income and

expenses, nonrecurring items, or income taxes.

OPERATING EXPENSES (Rail): Expenses of furnishing transportation services, including maintenance and depreciation of the plant used in the

service.

OPERATING EXPENSES (Transit): The total of

all expenses associated with operation of an individual mode by a given operator. Includes distributions of “joint expenses” to individual modes

and excludes “reconciling items,” such as interest

expenses and depreciation. Should not be confused with “vehicle operating expenses.”

OPERATING EXPENSES (Truck): Includes

expenditures for equipment maintenance, supervision, wages, fuel, equipment rental, terminal operations, insurance, safety, and administrative and

general functions.
Appendix B: Glossary 

OPERATING REVENUES (Air): Revenues from

the performance of air transportation and related

incidental services. Includes l) Transportation revenues from the carriage of all classes of traffic in

scheduled and nonscheduled services, and 2) Nontransportation revenues consisting of federal subsidies (where applicable) and services related to

air transportation.

OTHER FREEWAYS AND EXPRESSWAYS

(Highway): All urban principal arterials with limited access but not part of the Interstate system. 

OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL (Highway):

Major streets or highways, many of multilane or

freeway design, serving high-volume traffic corridor movements that connect major generators of

travel.

OTHER RAIL REVENUE: This includes revenues from miscellaneous operations (i.e., diningand bar-car services), income from lease of road

and equipment, miscellaneous rental income,

income from nonoperating property, profit from

separately operated properties, dividend income,

interest income, income from sinking and other

reserve funds, release or premium on funded debt,

contributions from other companies, and other

miscellaneous income.

OTHER REVENUE VEHICLES (Transit): Other

revenue-generating modes of transit service, such

as cable cars, personal rapid transit systems,

monorail vehicles, inclined railway cars, etc., not

covered otherwise.

OTHER 2-AXLE 4-TIRE VEHICLES (Truck):

Includes vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility

vehicles.

OTHER WORK (General Aviation): Con-struction work (not Federal Aviation Regulations, Part

135), helicopter hoist, parachuting, aerial advertising, and towing gliders.

OXYGENATES: Any substance that when added

to motor gasoline increases the amount of oxygen

in that gasoline blend. Includes oxygen-bearing

compounds such as ethanol, methanol, and

methyl tertiary butyl ether. Oxygenated fuel tends

to give a more complete combustion of carbon

into carbon dioxide (rather than monoxide),

thereby reducing air pollution from exhaust

emissions.

PASSENGER CAR: A motor vehicle designed primarily for carrying passengers on ordinary roads,

includes convertibles, sedans, and stations wagons.

PASSENGER-MILE: 1) Air: One passenger transported 1 mile; passenger-miles for one interairport

flight are calculated by multiplying aircraft miles

flow by the number of passengers carried on the

flight. The total passenger-miles for all flights is

the sum of passenger-miles for all interairport

flights. 2) Auto: One passenger traveling 1 mile;

e.g., one car transporting two passengers 4 miles

results in eight passenger-miles. 3) Transit: The

total number of miles traveled by transit passengers; e.g., one bus transporting five passengers 3

miles results in 15 passenger-miles.

PASSENGER REVENUE: 1) Rail: Revenue from

the sale of tickets. 2) Air: Revenues from the

transport of passengers by air. 3) Transit: Fares,

transfer, zone, and park-and-ride parking charges

paid by transit passengers. Prior to 1984, fare revenues collected by contractors operating transit

services are not included.

PASSENGER VESSELS: A vessel designed for the

commercial transport of passengers.

PEDALCYCLIST: A person on a vehicle that is

powered solely by pedals.

PEDESTRIAN: Any person not in or on a motor

vehicle or other vehicle. Excludes people in buildings or sitting at a sidewalk cafe. The National

Highway Traffic Safety Administration also uses

an “other pedestrian” category to refer to pedestrians using conveyances and people in buildings.

Examples of pedestrian conveyances include

skateboards, nonmotorized wheelchairs, rollerskates, sleds, and transport devices used as

equipment.

PERSON-MILES (American Travel Survey): An

estimate of the aggregate distances traveled by all

persons on a given trip based on the estimated

transportation-network-miles traveled on that

trip.

PERSON TRIP (American Travel Survey): A trip

taken by an individual. For example, if three persons from the same household travel together, the

trip is counted as one household trip and three

person trips.
 Appendix B: Glossary

PERSONAL BUSINESS TRIP (American Travel

Survey): A trip taken for a school-related activity

or for personal or family business, including weddings and funerals.

PERSONAL-USE VEHICLE TRIP (American

Travel Survey): A trip in which the principle

means of transportation is a car, pickup truck, or

van; other truck; rental car, truck, or van; recreational vehicle or motor home; or motorcycle or

moped.

PLEASURE TRIP (American Travel Survey): A

trip taken to visit friends or relatives or for

leisure.

PERSONAL CASUALTY (Transit): 1) An incident in which a person is hurt while getting on or

off a transit vehicle (e.g., falls or door incidents),

but not as a result of a collision, derailment/left

roadway, or fire. 2) An incident in which a person

is hurt while using a lift to get on or off a transit

vehicle, but not as a result of a collision, derailment/left roadway, or fire. 3) An incident in which

a person is injured on a transit vehicle, but not as

a result of a collision, derailment/left roadway, or

fire. 4) An incident in which a person is hurt while

using a transit facility. This includes anyone on

transit property (e.g., patrons, transit employees,

trespassers), but does not include incidents resulting from illness or criminal activity.

PERSONAL WATERCRAFT: Craft less than 13

feet in length designed to be operated by a person

or persons sitting, standing, or kneeling on the

craft rather than within the confines of a hull. 

PETROLEUM (Oil): A generic term applied to oil

and oil products in all forms, such as crude oil,

lease condensate, unfinished oils, petroleum products, natural gas plant liquids, and nonhydrocarbon compounds blended into finished petroleum

products.

PROPERTY DAMAGE (Transit): The dollar

amount required to repair or replace transit property (including stations, right of way, bus stops,

and maintenance facilities) damaged during an

incident.

PUBLIC ROAD: Any road under the jurisdiction

of and maintained by a public authority (federal,

state, county, town, or township, local government, or instrumentality thereof) and open to

public travel.

RAIL MOTOR CARS: Self-propelled passenger

rail cars that are driven by electric motors energized from an electrified roadway or by a generator driven by a diesel or gas turbine engine.

RAPID RAIL TRANSIT: Transit service using rail

cars driven by electricity usually drawn from a

third rail, configured for passenger traffic, and

usually operated on exclusive rights-of-way. It

generally uses longer trains and has longer station

spacing than light rail. 

REFORMULATED GASOLINE: Gasoline whose

composition has been changed to meet performance specifications regarding ozone-forming

tendencies and release of toxic substances into the

air from both evaporation and tailpipe emissions.

Reformulated gasoline includes oxygenates and,

compared with gasoline sold in 1990, has a lower

content of olefins, aromatics, volatile components, and heavy hydrocarbons.

RESIDUAL FUEL OIL: The heavier oils that

remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter

hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations and that conform to American Society for

Testing and Materials (ASTM) Specifications

D396 and 976. Includes, among others, Navy

Special oil used in steam-powered vessels in government service and No. 6 oil used to power

ships. Imports of residual fuel oil include

imported crude oil burned as fuel.

RESPONSE ERROR: Error that results from the

tendency of people to answer a question falsely,

deliberate misrepresentation, unconscious falsification, or misunderstanding of what is required.

REVENUE: Remuneration received by carriers

for transportation activities.

REVENUE PASSENGER: 1) Air: Person receiving

air transportation from an air carrier for which

remuneration is received by the carrier. Air carrier

employees or others, except ministers of religion,

elderly individuals, and handicapped individuals,

receiving reduced rate charges (less than the applicable tariff) are considered nonrevenue passengers. Infants, for whom a token fare is charged,

are not counted as passengers. 2) Transit: Singlevehicle transit rides by initial-board (first-ride)

transit passengers only. Excludes all transfer rides

and all nonrevenue rides. 3) Rail: Number of oneway trips made by persons holding tickets. 
Appendix B: Glossary 

REVENUE PASSENGER ENPLANEMENTS

(Air): The total number of passengers boarding

aircraft. Includes both originating and connecting

passengers.

REVENUE PASSENGER LOAD FACTOR (Air):

Revenue passenger-miles as a percent of available

seat-miles in revenue passenger services. The term

is used to represent the proportion of aircraft seating capacity that is actually sold and utilized.

REVENUE PASSENGER-MILE: One revenue

passenger transported 1 mile.

REVENUE PASSENGER TON-MILE (Air): One

ton of revenue passenger weight (including all

baggage) transported 1 mile. The passenger

weight standard for both domestic and international operations is 200 pounds.

REVENUE TON-MILE: One short ton of freight

transported 1 mile. 

REVENUE VEHICLE-MILES (Transit): One

vehicle (bus, trolley bus, streetcar) traveling 1 mile

while revenue passengers are on board generates

one revenue vehicle-mile. Revenue vehicle-miles

reported represent the total mileage traveled by

vehicles in scheduled or unscheduled revenue-producing services.

ROAD OIL: Any heavy petroleum oil, including

residual asphaltic oil, that is used as a dust palliative and surface treatment on roads and highways. It is generally produced in 6 grades from 0,

the most liquid, to 5, the most viscous.

ROLL ON/ROLL OFF VESSEL: Ships that are

designed to carry wheeled containers or other

wheeled cargo and use the roll on/roll off method

for loading and unloading.

ROUND-TRIP DISTANCE (American Travel

Survey): The estimated transportation networkmiles traveled at the time of the trip from the

household residence to the destination and back.

RURAL HIGHWAY: Any highway, road, or street

that is not an urban highway.

RURAL MILEAGE (Highway): Roads outside

city, municipal district, or urban boundaries.

SAMPLING ERROR: The estimated inaccuracy

of the results of a study when a population sample, rather than a census, is used to explain the

behavior of the total population. (Also referred to

as margin of error and standard error.)

SCHEDULED SERVICE (Air): Transport service

operated pursuant to published flight schedules.

SCHOOL BUS: A passenger motor vehicle that is

designed or used to carry more than 10 passengers, in addition to the driver, and, as determined

by the Secretary of Transportation, is likely to be

significantly used for the purpose of transporting

pre-primary, primary, or secondary school students between home and school.

SCHOOL-BUS-RELATED CRASH: Any crash in

which a vehicle, regardless of body design, used as

a school bus is directly or indirectly involved, such

as a crash involving school children alighting

from a vehicle.

SCOW (Water): Any flat-bottomed, nonself-propelled, rectangular vessel with sloping ends. Large

scows are used to transport sand, gravel, or

refuse.

SELF-PROPELLED VESSEL: A vessel that has its

own means of propulsion. Includes tankers, containerships, dry bulk cargo ships, and general

cargo vessels.

SERIOUS INJURY (Air Carrier/General Aviation): An injury that requires hospitalization for

more than 48 hours, commencing within 7 days

from the date when the injury was received;

results in a bone fracture (except simple fractures

of fingers, toes, or nose); involves lacerations that

cause severe hemorrhages, nerve, muscle, or tendon damage; involves injury to any internal

organ; or involves second- or third-degree burns

or any burns affecting more than 5 percent of the

body surface.

SMALL CERTIFICATED AIR CARRIER: An air

carrier holding a certificate issued under section

401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as

amended, that operates aircraft designed to have a

maximum seating capacity of 60 seats or fewer or

a maximum payload of 18,000 pounds or less.

STATE AND LOCAL HIGHWAY EXPENDITURES: Disbursements for capital outlay, maintenance and traffic surfaces, administration and

research, highway law enforcement and safety,

and interest on debt.

STREETCARS: Relatively lightweight passenger

rail cars operating singly or in short trains, or

fixed rails in right-of-way that are not always separated from other traffic for much of the way.

Streetcars do not necessarily have the right-of-way

at grade crossings with other traffic.
 Appendix B: Glossary

SUBCOMPACT CAR: As designated by the automobile industry, a car with a wheelbase between

95 and 99 inches.

SUPPLEMENTAL AIR CARRIER: An air carrier

authorized to perform passenger and cargo charter services.

TANKER: An oceangoing ship designed to haul

liquid bulk cargo in world trade.

TON-MILE (Truck): The movement of 1 ton of

cargo the distance of 1 mile. Ton-miles are calculated by multiplying the weight in tons of each

shipment transported by the miles hauled.

TON-MILE (Water): The movement of 1 ton of

cargo the distance of 1 statute mile. Domestic tonmiles are calculated by multiplying tons moved by

the number of statute miles moved on the water

(e.g., 50 short tons moving 200 miles on a waterway would yield 10,000 ton-miles for that waterway). Ton-miles are not computed for ports. For

coastwise traffic, the shortest route that safe navigation permits between the port of origin and destination is used to calculate ton-miles.

TRAFFICWAY (Highway): Any right-of-way

open to the public as a matter of right or custom

for moving persons or property from one place to

another, including the entire width between property lines or other boundaries.

TRAIN LINE MILEAGE: The aggregate length of

all line-haul railroads. It does not include the

mileage of yard tracks or sidings, nor does it

reflect the fact that a mile of railroad may include

two or more parallel tracks. Jointly-used track is

counted only once.

TRAIN-MILE: A train-mile is the movement of a

train, which can consist of many cars, the distance

of 1 mile. A train-mile differs from a vehicle-mile,

which is the movement of one car (vehicle) the

distance of 1 mile. A 10-car (vehicle) train traveling 1 mile is measured as 1 train-mile and 10 vehicle-miles. Caution should be used when

comparing train-miles to vehicle-miles. 

TRANSIT VEHICLE: Includes light, heavy, and

commuter rail; motor bus; trolley bus; van pools;

automated guideway; and demand-responsive

vehicles.

TRANSSHIPMENTS: Shipments that enter or

exit the United States by way of a U.S. Customs

port on the northern or southern border, but

whose origin or destination was a country other

than Canada or Mexico. 

TRAVEL PARTY (American Travel Survey):

Household and nonhousehold members traveling

together on a trip.

TRESPASSER (Rail): Any person whose presence

on railroad property used in railroad operations is

prohibited, forbidden, or unlawful. 

TRIP (American Travel Survey): Roundtrip travel

to a destination at least 100 miles from home. The

following types of trips are excluded: 1) travel as

part of an operating crew on a train, airplane,

truck, bus, or ship; 2) regular commuting to work

or school; 3) one-way trips to move to a new destination; and 4) trips by members of the Armed

Forces while on active duty.

TROLLEY BUS: Rubber-tired electric transit

vehicle, manually steered and propelled by a

motor drawing current, normally through overhead wires, from a central power source.

TRUST FUNDS: Accounts that are specifically

designated by law to carry out specific purposes

and programs. Trust Funds are usually financed

with earmarked tax collections.

TUG BOAT: A powered vessel designed for the

towing or pushing of ships, dumb barges, pushedtowed barges, and rafts, but not for the carriage

of goods.

U.S. FLAG CARRIER OR AMERICAN FLAG

CARRIER (Air): One of a class of air carriers

holding a Certificate of Public Convenience and

Necessity issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation and approved by the President, authorizing scheduled operations over specified routes

between the United States (and/or its territories)

and one or more foreign countries.

UNLEADED GASOLINE: See Gasoline.

UNLINKED PASSENGER TRIPS (Transit): The

number of passengers who board public transportation vehicles. A passenger is counted each time

he/she boards a vehicle even if on the same journey from origin to destination.

URBAN HIGHWAY: Any road or street within

the boundaries of an urban area. An urban area is

an area including and adjacent to a municipality

or urban place with a population of 5,000 or
Appendix B: Glossary 

more. The boundaries of urban areas are fixed by

state highway departments, subject to the

approval of the Federal Highway Administration,

for purposes of the Federal-Aid highway program.

VANPOOL (Transit): Public-sponsored commuter

service operating under prearranged schedules for

previously formed groups of riders in 8- to 18-seat

vehicles. Drivers are also commuters who receive

little or no compensation besides the free ride.

VEHICLE MAINTENANCE (Transit): All activities associated with revenue and nonrevenue

(service) vehicle maintenance, including administration, inspection and maintenance, and servicing (cleaning, fueling, etc.) vehicles. In addition, it

includes repairs due to vandalism or to revenue

vehicle accidents.

VEHICLE-MILES (Highway): Miles of travel by

all types of motor vehicles as determined by the

states on the basis of actual traffic counts and

established estimating procedures.

VEHICLE-MILES (Transit): The total number of

miles traveled by transit vehicles. Commuter rail,

heavy rail, and light rail report individual carmiles, rather than train-miles for vehicle-miles.

VEHICLE OPERATIONS (Transit): All activities

associated with transportation administration,

including the control of revenue vehicle movements, scheduling, ticketing and fare collection,

system security, and revenue vehicle operation.

VESSEL CASUALTY (Water): An occurrence

involving commercial vessels that results in 1)

Actual physical damage to property in excess of

$25,000; 2) Material damage affecting the seaworthiness or efficiency of a vessel; 3) Stranding

or grounding; 4) Loss of life; or 5) Injury causing

any person to remain incapacitated for a period in

excess of 72 hours, except injury to harbor workers not resulting in death and not resulting from

vessel casualty or vessel equipment casualty.

VESSEL-CASUALTY-RELATED DEATH: Fatality that occurs as a result of an incident that

involves a vessel or its equipment, such as a collision, fire, or explosion. Includes drowning deaths.

WATERBORNE TRANSPORTATION: Transport of freight and/or people by commercial vessels under U.S. Coast Guard jurisdiction.

WAYBILL: A document that lists goods and shipping instructions relative to a shipment. 

WEEKEND TRIP (American Travel Survey):

Travel by persons who stay one or two nights

away, including a Friday and/or Saturday night.

Travel over three to five nights including a Friday

and/or Saturday night stay is defined as a longweekend trip.
appendix c

Acronyms and Initialisms

AAA American Automobile Association

AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic

AAMA American Automobile Manufacturers

Association

AAR Association of American Railroads

AAS Air Activity Statistics of Certificated

Air Carriers

AGA American Gas Association

AI Alcohol Involvement

AIA Aerospace Industries Association

ALVW Adjusted Loaded Vehicle Weight

AMIO Alien Migrant Interdiction Operations

AOPL Association of Oil Pipelines

APTA American Public Transit Association

ATS American Travel Survey

ATV All-Terrain Vehicle

BAC Blood Alcohol Concentration

BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis

BMA Bicycle Manufacturer's Association

BTS Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Btu British Thermal Unit

CFR U.S. Code of Federal Regulation

CFS Commodity Flow Survey

CNG Compressed Natural Gas

CO Carbon Monoxide

CVS Certification Vehicle Standard

dB Decibels

DNL Day Night Sound Level

dwt Deadweight Tons

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EIA Energy Information Administration

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FARS Fatality Analysis Reporting System

Database

FERC Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission

FHWA Federal Highway Administration

FRA Federal Railway Administration

FTA Federal Transit Administration

FTP Federal Test Procedure

FTZ Foreign Trade Zone

GAATA General Aviation and Air Taxi

Activity

GAMA General Aviation Manufacturers

Association

GES General Estimates System

GIS Geographic Information System

g/mi Grams Per Mile

GVWR Gross Vehicle Weight Rating

HC Hydrocarbon

HPMS Highway Performance Monitoring

System

ICC Interstate Commerce Commission

INM Integrated Noise Model

IO Investigative Officer

IRI International Roughness Index

LDT Light-Duty Truck

LMIS Lloyd's Maritime Information System

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

LR Lloyd's Register

LVW Loaded Vehicle Weight

MARAD Maritime Administration

MCMIS Motor Carrier Management 

Information System

MDPV Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles

MIC Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc.

mmbd Million Barrels Per Day

MOBILE Mobile Source Emissions Factor

Model
 Appendix C: Acronyms and Initialisms

mpg Miles Per Gallon

MSIS Marine Safety Information System

MTBE Methyl Tributyl Ether

MVMA Motor Vehicle Manufacturers

Association

NANIM Nationwide Airport Noise Impact

Model

NBDA National Bicycle Dealers Association

NDC Navigation Data Center

NHS National Highway System

NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration

NMAC Near Mid-Air Collision

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

NOPS National Operations Center

NOPUS National Occupant Protection Use

Survey

NPIAS National Plan of Integrated Airport

Systems

NPTS Nationwide Personal Transportation

Survey

NTD National Transit Database

NTS National Transportation Statistics

NTSB National Transportation Safety Board

OAG Official Airline Guide

OAI Office of Airline Information

OIG Office of the Inspector General

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory

OST Office of the Secretary of

Transportation

PAR Police Accident Report

PIRS Pollution Incident Reporting System

PMT Passenger Miles of Travel

PSI Pollutant Standard Index

PSR Present Serviceability Rating

RFG Reformulated Gasoline

RO/RO Roll-On/Roll-Off

RSPA Research and Special Programs

Administration

RTECS Residential Transportation Energy

Consumption Survey

RVP Reid Vapor Pressure

SAMIS Safety Management Information

Statistics

SEC Securities and Exchange Commission

SHA State Highway Agencies

SO2 Sodium Dioxide

STB Surface Transportation Board

TAF Terminal Area Forecast

TIUS Truck Inventory and Use Survey

TMG Traffic Monitoring Guide

TRFD Transportation-Related Final

Demand

TSFD Transborder Surface Freight Data

TTI Texas Transportation Institute

USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

USCG U.S. Coast Guard

USDOC U.S. Department of Commerce

USDOD U.S. Department of Defense

USDOT U.S. Department of Transportation

USSR Union of Soviet Social Republic

appendix d

Modal Profiles
 
Financial 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Operating revenues (thousand dollars) 1

Domestic total a 2,178,339 7,180,161 26,440,297 58,201,660 66,672,151 71,424,865 77,396,919 82,599,270 86,856,624 91,351,103 98,899,810 86,573,051 79,336,448 88,870,097 

Majors, all services 1,942,635 6,272,775 23,012,073 56,138,825 59,846,676 63,226,187 69,515,318 74,942,391 77,650,810 80,800,698 89,293,771 78,599,844 71,730,250 77,196,343 Nationals, all services 146,481 736,831 3,182,418 1,251,559 4,888,701 6,329,602 6,109,778 5,940,674 7,225,393 9,230,210 9,016,171 7,494,385 6,961,517 10,580,912 Large regionals, all services N N 245,806 703,526 1,031,404 1,148,504 1,230,628 1,366,503 1,617,586 902,160 589,869 478,822 644,680 1,092,842 

International total 705,938 2,109,497 6,442,144 17,824,538 22,364,429 23,432,883 25,046,819 27,318,034 26,611,331 27,958,958 31,348,410 28,706,979 27,837,150 28,897,918 

Majors, all services 705,938 2,109,497 5,976,221 17,083,295 19,222,842 19,820,215 20,960,305 23,608,853 23,356,233 24,447,607 28,097,698 25,883,361 24,528,512 24,964,860 Nationals, all services N N 465,923 380,294 2,568,643 2,819,653 3,751,539 3,338,903 2,668,243 3,026,884 2,801,690 2,503,678 2,959,809 3,408,860 Large regionals, all services N N N 357,761 572,944 793,015 334,975 370,278 586,855 484,468 449,022 319,940 348,828 524,198 

Total large-certificated a 2,884,877 9,289,658 32,882,441 76,026,198 89,036,580 94,857,748 102,443,738 109,917,304 113,467,954 119,310,062 130,248,220 115,280,030 107,173,597 117,768,015 

Operating expenses (thousand dollars) 1

Domestic total a 2,052,094 7,001,668 26,465,999 59,183,777 64,456,644 66,667,151 72,145,242 76,125,467 78,796,175 84,816,236 93,548,937 94,949,876 86,826,833 91,520,149 

Majors, all services 1,907,785 6,256,039 23,150,527 57,138,322 57,824,115 58,694,406 64,143,384 68,307,270 70,114,852 74,834,600 84,206,809 86,611,140 79,196,985 80,810,165 Nationals, all services 144,309 745,629 3,058,289 1,258,274 4,666,546 6,178,809 6,058,307 5,921,639 6,672,705 8,638,079 8,726,001 7,814,067 6,958,543 9,677,656 Large regionals, all services N N 257,183 676,688 1,077,578 1,055,905 1,328,760 1,502,305 1,600,958 858,956 616,126 524,670 671,305 1,032,329 

International total 665,660 2,065,605 6,642,095 18,757,740 21,842,021 22,335,258 24,155,202 25,249,593 25,387,024 26,157,262 29,685,280 30,649,400 28,922,103 28,340,403 

Majors, all services 665,660 2,065,605 6,171,366 18,086,050 18,875,302 18,997,478 20,406,144 21,688,642 22,321,441 22,993,261 26,647,046 27,664,641 25,687,398 24,606,982 Nationals, all services N N 470,729 325,273 2,372,138 2,582,833 3,414,618 3,209,074 2,514,464 2,714,754 2,556,866 2,663,591 2,914,105 3,253,707 Large regionals, all services N N N 344,097 594,581 754,947 334,440 351,877 551,119 449,247 481,367 321,169 320,601 479,714 

Total large-certificated a 2,717,754 9,067,273 33,108,094 77,941,517 86,298,665 89,002,409 96,300,444 101,375,060 104,183,200 110,973,499 123,234,216 125,599,276 115,748,936 119,860,552 

Inventory for large-certificated carriersb

Number of carriers c,2Total domestic and international 55 39 (R) 52 (R) 58 (R) 66 (R) 84 (R) 88 (R) 72 (R) 74 (R) 75 (R) 66 (R) 61 (R) 62 65 

Majors N N 14 12 11 11 12 13 13 13 14 (R) 14 13 14 

Nationals N N (R) 16 15 (R) 22 27 31 (R) 28 27 (R) 28 (R) 29 (R) 26 (R) 25 26 

Regionals N N (R) 22 (R) 31 (R) 33 (R) 46 (R) 45 (R) 31 (R) 34 (R) 34 (R) 23 (R) 21 (R) 24 25 

Number of aircraft available for service 3Total domestic and international 2,135 2,690 2,818 4,727 5,221 5,567 5,961 5,770 6,144 6,254 6,522 6,081 5,819 6,675 

Majors N N 2,071 3,854 4,085 4,039 4,422 4,352 4,605 4,711 5,118 4,996 4,530 4,948 Nationals N N 432 650 819 1,143 1,167 967 1,113 1,319 1,182 952 1,079 1,299 Regionals N N 315 223 317 385 372 451 426 224 222 133 210 428 

Number of full-time equivalent employees c,2Total domestic and international 169,872 304,690 347,335 555,262 535,394 555,537 575,937 593,542 631,147 659,689 667,778 599,531 590,779 558,246 

Majors 118,189 214,021 312,842 517,754 481,041 484,870 511,270 540,039 564,388 590,197 612,814 557,422 537,776 489,036 Nationals 12,470 24,913 29,269 30,225 42,785 54,447 51,921 43,630 54,205 60,756 51,384 38,446 48,685 64,348 Regionals N N 5,225 7,283 11,569 16,221 12,747 9,873 12,555 8,737 3,580 3,664 4,318 4,863 

continued

Air Carrier Profile
Performance 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Aircraft revenue-miles (thousands) 4

Domestic

Certificated, all services a,d 858,451 2,067,598 2,523,375 3,963,268 4,379,929 4,629,393 4,811,447 4,939,436 5,033,144 5,332,176 5,662,443 5,549,662 5,602,737 6,086,649 

Majors, all services 716,961 1,778,065 2,113,669 3,767,330 3,760,067 3,854,368 4,062,122 4,218,049 4,260,051 4,445,133 4,784,664 4,680,578 4,432,285 4,267,107 Nationals, all services 94,794 247,055 330,528 120,599 447,024 592,345 591,638 572,654 613,823 801,719 805,439 810,665 915,170 1,259,491 Large regionals, all services N N 56,995 70,881 100,478 100,004 110,976 133,571 134,852 58,329 52,390 37,399 37,516 76,478 

International

Certificated, all services a,d 181,605 474,666 400,971 760,334 979,769 997,656 1,043,312 1,114,063 1,186,222 1,225,217 1,281,702 1,263,543 1,221,086 1,261,917 Majors, all services N N 330,391 694,479 809,243 815,701 853,424 917,108 1,003,727 1,043,730 1,117,709 1,119,126 1,050,808 1,028,158 Nationals, all services N N 66,499 24,301 108,392 125,951 145,847 142,658 127,037 134,370 127,550 124,765 141,670 185,397 Large regionals, all services N N 2,948 33,893 46,040 48,867 32,005 39,516 51,100 41,440 30,848 15,409 25,896 41,241 

Other certificated, all services, domestic and international d N N 23,204 12,120 88,454 89,811 58,747 29,942 28,775 32,674 25,545 25,264 220,478 490,693 

Total certificated d 1,040,056 2,542,264 2,924,346 4,723,602 5,359,697 5,627,048 5,854,760 6,053,499 6,219,366 6,557,393 6,944,145 6,813,205 6,823,823 7,348,566 

Aircraft revenue-hours 4

Domestic

Certificated, all services a,d 3,672,900 5,133,161 6,247,795 9,717,375 10,721,577 11,378,503 11,871,886 12,133,348 12,443,855 13,090,460 13,901,641 13,510,998 13,676,524 15,294,961 

Majors, all services 2,802,317 4,066,480 4,941,327 9,053,789 8,864,840 9,023,772 9,512,983 9,898,147 9,957,390 10,349,992 11,308,820 11,028,054 10,328,412 9,862,773 Nationals, all services 606,146 908,935 919,187 458,621 1,362,863 1,832,909 1,934,433 1,828,382 2,002,173 2,515,044 2,403,184 2,305,781 2,407,006 3,383,803 Large regionals, all services N N 267,522 192,944 273,642 269,811 298,415 366,439 422,770 156,201 137,993 104,522 99,411 187,758 

International

Certificated, all services a,d 608,736 977,325 819,518 1,556,760 1,978,378 2,021,060 2,113,467 2,235,792 2,381,246 2,456,580 2,595,893 2,565,169 2,487,258 2,593,915 

Majors, all services N N 668,199 1,410,263 1,607,155 1,619,755 1,699,958 1,819,583 1,992,776 2,071,507 2,229,167 2,240,214 2,105,500 2,067,148 Nationals, all services N N 140,329 50,293 227,077 262,285 319,919 303,335 275,180 281,706 288,953 282,776 319,353 417,332 Large regionals, all services N N 7,583 75,786 108,717 122,659 68,418 82,063 103,813 88,224 66,058 33,173 57,086 91,932 Other certificated, all services, domestic and international d N N 123,411 32,439 255,661 268,372 151,227 71,191 70,999 84,366 63,359 81,647 847,014 1,878,130 

Total certificated d 4,281,636 6,110,486 7,190,724 11,274,135 12,699,955 13,399,563 13,985,353 14,369,140 14,825,101 15,547,040 16,497,534 16,076,167 16,163,782 17,888,876 

Revenue passenger-miles (thousands) 4

Domestic

Certificated, all services a,d 31,098,944 108,441,978 204,367,599 345,872,950 388,410,210 403,911,656 434,651,687 452,827,860 462,753,505 488,356,869 515,621,596 486,506,043 481,195,481 505,221,674 

Majors, all services 29,430,428 99,903,229 182,984,795 340,628,946 352,063,855 360,719,108 395,099,254 413,060,869 421,217,665 440,442,129 472,284,794 440,413,336 426,401,276 424,165,007 Nationals, all services 1,170,779 7,642,071 20,466,712 2,655,442 27,508,958 33,696,612 30,396,752 31,989,076 34,070,192 43,371,272 39,560,329 43,541,665 48,687,149 67,906,918 Large regionals, all services N N 711,868 2,285,750 5,915,731 5,646,715 6,366,240 6,860,718 6,000,206 3,205,826 2,731,996 1,747,222 1,748,996 3,595,739 

Air Carrier Profile continued
Performance (continued) 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

International

Certificated, all services a,d 8,950,672 39,695,392 63,354,387 126,362,697 149,107,689 154,882,007 161,512,010 169,356,100 172,179,498 180,269,038 192,797,653 178,343,116 171,998,786 168,601,124 

Majors, all services N N 54,318,160 121,910,801 133,299,897 137,389,923 145,330,811 153,564,956 157,398,986 166,320,739 181,585,899 169,335,392 163,576,484 156,267,732 Nationals, all services N N 8,659,592 3,152,239 12,939,400 15,509,364 14,681,127 13,616,245 12,232,424 11,504,031 7,793,324 7,710,903 6,803,586 8,995,296 Large regionals, all services N N 330,288 988,679 2,484,738 1,685,684 505,337 760,809 2,261,005 2,034,607 3,218,488 1,185,896 1,540,681 3,211,186 

Other certificated, all services, domestic and international d N N 250,571 613,790 3,305,320 4,146,257 3,784,176 2,331,287 1,752,525 1,747,303 1,244,419 914,745 4,436,095 9,680,920 

Total certificated d 40,049,616 148,137,370 267,972,557 472,235,647 537,517,899 558,793,663 596,163,697 622,183,960 634,933,003 668,625,907 708,419,249 664,849,159 653,194,267 673,822,798 

Average passenger revenue / passenger-mile 5

(Domestic, scheduled service) 6.09 6.00 11.49 13.44 13.25 12.90 13.81 13.19 13.55 13.82 13.92 14.11 13.97 (R) 14.57 Average passenger fare 5(Domestic, scheduled service) 30.01 40.65 84.60 107.96 106.82 103.99 110.37 103.77 107.14 110.81 113.31 114.58 115.10 (R) 121.33 Revenue passenger enplanements (thousands) 4Domestic

Certificated, all services a,d 56,352 153,662 275,182 428,769 489,357 506,775 538,397 553,160 566,377 589,168 616,397 574,882 564,552 596,871 

Majors, all services 48,678 122,866 223,237 411,797 428,329 432,076 466,743 482,656 486,902 502,305 537,377 496,455 468,938 453,112 Nationals, all services 5,949 26,726 47,145 13,374 46,461 57,670 58,383 59,690 67,237 80,995 75,156 75,600 81,722 112,715 Large regionals, all services N N 3,748 3,190 8,854 10,127 9,122 9,665 10,276 4,234 2,444 1,383 1,338 3,542 

International

Certificated, all services a,d 5,904 16,620 26,514 46,121 51,330 52,863 54,519 56,759 57,758 57,694 60,830 56,641 56,904 58,837 

Majors, all services N N 23,949 43,871 42,701 43,590 46,304 48,615 49,608 49,769 53,157 50,097 50,637 50,202 Nationals, all services N N 2,343 964 6,183 7,235 7,402 6,887 6,228 6,274 5,273 5,664 5,471 6,868 Large regionals, all services N N 149 825 2,168 1,790 405 631 1,751 1,322 2,151 779 718 1,600 

Other certificated, all services, domestic and international d N N 1,125 871 5,992 7,150 4,558 1,776 2,133 1,964 1,668 1,546 12,631 27,669 

Total certificated d 62,256 169,922 302,821 474,891 540,688 559,638 592,916 609,919 624,135 646,863 677,227 631,522 621,456 655,708 

Revenue passenger Load factor (%) (scheduled service) 4

Domestic

Certificated a,d 58.5 48.9 58.0 60.4 64.7 65.4 67.9 69.1 70.0 69.8 71.2 69.1 70.3 72.6 

Majors 59.5 49.3 58.1 60.5 65.0 65.8 68.5 69.6 70.4 70.2 71.6 69.3 70.6 72.9 Nationals 41.9 43.6 58.4 49.4 63.6 61.8 62.0 63.1 65.1 66.4 66.5 67.0 68.2 72.5 Large regionals N N 47.7 54.7 56.3 63.0 58.1 61.9 63.5 58.7 46.8 71.3 60.4 71.2 

International

Certificated a,d 62.2 53.0 62.8 69.1 70.6 71.8 73.3 74.1 72.8 74.4 76.0 72.8 76.6 76.5 Majors N N 62.8 69.0 70.8 72.2 73.7 74.4 72.9 74.5 76.1 72.9 76.8 76.8 

Nationals N N 65.5 85.7 68.3 67.9 67.8 69.6 70.9 73.7 73.4 70.0 68.3 64.8 

Large regionals N N 73.9 63.9 46.2 53.1 N 57.2 46.0 0.0 58.0 67.0 59.1 70.4 Other certificated, all services,

domestic and international d N N 46.7 56.8 57.6 52.5 62.8 59.3 49.6 47.6 48.8 52.2 61.4 60.1 

Air Carrier Profile continued
Performance (continued) 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

U.S. international passenger travel e,6

Total passenger-arrivals (thousands)

Flag of carrier

United States 1,332 5,531 10,031 19,145 23,291 24,582 25,148 26,744 27,390 27,462 29,837 27,985 26,953 26,557 Foreign 1,234 4,343 10,231 17,269 20,527 22,328 24,704 27,571 28,791 30,324 32,380 28,715 26,912 27,395 

Total passenger-departures (thousands)

Flag of carrier

United States 1,200 4,949 9,369 17,628 21,355 22,231 22,901 24,302 24,513 25,457 27,431 25,483 23,610 24,070 Foreign 1,136 4,147 9,886 16,418 18,993 20,795 22,884 25,382 26,350 28,399 30,068 27,111 24,996 25,897 

Total revenue ton-miles (thousands) f, 4Domestic

Certificated, all services a,d 3,732,949 13,876,802 24,964,907 43,654,400 50,632,739 52,916,214 56,326,750 58,920,010 60,165,036 63,032,298 66,544,502 61,834,963 62,051,071 65,753,373 

Majors, all services 3,332,483 12,589,057 21,427,534 42,027,064 44,952,734 46,142,919 49,892,293 52,478,725 53,424,348 55,599,788 59,095,406 54,883,338 54,411,945 54,251,883 

Nationals, all services 121,157 850,477 3,336,057 640,398 3,967,715 4,957,793 5,073,195 5,068,024 5,299,740 6,577,361 6,699,944 6,211,281 6,073,565 8,192,062 

Large regionals, all services N N 180,042 944,830 1,256,308 1,353,436 1,048,507 1,231,075 1,161,148 611,809 628,394 597,407 684,963 1,584,694 

International

Certificated, all services a,d 1,291,336 6,308,701 9,689,067 19,975,913 24,879,793 26,296,958 28,177,722 30,950,867 31,192,066 32,810,134 35,161,434 32,782,793 33,771,616 35,168,498 

Majors, all services N N 7,377,733 18,348,692 20,681,990 21,456,604 22,705,604 24,971,379 25,794,347 27,764,444 30,683,566 28,459,230 28,020,656 27,099,570 Nationals, all services N N 2,261,534 803,083 2,935,386 3,509,127 4,504,772 4,557,048 4,109,500 3,989,939 3,749,703 3,868,703 5,090,922 7,101,794 Large regionals, all services N N 44,438 704,369 918,447 1,186,218 668,766 1,038,610 1,211,260 993,874 621,161 303,700 636,385 812,738 

Other certificated, all services, domestic and international d N N 28,178 161,878 799,950 607,077 611,336 526,016 356,761 305,217 227,762 294,098 904,251 1,879,129 

Total certificated d 5,024,285 20,185,503 34,682,153 63,630,313 75,512,531 79,213,173 84,504,472 89,870,877 91,357,103 95,842,432 101,705,936 94,617,756 95,822,687 100,921,870 

Revenue ton-miles of freight (thousands) g,4

Domestic

Certificated, all services a,d 552,756 2,708,900 4,528,316 9,067,099 11,802,776 12,524,772 12,860,845 13,640,994 13,886,053 14,201,505 14,982,612 13,172,867 13,931,509 15,231,204 

Majors, all services 321,176 U 3,129,087 7,964,164 9,746,353 10,071,016 10,382,373 11,172,436 11,302,581 11,555,576 11,866,926 10,834,520 11,771,815 11,835,383 

Nationals, all services 3,850 U 1,289,510 374,853 1,227,775 1,588,798 2,033,376 1,869,146 1,889,221 2,240,026 2,743,705 1,856,834 1,205,023 1,401,369 

Large regionals, all services N N 108,864 716,256 664,768 787,828 411,285 549,046 561,109 296,660 356,013 422,682 510,401 1,225,120 

International

Certificated, all services a,d 268,156 1,566,105 3,353,371 7,340,033 9,970,191 10,855,442 12,031,635 14,015,255 13,980,493 14,782,230 15,880,424 14,948,684 16,572,205 18,308,387 

Majors, all services N N 1,945,660 6,157,984 7,352,000 7,717,612 8,172,522 9,614,884 10,054,447 11,132,370 12,524,975 11,525,689 11,663,007 11,472,799 Nationals, all services N N 1,395,575 487,873 1,641,444 2,004,875 3,041,774 3,195,422 2,892,634 2,838,536 2,970,370 3,097,665 4,410,564 6,202,264 Large regionals, all services N N 11,409 605,504 671,144 1,017,649 618,232 962,529 985,159 790,413 298,069 185,111 482,784 491,619 

Other certificated, all services, domestic and international d N N 3,124 100,498 469,484 192,437 232,918 292,786 181,393 130,155 102,978 199,051 460,121 911,037 

Total certificated d 820,907 3,755,436 7,884,811 16,407,132 21,772,967 23,380,215 24,892,480 27,656,249 27,866,545 28,983,735 30,863,036 28,121,551 30,503,714 33,539,592 

Air Carrier Profile continued
Safety 7 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Air carrier fatalitiesOperating under 14 CFR 121 (airlines)

Scheduled services N N 0 39 239 160 342 3 1 12 89 531 0 22 

Nonscheduled services N N 1 0 0 8 38 5 0 0300 0 

Operating under 14 CFR 135

Scheduled services (commuters) N N 37 6 25 9 14 46 0 12 5 13 0 2 Nonscheduled services (on–demand air taxis) N N 105 51 63 52 63 39 45 38 71 60 35 42 

Total 499 146 143 96 327 229 457 93 46 62 168 604 35 66 

Air carrier accidentsOperating under 14 CFR 121 (airlines)

Scheduled services N N 15 21 18 30 31 43 41 40 49 41 35 51 Nonscheduled services N N 4 3 5 6 6 6 9 11 7 5 6 3 

Operating under 14 CFR 135

Scheduled services (commuters) N N 38 15 10 12 11 16 8 13 12 7 7 2 Nonscheduled services (on–demand air taxis) N N 171 107 85 75 90 82 77 74 80 72 60 (R) 73 

Total 90 55 228 146 118 123 138 147 135 138 148 125 108 (R) 129 

Fatal air carrier accidentsOperating under 14 CFR 121 (airlines)

Scheduled services N N 0642331 2360 2 Nonscheduled services N N 1001210 0000 0 

Operating under 14 CFR 135

Scheduled services (commuters) N N 8332150 5120 1 Nonscheduled services (on–demand air taxis) N N 46 29 26 24 29 15 17 12 22 18 18 18 

Total 17 855 38 33 29 35 24 18 19 26 26 18 (R) 21 

e Passenger travel totals do not include Canada because the source does not record departures and arrivals to and from Canada.a Some totals include data not in the table; thus totals may not equal sum of table data. b Includes scheduled and nonscheduled (charter) operators. By Sec. 2 of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 "charter air carrier" and "charter air transportation" replaced 

supplemental air carriers and supplemental air transportation, which were formerly Sec. 101(36) and (37) of the Act. The 24 pre-deregulation supplemental carriers now have scheduled service authority. 

c Total includes only those carriers who have reported employment statistics to BTS' Office of Airline Information. Full-time equivalent employees count two part-time 

employees as one full-time equivalent employee. Prior to 1980, there was no breakout for part-time employees so earlier numbers will overstate full-time equivalent employees.

d Data does not include small-certificated and commuter carriers prior to 2002. Small-certificated and commuter carriers began reporting T1 data in January of 2002 for 

Alaskan carriers and in October of 2002 for the remainder of the U.S.

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available. 

Air Carrier Profile continued

f Total Revenue Ton-Miles includes passenger, freight, express, and mail.g Total revenue ton-miles of freight includes freight, express, and mail.

NOTESDomestic encompasses operations within and between the 50 states of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. It also encompasses Canadian and Mexican transborder operations (U.S. airlines only). All other operations are considered international. Data in the Financial and Performance (excluding International Air Passengers) sectins was revised for 1990 to 2005 to be consistent with the online source as of Nov. 2, 2007.SOURCESUnless otherwise noted, refer to chapter tables for sources.

1 1960-1970: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 and 1973 (Washington, DC), pp. 69 and 71. 1980: Civil Aeronautics Board, Air Carrier Financial 

Statistics , December 1981 (Washington, DC), pp. 3/28, 42, and 44. 1990-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Form 41 Air Carrier Financial Reports, Schedules P11 and P12, available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/databases.asp?Mode_ID=1&Mode_Desc=Aviation&Subject_ID2=0, as of Nov. 2, 2007

2 1960: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, http://www.bts.gov/oai/employees/employcov.html as of Oct. 14, 

2003. 1970-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, http://www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information/number_of_employees/certificated_carriers/ as of Nov. 2, 2007.

3 Ibid., personal communication, Oct. 17, 2003, Sept. 10, 2004, Feb. 1, 2007, and Nov. 2, 20074 1960-1970: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 and 1973 (Washington, DC), Part III, tables 2, 4, 7, and 13. 1980: Civil Aeronautics Board, Air 

Carrier Financial Statistics , December 1981 (Washington, DC), pp. 2, 5, 46, and 86. 1990-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class, available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/Tables.asp?DB_ID=130&DB_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summary%20Data%20%28Form%2041%20and%20298C%20Summary%20Data%29&DB_Short_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summary, as of Nov. 2, 2007

5 See sources 1 and 4.6 1960-70: U.S. Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Report of Passenger Travel Between the U.S. and Foreign Countries , 1960, 1970 

(Washington, DC). 1980-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, U.S. International Air Travel Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables IIa and IId. 2006: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, U.S. International Air Travel Statistics.

7 National Transportation Safety Board, Internet site http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/stats.htm as of November 2007 and personal communication.
FINANCIAL 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 20

Expenditures, total ($ millions) 895 2,035 8,053 9,907 9,332 10,379 11,605 13,797 16,372 17,553 21,909 26,499 UU

Aircraft 202 339 2,853 3,398 3,910 4,260 5,298 7,174 9,573 11,262 14,291 18,524 UUOperating costs 693 1,696 5,200 6,509 5,422 6,119 6,307 6,623 6,799 6,291 7,618 7,975 UU

INVENTORYNumber of active aircraft by primary use, total 76,549 131,743 211,045 196,800 (R) 176,600 (R) 188,089 (R) 191,129 192,414 204,710 219,464 217,533 211,446 211,244 209,708 2

Corporate N 6,835 14,860 10,100 (R) 10,200 (R) 10,600 (R) 9,900 10,411 11,250 10,804 11,003 10,544 10,810 10,493 Business N 26,900 49,391 33,100 26,500 (R) 28,300 (R) 30,700 27,716 32,611 24,543 25,169 25,525 24,153 25,042 Instructional N 10,727 14,862 18,600 (R) 15,100 (R) 14,200 (R) 12,700 14,663 11,375 16,081 14,883 14,254 13,203 12,714 Personal N 65,398 96,222 112,600 (R) 104,100 (R) 113,400 (R) 113,400 115,630 124,347 147,085 148,192 144,031 145,996 146,722 1Aerial application N 5,455 7,294 6,200 (R) 4,400 (R) 5,000 (R) 5,000 4,858 4,550 4,254 4,294 3,779 3,971 3,250 Aerial observation N N N 4,900 5,100 4,700 (R) 3,000 3,311 3,242 3,240 5,093 5,039 4,535 4,223 External load N N N N 100 200 (R) 400 186 313 190 234 202 151 194 

Other worka N 2,054 2,813 1,400 1,200 1,100 (R) 1,000 679 1,116 2,363 1,787 1,528 1,733 1,726 

Air taxi / air toursb N N N 5,800 3,800 (R) 4,000 (R) 4,200 4,948 5,190 4,569 4,019 4,004 4,157 2,791 

Sightseeingc NNNN 1,300 (R) 800 (R) 700 677 679 832 881 918 641 862 Otherd N 8,249 17,045 4,100 (R) 4,400 (R) 5,900 (R) 5,600 5,250 6,010 (R) 1,200 (R) 2,500 (R) 2,100 (R) 2,642 (R) 2,300 (RPublic usee,f NNNNNN (R) 4,500 4,130 4,029 4,138 NNNN

PERFORMANCENumber of flight hours by actual use, total (thousands) 13,121 26,030 36,430 30,763 24,092 26,612 26,909 27,713 28,100 31,231 29,960 27,017 27,040 27,329 

Corporate N N 5,332 2,913 2,486 3,069 2,898 2,878 3,213 3,535 3,341 2,657 3,275 3,227 Business 5,699 7,204 8,434 4,417 3,012 3,335 3,259 3,006 3,523 3,602 3,588 3,579 3,287 3,377 Instructional 1,828 6,791 5,748 7,244 (R) 4,382 4,410 4,759 4,956 3,961 5,795 5,050 4,307 4,182 4,393 Personal 3,172 6,896 8,894 9,276 8,248 9,659 9,037 9,644 9,781 11,072 11,477 11,266 11,025 11,251 Aerial application N N 2,044 1,872 1,364 1,526 1,713 1,562 1,306 1,408 1,318 1,038 1,182 1,099 Aerial observation N N N 1,745 1,746 1,391 1,057 1,261 812 1,244 1,545 1,442 1,366 1,262 External load N N N N 135 128 191 112 153 123 161 131 97 103 

Other worka N N 1,053 572 241 280 265 139 286 605 496 256 369 414 

Air taxi / air toursb N N N 2,249 1,545 1,527 1,834 2,122 2,583 1,985 2,122 1,587 1,495 1,332 

Sightseeingc N N N N 309 179 195 127 169 218 197 183 134 175 

Otherd 2,422 5,139 4,925 475 622 1,107 656 819 940 535 665 (R) 571 (R) 628 697 (R

Public usee,f NNNNNN 1,047 1,096 1,373 1,109 NNNN

Vehicle-miles (millions)g 1,769 3,207 5,204 4,548 3,358 3,795 3,524 3,877 UUUUUU

Passenger-miles (millions)g 2,300 9,100 14,700 13,000 9,800 10,800 12,000 12,500 13,100 14,100 15,200 15,900 UU

Fuel consumed, total (million gallons)g 242 759 1,286 1,016 731 847 896 934 1,126 1,313 (R) 1,305 (R) 1,198 (R) 1,215 1,205 

Aviation gasoline 242 551 520 353 266 287 289 292 311 345 (R) 333 279 (R) 277 272 Jet fuel N 208 766 663 464 560 608 642 815 967 972 (R) 918 938 932 

SAFETYFatalities, totalh 787 1,310 1,239 770 730 (R) 734 636 631 (R) 624 (R) 621 596 562 581 (R) 633 

Corporate N 28 66 21 6 15 20 3 0 30 13 12 5 5 Business N 148 126 80 64 73 44 45 42 55 43 50 39 33 Instructional N 93 73 62 47 44 40 38 38 38 64 40 42 71 Personal N 726 808 492 472 488 413 432 432 383 386 376 407 444 Aerial application N 41 32 17 17 15 10 17 6 14 19 14 14 6 Other N 174 134 95 138 112 119 106 112 105 87 73 77 84 

Accidents, total 4,793 4,712 3,590 2,242 2,021 (R) 2,055 1,908 (R) 1,840 (R) 1,902 1,905 1,837 1,727 1,715 (R) 1,741 (R

Fatal 429 641 618 444 404 (R) 412 361 350 (R) 364 340 345 325 345 352 

Accident rate (per 100,000 flight hours)i,j 36.5 18.1 9.9 7.3 8.4 (R) 7.7 7.1 (R) 6.6 (R) 6.8 6.1 6.1 6.4 6.3 (R) 6.4 

Fatal 3.3 2.5 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 

General Aviation Profile
Financial:

Inventory:Performance:Safety:1996 Vehicle-miles and fuel consumption data are estimated using new information on nonrespondents and are not comparable to earlier years.1960-1990: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, General Aviation and Air Taxi Acitivity and Avionics Survey (Washington, DC: 1990-2000 issues), table 5.1. SOURCES1960-80: National Transportation Safety Board, RE-50, personal communication. Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data, U.S. General Aviation, Calendar Year 1998 (Washington, DC: July 2000), table 10, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/ as of July 22, 2004. 1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, Annual Issues (Washington, DC), pp. 40 and 45, and similar tables in earlier editions.Ibid., tables 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 and similar tables in earlier editions.Fatalities, total:Accidents, total:Vehicle-miles and passenger-miles:1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, Annual Issues (Washington, DC), pp. 40 and 45, and similar tables in earlier editions.2007-2008: Ibid., Aviation Accident Statistics , table 10, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/stats.htm as of June 24, 2010, and personal communication on Mar. 04, 2010.1960-1970: National Transportation Safety Board, RE-50, personal communication. Total fatalities in this profile may not match those in table 2-14 due to when the total fatalities data were received and the data breakdown by type of flying. NTSB constantly updates and reclassifies accident and fatality data.

b Includes Air tours done under 14 CFR 135: Air taxi operators and commercial operators.c Includes Sightseeing done under 14 CFR 91: general operating and flight rules.d The significant decrease in Other for 1990 and later can be attributed to a redefination of the category to only include aerial other, general aviation other, and medical use.

1994-95 data for active aircraft by use, and flight hours, have been revised to reflect changes in the adjustment for nonresponse bias based on factors from the 1996 telephone survey. 

h The sum of Fatalities does not necessarily equal the total due to aircraft involved in midair and on-ground collisions.i Suicide/sabotage cases are included in Accidents and Fatalities data but are excluded from Accident rates .

j Accident rates are calculated by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) using the formula: Accident Rates (per 100,000 flight hours) = Accidents or Fatalities/Flight Hours 

(thousands)*100.

f Beginning in 2000, Public Use was included in Other Work .

Numbers may not add to totals due to changes in sub-categories reported by the source, due to estmation and due to rounding. 1980-2006: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data, U.S. General Aviation, Calendar Year 1998 (Washington, DC: July 2000), charts 27, 39, 40, 41, 42 and 43, and personal communications on Sept. 10, 2002, Dec. 22, 2003, Apr. 30, 2004, Mar. 24, 2005, Nov. 7, 2006, and Oct. 30, 2007.1994-2008: Ibid., Aviation Forecasts, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 30 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/ as of June 24, 2010.1990-2008: Ibid., Aviation Accident Statistics , table 10, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/stats.htm as of June 24, 2010.

e Federal, state or local government-owned or leased aircraft used for the purpose of fulfilling a government fuction.

Expenditure:Number of active aircraft by primary use, total:Number of flight hours by actual use, total:Fuel consumed, total:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, General Aviation and Part 135 Activity Surveys (Washington, DC: 1990-2008 issues), tables 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3, 

available at http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation_data_statistics/general_aviation/ as of Feb. 22, 2010.KEY: N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a In 1960, 1970, 1980, classified as Industrial.

NOTES

g Includes air taxi operations. Nautical miles in source multiplied by 1.151 to convert from nautical miles.
FINANCIAL 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Government receipts, total ($ millions)1 11,193 21,763 39,834 75,444 91,312 96,347 102,771 107,421 111,581 121,650 131,115 132,324 134,765 138,384 145,315 

Federal, total 2,771 6,160 9,949 14,576 17,854 19,851 23,196 21,648 24,509 26,008 30,819 27,670 28,527 29,875 30,911 

Highway trust funda 2,531 5,464 7,615 13,380 16,582 18,835 22,036 20,500 23,396 25,085 29,445 26,365 26,808 27,755 28,576 

Other 240 696 2,334 1,196 1,272 1,016 1,160 1,148 1,113 923 1,374 1,305 1,719 2,120 2,335 

State and local, total 8,422 15,603 29,885 60,868 73,458 76,496 79,575 85,773 87,072 95,642 100,296 104,654 106,238 108,509 114,404 

State and D.C. 6,055 11,737 19,666 40,026 47,699 50,064 52,808 58,087 58,806 63,274 66,434 68,873 68,430 67,792 72,860 Local 2,367 3,866 10,219 20,842 25,759 26,432 26,767 27,686 28,266 32,368 33,862 35,781 37,808 40,717 41,544 

Government expenditures, total ($ millions)1 10,757 20,829 41,763 75,408 90,192 93,478 98,082 101,953 107,975 116,011 122,697 129,900 135,919 143,807 147,489 

Federal, total 197 425 874 664 1,306 1,402 1,598 1,315 1,375 1,428 1,680 1,913 1,761 2,383 3,470 

Highway trust funda 27 83 315 358 965 1,092 1,384 1,103 1,170 1,249 1,304 1,463 1,261 1,685 2,436 

Otherb 170 342 559 306 341 310 214 212 205 179 376 450 500 698 1,034 

State and local, total 10,560 20,404 40,889 74,744 88,886 92,076 96,484 100,638 106,600 114,583 121,017 127,987 134,158 141,424 144,019 

State and D.C. 7,125 14,100 25,936 45,609 55,569 56,981 59,709 61,534 65,507 71,415 76,997 81,803 85,653 88,377 88,026 Local 3,435 6,304 14,953 29,135 33,317 35,095 36,775 39,104 41,093 43,168 44,020 46,184 48,505 53,047 55,993 

State highway user tax revenuesc, total ($ millions) 5,323 10,284 17,178 35,944 46,437 47,424 49,756 51,381 54,507 56,269 57,144 58,508 58,299 59,642 62,830 

Motor fuel tax2 3,374 6,433 9,485 19,658 25,860 26,881 27,555 28,477 29,803 30,753 31,981 32,519 33,046 34,016 35,272 

Other motor fuel receiptsd, 2 22 44 92 220 101 108 63 55 58 134 179 298 297 277 194 

Motor vehicle registration fees 3 1,514 2,873 5,173 10,257 12,388 11,942 13,234 13,631 14,552 14,882 13,704 14,437 13,316 13,606 14,443 

Other motor vehicle feese, 3 235 577 1,490 3,353 4,505 4,416 4,689 4,704 5,068 5,350 5,696 5,764 6,077 5,885 6,373 

Motor carrier taxesf, 3 110 176 323 695 875 770 726 729 861 740 784 753 703 709 730 Miscellaneous fees3 68 181 615 1,761 2,708 3,307 3,489 3,785 4,165 4,410 4,800 4,737 4,860 5,149 5,819 

INVENTORY Rural / urban mileage by ownership, total4 3,545,693 3,730,082 3,859,837 3,866,926 3,906,595 3,912,227 3,919,652 3,944,601 3,906,304 3,917,245 3,936,241 3,948,335 3,966,494 3,974,103 3,981,521 

Rural mileage, total 3,116,125 3,169,412 3,230,936 3,122,282 3,092,810 3,092,521 3,092,887 3,108,493 3,064,650 3,071,181 3,084,000 3,071,332 3,071,768 3,033,133 3,000,247 

Under state control 658,896 707,002 750,479 702,486 690,372 690,924 691,156 692,767 660,834 660,682 661,798 663,134 662,855 652,522 648,555 

Under federal controlg 111,912 187,696 246,130 178,188 173,650 170,568 168,938 167,369 118,369 116,846 116,698 119,270 117,751 120,208 117,740 

Under local control 2,345,317 2,274,714 2,234,327 2,241,608 2,228,788 2,231,029 2,232,793 2,248,357 2,285,447 2,293,653 2,305,504 2,288,928 2,291,162 2,260,403 2,233,952 

County roads 1,742,404 1,732,981 1,542,984 1,616,634 1,624,982 1,626,927 1,627,639 1,642,468 1,647,025 1,649,291 1,656,906 1,637,616 1,628,510 1,623,786 1,608,094 Town, township and municipal roadsh 538,651 510,174 458,231 437,460 423,908 424,529 426,170 426,433 426,340 590,206 592,623 595,197 606,398 580,825 573,871 

Other local roadsh 64,262 31,559 233,112 187,514 179,898 179,573 178,984 179,456 212,082 54,156 55,975 56,115 56,254 55,792 51,987 

Urban mileage, total 429,568 560,670 628,901 744,644 813,785 819,706 826,765 836,108 841,654 846,064 852,241 877,003 894,726 940,970 981,274 

Under state control 50,158 74,103 97,287 95,778 109,947 111,766 111,924 112,226 110,017 109,956 110,195 109,136 110,434 120,033 126,132 Under federal controlg N N 1,495 1,024 1,484 1,509 1,470 1,464 1,485 1,503 1,484 2,234 2,819 3,560 3,561 

Under local control N N 530,119 647,842 702,354 706,431 713,371 722,418 730,152 734,605 740,562 765,633 781,473 817,377 851,581 

County roads N N 71,357 95,929 115,388 117,518 117,181 117,487 117,016 117,105 116,918 144,065 144,615 156,598 175,601 Town and township roadsh N N 37,583 42,752 74,630 60,561 60,926 74,402 75,195 605,255 611,473 608,859 624,163 647,448 662,366 Other local roadsh 379,410 486,567 421,179 509,161 512,336 528,352 535,264 530,529 537,941 12,245 12,171 12,709 12,695 13,331 13,614 

Rural / urban mileage by functional system, total5 3,545,693 3,730,082 3,859,837 3,866,926 3,906,595 3,912,226 3,919,652 3,944,597 3,906,292 3,917,240 3,936,222 3,948,335 3,966,485 3,974,107 3,981,512 

Rural mileage, total 3,116,125 3,169,412 3,230,936 3,122,282 3,092,810 3,092,520 3,092,887 3,108,488 3,064,649 3,071,181 3,083,979 3,071,331 3,071,761 3,033,138 3,000,236 

Interstate N N 31,905 33,547 32,457 32,580 32,820 32,819 32,808 32,974 33,048 33,061 32,992 32,048 31,443 Other principal arterial N N 82,569 83,802 97,175 97,948 98,131 98,257 98,858 98,856 98,919 99,185 98,853 97,038 95,946 

Minor arterial N N 149,057 144,774 138,120 137,151 137,359 137,498 137,308 137,463 137,575 137,587 137,568 135,596 135,449 

Major collector N N 439,000 436,352 431,115 431,712 432,117 432,728 432,408 432,954 433,121 433,284 430,946 424,288 420,046 

Minor collector N N 299,613 293,922 282,011 274,081 273,198 272,350 272,140 271,690 271,803 271,377 270,700 267,524 267,842 

Local N N 2,228,792 2,129,885 2,111,932 2,119,048 2,119,262 2,134,836 2,091,127 2,097,244 2,109,513 2,096,837 2,100,702 2,076,644 2,049,510 

Urban mileage, total 429,568 560,670 628,901 744,644 813,785 819,706 826,765 836,109 841,643 846,059 852,243 877,004 894,724 940,969 981,276 

Interstate N N 9,215 11,527 13,126 13,164 13,217 13,249 13,276 13,343 13,379 13,406 13,491 14,460 15,129 

Other freeways and expressways N N 6,774 7,668 8,994 8,970 9,027 9,062 9,163 9,125 9,140 9,126 9,323 9,870 10,246 

Other principal arterial N N 44,155 51,968 53,110 52,796 52,983 53,230 53,132 53,206 53,314 53,056 53,439 56,870 59,695 

Minor arterial N N 66,377 74,659 87,857 88,510 89,020 89,196 89,496 89,399 89,789 89,962 90,411 93,888 97,433 

Collector N N 68,387 78,254 86,089 87,331 87,790 88,042 88,071 88,008 88,200 88,713 89,247 97,114 102,150 

Local N N 433,993 520,568 564,609 568,935 574,728 583,330 588,505 592,978 598,421 622,741 638,813 668,767 696,623 

U.S. roads and streets by surface6

Paved mileage, total 1,230,469 1,658,421 2,072,692 2,254,822 2,342,179 2,378,268 2,380,650 2,409,935 2,420,344 2,451,426 2,501,716 2,523,479 2,577,693 2,612,069 2,577,963 

Rural 919,082 1,188,080 1,490,050 1,550,283 1,561,649 1,591,334 1,582,166 1,605,804 1,612,251 1,641,877 1,682,140 1,678,795 1,714,714 1,702,175 1,629,423 

Urban 311,387 470,341 582,642 704,539 780,530 786,934 798,484 804,131 808,093 809,549 819,576 844,684 862,979 909,894 948,540 

Percent paved 34.7% 44.5% 53.7% 58.3% 60.0% 60.8% 60.5% 60.9% 61.3% 62.4% 63.3% 63.7% 64.8% 65.5% 64.5% Unpaved mileage, total 2,315,224 2,071,661 1,787,145 1,612,104 1,564,416 1,533,958 1,553,537 1,548,349 1,528,549 1,478,977 1,448,319 1,438,723 1,402,995 1,376,283 1,417,527 

Rural 2,197,043 1,981,332 1,740,886 1,571,999 1,531,161 1,501,186 1,518,310 1,510,330 1,490,488 1,436,969 1,409,279 1,400,129 1,364,900 1,333,969 1,373,622 Urban 118,181 90,329 46,259 40,105 33,255 32,772 35,227 38,019 38,061 42,008 39,040 38,594 38,095 42,314 43,905 

Percent unpaved 65.3% 55.5% 46.3% 41.7% 40.0% 39.2% 39.5% 39.1% 38.7% 37.6% 36.7% 36.3% 35.2% 34.5% 35.5% Number of employeesState and local govt. streets and highways7 532,000 607,000 559,000 569,000 544,233 543,143 U 548,486 530,097 542,612 546,215 551,706 545,249 545,617 542,642 

Highway, street and bridge constructioni,8 UUUU 274,000 278,100 287,500 294,200 308,000 336,300 340,100 345,800 345,900 340,100 347,000 

PERFORMANCEVehicle-miles of travel by functional system (millions), total j, 9 718,762 1,109,724 1,527,295 2,144,362 2,357,588 2,422,696 2,484,080 2,552,233 2,628,148 2,690,241 2,746,925 2,781,462 2,855,756 2,890,893 2,962,513 

Rural mileage, total 400,463 539,472 672,030 868,878 908,341 933,289 960,194 999,277 1,032,528 1,062,623 1,083,152 1,105,083 1,128,160 1,085,385 1,070,248 

Interstate 10,514 79,516 135,084 200,173 215,568 223,382 232,565 240,255 251,520 260,166 268,180 274,024 279,962 269,945 266,996 Other principal arterial N N 132,958 175,133 207,569 215,567 221,403 228,716 237,704 244,045 248,725 253,056 257,587 245,345 241,046 

Minor arterial N N 129,816 155,733 149,760 153,028 157,444 163,341 165,780 169,275 171,874 173,889 176,218 171,251 168,898 

Highway Profile
Major collector N N 150,186 190,512 182,000 186,212 190,923 201,790 203,580 206,831 209,659 211,312 213,503 203,368 200,792 

Minor collector N N 39,282 49,948 48,529 49,936 50,107 52,310 54,288 57,622 57,572 59,650 61,504 60,294 60,139 Local N N 84,704 97,379 104,915 105,164 107,752 112,865 119,656 124,684 127,142 133,152 139,386 135,182 132,377 

Urban mileage, total 318,299 570,252 855,265 1,275,484 1,449,247 1,489,407 1,523,886 1,552,956 1,595,620 1,627,618 1,663,773 1,676,379 1,727,596 1,805,508 1,892,265 

Interstate 13,365 81,532 161,242 278,901 330,577 341,515 351,579 361,433 374,622 383,259 393,465 399,890 408,618 432,633 454,385 Other freeways and expressways N N 79,690 127,465 147,534 151,509 157,502 159,572 165,632 171,515 177,222 182,758 189,634 199,520 207,929 

Other principal arterial N N 229,469 335,543 364,200 370,365 377,776 385,123 388,071 392,688 398,772 401,037 408,336 425,622 450,142 

Minor arterial N N 175,030 236,225 286,165 293,228 299,345 301,932 309,293 313,950 324,398 329,931 339,387 348,794 362,018 Collector N N 83,043 106,297 120,088 126,883 129,310 130,146 131,905 131,603 135,372 137,922 141,874 153,751 162,108 

Local N N 126,791 191,053 200,683 205,907 208,374 214,750 226,097 234,603 234,544 224,841 239,747 245,188 255,683 

Highway demand for petroleum, total (thousand barrels) 1,488,095 2,361,310 2,882,143 3,289,554 3,530,071 3,602,159 3,669,491 3,765,003 3,889,758 4,042,708 4,062,573 4,081,742 4,203,095 4,233,039 4,328,176 

Motor fuel10 1,378,095 2,198,310 2,737,143 3,113,214 3,353,320 3,424,616 3,492,285 3,580,620 3,699,500 3,843,128 3,870,337 3,892,341 4,016,243 4,049,263 4,131,695 

Asphalt and road oil11 110,000 163,000 145,000 176,340 176,751 177,543 177,206 184,383 190,258 199,580 192,236 189,401 186,852 183,776 196,481 

SAFETY12

Fatalities 36,399 52,627 51,091 44,599 40,716 41,817 42,065 42,013 41,501 41,717 41,945 42,196 43,005 42,884 42,836 Injured persons N N N 3,231,000 3,266,000 3,465,000 3,483,000 3,348,000 3,192,000 3,236,000 3,189,000 3,033,000 2,926,000 2,889,000 2,788,000 

Crashes N N N 6,471,000 6,496,000 6,699,000 6,770,000 6,624,000 6,335,000 6,279,000 6,394,000 6,323,000 6,316,000 6,328,000 6,181,000 

f Includes carrier gross receipt taxes; mileage, ton-mile and passenger-mile taxes; special license fees and franchise taxes; and certificate or permit fees.

Earlier editions of NTS, particularly the 1993 Historical Compendium, used crash and injury figures estimated by the National Safety Council, which employed a different

of methods to arrive at its figures. Thus, the injury and crash figures in this edition of NTS may not be comparable with those found in earlier editions.1994-2007: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, State and Local Government Employment and Payroll Data, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), Internetsite http://www.census.gov/govs/www/apesstl.html as of Sept. 4, 2009.

g Mileage in federal parks, forests, and reservations that are not a part of the state and local highway system. h Prior to 1999, mileage for municipal roads is included with the "other local roads" jurisdiction. Mileage for municipal roads is included in "Town, Township and Municipal 

Road" jurisdiction after 1999.

i Data for years 1994 and later are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Prior to 1994, data are based on the Standard Industrial 

Classification System (SIC). 

j Highway category classifications changed several times before 1980. Actual 1960 data categories were: Main Rural Roads, Local Rural Roads and Urban Streets; 1970 

data categories were: Rural Interstate, Rural Other Arterial, Other Rural, Urban Interstate and Other Urban.

NOTESTotal system mileage may differ when categorized by ownership and functional system due to rounding at different levels of aggregation. Additionally, total system mileage 

categorized by surface type is based on sampling and is not comparable to the totals based on the other categorizations.

8 1960-2006: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/data/sa.htm as of Apr. 15, 2008.3 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995 , FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MV-202.

1996-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table MV-2.

4 1960-70: Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table M-203.

1980-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995 , FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table HM-210.

1996-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-10.

5 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995 , FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tables HM-212 and HM-220. 7 1960-90: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States , (Washington, DC: Annual issues), State and Local Government 

Section.

b Figures obtained by addition/subtraction and may not appear directly in data source.c Gross amounts collected by state governments from highway users. Does not include tolls. Not all revenues are allocated to highway expenditures.d Includes distributor and dealer licenses, inspection fees, fines and penalties, and miscellaneous receipts.e Includes driver licenses, title fees, special title taxes, fines and penalties; estimated service charges and local collections.

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.

a The Federal Highway Trust Fund was created with the enactment of the Highway Revenue Act of 1956. The total receipts shown for 1995 are overstated by approxima$1.59 billion due to a fiscal year (FY) 1994 error by the Treasury Department in reconciling estimated deposits to the actual tax revenue. The correction was made after the close of FY1994 and is shown in FY1995 receipts.

Motor vehicle injury and crash data in this profile come from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's General Estimates System (GES). The data from GES, which began operation in 1988, are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes, and the GES sample includes only crashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death. The resulting figures do not take into account crashes which were not reported to the police or which did not result in at least property damage.In 1998, FHWA instituted a new method of creating mileage based tables derived from the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS). See Chapter 1 accuracy profiles for more information about the HPMS.SOURCESUnless otherwise noted, please refer to chapter tables for sources.

1 1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995 , FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), 

table HF-210. 

1995-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables HF-10A and HF-10.

2 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics , Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MF-201. 

1996-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual isssues), table MF-1.1996-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-20.

6 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics , Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table HM-212.

1996-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-12.

9 1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: April 1987), 

table VM-201.

1980-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables VM-2 and VM-2A.

12 1960-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, NRD-30, personal 

communication.

1990-2007: Ibid., Traffic Safety Facts (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 1 and 4.

10 1960-90: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995 , FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A (total fuel consumed in thousands of gallons 

divided by 42).

1994-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1 (total fuel consumed in thousands of gallons divided by 42).

11 1960-80: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data Report (Washington, DC: July 1982), p. 13.

1990-2007: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual: Volume 1 (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 1.
FINANCIAL 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 20

Personal auto expenditures, total a ($ millions) 39,886 73,390 209,563 377,492 442,346 462,166 494,691 519,828 529,047 573,429 628,952 631,527 622,369 646,756 

New and used carsa,1 16,600 26,700 57,200 119,000 133,200 132,600 136,000 139,400 147,300 158,400 164,300 162,900 162,100 152,000 

Tires, tubes, accessories, and parts 1 2,500 6,100 17,900 29,900 36,000 37,800 40,300 41,900 43,900 47,000 49,000 49,100 50,300 52,000 

Gasoline and oil1 12,000 21,900 86,700 111,200 116,200 120,200 130,400 134,400 122,400 137,900 175,700 171,600 164,500 192,700 

Tolls1 300 700 1,100 2,300 3,400 3,700 4,000 4,400 4,400 4,800 5,100 5,100 5,300 5,500 

Insurance premiums less claims paid 1 2,000 3,800 9,400 23,500 32,800 34,500 36,700 37,800 40,400 43,200 43,000 44,600 45,800 49,200 

Repair, greasing, washing, parking, storage, rental, and leasing 1 5,500 12,300 34,000 84,900 112,500 125,500 138,700 152,900 161,100 172,600 183,500 189,100 186,000 186,800 Auto registration fees2 867 1,668 2,893 6,054 7,423 7,043 7,698 8,163 8,630 8,625 7,607 8,278 7,415 7,478 

Driver's license fees2 119 222 370 638 823 823 893 865 917 904 745 849 954 1,078 

Taxi expenditures ($ millions) 1 600 1,200 1,900 2,600 2,800 3,000 3,200 3,300 3,500 3,300 3,100 3,200 3,300 3,500 

INVENTORYNumber of vehicle registrationsPassenger car3 61,671,390 89,243,557 121,600,843 133,700,496 127,883,469 128,386,775 129,728,341 129,748,704 131,838,538 132,432,044 133,621,420 137,633,467 135,920,677 135,669,897 136

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle3 e 14,210,591 27,875,934 48,274,555 62,903,589 65,738,322 68,933,798 70,224,082 71,330,205 75,356,376 79,084,979 84,187,636 85,011,305 87,186,663 91

Motorcycle4 574,032 2,824,098 5,693,940 4,259,462 3,756,555 3,897,191 3,871,237 3,826,373 3,879,450 4,152,433 4,346,068 4,903,056 5,004,156 5,370,035 5

Motor vehicle licensed drivers 5 87,252,563 111,542,787 145,295,036 167,015,250 175,403,465 176,628,482 179,539,340 182,709,204 184,860,969 187,170,420 190,625,023 191,275,719 194,295,633 196,165,667 198

Number of employees6 (based on SIC)

Taxicabs 120,700 106,400 52,500 32,400 30,800 30,700 30,500 30,600 31,200 31,600 31,900 31,800 30,800 N

Automotive dealers and service stations 1,267,200 1,617,400 1,688,500 2,063,100 2,116,200 2,189,600 2,266,700 2,310,800 2,332,300 2,368,100 2,409,600 2,424,800 2,432,200 N

Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies N N 434,300 456,000 471,400 492,100 502,800 513,000 516,600 523,700 516,800 502,100 498,000 N

Auto repair, services, and parking N N 570,900 913,700 968,300 1,020,100 1,080,000 1,119,600 1,145,200 1,196,400 1,234,200 1,257,200 1,263,200 N

Number of employees7 (based on NAICS)

Taxi serviceh N N N 33,600 31,600 31,600 31,400 31,600 32,300 32,700 33,100 33,100 31,800 31,400 

Wholesale motor vehicles and parts N N N 309,400 319,900 334,600 342,500 350,200 353,600 359,500 355,700 347,300 345,600 342,100 

Retail motor vehicle and parts dealers N N N 1,494,400 1,564,700 1,627,100 1,685,600 1,723,400 1,740,900 1,796,600 1,846,900 1,854,600 1,879,400 1,882,900 1

Gasoline stations N N N 910,200 902,300 922,300 946,400 956,200 961,300 943,500 935,700 925,300 895,900 882,000 

Parking lots and garages h N N N 67,600 71,100 74,800 78,400 81,800 84,700 88,900 92,800 95,500 95,900 99,600 

Automotive repair and maintenance N N N 659,400 701,300 737,900 781,400 810,500 828,300 864,200 888,100 903,900 899,600 894,200 

PERFORMANCE Vehicle-miles, total (millions) 587,012 1,042,965 1,412,745 1,992,392 2,276,275 2,238,120 2,294,701 2,363,376 2,428,135 2,480,706 2,533,815 2,581,178 2,634,060 2,665,750 2Passenger car, totala, 8 (c) 587,012 (c) 919,679 (c) 1,121,810 (c) 1,417,822 1,501,402 1,438,294 1,468,854 1,502,556 1,549,577 1,569,100 1,600,287 1,628,332 1,658,474 1,672,079 1

Rural highway, total (c) 313,623 (c) 424,088 (c) 450,659 (c) 547,910 526,763 523,834 535,951 551,080 574,979 584,765 593,391 604,677 608,939 580,060 

Rural interstate N (c) 62,342 (c) 89,488 (c) 117,519 119,535 114,933 119,268 120,045 127,335 130,856 134,466 135,966 138,819 132,101 Rural other arterial (c) 233,452 (c) 182,213 (c) 180,857 (c) 211,066 212,418 210,553 216,074 220,180 228,847 231,117 234,743 236,337 238,009 225,437 Other rural roads (c) 80,171 (c) 179,533 (c) 180,314 (c) 219,325 194,810 198,348 200,609 210,855 218,797 222,792 224,182 232,374 232,111 222,522 

Urban highway, totalb (c) 273,389 (c) 495,591 (c) 671,151 (c) 869,912 974,639 914,460 932,903 951,476 974,598 984,335 1,006,896 1,023,655 1,049,535 1,092,021 1

Urban interstate N (c) 69,369 (c) 124,480 (c) 184,783 217,174 204,035 210,302 214,016 220,487 224,132 230,510 236,983 243,521 251,904 Other urban N (c) 426,222 (c) 546,671 (c) 685,129 757,465 710,425 722,601 737,460 754,111 760,203 776,386 786,672 806,014 840,117 

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, total 9 e 123,286 290,935 574,570 764,633 790,029 815,935 850,739 868,275 901,022 923,059 943,207 966,034 984,094 1

Rural highway, total e 73,591 149,560 227,831 285,325 295,472 306,891 327,316 334,806 351,658 360,355 374,736 384,185 372,891 

Rural interstate e 6,766 19,952 46,298 60,849 63,329 65,779 69,030 72,343 76,190 79,088 82,356 85,132 82,513 Rural other arterial e 29,808 56,137 87,474 113,595 118,305 122,211 129,890 132,043 138,475 141,257 146,525 150,758 148,100 Other rural roads e 37,017 73,471 94,059 110,881 113,838 118,901 128,396 130,420 136,993 140,010 145,855 148,295 142,278 

Urban highway, totalb e 49,695 141,375 346,739 479,308 494,557 509,044 523,423 533,469 549,364 562,704 568,471 581,849 611,203 

Urban interstate e 6,252 23,067 71,500 105,317 109,807 112,908 116,680 121,700 124,399 128,291 127,989 130,174 142,472 Other urban e 43,443 118,308 275,239 373,991 384,750 396,136 406,743 411,769 424,965 434,413 440,482 451,675 468,731 

Motorcycle, totala, 8 ffff 10,240 9,797 9,912 10,081 10,283 10,584 10,469 9,639 9,552 9,577 

Rural highway, total ffff 4,402 4,098 4,069 4,147 4,279 4,448 4,507 4,383 4,445 4,289 

Rural interstate ffff 1,279 1,058 1,056 1,050 1,112 1,100 1,164 1,121 1,212 1,279 Rural other arterial ffff 1,698 1,510 1,500 1,552 1,588 1,662 1,680 1,649 1,623 1,472 

Other rural roads ffff 1,425 1,530 1,513 1,545 1,579 1,686 1,663 1,613 1,610 1,538 

Urban highway, totalb ffff 5,838 5,699 5,843 5,934 6,004 6,136 5,962 5,256 5,107 5,288 

Urban interstate ffff 1,420 1,454 1,516 1,509 1,579 1,690 1,692 1,546 1,670 1,962 Other urban ffff 4,418 4,245 4,327 4,425 4,425 4,446 4,270 3,710 3,437 3,326 

Passenger-miles, total (millions) 3 1,145,000 1,979,787 2,545,020 3,037,244 3,623,364 3,553,810 3,643,719 3,752,829 3,855,696 3,939,137 4,023,637 4,247,094 4,307,312 4,360,151 4

Passenger cars (a,c) 1,145,000 (a.c) 1,754,174 (a,c) 2,024,246 (c) 2,140,913 (c) 2,600,050 2,286,887 2,335,478 2,389,065 2,463,828 2,494,870 2,544,457 2,556,481 2,620,389 2,641,885 2Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle e 225,613 520,774 896,331 1,012,050 1,256,146 1,297,337 1,352,675 1,380,557 1,432,625 1,467,664 1,678,853 1,674,792 1,706,103 1Motorcycle ffff 11,264 10,777 10,904 11,089 11,311 11,642 11,516 11,760 12,131 12,163 

Average miles traveled per vehicle 3

Passenger car (c) 9,518 (c) 9,989 (c) 8,813 (c) 10,277 (c) 10,759 11,203 11,323 11,581 11,754 11,848 11,976 11,831 12,202 12,325 Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle e 8,676 10,437 11,902 12,156 12,018 11,837 12,115 12,173 11,957 11,672 11,204 11,364 11,287 Motorcycle ffff 2,726 2,514 2,561 2,635 2,651 2,549 2,409 1,966 1,909 1,783 

Fuel consumed (million gallons) 3

Passenger cars (c) 41,171 (c) 67,879 (c) 70,186 (c) 69,759 (c) 68,079 68,072 68,897 69,892 71,695 73,283 73,065 73,559 75,471 75,455 Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle e 12,313 23,796 35,611 44,112 45,605 47,133 49,388 50,462 52,859 52,939 53,522 55,220 60,758 Motorcycle f f f f205 196 198 202 206 212 209 193 191 192 

Average fuel consumption per vehicle (gallons) 3

Passenger cars (c) 668 (c) 737 (c) 551 (c) 506 (c) 517 530 531 539 544 553 547 534 555 556 

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle e 866 854 738 701 694 684 703 707 701 669 636 650 697 

Motorcycle f f f f55 50 51 53 53 51 48 39 38 36 

Average miles traveled per gallon of fuel consumed 3

Passenger cars (c) 14 (c) 14 (c) 16.0 (c) 20.3 (c) 21 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.6 21.4 21.9 22.1 22.0 22.2 

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle e 10.0 12.2 16.1 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.0 17.4 17.6 17.5 16.2 

Automobile Profile
Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

SAFETY10

Number of occupants and nonoccupant fatalitiesPassenger car N N 27,449 24,092 21,997 22,423 22,505 22,199 21,194 20,862 20,699 20,320 20,569 19,725 Light Truck N N (R) 1,262 (R) 705 (R) 670 (R) 648 (R) 621 (R) 723 (R) 742 (R) 759 (R) 754 (R) 708 (R) 689 (R) 726 Motorcycle 790 2,280 5,144 3,244 2,320 2,227 2,161 2,116 2,294 2,483 2,897 3,197 3,270 3,714 Bicycled 490 760 965 859 802 833 765 814 760 754 693 732 665 629 

Pedestriand 7,210 8,950 8,070 6,482 5,489 5,584 5,449 5,321 5,228 4,939 4,763 4,901 4,851 4,774 

Occupant fatality ratesPer 100 million vehicle-milesg

Passenger car 4.7 3.8 (R) 2.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 (R) 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 Light Truck N N 2.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Motorcycle N 76.5 50.4 33.9 22.7 22.7 21.8 21.0 22.3 23.5 27.7 33.2 34.2 38.8 

Per 10,000 registered vehicles g

Passenger car 5.1 3.9 2.6 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 (R) 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 Light Truck N N 2.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Motorcycle 13.8 8.1 9.0 7.6 6.2 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.9 6.0 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.9 

Fatal CrashesTotal Fatal Crashes U U U 39,836 36,254 37,241 37,494 37,324 37,107 37,140 37,526 37,862 38,491 38,477 Number of vehicles involved in fatal crashes

Passenger car U U 39,059 34,085 30,273 30,940 30,727 30,059 29,040 28,027 27,802 27,586 27,374 26,562 Light Truck U U 12,680 15,620 16,353 17,587 18,246 18,628 19,363 19,959 20,498 20,831 21,668 22,299 Motorcycles U U 5,194 3,276 2,339 2,268 2,176 2,160 2,334 2,532 2,975 3,265 3,365 3,802 

Vehicle involvement rate (fatal crashes)Per 100 million vehicle-milesg

Passenger car N 5.6 3.5 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 Light Truck N N 4.3 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 Motorcycle N 22.9 50.9 34.3 22.8 23.2 21.9 21.4 22.7 23.9 28.4 33.9 35.2 39.7 

Per 10,000 registered vehicles g

Passenger car N 5.6 3.7 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 Light Truck N N 4.2 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 Motorcycle N 8.2 9.1 7.7 6.2 5.8 5.6 5.6 6.0 6.1 6.8 6.7 6.7 7.1 

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.NOTES

9 1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 , FHWA-PL-97-009 

(Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201.

1995-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1 (revised tables used when applicable).

10 U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts (Washington, DC: Annual 

Issues), tables 1,3, 4, 7, 8, and 10 in Traffic Safety Facts 2007 and similar tables in previous issues.

1995-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1 (revised tables used when applicable).

4 1960-94: Ibid., Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MV-201.5 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-Pl-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table DL-201.

1996-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table DL-22 (revised tables used when applicable).

1995-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MV-1 (revised tables used when applicable).

6 1960-2002: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, BLS Database, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/data/sa.htm as of April 2004;

codes “414120 Taxicabs,” “605500 Automotive Dealers and Service Stations,” “525010 Motor Vehicle Parts, and Supplies” and “807500 Auto 

Repair, Services, and Parking."

8 1960-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 

(Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201.

h 2007 data are based on the May 2008 OES survey data, which uses 2007 NAICS codes. All other years are based on data that uses 2002 

NAICS codes, which do not correspond to 2007 NAICS codes. Thus, no comparable data are available in these categories.

1994-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1 (revised tables used when applicable).

7 1990-2007: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, BLS Database, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/data/sa.htm as of January 

2007; codes "48531 Taxi service," "4231 Wholesale motor vehicles and parts," "441 Retail motor vehicle and parts dealers," "447 Gasoline stations," "81293 Parking lots and garages," "8111 Automotive repair and maintenance."

2 1960-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-97-009 

(Washington, DC: July 1997), table MV-202.

 1996-2007: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MV-2 (revised tables used when applicable).

3 1960-94: Ibid., Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 , FHWA-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM–201A, table revised in June 

1999.

1 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Tables, table 2.5.5 available at 

http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/Index.asp as of September 3, 2009.

Unless otherwise noted, refer to chapter tables for sources.SOURCES

g Rates come directly from the source and may differ slightly from rates that could be calculated from the information displayed in this table.e Included in single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck category.f Included in passenger cars.a Figures obtained by addition / subtraction and may not appear directly in data source.b Urban consists of travel on all roads and streets in urban places of 5,000 or greater population.d Involvement only with motor vehicle.c Includes motorcycle data.
FINANCIAL 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Operating revenues, totala (based on SIC) ($ millions) U U U 127,314 155,713 161,806 172,743 183,153 197,490 UUUU

Local trucking U U U 31,397 40,903 43,830 46,589 49,972 55,553 UUUUTrucking, except local U U U 74,465 89,369 91,675 97,586 103,847 109,351 UUUULocal trucking with storage U U U 4,115 4,757 5,154 5,502 5,860 6,144 UUUU

Courier services, except by air U U U 17,337 20,684 21,147 23,066 23,474 26,442 UUUU

Operating expenses, totala (based on SIC) ($ millions) U U U 118,968 145,216 151,628 162,825 170,998 179,907 UUUU

Local trucking U U U 28,049 36,455 38,695 41,325 43,871 47,478 UUUUTrucking, except local U U U 70,965 84,682 88,061 94,390 98,570 101,584 UUUULocal trucking with storage U U U 3,885 4,543 4,817 5,121 5,439 5,638 UUUU

Courier services, except by air U U U 16,069 19,536 20,055 21,989 23,118 25,207 UUUU

Operating revenues, totalb (based on NAICS) ($ millions) UUUUUUUU 197,314 207,751 223,197 221,355 222,383 228,31

Truck transportation UUUUUUUU 148,121 155,871 165,421 162,871 164,218 168,48

Couriers and messengers UUUUUUUU 49,193 51,880 57,776 58,484 58,165 59,82

Truck highway-user taxes, total($ millions) 2,830 5,632 9,888 19,356 23,836 25,117 U 28,010 28,697 30,502 31,769 30,689 30,216 31,26

State 1,709 3,429 6,731 12,691 13,157 13,844 U 15,750 15,611 16,266 16,476 17,686 16,566 14,31

Federal 1,121 2,203 3,157 6,665 10,679 11,273 U 12,260 13,086 14,236 15,293 13,003 13,650 16,95

INVENTORYNumber of truck registrations, total 11,914,249 4,586,487 5,790,653 6,195,876 6,587,885 6,719,421 7,012,615 7,083,326 7,732,270 7,791,426 8,022,649 7,857,675 7,927,280 7,756,88

Single-unit truck U 3,681,405 4,373,784 4,486,981 4,906,385 5,023,670 5,266,029 5,293,358 5,734,925 5,762,864 5,926,030 5,703,501 5,650,619 5,848,52Combination truck U 905,082 1,416,869 1,708,895 1,681,500 1,695,751 1,746,586 1,789,968 1,997,345 2,028,562 2,096,619 2,154,174 2,276,661 1,908,36

Number of employeesTrucking and courier services, except air (based on SIC) U 998,500 1,182,000 1,273,900 1,384,200 1,440,000 1,482,100 1,514,200 1,568,800 1,613,700 1,630,500 1,619,800 1,590,000 

Truck transportation (based on NAICS) U U U 1,122,400 1,206,200 1,249,100 1,282,400 1,308,200 1,354,400 1,391,500 1,405,800 1,386,800 1,339,300 1,325,60Couriers and messengers (based on NAICS) U U U 375,000 466,200 516,800 539,900 546,000 568,200 585,900 605,000 587,000 560,900 561,70Truck drivers and sales workersc (based on NAICS) 1,477,000 1,565,000 1,931,000 2,148,000 2,321,000 2,861,000 2,542,000 2,602,000 3,012,000 3,028,660 2,983,950 2,992,700 2,867,530 2,869,77

Number of trucking and courier establishmentsa U 64,756 69,796 90,709 108,971 112,887 116,861 121,111 119,572 120,687 122,713 122,669 124,481 125,74

PERFORMANCEVehicle-miles,total rural and urban (millions) 127,404 62,215 108,491 146,242 170,216 178,156 182,971 191,477 196,380 202,688 205,520 209,032 214,603 217,91Rural highway, total 84,508 39,244 68,776 89,692 100,865 106,031 109,480 114,698 115,142 117,941 120,410 122,736 125,884 123,68

Rural interstate U 10,069 25,111 35,789 40,034 43,351 45,721 49,336 49,896 51,049 52,484 53,225 54,503 52,92Rural other arterial U 17,625 24,789 31,331 35,040 37,056 37,875 39,193 39,724 40,691 41,649 41,838 42,436 41,34Other rural roads U 11,550 18,876 22,572 25,791 25,624 25,884 26,169 25,522 26,201 26,277 27,673 28,945 29,42

Urban highway, totald 42,896 22,971 39,715 56,550 69,351 72,125 73,491 76,779 81,238 84,747 85,110 86,296 88,719 94,22

Urban interstate U 5,634 13,135 22,163 25,045 25,639 26,256 28,549 30,193 32,286 32,181 32,690 33,040 35,48Other urban streets U 17,337 26,580 34,387 44,306 46,486 47,235 48,230 51,045 52,461 52,929 53,606 55,679 58,74

Passenger-miles, totale(millions) 127,405 62,215 108,491 146,242 170,216 178,156 182,971 191,477 196,380 202,688 205,520 209,032 214,603 217,91

Single-unit truckf 98,551 27,081 39,813 51,901 61,284 62,705 64,072 66,893 68,021 70,304 70,500 72,448 75,866 77,75

Combination truck 28,854 35,134 68,678 94,341 108,932 115,451 118,899 124,584 128,359 132,384 135,020 136,584 138,737 140,16

Ton-miles (millions) U U 629,675 848,779 987,923 1,034,041 1,061,952 1,110,554 1,139,777 1,176,388 1,192,825 1,213,208 1,245,542 1,264,77

Fuel consumed, all trucks (million gallons) 15,882 11,316 19,960 24,490 27,685 28,993 29,601 29,878 31,975 33,909 35,229 35,179 36,800 32,69

Single-unit truck U 3,968 6,923 8,357 9,032 9,216 9,409 9,576 6,817 9,372 9,563 9,667 10,321 8,88Combination truck U 7,348 13,037 16,133 18,653 19,777 20,192 20,302 25,158 24,537 25,666 25,512 26,480 23,81

Average fuel consumption per vehicle, all trucks (gallons) 1,333 2,467 3,447 3,953 4,202 4,315 4,221 4,218 4,135 4,352 4,391 4,477 4,642 4,21

Single-unit truck U 1,078 1,583 1,862 1,841 1,835 1,787 1,809 1,189 1,626 1,614 1,695 1,826 1,51Combination truck U 8,119 9,201 9,441 11,093 11,663 11,561 11,342 12,596 12,096 12,241 11,843 11,631 12,47

Average miles traveled per gallon of fuel consumed, all trucks 8.0 5.5 5.4 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.9 5.8 6.

Single-unit truck U 6.8 5.8 6.2 6.8 6.8 6.8 7.0 10.0 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.4 8.Combination truck U 4.8 5.3 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.

Average miles traveled per vehicle, all trucks 10,693 13,565 18,736 23,603 25,838 26,514 26,092 27,032 25,397 26,014 25,617 26,602 27,071 28,09

Single-unit truck U 7,356 9,103 11,567 12,491 12,482 12,167 12,637 11,861 12,199 11,897 12,702 13,426 13,29Combination truck U 38,819 48,472 55,206 64,783 68,083 68,075 69,601 64,265 65,260 64,399 63,404 60,939 73,44

Average length of haul (domestic freight) (miles) 272 263 363 391 392 416 426 435 442 458 473 485 U 

SAFETYOccupant fatalities, large truck U U 1,262 705 670 648 621 723 742 759 754 708 689 72

Occupant fatality ratePer 100 million vehicle-miles, large truck U U 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.

Per 10,000 registered vehicles, large truck U U 2.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.

Vehicle involvement rate (fatal crashes)Per 100 million vehicle-miles, large truck U U 5.0 3.3 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.

Per 10,000 registered vehicles, large truck U U 9.3 7.7 7.0 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.8 6.

Truck Profile
U.S. Census Bureau, Transportation Annual Survey (Washington, DC: December 1998), table 1.

U.S. Census Bureau, Service Annual Survey (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 2.1 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at

http://www.census.gov/services/index.html as of July 08, 2009.SOURCESUnless otherwise noted, refer to chapter tables for sources.NOTESIn 1995, FHWA revised its vehicle type categories. These new categories include passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck, and combination truck. Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles include vans, pickup trucks, and sport/utility vehicles. In previous years, some minivans and sport/utility vehicles were included in the passenger car category. Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks are on a single frame with at least 2 axles and 6 tires. Occupant fatality rates (OFR) for Light Trucks have been removed, but can be found in the Automobile Profile. The remaining fatality rates are calculated by NHTSA and may be different from what would be calculated from the data presented.Operating revenues, total and Operating expenses, total (based on SIC): 

b Truck transportation (NAICS 484) - Industries primarily engaged in over-the-road transportation of cargo using motor vehicles, truck-tractors, and trailers.

Couriers and messengers (NAICS 492) - Establishments primarily engaged in providing air, surface, or combined courier delivery services of parcels or 

primarily engaged in furnishing local messenger and delivery services of small items within a single metropolitan area or urban center.1960-70: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 2000 (Washington, DC: 2001), p. 12.1960: Ibid., Transportation in America, 2000 (Washington, DC: 2001), p. 35.

Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 2001 (Washington, DC: 2001), p.65.

Number of employees: Trucking and courier services, except air (based on SIC): 1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: 

July 1997), table VM-201.Number of employees: Truck drivers and sales workers (based on NAICS): 2002-07: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage estiamates, (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://www.bls.gov/oes/2008/may/oes_dl.htm#Time as of July 10, 2009.1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 2000 (Washington, DC: 2001), p. 35.

1995-2007: lbid. Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of July 10, 2009.Ton-miles: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2007 , DOT HS 811 002 (Washington, DC: Annual 

Issues), tables 3 and 9, July 13, 2009.Average length of haul: Safety: 1980-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, special tabulation, as of July 13, 2009. Fuel consumed, Average fuel consumption per vehicle, Average miles traveled per gallon of fuel consumed, and Average miles traveled per vehicle: 1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: 

July 1997), table VM-201A.1995-2007: Ibid., Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of July 10, 2009. 1994-2007: Ibid., Employment, Hours and Earnings, available at www.bls.gov as of July 13, 2009, SIC 421Number of employees: Truck transportation (based on NAICS) and Couriers and messengers (based on NAICS): 2000-2006: American Trucking Association, American Trucking Trends, unpublished data, personal communication, June 30, 2008. 

Number of truck registrations: 1995-2007: Ibid., Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of July 08, 2009 .Local trucking, with storage (SIC 4214) - Establishments primarily engaged in furnishing both trucking and storage services, including household goods.Courier services, except by air (SIC 4215) - Establishments primarily engaged in the delivery of individually addressed letters, parcels, and packages (generally under 100 pounds).1960-1999: American Trucking Association American Trucking Trends , (Washington, DC: Annual issues)

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: 

July 1997), table VM-201A.

c In 1999, the Occupational Employment Statistics survey began using the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system to organize occupational data. 

Therefore, estimates from 1999 and subsequent years are not directly comparable to previous occupational data.

d Urban consists of travel on all roads and streets in urban places of 5,000 or greater population.e As cited on the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), highway passenger-miles are calculated by multiplying vehicle-miles of travel and the average 

number of occupants for each vehicle type.

f Includes other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle in 1960.

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a Local trucking (SIC 4212) - Establishments primarily engaged in furnishing trucking or transfer services without storage for freight generally weighing more 

than 100 pounds.

Trucking, except local (SIC 4213) - Establishments primarily engaged in furnishing "over-the-road" trucking services or trucking services and storage

services, including household goods either as common carriers or under special or individual contracts or agreements, for freight generally weighing more than 100 pounds.Number of trucking and courier establishments: Vehicle-miles, total rural and urban: U.S. Bureau of the Census, County Business Patterns (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), NAICS 484 and 492/SIC 421, available at 

http://censtats.census.gov/cbpnaic/cbpnaic.shtml as of September 28, 2009.Truck highway-user taxes: Operating revenues, total (based on NAICS): Component values may not add to totals due to independent rounding.1960-90: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment, Hours and Earnings, United States, 1909-1994 (Washington, DC: September 1994), SIC 421.1990-2007: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Database and Tables , available at http://www.bls.gov/data/ as of July 10, 2009; NAICS 

codes "484 Truck transportation" and "492 Couriers and messengers."
FINANCIAL 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (R) 2006 2007 2008

Expenditures ($ thousands) 

School bus1 486,000 1,219,000 3,833,000 8,031,000 7,847,000 9,889,000 9,082,000 10,353,000 10,326,000 10,340,000 12,104,000 12,624,000 UUUUUUU

Operating revenues ($ thousands) 

Intercity bus, Class I2,a 463,100 721,700 1,397,378 943,268 1,161,479 1,189,235 985,537 1,080,083 1,074,582 1,326,909 1,133,822 1,117,526 1,120,422 1,345,056 UUUUU

Operating expenses ($ thousands)

Intercity bus, Class I2,a 405,400 639,000 1,318,372 1,026,213 1,289,834 1,253,537 941,014 1,022,680 1,016,208 1,313,900 1,078,386 1,080,186 1,092,596 1,321,407 UUUUU

INVENTORY

Number of operating companies

Intercity bus, Class I2,a 143 71 61 31 26 24 20 22 20 18 15 15 16 36UUUUU

Number of vehicles, all buses 3 272,129 377,562 528,789 626,987 670,423 685,503 694,781 697,548 715,540 728,777 746,125 749,548 760,717 776,550 795,274 807,053 821,959 834,436 843,308

Number of employees4 (SIC based)

Intercity and rural bus transportation 40,500 43,400 37,900 26,100 23,600 23,800 23,800 22,200 24,400 23,800 24,700 25,100 23,000 N N N N N N

School buses N N 79,900 111,200 125,900 131,100 132,200 136,500 141,000 146,100 146,700 147,700 148,700 NNNNNN

Number of employees5 (NAICS based)

Interurban and rural bus transportation 38,200 40,900 35,800 24,600 22,300 22,500 22,500 21,000 23,000 22,500 23,400 23,600 22,800 21,900 20,100 20,200 19,600 U U

School and employee bus transportation N N 81,400 114,200 130,000 135,500 136,900 141,500 146,200 151,400 152,000 153,000 161,100 164,800 166,600 168,800 172,300 176,600 182,100

Charter bus industry N N 14,800 26,100 28,300 29,200 31,000 32,000 33,900 36,100 38,200 36,800 35,500 33,200 32,200 31,400 31,200 32,300 33,100

PERFORMANCE

Vehicle-miles, all buses (millions) 6 4,346 4,544 6,059 5,727 6,409 6,420 6,535 6,842 7,007 7,662 7,590 7,077 6,845 6,783 6,801 6,980 6,783 6,980 7,114

Rural highway, total 2,332 2,549 3,035 3,444 3,730 3,854 3,933 4,109 4,251 4,667 4,489 4,165 (R) 3,941 (R) 3,806 (R) 3,691 (R) 3,667 3,521 3,723 3,819

Interstate rural N 339 533 567 683 711 742 794 834 971 978 951 (R) 943 (R) 995 (R) 999 (R) 946 950 986 1,027

Other arterial rural N 944 991 995 1,154 1,171 1,186 1,243 1,282 1,375 1,270 1,133 (R) 1,104 (R) 1,001 (R) 992 (R) 973 959 1,015 1,020

Other rural N 1,266 1,511 1,882 1,893 1,972 2,005 2,072 2,135 2,321 2,241 2,081 (R) 1,894 (R) 1,810 (R) 1,700 (R) 1,748 1,612 1,722 1,772

Urban highwayb

, total 2,014 1,995 3,024 2,283 2,679 2,566 2,602 2,733 2,756 2,995 3,101 2,912 (R) 2,904 (R) 2,977 (R) 3,110 (R) 3,313 3,263 3,257 3,295

Interstate urban N 277 560 455 627 580 599 647 663 752 791 775 (R) 803 (R) 943 (R) 986 (R) 1,062 1,024 1,052 1,077

Other urban N 1,718 2,464 1,828 2,052 1,986 2,003 2,086 2,093 2,243 2,310 2,137 (R) 2,101 (R) 2,033 (R) 2,124 (R) 2,251 2,239 2,205 2,218

Passenger-miles (millions), all buses 6 N N N 121,398 135,871 136,104 138,613 145,060 (R) 148,558 (R) 162,445 (R) 160,919 (R) 150,042 (R) 145,124 (R) 143,801 (R) 144,188 (R) 147,992 143,816 147,985 150,827

Number of revenue passengers (thousands)

Intercity bus, total1,c 366,000 401,000 370,000 334,000 343,200 366,500 347,900 350,600 357,600 358,900 364,600 356,900 585,600 547,500 534,000 UUUU

Average miles traveled per vehicle, all buses6 15,970 12,035 11,458 9,133 9,560 9,365 9,386 9,809 (R) 9,793 10,515 (R) 10,173 (R) 9,442 (R) 8,998 (R) 8,734 (R) 8,552 (R) 8,649 8,253 8,365 8,436

Fuel consumed (million gallons), all buses 6 827 820 1,018 895 964 968 985 1,027 1,040 1,148 (R) 1,112 (R) 1,026 (R) 1,000 (R) 968,945 (R) 1,360 (R) 1,120 1,148 1,145 1,110

Average fuel consumption per vehicle (gallons), all 

buses6 3,039 2,172 1,925 1,427 1,438 1,412 1,414 1,472 1,454 1,576 (R) 1,490 (R) 1,369 (R) 1,314 (R) 1,248 (R) 1,710 (R) 1,388 1,397 1,372 1,316

Average miles traveled per gallon of fuel consumed, 

all buses6 5.3 5.5 6.0 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.7 (R) 7 (R) 7 (R) 7 (R) 7 (R) 7 7 5.0 (R) 6 5.9 6.1 6.4

Average revenue per passenger-mile (cents) 

(intercity)1,d 2.71 3.60 7.26 9.31 11.61 12.19 12.30 12.56 12.75 12.76 12.79 12.91 (R) 9.72 (R) 10.43 (R) 11.12 UUUU

SAFETY

Number of fatalities7

School bus-related N N 150 115 (R) 104 (R) 121 136 (R) 128 (R) 126 (R) 164 (R) 143 141 (R) 127 138 130 134 150 141 153

School bus occupants N N 9 11 (R) 3 13 10 10 6 10 (R) 20 18 3 11 7 10 8 5 19

Other vehicle 

Occupants N N 88 64 64 (R) 71 101 (R) 95 (R) 90 (R) 126 (R) 98 95 (R) 98 99 90 87 119 112 105

Nonoccupants N N 53 40 (R) 37 (R) 37 25 (R) 23 (R) 30 (R) 28 (R) 26 28 26 28 33 37 23 24 29

Occupant fatalities, all buses 7 N N 46 32 21 (R) 32 21 (R) 17 (R) 36 (R) 58 22 34 45 (R) 40 (R) 41 58 27 37 67

School buses N N 14 13 2 12 10 7 (R) 4 8 16 16 2 7 7 8 6 3 14

Cross country buses N N 23 2 7 6 3 (R) 4 13 32 3 3 20 3 23 33 8 19 13

Transit buses N N 6 3 6 (R) 0 5 3 2 (R) 5 1 4 6 11 1 3 1 6 23

Other and unknown N N 3 14 6 14 3 (R) 3 17 13 2 11 17 19 17 14 12 9 17

Fatalities in vehicular accidents e

, all buses8 N N 390 340 286 311 367 339 329 373 357 331 331 337 315 340 337 325 307

Occupant fatality rate

Per 100 million vehicle-miles, all buses6,7 N N 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.9

Per 10,000 registered vehicles, all buses3,7 N N 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.8

Vehicle involvement rate (fatal crashes)

Per 100 million vehicle-miles, all buses6,8 N N 6.4 5.9 4.5 4.8 5.6 5.0 4.7 4.9 3.8 3.1 5.0 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.5 4.0 3.5

Per 10,000 registered vehicles, all buses3,8 N N 7.4 5.4 4.3 4.5 5.3 4.9 4.6 5.2 3.9 2.9 4.5 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.4 2.9

4 1960-2002: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment, Hours, and Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics Survey, SIC codes: 

"413 Intercity and rural bus transportation" and "415 School buses," available at http://www.bls.gov/data/archived.htm as of January 2005.

NOTE 

2000-01: Ibid., Transportation in America, 19th Edition (Washington, DC: 2002)

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a

 In 2003, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration implemented a program to improve reporting by Class I intercity bus carriers. This accounts for the large 

increase in Number of operating companies between 2002 and 2003, and as a result the large increase in Operating revenues and Operating expenses. For all 

years, New Jersey Transit has been excluded from the totals because of its status as a publicly run carrier.

b

 Urban consists of travel on all roads and streets in urban places of 5,000 or greater population.

e

 Includes all fatalities that occurred in an accident in which a bus was involved.

d Average revenue per passenger mile data for 2002 to 2004 is Greyhound Lines passenger service revenue per passenger-mile. 

See transit profile for transit bus data.

SOURCES

Bus Profile

c Number of revenue passengers data for 1960 to 1980 are for both regular route and charter buses of all classes. 1990 to 2001 data are for regular route and 

charter Class I Carriers only. For 2002 to 2004, this category includes charter, tour, sightseeing, airport shuttle, contract and private commuters, and scheduled 

services.

8 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts 2008, table 25, available at 

http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/facts-research/art-public-reports.aspx as of Feb. 19, 2010.

7 U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 75 and 95 and 

similar tables in previous issues, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Cats/listpublications.aspx?Id=E&ShowBy=DocType as of July 13, 2010.

3 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MV-10, available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/ as of July 13, 2010.

1

 1960-99: Eno Transportation Foundation, Transportation In America, with Historical Compendium (Washington, DC: 2001).

2

 1960-95: Interstate Commerce Commission, Annual Report of the ICC (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), Appendix F, tables 1 and 6. 

1996-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/ as of July 13, 2010.

1996-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Selected Earnings Data, Class I Motor Carriers of Passengers (Washington, 

DC: Annual Issues).

6 1960-95:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 

1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of July 16, 2010. 

5 1960-2008: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment, Hours, and Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics Survey , NAICS 

codes: "4852 Interurban and rural bus transportation," "4854 School and employee bus transportation," and "4855 Charter bus industry," available at 

http://www.bls.gov/ces/data.htm as of July 13, 2010.

2003: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, personal communication, Feb. 16, 2005.
FINANCIAL 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008

Passenger operating revenues 1

, total ($ millions) 1,407 1,707 6,510 16,053 17,968 18,241 (R) 17,964 (R) 18,310 (R) 19,031 (R) 20,400 (R) 21,774 (R) 23,503 24,186 25,433 26,792 28,597 32,074 33,717 36,462

Operating revenues, total 1,407 1,707 2,805 6,786 (R) 7,398 (R) 8,069 (R) 9,790 (R) 10,218 (R) 10,565 (R) 11,128 (R) 11,585 (R) 11,861 11,906 12,731 13,171 13,696 16,315 15,345 16,084

Passenger fares, total 1,335 1,639 (R) 2,557 5,891 6,756 6,801 (R) 6,965 (R) 7,127 (R) 7,276 (R) 7,504 (R) 7,811 (R) 8,133 8,144 8,510 9,009 9,470 11,819 10,625 11,426

Motor bus 910 1,194 1,791 2,967 3,250 3,287 UUUUUU 3,603 3,691 3,835 4,044 5,961 4,469 4,726

Heavy rail 270 369 717 1,741 1,976 2,018 UUUUUU 2,492 2,654 2,903 3,007 3,218 3,346 3,639

Light rail 74 47 31 83 135 127 U U U U U U 226 229 233 249 293 309 368

Trolley bus 81 30 26 46 55 54 U U U U U U 59 53 55 57 60 59 63

Demand responsive U U U 41 171 146 U U U U U U 184 176 180 193 209 207 216

Ferryboata U U U 56 41 60 U U U U U U 63 86 91 93 71 117 119

Commuter rail U U U 952 1,083 1,078 UUUUUU 1,447 1,551 1,614 1,727 1,860 1,979 2,161

Otherb U U 3 6 46 31 U U U U U U 69 69 98 101 148 141 133

Other operating revenue 72 68 248 895 (R) 642 (R) 1,268 (R) 2,825 (R) 3,091 (R) 3,288 (R) 3,624 (R) 3,774 (R) 3,728 3,762 4,221 4,163 4,225 4,497 4,720 4,657

Operating assistancec

, total U U 3,705 9,267 (R) 10,570 (R) 10,172 (R) 8,174 (R) 8,092 (R) 8,467 (R) 9,271 (R) 10,190 (R) 11,643 12,281 12,702 13,621 14,901 15,759 18,371 20,378

State and local U U 2,611 8,297 (R) 9,655 (R) 9,355 (R) 7,621 (R) 7,488 (R) 7,725 (R) 8,411 (R) 9,205 (R) 10,525 10,979 11,106 11,597 12,658 13,235 15,831 17,811

Federal U U 1,094 970 916 817 (R) 554 (R) 604 (R) 741 (R) 860 (R) 984 (R) 1,117 1,302 1,596 2,024 2,243 2,523 2,540 2,568

Operating expenses2

, total ($ millions) 1,377 1,996 6,711 15,742 17,920 17,849 16,302 16,963 17,580 18,781 20,009 21,529 22,933 24,185 25,427 27,238 29,025 31,304 33,479

Motor bus U U U 8,903 10,144 10,321 8,996 9,422 9,713 10,342 11,026 11,814 12,613 13,316 13,790 14,666 15,796 16,812 17,963

Heavy rail U U U 3,825 3,786 3,523 3,402 3,474 3,530 3,693 3,931 4,180 4,267 4,446 4,734 5,145 5,287 5,888 6,129

Light rail U U U 237 413 376 440 471 493 536 597 676 778 815 887 978 1,070 1,163 1,259

Trolley bus U U U 109 133 139 135 140 146 167 177 172 187 183 185 196 197 199 214

Demand responsive U U U 518 943 1,000 750 873 995 1,104 1,225 1,410 1,636 1,779 1,902 2,071 2,286 2,539 2,861

Ferryboata U U U 171 200 210 188 201 210 226 242 290 314 318 304 332 367 429 507

Commuter rail U U U 1,939 2,228 2,211 2,294 2,275 2,355 2,569 2,679 2,852 2,995 3,173 3,436 3,657 3,765 4,001 4,294

Otherb U U U 41 73 69 98 108 137 144 131 133 143 156 188 193 256 274 253

Average passenger revenue per passenger-mile 3

, all modes ($) U U 0.06 0.14 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.21

Motor bus U U 0.08 0.14 0.17 0.17 UUUUUU 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.29 0.22 0.22

Heavy rail U U 0.07 0.15 0.19 0.19 UUUUUU 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.22

Light rail U U 0.08 0.14 0.16 0.15 UUUUUU 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.18

Trolley bus U U 0.12 0.24 0.29 0.29 UUUUUU 0.32 0.30 0.32 0.33 0.37 0.38 0.39

Demand responsive U U U 0.09 0.30 0.24 UUUUUU 0.28 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.26

Ferryboata U U U 0.20 0.16 0.23 UUUUUU 0.21 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.20 0.31 0.31

Commuter rail U U U 0.13 0.14 0.13 UUUUUU 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.20

Otherb U U 0.01 0.05 0.20 0.11 UUUUUU 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.17 0.15 0.12

Average passenger fare, per unlinked trip4

, all modes ($) 0.14 0.22 0.30 0.67 0.85 0.88 (R) 0.92 (R) 0.89 (R) 0.90 (R) 0.88 (R) 0.90 (R) 0.90 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.03 1.26 1.07 1.11

Motor bus U U 0.31 0.52 0.67 0.68 UUUUUU 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.77 1.13 0.85 0.87

Heavy rail U U 0.34 0.74 0.91 0.99 UUUUUU 0.93 0.99 1.06 1.07 1.10 0.97 1.03

Light rail U U 0.23 0.47 0.48 0.50 UUUUUU 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.72 0.74 0.82

Trolley bus U U 0.18 0.36 0.46 0.45 UUUUUU 0.51 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.61 0.63

Demand responsive U U U 0.60 1.94 1.66 UUUUUU 2.33 2.15 2.17 2.22 2.36 2.28 2.26

Ferryboata U U U (R) 1.12 0.87 (R) 1.28 UUUUUU 1.25 1.43 1.58 1.59 1.26 1.90 1.94

Commuter rail U U U 2.90 3.19 3.13 UUUUUU 3.49 3.79 3.90 4.08 4.22 4.32 4.58

Otherb U U 0.75 (R) 0.20 (R) 1.41 (R) 0.95 UUUUUU 1.06 1.06 1.15 1.18 1.73 1.67 1.63

Transit Profile
INVENTORY 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (P) 2008

Number of systemsd, 5, total 1,286 1,096 1,055 5,078 5,973 5,973 5,973 5,973 5,975 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 5,804 6,429 6,429 6,435 7,700 7,700

Motor bus 1,236 1,075 1,022 2,688 2,250 2,250 2,250 2,250 2,250 2,262 2,262 2,264 2,264 1,982 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,200 1,086

Heavy rail 31 15 11 12 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15

Light rail ~ ~ 9 17 22 22 22 22 22 24 25 26 27 27 29 29 33 33 33

Trolley bus 19 655555555555444445

Demand responsive U U U 3,893 5,214 5,214 5,214 5,214 5,214 5,252 5,252 5,251 5,251 5,346 5,960 5,960 5,960 7,300 7,200

Ferryboata U U 16 27 25 25 25 25 25 30 33 42 42 46 47 47 47 39 32

Commuter rail U U 18 14 16 16 16 16 18 20 19 21 20 21 21 22 22 22 23

Otherb U U 5 35 68 69 73 69 70 81 81 82 82 86 85 87 87 97 100

Number of vehicles 6, total 65,292 61,350 75,388 93,430 116,416 116,341 (R) 93,675 (R) 98,381 (R) 100,346 (R) 103,308 (R) 106,136 (R) 111,266 (R) 112,104 (R) 114,932 (R) 117,402 (R) 121,912 (R) 125,647 (R) 125,607 129,286

Motor bus 49,600 49,700 59,411 58,714 68,123 67,107 (R) 53,339 (R) 54,946 (R) 55,661 (R) 57,352 (R) 58,578 (R) 60,256 (R) 60,719 (R) 61,659 (R) 61,318 (R) 62,284 (R) 64,025 (R) 63,359 63,151

Heavy rail 9,010 9,338 9,641 10,567 10,282 10,166 10,243 10,228 10,296 10,362 10,311 10,718 10,849 10,754 10,858 11,110 11,052 11,222 11,377

Light rail 2,856 1,262 1,013 910 1,051 1,048 (R) 1,097 (R) 1,062 (R) 1,061 (R) 1,160 (R) 1,306 (R) 1,359 (R) 1,448 (R) 1,482 (R) 1,622 (R) 1,645 (R) 1,801 (R) 1,802 1,948

Trolley bus 3,826 1,050 823 610 643 695 675 655 646 657 652 600 616 672 597 615 609 559 590

Demand responsive U U U 16,471 28,729 29,352 (R) 17,738 (R) 19,820 (R) 20,042 (R) 20,761 (R) 22,087 (R) 24,668 (R) 24,808 (R) 25,873 (R) 26,333 (R) 28,346 (R) 29,406 (R) 29,433 30,773

Ferryboata U U U 108 110 112 (R) 84 (R) 87 (R) 97 (R) 101 (R) 98 (R) 109 (R) 106 (R) 108 (R) 115 (R) 126 (R) 116 (R) 130 131

Commuter raile U U 4,500 4,982 5,126 5,164 (R) 5,239 (R) 5,425 (R) 5,535 (R) 5,549 (R) 5,497 (R) 5,528 (R) 5,631 (R) 5,866 (R) 6,130 (R) 6,290 (R) 6,300 (R) 6,279 6,494

Otherb U U U 1,068 2,352 2,697 (R) 5,260 (R) 6,158 (R) 7,008 (R) 7,366 (R) 7,607 (R) 8,028 (R) 7,927 (R) 8,518 (R) 10,429 (R) 11,496 (R) 12,338 (R) 12,823 14,822

Number of employeesf, 7, total 156,400 138,040 189,300 262,176 294,087 300,491 314,944 320,759 327,752 337,885 347,841 357,266 360,722 337,982 345,871 354,458 357,484 382,673 387,155

Motor bus 121,300 101,598 U 162,189 174,373 181,973 190,152 196,861 198,644 204,179 211,095 214,674 214,825 205,478 212,122 217,332 221,302 188,644 192,213

Heavy rail 35,100 36,442 U 46,102 51,062 45,644 45,793 45,935 45,163 46,311 47,087 47,865 48,464 48,327 47,211 47,806 48,323 55,164 49,982

Light rail + + U 4,066 5,140 4,935 5,728 5,940 6,024 6,058 6,572 7,021 7,598 7,619 8,184 8,181 8,448 9,930 9,939

Trolley bus + + U 1,925 1,848 1,871 2,084 2,037 2,053 2,140 2,223 2,008 2,027 1,964 1,928 1,942 1,845 1,792 1,832

Demand responsive U U U 22,740 35,450 39,882 44,667 44,029 48,406 51,186 52,021 55,846 56,746 42,935 43,642 46,624 46,178 91,394 99,323

Ferryboata U U U 2,813 2,764 2,829 2,932 3,586 3,632 4,125 2,682 4,820 5,441 5,536 5,970 5,871 4,539 4,079 4,165

Commuter rail U U U 21,443 22,596 22,320 22,604 21,651 22,488 22,896 23,518 23,851 24,391 24,813 25,296 25,321 25,314 28,983 27,144

Otherb U U U 898 854 1,037 984 720 1,342 990 2,643 1,181 1,230 1,312 1,518 1,382 1,535 2,687 2,557
PERFORMANCE 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Vehicle-miles8

, total (millions) 2,143 1,883 2,287 3,242 3,468 3,550 3,082 3,201 3,347 3,500 3,605 3,735 3,855 3,915 3,972 4,054 4,127 4,238 4,375

Motor bus 1,576 1,409 1,677 2,130 2,162 2,184 1,813 1,849 1,904 1,985 2,041 2,104 2,156 2,177 2,169 2,192 2,214 2,241 2,272

Heavy rail 391 407 385 537 532 537 543 558 566 578 595 608 621 630 642 646 652 657 674

Light rail 75 34 18 24 34 35 37 41 43 48 52 54 61 64 67 69 74 84 88

Trolley bus (R) 101 33 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 13 14 14 13 13 12 11 12

Demand responsive U U U 306 464 507 363 410 469 494 532 578 613 640 651 683 708 752 803

Ferryboata U U 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Commuter rail U U 179 213 231 238 242 251 259 266 271 277 284 286 295 303 315 325 337

Otherb U U 13.4 16.3 29.5 34.2 67.7 77.0 89.8 112.2 96.8 99.5 103.9 100.8 130.7 144.3 149.3 163 187

Unlinked passenger trips9

, total (millions) 9,395 7,332 8,567 8,799 7,949 7,763 7,565 7,982 8,115 8,523 8,720 9,008 9,018 8,876 8,937 9,176 9,379 9,948 10,257

Motor bus 6,425 5,034 5,837 5,677 4,871 4,848 4,506 4,602 4,754 4,992 5,040 5,215 5,269 5,146 5,094 5,227 5,274 5,278 5,448

Heavy rail 1,850 1,881 2,108 2,346 2,169 2,033 2,157 2,429 2,393 2,521 2,632 2,728 2,688 2,668 2,748 2,808 2,927 3,460 3,547

Light rail 463 235 133 175 284 251 259 259 273 289 316 334 337 338 350 381 407 418 451

Trolley bus 657 182 142 126 118 119 117 121 117 120 122 119 116 109 106 107 100 97 101

Demand responsive U U U 68 88 88 55 88 66 69 73 77 79 82 83 87 88 91 96

Ferryboata U U 63 50 47 47 43 42 48 50 47 48 50 60 57 59 56 61 62

Commuter rail U U 280 328 339 344 352 357 381 396 413 418 414 410 414 423 441 458 471

Otherb U U 4 29 33 33 76 83 84 88 76 69 65 65 85 85 86 84 81

Passenger-miles10, total (millions) U U 39,854 41,143 39,585 39,808 38,984 40,180 41,605 43,279 45,100 46,508 46,096 45,677 46,546 47,125 49,504 51,873 53,712

Motor bus U U 21,790 20,981 18,832 18,818 16,802 17,509 17,874 18,684 18,807 19,583 19,679 19,179 18,921 19,425 20,390 20,388 21,198

Heavy rail U U 10,558 11,475 10,668 10,559 11,530 12,056 12,284 12,902 13,844 14,178 13,663 13,606 14,354 14,418 14,721 16,138 16,850

Light rail U U 381 571 833 860 955 1,024 1,115 1,190 1,339 1,427 1,432 1,476 1,576 1,700 1,866 1,930 2,081

Trolley bus U U 219 193 187 187 184 189 182 186 192 187 188 176 173 173 164 156 161

Demand responsive U U N 431 577 607 391 531 513 559 588 626 651 689 704 738 753 778 844

Ferryboata U U N 286 260 260 255 254 280 295 298 295 301 367 357 359 360 381 390

Commuter rail U U 6,516 7,082 7,996 8,244 8,350 8,037 8,702 8,764 9,400 9,544 9,500 9,555 9,715 9,470 10,359 11,137 11,032

Otherb U U 390 124 232 273 516 579 654 699 632 668 683 629 745 842 891 966 1,156

Average trip length11, all modes (miles) U U 4.7 4.7 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.2

Motor bus U U 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.9

Heavy rail U U 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.8

Light rail U U 2.9 3.3 2.9 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6

Trolley bus U U 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Demand responsive U U U 6.3 6.6 6.9 7.2 6.0 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.8

Ferryboata U U U U 5.7 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.4 6.2 6.3

Commuter rail U U 23.3 21.6 23.6 24.0 23.7 22.5 22.9 22.1 22.8 22.8 22.9 23.3 23.5 22.4 23.5 24.3 23.4

Vanpool U U U U 32.4 35.0 34.6 33.2 36.5 34.4 34.6 38.4 37.2 33.1 30.8 33.9 33.7 34.6 33.2

Otherg U U 5.8 5.2 0.5 0.7 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.7 4.3 3.6 4.1 3.8 3.1 3.0 3.2

Average vehicle speed12, all modes (miles per hour) U U U U 14.7 15.0 (R) 14.9 (R) 14.9 (R) 15.2 (R) 14.9 (R) 14.7 14.7 14.8 14.7 14.6 14.8 14.7 14.0 14.9

Motor bus U U U U 13.0 13.0 (R) 13.1 13.0 13.0 (R) 12.9 (R) 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.7 12.6 12.7 12.6 12.6 12.6

Heavy rail U U U U 20.7 21.0 (R) 20.7 (R) 20.7 (R) 20.5 (R) 20.5 (R) 20.4 20.4 20.2 20.6 20.4 20.0 20.0 20.1 20.2

Light rail U U U U 14.4 14.0 (R) 14.1 (R) 15.5 (R) 15.7 (R) 15.4 (R) 15.3 15.1 15.3 15.7 15.5 14.9 14.7 15.1 15.0

Trolley bus U U U U 8.2 8.0 (R) 7.7 (R) 7.4 (R) 7.7 (R) 7.6 (R) 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.4 7.9 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.2

Demand responsive U U U U 14.0 15.0 (R) 14.7 (R) 15.3 (R) 16.5 (R) 14.7 (R) 14.7 14.5 14.7 14.5 14.4 14.7 14.6 12.1 14.6

Ferryboata U U U U 8.4 6.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.3 8.7 8.4 8.3 9.1 9.7 9.8

Commuter rail U U U U 33.8 34.0 (R) 33.1 (R) 33.8 (R) 31.8 (R) 32.9 (R) 28.5 31.6 31.7 31.7 31.5 31.6 31.4 31.4 31.2

Vanpool U U U U 32.6 35.0 37.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 31.0 38.8 38.2 32.7 37.6 38.1 38.3 38.8 39.5

Otherg U U U U 5.7 6.0 17.6 16.5 18.5 21.1 16.9 21.3 20.8 18.0 20.0 21.8 22.5 15.4 16.5

Energy consumption, diesel13, total (million gallons) 208 271 431 651 678 678 535 539 560 576 591 596 673 554 542 480 528 515 499

Motor bus U U U 563 565 564 466 463 468 477 490 492 468 442 441 375 422 405 403

Heavy rail NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Light rail NA NA NA NA NA NA Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z NA

Trolley bus NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Demand responsive U U U 15 30 29 6 7 10 11 13 15 14 26 17 18 18 16 16

Ferryboata U U U 20 21 22 20 21 21 23 25 25 25 26 25 25 24 28 26

Commuter rail U U U 53 62 63 43 48 62 65 63 64 165 60 59 62 64 66 54

Otherb UUUZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Energy consumption, other14, total (million gallons) 192 69 11 33 65 71 37 45 51 56 67 79 101 106 117 175 158 159 181

Gasoline and other nondiesel fuels h 192 68 11 33 60 61 25 26 22 21 24 26 35 27 31 81 47 51 68

Compressed natural gas U U U U 5 11 11 19 29 35 44 53 66 79 87 94 111 108 113

Energy consumption, electric power15, total (million kWh) 2,908 2,561 2,446 4,837 5,081 5,068 4,923 (R) 4,908 4,962 5,126 5,382 5,485 5,527 5,508 5,655 5,764 5,769 6,214 6,336

Motor bus NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3121110

Heavy rail 2,098 2,261 U 3,284 3,431 3,401 3,332 3,253 3,280 3,384 3,549 3,646 3,683 3,632 3,684 3,752 3,692 3,800 3,881

Light rail 393 157 U 239 282 288 319 360 376 408 450 476 503 500 537 554 605 654 682

Trolley bus 417 143 U 69 103 100 69 78 74 75 77 74 73 69 68 67 62 61 62

Demand responsive NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Z Z

Ferryboata NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Commuter rail U U U 1,226 1,244 1,253 1,186 1,202 1,216 1,241 1,288 1,272 1,252 1,288 1,350 1,375 1,393 1,683 1,694

Otherb U U U 19 21 26 16 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 16 16 17

SAFETYk 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Fatalities, all modes16 U U U 339 320 274 264 275 286 299 295 267 280 234 248 236 227 284 252

Transit highway-rail grade crossing fatalities l, 17 U U U U U 17 7 12 26 21 20 13 24 21 29 23 21 44 27

Other transit fatalities U U U U U 257 257 263 260 278 275 254 256 213 219 213 206 240 225

Injured persons, all modesi, 16 U U U 54,556 58,193 57,196 55,288 56,132 55,990 55,325 56,697 53,945 19,260 18,235 18,982 18,131 19,238 20,944 25,584

Transit highway-rail grade crossing injuries l, 17 U U U U U 195 184 126 58 159 123 74 108 117 153 194 172 224 308

Other transit injuries U U U U U 57,001 55,104 56,006 55,932 55,166 56574 53871 19152 18118 18,829 17,937 19,066 20,720 25,276

Incidents, all modes16 U U U 90,163 70,693 62,471 59,392 61,561 60,094 58,703 59,898 58,149 30,331 19,797 20,939 21,016 22,275 22,718 22,261

Transit highway-rail grade crossing incidents l, 17 U U U U U 127 134 119 106 140 148 101 398 276 311 504 131 134 245

Other transit incidents U U U U U 62,344 59,258 61,442 59,988 58,563 59,750 58,048 29,933 19,521 20,628 20,512 22,144 22,584 22,016

Major incidentsj U U U U U U U U U U U U 2,282 1,913 2,515 3,335 2,505 2,839 4,300
17 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Office of Program Management, personal communications, Sept. 5, 2007; Jan. 8, 2010, Mar. 8, 2010 and Sept. 17, 2010. 

13 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 15 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public 

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables, table 30.

13 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010. 

14 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 15 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public 

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables, table 31.

14 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010. 

15 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 15 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public 

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables, table 29.

15 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 26, 2010. 

11 1996-2008 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010.

12 American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 8 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public Transportation Fact 

Book Historical Tables, table 10.

10 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 6 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public 

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables, tables 45 to 52.

16 1960-2006: Fatalities and Injured persons: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report (previously 

Safety Management Information Statistics - SAMIS), available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Data/samis/default.asp as of Feb. 22, 2010. 2007-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal 

Transit Administration, Office of Program Management, personal communication, Jan. 08, 2010 and Sept. 17, 2010.

16 1960-2005: Incidents: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report (previously Safety Management 

Information Statistics - SAMIS), available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Data/samis/default.asp as of Feb. 22, 2010. 2006-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit 

Administration, Office of Program Management, personal communication, Mar. 08, 2010 and Sept. 17, 2010.

5

 American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 1 and 

similar tables in earlier years. Historical table 15. 

7

 American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 27 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public Transportation Fact 

Book Historical Tables, table 17.

9 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 22, 2010 

10 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010. 

11 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 7 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public 

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables, table 3. 

6

 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 17 and similar tables in earlier years.

8

 1960-95: Ibid., American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 8 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public 

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables, tables 45 to 52.

8 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010. 

9

 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 5 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public 

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables, tables 45 to 52.

6 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010. 

3

 1960-2001: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 45 to 52 and similar tables in earlier 

years. 

4 2002-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010. 

1 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 28, 2010. 

3 2002-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010. 

4

 1960-2001: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 45 to 52 and similar tables in earlier 

years. 

Beginning in 2002 passenger fare by mode, other operating revenue and operating assistance data are obtained from Federal Transit Administration and are not comparable with earlier years.

Unless otherwise noted, refer to chapter tables for sources.

1

 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 41, 42 and similar tables in earlier years.

2

 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 38 and similar tables in earlier years. 

2 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at 

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010. 

Incident figures include collisions with vehicles, objects, and people, derailments / vehicles going off the road. Accident figures do not include fires and personal casualties. The drop in the 

number of injuries and incidents in 2002 is largely due to a change in definitions by the Federal Transit Administration, particularly the definition of injuries . Beginning in 2002, only injuries 

requiring immediate medical treatment away from the scene qualified as reportable. 

For 2007, the Federal Transit Authority (FTA) collected and made available data for rural agencies for the first time. Based on this survey, the American Public Transportation Association 

reassessed the distribution of motor bus and paratransit service. Due to this redistribution, data for 2007 and later for the number of motor buses, paratransit (demand responsive), other 

categories and the number of employees for these modes are not comparable with earlier years. 

Energy consumption for purchased transport is not included.

SOURCES

Other operating revenue includes other revenue, non-transported funds and dedicated and other directly generated funds.

d

 Total is not the sum of all modes since many providers operate more than one mode. 

e Includes locomotives which make up roughly 10 percent of commuter rail vehicles.

f Based on employee equivalents of 2,080 hours equals one employee; beginning in 1993, based on number of actual employees. 

g Includes cable car, inclined plane, aerial tramway, monorail, automated guideway, publico, jitney and Alaska railroad.

KEY: ~ = included in heavy rail figure; + = included in motor bus figure; kWh = kilowatt hours; NA = not applicable; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable; Z = a value too small to 

report.

a

 Excludes international, rural, rural interstate, island and urban park ferries.

b

 Includes aerial tramway, automated guideway transit, cable car, inclined plane, monorail, publico, vanpool, jitney and Alaska railroad.

c

 Beginning in 1992, local operating assistance and other revenue declined by about $500 million due to a change in accounting procedures at the New York City Transit Authority. Beginning in 

1992, total operating expense declined by about $400 million due to a change in accounting procedures at the New York City Transit Authority.

NOTES

Data may not add to total due to independent rounding.

Beginning in 1996, Operating expenses, Vehicle miles, Unlinked passenger trips, Passenger miles, Average trip length and Energy consumption data are obtained from Federal Transit 

Administration and are not comparable with earlier years. 

h

 Liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, propane, and other nondiesel fuels, except compressed natural gas.

i Beginning in 2002, the Federal Transit Administration changed the reporting threshold for injuries. Before 2002, essentially all injuries had to be reported to the National Transit Database. 

Beginning in 2002, only those injuries requiring immediate medical attention away from the scene of the incident are required to be reported. 

j

From 2002 through 2007, the Federal Transit Administration defined major incidents as safety and/or security incidents resulting in: a fatality, two or more injuries transported for immediat

medical treatment away from the scene, grade crossing collisions with injury or $7500 in total damage, rail transit vehicle collisions resulting in one or more injuries, main-line derailments and 

evacuations due to life safety reasons. Since 2008, reported property damages were equal to or greater than $25,000 and major incidents were reclassified as reportable incidents requiring one or 

more injuries transported for immediate medical treatment away from the scene. 

k These data are for motor bus, commuter rail, heavy rail, light rail, automated guideway, demand response, and vanpool.

l Transit highway-rail grade crossing fatalities, injuries , and incidents are the result of public transit rail mode operations excluding commuter rail. Almost all transit highway-rail crossings are light 

rail crossings. The heavy rail system in Chicago has 5 crossings. For the most part heavy rail operates on rights-of-way that do not include crossings.
FINANCIAL 1960 1970f 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Class I a,1

Operating revenues, total ($ millions) 9,514 11,992 28,258 28,370 30,809 32,280 32,693 33,118 33,151 33,521 34,102 34,576 35,327 

Passenger 640 421 446 94 88 89 59 60 61 61 62 62 61 Freight 8,025 10,922 26,350 27,471 29,931 31,356 31,889 32,322 32,247 32,680 33,083 33,533 34,110 Other 849 649 1,462 805 790 835 745 736 843 780 957 981 1,155 

Operating expenses ($ millions)b 8,775 11,478 26,355 24,652 25,511 27,897 26,331 27,291 27,916 28,011 29,040 29,164 29,592 

Amtrakc,2

Total revenue ($ millions) N 162 429 1,308 1,413 1,490 1,550 1,669 2,244 2,011 2,111 2,109 2,228 Total expenses ($ millions) N 301 1,103 2,012 2,246 2,257 2,258 2,359 2,548 2,660 2,876 3,288 3,224 INVENTORYClass Ia, 1Number of vehicles, total (R) 1,994,517 (R) 1,811,258 (R) 1,738,921 (R) 1,231,096 (R) 1,210,917 (R) 1,237,739 (R) 1,259,842 (R) 1,290,103 (R) 1,335,928 (R) 1,389,092 (R) 1,400,824 (R) 1,333,881 (R) 1,320,176 (

Class I freight cars 1,658,292 1,423,921 1,168,114 658,902 590,930 583,486 570,865 568,493 575,604 579,140 560,154 499,860 477,751 Other nonclass I freight cars 307,194 360,260 542,713 553,359 601,482 635,441 669,708 701,926 740,063 789,696 820,642 814,276 821,919 Number of Locomotives 29,031 27,077 28,094 18,835 18,505 18,812 19,269 19,684 20,261 20,256 20,028 19,745 20,506 

Number of companies 106 71 38 14 12 11 10 9 9 9 8 8 7 Number of employees 780,494 566,282 458,994 216,424 189,962 188,215 181,809 177,981 178,222 177,557 168,360 162,155 157,372 Miles of road owned 207,334 196,479 164,822 119,758 109,332 108,264 105,779 102,128 100,570 99,430 99,250 (R) 97,817 (R) 100,125 AmtrakNumber of passenger vehicles3

Train-cars N 1,569 2,128 1,863 1,852 1,722 1,730 1,728 1,962 1,992 1,894 2,084 2,896 Locomotives N 185 419 318 338 313 299 332 345 329 378 401 372 

Number of employees4 N 1,500 21,416 24,000 25,049 23,646 23,278 23,555 24,528 25,291 25,624 27,316 22,649 

System route mileage5 N N 24,000 24,000 25,000 24,000 25,000 25,000 22,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 PERFORMANCE

Class Ia

Car mileage, freight (thousands)1 28,170,000 29,890,000 29,277,000 26,159,000 28,485,000 30,383,000 31,715,000 31,660,000 32,657,000 33,851,000 34,590,000 34,243,000 34,680,000 

Train mileage, freight (thousands)1 404,464 427,065 428,498 379,582 440,896 458,271 468,792 474,954 474,947 490,442 504,001 499,546 499,668 

Locomotive mileage, total (thousands)6 N N 1,531,050 1,280,365 1,404,706 1,444,691 1,465,149 1,423,229 1,439,703 1,503,947 1,502,819 1,477,546 1,443,531 

Freight 421,900 1,278,200 1,319,010 1,144,559 1,261,482 1,293,851 1,311,351 1,281,768 1,285,706 1,349,580 1,354,590 1,327,669 1,300,574 

Train and yard switching N N 212,040 135,806 143,224 150,840 153,798 141,461 153,997 154,367 148,229 149,876 142,957 

Revenue ton-miles of freight (millions)1 572,309 764,809 918,958 1,033,969 1,200,701 1,305,688 1,355,975 1,348,926 1,376,802 1,433,461 1,465,960 1,495,472 1,507,011 

Average length of haul, freight (miles)1 461 515 616 726 817 843 842 851 835 835 843 859 853 

Fuel consumed in freight service (million gallons)1 3,463 3,545 3,904 3,115 3,334 3,480 3,579 3,575 3,583 3,715 3,700 3,710 3,730 

Average miles traveled per vehicle

Car 14,124 16,502 16,836 21,249 23,523 24,547 25,174 24,541 24,445 24,369 24,693 25,672 26,269 Locomotive N N 54,497 67,978 75,910 76,796 76,037 72,304 71,058 74,247 75,036 74,831 70,396 

Average miles traveled per gallon

Car 8.13 8.43 7.50 8.40 8.54 8.73 8.86 8.86 9.11 9.11 9.35 9.23 9.30 Train 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13 

AmtrakPassenger train car-miles (millions)7 N 213 235 301 304 292 276 288 312 342 371 378 379 

Passenger train-miles (millions)2 N 26 30 33 34 32 30 32 33 34 35 36 38 

Passenger locomotive-miles (millions)2 N N41 49 51 48 U U U U U U U 

Revenue passengers carried (millions)2 N 17 21 22 21 21 20 20 21 22 23 24 23 

Revenue passenger-miles (millions)2 N 3,039 4,503 6,057 5,921 5,545 5,050 5,166 5,304 5,330 5,498 5,559 5,314 

Average passenger fare (dollars)2 N 8.30 17.72 38.50 39.10 39.92 43.31 45.26 44.75 46.85 49.61 51.58 56.05 Average passenger revenue / passenger-mile (cents)2 N 4.5 8.2 14.1 14.0 14.9 16.9 17.7 17.8 18.9 20.3 21.8 24.5 Average passenger trip length (miles)2 N 182.6 217.0 273.0 279.3 267.9 256.3 255.7 251.4 247.9 244.4 236.6 228.4 Locomotive fuel consumed8

Diesel (million gallons) N N 64 82 75 66 71 75 75 74 76 75 86 

Electric kWh (millions) N N 254 330 309 304 293 282 275 283 350 377 593 

Rail Profile
SAFETY d,9

Number of fatalities, railroads and grade crossings, total 2,345 2,331 1,424 1,300 1,226 1,146 1,039 1,063 1,008 932 937 971 951 

Passengers on Trains 34 10 4 3 5 0 12 6 4 14 4 3 7  Employees on duty 215 179 97 40 31 34 33 37 27 31 24 22 20  Employees not on duty N N 4 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 1  Trespassers 637 607 566 700 682 660 620 646 644 570 570 673 646  Nontrespassers 1,459 1,535 746 554 505 443 365 363 326 305 (R) 335 269 (R) 267  Contractor employees N N 7 3 3 7 9 11 5 12 3 4 10 

Grade crossing only 1,421 1,440 772 698 615 579 488 461 431 402 425 421 357 Railroad onlye 924 785 645 599 611 567 551 602 577 530 512 550 594 

9 1960-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Systems Support Division, RRS-22, personal communication. 1990-94: Ibid., Accident / 

Incident Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 7 and 9. 1995-2005: Ibid., Interim Railroad Safety Statistics, Annual Report 2005 (Washington, DC: 2005), table 

1-3, and similar tables in earlier editions. 2006: Ibid, Office of Safety Analysis, table 4.08, at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/Default.asp as of Dec. 12, 2007.

f Amtrak data in this column are for 1972, Amtrak's first full year of operation.

NOTE Amtrak figures are based on Amtrak fiscal year (October 1-September 30).SOURCES (Unless otherwise noted, refer to chapter tables for sources)

1 Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts 2006 (Washington, DC: 2004), pp. 3, 9, 10, 27, 33, 34, 36, 40, 49, 52, 77 and similar pages in earlier issues.5 1980-90: Amtrak, Route Miles by Railroad, Corp. Planning & Development. 1994-2001: Amtrak, National Railroad Passenger Corporation Annual Report, Statistical 

Appendix to Amtrak Annual Report, Annual issues. 2002-05: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts 2006 (Washington, DC, 2006), p. 77.

6 1980-2001: Association of American Railroads, Analysis of Class 1 Railroads (Washington, DC: Annual issues). 2002-04: Ibid., Railroad Ten-Year Trends (Washington, 

DC: 2005), pp. 119 and 121, personal communication, Feb. 16, 2005.

7 1970-90: Amtrak, Train Information System Reports. 1994-99: Amtrak Corporate Reporting, Route Profitability System, Washington DC, personal communication, August 

2001. 2000-05: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts 2006 (Washington, DC: 2006), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier issues.

8 Amtrak General Accounting, Pennsylvania, personal communication, June 1999. 2002-05: Amtrak, personal communications, Dec. 9, 2005 and Dec. 19, 20072 1970-2006: Amtrak, National Railroad Passenger Corporation Annual Report, Statistical Appendix to Amtrak Annual Report, Annual issues.3 1970-80: Amtrak, National Railroad Passenger Corporation Annual Report, 1972, 1980, 1990, and 1993-95. 1990-2000: Ibid., National Railroad Passenger Corporation 

Annual Report, Statistical Appendix to Amtrak Annual Report, Annual issues. 2001-05: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts 2006 (Washington, DC, 2006), 

p.77.

4 1970-90: Amtrak, Public Affairs, personal communication. 1994-1997: Ibid., National Railroad Passenger Corporation Annual Report, 1972, 1980, 1990, and 1993-95. 

1998-2005: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts 2006 (Washington, DC: 2006), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier issues.

c Data for 2003 indicates operating revenues and expenses instead of total revenues and expenses, the data source has changed.d Safety figures from U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration are for all railroads.e Figures may not appear directly in data source.

KEY: kWh = kilowatt-hour; N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.

a Excluding Amtrak and all non-Class I railroads, except for Section IV.b Operating expenses include equipment, joint facility rents, leased roads and equipment, and all taxes except Federal income.
FINANCIAL 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Operating revenues ($ millions)1

Domestic freight, total 1,722 2,070 7,219 7,940 7,745 7,712 7,283 6,940 6,824 6,795 6,930 6,235 U

Coastal waterways 747 834 3,155 3,066 2,929 2,774 2,571 2,169 1,952 1,828 1,817 1,784 U

Inland waterways 461 621 2,395 2,956 2,868 2,964 2,861 2,899 2,904 2,811 2,960 2,894 U

Great Lakes 227 239 513 615 577 585 572 615 610 549 556 486 U

Locks, channels 287 376 1,156 1,303 1,371 1,389 1,279 1,257 1,358 1,607 1,597 1,071 U

International freighta 1,765 3,187 8,279 12,181 13,405 14,997 17,281 14,091 15,679 17,699 21,740 21,397 U

Passenger, total 281 287 310 1,391 1,564 1,716 1,843 1,974 2,029 2,088 4,663 4,187 U

Domestic passenger, intercity 14 12 27 100 121 129 140 141 146 152 156 144 U

International passengerb 267 275 283 1,291 1,443 2,026 1,703 1,833 1,883 1,936 4,507 4,043 U

Revenues of U.S. commercial fishing fleet-domestic landings ($ millions)2 354 613 2,237 3,522 3,809 3,770 3,487 3,448 3,128 3,467 3,549 3,228 3,092 INVENTORYNumber of domestic inland vessel operatorsc, 3 228 380 403 565 555 557 554UUUUUU

Number of employees4

Ships, boat building, and repairingd 141,200 171,800 220,500 187,700 158,200 159,600 158,800 158,300 166,600 167,400 167,900 161,100 146,810 

Water transportationd N 212,300 211,200 176,600 172,400 174,500 174,100 178,700 181,300 185,500 193,900 192,400 145,370 

Number of employeese, f, total5 49,281 35,000 19,218 12,132 11,324 10,303 9,250 8,937 8,956 9,036 UUU

Passenger / combo 8,560 2,178 618 642 642 642 321 321 321 321 UUU

Cargo 28,668 22,257 9,878 7,019 6,056 5,400 4,964 4,831 4,924 4,757 UUU

Tankers 12,053 10,567 8,722 4,471 4,626 4,261 3,965 3,785 3,711 3,958 UUU

Mileage of commercially navigable channels1 25,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 U

Number of vessels6

Total nonself-propelled 16,777 19,377 31,662 31,017 30,723 31,360 32,811 33,011 33,509 33,387 33,152 33,042 32,381 

Dry cargo barges and scows 14,025 15,890 27,426 27,091 26,723 27,342 28,743 29,006 29,526 29,383 29,107 28,888 28,281 

Tankers 2,429 3,281 4,166 3,913 3,966 3,985 4,036 3,971 3,952 3,973 4,011 4,122 4,068 Railroad car floats 323 206 70 13 34 33 32 34 31 31 34 32 32 

Total self-propelled 6,519 6,447 7,126 8,236 8,334 8,281 8,293 8,408 8,523 8,379 8,202 8,546 8,621 

Dry cargo / passenger 1,796 1,761 2,036 2,678 2,785 2,804 2,782 2,905 2,938 2,910 2,780 2,697 2,738 

Ferries, railroad car 31 17 67 135 175 172 173 183 213 229 292 579 595 

Tankers 489 421 330 213 195 178 161 147 135 142 135 120 108 

Towboats / tugs 4,203 4,248 4,693 5,210 5,179 5,127 5,177 5,173 5,237 5,098 4,995 5,150 5,180 

U.S. merchant marine ships (over 1,000 gross tons)Total U. S. flag7 2,926 1,579 864 636 543 509 495 477 470 463 454 443 426 

Passenger / cargo 309 171 65 10 13 13 15 14 12 11 11 13 12 

Freightersg 2,138 1,076 471 367 308 295 292 288 289 284 286 283 276 

Bulk carriers 57 38 20 26 22 20 15 14 15 14 15 17 18 

Tankers 422 294 308 233 200 181 173 161 154 154 142 130 120 

Privately owned 1,008 U 578 408 354 319 302 285 281 277 UUU

Government owned 1,918 U 286 228 189 190 193 192 189 186 UUU

Number of recreational boats (thousands)h,8 2,500 7,400 8,578 10,996 11,430 11,735 11,878 12,313 12,566 12,738 12,782 12,876 12,854 

Water Transport Profile
PERFORMANCE

Ton-miles (thousands)i, 9Domestic water freight, total N 596,195,000 921,835,800 833,543,800 814,919,200 807,727,700 764,686,500 707,409,900 672,795,300 655,861,500 645,799,300 621,686,200 612,080,500 

Coastwise N 359,784,000 631,149,200 479,133,600 457,600,700 440,345,100 408,086,100 349,843,000 314,863,900 292,730,000 283,871,600 274,558,800 263,688,200 

Internal N 155,816,000 227,343,000 292,393,300 297,762,400 306,329,100 296,790,600 294,023,000 294,896,400 304,724,100 302,558,400 294,860,900 293,410,300 Lakewise N 79,416,000 61,747,100 60,929,900 58,263,400 59,703,800 58,335,300 62,165,900 61,654,300 57,045,200 57,879,100 50,853,500 53,652,900 

Intraport N 1,179,000 1,596,400 1,087,000 1,292,700 1,349,600 1,474,500 1,378,100 1,380,700 1,362,200 1,490,200 1,413,000 1,329,000 

Tons of freight hauled (thousands) 9

Domestic, total 760,573 950,727 1,077,483 1,122,299 1,099,011 1,093,035 1,100,679 1,112,527 1,094,112 1,061,787 1,069,798 1,042,472 1,021,001 

Coastwise 209,197 238,440 329,609 298,637 277,029 266,612 267,389 263,146 249,633 228,802 226,938 223,606 216,396 Internal 291,057 472,123 534,979 622,595 618,409 620,324 622,081 630,558 625,028 624,575 628,445 619,784 608,038 Lakewise 155,109 157,059 115,124 110,159 114,777 116,127 114,870 122,734 122,156 113,887 114,352 100,002 101,466 Intraport 104,193 81,475 94,184 86,378 82,870 83,104 89,011 89,816 90,077 88,650 94,558 93,222 90,004 Intraterritory 1,017 1,630 3,588 4,529 5,926 6,868 7,327 6,273 7,217 5,873 5,505 5,858 5,097 

Exports, total 127,961 241,629 403,883 441,586 396,246 474,700 450,794 432,313 404,708 399,996 415,042 399,011 384,350 

Great Lakes ports 23,150 35,932 45,077 32,898 27,108 32,968 31,855 33,209 36,876 40,233 40,131 40,519 38,066 

Coastal ports 104,810 205,698 358,806 408,688 369,138 441,732 418,940 399,104 367,831 359,763 374,911 358,491 346,284 

Imports, total 211,316 339,340 517,521 599,970 719,497 672,657 732,592 788,303 840,680 860,775 939,749 951,815 934,941 

Great Lakes ports 12,851 26,406 15,515 17,558 23,028 18,897 24,503 24,532 25,558 22,196 23,917 21,391 21,548 

Coastal ports 198,466 312,934 502,006 582,412 696,469 653,760 708,090 763,771 815,122 838,579 915,832 929,794 929,794 

Average haul, domestic system (miles)i, 9

Coastwise 1,496 1,509 1,915 1,604 1,652 1,652 1,526 1,330 1,261 1,279 1,251 1,228 1,219 

Internal 282 330 405 470 482 494 477 466 472 488 481 476 483 

Lakewise 522 506 536 553 508 514 508 507 505 501 506 509 529 

Cargo capacity (short tons)6

Total nonself-propelled vessels 16,355,657 24,026,024 44,875,116 (R) 49,066,020 49,708,960 (R) 51,254,259 54,086,973 54,974,961 55,999,952 56,468,065 56,581,364 57,341,226 56,721,816 

Dry cargo barges 12,147,006 17,695,275 34,486,851 38,189,490 38,643,518 39,971,443 42,748,644 43,710,093 44,718,691 45,049,209 44,814,696 45,281,492 44,688,157 

Tankers 4,208,651 6,330,749 10,388,265 10,757,295 11,065,442 11,169,087 11,338,329 11,264,868 11,281,261 11,418,856 11,678,593 11,957,598 11,925,863 

Total self-propelled vessels 15,905,881 19,284,050 23,906,346 19,829,011 16,867,458 15,783,399 14,850,253 14,161,739 12,970,167 13,892,574 13,458,519 12,770,889 12,093,812 

Dry cargo / passenger 12,188,956 10,815,977 8,011,587 7,147,054 7,118,193 6,484,707 6,208,011 6,685,719 6,371,425 6,928,684 6,740,153 6,544,807 6,452,715 

Tankers 3,716,925 8,468,073 15,894,753 12,681,957 9,749,265 9,298,692 8,642,242 7,476,020 6,598,742 6,963,890 6,718,366 6,226,082 5,641,097 

Fuel consumption (thousand barrels), total1 122,014 123,591 273,380 232,036 210,650 225,470 213,721 187,729 183,856 208,604 233,227 UU

Diesel fuel and distillate 18,730 19,503 35,201 52,310 48,260 47,098 51,848 50,180 50,609 49,157 53,843 UUResidual fuel oil 94,084 89,850 213,131 148,764 141,544 153,125 138,214 114,044 110,480 133,301 152,616 UU

Gasoline 9,200 14,238 25,048 30,962 20,846 25,247 23,659 23,505 22,767 26,146 26,768 UU
SAFETY

Fatalities in waterborne transport (vessel casualties only), totalj,10 N 178 206 85 77 52 55 48 67 51 45 31 61 

Freight ship N 30 80001220013

Tank ship N 445300010000

Passenger vessel N 1 5 3 4 4 8 1 314 0 3 6

Tug / towboat N 22 14 13 1 1 1 3 0 5 0 4 8 

Offshore supply N N N 2122060200

Fishing vessel N 77 60 47 48 23 37 22 33 23 28 9 15 

Recreational vessel N N N 3 13 22 3 7 7 510 12 14 

MODU k NNN 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 

Platform N N N 1 UUUUU 0000 

Freight barge N N N 0200210100

Tank barge N N N 0000001010

Miscellaneous N 44 56 11 5 0 3 7143402

Injuries in waterborne transport, totalj,10 N 105 180 175 180 152 229 119 130 136 131 185 187 

Freight ship N 14 8 10 6 1 7 3 3 2 4 2 7

Tank ship N 19 9 13 10 81565330

Passenger vessel N 10 10 51 43 47 142 36 39 71 50 109 57 

Tug / towboat N 10 27 19 19 19 16 21 12 13 10 18 17 

Offshore supply N N N 9 2 10 7 3 5 1 5130

Fishing vessel N 13 28 31 55 41 36 25 35 19 24 15 41 

Recreational vessel N N N 2 17 20 9 6 9 11 26 15 14 

MODU k N N N13 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 3 0

Platform N N N 9 UUUUU 1100 

Freight barge N N N 3400510200

Tank barge N N N 3352002020

Miscellaneous N N 98 12 21 1 9 12 20 9 6 5 9

Fatalities in recreational boating (vessel casualties only), total 8 739 1,418 1,360 865 748 829 709 821 815 734 701 681 750 

Air thrust N N N N N 4 1 611 2421

Propeller N N N N N475 363 436 462 421 439 326 506 

Inboard N 119 100 50 36 N N N N50 48 34 60 

Outboard N 774 609 454 341 N N N N326 328 245 372 

Inboard / outboard N 28 47 53 49 N N N N35 49 32 47 

Jet N N 10 25 58 68 61 83 82 75 70 45 75 

Sail N 44 43 20 13 4 8 15 5 7 14 19 3 

Manual (oars, paddle) N 205 272 182 140 148 109 150 151 114 137 144 107 

Other N 29 14 5 12 8 8 10 00000Propulsion unknown N 219 265 76 135 122 159 121 104 115 37 145 58 

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.
c Does not include vessel operators whose primary area of operation is fishing, towing, passenger transport, ferrying, or crew 

boat utility service.

a The international water freight operating revenues data was revised in Transportation in America 1998 for all years except 1994 and 1996. Therefore, the international water freight data for years 1994 and 1996 may not be comparable to other years.b Revenues paid by American travelers to U.S. and foreign flag carriers.d Data for 2002 is based on new NAICS classifications and therefore comparisons between 2002 data and data for prior years may be misleading. Prior to 2002 water transportation was calculated based on SIC classifications and included commercial port, marina, and other employees; excluding employees of not-for-hire private businesses. Data for water transportation in 2002 includes NAICS categories 483100, 483200, 488300. Data for ships, boat building, and repairing is based on the NAICS category 336600.e Estimate based on established active jobs for licensed and unlicensed personnel aboard oceangoing ships of 1,000 grosstons and over, privately owned and operated, government-owned ships under bare boat charters, ship managers and General 

Agency Agreement, supplemented by Military Sealift Command employment totals for ships with Civil Service crews.

f Data is current as of January 1 of the following year with the exception of 1999 data, which is current as of Apr. 1, 1999. Due 

to a change in the source's periodicity, the data for 1999 is not comparable to the data from years prior to 1999.

g Freighters data include bulk carriers prior to calendar year 1983.h The U.S. Coast Guard changed its methodology for counting the number of recreational boats. Figures cited represent number of numbered boats, not estimates as previously noted for 1960 and 1970.i Does not include intraterritorial traffic (traffic between ports in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, which are considered a

single unit).

j 1992-2002 data come from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Data for prior years may not be directly 

comparable. Beginning in 2000, numbers may not add to totals because data is now recorded in a new information system known as MISLE, which does not associate every fatality and injury with a specific vessel. 

k Mobile Offshore Drilling Units.

SOURCESUnless otherwise noted, refer to chapter tables for sources.

1 Eno Transportation Foundation Inc., Transportation in America, 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002), pp. 38, 40, 51, and 58.10 1970-A321990: U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigations and Analysis, G-MAO-2, personal communication. 1994-2006: 

Ibid., Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal communication, Feb. 13, 2002, July 2, 2003 and August 29, 2007. 

2 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Services, Fisheries of the United States (Silver Spring, MD: Annual issues), p. 4 and similar pages in earlier editions.3 U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, MAR-450, personal communication.4 1960-1990: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment, Hours and Earnings, United States, 1909-1994 (Washington, DC: September 1994) and 1988-1996 (Washington, DC: August 1996), SICs 373 and 44. 1994-2006: 

Ibid., Internet website http://www.bls.gov as of November 2007. 

5 U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, U.S. Merchant Marine Data Sheet (Washington, DC: Annual issues).6 1960-1998: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Summary of U.S. Flag Passenger & Cargo Vessels (New Orleans, LA: Annual 

issues). 1999-2005: Ibid., Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States (New Orleans, LA: Annual issues) part 1, section 1, table 1 and 2.

7 U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, Merchant Fleets of the World (Washington, DC: Annual issues), 

and unpublished revisions.

8 U.S. Coast Guard, Boating Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues).9 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States (New Orleans, LA: Annual issues), part 5, 

section 1, tables 2, 3, and 4.
FINANCIAL 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Operating revenues, total ($ millions) 895 1,396 7,548 8,506 8,676 9,077 8,637 8,632 8,579 9,067 8,958 9,066 UUUUUUU

FERC-regulated 770 1,188 6,340 7,164 7,353 7,751 7,310 7,278 7,212 7,645 7,551 7,649 7,812 7,704 8,020 7,917 8,517 8,996 9,244Nonregulated 125 208 1,208 1,342 1,323 1,326 1,327 1,354 1,367 1,422 1,407 1,417 UUUUUUU

INVENTORYNumber of FERC-regulated companies 87 101 130 150 158 161 160 U U 184 U U U 195 195 197 U U 195Number of employees, pipeline companies a 23,100 17,600 21,300 18,500 17,100 15,100 14,500 14,200 13,800 13,060 13,230 13,680 12,360 12,500 12,840 13,040 12,770 13,080 14,220

Miles of pipeline (statute miles) b, all lines 190,944 218,671 218,393 208,752 190,350 181,912 177,535 179,873 178,648 177,463 176,996 154,877 149,619 139,901 142,200 131,348 140,861 147,235 146,822

Crude lines 141,085 146,275 129,831 118,805 103,277 97,029 92,610 91,523 87,663 86,369 85,480 52,386 52,854 50,149 50,749 46,234 47,617 46,658 50,214Product lines 49,859 72,396 88,562 89,947 87,073 84,883 84,925 88,350 90,985 91,094 91,516 85,214 80,551 75,565 76,258 71,310 81,103 85,666 84,914

PERFORMANCEIntercity ton-miles, total (millions) 229,000 431,000 588,200 584,100 591,400 601,100 619,200 616,500 619,800 617,700 577,300 576,100 586,200 590,200 599,600 607,500 581,300 557,700 U

Crude oil N N 362,600 334,800 322,600 335,900 338,300 337,400 334,100 321,100 283,400 277,000 286,600 284,500 283,700 293,500 300,500 266,600 UPetroleum products N N 225,600 249,300 268,800 265,200 280,900 279,100 285,700 296,600 293,900 299,100 299,600 305,700 315,900 314,000 280,800 291,100 U

Tons transported (millions) 468.0 790.2 921.0 1,057.4 1,063.6 1,074.3 1,114.1 1,108.0 1,116.3 1,125.2 1,146.8 1,123.4 UUUUUUU

Average length of haul (statute miles)

Crude oil 325 300 871 812 778 797 779 781 767 766 UUUUUUUUU

Petroleum products 269 357 414 387 414 402 413 413 420 418 UUUUUUUUU

SAFETY Fatalities N443135024101052042Injured persons c N 21 15 7 7 11 13 5 6 20 4 10 0 5 16 2 2 10 2

Incidents N 351 246 180 245 188 194 171 153 167 146 130 (R) 150 (R) 134 (R) 146 (R) 143 (R) 120 120 145

KEY: FERC = Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a Includes companies whose pipelines carry crude petroleum, petroleum products, and nonpetroleum pipeline liquids.c Injured persons does not include the 1,851 injuries that required medical treatment, caused by severe flooding near Houston, Texas, 

reported for October, 1994.

b Mileages of oil pipeline for years 1960-2000 include regulated and unregulated trunk and gathering crude lines, as well as refined oil trunk 

lines. Beginning in 2001, data include information for FERC-regulated oil pipeline companies only. For years 2001 and after, total miles of pipeline include both trunk and gathering lines, whereas the individual components, namely, crude and product lines, include the mileages of trunk lines only. Thus, details do not add to the total for this period.Intercity ton-miles, total and tons transported: Miles of pipeline (statute miles), all lines:Operating revenues, total and nonregulated:NOTEThe reporting criteria changed in 2002 adding small spills down to 5 gallons. The change was instituted on Feb. 7, 2002. For continuity with past trending, the data from post-2/7/2002 accidents used in the statistical summary includes only accidents meeting the reporting criteria: Accidents with gross loss greater than or equal to 50 barrels; those involving any fatality or injury; fire/explosion not intentionally set; Highly Volatile Liquid releases with gross loss of 5 or more barrels; or those involving total costs greater than or equal to $50,000.1960-70: Ibid., Transportation in America, 1998 (Washington, DC: 1998), p. 44 and Transportation in America, Supplement, 1999 (Washington, DC: 1999). Average length of haul:2002-2008: PennWell Corporation, Oil and Gas Journal: Transportation Special Report (Houston, TX), pp. 63 and similar table in earlier editions. Financial:Inventory:1995-98: Ibid., available at www.bls.gov, SIC 46, as of Apr. 19, 1999.2005: Ibid., available at www.ferc.gov/industries/oil/gen-info/reg-central.asp as of Oct. 27, 2006.2008: Ibid., available at www.ferc.gov/industries/oil/gen-info/reg-central.asp as of Mar. 09, 2010.2003: Ibid., available at www.ferc.gov/industries/oil/gen-info/reg-central.asp as of Aug. 26, 2004. 1960-80: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment, Hours and Earnings, United States, 1909-94 (Washington, DC: 

September 1994), SIC 46. 1990-1994: Ibid., Hours and Earnings, United States, 1988-1996 (Washington, DC: July 1996), SIC 46.

Number of FERC-regulated companies:Number of employees, pipeline companies:

Oil Pipeline Profile

Performance:2001-2008: PennWell Corporation, Oil and Gas Journal: Transportation Special Report (Houston, TX), pp. 76 and similar table in earlier editions. Operating revenues, FERC-regulated:1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation In America 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002), pp. 38 and 39, and similar tables 

in earlier editions. Safety:1999-2001: Ibid., available at http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_doc.htm, SIC 46, as of Feb. 22, 2010.1960-96: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, personal communication. 1999: Ibid., available at www.ferc.fed.us/oil/oil_list.htm as of June 21, 2001.2004: Ibid., available at www.ferc.gov/industries/oil/gen-info/reg-central.asp as of Mar. 16, 2005.2002-08: Ibid, available at http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_doc.htm, NAICS 486100 and NAICS 486900, as of Feb. 22, 2010.1960-2000: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation In America 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002), pp. 58 and 59, and similar tables 

in earlier editions.The Interstate Commerce Committee regulated oil pipelines in the 1960s and 1970s.SOURCESEno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation In America 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002), pp. 38 and 39, and similar tables in earlier 

editions. U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Hazardous Liquid 

Pipeline Operators Accident Summary Statistics , available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats/lq_sum.htm as of July 15, 2010, and earlier tables for 1970 and 1980 data.1980-98: Ibid., Transportation in America, 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002), p. 53, and similar tables in earlier editions.

1999-2007: Association of Oil Pipe Lines, Shifts in Petroleum Transportation (Washington, DC), tables 1, 2 and 3, available at 

http://www.aopl.org/publications/ as of Feb. 19, 2010.1960-70: Ibid., Transportation In America 1999 (Washington, DC: 1999), p. 71. 

1980-99: Ibid.,Transportation In America 2000 (Washington, DC: 2000), p. 51.
FINANCIAL ($ millions) 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Transmission pipeline companies 1Total operating revenues 3,190 5,928 41,604 21,756 13,841 12,092 12,050 10,339 9,450 9,555 10,404 10,257 10,096 10,892 11,313 16,547Total operating expensesa 2,698 5,088 39,709 19,484 11,333 9,534 9,603 7,862 6,875 6,897 7,856 7,296 7,369 7,822 8,284 10,336

Operation and maintenance 2,095 4,203 36,480 17,058 8,389 6,680 6,802 5,381 4,260 4,148 5,172 4,198 4,294 4,341 4,503 6,624

Operation expenses 2,031 4,094 36,075 16,429 7,811 6,121 6,314 4,975 3,909 3,823 4,880 3,850 3,971 3,997 4,130 6,077Maintenance expenses 64 109 405 629 578 558 488 406 351 325 292 347 322 344 373 548

Taxes (federal, state, local)b 319 376 1,991 1,245 1,757 1,582 1,643 1,531 1,560 1,645 1,570 1,859 1,773 2,088 2,302 2,861

Federal taxes 223 202 1,327 768 1,172 1,048 1,085 1,076 1,035 1,109 1,029 1,249 1,243 1,603 1,701 2,048State and local taxes 96 174 664 477 585 534 558 455 525 536 541 610 530 485 601 813

Distribution pipeline companies 2

Total operating revenues N N 14,013 18,750 20,911 19,421 30,407 30,864 28,182 28,135 34,696 39,179 31,210 38,199 (R) 40,410 48,957

Total operating expensesa N N 13,263 17,125 19,025 17,402 27,917 27,445 25,668 24,564 32,103 36,450 28,266 35,113 (R) 37,330 44,800

Operation and maintenance N N 11,791 14,544 15,868 14,170 23,301 23,155 21,396 20,226 27,093 31,486 23,655 29,994 (R) 32,149 40,099

Operation expenses N N 11,539 14,020 15,279 13,575 22,433 22,388 20,710 18,270 26,271 30,776 22,902 29,236 (R) 31,355 39,236Maintenance expenses N N 252 524 589 596 868 767 687 1,956 821 710 753 757 (R) 794 862

Taxes (federal, state, local)b N N 1,136 1,625 1,931 1,888 2,668 2,415 2,524 2,355 2,916 2,908 2,437 2,914 (R) 2,901 3,222

Federal taxes N N 351 580 703 720 1,041 849 1,250 883 1,033 1,216 891 1,108 (R) 1,096 1,075State and local taxes N N 785 1,045 1,228 1,168 1,627 1,566 1,274 1,472 1,883 1,692 1,546 1,806 (R) 1,805 2,147

Investor-owned, total industry c, 3

Total operating revenues N N 85,918 66,027 63,446 58,435 63,600 62,660 57,548 59,142 72,075 79,276 68,594 75,567 (R) 80,331 102,062Total operating expensesa N N 81,789 60,137 56,789 50,594 56,695 55,422 51,075 51,331 64,961 71,011 59,839 66,623 (R) 71,699 89,334

Operation and maintenance N N 74,508 51,628 45,953 40,041 45,785 44,851 41,360 41,415 54,630 58,908 48,675 55,067 (R) 59,952 77,710

Operation expenses N N 73,288 49,718 43,879 37,998 43,742 43,258 39,971 38,752 53,138 57,184 47,037 53,477 (R) 58,277 75,725Maintenance expenses N N 1,220 1,910 2,074 2,043 2,043 1,593 1,390 2,664 1,492 1,722 1,637 1,590 (R) 1,675 1,985

Taxes (federal, state, local)b N N 4,847 4,957 6,603 5,981 6,362 6,384 5,293 5,605 6,106 7,201 5,870 6,493 (R) 6,420 7,421

Federal taxes N N 2,327 2,038 3,112 2,511 2,932 3,066 2,631 2,626 2,690 3,133 2,624 3,315 (R) 3,188 3,643State and local taxes N N 2,520 2,919 3,491 3,470 3,430 3,318 2,662 2,979 3,416 4,068 3,246 3,178 (R) 3,232 3,778

INVENTORYPipeline mileage, total 4 630,950 913,267 1,051,774 1,189,200 1,288,400 1,277,600 1,323,600 1,331,800 1,351,200 1,340,300 1,369,300 1,373,500 1,411,381 1,424,177 1,462,349 1,457,438

Transmission 183,700 252,200 266,500 292,200 301,500 296,900 292,200 294,000 300,100 301,000 296,600 287,100 309,503 303,999 298,851 296,377Distribution 391,400 594,800 701,800 864,600 955,600 949,800 1,001,800 1,003,100 1,022,100 1,007,500 1,045,600 1,066,300 1,079,565 1,097,870 1,139,756 1,117,784Field and gathering 55,800 66,300 83,500 32,400 31,300 30,900 29,600 34,700 29,000 31,800 27,100 20,100 22,313 22,308 23,742 23,297

Number of employees 5

Gas utility industry totals 206,400 211,700 215,400 204,200 187,200 179,000 179,000 154,600 154,200 143,600 135,600 135,000 140,000 129,000 130,000 131,000Investor-owned companies d, total N N 202,700 192,100 175,700 168,900 163,400 145,400 142,400 133,100 125,100 123,000 123,000 114,000 111,000 119,000

Transmission pipeline companies 31,400 32,400 45,200 37,400 31,000 28,000 32,300 27,500 28,400 29,400 26,400 26,000 26,000 25,000 25,000 25,000Distribution pipeline companies N N 52,100 64,700 62,400 61,600 79,700 75,000 71,300 71,400 69,500 53,000 55,000 51,000 51,000 51,000Integrated pipeline companies N N 53,200 39,900 39,400 36,400 12,700 12,300 12,000 6,200 6,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 4,000Combination pipeline companies N N 52,200 50,100 42,900 42,900 38,700 30,600 30,700 26,100 23,200 39,000 36,000 33,000 31,000 39,000

Number of interstate natural gas pipeline companies e, 6 87 89 91 132 79 92 84 101 97 U U U U U U UPERFORMANCE (million cubic ft.) 7

Marketed production, total 12,771,038 21,920,642 20,179,724 18,593,792 19,709,525 19,506,474 19,812,241 19,866,093 19,961,348 19,804,848 20,197,511 20,570,295 19,884,780 19,974,360 (R) 19,517,491 18,950,734Delivered to consumers, total 10,382,681 19,018,462 18,216,233 16,818,882 18,898,635 19,660,161 20,005,508 20,781,554 20,437,798 20,680,843 21,539,964 20,495,108 21,227,012 20,562,727 (R) 20,724,883 20,544,907

Consumed, total 11,966,537 21,139,386 19,877,293 18,715,090 20,707,717 21,580,665 21,966,616 22,736,203 22,245,956 22,405,151 23,333,121 22,238,624 23,007,014 22,276,502 (R) 22,388,975 22,241,202

Gas used as a pipeline fuel, total 347,075 722,166 634,622 659,816 685,362 700,335 711,446 751,470 635,477 645,319 642,210 624,964 666,920 591,492 (R) 566,187 584,779SAFETY 8

Fatalities N 26 15 6 21 18 48 10 19 18 37 7 11 12 18 14Injured persons N 233 177 69 113 53 114 72 75 88 77 51 49 (R) 66 44 45Incidents N 1,077 1,524 198 222 161 187 175 236 172 234 211 (R) 184 (R) 239 (R) 299 351KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.

Natural Gas Pipeline Profile
NOTES

7 1960-95: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Annual, 1998 (Washington, DC: October 1999), 

table 98. 1996-2004: Ibid., Natural Gas Annual, 2004 (Washington, DC: 2005), table 1, Internet website 

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/data_publications/natural_gas_annual/nga.html as of Sept. 26, 2007.

1 1960-70: American Gas Association, Gas Facts, 1979 (Arlington, VA: 1980), table 134. 1980-2005: Ibid., Gas Facts, 2006 

(Washington, DC: 2007), table 11-2 and similar tables in earlier editions.

2 1980: American Gas Association, Gas Facts, 1979 (Arlington, VA: 1980), table 134. 1990-2005: Ibid., Gas Facts, 2006 (Washington, 

DC: 2007), table 11-1 and similar tables in earlier editions.

5 1960-80: American Gas Association, Gas Facts, 1979 (Arlington, VA: 1980), table 153. 1990-2005: Ibid., Gas Facts, 2006 

(Washington, DC: 2007), table 13-2, and similar tables in earlier editions.

6 1960-90: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Statistics of Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Companies 

(Washington, DC: Annual issues), preface. 1991-98: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, FERC Automated System for Tariff Retrieval (FASTR database), Internet website http://www.ferc.gov/industries/gas/gen-info/fastr/index.asp as of Feb. 18, 2004.

a Does not add due to omission of line from source table for depreciation and other noncash expenses.b Figures obtained by addition / subtraction and may not appear directly in data source.c Industry total includes integrated and combination company totals in addition to distribution and transmission company totals.d Number of employees in investor-owned companies is the sum of employees in distribution, transmission, integrated and combination 

companies. 

e Beginning in 1991 the number of interstate natural gas pipeline companies is calculated using the Federal Energy Regulatory 

Commission's FASTR database, which contains a listing by year of pipeline companies that are regulated and, therefore, required to pay tariff duties to the federal government. Data for the years prior to 1991 were collected from the Energy Information Administration's discontinued publication Statistics of Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Companies. Data from the two sources may not be comparable. 

8 U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Internet website 

http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as of Sept. 26, 2007. 

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Gas utility industry totals include employees of privately owned companies.

SOURCES

3 1980-2005: American Gas Association, Gas Facts, 2006 (Washington, DC: 2007), tables 11-1, 11-2, 11-3, and 11-4 and similar tables 

in earlier editions.

4 1960-70: American Gas Association, Gas Facts, 1979 (Arlington, VA: 1980), table 44. 1980-2005: Ibid., Gas Facts, 2006 (Washington, 

DC: 2007), tables 5-1, 5-3, and similar tables in earlier editions.
appendix e

Source and

Accuracy Statements

Appendix E 

Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 1 Extent, Condition, and Performance

TABLE 1-1. System Mileage Within the United States

Highway

The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) is the source of road mileage data and is considered reliable. 

(See box 1-1 for detailed information about the HPMS.) The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. 

Department of Transportation (USDOT) collects and reviews state-reported HPMS data for completeness, 

consistency, and adherence to specifications. Some inaccuracy may arise from variations across states in their 

adherence to federal guidelines in the Traffic Monitoring Guide and the Highway Performance Monitoring System 

Field Manual for the Continuing Analytical and Statistical Database. 

Beginning with the 1997 issue of Highway Statistics, FHWA instituted a new method for creating mileage-based 

tables derived from the HPMS. Previously, adjustments to tables developed from sample data were made using areawide mileage information provided by states. These adjustments are now being made using universe totals from the 

HPMS dataset. In addition, FHWA has discontinued the process of spreading rounding and other differences across 

table cells. Thus, users may note minor differences in table-to-table totals. FHWA considers mileage totals from table 

HM-20, "Public Road Length, Miles by Functional System" to be the controlling totals should a single value be 

required.

Reliability may be diminished for comparisons with pre-1980 data, which were collected via different methods and 

special national studies. For instance, pre-1980 mileage data included some nonpublic roadways (95,000 miles in 

1979) while post-1980 data reports only public road mileage (roads or streets governed and maintained by a public 

authority and open to public travel). 

Class I Rail

These data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data 

are based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 

of the R1 Annual Report. The STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold 

indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate 

Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 1999, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $258.5 

million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three 

consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, 

they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

To obtain railway mileage, AAR subtracts trackage rights from miles of rail traveled on line 57 in the Schedule 700 

report. Historical reliability may vary due to changes in the railroad industry, including bankruptcies, mergers, and 

declassification by the STB. Small data errors may also exist because of because of independent rounding of this 

series by AAR.

Amtrak

These statistics originate from the Statistical Appendix to Amtrak's Annual Report. Amtrak estimates track mileage 

based on point-to-point city timetables that railroad companies provide for engineers. The figures are estimates, but 

are considered reliable.

Transit

These data are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), 

National Transit Database (NTD). The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit 
agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and 

operating data, including vehicle inventories and directly operated mileage. Transit operators that do not report to 

FTA are those that do not receive Urbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The 

data are generally considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit 

agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret 

certain data definitions.

Navigable Channels

These statistics originate from a mid-1950s U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) estimate that there were 

approximately 25,000 miles of commercially important navigable channels in the United States. That number has 

been adjusted from time to time, for example, by addition of the 234-mile Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in the 

early 1980s. The 25,000 plus mile number has been universally quoted for decades, but has definitional and 

methodological uncertainties. USACE is currently developing a rigorous, Global Information System (GIS)-based 

approach to facilitate tabulation of the lengths of shallow and deep-draft commercially navigable waterways in the 

United States; this calculation will be available in several years.

Oil Pipeline

The data are from Transportation in America, published by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. (Eno). The 

numbers reprinted here for 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1975 are Eno estimates from the U.S. Department of Energy 

(DOE) Energy Data Report issues labeled "Crude-oil and Refined Products Mileage in the United States." Eno 

estimated the 1980 number based on the assumption that refinement of old, less profitable, and smaller lines 

exceeded in mileage the construction of new, larger, and more profitable lines. Post-1985 data were calculated using 

a base figure reported in a 1982 USDOT study entitled Liquid Pipeline Director and then combined with data from the 

Association of Oil Pipe Lines and the Oil Pipeline Research Institute. Lack of additional information raises definitional 

and methodological uncertainties for the data's reliability. Moreover, the three different information sources introduce 

data discontinuities, making time comparisons unreliable.

Gas Pipeline

These statistics originate from annual editions of Gas Facts, published by the American Gas Association (AGA). The 

data reported by the AGA are based on gas utilities participation and reporting to the Uniform Statistical Report. 

Utilities reporting represented 98 percent of gas utility industry sales while the remaining 2 percent was estimated for 

nonreporting companies based on recent historical experience. Varying percentages of nonreporters from year to 

year introduce minor reliability problems for time-series comparisons.

TABLE 1-2. Number of Air Carriers, Railroads, Interstate Motor Carriers, Marine Operators, and Pipeline 

Operators

Air Carriers

The data are from the Air Carrier Financial Statistics Quarterly, published by the Office of Airline Information of the 

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). The Alphabetical List of Air Carriers by 

Carrier Group at the beginning of each fourth quarter edition is used to determine the number of major air carriers 

and other air carriers in operation at the end of each calendar year. The publication draws its data from the T-100 and 

T-100(f) databases maintained by BTS. These databases include data obtained from a 100-percent census of BTS 

Form 41 schedule submissions by large certificated air carriers, which are carriers that hold a certificate issued under 

section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 and that (1) operate aircraft designed to have a maximum passenger 

seating capacity of more than 60 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 18,000 pounds or (2) that 

conduct international operations. Carriers are grouped as major, national, large regional, or medium regional based 

on their annual operating revenues. The thresholds were last adjusted July 1, 1999 and the threshold for major air 

carriers is currently $1 billion. The table combines the number of national, large regional, and medium regional air 

carriers into the other air carrier category.

Railroads
The Association of American Railroads (AAR)'s Railroad Ten-Year Trends series is the source for the number of 

railroads. The number of Class I railroads is based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface 

Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report. The STB defines Class I railroads as having 

operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert 

with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted 

threshold for Class I railroads was $261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls 

below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 1 percent of 

the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

The Association of American Railroads determines the number of non-Class I railroads through an annual survey 

sent to every U.S. freight railroad. By following up with nonrespondents, the AAR obtains essentially a census of 

railroads. Use of the current survey instrument began in 1986.

Interstate Motor Carriers

The Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS), maintained by the U.S. Department of Transportation, 

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, contains information on the safety of all commercial interstate motor 

carriers and hazardous material (HM) shippers subject to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and the 

Hazardous Materials Regulations. All carriers operating in interstate or foreign commerce within 90 days of beginning 

operations must submit a Form MCS-150, Motor Carrier Identification Report. Carriers may also use the form to 

update their information. The Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 requires that reports be periodically 

updated, but not more than once every two years. MCMIS is updated as soon as information is provided and verified, 

and periodic archives are made. Historical data are available from summary information previously prepared, 

including tables and reports. MCMIS began operations in 1980. Safety data since 1990 are available to the public. 

Marine Vessel Operators

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) provides the data for marine vessel operators through the Waterborne 

Transportation Lines of the United States. Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center (NDC) by 

various means, including the U.S. Coast Guard's registry, maritime service directories, and waterway sector 

publications. However, an annual survey of companies that operate inland waterway vessels is the principle source of 

data. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to these companies and response rates are typically above 90 percent. 

However, a USACE official did report that less than 10 percent of the total number of companies operating inland 

water vessels either did not receive or respond to the annual survey.

Pipeline Operators

The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) in the U.S. Department of Transportation's Research and Special Programs 

Administration collects annual report data from natural gas transmission and distribution operators as required by 49 

CFR 191.17 and 191.11, respectively. Annual data must be submitted by March 15 of the following calendar year. No 

annual report is required for hazardous liquid pipeline operators. However, information is available through the 

pipeline safety program. Since 1986, the program has been funded by fees assessed to each OPS-regulated pipeline 

operator based on per-mile of hazardous pipeline operated. Data for each operator and each mile of pipeline are 

stored in the OPS user-fee database, which is revised annually as updated fees are assessed.

Totals for pipeline operators in this table will differ from those in other tables due to differences in the regulatory 

authority of USDOT and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). FERC regulates only interstate 

pipelines, whereas DOT regulates both interstate and intrastate pipelines, except for rural gathering lines and some 

offshore pipelines, which fall under jurisdiction of the U.S. Coast Guard or the U.S. Department of the Interior's 

Minerals Management Service. An OPS official stated that FERC regulates about two-thirds the amount of pipeline 

mileage that USDOT regulates.

TABLE 1-3. Number of U.S. Airports

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Office of Airport Safety and Standards Administrator's Fact Book (annual 

issues) furnished the data shown in this table and includes airports certified for air carrier operations with aircraft that 

seat 30 or more passengers. These airports include civil and joint civil-military use airports, heliports, STOLports 

(short takeoff and landing), and seaplane facilities. The FAA obtained this data via physical inspections and mail 
solicitations of all federally regulated landing facilities. Since this is a census of all U.S. airports, reliability should be 

high. Data, however, may be subject to reporting errors typical of administrative recordkeeping.

TABLE 1-4. Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface

TABLE 1-5. U.S. Public Road and Street Mileage by Functional System

TABLE 1-6. Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane-Miles by Functional Class

The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) is the source of road mileage data and is considered 

reliable.(See box 1-1 for detailed information about the HPMS.) The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal 

Highway Administration collects and reviews state-reported HPMS data for completeness, consistency, and 

adherence to specifications. Some inaccuracy may arise from variations across states in their adherence to federal 

guidelines in the Traffic Monitoring Guide and the Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual for the 

Continuing Analytical and Statistical Database. 

Beginning with the 1997 issue of Highway Statistics, FHWA instituted a new method for creating mileage-based 

tables derived from the HPMS. Previously, adjustments to tables developed from sample data were made using areawide mileage information provided by states. These adjustments are now being made using universe totals from the 

HPMS dataset. In addition, FHWA has discontinued the process of spreading rounding and other differences across 

table cells. Thus, users may note minor differences in table-to-table totals. FHWA considers mileage totals from table 

HM-20, "Public Road Length, Miles by Functional System" to be the controlling totals should a single value be 

required.

Lane-miles are calculated by multiplying the centerline length by the number of through lanes. Because the HPMS 

requires that the number of lanes be reported for all principal arterials, other National Highway System (NHS) roads, 

and all standard samples, lane length can be computed for the Interstate, other principal arterials, and the NHS on a 

100-percent basis. For minor arterials, rural major collectors, and urban collectors, lane length is calculated based on 

standard sample sections using the reported number of through lanes, length of section, and an expansion factor. 

FHWA uses the expanded sample to check that the centerline length of a state's functional system matches the 

universe functional system length. If the centerline length and functional system length do not match, FHWA may ask 

a state to make adjustments.

Reliability may be diminished for comparisons with pre-1980 data, which were collected via different methods and 

special national studies. For instance, pre-1980 mileage data included some nonpublic roadways (95,000 miles in 

1979) while post-1980 data reports only public road mileage (roads or streets governed and maintained by a public 

authority and open to public travel).

TABLE 1-7. Number of Stations Served by Amtrak and Rail Transit, Fiscal Year

These numbers originate from Amtrak's Statistical Appendix to Amtrak's Annual Report and the U.S. Department of 

Transportation, Federal Transit Administration's National Transit Database.

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every station, locomotive, and car it operates. Those records 

include for each vehicle the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data 

should be considered very reliable.

TABLE 1-8. ADA Accessible Rail Transit Stations by Agency

TABLE 1-9. ADA Lift- or Ramp-Equipped Transit Buses

These data are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), 

National Transit Database (NTD). The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit 

agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and 

operating data, including certain aspects of station and vehicle accessibility. Transit operators that do not report to 

FTA are those that do not receive Urbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The 

data are generally considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit 
agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret 

certain data definitions.

TABLE 1-10. U.S. Oil and Gas Pipeline Mileage

Oil Pipeline

The data are from Transportation in America, published by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. (Eno). The 

numbers reprinted here for 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1975 are Eno estimates from the U.S. Department of Energy's 

Energy Data Report issues labeled "Crude-oil and Refined Products Mileage in the United States." Eno estimated the 

1980 number based on the assumption that refinement of old, less profitable, and smaller lines exceeded in mileage 

the construction of new, larger, and more-profitable lines. Figures from 1985 and later years are calculated from a 

base figure that Eno obtained from the 1982 U.S. Department of Transportation study Liquid Pipeline Director and 

then incorporated that figure with data from the Association of Oil Pipe Lines and the Oil Pipeline Research Institute. 

Lack of additional information raises definitional and methodological uncertainties for the data's reliability. Moreover, 

the three different information sources introduce data discontinuities making time comparisons less reliable.

Gas Pipeline

These statistics originate from annual editions of Gas Facts published by the American Gas Association (AGA). The 

data reported by AGA are based on gas utilities participation and reporting to the Uniform Statistical Report. Utilities 

reporting in 1991 represented 98 percent of total gas utility industry sales while the remaining 2 percent was 

estimated for the nonreporting companies based on recent historical experience. Varying percentages of 

nonreporters from year to year introduce minor reliability problems for time-series comparisons.

TABLE 1-11. Number of U.S. Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances

TABLE 1-12. Sales or Deliveries of New Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances

Civilian Aircraft

The Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) provided this data in their annual issues Aerospace Facts and Figures, 

"Civil Aircraft Shipments." AIA collects their data from aircraft company reports, the General Aviation Manufacturers 

Association (GAMA), and the U.S. Department of Commerce's (DOC) International Trade Administration. DOC data 

provide total number of shipments and exports, and the difference computed by AIA equals domestic shipments. 

DOC collects shipments data separately for individual factories or establishments and not at the company level. A 

potential limitation of this approach is when a factory producing aircraft for shipment also makes aircraft parts. If the 

establishment has 80 percent of its production in aircraft and 20 percent in parts, all of the output is attributed to 

aircraft shipments.

Transport

The Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) is the source of these data. AIA obtains quarterly data from Boeing 

Corp., now the sole U.S. manufacturer of transport aircraft, and publicly available financial disclosure information filed 

with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) via Form 10-k. SEC requires a publicly traded company to 

file an annual report 90 days after the end of the company's fiscal year to provide an overview of that business.

Helicopters

AIA surveyed and received data from all 10 major helicopter manufacturers on their sales and deliveries.

General Aviation

The general aviation figures are taken from the General Aviation Statistical Databook published by the GAMA. 

General aviation refers usually to the small aircraft industry in the United States. GAMA collects quarterly data from 

the 10 to 14 manufacturers who nearly equal a census of the general aviation sector. 
Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recreational Vehicles

Ward's Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures is the source of these data. Ward's obtains sales data directly from 

manufacturers. Readers should note that automobile manufacturers have inflated sales figures in the past, but Ward's 

does contact companies to verify numbers that appear too high or low.

Motorcycle

The Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc. (MIC) publishes the Motorcycle Statistical Annual, which is the source for these 

data. MIC derived the estimate for new retail motorcycle sales for each state from the MIC Retail Sales Report, and 

adjusted for total retail sales. Motorcycle company reports provided sales data. Prior to 1985, all-terrain vehicles 

(ATVs) were included in the motorcycle total. In 1995, the Motorcycle Industry Council revised its data for the years 

1985 to present to exclude all terrain vehicles from its totals.

Bicycle

The National Bicycle Dealers Association (NBDA) reported these data, which are based on Bicycle Manufacturers 

Association (BMA) information through 1996. BMA stopped reporting members' shipments in 1996. Moreover, BMA 

represents the largest bicycle manufacturers (Huffy, Roadmaster, and Murray), and thus the data do not reflect 

specialty bike makers or other manufacturers. The Bike Council estimated 1997 through 2001 figures in the table. 

According to a Bicycle Council representative, the estimates are a combination of domestic forecasts produced by a 

panel of industry experts and import data from monthly U.S. census databases. 

Transit

The American Public Transit Association provided these figures, which are based on information in the U.S. 

Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), National Transit Database. These data are 

generally considered accurate because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit 

agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret 

data. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to the database (private, 

very small, and rural operators).

Class I Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are 

based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of 

the R1 Annual Report. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to 

a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index 

published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the threshold for Class I railroads was $261.9 million. Although 

Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 

percent of the industry's mileage operated. Historical reliability may vary due to changes in the railroad industry, 

including bankruptcies, mergers, and declassification by the STB. Small data errors may also have occurred because 

of independent rounding in this series by the AAR.

Amtrak

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle, those 

records include the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data should be 

considered very reliable.

Water Transportation

U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration (MARAD), which classifies vessels as merchant based 

on size and type, reports these data in annual issues of its Merchant Fleets of the World. MARAD compiles these 

figures from a data service provided by Lloyd's Maritime Information Service. The parent company, Lloyd's Register 

(LR), collects data from several sources: its 200 offices worldwide, data transfers and agreements with other 

classification societies, questionnaires to ship owners and shipbuilders, feedback from government agencies, and 

input from port agents. According to an LR official, consistent data gathering methods have been maintained for more 
than 30 years but cautioned that inconsistencies may occur in groupings of ship types over time. For example, tank 

barges are now included in the tanker ship-type grouping rather than the barge grouping. 

TABLE 1-13. Active Air Carrier and General Aviation Fleet by Type of Aircraft

Air Carrier, Certificated, All Services

Prior to 1995, data originated from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 

FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation. Later data are from the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), Aerospace 

Facts and Figures. However, Aerospace Facts and Figures is compiled from the FAA Statistical Handbook of 

Aviation. U.S. air carrier fleet data are based on reports collected by FAA field offices from carriers. The reports 

include information on the number of aircraft by type used in air carrier service. The FAA points out that this 

information is not an inventory of the aircraft owned by air carriers, but represents the aircraft reported to the FAA as 

being used in air carrier fleet service. The reported aircraft are all aircraft carrying passengers or cargo for 

compensation or hire under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135.

General Aviation

The 1960-1980 figures originated from the FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation. Later data are from FAA annual 

issues of the General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity (GAATA) Survey report, table 3.1.The FAA collects both aircraft 

registration data and voluntary information about aircraft operation, equipment, and location. Before 1978, the FAA 

mandated owners to annually register their aircraft for the Aircraft Registration Master File. This was a complete 

enumeration of operating aircraft. Registrants were also asked to voluntarily report information on hours flow, avionics 

equipment, base location, and use. The FAA changed their data collection methodology in 1978. The annual 

registration requirement became triennial and the General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey was initiated to 

sample aircraft operation and equipment data.

The General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey was renamed the General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey in 

1993 to reflect the fact that the survey includes air taxi aircraft. This survey is conducted annually and encompasses 

a stratified, systematic design from a random start to generate a sample of all general aviation aircraft in the United 

States. It is based on the FAA registry as the sampling frame. FAA established three stratification design variables in 

the survey: 1) the average annual hours flown per aircraft by aircraft type, 2) the aircraft manufacturer/model 

characteristics, and 3) the state of aircraft registration. 

Data Reliability

Because of the change in 1978, the reliability of comparisons over time will be affected. The FAA asserted that the 

change to a triennial registration deteriorated the Aircraft Registration Master File in two ways. First, the resulting lag 

in registration updates caused the number of undeliverable questionnaires to steadily increase over the three-year 

period. Second, inactive aircraft would remain in the registry, inflating the general aviation fleet count. In addition, a 

new regulation added two categories of aircraft to the general aviation fleet. However, FAA concluded that these 

changes resulted in no more than a five-percent error in the fleet population estimate.

The reliability of the GAATA survey can be impacted by two factors: sampling and nonsampling error. A measure, 

called the standard error, is used to indicate the magnitude of sampling error. Standard errors can be converted for 

comparability by dividing the standard error value by the estimate (derived from sample survey results) and 

multiplying it by 100.This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled seven-tenths of a percent in 1997 

for the general aviation fleet. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates lack of precision and, inversely, a 

small standard error indicates precision.

Nonsampling errors could include problems such as nonresponse, respondent's inability or unwillingness to provide 

correct information, differences in interpretation of questions, and data-entry mistakes. Readers should note that nonresponse bias might be a component of reliability errors in the data from 1980 to 1990.The FAA conducted telephone 

surveys of nonrespondents in 1977, 1978, and 1979 and found no significant differences or inconsistencies in 

respondents' and nonrespondents' replies. The FAA discontinued the telephone survey of nonrespondents in 1980 to 

save costs. Nonresponse surveys were resumed in 1990, and the FAA found notable differences and thus adjusted 

its fleet estimates. The 1991 through 1996 data have been revised to reflect nonresponse bias. In 1997, a sample of 

29,954 aircraft was identified and surveyed from an approximate population of 251,571 registered general aviation 

aircraft. Just over 65 percent of the sample responded to the survey.
Highway, Total (registered vehicles)

The 1960 to 1980 figures are from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 

document, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, table MV-201 and related tables. Data quality and consistency will 

be less reliable for these years because of a diversity of registration practices from state to state. Users should 

recognize that motor vehicle statistical information is not necessarily comparable across all states or within a state 

from year to year. For instance, the FHWA reported that separate data on single-unit trucks and combinations was 

unobtainable from all states in 1990.

After 1980, the FHWA began to use the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) database, which improved 

data reliability. FHWA reviews state-reported HPMS data for completeness, consistency, and adherence to these 

specifications. Some inaccuracy may arise from variations across states in their adherence to federal guidelines in 

the Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual for the Continuing Analytical and Statistical Database. 

If choosing to compare state data, the FHWA recommends that users carefully select a set of peer states that have 

characteristics similar to the specific comparison. Improperly selected peer states are likely to yield invalid data 

comparisons. Characteristics that a user needs to consider in determining compatibility of a peer state include 

similarities and differences in urban/rural areas, population densities, degrees of urbanization, climate, geography, 

state laws and practices that influence data definitions, administrative controls of public road systems, state 

economies, traffic volumes, and degrees of centralization of state functions. The FHWA has developed a set of 

variables that users may use to determine appropriate peer states.

Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicle (truck)

Sources for these figures included FHWA's Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995 (table VM-201A) and annual issues 

of Highway Statistics (table VM-1). FHWA compiles these figures from the U.S. Bureau of the Census' Truck 

Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS). Since 1963, Census has conducted the TIUS every five years with the last survey 

completed in 1997.The Census Bureau changed the name of the survey to the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey 

(VIUS) in 1997. The VIUS collects data and the physical and operational characteristics of the nation's truck 

population. In 1997, 131,000 trucks were surveyed from an estimated universe of over 75 million trucks. 

Chronological reliability may be diminished due to sampling design changes in 1977, 1982, and 1992. In 1977, the 

sampling universe was first stratified by the number of trucks in a state: large (> 1.5 million trucks), medium (700,000 

to 1.5 million), and small (< 700,000); and then by two truck sizes.

Stratification in 1982 was then based on body type rather than vehicle weight. In 1992 and 1997, the sampling 

universe was first subdivided geographically and then into five strata: 1) pickups, 2) vans, 3) single-unit light, 4) 

single-unit heavy, and 5) truck tractor. Cases were then selected randomly within each stratum.

Census delivered a mail-out/mail-back survey to the owner identified in the vehicle registration records. Data 

collection is staggered as state records become available. Owners report data only for the vehicles selected. In the 

1992 survey, a method was employed to also collect data on new truck purchases in the latter half of the year to 

estimate the fleet for the calendar year. This adjustment in the sampling frame had not been done in previous surveys 

and may diminish chronological reliability. The sample for 1997 was some 22,500 vehicles smaller than for 1992. The 

1997 VIUS had two sampling stages. For the first stage, the Census Bureau surveyed about 131,000 trucks 

registered as of July 1, 1997.The second stage sampled a total of 3,000 truck owners with state mailing addresses 

different from the state of truck registration.

The accuracy and reliability of the VIUS survey depends jointly on sampling variability and nonsampling errors. 

Standard errors arising from sampling variability can be converted for comparability by dividing the standard error 

value by the estimate and multiplying it by 100. This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled twotenths of a percent in 1992 and 1997 for the VIUS sample. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates 

lack of precision and, inversely, a small standard error indicates precision. The 1992 TIUS achieved over 90.2 

percent reporting and the 1997 response rate equaled 84.5 percent, thus reliability may have decreased in the most 

recent survey.

Transit

The American Public Transit Association (APTA) provided these data, which are based on the Federal Transit 

Administration (FTA), National Transit Database. These data are generally accurate because the FTA reviews and 
validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies 

cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit 

operators that do not report to the database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Railroad (all categories) 

The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are 

based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of 

the R1 Annual Report. Thus, data estimates are considered very reliable. The STB defines Class I railroads as 

having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in 

concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the 

adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a 

railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 

2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage 

operated.

AAR determines the number of non-Class I railroads through an annual, comprehensive survey sent to every U.S. 

freight railroad. By following up with nonrespondents, the AAR obtains essentially a 100 percent census of all 

railroads. Use of the current survey instrument began in 1986.

Amtrak

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle, those 

records include the year built, service status (operating or not operating on a daily basis), and location. This data 

should be considered very reliable.

Water Transportation

The source for Inland Nonself-Propelled Vessels, Self-Propelled Vessels, and flag passenger and cargo vessels is 

the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States, annual issues. 

Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center (NDC) by various means, including the U.S. Coast 

Guard's registry, maritime service directories, and waterway sector publications. However, an annual survey of 

companies that operate inland waterway vessels is the principle source of data. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to 

these companies, and response rates are typically above 90 percent. However, a USACE official did report that less 

than 10 percent of the total number of companies operating inland vessels either did not receive or respond to the 

annual survey.

Oceangoing Steam Motor Ships

Merchant Fleets of the World, published annually by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration 

(MARAD), is the source of these data. MARAD, which classifies vessels as merchant based on size and type, 

compiles these figures from a data service provided by Lloyd's Maritime Information Service (LMIS).The parent 

company, Lloyd's Register (LR), collects data from 200 offices worldwide, from data transfers and agreements with 

other classification societies, from questionnaires to ship owners and ship builders, from feedback from government 

agencies, and from input from port agents. According to an LR official, consistent data-gathering methods have been 

maintained for more than 30 years. The same official did caution that there are sometimes inconsistencies in 

groupings of ship types over time. For example, propelled tank barges are now included in the tanker ship-type 

grouping.

Recreational Boats

Boating Statistics, published annually by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), is the source. The USCG derives these 

figures from state and other jurisdictional reporting of the actual count of valid boat numbers issued. In accordance 

with federal requirements, all 55 U.S. states and territories require motor-powered vessels to be numbered. However, 

over half the states do not require nonpowered vessels to be numbered. Accuracy can also be diminished by 

noncompliance of boat owners with numbering and registration laws. In 1996, the USCG estimated that 

approximately eight million recreational boats are not numbered and, thus, are excluded from the reported number of 

recreational vessels. The USCG did not provide estimates for the number of boats without numbering in their reports 
after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail to report by publication deadlines, and the USCG provided estimates based on the 

previous year's estimate. 

TABLE 1-14. U.S. Automobile and Truck Fleets by Use

These statistics originate from two sources. The R.L. Polk Co. provides numbers for commercial fleet vehicles from 

state registrations. Bobit Publishing Co. also obtains fleet vehicle sales data from automobile manufacturers. These 

two sources cover nearly 100 percent of fleet vehicles in the United States. Thus, the data should be very accurate.

TABLE 1-15. Annual U.S. Motor Vehicle Production and Factory (Wholesale) Sales

TABLE 1-16. Retail New Passenger Car Sales

TABLE 1-17. New and Used Passenger Car Sales and Leases

TABLE 1-18. Retail Sales of New Cars by Sector

The U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, uses data from Ward's Automotive Reports. The 

sectoral break down is derived from registration data obtained from R.L. Polk. Ward's obtains sales data directly from 

manufacturers. Readers should note that automobile manufacturers have inflated sales figures in the past, but Ward's 

does contact companies to verify numbers that appear too high or low.

TABLES 1-20 and 1-21. Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic 

and Imported Automobiles and Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods

These data originate from Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) Light-Duty MPG and Market Shares System 

database, which relies on information from monthly Ward's Automotive Reports. Comparisons and observations are 

made on sales and fuel economy trends from one model year to the next. ORNL has adopted several conventions to 

facilitate these comparisons, such as the use of sales-weighted average to estimate fuel economy and vehicle 

characteristics. For example, "sales-weighted" miles per gallon refers to a composite or average fuel economy based 

on the distribution of vehicle sales. ORNL's methodology for sales-weighting can be found in the Appendix of the 

Highway Vehicle MPG and Market Shares Report: Model Year 1990 (the latest published report). The method was 

changed dramatically in 1983, and data reliability prior to that year is questionable. This information is now published 

annually in ORNL's Transportation Energy Data Book. 

TABLE 1-22. Number of Trucks by Weight

These data are derived from the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) conducted in 1997 by the U.S. Bureau of 

the Census. This survey, formerly known as the Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS), has been conducted every 5 

years since 1963. The VIUS collects data and the physical and operational characteristics of the nation's truck 

population. In 1997, 131,000 trucks were surveyed from an estimated universe of over 75 million trucks. 

Chronological reliability may be diminished due to sampling design changes in 1977, 1982, and 1992. In 1977, the 

sampling universe was first stratified by the number of trucks in a state: large (> 1.5 million trucks), medium (700,000 

to 1.5 million), and small (< 700,000); and then by two truck sizes.

Stratification in 1982 was then based on body type rather than vehicle weight. In 1992 and 1997, the sampling 

universe was first subdivided geographically and then into five strata: 1) pickups, 2) vans, 3) single-unit light, 4) 

single-unit heavy, and 5) truck tractor. Cases were then selected randomly within each stratum.

Census delivered a mail-out/mail-back survey to the owner identified in the vehicle registration records. Data 

collection is staggered as state records become available. Owners report data only for the vehicles selected. In the 

1992 survey, a method was employed to also collect data on new truck purchases in the latter half of the year to 

estimate the fleet for the calendar year. This adjustment in the sampling frame had not been done in previous surveys 

and may diminish chronological reliability. The sample for 1997 was some 22,500 vehicles smaller than for 1992. The 

1997 VIUS had two sampling stages. For the first stage, the Census Bureau surveyed about 131,000 trucks 

registered as of July 1, 1997.The second stage sampled a total of 3,000 truck owners with state mailing addresses 

different from the state of truck registration.
The accuracy and reliability of the VIUS survey depends jointly on sampling variability and nonsampling errors. 

Standard errors arising from sampling variability can be converted for comparability by dividing the standard error 

value by the estimate and multiplying it by 100. This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled twotenths of a percent in 1992 and 1997 for the VIUS sample. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates 

lack of precision and, inversely, a small standard error indicates precision. The 1992 TIUS achieved over 90.2 

percent reporting and the 1997 response rate equaled 84.5 percent, thus reliability may have decreased in the most 

recent survey.

TABLE 1-23. World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries

Motor Vehicle Production, Factory Sales, and New Passenger Car Retail Sales

Ward's Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures is the source of these data. Ward's obtains sales data directly from 

manufacturers. Readers should note that automobile manufacturers have inflated sales figures in the past, but Ward's 

does contact companies to verify numbers that appear too high or low.

Used Passenger Car Sales and Leased Passenger Cars

ADT Automotive Used Car Market Report is the source of these data. The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) is the original 

source of 1999 data. According to an ADT representative, publishing deadlines require ADT to use WSJ numbers 

until they can be replaced with National Automotive Dealers Association data. ADT Automotive's Market Analysis 

Department also gathers figures from CNW Marketing/Research and the R.L. Polk Co. CNW estimates used car 

sales volumes by collecting state title transfer data and determining if a transaction was made between private 

individuals or between a consumer and a franchised or independent dealer. This estimate is evaluated by comparing 

total transactions with state automobile sales revenues. Polk, an additional source of data, maintains a state vehicle 

registration database. For 1998, the ADT representative stated that Polk's data were within 5 percentage points of 

CNW estimates.

TABLE 1-24. Number and Size of the U.S. Flag Merchant Fleet and Its Share of the World Fleet

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, which classifies vessels as merchant based on size 

and type, compiles these figures from a data service provided by Lloyd's Maritime Information Service. The parent 

company, Lloyd's Register (LR), collects data from several sources: its 200 offices worldwide, data transfers and 

agreements with other classification societies, questionnaires to ship owners and shipbuilders, feedback from 

government agencies, and input from port agents. According to an LR official, consistent data gathering methods 

have been maintained for more than 30 years, but cautioned that inconsistencies may occur in groupings of ship 

types over time. For example, tank barges are now included in the tanker ship-type grouping rather than the barge 

grouping. 

TABLE 1-25. U.S. Airport Runway Pavement Conditions

These data originate from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), National 

Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS). The NPIAS includes all commercial service airports, all reliever airports, 

and selected general aviation airports. It does not include more than 1,000 publicly owned public use landing areas, 

privately owned public use airports, and other civil landing areas not open to the general public. NPIAS airports serve 

92 percent of general aviation aircraft (based on an estimated fleet of 200,000 aircraft). In 1998, the NPIAS 

encompassed 3,344 of the 5,357 airports with public access. Runway pavement condition is classified as follows:

Good: All cracks and joints are sealed.

Fair: Mild surface cracking, unsealed joints, and slab edge spalling.

Poor: Large open cracks, surface and edge spalling, vegetation growing through cracks and joints.

On a rotating basis, the FAA arranges annual inspections for about 2,000 of the approximately 4,700 public-use 

airports. The inspections are based on funding availability and not on statistical criteria, and nearly all runways are 

inspected every two years. Inspections are primarily made to collect information for pilots on airport conditions. The 

FAA relies on state and local agencies to perform inspections, so some inaccuracy may arise from variation in their 
adherence to federal guidelines regarding pavement condition reporting. In 1998, the U.S. General Accounting Office 

found that Pavement Condition Index information was available for about 35 percent of NPIAS airports (GAO/RCED98-226).

TABLE 1-26. Median Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Operation in the United States

The R.L. Polk Co. is a private enterprise that purchases state registration data to maintain a database of operational 

vehicles. Its data represent a near census of registered vehicles in the United States, and the age estimate should be 

considered very reliable.

TABLE 1-27. Condition of U.S. Roadways by Functional System

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) collects pavement condition data from 

each state through the Highway Performance Monitoring System. The FHWA uses two rating schemes-the Present 

Serviceability Rating (PSR) and the International Roughness Indicator (IRI). IRI is used to measure the condition of 

Interstates, other principal arterials, rural minor arterials, and other National Highway System roadways. PSR is used 

to measure the condition of rural major collectors and urban minor arterials and collectors. Rural minor collectors are 

not measured. Where IRI data are not reported for sampled sections, the PSR data are collected. Using the PSR, 

values range from 0.1 to 5.0, where 5.0 denotes new pavement in excellent condition and 0.1 denotes pavement in 

extremely poor condition. On the IRI scale however, lower values indicate smoother roads (e.g., <60 for interstate 

pavement in very good condition to >170 for interstate pavement in poor condition).

The IRI is an objective measure of pavement roughness developed by the World Bank. The PSR is a more subjective 

measure of a broader range of pavement characteristics and therefore less comparable. Prior to 1993, all pavement 

conditions were evaluated using PSR values. Beginning with data published in Highway Statistics 1993, the FHWA 

began a transition to the IRI, which should eventually replace the PSR. The change from PSR to IRI makes 

comparisons between pre-1993 pavement condition data and 1993 and later pavement condition data difficult. Thus, 

trend comparisons should be made with care.

FHWA indicates that the protocol of measuring pavement roughness is not followed by all states, and some did not

report for all required mileage. Totals only reflect those states reporting usable or partially usable data. Column 

percentages may not sum to 100 and may differ slightly from percentages in source tables, which were adjusted so 

that they would add to 100.FHWA believes that the IRI data are of "reasonably good quality."

TABLE 1-28. Condition of U.S. Bridges

These figures are from the U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), National 

Bridge Inventory Database. State highway agencies are required to maintain a bridge inspection program and inspect 

most bridges on public roadways at a minimum of every two years. With FHWA approval, certain bridges may be 

inspected less frequently. A complete file of all bridges is collected and maintained, representing a very reliable 

assessment of bridge conditions. However, some inaccuracy may be attributable to variations in state inspector's 

adherence to the National Bridge Inspection Standards. 

TABLE 1-29. Average Age of Urban Transit Vehicles

TABLE 1-30. Condition of Urban Bus and Rail Transit Maintenance Facilities

TABLE 1-31. Condition of Rail Transit Infrastructure

These figures are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration 

(FTA), National Transit Database. The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit 

agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and 

operating data, including vehicle inventories. Transit operators that do not report to FTA are those that do not receive 

Urbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The data are generally considered 

accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary 

because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret certain data definitions.

TABLE 1-32. Class I Railroad Locomotive Fleet by Year Built
The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). Figures 

reported by AAR are based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) 

via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a 

threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad 

Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the threshold for Class I railroads was 

$261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for 

three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the 

country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated. 

TABLE 1-33. Age and Availability of Amtrak Locomotive and Car Fleets

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle those 

records include the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data should be 

considered very reliable.

TABLE 1-34. U.S. Flag Vessels by Type and Age

The data are from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States

(WTLUS), annual issues. The WTLUS database contains information on vessel operators and characteristics and 

descriptions for all domestic vessel operations. Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center, primarily 

through a survey of vessel operating companies. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to these companies and response 

rates are typically above 90 percent. However, a USACE official did report that less than 10 percent of the total 

number of companies operating inland vessel fleets either did not receive and/or did not respond to the annual 

survey.

TABLE 1-35. U.S. Vehicle-Miles

TABLE 1-36. Roadway Vehicle-Miles Traveled (VMT) and VMT per Lane-Mile by Functional Class

TABLE 1-40. U.S. Passenger-Miles

Air Carrier, Certificated, Domestic, All Services

The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline 

Information, reports aircraft revenue-miles and passenger-miles in its publication Air Traffic Statistics. These numbers 

are based on 100-percent reporting of passengers and trip length by large certificated air carriers. Minor errors arise 

from nonreporting but amount to less than 1 percent of all air carrier passenger-miles. The figures do not include data 

for all airlines, such as most scheduled commuter airlines and all nonscheduled commuter airlines. These, if added, 

may raise total air passenger-miles by about 5 percent.

General Aviation

Passenger-mile numbers for 1975 to present are calculated by adjusting the Interstate Commerce Commission's 

1974 figure for air passenger-miles by the percentage change in annual hours flown by general aviation aircraft as 

published in the USDOT, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation. Numbers in 

the handbook are based on the General Aviation and Air Taxi Survey (GAATA). In 1993, the GAATA stopped 

including commuter aircraft. Commuter-miles collected before 1993 by the GAATA were, according to one FAA 

official, woefully underreported. Therefore, problems with the estimate of general aviation aircraft include: a break in 

the series between 1992 and 1993, a possible outdated factor used to calculate passenger-miles, and the 

classification of commuter operations.

Highway

Highway vehicle-miles of travel (vmt) are estimated using data from the Highway Performance Monitoring System 

(HPMS), a database maintained by FHWA that contains information on highway characteristics supplied by individual 

states. Annual vmt by highway functional system is calculated as the product of the annual average daily traffic 

(AADT) along each highway section, the centerline length of each highway section, and the number of days in the 
year. Also, expansion factors are used for roadways that are sampled rather than continuously monitored. Vmt by 

vehicle type is estimated using vehicle share estimates supplied by states.

FHWA has established methods for collecting, coding, and reporting HPMS data in two manuals: Traffic Monitoring 

Guide (TMG) and Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual. The prescribed sampling process for 

collecting highway volume data, which is used to estimate AADT, is based on statistical methods. However, in 

practice, several factors affect the ultimate quality of the data. FHWA discusses many of these issues in their annual 

Highway Statistics report and other publications. However, BTS is not aware of any study or report that has 

statistically quantified the accuracy of vmt estimates. Some of the primary issues related to data quality are noted 

here.

1. The sampling procedures suggested in the TMG and HPMS Field Manual are designed to produce traffic volume 

estimates with an average precision level of 80-percent confidence with a 10-percent allowable error at the state 

level. FHWA provides additional guidance to states through annual workshops and other avenues to help them follow 

these procedures as closely as possible. However, the actual data quality and consistency of HPMS information are 

dependent on the programs, actions, and maintenance of sound databases by numerous data collectors, suppliers, 

and analysts at the state, metropolitan, and other local area levels. Not all states follow the recommended sampling, 

counting, and estimating procedures contained in the Traffic Monitoring Guide, and the exact degree to which the 

states follow these guidelines overall is unknown. However, FHWA believes that most states generally follow the 

guidelines.

2. Estimates for higher-level roadway systems are more accurate than those for lower level ones, since traffic 

volumes on higher-level roadways are sampled at a higher rate. The TMG recommends that traffic counts be 

collected for all Interstate and principal arterial sections on a three-year cycle. Under this scheme, about one-third of 

the traffic counts for these roadway sections in a given year are actually measured, while volumes on the remainder 

are factored to represent present growth. Although some States collect data at all traffic count locations every year,

most use some variation of the TMG data collection guidelines. Volumes on urban and rural minor arterials, rural 

major collectors, and urban collectors are collected using a sampling procedure. States are not required to report 

volumes for rural/urban local systems and rural minor collectors, though most do so. However, the methods used to 

estimate travel on these roadways vary from state to state since there are no standard guidelines for calculating 

travel on these roadways.

3. Vmt estimates by vehicle type are less accurate than are estimates for total motor vehicle vmt for several 

reasons:1) vehicle classification equipment can frequently misclassify vehicles (see B.A. Harvey et al, Accuracy of 

Traffic Monitoring Equipment, GDOT 9210, (Georgia Tech Research Institute:1995)); 2) vehicle shares are often 

determined by methods or by special studies that are not directly compatible with HPMS data definitions and/or 

purposes, and observed local-level vehicle classification counts are difficult to apply on a statewide basis; and 3) 

vehicle type definitions can vary among states.

4. Vmt estimates for combination trucks in HPMS differ from survey-based estimates from the Truck Inventory and 

Use Survey (TIUS), as much as 50 percent for some categories of combination trucks. Much of this discrepancy 

appears to be due to differences in truck classification definitions and biases introduced by data collection practices. 

See R.D. Mingo et al.1995. Transportation Research Record, No. 1511 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press), 

pp. 42-46.

5. FHWA adjusts questionable data using a variety of standard techniques and professional judgement. For example, 

national average temporal adjustment factors developed from HPMS and other national highway monitoring 

programs are applied to State data, when necessary, to compensate for temporal deficiencies in sampling practices. 

Also, in estimating vmt by vehicle type, FHWA employs an iterative process to reconcile vmt, fuel economy (miles per 

gallon), fuel consumption, and vehicle registration estimates. Fuel consumption, total vmt by highway functional class, 

and registrations by vehicle group are used as control totals. This process limits the size of errors and ensures data 

consistency.

6.Passenger-miles of travel (pmt) are calculated by multiplying vmt estimates by vehicle loading (or occupancy) 

factors from various sources, such as the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey conducted by FHWA and 

TIUS. Thus, pmt data are subject to the same accuracy issues as vmt, along with uncertainties associated with 

estimating vehicle-loading factors.

Transit
The American Public Transit Association (APTA) figures are based on information in USDOT, Federal Transit 

Administration (FTA), National Transit Database. Transit data are generally considered accurate because FTA 

reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. However, reliability may vary because 

some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA adjusts the FTA data to 

include transit operators that do not report to the FTA database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Class I Rail (vehicle-miles)

Data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are 

based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of 

the R1 Annual Report required of Class I railroads. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or 

above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the 

Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 1999, the adjusted threshold for Class I 

railroads was $258.5 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable 

threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of 

railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

Intercity Train

The AAR passenger-miles number is based on an almost 100-percent count of tickets and, therefore, is considered 

accurate. 

TABLE 1-38. Average Length of Haul: Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes

Freight

Air Carrier and Truck

The Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. estimated these figures.

Class I Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are 

based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of 

the R1 Annual Report required of Class I railroads. The STB defined Class I railroads as having operating revenues 

at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the 

Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I 

railroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable 

threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 1percent of the number of 

railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

Water

The data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States, published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

(USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENG 

Forms 3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo 

movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore 

facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) 

cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton-miles by multiplying the 

cargo's tonnage by the distance between points of loading and unloading.

Oil Pipeline

The Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., provided these figures, which are estimates based on U.S. Department of 

Energy and Association of Oil Pipe Lines reports. Figures are derived by dividing estimated pipeline ton-miles by 

estimated crude and petroleum products tonnage.
Passenger

Air Carrier

The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline 

Information, reports average trip length in its publication Air Traffic Statistics. These numbers are based on 100-

percent reporting of passengers and trip length by large certificated air carriers via BTS Form 41.The figures do not 

include data for all airlines, such as most scheduled commuter airlines and all nonscheduled commuter airlines. 

Bus 

The Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. estimated these figures based on Class I carrier passenger data and 

vehicle-miles data from Highway Statistics, an annually published report of the USDOT, Federal Highway 

Administration.

Commuter Rail

The American Public Transit Association (APTA) provided these data, which are based on the USDOT, Federal 

Transit Administration's (FTA's), National Transit Database. Transit data are generally accurate because the FTA 

reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit 

agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to 

include transit operators that do not report to the database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Intercity/Amtrak

The Statistical Appendix to the Amtrak Annual Report is the source of these data. Amtrak data are based on 100 

percent of issued tickets, and thus should be accurate.

TABLE 1-42. Long-Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Trip Characteristics: 1995

TABLE 1-43. Long-Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Traveler Characteristics: 1995

The data presented in these tables are estimates derived from the 1995 American Travel Survey (ATS) conducted for 

the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. The survey's estimation procedure 

inflates unweighted sample results to independent estimates of the total population of the United States. Values for 

missing data are estimated through imputation procedures.

Since ATS estimates come from a sample, they are subject to two possible types of error: nonsampling and 

sampling. Sources of nonsampling errors include inability to obtain information about all sample cases, errors made 

in data collection and processing, errors made in estimating values for missing data, and undercoverage.

The accuracy of an estimate depends on both types of error, but the full extent of the nonsampling error is unknown. 

Consequently, the user should be particularly careful when interpreting results based on a relatively small number of 

cases or on small differences between estimates.

Standard errors for ATS estimates that indicate the magnitude of sampling error as well as complete documentation 

of the source and reliability of the data may be obtained from detailed ATS reports. Because of methodological 

differences, users should use caution when comparing these data with data from other sources.

TABLE 1-44. Passengers Boarded at the Top 50 U.S. Airports

The Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Air Carriers (AAS) is the source of these data. Published by USDOT, 

Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI), the AAS presents traffic statistics for all 

scheduled and nonscheduled service by large certificated U.S. air carriers for each airport served within the 50 

states, the District of Columbia, and other U.S. areas designated by the Federal Aviation Administration. The 

publication draws its data from the T-100 and T-3 databases maintained by OAI. These data are based on a 100-
percent reporting of enplanements, departures, and tonnage information by large certificated U.S. air carriers via BTS 

Form 41.

Prior to 1993, the AAS included all scheduled and some nonscheduled enplanements for certificated air carriers but 

did not include enplanements for air carriers offering charter service only. Prior to 1990, the freight category was 

divided into both freight and express shipments and the mail category was divided into U.S. mail (priority and 

nonpriority) and foreign mail. Beginning in 1990, only aggregate numbers were reported for freight and mail.

TABLE 1-45. Air Passenger Travel Arrivals in the United States from Selected Foreign Countries

TABLE 1-46. Air Passenger Travel Departures from the United States to Selected Foreign Countries

The International Trade Administration in the U.S. Department of Commerce publishes the U.S. International Air 

Travel Statistics Report annually. The passenger data is based on information collected by the U.S. Immigration and 

Naturalization Service using the INS Form I-92. All passengers on international flights must complete the I-92 form 

with the exception of those passengers on flights arriving or departing from Canada.

The international passenger arrivals and departures data for Canada is obtained from Air Carrier Traffic at Canadian 

Airports, which is published by Statistics Canada. Three surveys are conducted by Statistics Canada in order to 

collect the necessary passenger data. Since all data is not received by the time of publication and data is 

occasionally updated or resubmitted by the participating carriers, data should be considered preliminary for the years 

referenced in the source publication.

TABLE 1-49. U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight

Air Carrier

Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics 

(BTS), Office of Airline Information (OAI), is the source of these data. Large certificated U.S. air carriers report 

domestic freight activities to OAI via BTS Form 41.The information reported in the table represents transportation of 

freight (excluding passenger baggage), U.S. and foreign mail, and express mail within the 50 states, the District of 

Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. It also covers transborder traffic to Canada and Mexico by U.S. 

carriers. The data does not include information on small certificated air carriers, which represent less than 5 percent 

of freight ton-miles.

Intercity Truck

The data are estimates from Transportation in America, published by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. (Eno). 

Eno's estimates of intercity truck ton-miles are based on historic data from the former Interstate Commerce 

Commission (ICC), estimates from the American Trucking Association, and other sources. Eno supplements its 

estimates by using additional information on vehicle-miles of truck travel published in Highway Statistics by the 

Federal Highway Administration. Users should note that truck estimates in the tables do not include local truck 

movements. 

Class I Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are 

based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB). The data represent 

all revenue freight activities of the Class I railroads and are not based on information from the Rail Waybill Sample. 

The STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 

million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification 

from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although 

Class I railroads encompasses only 1 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 

percent of the industry's mileage operated.

Domestic Water Transport
The data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States, published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

(USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENG 

Forms 3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo 

movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore 

facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) 

cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton-miles by multiplying the 

cargo's tonnage by the distance between the points of loading and unloading.

Oil Pipeline

The data for 1960, 1965, and 1970 are from Transportation in America, published by the Eno Transportation 

Foundation, Inc., and the data for 1975 to 1998 are from Shifts in Petroleum Transportation, by the Association of Oil 

Pipe Lines (AOPL). Eno's data are based on information from the former Interstate Commerce Commission's 

Transport Economics. Common carrier oil pipelines reported all freight activities to the ICC.

AOPL obtains barrel-miles from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which requires petroleum 

shippers to report annual shipments. AOPL then coverts barrel-miles to ton-miles using conversion figures in the 

American Petroleum Institute's (API's) Basic Petroleum Data Book. Since 16 percent of pipeline shipments are 

intrastate and not subject to FERC reporting requirements, AOPL makes adjustments to FERC data.

TABLE 1-51. Top U.S. Foreign Trade Freight Gateways by Value of Shipments: 2001

The value of U.S. air, maritime, and land imports and exports are captured from administrative documents required 

by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury. In 1990, the United States entered into a Memorandum of 

Understanding with Canada concerning the exchange of import data. As a consequence, each country is using the 

other's import data to replace its own export data. U.S. international merchandise trade statistics, therefore, are no 

longer derived exclusively from the administrative records of the Departments of Commerce and Treasury, but from 

Revenue Canada. Import value is for U.S. general imports, customs value basis. Export value is FAS (free along 

ship) and represents the value of exports at the U.S. port of export, including the transaction price and inland freight, 

insurance, and other charges. Trade levels reflect the mode of transportation as a shipment entered or exited a U.S. 

Customs port.

Truck, rail pipeline, mail, and miscellaneous modes are included in the total for land modes. Data present trade 

activity between the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands and Canada and Mexico. These statistics 

do not include traffic between Guam, Wake Island, and America Samoa and Canada and Mexico. These statistics 

also exclude imports that are valued at less than $1,250 and for exports that are valued at less than $2,500.

TABLE 1-56. U.S. Waterborne Freight

The data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States, published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

(USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENG 

Forms 3925 and 3925b. Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo 

movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore 

facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) 

cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton-miles by multiplying the 

cargo's tonnage by the distance between points of loading and unloading.

Foreign waterborne statistics are derived from Census Bureau and U.S. Customs data, which excludes traffic 

between Guam, Wake Island, and American Samoa and any other foreign country, and imports and exports used by 

U.S. Armed Forces abroad. Individual vessel movements with origins and destinations at U.S. ports, traveling via the 

Panama Canal are considered domestic traffic.

TABLE 1-57. Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tons

Data on the weight of U.S. maritime imports and exports are captured from administrative documents required by the 

U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury. In 1990, the United States entered into a Memorandum of 

Understanding with Canada concerning the exchange of import data. As a consequence, each country is using the 

other's import data to replace its own export data. The United States' merchandise trade statistics, therefore, are no 
longer derived exclusively from U.S. government administrative records, but from Revenue Canada. Maritime weight 

data are initially processed and edited by the Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau (Census) as part of the 

overall edits and quality checks performed on all U.S. international merchandise trade data. After Census processing, 

the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the Maritime Administration (MARAD) perform additional maritimespecific processing and quality edits on maritime-related data elements, including the weight of maritime imports and 

exports. The USACE and MARAD began performing this function in October 1998 after the Foreign Waterborne 

Trade data program was transferred from the Census Bureau. Prior to October 1998, the USACE historically 

performed additional specialized edits at the port level, including reassignment of some tonnage data to the actual 

waterborne port rather than the reported U.S. Customs port.

TABLE 1-58. Freight Activity in the United States: 1993, 1997, 2002, and 2007

TABLE 1-59. Value, Tons, and Ton- Miles of Freight Shipments within the United States by Domestic 

Establishment, 2007

TABLE 1-62. U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Transportation Mode, 2007

TABLE 1-63. U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Hazard Class, 2007

These data are collected via the 1997 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) undertaken through a partnership between the 

U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau (Census), and the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of 

Transportation Statistics. For the 1997 CFS, Census conducted a sample of 100,000 domestic establishments 

randomly selected from a universe of about 800,000 multiestablishment companies in the mining, manufacturing, 

wholesale trade, and selected retail industries. It excluded establishments classified as farms, forestry, fisheries, 

governments, construction, transportation, foreign, services, and most retail. 

Reliability of the Estimates

An estimate based on a sample survey potentially contains two types of errors-sampling and nonsampling. Sampling 

errors occur because the estimate is based on a sample, not on the entire universe. Nonsampling errors can be 

attributed to many sources in the collection and processing of the data and occur in all data, not just those from a 

sample survey. The accuracy of a survey result is affected jointly by sampling and nonsampling errors.

Sampling Variability

Because the estimates are derived from a sample of the survey population, results are not expected to agree with 

those that might be obtained from a 100-percent census using the same enumeration procedure. However, because 

each establishment in the Standard Statistical Establishment List had a known probability of being selected for 

sampling, estimating the sampling variability of the estimates is possible. The standard error of the estimate is a 

measure of the variability among the values of the estimate computed from all possible samples of the same size and 

design. Thus, it is a measure of the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the 

results of a complete enumeration. The coefficient of variation is the standard error of the estimate divided by the 

value being estimated. It is expressed as a percent. Note that measures of sampling variability, such as the standard 

error or coefficient of variation, are estimated from the sample and are also subject to sampling variability. Standard 

errors and coefficients of variation for CFS data presented in this report are given in Appendix B of the 1997 

Economic Census report, and are available online www.census.gov/econ/wwwse0700.html. 

Nonsampling Errors

In the CFS, as in other surveys, nonsampling errors can be attributed to many sources, including 1) nonresponse; 2) 

response errors; 3) differences in the interpretation of questions; 4) mistakes in coding or recoding the data; and 5) 

other errors of collection, response, coverage, and estimation.

A potentially large source of nonsampling error is due to nonresponse, which is defined as the inability to obtain all 

intended measurements or responses from selected establishments. Nonresponse is corrected by imputation.

TABLE 1-60. Value of U.S. Land Exports to and Imports from Canada and Mexico by Mode
The Transborder Surface Freight Data (TSFD) is derived from official U.S. international merchandise import and 

export data. (For a description of U.S. merchandise trade statistics, see www.census.gov/foreigntrade/www/index.html.) As of December 1995, about 96 percent of the value of all U.S. imports has been collected 

electronically by the Automated Broker Interface System. About 55 percent of the value of all U.S. exports is collected 

electronically through the U.S./Canada Data Exchange and the Automated Export Reporting Program. The balance is 

collected from administrative records required by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury.

The TSFD incorporates all data, by surface mode, on shipments entering or exiting the United States from or to 

Canada or Mexico. Prior to January 1997, this dataset also included transshipments-shipments entering or exiting the 

United States by way of U.S. Customs ports on the northern or southern borders even when the actual origin or final 

destination of the goods was other than Canada or Mexico. (In other U.S. Bureau of the Census trade statistics, 

transshipments through Canada and Mexico are credited to the true country of origin or final destination.) To make 

this dataset more comparable to other U.S. Census Bureau trade statistics, detailed information on transshipments 

has been removed. The TSFD presents a summary of transshipments by country, direction of trade, and mode of 

transportation. Shipments that neither originate nor terminate in the United States (i.e., intransits) are beyond the 

scope of this dataset because they are not considered U.S. international trade shipments.

In general, the reliability of U.S. foreign trade statistics is very good. Users should be aware that trade data fields 

(e.g., value and commodity classification) are typically more rigorously reviewed than transportation data fields (e.g., 

the mode of transportation and port of entry/exit). Users should also be aware that the use of foreign trade data to 

describe physical transportation flows may not be accurate. For example, this dataset provides surface transportation 

information for individual U.S. Customs districts and ports on the northern and southern borders. However, because 

of filing procedures for trade documents, these ports may or may not record where goods physically cross the border. 

This is because the information filer may choose to file trade documents at one port while shipments actually enter or 

exit at another port. The TSFD, however, is the best publicly available approximation for analyzing transborder 

transportation flows. Since the dataset was introduced in April 1993, it has gone through several refinements and 

improvements. When improbabilities and inconsistencies were found in the dataset, extensive analytical reviews were 

conducted and improvements made. However, accuracy varies by direction of trade and individual field. For example, 

import data are generally more accurate than export data. This is primarily because the U.S. Customs Bureau uses 

import documents for enforcement purposes while it performs no similar function for exports. For additional 

information on TSFD, the reader is referred to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation 

Statistics Internet site at www.bts.gov/transborder.

TABLE 1-61. Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode

Pipelines

The Association of Oil Pipelines (AOPL) obtains barrel-miles from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 

(FERC), which requires petroleum shippers to report annual shipments. AOPL then coverts barrel-miles to ton-miles 

using conversion figures in the American Petroleum Institute's (API's) Basic Petroleum Data Book. Since 16 percent 

of pipeline shipments are intrastate and not subject to FERC reporting requirements, AOPL makes adjustments to 

FERC data to include intrastate shipments. AOPL also conducts periodic studies to estimate intrastate shipments. 

Water Carriers

Data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States, published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

(USACE). All vessel operators of record report domestic freight and tonnage information to USACE via ENG Forms 

3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo 

movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore 

facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) 

cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton-miles by multiplying the 

cargo's tonnage by the distance between the points of loading and unloading.

Motor Carriers

AOPL estimates ton-miles by multiplying tons by the average length of haul. For crude, the tonnage of the prior year 

is projected by using a growth rate established by data from the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information 

Administration's Petroleum Supply Annual, vol. 1, table 37. For products, the same calculation is made but with a 

growth rate estimated by the American Trucking Association in Financial and Operating Statistics, Class I and II, 
Motor Carriers, Summary table VI-B. Average length of haul is determined from the prior six years of data for tonmiles and tonnage of crude and petroleum products moved by motor carriers.

Railroad

AOPL calculates ton-miles by multiplying tonnage by average length of haul. Tonnage data for crude and products 

comes from the Association of American Railroad's Freight Commodity Statistics, U.S. Class I Railroads. The U.S. 

Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Commission provides the average length of haul for crude and 

products in its Carload Way Bill Statistics.

TABLE 1-64. Passengers Denied Boarding by the Largest U.S. Air Carriers

TABLE 1-65. Mishandled-Baggage Reports Filed by Passengers with the Largest U.S. Air Carriers

TABLE 1-66. Flight Operations Arriving On Time for the Largest U.S. Air Carriers

These numbers are based on data filed with the U.S. Department of Transportation on a monthly basis by the largest 

U.S. air carriers - those that have at least one percent of total domestic scheduled-service passenger revenues. Data 

cover nonstop scheduled service flights between points within the United States (including territories). The largest 

U.S. carriers account for more than 90 percent of domestic operating revenues. They include Alaska Airlines, 

America West Airlines, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Northwest Airlines, Trans World 

Airlines, Southwest Airlines, United Airlines, and US Airways. However, there are other carriers offering domestic 

scheduled passenger service that are not required to report. In some cases, major airlines sell tickets for flights that 

are actually operated by a smaller airline that is not subject to the reporting requirement.

TABLE 1-67. FAA-Cited Causes of Departure and En route Delays

The source of these data, the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 

counts a flight as delayed if it departed or arrived more than 15 minutes after its scheduled gate departure and arrival 

times. FAA calculates delayed departures based on the difference between the time a pilot requests FAA clearance 

to taxi and the time an aircraft's wheels lift off the runway, minus the airport's standard unimpeded taxi-out time. 

Users should note that taxi-out time varies by airport due to differences in configurations. The cause of delay is also 

recorded, e.g., weather, terminal volume, closed runways, etc.

USDOT guidance defines departure as the time the aircraft parking brake is released and gate arrival as the time the 

brake is set. According to the USDOT's Office of the Inspector General (OIG), FAA's omission of part of a plane's 

ground movement compromises the data's validity. A recent OIG report noted that the FAA tracks ground time only 

after a pilot requests clearance and fails to track a plane's time in the ramp area. OIG found that ramp time comprised 

28.7 percent to 40.5 percent of the average taxi-out time at the three major New York area airports (OIG Audit Report 

CR-2000-112), and would not be counted as an FAA delay.

Reliability

Several data collection changes complicate comparisons over time. For example, FAA modified its method for 

calculating volume-related delays that resulted in a 17 percent drop in such delays. Decreases in volume-related 

delays from 1998 to 1999 totaled less than one percent. Moreover, prior to 1999, USDOT did not provide a clear 

definition of what a departure was. An OIG Audit (CE-1999-054) report noted that air carriers used four different 

departure events: 1) rolling of aircraft wheels; 2) release of parking brake; 3) closure of passenger and/or cargo 

doors; and 4) a combination of door closures and release of the parking break. The same report also noted errors in 

the reporting of departure times by the air carriers.

Data are now manually entered in FAA's Operations Network (OSPNET) database, and reporting errors may arise 

and decrease reliability. The FAA monitors data quality assurance by spot checking the reported delay data and 

requesting that discrepancies be reviewed by the responsible facility. According to an OIG Audit (CR-2000-112), 

however, mistakes are not reliably corrected and many air traffic controllers suggested that delays are underreported 

sometimes by as much as 30 percent.

TABLE 1-68. Major U.S. Air Carrier Delays, Cancellations, and Diversions
A second data source for air-carrier delay is the USDOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline 

Information (OAI). This information originates from the Airline Service Quality Performance data. These figures are 

collected from the largest airlines-those that have at least one percent or more of total domestic scheduled service 

passenger revenues. Delays are categorized by phase of flight (i.e., gate-hold, taxi-out, airborne, or taxi-in delays). 

These data differ from FAA's OSPNET information due to differences in definition of delay. 

While the FAA tracks delays on the taxiway, runway, and in the air, BTS tracks delays at the departure and arrival 

gates. OAI calculates delays as the difference between scheduled and actual gate departure. If a flight leaves the 

gate within 15 minutes of its scheduled time, then OAI would record it as departed on-time even if it sat for several 

hours on the ramp or runway, in which case the delay would be accounted for as a late arrival.

TABLE 1-69. Annual Person-Hours of Delay Per Auto Traveler

TABLE 1-70. Travel Time Index

TABLE 1-71. Annual Roadway Congestion Index

TABLE 1-72. Annual Congestion Index and Cost Values

The Texas Transportation Institute's (TTI) Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report provided figures for tables 1-

60through 62.TTI relies on data from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 

Highway Performance Monitoring System database (HPMS). TTI utilizes these data as inputs to its congestion 

estimation model. Detailed documentation for the TTI model and estimations can be found at this website 

http://mobility.tamu.edu. 

Structure, Assumptions, and Parameters

Urban roadway congestion levels are estimated using a formula measuring traffic density. Average travel volume per 

lane on freeways and principal arterial streets are estimated using area wide estimates of vehicle-miles of travel (vmt) 

and lane miles of roadway. The resulting ratios are combined using the amount of travel on each portion of the 

system so that the combined index measures conditions on the freeway and principal arterial street systems. Values 

greater than one are indicative of undesirable congestion levels. Readers seeking the algorithm for the congestion 

index should examine this website http://mobility.tamu.edu. 

Annual person-hours of delay results from the multiplication of daily vehicle-hours of incident and recurring delay 

times 250 working days per year times 1.25 persons per vehicle. Two types of costs are incurred due to congestion: 

time delay and fuel consumption. Delay costs are the product of passenger vehicle hours of delay times $12.85 per 

hour person time value times 1.25 occupants per vehicle. Fuel costs are calculated for passenger and commercial 

vehicles from the multiplication of peak period congestion speeds, the average fuel economy, fuel costs, and vehiclehours of delay.

In previous reports, the TTI methodology assumed that 45 percent of all traffic, regardless of the urban location, 

occurred in congested conditions. TTI indicated that this assumption overestimated travel in congested periods. Thus, 

their 2002 estimates now vary by urban area anywhere from 18 percent to 50 percent of travel that occurs in 

congestion. TTI's model structure applies to two types of roads: freeways and principal arterial streets. The model 

derives estimates of vehicle traffic per lane and traffic speed for an entire urban area. Based on variation in these 

amounts, travel is then classified under 5 categories: uncongested, moderately congested, heavily congested, 

severely congested, and extremely congested (a new category in 1999). The threshold between uncongested and 

congested was changed in 2002. Previous editions classified congested travel when areawide traffic levels reached 

14,000 vehicles per lane per day on highways and 5,500vehicles per lane per day on principal arterial streets. For the 

current edition, these values are 15,500 and 5,500 vehicles per lane per day, respectively. Previous years values 

have been re-estimated based on these new assumptions. Readers should refer to the TTI Internet site for more 

detailed algorithms and estimation procedures at http://mobility.tamu.edu. 

TTI reviews and adjusts the data used in their models. State and local officials also review the TTI data and 

estimations. Some of the limitations acknowledged in the TTI report include the macroscopic character of the index. 

Thus, it does not account for local variations in travel patterns that may affect travel times. The index also does not 
account for local improvements, such as ramp metering or travel speed advantages obtained with transit or carpool 

lanes.

TABLE 1-73. Amtrak On-Time Performance Trends and Hours of Delay by Cause

Amtrak determines on-time performance through its computer system maintained at the National Operations Center 

(NOPS) in Wilmington, Delaware. If a train is delayed, a call is made to the NOPS for recordkeeping. These data can 

be supplemented with computer entries made for locomotive or car malfunctions that cause delays. These data 

should be considered reliable.
Appendix E 

Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 2 Safety

AIR DATA

TABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Injured Persons by Transportation Mode 

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-7. Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2-9. U.S. Air Carrier Safety Data

TABLE 2-10. U.S. Commuter Air Carrier Safety Data

TABLE 2-11. U.S. Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation

TABLE 2-12. U.S. Commuter Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation

TABLE 2-13. U.S. On-Demand Air Taxi Safety Data

TABLE 2-14. U.S. General Aviation Safety Data 

National Transportation Safety Board investigators perform onsite and offsite investigations of all accidents involving 

U.S. registered air carriers operating under 14 CFR 121, 14 CFR 135, and general aviation U.S. Department of 

Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations. The investigators compile information on 

fatalities and injuries for all accidents. The counts for fatalities and serious injuries are expected to be extremely 

accurate. (See glossary for serious injury definition.)

Exposure data (aircraft-miles, aircraft-hours, and aircraft-departures) are obtained from the FAA, which in turn gets 

some of its exposure data from the USDOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI) 

and other exposure data from its own General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity and Avionics (GAATAA) Survey. The OAI 

data represent 100 percent reporting by airlines. Tables that include air carriers (14 CFR 121, scheduled and 

nonscheduled service) and commuter air carriers (14 CFR 135, scheduled service only) use OAI exposure data. 

Tables that include on-demand air taxi (14 CFR 135, nonscheduled service) and general aviation use GAATAA 

Survey results. For information about the GAATA Survey, please refer to the chapter 1 data accuracy statement for 

table 1-9.

The coefficients of variation for aircraft-hours vary by year, but are usually in the 9 to 10 percent range for on-demand 

air taxi and are approximately 2 percent for general aviation.

TABLE 2-15. Number of Pilot-Reported Near Midair Collisions by Degree of Hazard 

Near Midair Collision reports are provided voluntarily by air carriers, general aviation companies, and the military, and 

this information is added to the Near Midair Collisions System database. Factors that may influence whether or not a 

near midair collision is reported include the pilot's or other crew members’ perception of whether a reportable near 
midair collision occurred, which in turn can depend on factors such as visibility conditions; the reporter's flying 

experience; or the size of the aircraft involved. A reportable incident is one in which an aircraft is within 500 feet of 

another aircraft and a possibility of collision existed.

HIGHWAY DATA

TABLE 2-1.Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-5. Highway-Rail Grade-Crossing Safety Data and Property Damage

TABLE 2-7. Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2-17. Motor Vehicle Safety Data

TABLE 2-18. Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Vehicle-Miles, and Associated Rates by Highway Functional System

TABLE 2-19. Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities

TABLE 2-20. Occupant and Nonmotorist Fatalities in Crashes by Number of Vehicles and Alcohol 

Involvement

TABLE 2-21. Passenger Car Occupant Safety Data

TABLE 2-22. Motorcycle Ride Safety Data

TABLE 2-23. Truck Occupant Safety Data

TABLE 2-24. Bus Occupant Safety Data

TABLE 2-26. Fatalities by Highest Blood Alcohol Concentration in Highway Crashes

TABLE 2-28. Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Day of Week, Time of Day, and Weather and Light Conditions

TABLE 2-29. Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Posted Speed Limit

Fatalities 

Highway fatality data come from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), which is compiled by trained FARS 

analysts at USDOT, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) regional offices. Data are gathered from 

a census of police accident reports (PARs), state vehicle registration files, state drivers licensing files, state highway 

department data, vital statistics, death certificates, coroner/medical examiner reports, hospital medical reports, and 

emergency medical service reports. A separate form is completed for each fatal crash. Blood alcohol concentration 

(BAC) is estimated when not known. Statistical procedures used for unknown data in FARS can be found in the 

NHTSA report: Transitioning to Multiple Imputation - A New Method to Impute Missing Blood Alcohol Concentration 

(BAC) values in FARS, DOT HS 809 403 (Washington, DC: January 2002).

Data are collected from relevant state agencies and electronically submitted for inclusion in the FARs database on a 

continuous basis. Cross-verification of PARs with death certificates ensures that undercounting is rare. Moreover, 
when data are entered, they are checked automatically for acceptable range values and consistency, enabling quick 

corrections when necessary. Several programs continually monitor the data for completeness and accuracy. 

Periodically, sample cases are analyzed for accuracy and consistency.

Note that the FARS data do not include motor vehicle fatalities on nonpublic roads. However, previous NHTSA 

analysis found that these fatalities account for 2 percent or fewer of the total motor vehicle fatalities per year. (See 

glossary for highway fatality definition.) 

Injuries and Crashes 

NHTSA's General Estimates System (GES) data are a nationally representative sample of police-reported crashes 

that contributed to an injury or fatality or resulted in property damage, and involved at least one motor vehicle 

traveling on a trafficway. Trained GES data collectors randomly sample PARs and forward copies to a central 

contractor for coding into a standard GES system format. Documents such as police diagrams or supporting text 

provided by the officers may be further reviewed to complete a data entry.

NHTSA suggests that about half of motor vehicle crashes in the United States are not reported to police and that the 

majority of these unreported crashes involve minor property damage and no significant personal injury. A NHTSA 

study of injuries from motor vehicle crashes estimated the total count of nonfatal injuries at over 5 million compared 

with the GES's estimate of 3.2 million in 1998. (See glossary for highway crash and injury definitions.)

(See U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2008, 

DOT HS 811 170 (Washington, DC: 2009), appendices B and C for further information on GES, including a table of 

standard errors applicable to GES data.)

TABLE 2-30. Safety Belt and Motorcycle Helmet Use 

The National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), conducted biennially between 1994 and 2010 by the U.S. 

Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is the source for these data.

In 1994 and 1996, NOPUS consisted of three separate studies: 1) the Moving Traffic Study, which provides 

information on overall shoulder belt use, 2) the Controlled Intersection Study, which provides more detailed 

information about shoulder belt use by type of vehicle, characteristics of the belt users, and child restraint use, and 3) 

the Shopping Center Study, which provides information on rear-seat belt use and shoulder belt misuse. In 1998, the 

Shopping Center Study was dropped from the survey. The Controlled Intersection Study includes the collection of 

license plate information to link seat belt use to vehicle type. As the results of the Controlled Intersection Study for 

2000 were not available prior to publication, only the Moving Traffic Study data were used in this table.

In 1998, NOPUS separated pickups from the light truck category, thereby creating three categories of passenger 

vehicles: passenger cars, pickup trucks, and other passenger vehicles. Other passenger vehicles include vans, 

minivans, and sport utility vehicles. In this table, 1998 and 2000 data for pickup trucks and other passenger vehicles 

are combined into the light truck category to allow comparison to data from the earlier surveys. Since 2003, however, 

the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) no longer computes an overall light truck belt use 

estimate. Instead, belt use is computed separately for motorists in: (1) vans and sport utility vehicles, and (2) pickup 

trucks. Additionally, NHTSA no longer reports separate statistics for passengers and drivers, except at the overall 

level.

In 1994, operators and riders wearing any type of helmet were counted as helmeted. In 1996, 1998, and 2000, 

motorcycle helmets that meet USDOT standards are counted as valid protection, whereas those that do not meet 

USDOT standards were treated as if the operator/rider were not wearing a helmet.

Data collection from the Moving Traffic Study was conducted at 1,823 sites across the country in 2009. Shoulder belt 

use was obtained for drivers and right-front passengers only. Three observers (two observers in 1994 and 1996) 

were stationed for 30 minutes at interstate/highway exit ramps, controlled (intersections with stop signs or traffic 

signals), and uncontrolled intersections. Every day of the week and all daylight hours (7 a.m. to 6 p.m.) were covered 

in each survey. Commercial and emergency vehicles were excluded.
NOPUS was designed as a multistage probability sample to ensure that the results would represent occupant 

protection use in the country. In the first stage, counties were grouped by regions (northeast, midwest, south, west), 

level of urbanization (metropolitan or not), and level of belt use (high, medium, or low). Fifty counties or groups of 

counties were selected based on vehicle miles of travel in those locations. In the next stage, roadways were selected 

from two categories: major roads and local roads. Of the originally selected sites, some were found to be ineligible 

during mapping and data collection, and at some sites no vehicles were observed. In 2006, a newly designed sample 

of observation sites emerged; subsequent years’ NOPUS surveys used a combination of sites from the old and new 

samples. In 2009, a blend of 65 percent of sites were determined using the new methodology and 35 percent of sites 

were obtained from the old methodology. In 2009, a total of 100,000 passenger vehicles were observed, down from 

116,000 in 2008. 947 motorcycles were also observed during the 2009 NOPUS.

Each reported estimate has been statistically weighted according to the sample design. Two kinds of error can be 

attributed to all survey research: sampling and nonsampling. A measure, called the standard error, is used to indicate 

the magnitude of sampling error. The source information provides two standard errors along with each estimate. 

Nonsampling errors could include problems such as vehicles not counted, incorrect determination of restraint use, 

and data entry mistakes, among others.

TABLE 2-31. Estimated Number of Lives Saved by Use of Restraints 

The U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) uses data obtained 

from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System to calculate the number of lives saved by the use of restraints. The 

methodology used is outlined in a NHTSA report, Research Note, Estimating Lives Saved by Restraint Use in 

Potentially Fatal Crashes (Washington, DC: June 1995). The general approach is to adjust the observed number of 

fatalities by a determined effectiveness rate for each type of restraint. This equates to subtracting the actual fatalities 

from the potential fatalities to determine the number of lives saved. This method is more accurate than earlier 

estimation methods since all calculations are derived from NHTSA's count of fatalities in which restraints were used. 

Reported restraint use is believed to be accurate for fatalities.

The key to NHTSA's calculations is the effectiveness estimate for preventing fatalities for each type of restraint. With 

the exception of an adjustment in the effectiveness estimate for front outboard air bag-only restraint use in passenger 

cars (NHTSA, Fourth Report to Congress, Effectiveness of Occupant Protection Systems and Their Use, 

Washington, DC, May 1999), a list of effectiveness estimates can be found in a NHTSA report, Estimating Alcohol 

Involvement in Fatal Crashes in Light of Increases in Restraint Use, published in March 1998.This report also 

includes additional references describing the determination of these effectiveness estimates.

TRANSIT DATA

TABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-32. Transit Safety and Property Damage Data

TABLE 2-33. Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Accidents

TABLE 2-34. Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Incidents

TABLE 2-38. Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode 

The data for this report are obtained from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration's 

(FTA's) National Transit Database (NTD) Reporting System. Transit agencies are required to file an NTD report at 

regular intervals if they are recipients of Urbanized Area Formula Funds. In 2008, 692 agencies reported to the NTD. 

Of that total, 101 transit agencies received exemptions from detailed reporting because they operated 9 or fewer 
vehicles, and 15 were deleted because their data were incomplete. Thus, 576 individual reporters were included in 

the NTD, accounting for 90 to 95 percent of passenger-miles traveled on transit. 

Transit operators report fatalities, injuries, accidents, incidents, and property damage in excess of $1,000. Electronic 

reporting has recently been implemented for the NTD. Certification from a company's Chief Executive Officer must 

accompany all NTD reports along with an independent auditor's statement. Upon receipt, an NTD report is reviewed 

and outstanding items noted in writing to the agency that submitted the form. (See glossary for transit fatality, injury, 

and accident definitions.)

Four major categories of transit safety are collected: 1) collisions, 2) derailments/buses going off the road, 3) personal 

casualties, and 4) fires. These major categories are divided into subcategories. The collisions category comprises 

collisions with vehicles, objects, and people (except suicides). Of the four major categories, only the first two are 

included in the definition of transit accidents adopted in this report (see glossary). Understanding this definition of 

accident is relevant to understanding how double counting is removed in the grand total of U.S. transportation 

fatalities and injuries. (See cross modal comments in box 2-1.)

Transit data submitted to the NTD are generally considered accurate because the FTA reviews and validates 

information submitted by individual transit agencies. However, reliability may vary because some transit agencies 

cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret data.

Security 

FTA collects security data from transit agencies serving urbanized areas of over 200,000 in population, using Form 

405, and manages it in the National Transit Database (NTD). The reporting of security data follows the FBI Uniform 

Crime Reporting Handbook (Washington, DC: 1984) and is divided into two categories: 1) Reported Offenses, 

including violent and property crime, and 2) Arrests, consisting of less serious crimes. The figures for violent and 

property crime are based on records of calls for service, complaints, and/or investigations. They do not reflect the 

findings of a court, coroner, jury, or decision of a prosecutor. Security data were first reported in 1995 and were not 

compiled for earlier years.

In 2008, the number of agencies reporting to this database was 692. Of that, 101 transit agencies received 

exemptions from detailed reporting because they operated nine or fewer vehicles, and 15 were deleted because their 

data were incomplete. Thus, 576 individual reporters are included in the full database in 2000. 

RAILROAD DATA

TABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-5. Highway-Rail Grade-Crossing Safety Data and Property Damage

TABLE 2-7. Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2-39. Railroad and Grade-Crossing Fatalities by Victim Class

TABLE 2-40. Railroad and Grade-Crossing Injured Persons by Victim Class

TABLE 2-41. Train Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by Type of Accident

TABLE 2-42. Railroad Passenger Safety Data
TABLE 2-39. Railroad System Safety and Property Damage Data

TABLE 2-40. Fatalities and Injuries of On-Duty Railroad Employees 

Railroads are required to file a report for each train accident resulting in property damage in excess of $9,200 (2010 

threshold), each highway-rail accident, and each incident involving the operation of a railroad resulting in a fatality or 

a reportable injury. (See glossary for reportable injury, train accident and incident, and nontrain incident definitions.)

Reporting requirements, which are fixed in law, are very broad and encompass events not strictly related to 

transportation. For example, if a passenger falls on a staircase and breaks a leg in the station while going to a train, 

the injury would be reported and appear in the data as a rail injury.

WATERBORNE TRANSPORTATION DATA

TABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-7. Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2-45. Waterborne Transportation Safety Data and Property Damage Related to Vessel

Casualties

TABLE 2-46. Waterborne Transportation Safety Data Not Related to Vessel Casualties 

U.S. waterborne fatality and injury data are based on reports required by CFR Part 4.05-10. This code requires that 

the owner, agent, master, operator, or person in charge file a written report of any marine casualty or accident within 

five days of the accident. Reports must be delivered to Investigative Officers (IOs) at a U.S. Coast Guard Marine 

Safety Office or Marine Inspection Office at the U.S. Department of Transportation, who use these reports as guides 

to investigate the marine casualty or accident. The IO ensures that all the entries on the forms are filled out and 

errors are corrected. Regulations require IO notification of marine casualties for certain circumstances, including loss 

of life; injuries that require medical treatment beyond first aid; and, for individuals engaged or employed onboard a 

vessel in commercial service, injuries that render a person unfit to perform routine duties.

Incidents requiring an investigation include death, injury resulting in substantial impairment, and other incidents 

determined important to promoting the safety of life or property or to protect the marine environment. These incidents 

are investigated in accordance with procedures set forth in the regulations. Furthermore, the Federal Water Pollution 

Control Act mandates that certain incidents be reported to the U.S. Coast Guard. The reports are entered into the 

Marine Safety Information System, which is later analyzed and transferred to the Marine Safety Management System 

maintained in Washington, DC.

RECREATIONAL BOATING DATA

TABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode
TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-47. Recreational Boating Safety, Alcohol Involvement, and Property Damage Data

TABLE 2-48. Personal Watercraft Safety Data

TABLE 2-49. U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue Statistics, Fiscal Years 

Operators of boats involved in an accident resulting in 1) a fatality, 2) an injury requiring medical treatment beyond 

first aid, 3) damage to the vessel or other property greater than $25,000 or complete loss of vessel, or 4) the 

disappearance of a person from the vessel under circumstances indicating death or injury are required to file a report 

with the U.S. Coast Guard. If a person dies within 24 hours of the occurrence, requires medical treatment beyond first 

aid, or disappears from the vessel, reports must be made within 48 hours of the occurrence. In cases involving only 

damage to the vessel and/or property, reports are to be submitted within 10 days of the occurrence. Although there is 

no quantitative estimate of the response rate, there may be considerable underreporting, especially of nonfatal 

accidents, because of the difficulty of enforcing the requirement and because boat operators may not always be 

aware of the law.

NATURAL GAS AND LIQUID PIPELINE DATA

TABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-6. Hazardous Materials Safety Data and Property Damage Data 

Incidents resulting in certain unintentional releases of hazardous materials must be reported under 49 CFR 171.16. 

Each carrier must submit a report to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety 

Administration (PHMSA) within 30 days of the incident, including information on the mode of transportation involved, 

results of the incident, and a narrative description of the accident. These reports are made available on the incident 

database within 60 days of receipt.

Fatalities and injuries are counted only if they are directly due to a hazardous material. For example, a truck operator 

killed by impact forces during a motor vehicle crash would not be counted as a hazardous-material fatality. PHMSA 

verifies all reported fatalities and injuries by telephone with the carrier submitting the report.

Possible sources of error include a release going undetected; even if subsequently detected and reported, it may not 

be possible to accurately reconstruct the accident. Although PHMSA acknowledges that there is some level of 

underreporting, it believes that the underreporting is limited to small, nonserious incidents. As incident severity 

increases, it is more likely that the incident will come to PHMSA's attention and will ultimately be reported. 

Additionally, the reporting requirements were extended to intrastate highway carriers on October 1, 1998, and the 

response rate from this new group is expected to increase over time. Property damage figures are estimates 

determined by the carrier prior to the 30-day reporting deadline and are generally not subsequently updated. Property 

damage figures, therefore, may underestimate actual damages.

TABLE 2-50. Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety and Property Damage Data 

U.S. fatality and injury data for natural gas pipelines are based on reports filed with the U.S. Department of 

Transportation (USDOT), Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), Office of Pipeline Safety 

(OPS). Accidents must be reported as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after discovery. Reports are sent to 

the Information Systems Manager at the OPS. Possible sources of error include a release going undetected; even if 

subsequently detected and reported, it may not be possible to accurately reconstruct the accident. Property damage 

figures are estimates. (See glossary for gas and liquid pipeline fatality data and injury definitions.)
Appendix E 

Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 3 Transportation and the Economy

TABLE 3-1 & 3-2. U.S. Gross Domestic Product Attributed to For-Hire Transportation Services

(Current and chained 2005 dollars)

TABLE 3-3 & 3-4. U.S. Gross Domestic Product Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand

(Current and chained 2005 dollars)

TABLE 3-5 & 3.6. U.S. Gross Domestic Demand Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand (Current 

and chained 2005 dollars)

TABLE 3-7 & 3-8. Contributions to Gross Domestic Product: Selected Industries (Current and chained 2005

dollars)

TABLE 3-9. Gross Domestic Product by Major Social Function

Tables 3-1 through 3-8 present data on transportation's contributions to the economy through consumption (or the 

money spent on transportation activity). The Survey of Current Business (SCB) published by the U.S. Department of 

Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The SCB is a monthly journal that contains estimates of U.S. 

economic activity, including industry contributions to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is defined as the net 

value of the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States. BEA 

constructs two complementary measures of GDP-one based on income and the other on expenditures (product). 

Together, they represent the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA), our nation's principle framework for 

macroeconomic estimates. The product side results from the addition of labor, capital, and taxes for producing output. 

Consumption derives from household, business, and government expenditures and net foreign purchases.

Tables 3-5 and 3-6 present transportation's economic impact in a different form, Gross Domestic Demand (GDD). 

Also derived from the national accounts, GDD is the sum of personal consumption, gross private domestic 

investment, and government purchases. GDD includes imports, but excludes exports, thus counting only what is 

consumed, purchased, or invested in the United States.

GDP Methodology

The 1960 through 1985 data in table 3-1 are from the November 1993 issue of the SCB. The 1990 through 1991 data 

and 1992 through 1996 data are from an August 1996 and November 1997 SCB issue respectively. The October 

1999 issue introduced a revised methodology for GDP estimates (Yuskavage 1996). This section describes BEA's 

methodology for estimating transportation's share of GDP.

BEA's current-dollar estimates of GDP by industry rely on several sources, including the Bureau of Labor Statistics 

(BLS), the Health Care Financing Administration, and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Some of the tables in this 

chapter report chained-dollar figures. BEA derived chained dollars by using the Fisher Ideal Quantity Index to 

calculate changes between adjacent years (Parker and Triplett 1996; Landerfeld and Parker 1997). Annual changes 

are then chained to form a time series that incorporates the effects of relative price and output composition changes. 

Please refer to page 142 of the August 1996 issue of the Survey of Current Business for the mathematical formulas 

(Yuskavage 1996). This method produced separate estimates of gross output and intermediate inputs for a sector's 

GDP calculation. BEA updated the reference year for the chained-dollar estimates from 1992 to 1996.

Transportation GDP in chained dollars was estimated using the double-deflation method, which relies on a chain-type 

quantity index formula, and requires gross output and intermediate input information. Principal source data for the 

transportation categories include: 1) operating revenues of air carriers and Federal Express from the U.S. 

Department of Transportation and public sources (air); 2) operating revenues for Class I motor carriers from historical 

records of the Interstate Commerce Commission and Census Bureau annual surveys (trucking and warehousing); 3) 
BEA personal consumption expenditures (PCE), BLS, and trade sources (local and interurban passenger transit); 4) 

operating revenues for Class I railroads and Amtrak (rail); and 5) other trade sources (pipelines).Data sources for 

water were not provided (Yuskavage, 1996).

Table 3-1 reported current dollar estimates from various SCB issues. BEA derived the 1991 data and subsequent 

years in four steps:

1. BEA's benchmark input-output (I-O) tables produced input compositions for 1977, 1982, and 1987. 

2. BEA estimated 1978 through 1981 and 1983 through 1986 input compositions by interpolating the 1977, 

1982, and 1987 figures. 

3. BEA estimates the 1977 through 1987 imported and domestically imported shares of each detailed input. 

4. BEA estimates the 1988 through 1994 input compositions based on the 1987 figures and the Economic 

Censuses of 1992. 

For intermediate input estimations, BEA deflates each of the current-dollar inputs. (BEA deflates import and domestic 

production separately.) For deflation, quantities are approximated by real values (expressed at present with 1996 as 

the base period) that are calculated by dividing the current-dollar value of the component by its price index. BEA 

develops estimates for import prices with data from a variety of sources, but primarily from the BLS import price 

series.

Reliability and Accuracy

BEA views GDP as a reliable measure of output because of the source data underlying the estimates. The following 

reliability comments are based on the Valliant (1993) SCB article and Ritter (2000). GDP data originate from three 

types of sources. The foundational data come first from the economic censuses conducted every five years. These 

approach complete enumerations of sectoral activity in state and local governments, manufacturing, services, retail 

trade, wholesale trade, construction, transportation, communications and utilities, mining, finance, insurance, and real 

estate. Annual estimates form the second tier of GDP data and emanate form sources such as IRS tax returns and 

smaller surveys of establishments. The Annual Retail Trade Survey, for instance, forms one of the major components 

of the annual estimates. The U.S. Census Bureau collects sales and end-of-year inventory data from about 22,000 

retail firms totaling $2 trillion of the $8.8 trillion GDP amount. While considered reliable by many economists, 

sampling variability may introduce errors into these annual estimates. Moreover, the Census Bureau imputes 

(substitutes estimates for missing or clearly incorrect data) about 11 percent of reported national annual retail sales 

because of accounting inconsistencies or raw survey data errors. The third component of the GDP flows from 

quarterly estimates.

In the October 1993 SCB, Valliant described the reliability and accuracy of the quarterly estimates of GDP, providing 

insights into the pre-1985 data in terms of dispersion and bias. BEA followed a schedule that produced three 

successive "current" estimates; advanced, preliminary, and final. BEA analysts developed a dispersion and bias 

measure based on the difference between these three estimates.

Dispersion is the average of the absolute values of the revisions, or, the difference between P, representing the 

percentage change in the current estimates, and L representing the percentage change in the latest available 

estimates, divided by n, representing the number of quarterly changes. Bias is the average of the revisions. 

According to the October 1993 SCB, dispersion averaged 1.6 percent from 1958 to 63 and dropped to 1.1 percent for 

1968 to 1972. BEA stated that these declines in dispersion correspond with more accurate initial and final estimates 

subsequent to the late 1950s.For years after 1973 until 1991, the BEA concluded that more accurate source data for 

preliminary and final estimates did not improve reliability by much. BEA also determined that bias was not large 

enough from 1978 to 1991 to be significant under normality assumptions at the five- percent confidence level. 

Overall, for the period beginning in 1978 and covering the 1985 data from table 3-1, the BEA concluded there was no 

evidence of reliability increases. BEA also questioned its own estimating procedures and, in particular, the use of 

disparate sources of data, which may explain why reliability levels have not increased.

The NIPA framework also undergoes major updates referred to as comprehensive, or benchmark revisions. Eleven of 

these have been completed including one in 1996 and most recently on October 28, 1999 that provided the data for 

tables 3-1 through 3-8.The major change encompassed a definitional change reflecting our evolving economic 

system. Software became a business investment rather than just a "purchased input," or the equivalent of raw 

material. Unless the company increased the price of its product to cover software purchases, no impact registered in 

the GDP. With this benchmark revision, the Census Bureau increased the 1996 estimate by $115 billion, or 1.5 
percent--the amount of software investments made in that year. Another change involved the Census Bureau's 

interpretation of the value of "unpriced" banking services such as ATM (automatic teller machine) contributions to an 

establishment's productivity. Previously, banking service productivity relied only on an index constructed from labor 

input. Economists argued that this ignored productivity gains from technological improvements such as ATMs and 

electronic banking. The BLS developed a productivity based instead of bank transactions, and this was used in the 

1999 revision. For more detail, readers should refer to Moulton and Seskin (1999).

Sources of Error for GDP Estimates

The GDP estimates can contain several kinds of error. One source of error arises from estimates based on 

preliminary or incomplete tabulations of source data or BEA judgment in the absence of data. Errors may also arise 

because of sampling errors and biases in monthly, quarterly, annual, or periodic tabulations. Another source of 

potential error may arise when data are seasonally adjusted. Readers should refer to the October 1993 SCB issue for 

more detail (Young 1993). 

NIPA and Transportation-Related Final Demand

For tables 3-7 and 3-8, transportation-related final demand (TRFD) is from NIPA reported in the SCB. It represents 

the sum of all consumer and government expenditures for transportation purposes, plus the value of goods and 

services purchased by business as investment for transportation purposes. Since TRFD includes only expenditures 

on the final products of the economy, it is comparable to GDP and provides a measure of transportation's importance 

from a consumption perspective.

NIPA tables report the composition of production and the distribution of incomes earned in production. The totals of 

these produce a GDP estimate that should theoretically be equal, but there is always a difference referred to as the 

"statistical discrepancy." NIPA is based on four subaccounts of national economic activity. These include 1) the 

personal income and outlay account, 2) the gross savings and investment account, 3) the government receipts and 

expenditures account, and 4) the foreign transactions account.

Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) for transportation include 1) road motor vehicles, such as new and used 

automobiles, and motorcycles; 2) motor vehicle parts, such as tires, tubes, accessories; 3) motor fuels and lubricants; 

and 3) transportation services, such as repair, greasing, washing, parking, storage, rental, leasing, tolls, insurance, 

and purchased local and intercity transportation services. Motor vehicles used primarily for recreation, boats, 

noncommercial trailers, and aircraft are excluded.

Gross private domestic fixed investment in transportation includes private purchases of transportation structures and 

equipment. Transportation structures include railroads and petroleum pipelines. Transportation equipment consists of 

automobiles, trucks, buses, truck trailers, aircraft, ships and boats, and railroad equipment.

Goods and services that are counted as part of transportation-related exports include 1) civilian aircraft, engines, and 

parts; 2) road motor vehicles, engines, and parts; 3) passenger fares, including receipts of U.S. air and ocean/cruise 

carriers for transporting non-U.S. residents between the United States and foreign countries or between two foreign 

points; and 4) other transportation. The total for road motor vehicles, engines and parts excludes boats, aircraft, and 

noncommercial trailers. Other transportation includes 1) the freight revenues of U.S.-operated ocean, air, and other 

carriers (e.g., rail, pipeline, and Great Lakes shipping) for international transport of U.S. exports and for transporting 

foreign freight between foreign points; 2) port expenditure receipts (representing payments for goods and services 

purchased in the United States by foreign-operated carriers); and 3) receipts of U.S. owners from foreign operators 

for the charter of vessels and rental of freight cars and containers.

Goods and services that are counted as part of transportation-related imports include 1) civilian aircraft, engines, and 

parts; 2) road motor vehicles, engines, and parts; 3) passenger fares, including payments to foreign air and 

ocean/cruise carriers for the transportation of U.S. residents between the United States and foreign countries or 

between two foreign points; and 4) other transportation. The total for road motor vehicle, engines and parts excludes 

boats, aircraft, and non-commercial trailers. Other transportation includes 1) freight revenues of foreign-operated 

ocean, air, and other carriers (e.g., rail, pipeline, and Great Lakes shipping) for international transport of U.S. imports 

and for the transportation of foreign freight between foreign points; 2) port expenditure receipts (representing 

payments for goods and services purchased in foreign countries by U.S.-operated carriers); and 3) payments to 

foreign owners from U.S. operators for the charter of vessels and rental of freight cars and containers.
Transportation-related government purchases include federal, state, and local purchases of transportation services, 

and government expenditures on transportation-related structures and equipment. Federal, state, and local 

purchases represent the sum of consumption expenditures and gross inventory. Defense-related purchases include 

expenditures on the transportation of materials (care and movement of goods by water, rail, truck, and air); the rental 

of trucks and other transportation equipment and warehousing fees; and travel of persons (care and movement of 

Department of Defense military civilian employees), including tickets for all modes of travel, per diem, taxi fares, 

automobile rental, and mileage allowances for privately owned vehicles.

Further References

This data source and accuracy statement is based on several papers that have appeared in the SCB. Data users who 

desire more methodological detail can refer to the list of references at the end of this chapter.

TABLE 3-10. National Transportation and Economic Trends

The Statistical Abstract of the United States published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, is the 

source of the population data. The Current Population Reports are the source of the Abstract's data that are collected 

through the Current Population Survey (CPS). This is a monthly survey administered by the Census Bureau of a 

scientifically selected sample representative of the noninstitutional civilian population in 754 areas covering every 

state and the District of Columbia. Like other surveys, the CPS is subject to sampling error. Readers should note that 

estimates based on the CPS may not agree with census counts because different procedures are used. Changes in 

the CPS also mean that annual comparisons must be made with caution. For instance, in 1994, the CPS 

methodology was dramatically changed, and the estimates began to incorporate 1990 census population controls, 

adjusted for the estimated undercount.

Industrial production data come from the Industrial Production Index, produced by the Board of Governors of the 

Federal Reserve System and published in the Economic Report of the President. For annual figures, individual 

industrial production (IP) indexes are constructed from a variety of sources, including the quinquennial Censuses of 

Manufactures and Mineral Industries; the Annual Survey of Manufactures, prepared by the Census Bureau; the 

Minerals Yearbook, prepared by the U.S. Department of the Interior; and publications of the U.S. Department of 

Energy. The Federal Reserve Board (FRB) uses these data in a modeling framework to produce estimates of 

industrial production. Below are brief discussions on three major sources for the IP indexes; the survey of 

manufactures, the census of manufactures, and the electric utility survey.

Annual Survey of Manufacturers

The Census Bureau conducts a mail survey of approximately 55,000 manufactures with three different sample strata. 

The sampling frame is based on previously surveyed firms and is updated annually based partially on IRS 

administrative records and other sources. Large manufactures (shipments > $500 million, and > 250 employees), 

some computer manufacturing firms, and all remaining firms with at least 250 employees are selected. 

Establishments with employment generally ranging from 20 to 250 employees are sampled with a probability 

proportional to a composite measure of establishment size. Approximately 5,000 of the smallest firms (5 to 20 

employees) are also sampled and receive a shorter survey instrument. Additional information on the survey, readers 

should refer to www.census.gov/econ/www/ma0300.html. 

Census of Manufacturers

The Census of Manufactures collects data through mail surveys from approximately 237,000 multiunit and single-unit 

firms with a minimum payroll figure. This census is supplemented by IRS administrative data from over 142,000 firms 

not contacted by mail. For additional information on the census, readers should refer to 

www.census.gov/econ/www/ma0100.html. 

Electric Utility Survey

Since 1971, the FRB has conducted the Monthly Survey of Industrial Electricity Use based on responses from utilities 

and manufacturing and mining firms that are cogenerators. This survey is the basis for estimates of the amount of 

electricity power used by 120 industrial sectors. More than 40 industrial production series estimates are based on 

data from this survey and compose 28 percent of the Industrial Production Index in 1994 value-added proportions.
Survey responses are voluntary and are gathered from a panel of 175 utilities and 186 cogenerating companies with 

a monthly response rate near 95 percent. In 1992, an additional 71 new cogenerators joined the panel. This resulted, 

according to an FRB statistical analysis, in a decrease of the standard deviation of errors for electricity growth rates 

from 3.0 to 1.9 percentage points. Overall, the estimates for total power use produce a standard error of about 0.5 

percentage points. The panel accounts for approximately 73 percent of industrial electric power use in the United 

States.

The Survey of Current Business, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, is 

the source of GDP estimates. Readers should refer to the source and accuracy statement for tables 3-1 through 3-5 

for information on GDP estimates.

TABLE 3-11. Sales Price of Transportation Fuel to End-Users

The U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration's (EIA's) Monthly Energy Review, tables 9.4 and 

9.7, provided price data, except for railroad fuel. Pre-1981 data were reported by the EIA from Bureau of Labor 

Statistics reports. Beginning in 1983, the EIA administered a series of surveys to collect data on petroleum prices, 

market distribution, supply, and demand. The EIA-782 series encompasses three surveys: 1) Form EIA-782A, 

Refiners'/Gas Plant Operators' Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report; 2) Form EIA-782B, Resellers'/Retailers' 

Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report; and 3) Form EIA-782C, Monthly Report of Prime Supplier Sales of 

Petroleum Products Sold for Local Consumption.

EIA developed a method for comparing data from the new surveys with older information gathered by various 

methods. As a result, a number of adjustment factors were developed and used to "backcast" price estimates. 

Readers who require a more detailed description of this methodology should refer to EIA's petroleum data 

publications web page (www.eia.doe.gov/oil gas/petroleum/pet frame.html) and the explanatory notes section.

Changes in sample elements or collection methods may affect data continuity. Two regulatory changes affected data 

collection in October 1993.The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 required that oxygenated gasoline be sold in the 

winter months in ozone nonattainment areas. Thus, the EIA-782 forms were modified to collect information on fuels 

divided among conventional, oxygenated, and reformulated categories. Second, requirements for the production and 

selling of low-sulfur diesel were required and necessitated the separation of diesel fuel into high- and low-sulfur 

categories. Moreover, surveys prior to October 1993 did not include propane. The EIA followed several different 

sampling designs during two periods in the 1980s and thus, there may be some price estimate discontinuity for 

periods between December 1983 and January 1984 as well as between August and September of 1988.

Data Collection

The 782 series occurs on a monthly schedule via mail. The 782A and 782C surveys reflect a census of about 115 

and 190 firms, respectively. The 782B samples about 2,000 firms. The EIA first stratifies by sales volume for the form 

782B survey to ensure that dealers with 5 percent or more of the market are captured with certainty. The remaining 

elements of the frame were assigned a probability of selection to form a 2,200 firm survey. These "noncertainty" 

companies were poststratified by geographic area and type of sales category.

Data Reliability

EIA has studied its sampling effects on reliability and determined that the sample size of 2,000 should yield a less 

than 1-percent price coefficient of variation in its estimates. Errors can arise because of nonresponse, but an EIA 

official indicated that the response rates for the 1997-1999 782A, B, and C surveys averaged 95 percent, 86 percent, 

and 96 percent, respectively. Because survey data invariably contain incomplete data (because of reporting errors or 

nonresponse), EIA estimates or "imputes" missing data. Readers requiring imputation algorithms should refer to the 

782 series explanatory notes referred to above.

TABLE 3-12. Price Trend of Gasoline v. Other Consumer Goods and Services

Data in this table were reproduced from the American Petroleum Institute's (API) Basic Petroleum Data Book. API 

noted that data reported prior to 1981 was obtained from Platt's Oil Price Handbook and Oilmanac. Platt's is part of 

Standard and Poor's, and an independent third party organization that tracks the petroleum industry. Platt's reported 

the retail price of gasoline based on telephone interviews with gas stations in 55 cities. More detailed historical 
information on their data collection methods could not be ascertained and the data's reliability is uncertain. API 

reported the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) as its data source for 1981 to 2001 retail gasoline prices. The 

remainder of this section discusses the BLS Consumer Price Index (CPI) data collection and estimation methods 

used to derive the average retail price of gasoline.

BLS uses the CPI as a measure of average price changes paid by urban consumers for a fixed basket of goods and 

services. BLS estimates the CPI with a survey-based approach. Survey results define a categorization of goods and 

services, a representative sample of items to track, and weights according to the consumption of an average 

consumer during a base period.

Sample Design

BLS relies on two sampling frames for their CPI estimates. One represents the universe of retail outlets from which 

households may purchase defined groups of commodities and services including gasoline. A second represents 

households across urban areas. Moreover, the household frame is based on an "urban-consumer" population and 

consists of households in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's) and in urban places with more than 2,500 

inhabitants. This "all urban" CPI (CPI-U) provides the estimates for retail gasoline prices shown in table 3-9.Thus, this 

frame does not represent non-urban consumers.

For the retail outlet sampling frame, BLS relies on the Point-of-Purchase Survey (CPOPS) conducted by the Census 

Bureau in 94 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) identified by BLS. PSUs are based on urban counties, groups of 

contiguous urban counties, or MSAs. For the household sample, a noncompact clustering procedure was employed 

which dispersed households evenly within a Census enumeration district (ED). More detailed sampling design

information can be found in BLS's Handbook of Methods at http://stats.bls.gov/opub/hom/homhome.htm. 

Prices for the goods and services used to calculate the CPI are collected in 91 PSUs located in 85 urban areas 

throughout the country. The sample size for the CPOPS totals about 21,000 retail and service establishmentssupermarkets, department stores, gasoline stations, hospitals, etc. Food, fuels, and a few other items are priced 

monthly in all 85 locations. BLS field representatives collect all price information through visits or telephone calls in 

the household surveys. Price changes are computed based on a sample of outlets selected from locations identified 

by consumers. Specific sample items are then selected from each sample outlet to ensure that the market basket is 

representative of where households shop.

Estimation

BLS routinely updates its price estimates for specific items among the collection of goods and services, for example, 

a new car model year. BLS employs three techniques to produce new price estimates. First, an item that is directly 

comparable to the previous discontinued good will be used to provide a price estimate. However, a substitute item 

may be inappropriate when goods change slightly in their characteristics. BLS relies on Hedonic regression modeling 

as a second "quality adjustment" for price estimates. This statistical technique can model the importance of various 

quality characteristics that add value to a particular good (the fiber content and construction of apparel products for 

instance). A researcher can estimate a Hedonic regression model that identifies the factors most important is 

determining the price of a good, and BLS field representatives will note these in their data collection. Imputation is a 

third quality adjustment used for "noncomparable" substitutions where BLS estimates the price change from previous 

averages. Detailed algorithms can be found in chapter 17 of the BLS Handbook of Methods at 

http://stats.bls.gov/opub/hom/homhome.htm. 

Effective January 1999, BLS began using a new formula for calculating the basic components of the Consumer Price 

Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U) and the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers 

(CPI-W). The new formula, the geometric mean estimator, is used in index categories that comprise approximately 61 

percent of total consumer spending represented by the CPI-U. Based on BLS research, it is expected that use of the 

new formula will reduce the annual rate of increase in the CPI by approximately 0.2 percentage point per year. 

Additional information on this change was published in the April 1998 CPI Detailed Report and is available on the 

Internet at http://stats.bls.gov/cpihome.htm. 

Accuracy

One of the CPI's limitations is that it represents price movements for urban residents and may not correctly represent 

nonurban consumption patterns. The CPI may also contain sampling error because it is estimated from a sample of 
consumer purchases. Nonsampling error may occur if respondents provide BLS field representatives with inaccurate 

or incomplete information. Another potential source of error identified by BLS may occur because of a time lag 

between the Point-of-Purchase Survey and the initiation of price collection for commodities and services at resampled 

outlets. Because of the time lag, the products offered by the outlet at the time pricing is initiated may not coincide with 

the set from which the CPOPS respondents were purchasing.

The CPI is also subject to response error when data are not collected because of non-response. BLS established a 

nonresponse auditing program in 1986.It reported that response rates in 1990 for transportation commodities and 

services were above 90 percent.

Bias

Four categories of bias were identified in the BLS report, Measurement Issues in the Consumer Price Index, 

published in 1997. First, because of the fixed-weight nature of the index, the CPI creates substitution bias by placing 

too much weight on items measured in previous surveys from which consumers may have shifted away. Second, the 

study found that the index did not account for consumers switching to discount stores. Third, a quality change bias 

was also identified when the differences between goods priced in two different periods cannot be accurately 

measured nor deduced from the accompanying price difference between the goods. Finally, the report noted that the 

CPI also had a new product bias because the index inadequately reflected consumer value of products introduced 

into the market. The commission concluded that the CPI overstated the true cost-of-living change by 1.1 percentage 

points per year.

TABLE 3-13. Producer Price Indices for Transportation Services and Warehousing Services (NAICS)

TABLE 3-14. Producer Price Indices for Transportation Equipment (NAICS)

Data shown in these tables are drawn from annual issues of The Supplement to Producer Price Indexes published by 

the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in the U.S. Department of Labor. These indexes represent a measure of outputs 

in all goods-producing American industries as well as partial coverage of service industries including transportation. 

BLS defines a price as the net revenue accrued to a specified production establishment from a specified kind of buyer 

for a specific product shipped under specific transaction terms on a specified day of the month. BLS collects this data 

series through surveys of a sample of establishments that report their prices from economic transactions.

Data Collection

A BLS field economist visits an establishment or cluster of establishments selected for price sampling. The economist 

uses a disaggregation procedure to select a sample of transactions from all the establishment's revenue-producing 

activities. This disaggregation procedure assigns a probability of selection to each shipping or receipt category 

proportionate to its value within a reporting unit. In most cases, the final price index produced by the BLS requires 

that 1) there are at least three different respondents to a survey, 2) at least two reporting units provide price 

information in a given month, and 3) no single respondent accounts for 50 percent or more of the weight for a given 

item. 

BLS regional offices review field data for consistency and completeness. The national office then conducts a final 

review and a survey is then tailored specifically to establishments or clusters of establishments. BLS refers to these 

as repricing schedules and sends them to reporting establishments on a regular basis. Most prices refer to a 

reporting schedule on a particular day of the month, usually, the first Tuesday or the 13th of a month.

Estimation

BLS collects prices for over 100,000 items. It utilizes several different weighting schemes for the numerous indexes 

produced because some products will have a greater effect on the movement of groupings of individual products. 

BLS utilizes the net output of shipment values as weights for the 4-digit SIC industries. Net output values include only 

shipments from establishments in one industry to other industry establishments and, thus, differ from gross shipment 

values. The latter would include shipments among establishments in the same industry, even if those establishments 

are separate firms. BLS also makes seasonal adjustments if statistical tests and economic rationale justify them, and 

computes data when a participating company does not deliver a price report. BLS bases the missing price estimation 

on the average of price changes for similar products reported by other establishments.
Accuracy

As in all surveys, the accuracy of producer price indexes depends on the quality of information voluntarily provided by 

participating establishments. One of the accuracy concerns of BLS revolves around the preferred use of realistic 

transaction prices (including discounts, premiums, rebates, allowances, etc.) rather than list or book prices. Before 

BLS fully changed its data collection method in 1986, a survey indicated that about 20 percent of traditional 

commodity indexes were based on list prices. The newer and more systematic methodology decreased the use of list 

prices. BLS documentation (available at http://stats.bls.gov/opub/hom) provided no more details on sampling error, 

response rates, or the availability of generalized variance parameters or techniques for estimating them.

TABLE 3-15. Personal Expenditures by Category

TABLE 3-16. Personal Consumption Expenditures on Transportation by Subcategory

Data used in these tables are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Report of Consumer Expenditure Survey. 

The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) collects information from U.S. households and families on their buying 

habits (expenditures), income, and consumer characteristics. The strength of the survey is that it allows data users to 

relate the expenditures and income of consumers to the characteristics of those consumers. BLS uses 11 standard 

characteristics to classify consumers, including income, before-tax income class, age, size of the consumer unit, 

composition of the consumer unit, number of earners, housing tenure, race, type of area (urban or rural), region, and 

occupation.

The CEX is a national probability sample of households. The sampling frame (i.e., the list from which housing units 

are chosen) for this survey is generated from the 1990 census 100-percent detail file, which is augmented by a 

sample drawn from new construction permits. Coverage improvement techniques are also utilized to eliminate 

recognized deficiencies in the census.

Data Collection

The current survey consists of two separate surveys (Interview and Diary), each utilizing a different data collection 

technique and sample. Data is collected for each survey from approximately 5,000 households. In the Interview 

survey, each consumer unit (CU) in the sample is interviewed every three months over five calendar quarters. The 

interviewer uses a structured questionnaire to collect both the demographic and expenditure data in the Interview 

survey. The interviewer collects the demographic data in the Diary survey whereas the respondent enters the 

expenditure data on the diary form. Both surveys accept proxy responses from any eligible household member who is 

at least 16 years old if an adult is not available after a few attempts to contact that person. The respondent family 

completes the Diary (or recordkeeping) survey at home for two consecutive one-week periods.

A reinterview program for the CEX provides quality control. The program provides a means of evaluating individual 

interviewer performance to determine how well the procedures are being carried out in the field. A member of the 

supervisory staff conducts the reinterview. Subsamples of approximately 6 percent of households in the Interview 

survey and 17 percent in the Diary survey are reinterviewed on an ongoing basis. A new diary form with more 

categories and expanded use of cues for respondents was introduced in 1991, based on results from earlier field and 

laboratory studies.

Estimation

Missing or invalid data on demographic or work experience are imputed. No imputation is done for missing data on 

expenditures or income. Selected portions of the Diary data are also adjusted by automated imputation and allocation 

routines when respondents report insufficient detail to meet publication requirements. These procedures are 

performed annually on the data. The imputation routines assign qualifying information to data items when there is 

clear evidence of invalid nonresponse.

The statistical estimation of the population quantities of interest, such as the average expenditure on a particular item 

by a CU or the total number of CUs in a particular demographic group, is conducted via a weighting scheme. Each 

CU included in the survey is assigned a weight that is interpreted as representing the number of similar families in the 

universe of interest, the U.S. civilian noninstitutional population. Readers should refer to 

http://stats.bls.gov/opub/hom/homch16 c.htm for the detailed weighting method. 
Beginning with 1997 data, BLS introduced a new calibration method to compute weights in the Consumer 

Expenditure Survey. The weights are calculated using a model-assisted, design-based regression estimator.

Accuracy

The Consumer Expenditures Survey is a sample survey and hence is subject to two types of errors, nonsampling and 

sampling. Nonsampling errors can be attributed to many sources, such as differences in the interpretation of 

questions, inability or unwillingness of the respondent to provide correct information, mistakes in recording or coding 

the data obtained, and other errors of collection, response, processing, coverage, and estimation for missing data. 

The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown. Sampling errors occur because the survey data are collected from a 

sample and not from the entire population. Tables with coefficients of variation and other reliability statistics are 

available on request from the national office. However, because the statistics are shown at the detailed item level, the 

tables are extensive.

TABLE 3-17. Average Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobile

Your Driving Costs produced by the American Automobile Association (AAA) provided the data for this table. Prior to 

1985, the cost figures are for a mid-sized, current model, American car equipped with a variety of standard and 

optional accessories. After 1985, the cost figures are for a composite of three current model American cars: 

1. A 1999 Chevrolet Cavalier LS, 

2. A 1999 Ford Taurus SEL Deluxe, and 

3. A 1999 Mercury Grand Marquis LS. 

Thus, the estimates are not reliable estimates for all cars.

Fuel costs were based on an average price of $1.195 per gallon of regular unleaded gasoline, weighted 20 percent 

full-serve and 80 percent self-serve. Insurance figures were based on personal use of vehicles driven less than 10 

miles to or from work, with no young drivers. Normal depreciation costs were based on the vehicle's trade-in value at 

the end of four years or at 60,000 miles. American Automobile Association (AAA) analysis covers vehicles equipped 

with standard and optional accessories, including automatic transmission, air conditioning, power steering, power disc 

brakes, AM/FM stereo, driver-and passenger side air bag, anti-lock brakes, cruise control, tilt steering wheel, tinted 

glass, emission equipment and rear window defogger.

TABLE 3-18 & 3-29. Average Passenger Fare (Current and chained 2000 dollars)

TABLE 3-22. Total Operating Revenues

Air

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), Office of Airline Information, 

reports passenger fares and operating revenues in its publication Air Carrier Financial Statistics. These numbers are 

based on 100 percent reporting by large certificated air carriers. Minor errors from nonreporting may occur but 

amount to less than one percent of all passenger or freight activity. The figures do not include data for all airlines; 

such as most scheduled commuter airlines and all nonscheduled commuter airlines. 

Class I Bus

Class I passenger motor carriers are required to report financial and operating information to BTS using form MP1.(Prior to 1996, Class I carriers were required to report to the Interstate Commerce Commission.) Class I passenger 

motor carriers are defined as those having annual gross operating revenues, as adjusted for inflation, of $5,000,000 

or more. This table does not include Class I carriers whose data had not been received at the time of publication. 

Thus, these data do not represent total Class I passenger motor carrier activity.

Transit
The American Public Transit Association (APTA) reports these figures, which are based on the annual National 

Transit Database (NTD) report published by the USDOT, Federal Transit Administration (FTA). The legislative 

requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized 

Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and operating data, including capital expenditures, 

revenues and expenses. These data are generally considered accurate because the FTA reviews and validates 

information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot 

obtain accurate information or misinterpret certain data definitions. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include 

transit operators that do not report to the database (private and very small operators and rural operators).

Rail

Data are from Railroad Facts published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR figures are 

based on 100-percent reporting by all nine Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 

700 of the R1 Annual Report. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold 

indexed to a base of $250 million in 1991 and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the "Railroad Freight Rate 

Index" published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 

million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three 

consecutive years. Although Class I railroads comprise only 1 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they 

account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated, 91 percent of total freight rail revenue, and 88 percent 

of railroad employment. 

Intercity/Amtrak

Average passenger fare data are based on 100 percent of issued tickets, and thus should be accurate. Created as a 

publicly-owned for-profit corporation, Amtrak collects its own financial data and reports this information in its annual 

report. Auditing should ensure the accuracy of the operating revenue figures. 

Trucking and Courier Services (except air)

The Census Bureau's Transportation Annual Survey (formerly known as the Motor Freight Transportation and 

Warehousing Survey) is the source of this information. The sample survey represents all employer firms with one or 

more establishments engaged primarily in providing commercial motor freight transportation or public warehousing 

services. It excludes motor carriers that operate as auxiliary establishments to nontransportation companies, as well 

as independent owner-operators with no paid employees. Thus, the data do not represent the total trucking industry.

In 1999, Transportation Annual Survey was merged with the Census Bureau's Service Annual Survey (SAS) and is 

the source of data for years 1998 and later. SAS provides estimates of operating revenue of taxable firms and 

revenue and expenses of firms exempt from federal income taxes for selected service industries. Unlike the 

Transportation Annual Survey, the SAS is based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

As with all sample surveys, two types of errors are possible: sampling and nonsampling. Nonsampling errors may 

include response errors and mistakes in coding or keying data. For additional information about the survey and data 

reliability, the reader is referred to the Census Bureau website at www.census.gov. 

Water (Domestic)

Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. is the source of these data. Eno estimates these figures by multiplying ton-mile 

figures by estimated revenue per ton-mile. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reports the ton-mile figures in its 

publication Waterborne Commerce of the United States, and the revenue per ton-miles figures are estimated by Eno.

Oil Pipeline

Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., publishes these data, which are based on Federal Energy Regulatory 

Commission (FERC) data and reported by the Oil Pipeline Research Institute for years 1977 to the present. FERC 

data originates from required quarterly reports filed by pipeline companies. Prior to 1977, the data are based on the 

former Interstate Commerce Commission data for regulated pipelines, and estimated to be 16 percent of the total of 

nonregulated pipelines. 
Gas Pipeline

These statistics originate from Gas Facts, published annually by the American Gas Association (AGA).AGA data are 

based on gas utilities participation and reporting to the Uniform Statistical Report and estimates for those companies 

not reporting based on recent historical experience. Varying percentages of nonreporters from year to year introduce 

minor reliability problems for time-series comparisons.

TABLE 3-23. Employment in For-Hire Transportation and Selected Transportation-Related Industries (NAICS)

Employment data by industry are from the National Employment, Hours, and Earnings estimates published by the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), U.S. Department of Labor. These estimates originate from the Current Employment 

Statistics (CES) survey program. The CES is a monthly survey conducted by state employment security agencies in 

cooperation with the BLS. The survey provides employment, hours, and earnings estimates based on payroll records 

of nonfarm business establishments, including government.

BLS uses a stratified sample based on a sector's employment size, or the degree of variability among its 

establishments, or both. This ensures that BLS captures a more representative survey from employers with large 

payrolls. Thus, large establishments are certain of selection while smaller ones have less of chance.

Data Collection

Data are collected electronically from about two-thirds of the respondents and by mail or fax from the remainder. The 

primary type of electronic reporting is touch-tone phone self-response; others are computer-assisted phone 

interviews and phone voice recognition technology. Increasingly, data are collected through electronic data 

interchange from a small but growing number of companies that have a large number of establishments across the 

country. Mail respondents submit Form 790 to the BLS each month. It is then edited and returned to the respondent 

for use again the following month. All firms with 250 employees or more are asked to participate in the survey, as well 

as a sample of smaller firms.

Estimation

Employment estimates are made at what is termed the basic estimating cell level and aggregated upward to broader 

levels of industry detail by simple addition. Basic cells are defined by industry (usually at the 3- or 4-digit SIC level) 

and are stratified within industry by geographic region and/or size class in the majority of cases. Within the wholesale 

trade, retail trade, and services divisions, most industries are stratified into three to five size classes (beginning in 

1984).

Most national employment estimates are multiplied by bias adjustment factors to produce the monthly published 

estimates. Bias adjustment factors are used primarily to compensate for the inability to capture the entry of new firms 

on a timely basis. New firms contribute a substantial amount to employment growth each year, but there is a lag 

between the creation of a firm and its inclusion on the sample frame (i.e., the Unemployment Insurance universe file). 

It is, therefore, necessary to use modeling techniques to capture this segment of the population. BLS also performs 

seasonal adjustments for certain SIC industries. 

Accuracy

BLS does not publish data reliability information along with estimates. Instead, it provides estimation formula and the 

necessary parameters so that users can estimate standard errors. For additional information, see the "Explanatory 

Notes and Estimates of Error" in the BLS monthly publication Employment and Earnings. 

The CES survey, which began over 50 years ago, predates the introduction of probability sampling as the 

internationally recognized standard for sample surveys. Instead, a quota sample has been used since its inception. 

Quota samples are at risk for potentially significant biases, and recently completed BLS research suggests that, 

despite the large CES sample size, employment estimates based on that sample at times diverge substantially from 

those that a more representative sample would have been expected to produce. This leads to an over-reliance on 

bias adjustment in the estimation procedure. Because bias adjustment is primarily based on past experience, it is 

limited in its ability to accurately reflect changing economic conditions on a timely basis.
Government Employment

The Office of the Secretary provides employment figures for the U.S. Department of Transportation. State and local 

highway department employment figures are from the State and Local Government Employment and Payroll 

Estimates, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. The data are for the 50 states 

and the District of Columbia. Employment and payroll data pertain to the month of October. At present, data are 

collected for one pay period that includes October 12 (regardless of the period's length) through the Public 

Employment Survey (PES).

Employment refers to all persons gainfully employed by and performing services for a government. Employees 

include all persons paid for personal services performed from all sources of funds, including persons paid from 

federally funded programs, paid elected officials, persons in a paid leave status, and persons paid on a per meeting, 

annual, semiannual, or quarterly basis. Excluded from employment statistics are unpaid officials, pensioners, persons 

whose work is performed on a fee basis, and contractors and their employees.

The Census Bureau derives full-time equivalent (FTE) employment by summing the number of full-time employees 

reported and converting the number of hours worked by part-time employees to a full-time equivalent amount. Up 

until 1985 data, the method used to calculate FTEs was based solely on payroll data. Effective with 1986 data, the 

annual employment survey started collecting data on the number of hours worked by part-time employees in order to 

provide a more accurate representation of full-time equivalent employment. No October 1985 FTE employment data 

are available.

Beginning in 1999, the Public Employment Survey (PES) was conducted using a separate sample of approximately 

11,000 government units to improve data accuracy and survey efficiency. Government units meeting any of the 

following criteria are included in the survey: 1) counties with populations greater than 100,000; 2) cities with 

populations greater than 75,000; 3) townships in New England and Mid-Atlantic with populations greater than 50,000; 

4) special districts with FTEs greater than 1000; 5) independent school districts with enrollment greater than 10,000; 

and 6) all dependent and independent schools providing college level education. In 1999, government units were 

sampled to obtain a relative standard error of 3 percent or less for FTE and total payroll for each of the states by type 

of government groups.

Prior to 1993, the PES used a joint sample of approximately 24,000 units for both employment and finance. From 

1993 to 1998, the sample size was reduced to around 14,000 units. The standard error for the PES prior to 1999 was 

designed to be around 3 percent for major state- or county-level estimates of finance variables (state-level for 1993-

1998 and county-level prior to 1993).Employment estimates are made using regression, except when the number of 

noncertainty cases contributing to the estimate is less than 20, where a simple unbiased estimate is used.

TABLE 3-24. Employment in Transportation and Transportation-Related Occupations

TABLE 3-26. Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers in Transportation by Detailed 

Occupation

Employment by detailed transportation occupation data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) 

survey, collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The OES is a periodic mail survey of nonfarm 

establishments that collects occupational employment data on workers by industry. The OES program surveys 

approximately 725,000 establishments in 400 detailed industries. The average response rate for the last three years, 

according to a BLS official, averaged about 70 percent.

The sample is selected primarily from the list of business establishments reporting to the state unemployment 

insurance program. The OES sample initially stratifies the universe of establishments by three-digit industry code and 

size- class code. Establishments employing 250 employees or more are sampled with certainty. Establishments 

employing fewer than 250 employees but more than 4 employees are sampled with probability proportional to the 

size class employment within each three-digit industry. Establishments employing four or fewer employees (i.e., size 

class 1 establishments) are not sampled. Instead, the employment for these establishments are accounted for by 

assigning a larger sampling weight to establishments employing five to nine employees (i.e., size-class 2 

establishments).Within each three-digit industry/size- class cell, establishments are systematically selected into the 

sample through a single random start.

Data Collection
Employers are the source of occupational data. Within establishments, the main source of occupational data reported 

by respondents is personnel records. Data are collected from respondents primarily by mail. Occasionally, visits are 

made to large employers and to other respondents who indicate particular difficulty in completing the questionnaires. 

Ordinarily, two mailings follow the initial mailing. After the third mailing, a subsample of the remaining nonrespondents 

is drawn and contacted by telephone. The OES survey follows a 3-year cycle. Three surveys are conducted 

alternately for manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and the balance of nonmanufacturing industries.

Estimation

During the sample selection process, each sampled establishment is assigned a sampling weight that is equal to the 

reciprocal of its probability of selection. For example, if an establishment on the sampling frame had a 1 in 10 chance 

of being selected into the sample, then its sampling weight is 10. For establishments that did not respond to the 

survey, a nonresponse adjustment factor is calculated and applied against the sampling weights of the responding 

establishments within each state/3-digit industry/size-class cell. Multiplying these adjustment factors by sampling 

weights increases the weight of the responding establishments so they can account for the missing employment data 

of the nonresponding establishments. 

Accuracy

The OES survey uses a subsample replication technique to estimate variances in occupational employment at the 3-

digit industry/size-class level. For additional information on occupational employment estimates and measurements of 

sampling error associated with the estimates, the reader is referred to http://stats.bls.gov/oes/home.htm. 

TABLE 3-25. Average Wage and Salary Accruals per Full-Time Equivalent Employee by Transportation 

Industry (NAICS)

TABLE 3-27. Total Wage and Salary Accruals by Transportation Industry (NAICS)

The Survey of Current Business (tables 6.3c and 6.6c) published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of 

Economic Analysis, is the source of transportation wage and salary data. These estimates are based on BLS 

tabulations of employee wages that are covered by State unemployment insurance. As a component of the income 

side of National Income and Product Account, wages and salaries comprise part of the GDP calculation. These data 

reflect the monetary remuneration of employees in terms of wage accruals less disbursements. It is defined as the 

difference between wages and salaries on a "when-earned" basis, or accrued, and wages and salaries on a "whenpaid," or disbursed basis. This computation was instituted in 1992 because a significant portion of bonus payments 

were missed in previous calculations. Readers should also refer to the earlier discussion of GDP methods and 

reliability for more detail.

TABLE 3-28. Labor Productivity Indices for Selected Transportation Industries (NAICS)

The Bureau of Labor Statistic's (BLS) Industry Productivity Measures is the source of transportation labor productivity 

data. BLS develops industry productivity measures based on various data sources. 

For rail, BLS uses freight ton-mile and passenger miles that are collected by the Surface Transportation Board (STB), 

the Association of American Railroads (AAR), and Amtrak. BLS also aggregates four different air transportation 

outputs to form a single productivity index: domestic passenger-miles, domestic freight ton-miles, international 

passenger-miles, and international freight ton-miles. Air transportation data come from Air Carrier Traffic Statistics 

and Air Carrier Financial Statistics, published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation 

Statistics. For petroleum pipeline, BLS relies on data from the Association of Oil Pipelines and derived an output 

index based on trunkline barrel-miles. A barrel-mile is one barrel of petroleum moved through one mile of pipeline.

Estimation

BLS generally calculates labor productivity by dividing an index of output (in this case, ton-miles) by an index of 

hours. Output is derived with a weight adjusted Tornqvist formula that produces an output ratio for one year. BLS 

then combines these in a series that produces a chained output index. The hour indexes are developed from data in 

BLS's Current Employment Statistics (CES; see discussion above for table 3-12) and are the results of dividing the 

annual aggregate hours for each year by a base-period figure. Readers who need more detail, such as mathematical 
specifications or equations, should refer to Kunze and Jablonski (Kunze and Jablonski 1998) or call the Office of 

Productivity and Technology at BLS.

Accuracy

BLS provides no measures of reliability. However, BLS makes an assumption that transportation outputs should be 

measured using the production of passenger-miles or freight-miles. Another school of thought might assume that 

many transportation firms or facilities are actually providing capacity rather than actual use. Thus, an argument can 

be made that productivity should be based on capacity rather than use. In fact, this is how BEA measures 

transportation output. To evaluate the BLS assumption, one study compared the two approaches by examining the 

different growth rates produced by BLS and BEA and found that in 25 of 35 service industries, the differences are 

within one percentage point. For transportation, differences in growth rates across BLS and BEA estimates were two 

percentage points or less (Kunze and Jablonski 1998). 

Beginning with 1997 data, the indices for bus and petroleum pipelines did not meet BLS publication standards and 

are considered less reliable than those for other modes. These industries had between 14,000 and 15,000 

employees, far below the 50,000-employee threshold established for transportation industries by BLS. However, they 

both met a basic test of variability of the annual percent changes in the output per hour measure.

GOVERNMENT REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES 

TABLE 3-29 & 3-30. Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation-Related Revenues and 

Expenditures, Fiscal Year (Current and constant 1996 dollars)

TABLE 3-31. Summary of Transportation Revenues and Expenditures from Own Funds and User Coverage, 

Fiscal Year (Current and chained 2000 $ millions)

TABLE 3-32 & 3-33. Federal Transportation-Related Expenditures by Mode, Fiscal Year (Current and constant 

1996 dollars)

TABLE 3-34. Cash Balances of the Transportation-Related Federal Trust Funds, Fiscal Year

The main sources for federal-level data are the Budget of the United States Government and the Appendix to the 

Budget. These data are the actual figures as reported for the various transportation-related programs in the 

appendices of each year's budget document.1 The figures are consistent from year to year and follow the definitional 

structure required by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). 

Primary sources for state and local transportation-related revenues and expenditures data are censuses and surveys 

collected by the U.S. Census Bureau. All units of government are included in the Census of Governments, which is 

taken at five-year intervals for years ending in 2 or 7, and these data are full counts, which are not subject to 

sampling error. 

State and local government data for noncensus years are obtained by annual surveys, which are subject to sampling 

error. For U.S. totals of local government revenues and expenditures in this report, sampling variability is less than 3 

percent. 

Federal figures in this report correspond to the federal fiscal year, which begins on October 1, while state and local 

data are for fiscal years that generally start in July. While this may create a small error in totals for any given year, the

data are suitable for illustrating trends in public transportation finance. Programs terminated before 1985 are 

excluded from the tables. The totals for transportation revenues and expenditures in this report are the sum of the 

Census Bureau's state and local numbers plus the total of the federal numbers. 

The source of the chained dollar deflators is The National Income and Product Account Tables, Bureau of Economic 

Analysis, table 7.1, "Quantity and Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product." All inflation-adjusted data are for the 

base year 1996, instead of 1992 as in previous editions of National Transportation Statistics. Note that deflators used 

for the federal data differ from those used for state and local data. Thus, if expenditures are totaled across different 

levels of government in chained dollars before and after federal grant transfers, the totals will not match. 
Transportation Revenues

Transportation revenue estimates include transportation-related user charges, taxes, or fees earmarked for 

transportation-related expenditures. Estimates include transit fares from systems owned and operated by state and 

local governments, including those systems operated under contract by a private firm under day-to-day financial 

oversight by government. 

Federal transportation revenues generally consist of trust-fund collections from user charges, such as fuel taxes, 

vehicle taxes, registration and licensing fees, and air passenger ticket taxes. Damage payments made by private 

parties are deposited in the funds to reimburse the government for related fund expenditures.

The five transportation-related Federal trust funds are established by law:

1. Highway Trust Fund (HTF), which includes both highway and transit accounts; 

2. Airport and Airway Trust Fund (AATF); 

3. Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund (HMTF); 

4. Inland Waterways Trust Fund (IWATF); and 

5. Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF). 

Highway Revenues

The Highway Trust Fund (HTF) was established by the Highway Revenue Act of 1956. Highway Trust Fund revenues 

are derived from various excise taxes on highways users (e.g., motor fuel, motor vehicles, tires, and parts and 

accessories for trucks and buses) and interest earned on balances. The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century 

(TEA-21), which was enacted in June 1998, made important changes to the Federal Highway Trust Fund legislations 

(FHWA, 1999): 

• extension of deposit provisions of almost all highway user taxes through September 30, 2005; 

• after September 30, 1998, the HTF can no longer earn interest on balances, and the balance in the highway 

account would be transferred to the general fund; 

• TEA-21 keys Federal-aid highway funds to receipts of the Highway Account of the HTF; and 

• the Transit Account share of fuel tax rose from 2 cents per gallon to 2.86 cents per gallon. 

The Excise tax on gasoline is the most important source of the HTF revenues and has changed five times since 

1985. It increased from 9 cents per gallon in 1985 to 9.1 cents per gallon on January 1, 1987; to 14.1 cents per gallon 

on December 1, 1990; to 18.4 cents per gallon on October 1, 1993; to 18.3 cents per gallon on January 1, 1996; and 

to 18.4 cents per gallon on October 1, 1997 (FHWA, 1999). 

Money paid into the fund is earmarked primarily for the Federal-aid Highway program, which is apportioned to states 

for planning, constructing, and improving the nation's highway system, roads, and bridges. Effective April 1983, the 

Highway Revenue Act of 1982 created the Mass Transit Account within the HTF. 

Some portion of the HTF is dedicated to budget deficit reduction and the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust 

Fund (LUSTTF). For example, 4.3 cents per gallon of the federal excise tax on gasoline has been assigned to the 

general fund since January 1, 1996, and 0.1 cents per gallon was apportioned to the LUSTTF since October 1, 1997 

(FHWA, 1999). These funds are not considered as transportation-related in this report. 

State and local highway revenues include state and local taxes on motor fuels, motor vehicle licenses, and motor 

vehicle operator licenses, along with state and local charges for regular toll highways and local parking charges. 

Regular highway charges (revenues) include reimbursements for street construction and repairs, fees for curb cuts 

and special traffic signs, and maintenance assessments for street lighting, snow removal, and other highway or street 

services unrelated to toll facilities. Local governments use special assessments and property taxes that may be 

commingled with other local revenue in a general fund to finance local road and street programs. Consistent with 

federal revenues, state and local transportation revenues in this report do not include general funds that may be 

allocated to transportation.

Transit Revenues
As mentioned above, the Highway Revenue Act of 1982 created the Mass Transit Account within the HTF. Effective 

April 1983, the act provided one cent per gallon of the federal excise tax on gasoline sales to be set-aside for the 

Mass Transit Account to help finance transit capital projects. The rate was increased to 1.5 cents per gallon on 

December 1, 1990; to 2 cents per gallon on January 1, 1996; and to 2.86 cents per gallon on October 1, 1997 

(FHWA, 1999). Although highway users pay these taxes, the funds are treated as federal transit revenues. 

State and local transit revenues include revenues from operations of public mass transportation systems (rapid 

transit, subway, bus, railway, and commuter rail services), such as fares, charter fees, advertising income, and other 

operations revenues. They exclude subsidies from other governments to support either operations or capital projects.

Air Revenues

The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, as amended by Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts of 1990 

and 1993, the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, and the Taxpayers Relief Act of 1997, provides for the 

transfer of receipts received in the U.S. Treasury from the passenger ticket tax and certain other taxes paid by airport 

and airway users to the Airport and Airways Trust Fund (AATF). Effective October 1, 1997, the Taxpayers Relief Act 

of 1997 extends aviation excise taxes for 10 years and includes the following major provisions (FAA, 1999): 

1. retains existing freight weigh bill, general aviation fuel and gas taxes, and a 6-dollar departure tax on 

domestic flights to and from Alaska and Hawaii; 

2. converts the 10 percent ad valorem tax on domestic passenger tickets to a combination of ad valorem and 

flight segment tax over three years beginning October 1, 1997; 

3. imposes a new 7.5 percent tax on payments to airlines for frequent flyer and similar awards by banks and 

credit card companies, merchants, frequent flyer program partners-other airlines, hotels, or rental car 

companies and other businesses; 

4. increases the current 6-dollar international departure tax to 12 dollars per passenger and adds a 12-dollar 

international arrival tax; 

5. lowers tax rates on flights to certain rural airports to 7.5 percent without a flight segment component; and 

6. transfers revenues from the 4.3 cents-per-gallon aviation fuel taxes currently dedicated to reduce the 

national U.S. deficit from the general fund to the AATF. 

Most of this trust fund is used to finance the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) capital programs, namely, 

Facilities and Equipment; Research, Engineering, and Development; and Airport Improvement Program. Within 

certain limits set by Congress, some of the remaining money is used to cover FAA operation and maintenance 

expenses. The portion of the FAA's operation and Maintenance expenses not paid from the trust fund revenues are 

financed by U.S. Treasury general funds. 

State and local revenues from air transportation are derived from airport charges. Beginning in 1992, local 

governments began collecting passenger facility charges and spending these revenues (both subject to FAA 

approval) to finance capital programs. 

The collection of passenger facility charges was authorized by the Aviation Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 

1990.2

Waterway and Marine Revenues

Federal water revenues come from four primary sources: the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund (HMTF), the Inland 

Waterways Trust Fund (IWATF), the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF), and tolls and other charges collected by 

the Panama Canal Commission. 

The Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund was established in accordance with the Harbor Maintenance Revenue Act of 

1986. Revenues for this fund are derived from receipts of a 0.125 percent ad valorem user fee imposed on 

commercial users of specified U.S. ports, Saint Lawrence Seaway tolls. On March 31, 1998, per a U.S. Supreme 

Court ruling, the tax on exports was terminated (OMB, 2000). This fund is used to finance up to 100 percent of the 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' harbor operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, including O&M costs associated with 

Great Lakes navigational projects, and the fund fully finances the operation and maintenance of the Saint Lawrence 

Seaway Development Corp. 
The Inland Waterways Trust Fund was established by the Inland Waterways Revenue Act of 1978 and amended by 

the Water Resources Development Act of 1986. The trust fund has been in effect since fiscal year 1981. The sources 

for the fund are taxes imposed on fuel for vessels engaged in commercial waterway transportation and investment 

interest. From this tax of 24.3 cents per gallon, 4.3 cents goes for deficit reduction, and a statutory maximum of 20 

cents (raised to that level from the previous maximum of 19 cents at the beginning of 1995) goes to the Trust Fund. 

The funds are earmarked for financing one-half of the construction and rehabilitation costs of specified inland 

waterway projects. 

The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund was established by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989. Revenues for 

this fund are raised through tax collection of 5 cents on each barrel of oil produced domestically or imported (OMB, 

1999). The resources from this fund are used to finance oil pollution prevention and cleanup activities by various 

federal agencies. For the U.S. Coast Guard, the fund finances oil spill recovery and payment of claims. Beginning in 

1997, the fund also finances the annual disbursement to the Prince William Sound Oil Spill Recovery Institute. 

The Panama Canal Commission was established by the Panama Canal Act of 1979 to manage, operate, and 

maintain the Panama Canal under the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977. The treaty period ended on December 31, 

1999, when the Republic of Panama assumed full responsibility for the canal. During the treaty period, the 

commission collected tolls and other revenues, which were deposited in the U.S. Treasury in an account known as 

the Panama Canal Revolving Fund. Money from this fund was used to finance canal operations and capital 

programs, which were reviewed annually by Congress. The revenues reported under this category for FY 2000 are 

for the first quarter (October 1999 - December 1999) of Panama Canal operations. 

State and local water revenues are derived from canal tolls, rents from leases, concession rents, and other charges 

for use of commercial or industrial water transport and port terminal facilities and related services. Fees and rents 

related to water facilities provided for recreational purposes, such as marina and public docks, and toll ferries are not 

included.

Rail Revenues

There are no governmental transportation revenues for rail (Rail generates fuel taxes that are designated for deficit 

reduction and, thus, are not considered transportation revenues in these tables).

Pipeline Revenues

The Pipeline Safety Program is funded by user fees assessed on a per-mile basis. The assessments are made on 

each pipeline operator regulated by the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) of the Research and Special Programs 

Administration (RSPA) in the U.S. Department of Transportation. There are no state and local revenues for pipeline.

General Support Revenues

General support revenues come from the Emergency Preparedness Fund, which is generated from fees paid by 

registered shippers of hazardous materials. RSPA administers and distributes the revenues to states, territories, and 

tribes through the Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness (HMEP) grant program, which is authorized by 

Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law.

Transportation Expenditures

Expenditures, rather than obligations, are used in these tables because they represent the final, actual costs to the 

government, by year, for capital goods and operating services required by transportation programs. Obligations 

suggest government commitment to future transportation expenditures, but do not indicate when the funds will 

actually be disbursed or even if the amounts obligated will be spent.

It is important to recognize that in some accounts in the Budget of the United States Government, expenditures for a 

particular year understate total government disbursements. This is because certain offsetting collections of fees and 

assessments from the public are not treated as government revenues, but deducted from disbursements to determine 

expenditures. These collections are those mandated, by statute, to directly fund agency expenditures rather than be 

transferred to the U.S. Treasury. For this reason, expenditures do not necessarily indicate how much the federal 

government actually spends on transportation each year.
Highway Expenditures

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) expenditures include funds for Federal Aid Highways (financed from the 

HTF) and the Interstate Substitution and Railroad Crossing Demonstration (financed from the general fund). The 

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) expenditures include: operations, research, and highway 

traffic safety grants. Federal highway expenditures also include road construction activities managed by the 

Department of the Interior's National Park Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Reclamation, and Bureau of 

Land Management; the Department of Agriculture's Forest Service; the Department of Housing and Urban 

Development; and other federal agencies.

State and local governments' highway expenditures reported by the Census Bureau are generally slightly lower than 

those reported in FHWA's Highway Statistics because the FHWA includes some highway expenditure data, such as 

law enforcement activities and patrols, and policing of streets and highways not included in the Census data. Box 3-1

outlines the major differences in Census Bureau and FHWA calculation of state and local highway transportation 

financial statistics.

Transit Expenditures

Federal expenditures include grants to states and local agencies for the construction, acquisition, and improvement of 

mass transportation facilities and equipment and for the payment of operating expenses. Several other items are also 

included: Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) commuter rail subsidies related to the transition of Conrail to the 

private sector; research and administrative expenses of the Federal Transit Administration (FTA); and Federal 

interest payment contribution to the Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (WMATA). 

Air Expenditures

Federal expenditures reported here consist of all FAA expenditures, such as those associated with constructing, 

operating, and maintaining the national air traffic system; administration of the airport grant program; safety 

regulation; and research and development. NASA expenses related to air transportation are also included. 

State and local expenditures for air include the operation and maintenance of airport facilities, as administered by 

local airport and port authorities- quasigovernment agencies with responsibilities for promoting safe navigation and 

operations for air modes.

Waterway and Marine Expenditures

Federal expenditures comprise those parts of the U.S. Coast Guard's expenses that are transportation-related, such 

as aids to navigation, marine safety, and marine environmental protection. All expenses of the U.S. Maritime 

Administration are included, such as subsidies for construction and operation of vessels by U.S.-flag operators, 

research and development, and training of ship officers. Also included are those expenses of the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers for construction and operations and maintenance of channels, harbors, locks and dams; protection of 

navigation; the salaries and expenses of the Federal Maritime Commission; and the expenses of the Panama Canal 

Commission. Expenditures of the Panama Canal Commission for FY 2000 include outlays for the first quarter of 

operations, including severance pay and accumulated leave. FY 2001 expenses are for the settlement of remaining 

accident and contract claims against the Commission. 

State and local governments incur water transportation expenditures by operating and maintaining water terminal 

facilities within ports and harbors.

Rail Expenditures

Federal rail transportation expenditures include:

1. expenses for rail safety enforcement; 

2. inspection and program administration; 

3. railroad research and development; 

4. financial assistance to states for planning, acquisition, rail facility construction, and track rehabilitation with 

respect to low volume freight lines; 
5. grants to Amtrak, including funds to upgrade the high-speed line between Boston, Massachusetts, and 

Washington, DC, owned by Amtrak (the Northeast Corridor Improvement Program); annual appropriations to 

cover operating losses; and funds to invest in new equipment and facilities; 

6. the purchase of redeemable preference shares for track rehabilitation and line acquisition; and 

7. loan guarantee defaults for railroad rehabilitation and improvement and Conrail labor protection.3 

The local rail freight assistance program, a program of FRA grants to state governments, has had a 70:30 percent 

federal-state funding share since 1982. 

Pipeline Expenditures

The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) reimburses state agencies up to 50 percent of their costs to carry out state 

pipeline safety programs. Federal expenditures are for the enforcement programs, research and development, and 

grants for state pipeline safety programs.

General Support Expenditures

General fund expenditures include all of the expenses of the following agencies: Office of Inspector General, National 

Transportation Safety Board, all expenses of the Research and Special Programs Administration, (except pipeline 

expenditures) and the Office of the Secretary of Transportation (except for payments to Air Carriers and the 

Commission on Aircraft Safety). 

Limitations of the Source Data Sets

The database covers civilian transportation-related activities of government agencies including those of the U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Coast Guard. 

As mention earlier, federal government data are compiled for the federal fiscal year, which begins on October 1, while 

state and local data are for fiscal years that generally start in July except for four states with other starting dates 

(Alabama and Michigan in October, New York in April, and Texas in September). While this may create a small error 

in totals for any given year, the data are suitable for illustrating trends in public transportation finance. 

Readers should note that state and local governments data for census years are full counts and not subject to 

sampling errors, whereas the data for noncensus years are estimated from annual surveys of the Bureau of the 

Census, which are subject to sampling variability of less than three percent. The Census Bureau's database also 

does not include detailed modal information on interest earnings and bond issue proceeds on the revenue side nor 

bond retirement and interest payments on the expenditure side

Revenues

Transportation-related revenues like local government property taxes on vehicles, equipment, and streets, and state 

income taxes to support rail and intercity bus services are not covered because they are not shown in the source 

materials used to compile the database. In addition, taxes collected from users of the transportation system that go 

into the general fund are not included. For example, rail generates fuel taxes that are designated for deficit reduction 

and hence are not considered as transportation revenues. The portion of the Highway Trust Fund (HTF) that goes to 

the general fund is not considered as transportation revenues.

Expenditures

It is important to recognize that in some accounts in the Budget of the United States Government, expenditures for a 

particular year understate total government disbursements. This is because certain offsetting collections of fees and 

assessments from the public are not treated as government revenues, but deducted from disbursements to determine 

expenditures. These collections are those mandated, by statute, to be applied directly to finance agency expenditures 

rather than being transferred to the Treasury.

In addition, the Census Bureau's highway expenditures data do not include highway law enforcement expenditures, 

which form a part of the state and local highway expenditures published in the Highway Statistics. To maintain 
consistency between the different modes regarding the types of expenditures included, these additional data from the 

Highway Statistics report have not been used.

Data Adjustments

Revisions and corrections to previously published data have been made in most cases. The base year for chained 

dollar estimates for current data sets is 1996, while the earlier version was presented in chained 1992 dollars. 

Moreover, the following adjustments have been incorporated.

Revenues

Transportation-related revenues of the Aquatic Resources Fund have been added to water transportation revenues. 

In this case, only the excise tax charged on motor boat fuels for the Boat Safety Program is assumed to be 

transportation-related. 

The preceding data series did not account for revenues of Pollution Fund, Off-Shore Oil Pollution Fund, and Deep 

Water Port Liability Fund prior to FY 1990. The current data sets includes revenues for these funds prior to FY 1990.

Expenditures

Not all expenditures for the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), as reported by the Office of Management and Budget, are 

considered transportation-related. A new approach has been used to arrive at more accurate USCG transportationrelated expenditures. Similar to the previous approach, the current approach includes all expenditures for 

Environmental Compliance and Restoration, Alteration of Bridges, and Oil Spill Recovery. Part of the expenditures for 

Operations, Acquisition, Construction and Improvement, Research & Development, and Test and Evaluation are 

considered as transportation. Within these program areas, only Aids to Navigation, Marine Safety, and Marine 

Environmental Protection activities are included in the earlier data sets. In the current version, more activities like 

Search and Rescue and Ice Operations have been included. In addition, Boat Safety Program expenditures have 

also been included. 

Trust fund share of pipeline safety was added to the Research and Special Programs Administration expenditures 

since FY 1994. This item was not covered in the previously published data.

Federal Grants

Federal grants to state and local governments for the Boat Safety Program have been included. These were not 

included in the previously reported data. 

Data for federal transit grants are obtained from the Office of Management and Budget public budget database. In the 

previous data series, they were estimated by deducting direct federal transit expenditures grants from the total federal 

transit expenditures.

REFERENCES 

Corrado, C., C. Gilbert, et al. (1997). "Industrial production and capacity utilization: historical revision and recent 

developments." Federal Reserve Bulletin 83(2): 67. 

Korn, E.L. and B.I. Graubard.1991."A Note on the Large Sample Properties of Linearization, Jackknife and Balanced 

Repeated Replication Methods for Stratified Samples." The Annals of Statistics 19 (4):2275-2279. 

Krewski, D. and J.N. K. Rao.1981."Inference from Stratified Samples: Properties of Linearization, Jackknife and 

Balanced Repeated Replication Methods." The Annals of Statistics 9(5):1010-1019. 

Kunze, K. and M. Jablonski (1998). Productivity in service-producing industries. Brookings Workshop on New 

Service-Sector Data, Washington, DC.
Landerfeld, J. S. and R. P. Parker (1997). "BEA's chain indexes, time series, and measures of long-term economic 

growth." Survey of Current Business 77(5): 58.

Moulton, B.R. and Seskin, E.P. (1999)."A preview of the 1999 comprehensive revision of the National Income and 

Product Accounts:statistical changes."Survey of Current Business 79 (October 1999): 6-17. 

Parker, R. P. and J. E. Triplett (1996). "Chain-type measures of real output and prices in the U.S. national income 

and product accounts: an update." Business Economics 31(4): 37.

Ritter, J.A. (2000)."Feeding the national accounts." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review. March/April:11-20

SCB (1991). "Gross Domestic Product as a measure of U.S. Production." Survey of Current Business. 

Seskin, E. P. and R. P. Parker (1998). "A guide to the NIPA's." Survey of Current Business 78(3):26. 

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.1997.Measurement Issues in the Consumer Price 

Index.Referenced at http://stats.bls.gov/cpigm697.htm on May 13, 1999. 

Valliant, R.1993. "Poststratification and Conditional Vairance Estimation."Journal of the American Statistical 

Association 88 (421):89-96. 

Young, A. H. (1993). "Reliability and accuracy of the quarterly estimates of GDP." Survey of Current Business 73(10): 

29. 

Young, A. H. and H. S. Tice (1985). "An introduction to national economic accounting." Survey of Current Business

65: 59. 

Yuskavage, R. E. (1996). "Improved estimates of gross product by industry, 1959-94." Survey of Current Business

76(8): 133.

1 The federal budget is broken down into 20 functional categories, of which one is transportation (function 400). Function 400 

is not tied to any one department or agency, but instead aggregates transportation functions wherever in the federal 

government they occur. Thus, the transportation function may include many activities, such as highway construction and 

safety, airways and airports, maritime subsidies, U.S. Coast Guard operations, railroads, and mass transit. It also covers 

grants-in-aid programs to support state and local activities. A good summary of the federal budget process can be found in 

Stanley E. Collender, The Guide to the Federal Budget, Fiscal Year 1996 (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. 1995). 

2 Public Law 101-508, 104 Stat. 1388 (November 5, 1990). 

3 Funds in the Conrail Labor Protection Program were provided for benefits to Conrail employees deprived of employment 

because of work force reductions and other actions. This program no longer exists since Conrail has been returned to the 

private sector. In 1988, the unobligated balances available from this program were transferred to the USCG, and in 1990 

they were returned to the U.S. Treasury.
Appendix E 

Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 2 Safety

AIR DATA

TABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Injured Persons by Transportation Mode 

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-7. Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2-9. U.S. Air Carrier Safety Data

TABLE 2-10. U.S. Commuter Air Carrier Safety Data

TABLE 2-11. U.S. Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation

TABLE 2-12. U.S. Commuter Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation

TABLE 2-13. U.S. On-Demand Air Taxi Safety Data

TABLE 2-14. U.S. General Aviation Safety Data 

National Transportation Safety Board investigators perform onsite and offsite investigations of all accidents involving 

U.S. registered air carriers operating under 14 CFR 121, 14 CFR 135, and general aviation U.S. Department of 

Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations. The investigators compile information on 

fatalities and injuries for all accidents. The counts for fatalities and serious injuries are expected to be extremely 

accurate. (See glossary for serious injury definition.)

Exposure data (aircraft-miles, aircraft-hours, and aircraft-departures) are obtained from the FAA, which in turn gets 

some of its exposure data from the USDOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI) 

and other exposure data from its own General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity and Avionics (GAATAA) Survey. The OAI 

data represent 100 percent reporting by airlines. Tables that include air carriers (14 CFR 121, scheduled and 

nonscheduled service) and commuter air carriers (14 CFR 135, scheduled service only) use OAI exposure data. 

Tables that include on-demand air taxi (14 CFR 135, nonscheduled service) and general aviation use GAATAA 

Survey results. For information about the GAATA Survey, please refer to the chapter 1 data accuracy statement for 

table 1-9.

The coefficients of variation for aircraft-hours vary by year, but are usually in the 9 to 10 percent range for on-demand 

air taxi and are approximately 2 percent for general aviation.

TABLE 2-15. Number of Pilot-Reported Near Midair Collisions by Degree of Hazard 

Near Midair Collision reports are provided voluntarily by air carriers, general aviation companies, and the military, and 

this information is added to the Near Midair Collisions System database. Factors that may influence whether or not a 

near midair collision is reported include the pilot's or other crew members’ perception of whether a reportable near 
midair collision occurred, which in turn can depend on factors such as visibility conditions; the reporter's flying 

experience; or the size of the aircraft involved. A reportable incident is one in which an aircraft is within 500 feet of 

another aircraft and a possibility of collision existed.

HIGHWAY DATA

TABLE 2-1.Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-5. Highway-Rail Grade-Crossing Safety Data and Property Damage

TABLE 2-7. Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2-17. Motor Vehicle Safety Data

TABLE 2-18. Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Vehicle-Miles, and Associated Rates by Highway Functional System

TABLE 2-19. Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities

TABLE 2-20. Occupant and Nonmotorist Fatalities in Crashes by Number of Vehicles and Alcohol 

Involvement

TABLE 2-21. Passenger Car Occupant Safety Data

TABLE 2-22. Motorcycle Ride Safety Data

TABLE 2-23. Truck Occupant Safety Data

TABLE 2-24. Bus Occupant Safety Data

TABLE 2-26. Fatalities by Highest Blood Alcohol Concentration in Highway Crashes

TABLE 2-28. Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Day of Week, Time of Day, and Weather and Light Conditions

TABLE 2-29. Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Posted Speed Limit

Fatalities 

Highway fatality data come from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), which is compiled by trained FARS 

analysts at USDOT, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) regional offices. Data are gathered from 

a census of police accident reports (PARs), state vehicle registration files, state drivers licensing files, state highway 

department data, vital statistics, death certificates, coroner/medical examiner reports, hospital medical reports, and 

emergency medical service reports. A separate form is completed for each fatal crash. Blood alcohol concentration 

(BAC) is estimated when not known. Statistical procedures used for unknown data in FARS can be found in the 

NHTSA report: Transitioning to Multiple Imputation - A New Method to Impute Missing Blood Alcohol Concentration 

(BAC) values in FARS, DOT HS 809 403 (Washington, DC: January 2002).

Data are collected from relevant state agencies and electronically submitted for inclusion in the FARs database on a 

continuous basis. Cross-verification of PARs with death certificates ensures that undercounting is rare. Moreover, 
when data are entered, they are checked automatically for acceptable range values and consistency, enabling quick 

corrections when necessary. Several programs continually monitor the data for completeness and accuracy. 

Periodically, sample cases are analyzed for accuracy and consistency.

Note that the FARS data do not include motor vehicle fatalities on nonpublic roads. However, previous NHTSA 

analysis found that these fatalities account for 2 percent or fewer of the total motor vehicle fatalities per year. (See 

glossary for highway fatality definition.) 

Injuries and Crashes 

NHTSA's General Estimates System (GES) data are a nationally representative sample of police-reported crashes 

that contributed to an injury or fatality or resulted in property damage, and involved at least one motor vehicle 

traveling on a trafficway. Trained GES data collectors randomly sample PARs and forward copies to a central 

contractor for coding into a standard GES system format. Documents such as police diagrams or supporting text 

provided by the officers may be further reviewed to complete a data entry.

NHTSA suggests that about half of motor vehicle crashes in the United States are not reported to police and that the 

majority of these unreported crashes involve minor property damage and no significant personal injury. A NHTSA 

study of injuries from motor vehicle crashes estimated the total count of nonfatal injuries at over 5 million compared 

with the GES's estimate of 3.2 million in 1998. (See glossary for highway crash and injury definitions.)

(See U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2008, 

DOT HS 811 170 (Washington, DC: 2009), appendices B and C for further information on GES, including a table of 

standard errors applicable to GES data.)

TABLE 2-30. Safety Belt and Motorcycle Helmet Use 

The National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), conducted biennially between 1994 and 2010 by the U.S. 

Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is the source for these data.

In 1994 and 1996, NOPUS consisted of three separate studies: 1) the Moving Traffic Study, which provides 

information on overall shoulder belt use, 2) the Controlled Intersection Study, which provides more detailed 

information about shoulder belt use by type of vehicle, characteristics of the belt users, and child restraint use, and 3) 

the Shopping Center Study, which provides information on rear-seat belt use and shoulder belt misuse. In 1998, the 

Shopping Center Study was dropped from the survey. The Controlled Intersection Study includes the collection of 

license plate information to link seat belt use to vehicle type. As the results of the Controlled Intersection Study for 

2000 were not available prior to publication, only the Moving Traffic Study data were used in this table.

In 1998, NOPUS separated pickups from the light truck category, thereby creating three categories of passenger 

vehicles: passenger cars, pickup trucks, and other passenger vehicles. Other passenger vehicles include vans, 

minivans, and sport utility vehicles. In this table, 1998 and 2000 data for pickup trucks and other passenger vehicles 

are combined into the light truck category to allow comparison to data from the earlier surveys. Since 2003, however, 

the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) no longer computes an overall light truck belt use 

estimate. Instead, belt use is computed separately for motorists in: (1) vans and sport utility vehicles, and (2) pickup 

trucks. Additionally, NHTSA no longer reports separate statistics for passengers and drivers, except at the overall 

level.

In 1994, operators and riders wearing any type of helmet were counted as helmeted. In 1996, 1998, and 2000, 

motorcycle helmets that meet USDOT standards are counted as valid protection, whereas those that do not meet 

USDOT standards were treated as if the operator/rider were not wearing a helmet.

Data collection from the Moving Traffic Study was conducted at 1,823 sites across the country in 2009. Shoulder belt 

use was obtained for drivers and right-front passengers only. Three observers (two observers in 1994 and 1996) 

were stationed for 30 minutes at interstate/highway exit ramps, controlled (intersections with stop signs or traffic 

signals), and uncontrolled intersections. Every day of the week and all daylight hours (7 a.m. to 6 p.m.) were covered 

in each survey. Commercial and emergency vehicles were excluded.
NOPUS was designed as a multistage probability sample to ensure that the results would represent occupant 

protection use in the country. In the first stage, counties were grouped by regions (northeast, midwest, south, west), 

level of urbanization (metropolitan or not), and level of belt use (high, medium, or low). Fifty counties or groups of 

counties were selected based on vehicle miles of travel in those locations. In the next stage, roadways were selected 

from two categories: major roads and local roads. Of the originally selected sites, some were found to be ineligible 

during mapping and data collection, and at some sites no vehicles were observed. In 2006, a newly designed sample 

of observation sites emerged; subsequent years’ NOPUS surveys used a combination of sites from the old and new 

samples. In 2009, a blend of 65 percent of sites were determined using the new methodology and 35 percent of sites 

were obtained from the old methodology. In 2009, a total of 100,000 passenger vehicles were observed, down from 

116,000 in 2008. 947 motorcycles were also observed during the 2009 NOPUS.

Each reported estimate has been statistically weighted according to the sample design. Two kinds of error can be 

attributed to all survey research: sampling and nonsampling. A measure, called the standard error, is used to indicate 

the magnitude of sampling error. The source information provides two standard errors along with each estimate. 

Nonsampling errors could include problems such as vehicles not counted, incorrect determination of restraint use, 

and data entry mistakes, among others.

TABLE 2-31. Estimated Number of Lives Saved by Use of Restraints 

The U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) uses data obtained 

from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System to calculate the number of lives saved by the use of restraints. The 

methodology used is outlined in a NHTSA report, Research Note, Estimating Lives Saved by Restraint Use in 

Potentially Fatal Crashes (Washington, DC: June 1995). The general approach is to adjust the observed number of 

fatalities by a determined effectiveness rate for each type of restraint. This equates to subtracting the actual fatalities 

from the potential fatalities to determine the number of lives saved. This method is more accurate than earlier 

estimation methods since all calculations are derived from NHTSA's count of fatalities in which restraints were used. 

Reported restraint use is believed to be accurate for fatalities.

The key to NHTSA's calculations is the effectiveness estimate for preventing fatalities for each type of restraint. With 

the exception of an adjustment in the effectiveness estimate for front outboard air bag-only restraint use in passenger 

cars (NHTSA, Fourth Report to Congress, Effectiveness of Occupant Protection Systems and Their Use, 

Washington, DC, May 1999), a list of effectiveness estimates can be found in a NHTSA report, Estimating Alcohol 

Involvement in Fatal Crashes in Light of Increases in Restraint Use, published in March 1998.This report also 

includes additional references describing the determination of these effectiveness estimates.

TRANSIT DATA

TABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-32. Transit Safety and Property Damage Data

TABLE 2-33. Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Accidents

TABLE 2-34. Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Incidents

TABLE 2-38. Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode 

The data for this report are obtained from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration's 

(FTA's) National Transit Database (NTD) Reporting System. Transit agencies are required to file an NTD report at 

regular intervals if they are recipients of Urbanized Area Formula Funds. In 2008, 692 agencies reported to the NTD. 

Of that total, 101 transit agencies received exemptions from detailed reporting because they operated 9 or fewer 
vehicles, and 15 were deleted because their data were incomplete. Thus, 576 individual reporters were included in 

the NTD, accounting for 90 to 95 percent of passenger-miles traveled on transit. 

Transit operators report fatalities, injuries, accidents, incidents, and property damage in excess of $1,000. Electronic 

reporting has recently been implemented for the NTD. Certification from a company's Chief Executive Officer must 

accompany all NTD reports along with an independent auditor's statement. Upon receipt, an NTD report is reviewed 

and outstanding items noted in writing to the agency that submitted the form. (See glossary for transit fatality, injury, 

and accident definitions.)

Four major categories of transit safety are collected: 1) collisions, 2) derailments/buses going off the road, 3) personal 

casualties, and 4) fires. These major categories are divided into subcategories. The collisions category comprises 

collisions with vehicles, objects, and people (except suicides). Of the four major categories, only the first two are 

included in the definition of transit accidents adopted in this report (see glossary). Understanding this definition of 

accident is relevant to understanding how double counting is removed in the grand total of U.S. transportation 

fatalities and injuries. (See cross modal comments in box 2-1.)

Transit data submitted to the NTD are generally considered accurate because the FTA reviews and validates 

information submitted by individual transit agencies. However, reliability may vary because some transit agencies 

cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret data.

Security 

FTA collects security data from transit agencies serving urbanized areas of over 200,000 in population, using Form 

405, and manages it in the National Transit Database (NTD). The reporting of security data follows the FBI Uniform 

Crime Reporting Handbook (Washington, DC: 1984) and is divided into two categories: 1) Reported Offenses, 

including violent and property crime, and 2) Arrests, consisting of less serious crimes. The figures for violent and 

property crime are based on records of calls for service, complaints, and/or investigations. They do not reflect the 

findings of a court, coroner, jury, or decision of a prosecutor. Security data were first reported in 1995 and were not 

compiled for earlier years.

In 2008, the number of agencies reporting to this database was 692. Of that, 101 transit agencies received 

exemptions from detailed reporting because they operated nine or fewer vehicles, and 15 were deleted because their 

data were incomplete. Thus, 576 individual reporters are included in the full database in 2000. 

RAILROAD DATA

TABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-5. Highway-Rail Grade-Crossing Safety Data and Property Damage

TABLE 2-7. Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2-39. Railroad and Grade-Crossing Fatalities by Victim Class

TABLE 2-40. Railroad and Grade-Crossing Injured Persons by Victim Class

TABLE 2-41. Train Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by Type of Accident

TABLE 2-42. Railroad Passenger Safety Data
TABLE 2-39. Railroad System Safety and Property Damage Data

TABLE 2-40. Fatalities and Injuries of On-Duty Railroad Employees 

Railroads are required to file a report for each train accident resulting in property damage in excess of $9,200 (2010 

threshold), each highway-rail accident, and each incident involving the operation of a railroad resulting in a fatality or 

a reportable injury. (See glossary for reportable injury, train accident and incident, and nontrain incident definitions.)

Reporting requirements, which are fixed in law, are very broad and encompass events not strictly related to 

transportation. For example, if a passenger falls on a staircase and breaks a leg in the station while going to a train, 

the injury would be reported and appear in the data as a rail injury.

WATERBORNE TRANSPORTATION DATA

TABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-7. Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2-45. Waterborne Transportation Safety Data and Property Damage Related to Vessel

Casualties

TABLE 2-46. Waterborne Transportation Safety Data Not Related to Vessel Casualties 

U.S. waterborne fatality and injury data are based on reports required by CFR Part 4.05-10. This code requires that 

the owner, agent, master, operator, or person in charge file a written report of any marine casualty or accident within 

five days of the accident. Reports must be delivered to Investigative Officers (IOs) at a U.S. Coast Guard Marine 

Safety Office or Marine Inspection Office at the U.S. Department of Transportation, who use these reports as guides 

to investigate the marine casualty or accident. The IO ensures that all the entries on the forms are filled out and 

errors are corrected. Regulations require IO notification of marine casualties for certain circumstances, including loss 

of life; injuries that require medical treatment beyond first aid; and, for individuals engaged or employed onboard a 

vessel in commercial service, injuries that render a person unfit to perform routine duties.

Incidents requiring an investigation include death, injury resulting in substantial impairment, and other incidents 

determined important to promoting the safety of life or property or to protect the marine environment. These incidents 

are investigated in accordance with procedures set forth in the regulations. Furthermore, the Federal Water Pollution 

Control Act mandates that certain incidents be reported to the U.S. Coast Guard. The reports are entered into the 

Marine Safety Information System, which is later analyzed and transferred to the Marine Safety Management System 

maintained in Washington, DC.

RECREATIONAL BOATING DATA

TABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode
TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-47. Recreational Boating Safety, Alcohol Involvement, and Property Damage Data

TABLE 2-48. Personal Watercraft Safety Data

TABLE 2-49. U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue Statistics, Fiscal Years 

Operators of boats involved in an accident resulting in 1) a fatality, 2) an injury requiring medical treatment beyond 

first aid, 3) damage to the vessel or other property greater than $25,000 or complete loss of vessel, or 4) the 

disappearance of a person from the vessel under circumstances indicating death or injury are required to file a report 

with the U.S. Coast Guard. If a person dies within 24 hours of the occurrence, requires medical treatment beyond first 

aid, or disappears from the vessel, reports must be made within 48 hours of the occurrence. In cases involving only 

damage to the vessel and/or property, reports are to be submitted within 10 days of the occurrence. Although there is 

no quantitative estimate of the response rate, there may be considerable underreporting, especially of nonfatal 

accidents, because of the difficulty of enforcing the requirement and because boat operators may not always be 

aware of the law.

NATURAL GAS AND LIQUID PIPELINE DATA

TABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2-6. Hazardous Materials Safety Data and Property Damage Data 

Incidents resulting in certain unintentional releases of hazardous materials must be reported under 49 CFR 171.16. 

Each carrier must submit a report to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety 

Administration (PHMSA) within 30 days of the incident, including information on the mode of transportation involved, 

results of the incident, and a narrative description of the accident. These reports are made available on the incident 

database within 60 days of receipt.

Fatalities and injuries are counted only if they are directly due to a hazardous material. For example, a truck operator 

killed by impact forces during a motor vehicle crash would not be counted as a hazardous-material fatality. PHMSA 

verifies all reported fatalities and injuries by telephone with the carrier submitting the report.

Possible sources of error include a release going undetected; even if subsequently detected and reported, it may not 

be possible to accurately reconstruct the accident. Although PHMSA acknowledges that there is some level of 

underreporting, it believes that the underreporting is limited to small, nonserious incidents. As incident severity 

increases, it is more likely that the incident will come to PHMSA's attention and will ultimately be reported. 

Additionally, the reporting requirements were extended to intrastate highway carriers on October 1, 1998, and the 

response rate from this new group is expected to increase over time. Property damage figures are estimates 

determined by the carrier prior to the 30-day reporting deadline and are generally not subsequently updated. Property 

damage figures, therefore, may underestimate actual damages.

TABLE 2-50. Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety and Property Damage Data 

U.S. fatality and injury data for natural gas pipelines are based on reports filed with the U.S. Department of 

Transportation (USDOT), Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), Office of Pipeline Safety 

(OPS). Accidents must be reported as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after discovery. Reports are sent to 

the Information Systems Manager at the OPS. Possible sources of error include a release going undetected; even if 

subsequently detected and reported, it may not be possible to accurately reconstruct the accident. Property damage 

figures are estimates. (See glossary for gas and liquid pipeline fatality data and injury definitions.)
Appendix E 

Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 1 Extent, Condition, and Performance

TABLE 1-1. System Mileage Within the United States

Highway

The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) is the source of road mileage data and is considered reliable. 

(See box 1-1 for detailed information about the HPMS.) The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. 

Department of Transportation (USDOT) collects and reviews state-reported HPMS data for completeness, 

consistency, and adherence to specifications. Some inaccuracy may arise from variations across states in their 

adherence to federal guidelines in the Traffic Monitoring Guide and the Highway Performance Monitoring System 

Field Manual for the Continuing Analytical and Statistical Database. 

Beginning with the 1997 issue of Highway Statistics, FHWA instituted a new method for creating mileage-based 

tables derived from the HPMS. Previously, adjustments to tables developed from sample data were made using areawide mileage information provided by states. These adjustments are now being made using universe totals from the 

HPMS dataset. In addition, FHWA has discontinued the process of spreading rounding and other differences across 

table cells. Thus, users may note minor differences in table-to-table totals. FHWA considers mileage totals from table 

HM-20, "Public Road Length, Miles by Functional System" to be the controlling totals should a single value be 

required.

Reliability may be diminished for comparisons with pre-1980 data, which were collected via different methods and 

special national studies. For instance, pre-1980 mileage data included some nonpublic roadways (95,000 miles in 

1979) while post-1980 data reports only public road mileage (roads or streets governed and maintained by a public 

authority and open to public travel). 

Class I Rail

These data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data 

are based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 

of the R1 Annual Report. The STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold 

indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate 

Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 1999, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $258.5 

million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three 

consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, 

they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

To obtain railway mileage, AAR subtracts trackage rights from miles of rail traveled on line 57 in the Schedule 700 

report. Historical reliability may vary due to changes in the railroad industry, including bankruptcies, mergers, and 

declassification by the STB. Small data errors may also exist because of because of independent rounding of this 

series by AAR.

Amtrak

These statistics originate from the Statistical Appendix to Amtrak's Annual Report. Amtrak estimates track mileage 

based on point-to-point city timetables that railroad companies provide for engineers. The figures are estimates, but 

are considered reliable.

Transit

These data are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), 

National Transit Database (NTD). The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit 
agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and 

operating data, including vehicle inventories and directly operated mileage. Transit operators that do not report to 

FTA are those that do not receive Urbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The 

data are generally considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit 

agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret 

certain data definitions.

Navigable Channels

These statistics originate from a mid-1950s U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) estimate that there were 

approximately 25,000 miles of commercially important navigable channels in the United States. That number has 

been adjusted from time to time, for example, by addition of the 234-mile Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in the 

early 1980s. The 25,000 plus mile number has been universally quoted for decades, but has definitional and 

methodological uncertainties. USACE is currently developing a rigorous, Global Information System (GIS)-based 

approach to facilitate tabulation of the lengths of shallow and deep-draft commercially navigable waterways in the 

United States; this calculation will be available in several years.

Oil Pipeline

The data are from Transportation in America, published by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. (Eno). The 

numbers reprinted here for 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1975 are Eno estimates from the U.S. Department of Energy 

(DOE) Energy Data Report issues labeled "Crude-oil and Refined Products Mileage in the United States." Eno 

estimated the 1980 number based on the assumption that refinement of old, less profitable, and smaller lines 

exceeded in mileage the construction of new, larger, and more profitable lines. Post-1985 data were calculated using 

a base figure reported in a 1982 USDOT study entitled Liquid Pipeline Director and then combined with data from the 

Association of Oil Pipe Lines and the Oil Pipeline Research Institute. Lack of additional information raises definitional 

and methodological uncertainties for the data's reliability. Moreover, the three different information sources introduce 

data discontinuities, making time comparisons unreliable.

Gas Pipeline

These statistics originate from annual editions of Gas Facts, published by the American Gas Association (AGA). The 

data reported by the AGA are based on gas utilities participation and reporting to the Uniform Statistical Report. 

Utilities reporting represented 98 percent of gas utility industry sales while the remaining 2 percent was estimated for 

nonreporting companies based on recent historical experience. Varying percentages of nonreporters from year to 

year introduce minor reliability problems for time-series comparisons.

TABLE 1-2. Number of Air Carriers, Railroads, Interstate Motor Carriers, Marine Operators, and Pipeline 

Operators

Air Carriers

The data are from the Air Carrier Financial Statistics Quarterly, published by the Office of Airline Information of the 

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). The Alphabetical List of Air Carriers by 

Carrier Group at the beginning of each fourth quarter edition is used to determine the number of major air carriers 

and other air carriers in operation at the end of each calendar year. The publication draws its data from the T-100 and 

T-100(f) databases maintained by BTS. These databases include data obtained from a 100-percent census of BTS 

Form 41 schedule submissions by large certificated air carriers, which are carriers that hold a certificate issued under 

section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 and that (1) operate aircraft designed to have a maximum passenger 

seating capacity of more than 60 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 18,000 pounds or (2) that 

conduct international operations. Carriers are grouped as major, national, large regional, or medium regional based 

on their annual operating revenues. The thresholds were last adjusted July 1, 1999 and the threshold for major air 

carriers is currently $1 billion. The table combines the number of national, large regional, and medium regional air 

carriers into the other air carrier category.

Railroads
The Association of American Railroads (AAR)'s Railroad Ten-Year Trends series is the source for the number of 

railroads. The number of Class I railroads is based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface 

Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report. The STB defines Class I railroads as having 

operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert 

with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted 

threshold for Class I railroads was $261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls 

below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 1 percent of 

the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

The Association of American Railroads determines the number of non-Class I railroads through an annual survey 

sent to every U.S. freight railroad. By following up with nonrespondents, the AAR obtains essentially a census of 

railroads. Use of the current survey instrument began in 1986.

Interstate Motor Carriers

The Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS), maintained by the U.S. Department of Transportation, 

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, contains information on the safety of all commercial interstate motor 

carriers and hazardous material (HM) shippers subject to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and the 

Hazardous Materials Regulations. All carriers operating in interstate or foreign commerce within 90 days of beginning 

operations must submit a Form MCS-150, Motor Carrier Identification Report. Carriers may also use the form to 

update their information. The Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 requires that reports be periodically 

updated, but not more than once every two years. MCMIS is updated as soon as information is provided and verified, 

and periodic archives are made. Historical data are available from summary information previously prepared, 

including tables and reports. MCMIS began operations in 1980. Safety data since 1990 are available to the public. 

Marine Vessel Operators

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) provides the data for marine vessel operators through the Waterborne 

Transportation Lines of the United States. Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center (NDC) by 

various means, including the U.S. Coast Guard's registry, maritime service directories, and waterway sector 

publications. However, an annual survey of companies that operate inland waterway vessels is the principle source of 

data. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to these companies and response rates are typically above 90 percent. 

However, a USACE official did report that less than 10 percent of the total number of companies operating inland 

water vessels either did not receive or respond to the annual survey.

Pipeline Operators

The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) in the U.S. Department of Transportation's Research and Special Programs 

Administration collects annual report data from natural gas transmission and distribution operators as required by 49 

CFR 191.17 and 191.11, respectively. Annual data must be submitted by March 15 of the following calendar year. No 

annual report is required for hazardous liquid pipeline operators. However, information is available through the 

pipeline safety program. Since 1986, the program has been funded by fees assessed to each OPS-regulated pipeline 

operator based on per-mile of hazardous pipeline operated. Data for each operator and each mile of pipeline are 

stored in the OPS user-fee database, which is revised annually as updated fees are assessed.

Totals for pipeline operators in this table will differ from those in other tables due to differences in the regulatory 

authority of USDOT and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). FERC regulates only interstate 

pipelines, whereas DOT regulates both interstate and intrastate pipelines, except for rural gathering lines and some 

offshore pipelines, which fall under jurisdiction of the U.S. Coast Guard or the U.S. Department of the Interior's 

Minerals Management Service. An OPS official stated that FERC regulates about two-thirds the amount of pipeline 

mileage that USDOT regulates.

TABLE 1-3. Number of U.S. Airports

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Office of Airport Safety and Standards Administrator's Fact Book (annual 

issues) furnished the data shown in this table and includes airports certified for air carrier operations with aircraft that 

seat 30 or more passengers. These airports include civil and joint civil-military use airports, heliports, STOLports 

(short takeoff and landing), and seaplane facilities. The FAA obtained this data via physical inspections and mail 
solicitations of all federally regulated landing facilities. Since this is a census of all U.S. airports, reliability should be 

high. Data, however, may be subject to reporting errors typical of administrative recordkeeping.

TABLE 1-4. Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface

TABLE 1-5. U.S. Public Road and Street Mileage by Functional System

TABLE 1-6. Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane-Miles by Functional Class

The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) is the source of road mileage data and is considered 

reliable.(See box 1-1 for detailed information about the HPMS.) The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal 

Highway Administration collects and reviews state-reported HPMS data for completeness, consistency, and 

adherence to specifications. Some inaccuracy may arise from variations across states in their adherence to federal 

guidelines in the Traffic Monitoring Guide and the Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual for the 

Continuing Analytical and Statistical Database. 

Beginning with the 1997 issue of Highway Statistics, FHWA instituted a new method for creating mileage-based 

tables derived from the HPMS. Previously, adjustments to tables developed from sample data were made using areawide mileage information provided by states. These adjustments are now being made using universe totals from the 

HPMS dataset. In addition, FHWA has discontinued the process of spreading rounding and other differences across 

table cells. Thus, users may note minor differences in table-to-table totals. FHWA considers mileage totals from table 

HM-20, "Public Road Length, Miles by Functional System" to be the controlling totals should a single value be 

required.

Lane-miles are calculated by multiplying the centerline length by the number of through lanes. Because the HPMS 

requires that the number of lanes be reported for all principal arterials, other National Highway System (NHS) roads, 

and all standard samples, lane length can be computed for the Interstate, other principal arterials, and the NHS on a 

100-percent basis. For minor arterials, rural major collectors, and urban collectors, lane length is calculated based on 

standard sample sections using the reported number of through lanes, length of section, and an expansion factor. 

FHWA uses the expanded sample to check that the centerline length of a state's functional system matches the 

universe functional system length. If the centerline length and functional system length do not match, FHWA may ask 

a state to make adjustments.

Reliability may be diminished for comparisons with pre-1980 data, which were collected via different methods and 

special national studies. For instance, pre-1980 mileage data included some nonpublic roadways (95,000 miles in 

1979) while post-1980 data reports only public road mileage (roads or streets governed and maintained by a public 

authority and open to public travel).

TABLE 1-7. Number of Stations Served by Amtrak and Rail Transit, Fiscal Year

These numbers originate from Amtrak's Statistical Appendix to Amtrak's Annual Report and the U.S. Department of 

Transportation, Federal Transit Administration's National Transit Database.

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every station, locomotive, and car it operates. Those records 

include for each vehicle the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data 

should be considered very reliable.

TABLE 1-8. ADA Accessible Rail Transit Stations by Agency

TABLE 1-9. ADA Lift- or Ramp-Equipped Transit Buses

These data are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), 

National Transit Database (NTD). The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit 

agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and 

operating data, including certain aspects of station and vehicle accessibility. Transit operators that do not report to 

FTA are those that do not receive Urbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The 

data are generally considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit 
agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret 

certain data definitions.

TABLE 1-10. U.S. Oil and Gas Pipeline Mileage

Oil Pipeline

The data are from Transportation in America, published by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. (Eno). The 

numbers reprinted here for 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1975 are Eno estimates from the U.S. Department of Energy's 

Energy Data Report issues labeled "Crude-oil and Refined Products Mileage in the United States." Eno estimated the 

1980 number based on the assumption that refinement of old, less profitable, and smaller lines exceeded in mileage 

the construction of new, larger, and more-profitable lines. Figures from 1985 and later years are calculated from a 

base figure that Eno obtained from the 1982 U.S. Department of Transportation study Liquid Pipeline Director and 

then incorporated that figure with data from the Association of Oil Pipe Lines and the Oil Pipeline Research Institute. 

Lack of additional information raises definitional and methodological uncertainties for the data's reliability. Moreover, 

the three different information sources introduce data discontinuities making time comparisons less reliable.

Gas Pipeline

These statistics originate from annual editions of Gas Facts published by the American Gas Association (AGA). The 

data reported by AGA are based on gas utilities participation and reporting to the Uniform Statistical Report. Utilities 

reporting in 1991 represented 98 percent of total gas utility industry sales while the remaining 2 percent was 

estimated for the nonreporting companies based on recent historical experience. Varying percentages of 

nonreporters from year to year introduce minor reliability problems for time-series comparisons.

TABLE 1-11. Number of U.S. Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances

TABLE 1-12. Sales or Deliveries of New Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances

Civilian Aircraft

The Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) provided this data in their annual issues Aerospace Facts and Figures, 

"Civil Aircraft Shipments." AIA collects their data from aircraft company reports, the General Aviation Manufacturers 

Association (GAMA), and the U.S. Department of Commerce's (DOC) International Trade Administration. DOC data 

provide total number of shipments and exports, and the difference computed by AIA equals domestic shipments. 

DOC collects shipments data separately for individual factories or establishments and not at the company level. A 

potential limitation of this approach is when a factory producing aircraft for shipment also makes aircraft parts. If the 

establishment has 80 percent of its production in aircraft and 20 percent in parts, all of the output is attributed to 

aircraft shipments.

Transport

The Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) is the source of these data. AIA obtains quarterly data from Boeing 

Corp., now the sole U.S. manufacturer of transport aircraft, and publicly available financial disclosure information filed 

with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) via Form 10-k. SEC requires a publicly traded company to 

file an annual report 90 days after the end of the company's fiscal year to provide an overview of that business.

Helicopters

AIA surveyed and received data from all 10 major helicopter manufacturers on their sales and deliveries.

General Aviation

The general aviation figures are taken from the General Aviation Statistical Databook published by the GAMA. 

General aviation refers usually to the small aircraft industry in the United States. GAMA collects quarterly data from 

the 10 to 14 manufacturers who nearly equal a census of the general aviation sector. 
Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recreational Vehicles

Ward's Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures is the source of these data. Ward's obtains sales data directly from 

manufacturers. Readers should note that automobile manufacturers have inflated sales figures in the past, but Ward's 

does contact companies to verify numbers that appear too high or low.

Motorcycle

The Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc. (MIC) publishes the Motorcycle Statistical Annual, which is the source for these 

data. MIC derived the estimate for new retail motorcycle sales for each state from the MIC Retail Sales Report, and 

adjusted for total retail sales. Motorcycle company reports provided sales data. Prior to 1985, all-terrain vehicles 

(ATVs) were included in the motorcycle total. In 1995, the Motorcycle Industry Council revised its data for the years 

1985 to present to exclude all terrain vehicles from its totals.

Bicycle

The National Bicycle Dealers Association (NBDA) reported these data, which are based on Bicycle Manufacturers 

Association (BMA) information through 1996. BMA stopped reporting members' shipments in 1996. Moreover, BMA 

represents the largest bicycle manufacturers (Huffy, Roadmaster, and Murray), and thus the data do not reflect 

specialty bike makers or other manufacturers. The Bike Council estimated 1997 through 2001 figures in the table. 

According to a Bicycle Council representative, the estimates are a combination of domestic forecasts produced by a 

panel of industry experts and import data from monthly U.S. census databases. 

Transit

The American Public Transit Association provided these figures, which are based on information in the U.S. 

Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), National Transit Database. These data are 

generally considered accurate because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit 

agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret 

data. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to the database (private, 

very small, and rural operators).

Class I Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are 

based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of 

the R1 Annual Report. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to 

a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index 

published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the threshold for Class I railroads was $261.9 million. Although 

Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 

percent of the industry's mileage operated. Historical reliability may vary due to changes in the railroad industry, 

including bankruptcies, mergers, and declassification by the STB. Small data errors may also have occurred because 

of independent rounding in this series by the AAR.

Amtrak

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle, those 

records include the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data should be 

considered very reliable.

Water Transportation

U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration (MARAD), which classifies vessels as merchant based 

on size and type, reports these data in annual issues of its Merchant Fleets of the World. MARAD compiles these 

figures from a data service provided by Lloyd's Maritime Information Service. The parent company, Lloyd's Register 

(LR), collects data from several sources: its 200 offices worldwide, data transfers and agreements with other 

classification societies, questionnaires to ship owners and shipbuilders, feedback from government agencies, and 

input from port agents. According to an LR official, consistent data gathering methods have been maintained for more 
than 30 years but cautioned that inconsistencies may occur in groupings of ship types over time. For example, tank 

barges are now included in the tanker ship-type grouping rather than the barge grouping. 

TABLE 1-13. Active Air Carrier and General Aviation Fleet by Type of Aircraft

Air Carrier, Certificated, All Services

Prior to 1995, data originated from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 

FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation. Later data are from the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), Aerospace 

Facts and Figures. However, Aerospace Facts and Figures is compiled from the FAA Statistical Handbook of 

Aviation. U.S. air carrier fleet data are based on reports collected by FAA field offices from carriers. The reports 

include information on the number of aircraft by type used in air carrier service. The FAA points out that this 

information is not an inventory of the aircraft owned by air carriers, but represents the aircraft reported to the FAA as 

being used in air carrier fleet service. The reported aircraft are all aircraft carrying passengers or cargo for 

compensation or hire under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135.

General Aviation

The 1960-1980 figures originated from the FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation. Later data are from FAA annual 

issues of the General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity (GAATA) Survey report, table 3.1.The FAA collects both aircraft 

registration data and voluntary information about aircraft operation, equipment, and location. Before 1978, the FAA 

mandated owners to annually register their aircraft for the Aircraft Registration Master File. This was a complete 

enumeration of operating aircraft. Registrants were also asked to voluntarily report information on hours flow, avionics 

equipment, base location, and use. The FAA changed their data collection methodology in 1978. The annual 

registration requirement became triennial and the General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey was initiated to 

sample aircraft operation and equipment data.

The General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey was renamed the General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey in 

1993 to reflect the fact that the survey includes air taxi aircraft. This survey is conducted annually and encompasses 

a stratified, systematic design from a random start to generate a sample of all general aviation aircraft in the United 

States. It is based on the FAA registry as the sampling frame. FAA established three stratification design variables in 

the survey: 1) the average annual hours flown per aircraft by aircraft type, 2) the aircraft manufacturer/model 

characteristics, and 3) the state of aircraft registration. 

Data Reliability

Because of the change in 1978, the reliability of comparisons over time will be affected. The FAA asserted that the 

change to a triennial registration deteriorated the Aircraft Registration Master File in two ways. First, the resulting lag 

in registration updates caused the number of undeliverable questionnaires to steadily increase over the three-year 

period. Second, inactive aircraft would remain in the registry, inflating the general aviation fleet count. In addition, a 

new regulation added two categories of aircraft to the general aviation fleet. However, FAA concluded that these 

changes resulted in no more than a five-percent error in the fleet population estimate.

The reliability of the GAATA survey can be impacted by two factors: sampling and nonsampling error. A measure, 

called the standard error, is used to indicate the magnitude of sampling error. Standard errors can be converted for 

comparability by dividing the standard error value by the estimate (derived from sample survey results) and 

multiplying it by 100.This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled seven-tenths of a percent in 1997 

for the general aviation fleet. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates lack of precision and, inversely, a 

small standard error indicates precision.

Nonsampling errors could include problems such as nonresponse, respondent's inability or unwillingness to provide 

correct information, differences in interpretation of questions, and data-entry mistakes. Readers should note that nonresponse bias might be a component of reliability errors in the data from 1980 to 1990.The FAA conducted telephone 

surveys of nonrespondents in 1977, 1978, and 1979 and found no significant differences or inconsistencies in 

respondents' and nonrespondents' replies. The FAA discontinued the telephone survey of nonrespondents in 1980 to 

save costs. Nonresponse surveys were resumed in 1990, and the FAA found notable differences and thus adjusted 

its fleet estimates. The 1991 through 1996 data have been revised to reflect nonresponse bias. In 1997, a sample of 

29,954 aircraft was identified and surveyed from an approximate population of 251,571 registered general aviation 

aircraft. Just over 65 percent of the sample responded to the survey.
Highway, Total (registered vehicles)

The 1960 to 1980 figures are from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 

document, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, table MV-201 and related tables. Data quality and consistency will 

be less reliable for these years because of a diversity of registration practices from state to state. Users should 

recognize that motor vehicle statistical information is not necessarily comparable across all states or within a state 

from year to year. For instance, the FHWA reported that separate data on single-unit trucks and combinations was 

unobtainable from all states in 1990.

After 1980, the FHWA began to use the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) database, which improved 

data reliability. FHWA reviews state-reported HPMS data for completeness, consistency, and adherence to these 

specifications. Some inaccuracy may arise from variations across states in their adherence to federal guidelines in 

the Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual for the Continuing Analytical and Statistical Database. 

If choosing to compare state data, the FHWA recommends that users carefully select a set of peer states that have 

characteristics similar to the specific comparison. Improperly selected peer states are likely to yield invalid data 

comparisons. Characteristics that a user needs to consider in determining compatibility of a peer state include 

similarities and differences in urban/rural areas, population densities, degrees of urbanization, climate, geography, 

state laws and practices that influence data definitions, administrative controls of public road systems, state 

economies, traffic volumes, and degrees of centralization of state functions. The FHWA has developed a set of 

variables that users may use to determine appropriate peer states.

Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicle (truck)

Sources for these figures included FHWA's Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995 (table VM-201A) and annual issues 

of Highway Statistics (table VM-1). FHWA compiles these figures from the U.S. Bureau of the Census' Truck 

Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS). Since 1963, Census has conducted the TIUS every five years with the last survey 

completed in 1997.The Census Bureau changed the name of the survey to the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey 

(VIUS) in 1997. The VIUS collects data and the physical and operational characteristics of the nation's truck 

population. In 1997, 131,000 trucks were surveyed from an estimated universe of over 75 million trucks. 

Chronological reliability may be diminished due to sampling design changes in 1977, 1982, and 1992. In 1977, the 

sampling universe was first stratified by the number of trucks in a state: large (> 1.5 million trucks), medium (700,000 

to 1.5 million), and small (< 700,000); and then by two truck sizes.

Stratification in 1982 was then based on body type rather than vehicle weight. In 1992 and 1997, the sampling 

universe was first subdivided geographically and then into five strata: 1) pickups, 2) vans, 3) single-unit light, 4) 

single-unit heavy, and 5) truck tractor. Cases were then selected randomly within each stratum.

Census delivered a mail-out/mail-back survey to the owner identified in the vehicle registration records. Data 

collection is staggered as state records become available. Owners report data only for the vehicles selected. In the 

1992 survey, a method was employed to also collect data on new truck purchases in the latter half of the year to 

estimate the fleet for the calendar year. This adjustment in the sampling frame had not been done in previous surveys 

and may diminish chronological reliability. The sample for 1997 was some 22,500 vehicles smaller than for 1992. The 

1997 VIUS had two sampling stages. For the first stage, the Census Bureau surveyed about 131,000 trucks 

registered as of July 1, 1997.The second stage sampled a total of 3,000 truck owners with state mailing addresses 

different from the state of truck registration.

The accuracy and reliability of the VIUS survey depends jointly on sampling variability and nonsampling errors. 

Standard errors arising from sampling variability can be converted for comparability by dividing the standard error 

value by the estimate and multiplying it by 100. This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled twotenths of a percent in 1992 and 1997 for the VIUS sample. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates 

lack of precision and, inversely, a small standard error indicates precision. The 1992 TIUS achieved over 90.2 

percent reporting and the 1997 response rate equaled 84.5 percent, thus reliability may have decreased in the most 

recent survey.

Transit

The American Public Transit Association (APTA) provided these data, which are based on the Federal Transit 

Administration (FTA), National Transit Database. These data are generally accurate because the FTA reviews and 
validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies 

cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit 

operators that do not report to the database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Railroad (all categories) 

The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are 

based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of 

the R1 Annual Report. Thus, data estimates are considered very reliable. The STB defines Class I railroads as 

having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in 

concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the 

adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a 

railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 

2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage 

operated.

AAR determines the number of non-Class I railroads through an annual, comprehensive survey sent to every U.S. 

freight railroad. By following up with nonrespondents, the AAR obtains essentially a 100 percent census of all 

railroads. Use of the current survey instrument began in 1986.

Amtrak

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle, those 

records include the year built, service status (operating or not operating on a daily basis), and location. This data 

should be considered very reliable.

Water Transportation

The source for Inland Nonself-Propelled Vessels, Self-Propelled Vessels, and flag passenger and cargo vessels is 

the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States, annual issues. 

Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center (NDC) by various means, including the U.S. Coast 

Guard's registry, maritime service directories, and waterway sector publications. However, an annual survey of 

companies that operate inland waterway vessels is the principle source of data. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to 

these companies, and response rates are typically above 90 percent. However, a USACE official did report that less 

than 10 percent of the total number of companies operating inland vessels either did not receive or respond to the 

annual survey.

Oceangoing Steam Motor Ships

Merchant Fleets of the World, published annually by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration 

(MARAD), is the source of these data. MARAD, which classifies vessels as merchant based on size and type, 

compiles these figures from a data service provided by Lloyd's Maritime Information Service (LMIS).The parent 

company, Lloyd's Register (LR), collects data from 200 offices worldwide, from data transfers and agreements with 

other classification societies, from questionnaires to ship owners and ship builders, from feedback from government 

agencies, and from input from port agents. According to an LR official, consistent data-gathering methods have been 

maintained for more than 30 years. The same official did caution that there are sometimes inconsistencies in 

groupings of ship types over time. For example, propelled tank barges are now included in the tanker ship-type 

grouping.

Recreational Boats

Boating Statistics, published annually by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), is the source. The USCG derives these 

figures from state and other jurisdictional reporting of the actual count of valid boat numbers issued. In accordance 

with federal requirements, all 55 U.S. states and territories require motor-powered vessels to be numbered. However, 

over half the states do not require nonpowered vessels to be numbered. Accuracy can also be diminished by 

noncompliance of boat owners with numbering and registration laws. In 1996, the USCG estimated that 

approximately eight million recreational boats are not numbered and, thus, are excluded from the reported number of 

recreational vessels. The USCG did not provide estimates for the number of boats without numbering in their reports 
after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail to report by publication deadlines, and the USCG provided estimates based on the 

previous year's estimate. 

TABLE 1-14. U.S. Automobile and Truck Fleets by Use

These statistics originate from two sources. The R.L. Polk Co. provides numbers for commercial fleet vehicles from 

state registrations. Bobit Publishing Co. also obtains fleet vehicle sales data from automobile manufacturers. These 

two sources cover nearly 100 percent of fleet vehicles in the United States. Thus, the data should be very accurate.

TABLE 1-15. Annual U.S. Motor Vehicle Production and Factory (Wholesale) Sales

TABLE 1-16. Retail New Passenger Car Sales

TABLE 1-17. New and Used Passenger Car Sales and Leases

TABLE 1-18. Retail Sales of New Cars by Sector

The U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, uses data from Ward's Automotive Reports. The 

sectoral break down is derived from registration data obtained from R.L. Polk. Ward's obtains sales data directly from 

manufacturers. Readers should note that automobile manufacturers have inflated sales figures in the past, but Ward's 

does contact companies to verify numbers that appear too high or low.

TABLES 1-20 and 1-21. Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic 

and Imported Automobiles and Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods

These data originate from Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) Light-Duty MPG and Market Shares System 

database, which relies on information from monthly Ward's Automotive Reports. Comparisons and observations are 

made on sales and fuel economy trends from one model year to the next. ORNL has adopted several conventions to 

facilitate these comparisons, such as the use of sales-weighted average to estimate fuel economy and vehicle 

characteristics. For example, "sales-weighted" miles per gallon refers to a composite or average fuel economy based 

on the distribution of vehicle sales. ORNL's methodology for sales-weighting can be found in the Appendix of the 

Highway Vehicle MPG and Market Shares Report: Model Year 1990 (the latest published report). The method was 

changed dramatically in 1983, and data reliability prior to that year is questionable. This information is now published 

annually in ORNL's Transportation Energy Data Book. 

TABLE 1-22. Number of Trucks by Weight

These data are derived from the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) conducted in 1997 by the U.S. Bureau of 

the Census. This survey, formerly known as the Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS), has been conducted every 5 

years since 1963. The VIUS collects data and the physical and operational characteristics of the nation's truck 

population. In 1997, 131,000 trucks were surveyed from an estimated universe of over 75 million trucks. 

Chronological reliability may be diminished due to sampling design changes in 1977, 1982, and 1992. In 1977, the 

sampling universe was first stratified by the number of trucks in a state: large (> 1.5 million trucks), medium (700,000 

to 1.5 million), and small (< 700,000); and then by two truck sizes.

Stratification in 1982 was then based on body type rather than vehicle weight. In 1992 and 1997, the sampling 

universe was first subdivided geographically and then into five strata: 1) pickups, 2) vans, 3) single-unit light, 4) 

single-unit heavy, and 5) truck tractor. Cases were then selected randomly within each stratum.

Census delivered a mail-out/mail-back survey to the owner identified in the vehicle registration records. Data 

collection is staggered as state records become available. Owners report data only for the vehicles selected. In the 

1992 survey, a method was employed to also collect data on new truck purchases in the latter half of the year to 

estimate the fleet for the calendar year. This adjustment in the sampling frame had not been done in previous surveys 

and may diminish chronological reliability. The sample for 1997 was some 22,500 vehicles smaller than for 1992. The 

1997 VIUS had two sampling stages. For the first stage, the Census Bureau surveyed about 131,000 trucks 

registered as of July 1, 1997.The second stage sampled a total of 3,000 truck owners with state mailing addresses 

different from the state of truck registration.
The accuracy and reliability of the VIUS survey depends jointly on sampling variability and nonsampling errors. 

Standard errors arising from sampling variability can be converted for comparability by dividing the standard error 

value by the estimate and multiplying it by 100. This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled twotenths of a percent in 1992 and 1997 for the VIUS sample. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates 

lack of precision and, inversely, a small standard error indicates precision. The 1992 TIUS achieved over 90.2 

percent reporting and the 1997 response rate equaled 84.5 percent, thus reliability may have decreased in the most 

recent survey.

TABLE 1-23. World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries

Motor Vehicle Production, Factory Sales, and New Passenger Car Retail Sales

Ward's Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures is the source of these data. Ward's obtains sales data directly from 

manufacturers. Readers should note that automobile manufacturers have inflated sales figures in the past, but Ward's 

does contact companies to verify numbers that appear too high or low.

Used Passenger Car Sales and Leased Passenger Cars

ADT Automotive Used Car Market Report is the source of these data. The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) is the original 

source of 1999 data. According to an ADT representative, publishing deadlines require ADT to use WSJ numbers 

until they can be replaced with National Automotive Dealers Association data. ADT Automotive's Market Analysis 

Department also gathers figures from CNW Marketing/Research and the R.L. Polk Co. CNW estimates used car 

sales volumes by collecting state title transfer data and determining if a transaction was made between private 

individuals or between a consumer and a franchised or independent dealer. This estimate is evaluated by comparing 

total transactions with state automobile sales revenues. Polk, an additional source of data, maintains a state vehicle 

registration database. For 1998, the ADT representative stated that Polk's data were within 5 percentage points of 

CNW estimates.

TABLE 1-24. Number and Size of the U.S. Flag Merchant Fleet and Its Share of the World Fleet

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, which classifies vessels as merchant based on size 

and type, compiles these figures from a data service provided by Lloyd's Maritime Information Service. The parent 

company, Lloyd's Register (LR), collects data from several sources: its 200 offices worldwide, data transfers and 

agreements with other classification societies, questionnaires to ship owners and shipbuilders, feedback from 

government agencies, and input from port agents. According to an LR official, consistent data gathering methods 

have been maintained for more than 30 years, but cautioned that inconsistencies may occur in groupings of ship 

types over time. For example, tank barges are now included in the tanker ship-type grouping rather than the barge 

grouping. 

TABLE 1-25. U.S. Airport Runway Pavement Conditions

These data originate from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), National 

Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS). The NPIAS includes all commercial service airports, all reliever airports, 

and selected general aviation airports. It does not include more than 1,000 publicly owned public use landing areas, 

privately owned public use airports, and other civil landing areas not open to the general public. NPIAS airports serve 

92 percent of general aviation aircraft (based on an estimated fleet of 200,000 aircraft). In 1998, the NPIAS 

encompassed 3,344 of the 5,357 airports with public access. Runway pavement condition is classified as follows:

Good: All cracks and joints are sealed.

Fair: Mild surface cracking, unsealed joints, and slab edge spalling.

Poor: Large open cracks, surface and edge spalling, vegetation growing through cracks and joints.

On a rotating basis, the FAA arranges annual inspections for about 2,000 of the approximately 4,700 public-use 

airports. The inspections are based on funding availability and not on statistical criteria, and nearly all runways are 

inspected every two years. Inspections are primarily made to collect information for pilots on airport conditions. The 

FAA relies on state and local agencies to perform inspections, so some inaccuracy may arise from variation in their 
adherence to federal guidelines regarding pavement condition reporting. In 1998, the U.S. General Accounting Office 

found that Pavement Condition Index information was available for about 35 percent of NPIAS airports (GAO/RCED98-226).

TABLE 1-26. Median Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Operation in the United States

The R.L. Polk Co. is a private enterprise that purchases state registration data to maintain a database of operational 

vehicles. Its data represent a near census of registered vehicles in the United States, and the age estimate should be 

considered very reliable.

TABLE 1-27. Condition of U.S. Roadways by Functional System

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) collects pavement condition data from 

each state through the Highway Performance Monitoring System. The FHWA uses two rating schemes-the Present 

Serviceability Rating (PSR) and the International Roughness Indicator (IRI). IRI is used to measure the condition of 

Interstates, other principal arterials, rural minor arterials, and other National Highway System roadways. PSR is used 

to measure the condition of rural major collectors and urban minor arterials and collectors. Rural minor collectors are 

not measured. Where IRI data are not reported for sampled sections, the PSR data are collected. Using the PSR, 

values range from 0.1 to 5.0, where 5.0 denotes new pavement in excellent condition and 0.1 denotes pavement in 

extremely poor condition. On the IRI scale however, lower values indicate smoother roads (e.g., <60 for interstate 

pavement in very good condition to >170 for interstate pavement in poor condition).

The IRI is an objective measure of pavement roughness developed by the World Bank. The PSR is a more subjective 

measure of a broader range of pavement characteristics and therefore less comparable. Prior to 1993, all pavement 

conditions were evaluated using PSR values. Beginning with data published in Highway Statistics 1993, the FHWA 

began a transition to the IRI, which should eventually replace the PSR. The change from PSR to IRI makes 

comparisons between pre-1993 pavement condition data and 1993 and later pavement condition data difficult. Thus, 

trend comparisons should be made with care.

FHWA indicates that the protocol of measuring pavement roughness is not followed by all states, and some did not

report for all required mileage. Totals only reflect those states reporting usable or partially usable data. Column 

percentages may not sum to 100 and may differ slightly from percentages in source tables, which were adjusted so 

that they would add to 100.FHWA believes that the IRI data are of "reasonably good quality."

TABLE 1-28. Condition of U.S. Bridges

These figures are from the U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), National 

Bridge Inventory Database. State highway agencies are required to maintain a bridge inspection program and inspect 

most bridges on public roadways at a minimum of every two years. With FHWA approval, certain bridges may be 

inspected less frequently. A complete file of all bridges is collected and maintained, representing a very reliable 

assessment of bridge conditions. However, some inaccuracy may be attributable to variations in state inspector's 

adherence to the National Bridge Inspection Standards. 

TABLE 1-29. Average Age of Urban Transit Vehicles

TABLE 1-30. Condition of Urban Bus and Rail Transit Maintenance Facilities

TABLE 1-31. Condition of Rail Transit Infrastructure

These figures are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration 

(FTA), National Transit Database. The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit 

agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and 

operating data, including vehicle inventories. Transit operators that do not report to FTA are those that do not receive 

Urbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The data are generally considered 

accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary 

because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret certain data definitions.

TABLE 1-32. Class I Railroad Locomotive Fleet by Year Built
The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). Figures 

reported by AAR are based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) 

via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a 

threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad 

Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the threshold for Class I railroads was 

$261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for 

three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the 

country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated. 

TABLE 1-33. Age and Availability of Amtrak Locomotive and Car Fleets

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle those 

records include the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data should be 

considered very reliable.

TABLE 1-34. U.S. Flag Vessels by Type and Age

The data are from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States

(WTLUS), annual issues. The WTLUS database contains information on vessel operators and characteristics and 

descriptions for all domestic vessel operations. Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center, primarily 

through a survey of vessel operating companies. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to these companies and response 

rates are typically above 90 percent. However, a USACE official did report that less than 10 percent of the total 

number of companies operating inland vessel fleets either did not receive and/or did not respond to the annual 

survey.

TABLE 1-35. U.S. Vehicle-Miles

TABLE 1-36. Roadway Vehicle-Miles Traveled (VMT) and VMT per Lane-Mile by Functional Class

TABLE 1-40. U.S. Passenger-Miles

Air Carrier, Certificated, Domestic, All Services

The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline 

Information, reports aircraft revenue-miles and passenger-miles in its publication Air Traffic Statistics. These numbers 

are based on 100-percent reporting of passengers and trip length by large certificated air carriers. Minor errors arise 

from nonreporting but amount to less than 1 percent of all air carrier passenger-miles. The figures do not include data 

for all airlines, such as most scheduled commuter airlines and all nonscheduled commuter airlines. These, if added, 

may raise total air passenger-miles by about 5 percent.

General Aviation

Passenger-mile numbers for 1975 to present are calculated by adjusting the Interstate Commerce Commission's 

1974 figure for air passenger-miles by the percentage change in annual hours flown by general aviation aircraft as 

published in the USDOT, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation. Numbers in 

the handbook are based on the General Aviation and Air Taxi Survey (GAATA). In 1993, the GAATA stopped 

including commuter aircraft. Commuter-miles collected before 1993 by the GAATA were, according to one FAA 

official, woefully underreported. Therefore, problems with the estimate of general aviation aircraft include: a break in 

the series between 1992 and 1993, a possible outdated factor used to calculate passenger-miles, and the 

classification of commuter operations.

Highway

Highway vehicle-miles of travel (vmt) are estimated using data from the Highway Performance Monitoring System 

(HPMS), a database maintained by FHWA that contains information on highway characteristics supplied by individual 

states. Annual vmt by highway functional system is calculated as the product of the annual average daily traffic 

(AADT) along each highway section, the centerline length of each highway section, and the number of days in the 
year. Also, expansion factors are used for roadways that are sampled rather than continuously monitored. Vmt by 

vehicle type is estimated using vehicle share estimates supplied by states.

FHWA has established methods for collecting, coding, and reporting HPMS data in two manuals: Traffic Monitoring 

Guide (TMG) and Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual. The prescribed sampling process for 

collecting highway volume data, which is used to estimate AADT, is based on statistical methods. However, in 

practice, several factors affect the ultimate quality of the data. FHWA discusses many of these issues in their annual 

Highway Statistics report and other publications. However, BTS is not aware of any study or report that has 

statistically quantified the accuracy of vmt estimates. Some of the primary issues related to data quality are noted 

here.

1. The sampling procedures suggested in the TMG and HPMS Field Manual are designed to produce traffic volume 

estimates with an average precision level of 80-percent confidence with a 10-percent allowable error at the state 

level. FHWA provides additional guidance to states through annual workshops and other avenues to help them follow 

these procedures as closely as possible. However, the actual data quality and consistency of HPMS information are 

dependent on the programs, actions, and maintenance of sound databases by numerous data collectors, suppliers, 

and analysts at the state, metropolitan, and other local area levels. Not all states follow the recommended sampling, 

counting, and estimating procedures contained in the Traffic Monitoring Guide, and the exact degree to which the 

states follow these guidelines overall is unknown. However, FHWA believes that most states generally follow the 

guidelines.

2. Estimates for higher-level roadway systems are more accurate than those for lower level ones, since traffic 

volumes on higher-level roadways are sampled at a higher rate. The TMG recommends that traffic counts be 

collected for all Interstate and principal arterial sections on a three-year cycle. Under this scheme, about one-third of 

the traffic counts for these roadway sections in a given year are actually measured, while volumes on the remainder 

are factored to represent present growth. Although some States collect data at all traffic count locations every year,

most use some variation of the TMG data collection guidelines. Volumes on urban and rural minor arterials, rural 

major collectors, and urban collectors are collected using a sampling procedure. States are not required to report 

volumes for rural/urban local systems and rural minor collectors, though most do so. However, the methods used to 

estimate travel on these roadways vary from state to state since there are no standard guidelines for calculating 

travel on these roadways.

3. Vmt estimates by vehicle type are less accurate than are estimates for total motor vehicle vmt for several 

reasons:1) vehicle classification equipment can frequently misclassify vehicles (see B.A. Harvey et al, Accuracy of 

Traffic Monitoring Equipment, GDOT 9210, (Georgia Tech Research Institute:1995)); 2) vehicle shares are often 

determined by methods or by special studies that are not directly compatible with HPMS data definitions and/or 

purposes, and observed local-level vehicle classification counts are difficult to apply on a statewide basis; and 3) 

vehicle type definitions can vary among states.

4. Vmt estimates for combination trucks in HPMS differ from survey-based estimates from the Truck Inventory and 

Use Survey (TIUS), as much as 50 percent for some categories of combination trucks. Much of this discrepancy 

appears to be due to differences in truck classification definitions and biases introduced by data collection practices. 

See R.D. Mingo et al.1995. Transportation Research Record, No. 1511 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press), 

pp. 42-46.

5. FHWA adjusts questionable data using a variety of standard techniques and professional judgement. For example, 

national average temporal adjustment factors developed from HPMS and other national highway monitoring 

programs are applied to State data, when necessary, to compensate for temporal deficiencies in sampling practices. 

Also, in estimating vmt by vehicle type, FHWA employs an iterative process to reconcile vmt, fuel economy (miles per 

gallon), fuel consumption, and vehicle registration estimates. Fuel consumption, total vmt by highway functional class, 

and registrations by vehicle group are used as control totals. This process limits the size of errors and ensures data 

consistency.

6.Passenger-miles of travel (pmt) are calculated by multiplying vmt estimates by vehicle loading (or occupancy) 

factors from various sources, such as the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey conducted by FHWA and 

TIUS. Thus, pmt data are subject to the same accuracy issues as vmt, along with uncertainties associated with 

estimating vehicle-loading factors.

Transit
The American Public Transit Association (APTA) figures are based on information in USDOT, Federal Transit 

Administration (FTA), National Transit Database. Transit data are generally considered accurate because FTA 

reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. However, reliability may vary because 

some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA adjusts the FTA data to 

include transit operators that do not report to the FTA database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Class I Rail (vehicle-miles)

Data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are 

based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of 

the R1 Annual Report required of Class I railroads. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or 

above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the 

Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 1999, the adjusted threshold for Class I 

railroads was $258.5 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable 

threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of 

railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

Intercity Train

The AAR passenger-miles number is based on an almost 100-percent count of tickets and, therefore, is considered 

accurate. 

TABLE 1-38. Average Length of Haul: Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes

Freight

Air Carrier and Truck

The Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. estimated these figures.

Class I Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are 

based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of 

the R1 Annual Report required of Class I railroads. The STB defined Class I railroads as having operating revenues 

at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the 

Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I 

railroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable 

threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 1percent of the number of 

railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

Water

The data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States, published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

(USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENG 

Forms 3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo 

movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore 

facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) 

cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton-miles by multiplying the 

cargo's tonnage by the distance between points of loading and unloading.

Oil Pipeline

The Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., provided these figures, which are estimates based on U.S. Department of 

Energy and Association of Oil Pipe Lines reports. Figures are derived by dividing estimated pipeline ton-miles by 

estimated crude and petroleum products tonnage.
Passenger

Air Carrier

The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline 

Information, reports average trip length in its publication Air Traffic Statistics. These numbers are based on 100-

percent reporting of passengers and trip length by large certificated air carriers via BTS Form 41.The figures do not 

include data for all airlines, such as most scheduled commuter airlines and all nonscheduled commuter airlines. 

Bus 

The Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. estimated these figures based on Class I carrier passenger data and 

vehicle-miles data from Highway Statistics, an annually published report of the USDOT, Federal Highway 

Administration.

Commuter Rail

The American Public Transit Association (APTA) provided these data, which are based on the USDOT, Federal 

Transit Administration's (FTA's), National Transit Database. Transit data are generally accurate because the FTA 

reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit 

agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to 

include transit operators that do not report to the database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Intercity/Amtrak

The Statistical Appendix to the Amtrak Annual Report is the source of these data. Amtrak data are based on 100 

percent of issued tickets, and thus should be accurate.

TABLE 1-42. Long-Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Trip Characteristics: 1995

TABLE 1-43. Long-Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Traveler Characteristics: 1995

The data presented in these tables are estimates derived from the 1995 American Travel Survey (ATS) conducted for 

the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. The survey's estimation procedure 

inflates unweighted sample results to independent estimates of the total population of the United States. Values for 

missing data are estimated through imputation procedures.

Since ATS estimates come from a sample, they are subject to two possible types of error: nonsampling and 

sampling. Sources of nonsampling errors include inability to obtain information about all sample cases, errors made 

in data collection and processing, errors made in estimating values for missing data, and undercoverage.

The accuracy of an estimate depends on both types of error, but the full extent of the nonsampling error is unknown. 

Consequently, the user should be particularly careful when interpreting results based on a relatively small number of 

cases or on small differences between estimates.

Standard errors for ATS estimates that indicate the magnitude of sampling error as well as complete documentation 

of the source and reliability of the data may be obtained from detailed ATS reports. Because of methodological 

differences, users should use caution when comparing these data with data from other sources.

TABLE 1-44. Passengers Boarded at the Top 50 U.S. Airports

The Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Air Carriers (AAS) is the source of these data. Published by USDOT, 

Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI), the AAS presents traffic statistics for all 

scheduled and nonscheduled service by large certificated U.S. air carriers for each airport served within the 50 

states, the District of Columbia, and other U.S. areas designated by the Federal Aviation Administration. The 

publication draws its data from the T-100 and T-3 databases maintained by OAI. These data are based on a 100-
percent reporting of enplanements, departures, and tonnage information by large certificated U.S. air carriers via BTS 

Form 41.

Prior to 1993, the AAS included all scheduled and some nonscheduled enplanements for certificated air carriers but 

did not include enplanements for air carriers offering charter service only. Prior to 1990, the freight category was 

divided into both freight and express shipments and the mail category was divided into U.S. mail (priority and 

nonpriority) and foreign mail. Beginning in 1990, only aggregate numbers were reported for freight and mail.

TABLE 1-45. Air Passenger Travel Arrivals in the United States from Selected Foreign Countries

TABLE 1-46. Air Passenger Travel Departures from the United States to Selected Foreign Countries

The International Trade Administration in the U.S. Department of Commerce publishes the U.S. International Air 

Travel Statistics Report annually. The passenger data is based on information collected by the U.S. Immigration and 

Naturalization Service using the INS Form I-92. All passengers on international flights must complete the I-92 form 

with the exception of those passengers on flights arriving or departing from Canada.

The international passenger arrivals and departures data for Canada is obtained from Air Carrier Traffic at Canadian 

Airports, which is published by Statistics Canada. Three surveys are conducted by Statistics Canada in order to 

collect the necessary passenger data. Since all data is not received by the time of publication and data is 

occasionally updated or resubmitted by the participating carriers, data should be considered preliminary for the years 

referenced in the source publication.

TABLE 1-49. U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight

Air Carrier

Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics 

(BTS), Office of Airline Information (OAI), is the source of these data. Large certificated U.S. air carriers report 

domestic freight activities to OAI via BTS Form 41.The information reported in the table represents transportation of 

freight (excluding passenger baggage), U.S. and foreign mail, and express mail within the 50 states, the District of 

Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. It also covers transborder traffic to Canada and Mexico by U.S. 

carriers. The data does not include information on small certificated air carriers, which represent less than 5 percent 

of freight ton-miles.

Intercity Truck

The data are estimates from Transportation in America, published by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. (Eno). 

Eno's estimates of intercity truck ton-miles are based on historic data from the former Interstate Commerce 

Commission (ICC), estimates from the American Trucking Association, and other sources. Eno supplements its 

estimates by using additional information on vehicle-miles of truck travel published in Highway Statistics by the 

Federal Highway Administration. Users should note that truck estimates in the tables do not include local truck 

movements. 

Class I Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are 

based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB). The data represent 

all revenue freight activities of the Class I railroads and are not based on information from the Rail Waybill Sample. 

The STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 

million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification 

from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although 

Class I railroads encompasses only 1 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 

percent of the industry's mileage operated.

Domestic Water Transport
The data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States, published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

(USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENG 

Forms 3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo 

movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore 

facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) 

cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton-miles by multiplying the 

cargo's tonnage by the distance between the points of loading and unloading.

Oil Pipeline

The data for 1960, 1965, and 1970 are from Transportation in America, published by the Eno Transportation 

Foundation, Inc., and the data for 1975 to 1998 are from Shifts in Petroleum Transportation, by the Association of Oil 

Pipe Lines (AOPL). Eno's data are based on information from the former Interstate Commerce Commission's 

Transport Economics. Common carrier oil pipelines reported all freight activities to the ICC.

AOPL obtains barrel-miles from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which requires petroleum 

shippers to report annual shipments. AOPL then coverts barrel-miles to ton-miles using conversion figures in the 

American Petroleum Institute's (API's) Basic Petroleum Data Book. Since 16 percent of pipeline shipments are 

intrastate and not subject to FERC reporting requirements, AOPL makes adjustments to FERC data.

TABLE 1-51. Top U.S. Foreign Trade Freight Gateways by Value of Shipments: 2001

The value of U.S. air, maritime, and land imports and exports are captured from administrative documents required 

by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury. In 1990, the United States entered into a Memorandum of 

Understanding with Canada concerning the exchange of import data. As a consequence, each country is using the 

other's import data to replace its own export data. U.S. international merchandise trade statistics, therefore, are no 

longer derived exclusively from the administrative records of the Departments of Commerce and Treasury, but from 

Revenue Canada. Import value is for U.S. general imports, customs value basis. Export value is FAS (free along 

ship) and represents the value of exports at the U.S. port of export, including the transaction price and inland freight, 

insurance, and other charges. Trade levels reflect the mode of transportation as a shipment entered or exited a U.S. 

Customs port.

Truck, rail pipeline, mail, and miscellaneous modes are included in the total for land modes. Data present trade 

activity between the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands and Canada and Mexico. These statistics 

do not include traffic between Guam, Wake Island, and America Samoa and Canada and Mexico. These statistics 

also exclude imports that are valued at less than $1,250 and for exports that are valued at less than $2,500.

TABLE 1-56. U.S. Waterborne Freight

The data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States, published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

(USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENG 

Forms 3925 and 3925b. Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo 

movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore 

facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) 

cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton-miles by multiplying the 

cargo's tonnage by the distance between points of loading and unloading.

Foreign waterborne statistics are derived from Census Bureau and U.S. Customs data, which excludes traffic 

between Guam, Wake Island, and American Samoa and any other foreign country, and imports and exports used by 

U.S. Armed Forces abroad. Individual vessel movements with origins and destinations at U.S. ports, traveling via the 

Panama Canal are considered domestic traffic.

TABLE 1-57. Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tons

Data on the weight of U.S. maritime imports and exports are captured from administrative documents required by the 

U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury. In 1990, the United States entered into a Memorandum of 

Understanding with Canada concerning the exchange of import data. As a consequence, each country is using the 

other's import data to replace its own export data. The United States' merchandise trade statistics, therefore, are no 
longer derived exclusively from U.S. government administrative records, but from Revenue Canada. Maritime weight 

data are initially processed and edited by the Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau (Census) as part of the 

overall edits and quality checks performed on all U.S. international merchandise trade data. After Census processing, 

the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the Maritime Administration (MARAD) perform additional maritimespecific processing and quality edits on maritime-related data elements, including the weight of maritime imports and 

exports. The USACE and MARAD began performing this function in October 1998 after the Foreign Waterborne 

Trade data program was transferred from the Census Bureau. Prior to October 1998, the USACE historically 

performed additional specialized edits at the port level, including reassignment of some tonnage data to the actual 

waterborne port rather than the reported U.S. Customs port.

TABLE 1-58. Freight Activity in the United States: 1993, 1997, 2002, and 2007

TABLE 1-59. Value, Tons, and Ton- Miles of Freight Shipments within the United States by Domestic 

Establishment, 2007

TABLE 1-62. U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Transportation Mode, 2007

TABLE 1-63. U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Hazard Class, 2007

These data are collected via the 1997 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) undertaken through a partnership between the 

U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau (Census), and the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of 

Transportation Statistics. For the 1997 CFS, Census conducted a sample of 100,000 domestic establishments 

randomly selected from a universe of about 800,000 multiestablishment companies in the mining, manufacturing, 

wholesale trade, and selected retail industries. It excluded establishments classified as farms, forestry, fisheries, 

governments, construction, transportation, foreign, services, and most retail. 

Reliability of the Estimates

An estimate based on a sample survey potentially contains two types of errors-sampling and nonsampling. Sampling 

errors occur because the estimate is based on a sample, not on the entire universe. Nonsampling errors can be 

attributed to many sources in the collection and processing of the data and occur in all data, not just those from a 

sample survey. The accuracy of a survey result is affected jointly by sampling and nonsampling errors.

Sampling Variability

Because the estimates are derived from a sample of the survey population, results are not expected to agree with 

those that might be obtained from a 100-percent census using the same enumeration procedure. However, because 

each establishment in the Standard Statistical Establishment List had a known probability of being selected for 

sampling, estimating the sampling variability of the estimates is possible. The standard error of the estimate is a 

measure of the variability among the values of the estimate computed from all possible samples of the same size and 

design. Thus, it is a measure of the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the 

results of a complete enumeration. The coefficient of variation is the standard error of the estimate divided by the 

value being estimated. It is expressed as a percent. Note that measures of sampling variability, such as the standard 

error or coefficient of variation, are estimated from the sample and are also subject to sampling variability. Standard 

errors and coefficients of variation for CFS data presented in this report are given in Appendix B of the 1997 

Economic Census report, and are available online www.census.gov/econ/wwwse0700.html. 

Nonsampling Errors

In the CFS, as in other surveys, nonsampling errors can be attributed to many sources, including 1) nonresponse; 2) 

response errors; 3) differences in the interpretation of questions; 4) mistakes in coding or recoding the data; and 5) 

other errors of collection, response, coverage, and estimation.

A potentially large source of nonsampling error is due to nonresponse, which is defined as the inability to obtain all 

intended measurements or responses from selected establishments. Nonresponse is corrected by imputation.

TABLE 1-60. Value of U.S. Land Exports to and Imports from Canada and Mexico by Mode
The Transborder Surface Freight Data (TSFD) is derived from official U.S. international merchandise import and 

export data. (For a description of U.S. merchandise trade statistics, see www.census.gov/foreigntrade/www/index.html.) As of December 1995, about 96 percent of the value of all U.S. imports has been collected 

electronically by the Automated Broker Interface System. About 55 percent of the value of all U.S. exports is collected 

electronically through the U.S./Canada Data Exchange and the Automated Export Reporting Program. The balance is 

collected from administrative records required by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury.

The TSFD incorporates all data, by surface mode, on shipments entering or exiting the United States from or to 

Canada or Mexico. Prior to January 1997, this dataset also included transshipments-shipments entering or exiting the 

United States by way of U.S. Customs ports on the northern or southern borders even when the actual origin or final 

destination of the goods was other than Canada or Mexico. (In other U.S. Bureau of the Census trade statistics, 

transshipments through Canada and Mexico are credited to the true country of origin or final destination.) To make 

this dataset more comparable to other U.S. Census Bureau trade statistics, detailed information on transshipments 

has been removed. The TSFD presents a summary of transshipments by country, direction of trade, and mode of 

transportation. Shipments that neither originate nor terminate in the United States (i.e., intransits) are beyond the 

scope of this dataset because they are not considered U.S. international trade shipments.

In general, the reliability of U.S. foreign trade statistics is very good. Users should be aware that trade data fields 

(e.g., value and commodity classification) are typically more rigorously reviewed than transportation data fields (e.g., 

the mode of transportation and port of entry/exit). Users should also be aware that the use of foreign trade data to 

describe physical transportation flows may not be accurate. For example, this dataset provides surface transportation 

information for individual U.S. Customs districts and ports on the northern and southern borders. However, because 

of filing procedures for trade documents, these ports may or may not record where goods physically cross the border. 

This is because the information filer may choose to file trade documents at one port while shipments actually enter or 

exit at another port. The TSFD, however, is the best publicly available approximation for analyzing transborder 

transportation flows. Since the dataset was introduced in April 1993, it has gone through several refinements and 

improvements. When improbabilities and inconsistencies were found in the dataset, extensive analytical reviews were 

conducted and improvements made. However, accuracy varies by direction of trade and individual field. For example, 

import data are generally more accurate than export data. This is primarily because the U.S. Customs Bureau uses 

import documents for enforcement purposes while it performs no similar function for exports. For additional 

information on TSFD, the reader is referred to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation 

Statistics Internet site at www.bts.gov/transborder.

TABLE 1-61. Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode

Pipelines

The Association of Oil Pipelines (AOPL) obtains barrel-miles from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 

(FERC), which requires petroleum shippers to report annual shipments. AOPL then coverts barrel-miles to ton-miles 

using conversion figures in the American Petroleum Institute's (API's) Basic Petroleum Data Book. Since 16 percent 

of pipeline shipments are intrastate and not subject to FERC reporting requirements, AOPL makes adjustments to 

FERC data to include intrastate shipments. AOPL also conducts periodic studies to estimate intrastate shipments. 

Water Carriers

Data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States, published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

(USACE). All vessel operators of record report domestic freight and tonnage information to USACE via ENG Forms 

3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo 

movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore 

facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) 

cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton-miles by multiplying the 

cargo's tonnage by the distance between the points of loading and unloading.

Motor Carriers

AOPL estimates ton-miles by multiplying tons by the average length of haul. For crude, the tonnage of the prior year 

is projected by using a growth rate established by data from the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information 

Administration's Petroleum Supply Annual, vol. 1, table 37. For products, the same calculation is made but with a 

growth rate estimated by the American Trucking Association in Financial and Operating Statistics, Class I and II, 
Motor Carriers, Summary table VI-B. Average length of haul is determined from the prior six years of data for tonmiles and tonnage of crude and petroleum products moved by motor carriers.

Railroad

AOPL calculates ton-miles by multiplying tonnage by average length of haul. Tonnage data for crude and products 

comes from the Association of American Railroad's Freight Commodity Statistics, U.S. Class I Railroads. The U.S. 

Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Commission provides the average length of haul for crude and 

products in its Carload Way Bill Statistics.

TABLE 1-64. Passengers Denied Boarding by the Largest U.S. Air Carriers

TABLE 1-65. Mishandled-Baggage Reports Filed by Passengers with the Largest U.S. Air Carriers

TABLE 1-66. Flight Operations Arriving On Time for the Largest U.S. Air Carriers

These numbers are based on data filed with the U.S. Department of Transportation on a monthly basis by the largest 

U.S. air carriers - those that have at least one percent of total domestic scheduled-service passenger revenues. Data 

cover nonstop scheduled service flights between points within the United States (including territories). The largest 

U.S. carriers account for more than 90 percent of domestic operating revenues. They include Alaska Airlines, 

America West Airlines, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Northwest Airlines, Trans World 

Airlines, Southwest Airlines, United Airlines, and US Airways. However, there are other carriers offering domestic 

scheduled passenger service that are not required to report. In some cases, major airlines sell tickets for flights that 

are actually operated by a smaller airline that is not subject to the reporting requirement.

TABLE 1-67. FAA-Cited Causes of Departure and En route Delays

The source of these data, the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 

counts a flight as delayed if it departed or arrived more than 15 minutes after its scheduled gate departure and arrival 

times. FAA calculates delayed departures based on the difference between the time a pilot requests FAA clearance 

to taxi and the time an aircraft's wheels lift off the runway, minus the airport's standard unimpeded taxi-out time. 

Users should note that taxi-out time varies by airport due to differences in configurations. The cause of delay is also 

recorded, e.g., weather, terminal volume, closed runways, etc.

USDOT guidance defines departure as the time the aircraft parking brake is released and gate arrival as the time the 

brake is set. According to the USDOT's Office of the Inspector General (OIG), FAA's omission of part of a plane's 

ground movement compromises the data's validity. A recent OIG report noted that the FAA tracks ground time only 

after a pilot requests clearance and fails to track a plane's time in the ramp area. OIG found that ramp time comprised 

28.7 percent to 40.5 percent of the average taxi-out time at the three major New York area airports (OIG Audit Report 

CR-2000-112), and would not be counted as an FAA delay.

Reliability

Several data collection changes complicate comparisons over time. For example, FAA modified its method for 

calculating volume-related delays that resulted in a 17 percent drop in such delays. Decreases in volume-related 

delays from 1998 to 1999 totaled less than one percent. Moreover, prior to 1999, USDOT did not provide a clear 

definition of what a departure was. An OIG Audit (CE-1999-054) report noted that air carriers used four different 

departure events: 1) rolling of aircraft wheels; 2) release of parking brake; 3) closure of passenger and/or cargo 

doors; and 4) a combination of door closures and release of the parking break. The same report also noted errors in 

the reporting of departure times by the air carriers.

Data are now manually entered in FAA's Operations Network (OSPNET) database, and reporting errors may arise 

and decrease reliability. The FAA monitors data quality assurance by spot checking the reported delay data and 

requesting that discrepancies be reviewed by the responsible facility. According to an OIG Audit (CR-2000-112), 

however, mistakes are not reliably corrected and many air traffic controllers suggested that delays are underreported 

sometimes by as much as 30 percent.

TABLE 1-68. Major U.S. Air Carrier Delays, Cancellations, and Diversions
A second data source for air-carrier delay is the USDOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline 

Information (OAI). This information originates from the Airline Service Quality Performance data. These figures are 

collected from the largest airlines-those that have at least one percent or more of total domestic scheduled service 

passenger revenues. Delays are categorized by phase of flight (i.e., gate-hold, taxi-out, airborne, or taxi-in delays). 

These data differ from FAA's OSPNET information due to differences in definition of delay. 

While the FAA tracks delays on the taxiway, runway, and in the air, BTS tracks delays at the departure and arrival 

gates. OAI calculates delays as the difference between scheduled and actual gate departure. If a flight leaves the 

gate within 15 minutes of its scheduled time, then OAI would record it as departed on-time even if it sat for several 

hours on the ramp or runway, in which case the delay would be accounted for as a late arrival.

TABLE 1-69. Annual Person-Hours of Delay Per Auto Traveler

TABLE 1-70. Travel Time Index

TABLE 1-71. Annual Roadway Congestion Index

TABLE 1-72. Annual Congestion Index and Cost Values

The Texas Transportation Institute's (TTI) Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report provided figures for tables 1-

60through 62.TTI relies on data from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 

Highway Performance Monitoring System database (HPMS). TTI utilizes these data as inputs to its congestion 

estimation model. Detailed documentation for the TTI model and estimations can be found at this website 

http://mobility.tamu.edu. 

Structure, Assumptions, and Parameters

Urban roadway congestion levels are estimated using a formula measuring traffic density. Average travel volume per 

lane on freeways and principal arterial streets are estimated using area wide estimates of vehicle-miles of travel (vmt) 

and lane miles of roadway. The resulting ratios are combined using the amount of travel on each portion of the 

system so that the combined index measures conditions on the freeway and principal arterial street systems. Values 

greater than one are indicative of undesirable congestion levels. Readers seeking the algorithm for the congestion 

index should examine this website http://mobility.tamu.edu. 

Annual person-hours of delay results from the multiplication of daily vehicle-hours of incident and recurring delay 

times 250 working days per year times 1.25 persons per vehicle. Two types of costs are incurred due to congestion: 

time delay and fuel consumption. Delay costs are the product of passenger vehicle hours of delay times $12.85 per 

hour person time value times 1.25 occupants per vehicle. Fuel costs are calculated for passenger and commercial 

vehicles from the multiplication of peak period congestion speeds, the average fuel economy, fuel costs, and vehiclehours of delay.

In previous reports, the TTI methodology assumed that 45 percent of all traffic, regardless of the urban location, 

occurred in congested conditions. TTI indicated that this assumption overestimated travel in congested periods. Thus, 

their 2002 estimates now vary by urban area anywhere from 18 percent to 50 percent of travel that occurs in 

congestion. TTI's model structure applies to two types of roads: freeways and principal arterial streets. The model 

derives estimates of vehicle traffic per lane and traffic speed for an entire urban area. Based on variation in these 

amounts, travel is then classified under 5 categories: uncongested, moderately congested, heavily congested, 

severely congested, and extremely congested (a new category in 1999). The threshold between uncongested and 

congested was changed in 2002. Previous editions classified congested travel when areawide traffic levels reached 

14,000 vehicles per lane per day on highways and 5,500vehicles per lane per day on principal arterial streets. For the 

current edition, these values are 15,500 and 5,500 vehicles per lane per day, respectively. Previous years values 

have been re-estimated based on these new assumptions. Readers should refer to the TTI Internet site for more 

detailed algorithms and estimation procedures at http://mobility.tamu.edu. 

TTI reviews and adjusts the data used in their models. State and local officials also review the TTI data and 

estimations. Some of the limitations acknowledged in the TTI report include the macroscopic character of the index. 

Thus, it does not account for local variations in travel patterns that may affect travel times. The index also does not 
account for local improvements, such as ramp metering or travel speed advantages obtained with transit or carpool 

lanes.

TABLE 1-73. Amtrak On-Time Performance Trends and Hours of Delay by Cause

Amtrak determines on-time performance through its computer system maintained at the National Operations Center 

(NOPS) in Wilmington, Delaware. If a train is delayed, a call is made to the NOPS for recordkeeping. These data can 

be supplemented with computer entries made for locomotive or car malfunctions that cause delays. These data 

should be considered reliable.
Appendix E 

Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 4 Energy and the Environment

PETROLEUM SUPPLY

TABLE 4-1. Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption

The petroleum supply system is extremely complicated, with many different processes, products, and entities 

involved. Briefly, crude oil is produced or imported, transported to refineries where it is refined into various products, 

and then transported to markets. Imports and exports of crude oil and products must be accounted for, as must be 

nonpetroleum components of final products, such as natural gas plant liquids and ethanol for gasoline blending. 

The U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA) collects extensive data at select points in 

the petroleum supply system. Sixteen surveys are conducted by EIA's Petroleum Supply Reporting System to track 

the supply and disposition of crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas plant liquids:

• five weekly surveys cover refineries (form EIA-800), bulk terminal stocks (form EIA-801), product pipelines 

(form EIA-802), crude stocks (form EIA-803), and imports (form EIA-804). 

• eight monthly surveys cover the same five points plus tanker and barge movement (form EIA-817), gas 

processing facilities (form EIA-816), and oxygenates (form EIA-819M). 

• one survey (form EIA-807) collects propane data on a monthly basis in the warmer months (AprilSeptember) and on a weekly basis in the colder months. 

• one annual survey determines production capacity of oxygenates and fuel ethanol (form EIA-819A), and 

• one annual survey determines refinery fuel use, capacity, and crude oil receipts by transportation mode 

(form EIA-820). 

The five weekly surveys target key points in the petroleum supply system. They do not include all companies, but 

sample 90 percent of volume at each selected point in the supply system. EIA rank-orders the companies involved in 

the survey and sends surveys as it scrolls down the list, stopping when it reaches the 90 percent level. Although 100 

percent coverage is sacrificed, this method keeps the level of incoming data manageable and avoids burdening the 

smallest companies. All data are reviewed and anomalies checked. 

Monthly surveys provide data that are used in the monthly and annual reports. They are similar to the weekly 

surveys, but are more exhaustive in both the range of data collected and the depth of the collection. Sample sizes 

and response rates for several of the key points in the supply system are shown in table 1.The eight monthly surveys 

cover the industry more accurately than the weekly surveys and provide some double-check points that the other 

surveys do not. EIA expends considerable effort to ensure that its data are as accurate as possible. Revisions are 

made throughout the year. For example, EIA's Annual Energy Review 1996, released in July 1997, provided a 

preliminary 1996 number for total petroleum production of 8.30 million barrels per day (mmbd). The Annual Energy 

Review 1997, released a year later, revised that to 8.25 mmbd, and the 1999 Review reported 8.29 mmbd.

No complicated survey is likely to be 100 percent accurate. EIA lists four sources of potential systematic errors: 

1. Some members of the target population are missed. EIA reports that it continually reviews the lists and 

searches industry periodicals and newspapers to identify new actors. Considering the nature of the 

petroleum industry, it is very unlikely that companies with significant production are not surveyed. 

2. Some members of the target population do not respond. EIA reports a 97 percent response rate for monthly 

surveys. For some points in the supply system, the average response is over 99 percent. Survey 

respondents are required by law to respond, but some nonresponse is inevitable, especially among small 

companies. EIA assumes that the nonrespondent's value for that month is the same as for the previous 

month except for imports. Since imports vary widely, with respondents frequently having no imports, EIA 

assumes a nonresponse means zero imports. It can be assumed that EIA is good at "filling in the blanks." 
Assuming for illustration purposes that 0.5 percent of production does not respond, and that EIA is 90 

percent accurate in covering the gap, then there is a possibility of a 0.05 percent error. Applying that to total 

production of 8.29 mmbd in 1999 suggests that there could be an error of 0.0041 mmbd (4,100 barrels per 

day), which would not affect the published number. 

3. The most serious problem may be response error. A company may have poor data, perhaps as a result of 

imperfect measurements, or it may transmit the wrong number. EIA has no control over a company's data 

quality. Companies have incentive to measure their inputs and products accurately. Otherwise, they may be 

cheating themselves or risking ill will with their customers or suppliers. However, no instrumentation is 

perfectly accurate. The high throughput of, say, a refinery with capacity of several hundred thousand barrels 

per day, with a variety of products changing density and some lost or used on site, is very complicated to 

measure. Instrumentation errors are likely to be systematic at any one site, although they will be more nearly 

random in the aggregate for all facilities. There is potential for small but significant overall errors.

Mistakes may be made in recording and transferring the data. EIA reviews the data and flags gross errors or 

missing data for review by the respondent. However, not all errors will be picked up by EIA and/or the 

respondent. Overall, response errors probably are several times as large as nonresponse errors, but it is 

beyond the scope of this profile to estimate them. 

4. The final potential source of systematic error is in the clarity of the survey form, i.e., whether all respondents 

interpret it correctly. No doubt errors and ambiguities can creep into a form, but at least for petroleum 

supply, that does not appear to be a major risk. The supply system is not changing rapidly, and EIA should 

be able to keep with it and the terminology. However the final digit of EIA's published supply data is 

questionable. 

For additional information on survey methodology and statistical reliability, the reader is referred to the EIA reference 

cited in the tables or the EIA Internet site at www.eia.doe.gov. 

FUEL AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION 

TABLE 4-1. Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption

TABLE 4-2. U.S. Consumption of Energy from Primary Sources by Sector

TABLE 4-3. Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector

TABLE 4-4. U.S. Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector

TABLE 4-7. Domestic Demand for Gasoline

Petroleum consumption is far more complex to measure than supply. Instead of a few hundred companies at most 

measuring points in the supply system, there are tens of millions of consumers. It would be impossible for any survey 

of individual consumers to produce the high rate of return of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information 

Administration's (EIA's) supply surveys. EIA's transportation data collection is further limited by the termination of the 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS). Therefore, EIA uses surveys of sales of products 

(e.g., Form EIA-821:Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report) or tax collection data from the U.S. Department of 

Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 

EIA reviewed the accuracy of its energy consumption data in a 1990 monograph Energy Consumption by End-Use 

Sector, a Comparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply Surveys. Unfortunately, this monograph does not 

discuss the transportation sector because the consumption and supply surveys were not comparable. However, 

some of the results from other sectors indicate the discrepancies between supply and consumption surveys. Table 4-

2 shows the ratio of fuel supplied to the sector to consumption reported by the sector in consumption surveys. 

In most cases, supply is reported as substantially larger than consumption. Supplies of fuel oil to the commercial 

sector are reported at almost twice the level of consumption reported by that sector. Some of the discrepancies may 

be due to definition differences (e.g., fuel oil for apartment buildings is included in commercial supply surveys but not 

in consumption surveys.) Overall, however, the differences are too large for great confidence in the accuracy of the 

data. 
If transportation had been reviewed in the same format, it is likely that the discrepancies would have been larger. 

Most transportation fuel (gasoline for automobiles) is purchased in small quantities at irregular intervals and cannot 

be checked simply by looking at a utility bill. Hence, highway transportation energy consumption surveys must be 

extensive to avoid the risk of large uncertainties in the data. But, with the termination of the RTECS, EIA ceased 

conducting such surveys. Consumption data must be derived indirectly from sales of petroleum products and tax 

collection data. While petroleum supply may be accurate to one decimal place, it is likely that disaggregating by 

sector use may be within plus or minus several percentage points, or perhaps about half a quadrillion British thermal 

unit (Btu) in table 4-1. 

Motor Gasoline

Almost all gasoline is consumed in the transportation sector. Small amounts are used in the commercial sector for 

nonhighway use and the industrial sector, which includes agriculture, construction, and other uses. Subtracting 

estimates of those uses from the known total sales yields the transportation sector's total, which is further subdivided 

into highway and marine use. Aviation gasoline is, of course, used entirely in the transportation sector (for a very few 

high-performance automobiles as well as small aircraft). 

Data on actual sales is collected by the states for revenue purposes. These data are forwarded to FHWA. EIA uses 

the data from FHWA to allocate highway consumption of motor gasoline among the states. For 1999, FHWA reported 

124.7 billion gallons of gasoline sold nationally for highway use. EIA's table 5.12c of the Annual Energy Review 2000

lists 8.33 mmbd of gasoline supplied for the transportation sector, the same as 127.7 billion gallons. 

Such close agreement between supply and demand is not totally convincing. Definitions are unique to each state 

(e.g., whether gasohol is counted as pure gasoline or part gasoline and part renewables), measurement points vary 

from state to state, and each state handles losses differently. Hence, the total of all states' sales of gasoline is not 

entirely consistent. 

Separation of highway from nonhighway uses of gasoline is, by necessity, based in part on careful estimates. 

Nevertheless, overall gasoline sales are well documented, and the separation is probably fairly accurate. Refinery 

output of motor gasoline was 7.93 mmbd in 1999, which is probably accurate to the first decimal place and maybe a 

little better. The transportation sector's 8.33 mmbd would have about the same accuracy.

Diesel Fuel

Diesel fuel is used in highway vehicles, railroads, boats, and military vehicles. Sales are only about 30 percent of 

gasoline in the transportation sector, but uncertainties are greater. More diesel than gasoline is used for nonhighway 

purposes, especially agriculture and construction. In addition, there has been more potential for cheating to avoid the 

tax; heating oil is virtually the same as diesel fuel and can easily be transferred to a vehicle. However, this is less 

significant now that tracers have been added to fuel oil. After the addition of tracers, the amount of transportation 

diesel fuel use jumped. 

To estimate diesel fuel sales by mode, EIA starts with the total supply of distillate fuel and subtracts the small amount 

sold to electric utilities (the most accurately known sector, as measured by EIA Form EIA-759). The remainder is 

divided among the other end-use sectors according to EIA's sales surveys (Form EIA-821: Annual Fuel Oil and 

Kerosene Sales Report, and Form EIA-863: Petroleum Product Sales Identification Survey). 

This method introduces several potential elements of inaccuracy. First, the surveys of each sector are probably less 

accurate than the supply surveys noted earlier. Companies and individuals may inadvertently send incorrect data, or 

not respond at all. Then EIA has to determine what adjustment factor to use for each end-use sector. Since each 

sector will have a different response rate to the surveys, the adjustments will be different. Large adjustments can 

introduce large errors. EIA has not published its adjustments for the transportation sector. As shown in table 2, the 

adjustments in other sectors range from 5 to 96 percent of reported consumption. Even a 20 percent adjustment 

could introduce an error of one or two percentage points (plus or minus) for any one sector. 

Overall, the accuracy of diesel fuel use in the transportation sector should be viewed with some skepticism.

Jet Fuel
Jet fuel is the only other petroleum-based fuel that is used in large quantities (over 1 million barrels/day) in the 

transportation sector. Virtually all of it is used by airlines. These data are accurate because airlines are required to 

report usage, and because there are relatively few certificated air carriers, data collection should be manageable. 

NONPETROLEUM FUELS CONSUMPTION 

TABLE 4-10. Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement Fuels for Highway Vehicles

Collectively, oxygenates, natural gas, electricity, and various alternative fuels amount to only about 3 percent of all 

energy used in the transportation sector. While this may not be much greater than the error bars associated with 

petroleum use, it is important to track changes in these fuels accurately.

Oxygenates

Oxygenates, mostly methyl tributyl ether (MTBE), which is derived from natural gas and ethanol, are part of 

mainstream gasoline supply. They are measured routinely with petroleum supply (forms EIA-819A and 819M). 

Consumption is estimated from production, net imports, and stock changes. Refineries and other entities are required 

to report data on oxygenates, and EIA also monitors production capability to provide a crosscheck. Thus, oxygenates 

data are likely to be reasonably accurate. 

Natural Gas

Natural gas is used in the transportation sector mainly as the fuel for compressor stations on natural gas transmission 

lines. A small but growing amount is used in compressed or liquefied form in vehicles. EIA collects data on natural 

gas much as it does for petroleum, but the system is much simpler. Natural gas transmission companies may not 

know exactly how much gas is used in compressor stations, but they have a good idea based on the size of the 

equipment and the load on the line. The reported numbers probably are reasonably accurate. Data on natural gasfueled vehicles are collected by DOE via Form-886, which is sent to fuel suppliers, vehicle manufacturers, and 

consumers. In addition, private associations and newsletters are important sources of information on alternative 

vehicles and alternative fuels use. Since most groups work cooperatively with DOE, it is likely that the data reported 

are accurate. EIA tracks the number of natural gas vehicles and the number of refueling stations to provide a cross 

check on estimates of natural gas consumption.

Electricity

Electricity powers intercity trains (Amtrak) and intracity rail systems. In addition, the number of electric vehicles is 

growing. There is considerable uncertainty over the energy consumed by these modes. Amtrak no longer provides 

national totals of its electricity consumption. Data on intracity transit is based on U.S. Department of Transportation, 

Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) National Transit Database (NTD). The legislative requirement for the NTD is 

found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are 

generally required to report financial and operating data, including energy use. Although the data is generally 

considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted, reliability may vary because some 

transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret certain data. 

If electric vehicles become important over the next decade or two, dedicated charging stations may become 

commonplace, which could provide accurate data. Fleet owners (e.g., electric utilities) can keep accurate records, but 

individuals who plug their vehicles in at home may not. Electricity use must be estimated from the number of such 

vehicles and the expected driving cycles. Hence, data on electric power for transportation must be viewed as an 

estimate. 

It should also be noted that electricity is a form of work that usually is generated from heat with the loss of about twothirds of the energy. Automobile engines are equivalent to electric generators in that they convert chemical energy to 

heat and then to work, losing most of the energy as waste heat. When electrical energy is compared to petroleum in 

transportation, the waste heat must be included for consistency. A kilowatt-hour of electricity is equivalent to 3,413 

British thermal units (Btu), but about 10,000 Btu of heat are required to produce it. This factor is dropping as 

generators become more efficient. High efficiency gas turbines may require 8,000 Btu or less, but the average is 

much higher. It is usually impossible to tell where the power for a specific use is generated, so average figures for a 

region are used to estimate the waste energy, a factor that further reduces the accuracy of the data.
Alternative Fuels

In addition to oxygenates, natural gas, and electricity, alternative fuels include ethanol and methanol. EIA tracks the 

numbers of such vehicles through Form-886, state energy offices, federal demonstration programs, manufacturers, 

and private associations. These numbers probably are fairly accurate although it is difficult to monitor retirements. 

Fuel consumption is estimated from the types of vehicles in operation, vehicle miles traveled, and expected fuel 

efficiency. Adjustments are necessary for the relatively few flexible-fuel vehicles. Obviously, the reported data are 

estimates only.

FUEL AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MODE 

TABLE 4-5. Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation

TABLE 4-6. Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation

TABLE 4-8. Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4-9. Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4-11. Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4-12. Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4-13. Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4-14. Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4-15. Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel

Fuel consumption data are collected quite differently than supply data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy, 

Energy Information Administration (EIA). Highway fuel consumption, for example, is based on U.S. Department of 

Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) data collected from states in the course of revenue 

collection. EIA starts from the fuel delivered to transportation entities.

Highway

Highway fuel data (tables 4-5, 4-9, and 4-11 through 4-15) are collected mainly by FHWA. All states plus the District 

of Columbia report total fuel sold along with travel by highway category and vehicle registration. Data typically flows 

from state revenue offices to the state departments of transportation to FHWA. Even if reporting is reasonably 

accurate, some data are always anomalous or missing and must be modified to fit expected patterns. In addition, as 

discussed earlier, there are some significant differences in methodology and definitions among the states. In 

particular, states differ in where the tax is applied in the fuel supply system, how gasohol is counted, how nonhighway 

use is treated, and how losses are handled. 

Nonhighway use of gasoline and diesel fuel is a particularly large source of potential error. Some states designate 

nonhighway users as tax-exempt, others make the tax refundable. In either case, many people won't bother to apply 

if the amount of money is small. Nonhighway use of diesel fuel is especially large because many construction and 

agricultural vehicles are diesel powered. Thus, the fraction of petroleum attributed to transportation could be 

overestimated. On the other hand, some nonhighway fuel finds its way into the transportation system because 

heating oil can be used as diesel fuel, evading the tax. Tracers are now added to heating oil, which appears to have 

reduced the level of such tax evasion-if found in a truck's fuel tank, the tracer indicates diversion from a nontaxed 

source. 

Breaking fuel use down by class of motor vehicle introduces the potential for error. FHWA must estimate the miles 

each class is driven and the fuel economy. Estimation of miles is based on the 1995 Nationwide Personal 

Transportation Survey (NPTS), administered by FHWA, and the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (formerly known 
as the Truck Inventory and Use Survey) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. For information about these two 

surveys, the reader is referred to the technical appendix of Our Nation's Travel, available from the FHWA, Office of 

Highway Information Management; and the 1997 Census of Transportation, available from the Economics and 

Statistics Administration within the Census Bureau. Fuel economy is based on state-supplied data, TIUS, and the 

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration data on new car fuel economy, which must be reduced by about 15 

percent to reflect actual experience on the road. Overall, both vehicle-miles of travel and fuel economy are estimates. 

Fuel consumption by buses is particularly uncertain. FHWA collects data on intercity buses, and the American Public 

Transit Association (APTA) covers local travel. Very little data are collected on school buses. APTA figures are based 

on data from the USDOT, Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) National Transit Database, which covers about 90 

to 95 percent of total passenger-miles. These data are generally accurate because FTA reviews and validates 

information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot 

obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts the FTA data to include transit 

operators that do not report to FTA, such as private and very small operators and rural operators. Prior to 1984, 

APTA did not include most rural and demand responsive systems.

Air

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI) is the 

source of these data. The numbers are based on 100-percent reporting of fuel use by large certificated air carriers 

(those with revenues of more than $100 million annually) via Form 41.The data are probably reasonably accurate 

because the airlines report fuel use regularly, and the limited number of airlines aids data management. 

Smaller airlines, such as medium size regional and commuter air carriers, are not required to report energy data. OAI 

estimates that about 8 percent would have to be added to the total of the larger airlines to account for this use, but 

that has not been done in table 4-5 or 4-8. 

General aviation aircraft and air taxis are covered in the General Aviation and Air Taxi and Avionics Survey, 

conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The survey is conducted annually and encompasses a 

stratified, systematic design from a random start to generate a sample of all general aviation aircraft in the United 

States. It is based on the FAA registry as the sampling frame. For instance, in 2000, a sample of 31,039 aircraft was 

identified and surveyed from an approximate population of 256,927 registered general aviation aircraft. 

The reliability of the GAATA survey can be impacted by two factors: sampling and nonsampling error. A measure, 

called the standard error, is used to indicate the magnitude of sampling error. Standard errors can be converted for 

comparability by dividing the standard error by the estimate (derived from the sample survey results) and multiplying 

it by 100. This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled two and four-tenths of a percent in 2000 for 

the general aviation fleet. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates lack of precision, and inversely, a 

small standard error indicates precision. 

Nonsampling errors could include nonresponse, a respondent's inability or unwillingness to provide correct 

information, differences in interpretation of questions, and data entry mistakes. The reliability of general aviation fleet 

data comparisons over time would decrease because of changes implemented in 1978 and sampling errors 

discussed above. Readers should note that nonresponse bias may be a component of reliability errors in the data 

from 1980 to 1990. The FAA conducted telephone surveys of nonrespondents in 1977, 1978, and 1979 and found no 

significant differences or inconsistencies between respondent and nonrespondent replies. The FAA discontinued the 

telephone survey of nonrespondents in 1980 to save costs. Nonresponse surveys were resumed in 1990; and the 

FAA found notable differences and make adjustments to its data to reflect nonresponse bias. 

The U.S. Government, in particular the Department of Defense (DOD), uses a large amount of jet fuel as shown in 

table4-19 (see discussion on government consumption below). However, DOD reports all fuel purchased, including 

from foreign sources for operations abroad. While the data may be accurate, it is not comparable to EIA's overall U.S. 

supply and consumption figures on jet fuel. 

International operations are included in table 4-8 but not table 4-5. The fuel use for international operations includes 

that purchased by U.S. airlines for return trips. OAI does not collect data on foreign airline purchases of fuel in the 

United States. Thus, a significant use of U.S. jet fuel is missed. However, these two factors approximately balance 

each other out. As shown in table 1-34,foreign carrier traffic is just slightly less than U.S. carrier international traffic, 

so presumably the fuel purchased here by foreign carriers is very close to the fuel purchased abroad by U.S. carriers.
Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR figures 

are based on 100 percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 

of the R1 Annual Report. Thus, the data are considered accurate. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating 

revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with 

changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2001, the adjusted 

threshold for Class I railroads was $266.7 million. Although Class I railroads represent only 1 percent of the number 

of railroads in the country, they account for over 70 percent of the industry's mileage operated and more than 90 

percent of all freight revenue; energy consumption should be of the same order. For passenger travel, information is 

unavailable. Amtrak no longer provides data on a national basis, and the regional data appears to be inconsistent. 

Transit

The APTA figures are based on information in FTA's National Transit Database. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA 

data to include transit operators that do not report to the FTA Database (private and very small operators and rural 

operators), which accounts for about 90 to 95 percent of the total passenger-miles. The data are generally accurate 

because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary 

because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret certain data definitions in federal 

guidelines.

Water

The EIA collects data on residual and distillate fuel oils and diesel through its Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 

Report survey, form EIA-821.The survey targets companies that sell fuel oil and kerosene to end users. This survey 

commenced in 1984 and data from previous years should be used with caution. 

Sampling Frame and Design

The sample's target universe includes all companies that sell fuel oil and kerosene to end users. EIA derives the 

sampling frame from the EIA-863 database containing identity information for approximately 22,300 fuel oil and 

kerosene sellers. EIA stratifies the sampling frame into two categories: companies selected with certainty and 

uncertainty. Those in the certainty category varied but included the end use "vessel bunkering," or sales for the 

fueling of commercial and private watercraft.

Sampling Error, Imputation, and Estimates

EIA reported a 92.5 percent response rate for the 2000 survey. The EIA also provides estimates of the sampling error 

for geographic areas and U.S. averages are 1.8 for residential distillate fuel oil, 0.8 for nonresidential retail distillate 

fuel oil, and 0.1 for retail residual fuel oil. Some firms inevitably ignore survey requests, causing data gaps. EIA 

estimates the volumes of these firm's sales by imputation; more detailed information and the algorithm can be 

obtained at EIA's web site in the technical notes for the Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report. See 

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil gas/petroleum/data publications/fuel oil and kerosene sales/foks.html. 

TABLE 4-19. U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source

Energy consumption data are collected by DOE's Office of Federal Energy Management Programs in cooperation 

with most departments and agencies. DOD is by far the largest consumer, accounting for about 80 percent of the 

total. As discussed above, the data includes fuel purchased abroad for military bases. Since government agencies 

are required to report these data, they are probably accurate. However, it is possible that some consumption is 

missed. For example, some agencies may report only fuel supplied directly, missing consumption such as gasoline 

purchased by employees while on government business for which they are then reimbursed. In addition, smaller 

agencies were neglected. Overall, however, the data should provide a fairly good approximation of government 

energy consumption.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY 
TABLE 4-20. Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes

TABLE 4-21. Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All Services

TABLE 4-22. Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles

TABLE 4-24. Energy Intensity of Transit Motor Buses

TABLE 4-25. Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad Freight Service

TABLE 4-26. Energy Intensity of Amtrak Service

TABLE 4-27. Energy Intensity of Amtrak Service (Loss-adjusted conversion factors)

Total energy consumed for each mode can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. Miles traveled are known for 

some modes, such as air carriers, but less accurately for others, most notably automobiles. When the numbers of 

passengers or tons are required to calculate energy efficiency, another uncertainty is introduced. Again, air carriers 

and intercity buses know how many passengers are on board and how far they travel, but only estimates are 

available for automobiles and intracity buses. 

Thus, table 4-21 should be quite accurate for certificated air carriers, though it is missing small airlines and private 

aircraft. Table 4-22 is based on FHWA fuel tax data, derived from state fuel tax revenues. VMT is as discussed for 

tables 1-9 and 1-10.Data for motorcycles must be adjusted significantly more than for automobiles because less 

information is collected from the states or from surveys. Transit bus data (table 4-24) are very uncertain because, 

unlike intercity buses, the distance each passenger travels is not measured by ticket sales. 

The intermodal comparison of passenger travel in table 4-20 must be viewed with considerable caution. Data for the 

different modes are collected in different ways, and the preparation of the final results is based on different 

assumptions. As noted above, airlines accurately record passenger miles, but the data on occupancy of private 

automobiles must be estimated from surveys. Even relatively certain data, such as state sales of gasoline, must be 

modified to resolve anomalies, and transit data are even harder to make consistent. Furthermore, different groups 

collect the data for the various modes, and they have different needs, assumptions, and methodologies. Thus, the 

comparisons are only approximate. 

Freight service data (table 4-25) are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American 

Railroads (AAR).AAR figures are based on 100 percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation 

Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues 

at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the 

Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I 

railroads was $ 261.9 million. Although Class I railroads comprise only 1 percent of the number of railroads in the 

country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage and 91 percent of all freight revenue; energy data 

should be of the same order.

TABLE 4-28. Annual Wasted Fuel Due to Congestion

TABLE 4-29. Wasted Fuel per Eligible Driver

The Texas Transportation Institute's (TTI) Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report provided figures for tables 4-27 

and 4-28. TTI relies on data from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway 

Performance Monitoring System database (HPMS). (See box 1-1 for detailed information about the HPMS.) TTI 

utilizes these data as inputs for its congestion estimation model. Detailed documentation for the TTI model and 

estimations can be found at http://mobility.tamu.edu/. 

The sum of fuel wasted in typical congestion (recurring delay) and incident related delays equal the annual wasted 

fuel for an urban area. Recurring delay is the product of recurring delay (annual hours in moderate, heavy, and 

severe delays) and average peak period system speed divided by average fuel economy. Incident delay hours are 
multiplied by the average peak period system speed and divided by the average fuel economy to produce the amount 

of incident fuel wasted.

Structure, Assumptions, and Parameters

Urban roadway congestion levels are estimated using a formula measuring traffic density. Average daily travel 

volume per lane on freeways and principal arterial streets are estimated using area wide estimates of vehicle-miles of 

travel and lane miles of roadway. The resulting ratios are combined using the amount of travel on each portion of the 

system (freeway and principal arterials) so that the combined index measures conditions overall. This variable 

weighting factor allows comparisons between areas such as Phoenix-where principal arterial streets carry 50 percent 

of the amount of travel of freeways-and cities such as Phoenix where the ratio is reversed. Values greater than one 

are indicative of undesirable congestion levels. Readers seeking the algorithm for the congestion index should 

examine http://mobility.tamu.edu/. 

In previous reports, TTI assumed that 45 percent of all traffic, regardless of the urban location, occurred in congested 

conditions. TTI indicated that this presumption overestimated travel in congested periods. Its 2002 estimates now 

vary by urban area anywhere from 18 to 50 percent of travel that occurs in congestion. TTI's model structure applies 

to two types of roads: freeways and principal arterial streets. The model derives estimates of vehicle traffic per lane 

and traffic speed for an entire urban area. Based on variation in these amounts, travel is then classified under 5 

categories: uncongested, moderately congested, heavily congested, severely congested, and extremely congested (a 

new category in 1999). The threshold between uncongested and congested was changed in 1999. Previous editions 

classified congested travel when area wide traffic levels reached 14,000 vehicles per lane per day on highways and 

5,500 vehicles per lane per day on principal arterial streets. For the current edition these values are 15,500 and 5,500 

vehicles per lane per day respectively. Previous years values have been re-estimated based on these new 

assumptions. Readers should refer to the TTI website for more detailed information on its estimation procedures 

http://mobility.tamu.edu/. 

TTI reviews and adjusts the data used in its model, including statewide average fuel cost estimates (published by the 

American Automobile Association) and the number of eligible drivers for each urban area (taken from the Statistical 

Abstract of the United States, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census).The model 

has some limitations because it does not include local variations (such as bottlenecks, local travel patterns, or 

transportation improvements) that affect travel times. TTI documentation does not provide information on peerreview, sensitivity analysis, or estimation errors for their model. Information about sensitivity analysis or external 

reviews of the model could not be obtained and users should interpret the data cautiously.

ENVIRONMENT 

TABLE 4-43. Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type and Fuel

TABLE 4-44. National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type Using Reformulated Gasoline

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency uses its Mobile Source Emissions Factor Model (MOBILE) to generate 

average emissions factors for each vehicle and fuel type. The methods used in the model are theoretically sound, the 

assumptions are reasonable, but the data vary in quality, and no formal analysis of the accuracy of these estimates 

has been performed. Emissions rate estimates for light-duty vehicles are considered more reliable than those for 

heavy-duty vehicles because in-use emissions tests are performed on a sample of vehicles each year. Deterioration 

for heavy-duty vehicles in the national fleet are based only on manufacturer's engine deterioration tests. In addition, 

because reformulated fuels (table 4-39) are newer than other gasoline fuels (table 4-38), in use emissions test data 

for reformulated fuels are not as extensive. 

The estimates in the tables represent average emissions rates taking into account the characteristics of the nation's 

fleet, including vehicle type and age, and fuel used. The model also assumes Federal Test Procedure conditions. The 

model does not take into account actual travel distributions across different highway types with their associated 

average speeds and operating mode fractions, nor do they consider ambient local temperatures. However, fleet 

composition and deterioration because of age are considered. Thus, these rates illustrate only trends due to vehicle 

emissions control improvements and their increasing use in the national fleet and should not be used for other 

purposes.
TABLES 4-45, 4-46, 4-47, 4-48, 4-49, 4-50. Estimates of National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen 

Oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds, Particular Matter, Sulfur Dioxide

Emissions by sector and source are estimated using various models and calculation techniques and are based on a 

number of assumptions and on data that vary in precision and reliability. The methods used are theoretically sound, 

the assumptions are reasonable, but the data vary in quality, and no formal analysis of the accuracy of these 

estimates has been performed.

Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Highway vehicle emissions of CO, NOx, and VOC are generated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 

(EPA's) Mobile Source Emissions Factor Model (MOBILE), which uses per-mile vehicle emissions factors and vehicle 

travel (vehicle-miles) to calculate county-level emissions. Emissions rates are then adjusted based on fuel 

characteristics, vehicle fleet composition, emissions control measures, average vehicle speed, and other factors that 

can affect emissions. (Emissions rates used in MOBILE are based on vehicle certification tests, emissions standards, 

and in-use vehicle tests and are updated approximately every three years.) The U.S. Department of Transportation, 

Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System is the source of vehicle travel estimates 

used in the model. Although the methodology for this survey data is sound and well documented, analyses have 

shown that individual states vary in how rigorously they follow the established sampling guidelines. 

The non-highway vehicle emissions are calculated annually by running EPA's NONROAD model for all categories 

except aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads, which are calculated via emission factors and relevant 

activity data. Inputs to the NONROAD model include average temperatures, Reid vapor pressure, fuel usage 

programs and controls. 

Particulate Matter Under 10 Microns (PM-10) and 2.5 Microns (PM-2.5) in Size

Highway vehicle emissions are estimated using the U.S. Environments Protection Agency's PART model, which 

estimates emissions factors for exhaust emissions and brake and tire wear by vehicle type. Exhaust emissions 

factors are based on certification tests, while brake wear (per vehicle) and tire wear (per tire) are assumed values, 

which are constant over all years. Per-mile emissions factors are multiplied by vehicle travel (vehicle-miles) and 

adjusted to account for other factors that effect exhaust emissions (e.g., fuel composition, weather, etc.). The U.S. 

Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System is the 

source of vehicle-miles of travel (VMT) estimates used in the model. While the methodology for this survey data is 

sound and well documented, analyses have shown that individual states vary in how rigorously they follow the 

established sampling guidelines. 

Fugitive dust estimates for paved and unpaved roads are calculated by multiplying VMT on each type of road by 

emissions factors for each vehicle type and road type. 

The non-highway vehicle emissions are calculated annually by running EPA's NONROAD model for all categories 

except aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads, which are calculated via emission factors and relevant 

activity data. Inputs to the NONROAD model include average temperatures, Reid vapor pressure, fuel usage 

programs and controls.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Highway vehicle SO2 emissions are estimated by multiplying vehicle travel (for each vehicle type and highway type) 

by an emissions factor reflecting each vehicle type and highway type. Highway SO2 emissions factors are based on 

vehicle type and model year, sulfur content of fuel by type and year, fuel density by fuel type, and vehicle fuel 

efficiency by type and model year. 

In general, estimates for non-highway vehicles are calculated based on fuel consumption and sulfur content of fuel, 

though other factors may be considered.

Lead
In general, lead emissions are estimated by multiplying an activity level by an emissions factor that represents the 

rate at which lead is emitted for the given source category. This estimate is then adjusted by a factor that represents 

the assumed effectiveness of control technologies. For lead released during combustion, a top-down approach is 

used to share national estimates of fuel consumption by fuel type to each consumption category (e.g., motor fuel, 

electric utility, etc.) and, subsequently, each source (e.g., passenger cars, light-duty trucks, etc.).

TABLE 4-51. Air Pollution Trends in Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)

TABLE 4-52. Areas in Nonattainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency measures concentrations of pollutants in the ambient air at its air quality 

monitoring sites, which are operated by state and local agencies. These sites conform to uniform criteria for monitor 

siting, instrumentation, and quality assurance, and each site is weighted equally in calculating the composite average 

trend statistics. Furthermore, trend sites must have complete data for 8 of the 10 years in the trend time period to be 

included. However, monitoring devices are placed in areas most likely to observe significant concentrations of air 

pollutants rather than a random sampling of sites throughout the nation. 

TABLE 4-53. U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector

The combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, is the principal anthropogenic (human 

caused) source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Since fossil fuels are typically 75 percent to 90 percent carbon by 

weight, emissions from the combustion of these fuels can be easily measured in carbon units, as is shown in the 

table. 

CO2 emissions data are derived from estimates. The U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration 

(EIA), estimates CO2emissions by multiplying energy consumption for each fuel type by its carbon emissions 

coefficient, then subtracting carbon that is sequestered by nonfuel use of fossil fuels. Carbon emissions coefficients 

are values used for scaling emissions to specific activities (e.g., pounds of CO2emitted per barrel of oil consumed). 

Emissions estimates are based on energy consumption data collected and published by EIA Several small 

adjustments are made to its energy consumption data to eliminate double counting or miscounting of emissions. For 

example, EIA subtracts the carbon in ethanol from transportation gasoline consumption because of its biological 

origin. 

Emissions coefficients are based on the density, carbon content, and heat content of petroleum products. For many 

fuels, except liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), jet fuel, and crude oil, EIA assumed coefficients to be constant over time. 

For LPG, jet fuel, and crude oil, EIA annualized carbon emissions coefficients to reflect changes in chemical 

composition or product mix. 

Since the combustion of fossil fuels is a major producer of CO2emissions, sources of uncertainty are related to: 1) 

volumes of fuel consumed; 2) characteristics of fuel consumed; 3) emissions coefficients; and 4) coverage. EIA notes 

that volumetric fuel data are fairly reliable in the 3 percent to 5 percent range of uncertainty. The density and energy 

content of fuels are usually estimated. According to EIA, the reliability of these estimates vary. For example, 

estimates of the energy content of natural gas are reliable to 0.5 percent, while estimates for coal and petroleum 

products are lower because they are more heterogeneous fuels. The reliability of emissions coefficients depends on 

whether the characteristics of a fuel are difficult to measure accurately. Finally, uncertainties may result because data 

may be excluded or unknown sources of emissions not included.

EIA's estimation methods, emissions coefficients, and the reliability of emissions estimates are discussed in detail in 

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United 

States, 1998 available on: www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/index.html. 

TABLE 4-54. Petroleum Oil Spills Impacting U.S. Waterways

The U. S. Coast Guard's (USCG) Marine Safety Information System (MSIS) is the source of these data. It includes 

data on all oil spills impacting U.S. navigable waters and the Coastal Zone. The USCG learns of spills through direct 

observation, reports from responsible parties and third parties. Responsible parties are required by law to report spills 

to the National Response Center (NRC).Reports may be made to the USCG or Environmental Protection Agency pre-
designated On Scene Coordinator for the geographic area where the discharge occurs if direct reporting to the NRC 

is not practicable. There is no standard format for these reports, but responsible personnel face significant penalties 

for failing to do so. Most reports are made by telephone, and USCG personnel complete investigations based on the 

information provided. The type and extent of an investigation conducted varies depending on the type and quantity of 

the material spilled. Each investigation will determine as closely as possible source of the pollutant, the quantity of the 

material spilled, the cause of the accident, as well as whether there is evidence that any failure of material (either 

physical or design) was involved or contributed to the incident. These are so financial responsibility may be properly 

assigned for the incidents, as well as proper recommendations for the prevention of the recurrence of similar 

incidents may be made. 

Some spills may not be entered into MSIS because they are either not reported to or discovered by the USCG. The 

probability of a spill not being reported is inversely proportional to its size. Large spills impact a large area and a large 

number of people, resulting in numerous reports of such spills. Small spills are less likely to be reported, particularly if 

they occur at night or in remote areas where persons other than the responsible party are unlikely to detect them. 

Responsible parties are required by law to report spills and face penalties for failing to do so, providing a strong 

incentive to report spills that might be detected by others. Experience with harbor patrols shows that the number of 

spills increases as the frequency of patrols increases. However, the volume of material spilled does not increase 

significantly, indicating that the spills discovered through increased harbor patrols generally involved very small 

quantities.

Data Collection

From 1973 to 1985, data were collected on forms completed by the investigator and later entered into the Pollution 

Incident Reporting System (PIRS) by data entry clerks at USCG headquarters. Since 1985, data have been entered 

directly into MSIS by the investigator. From 1985 to 1991, data were entered into a specific electronic form that 

captured information on the spilled substance and pollution response actions. Since 1995, a growing number of 

reports of pollution incidents of 100 gallons or less of oil have been captured on a Notice of Violation ticket form, 

which are then entered into MSIS. 

The information shown in this table comes from the USCG Spill Compendium, which contains spill data from the 

applications described above. The Compendium contains summary data from 1969 through 2000 and is intended to 

provide general information to the public, the maritime industry and other interested persons about spills in and 

around U.S. waterways. For more information about spill data, please refer to the USCG Internet site at 

http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/nmc/response/stats/aa.htm

Nonsampling Errors

According to the USCG, nonsampling errors, such as nonreporting and mistakes made in data collection and entry, 

should not have a major impact on most interpretations of the data, but the impact will vary depending on the data 

used. The error rate for volume spilled is estimated to be less than 5 percent because larger spills, which account for 

most of the volume of oil spilled, are thoroughly reviewed at several levels. The error rate for the number of spills is 

difficult to estimate primarily due to low reporting rates for small spills. Most of the error in spill counts involves spills 

of less than 100 gallons.

TABLE 4-55. Leaking Underground Storage Tank Releases and Cleanups

A national inventory of reported spills and corrective actions taken for leaking underground storage tanks is compiled 

biannually based on state counts of leaking tanks reported by owners as required by the Resource Conservation and 

Recovery Act of 1976.1 These data may be affected by general accounting errors, some of which have changed 

semiannual counts by as many as 2,000 actions.

TABLE 4-56. Highway Noise Barrier Construction

State highway agencies (SHAs) provide data on highway noise barrier construction, extent, and costs to the U.S. 

Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Individual SHA definitions of barriers and costs may 

differ. This could lead to nonuniformity and/or anomalies among state data, which will in turn affect national totals.

TABLE 4-57. Number of People Residing in High-Noise Areas Around U.S. Airports
The number of the people exposed to aircraft noise around airports is estimated by computer modeling rather than by 

actual measurements. The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) 

Integrated Noise Model (INM) has been the primary tool for assessing aircraft noise around airports for nearly 30 

years. This model uses information on aircraft mix, average daily operations, flight tracks, and runway distribution to 

generate and plot contours of Day Night Sound Level (DNL).With the addition of a digitized population census 

database, the model can estimate the number of residents exposed to noise levels of 65 decibels (db) DNL. 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) produced the first estimate of airport noise exposure in 1975.It 

reported that 7 million residents were exposed to significant levels of aircraft noise in 1978.This number became the 

"anchor point" for all future estimates of the nationwide noise impacts. In 1980, FAA developed another methodology 

for estimating the change in the number of people impacted by noise (from the 1975 anchor value) as a function of 

changes in both the national fleet and in the FAA's Terminal Area Forecast (TAF). In 1990, the FAA created an 

improved method of estimating the change in number of people impacted (relative to the 1980 estimates). 

In 1993, the FAA began using its newly developed Nationwide Airport Noise Impact Model (NANIM) to estimate the 

impact of airplane noise on residential communities surrounding U.S. airports that support jet operations. FAA uses 

this model to determine the relative changes in number of people and land area exposed to 65 db DNL as a result of 

changes in nationwide aircraft fleet mix and operations. NANIM uses data on air traffic patterns found in the Official 

Airline Guide (OAG), air traffic growth projections found in FAA's TAF, population figures from the U.S. Census 

Bureau, and information on noise contour areas for the top 250 U.S. civil airports with jet operations. 

The methodology used in NANIM has been peer reviewed and approved. However, a formal evaluation of the 

model's accuracy has not been conducted. Some data used in NANIM are updated manually, thus the possibility of 

data entry errors does exist. Entries are reviewed and then corrected as appropriate. The aircraft mix and operations 

files from FAA's TAF and OAG are updated automatically. Changes to either of the sources could introduce errors. 

For example, it was recently discovered that OAG redefined some aircraft codes and altered some data fields in its 

database. These changes make it impossible for the NANIM utility program to accurately read the current OAG 

database. A rewrite of the source code is necessary to eliminate this error. Also, since airport authorities are not 

required to produce noise exposure maps and reports unless they intend to apply for Federal grants, 14 of the 50 

busiest commercial airports, including JFK and LaGuardia, have not produced (for public consumption) noise 

exposure maps in several years. In the absence of actual data, the NANIM database contains approximations of the 

noise contours areas based on airports of similar size and similar operation. Without actual airport data, it is 

impossible to quantify the error introduced by the approximation. 

The number of people exposed to aircraft noise for 1998 through 2001 was estimated by the FAA's latest version of 

its MAGENTA model. This new, more accurate model is based on 2000 census data and uses input data on aircraft 

and operations specific to U.S. airports. This revised model also uses the FAA Terminal Forecast (TAF), which 

provides information on how operations will increase on an airport specific basis. Updated monthly, the TAF allows a 

more accurate forecast of U.S. operations.

TABLE 4-58. Motor Vehicles Scrapped

The Polk Company's Vehicles in Operation database is the source of these data. This database is a census of 

vehicles that are currently registered in all states within the United States. It is based on information from state 

department of motor vehicles. Polk updates the database quarterly (March, June, September, and December). 

Scrapped vehicles are those that Polk removes from its database when: 1) States indicate registered vehicles have 

suffered major damage (such as a flood or accident), or 2) No renewal (reregistration) notice is received by Polk 

within a state's allotted time (normally one year). In the latter case, if a vehicle is subsequently reregistered, it is 

returned to the database. The Polk data on motor vehicles is broken down into passenger cars and trucks, and this 

identification comes with the registration data from the DMV. 

REFERENCES 

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 1994. Accuracy of Petroleum Supply Data. Tammy G. 

Heppner and Carol L. French, eds.Washington, DC. 
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 1990. Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, A 

Comparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply Surveys, DOE/EIA-0533.Washington, DC. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. 1998.MOBILE5 Information Sheet #7: NOx Benefits 

of Reformulated Gasoline Using MOBILE5a. Ann Arbor, MI. September 30. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.1998.National Air Pollutant 

Emission Trends, Procedure Document, 1900-1996. EPA-454/R-98-008.Research Triangle Park, NC.May. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. 1996.Memorandum on Release of 

MOBILE5b.(Revised Chapter 2 for the Users Guide to MOBILE5).October 11. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality and Standards, Emission Factor and Inventory 

Group.1995.Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP-42, Volume II: Mobile Sources. Appendix H. Fifth 

ed.June 30. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources (OMS). 1995. Draft User's Guide to PART5: A 

Program for Calculating Particle Emissions from Motor Vehicles, EPA-AA-AQAB-94-2.Ann Arbor, MI.February. 

U.S. EPA, Office of Mobile Sources.1994. Users Guide to MOBILE5 (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model),EPAAA-TEB-94-01.Ann Arbor, MI.May. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation. 1992. Procedures for Emission Inventory 

Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources, EPA-450/4-81-026d (Revised).

1 Public Law 94-580, 90 Stat. 2795 (October 21, 1976).
Appendix E 

Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 4 Energy and the Environment

PETROLEUM SUPPLY

TABLE 4-1. Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption

The petroleum supply system is extremely complicated, with many different processes, products, and entities 

involved. Briefly, crude oil is produced or imported, transported to refineries where it is refined into various products, 

and then transported to markets. Imports and exports of crude oil and products must be accounted for, as must be 

nonpetroleum components of final products, such as natural gas plant liquids and ethanol for gasoline blending. 

The U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA) collects extensive data at select points in 

the petroleum supply system. Sixteen surveys are conducted by EIA's Petroleum Supply Reporting System to track 

the supply and disposition of crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas plant liquids:

• five weekly surveys cover refineries (form EIA-800), bulk terminal stocks (form EIA-801), product pipelines 

(form EIA-802), crude stocks (form EIA-803), and imports (form EIA-804). 

• eight monthly surveys cover the same five points plus tanker and barge movement (form EIA-817), gas 

processing facilities (form EIA-816), and oxygenates (form EIA-819M). 

• one survey (form EIA-807) collects propane data on a monthly basis in the warmer months (AprilSeptember) and on a weekly basis in the colder months. 

• one annual survey determines production capacity of oxygenates and fuel ethanol (form EIA-819A), and 

• one annual survey determines refinery fuel use, capacity, and crude oil receipts by transportation mode 

(form EIA-820). 

The five weekly surveys target key points in the petroleum supply system. They do not include all companies, but 

sample 90 percent of volume at each selected point in the supply system. EIA rank-orders the companies involved in 

the survey and sends surveys as it scrolls down the list, stopping when it reaches the 90 percent level. Although 100 

percent coverage is sacrificed, this method keeps the level of incoming data manageable and avoids burdening the 

smallest companies. All data are reviewed and anomalies checked. 

Monthly surveys provide data that are used in the monthly and annual reports. They are similar to the weekly 

surveys, but are more exhaustive in both the range of data collected and the depth of the collection. Sample sizes 

and response rates for several of the key points in the supply system are shown in table 1.The eight monthly surveys 

cover the industry more accurately than the weekly surveys and provide some double-check points that the other 

surveys do not. EIA expends considerable effort to ensure that its data are as accurate as possible. Revisions are 

made throughout the year. For example, EIA's Annual Energy Review 1996, released in July 1997, provided a 

preliminary 1996 number for total petroleum production of 8.30 million barrels per day (mmbd). The Annual Energy 

Review 1997, released a year later, revised that to 8.25 mmbd, and the 1999 Review reported 8.29 mmbd.

No complicated survey is likely to be 100 percent accurate. EIA lists four sources of potential systematic errors: 

1. Some members of the target population are missed. EIA reports that it continually reviews the lists and 

searches industry periodicals and newspapers to identify new actors. Considering the nature of the 

petroleum industry, it is very unlikely that companies with significant production are not surveyed. 

2. Some members of the target population do not respond. EIA reports a 97 percent response rate for monthly 

surveys. For some points in the supply system, the average response is over 99 percent. Survey 

respondents are required by law to respond, but some nonresponse is inevitable, especially among small 

companies. EIA assumes that the nonrespondent's value for that month is the same as for the previous 

month except for imports. Since imports vary widely, with respondents frequently having no imports, EIA 

assumes a nonresponse means zero imports. It can be assumed that EIA is good at "filling in the blanks." 
Assuming for illustration purposes that 0.5 percent of production does not respond, and that EIA is 90 

percent accurate in covering the gap, then there is a possibility of a 0.05 percent error. Applying that to total 

production of 8.29 mmbd in 1999 suggests that there could be an error of 0.0041 mmbd (4,100 barrels per 

day), which would not affect the published number. 

3. The most serious problem may be response error. A company may have poor data, perhaps as a result of 

imperfect measurements, or it may transmit the wrong number. EIA has no control over a company's data 

quality. Companies have incentive to measure their inputs and products accurately. Otherwise, they may be 

cheating themselves or risking ill will with their customers or suppliers. However, no instrumentation is 

perfectly accurate. The high throughput of, say, a refinery with capacity of several hundred thousand barrels 

per day, with a variety of products changing density and some lost or used on site, is very complicated to 

measure. Instrumentation errors are likely to be systematic at any one site, although they will be more nearly 

random in the aggregate for all facilities. There is potential for small but significant overall errors.

Mistakes may be made in recording and transferring the data. EIA reviews the data and flags gross errors or 

missing data for review by the respondent. However, not all errors will be picked up by EIA and/or the 

respondent. Overall, response errors probably are several times as large as nonresponse errors, but it is 

beyond the scope of this profile to estimate them. 

4. The final potential source of systematic error is in the clarity of the survey form, i.e., whether all respondents 

interpret it correctly. No doubt errors and ambiguities can creep into a form, but at least for petroleum 

supply, that does not appear to be a major risk. The supply system is not changing rapidly, and EIA should 

be able to keep with it and the terminology. However the final digit of EIA's published supply data is 

questionable. 

For additional information on survey methodology and statistical reliability, the reader is referred to the EIA reference 

cited in the tables or the EIA Internet site at www.eia.doe.gov. 

FUEL AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION 

TABLE 4-1. Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption

TABLE 4-2. U.S. Consumption of Energy from Primary Sources by Sector

TABLE 4-3. Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector

TABLE 4-4. U.S. Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector

TABLE 4-7. Domestic Demand for Gasoline

Petroleum consumption is far more complex to measure than supply. Instead of a few hundred companies at most 

measuring points in the supply system, there are tens of millions of consumers. It would be impossible for any survey 

of individual consumers to produce the high rate of return of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information 

Administration's (EIA's) supply surveys. EIA's transportation data collection is further limited by the termination of the 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS). Therefore, EIA uses surveys of sales of products 

(e.g., Form EIA-821:Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report) or tax collection data from the U.S. Department of 

Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 

EIA reviewed the accuracy of its energy consumption data in a 1990 monograph Energy Consumption by End-Use 

Sector, a Comparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply Surveys. Unfortunately, this monograph does not 

discuss the transportation sector because the consumption and supply surveys were not comparable. However, 

some of the results from other sectors indicate the discrepancies between supply and consumption surveys. Table 4-

2 shows the ratio of fuel supplied to the sector to consumption reported by the sector in consumption surveys. 

In most cases, supply is reported as substantially larger than consumption. Supplies of fuel oil to the commercial 

sector are reported at almost twice the level of consumption reported by that sector. Some of the discrepancies may 

be due to definition differences (e.g., fuel oil for apartment buildings is included in commercial supply surveys but not 

in consumption surveys.) Overall, however, the differences are too large for great confidence in the accuracy of the 

data. 
If transportation had been reviewed in the same format, it is likely that the discrepancies would have been larger. 

Most transportation fuel (gasoline for automobiles) is purchased in small quantities at irregular intervals and cannot 

be checked simply by looking at a utility bill. Hence, highway transportation energy consumption surveys must be 

extensive to avoid the risk of large uncertainties in the data. But, with the termination of the RTECS, EIA ceased 

conducting such surveys. Consumption data must be derived indirectly from sales of petroleum products and tax 

collection data. While petroleum supply may be accurate to one decimal place, it is likely that disaggregating by 

sector use may be within plus or minus several percentage points, or perhaps about half a quadrillion British thermal 

unit (Btu) in table 4-1. 

Motor Gasoline

Almost all gasoline is consumed in the transportation sector. Small amounts are used in the commercial sector for 

nonhighway use and the industrial sector, which includes agriculture, construction, and other uses. Subtracting 

estimates of those uses from the known total sales yields the transportation sector's total, which is further subdivided 

into highway and marine use. Aviation gasoline is, of course, used entirely in the transportation sector (for a very few 

high-performance automobiles as well as small aircraft). 

Data on actual sales is collected by the states for revenue purposes. These data are forwarded to FHWA. EIA uses 

the data from FHWA to allocate highway consumption of motor gasoline among the states. For 1999, FHWA reported 

124.7 billion gallons of gasoline sold nationally for highway use. EIA's table 5.12c of the Annual Energy Review 2000

lists 8.33 mmbd of gasoline supplied for the transportation sector, the same as 127.7 billion gallons. 

Such close agreement between supply and demand is not totally convincing. Definitions are unique to each state 

(e.g., whether gasohol is counted as pure gasoline or part gasoline and part renewables), measurement points vary 

from state to state, and each state handles losses differently. Hence, the total of all states' sales of gasoline is not 

entirely consistent. 

Separation of highway from nonhighway uses of gasoline is, by necessity, based in part on careful estimates. 

Nevertheless, overall gasoline sales are well documented, and the separation is probably fairly accurate. Refinery 

output of motor gasoline was 7.93 mmbd in 1999, which is probably accurate to the first decimal place and maybe a 

little better. The transportation sector's 8.33 mmbd would have about the same accuracy.

Diesel Fuel

Diesel fuel is used in highway vehicles, railroads, boats, and military vehicles. Sales are only about 30 percent of 

gasoline in the transportation sector, but uncertainties are greater. More diesel than gasoline is used for nonhighway 

purposes, especially agriculture and construction. In addition, there has been more potential for cheating to avoid the 

tax; heating oil is virtually the same as diesel fuel and can easily be transferred to a vehicle. However, this is less 

significant now that tracers have been added to fuel oil. After the addition of tracers, the amount of transportation 

diesel fuel use jumped. 

To estimate diesel fuel sales by mode, EIA starts with the total supply of distillate fuel and subtracts the small amount 

sold to electric utilities (the most accurately known sector, as measured by EIA Form EIA-759). The remainder is 

divided among the other end-use sectors according to EIA's sales surveys (Form EIA-821: Annual Fuel Oil and 

Kerosene Sales Report, and Form EIA-863: Petroleum Product Sales Identification Survey). 

This method introduces several potential elements of inaccuracy. First, the surveys of each sector are probably less 

accurate than the supply surveys noted earlier. Companies and individuals may inadvertently send incorrect data, or 

not respond at all. Then EIA has to determine what adjustment factor to use for each end-use sector. Since each 

sector will have a different response rate to the surveys, the adjustments will be different. Large adjustments can 

introduce large errors. EIA has not published its adjustments for the transportation sector. As shown in table 2, the 

adjustments in other sectors range from 5 to 96 percent of reported consumption. Even a 20 percent adjustment 

could introduce an error of one or two percentage points (plus or minus) for any one sector. 

Overall, the accuracy of diesel fuel use in the transportation sector should be viewed with some skepticism.

Jet Fuel
Jet fuel is the only other petroleum-based fuel that is used in large quantities (over 1 million barrels/day) in the 

transportation sector. Virtually all of it is used by airlines. These data are accurate because airlines are required to 

report usage, and because there are relatively few certificated air carriers, data collection should be manageable. 

NONPETROLEUM FUELS CONSUMPTION 

TABLE 4-10. Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement Fuels for Highway Vehicles

Collectively, oxygenates, natural gas, electricity, and various alternative fuels amount to only about 3 percent of all 

energy used in the transportation sector. While this may not be much greater than the error bars associated with 

petroleum use, it is important to track changes in these fuels accurately.

Oxygenates

Oxygenates, mostly methyl tributyl ether (MTBE), which is derived from natural gas and ethanol, are part of 

mainstream gasoline supply. They are measured routinely with petroleum supply (forms EIA-819A and 819M). 

Consumption is estimated from production, net imports, and stock changes. Refineries and other entities are required 

to report data on oxygenates, and EIA also monitors production capability to provide a crosscheck. Thus, oxygenates 

data are likely to be reasonably accurate. 

Natural Gas

Natural gas is used in the transportation sector mainly as the fuel for compressor stations on natural gas transmission 

lines. A small but growing amount is used in compressed or liquefied form in vehicles. EIA collects data on natural 

gas much as it does for petroleum, but the system is much simpler. Natural gas transmission companies may not 

know exactly how much gas is used in compressor stations, but they have a good idea based on the size of the 

equipment and the load on the line. The reported numbers probably are reasonably accurate. Data on natural gasfueled vehicles are collected by DOE via Form-886, which is sent to fuel suppliers, vehicle manufacturers, and 

consumers. In addition, private associations and newsletters are important sources of information on alternative 

vehicles and alternative fuels use. Since most groups work cooperatively with DOE, it is likely that the data reported 

are accurate. EIA tracks the number of natural gas vehicles and the number of refueling stations to provide a cross 

check on estimates of natural gas consumption.

Electricity

Electricity powers intercity trains (Amtrak) and intracity rail systems. In addition, the number of electric vehicles is 

growing. There is considerable uncertainty over the energy consumed by these modes. Amtrak no longer provides 

national totals of its electricity consumption. Data on intracity transit is based on U.S. Department of Transportation, 

Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) National Transit Database (NTD). The legislative requirement for the NTD is 

found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are 

generally required to report financial and operating data, including energy use. Although the data is generally 

considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted, reliability may vary because some 

transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret certain data. 

If electric vehicles become important over the next decade or two, dedicated charging stations may become 

commonplace, which could provide accurate data. Fleet owners (e.g., electric utilities) can keep accurate records, but 

individuals who plug their vehicles in at home may not. Electricity use must be estimated from the number of such 

vehicles and the expected driving cycles. Hence, data on electric power for transportation must be viewed as an 

estimate. 

It should also be noted that electricity is a form of work that usually is generated from heat with the loss of about twothirds of the energy. Automobile engines are equivalent to electric generators in that they convert chemical energy to 

heat and then to work, losing most of the energy as waste heat. When electrical energy is compared to petroleum in 

transportation, the waste heat must be included for consistency. A kilowatt-hour of electricity is equivalent to 3,413 

British thermal units (Btu), but about 10,000 Btu of heat are required to produce it. This factor is dropping as 

generators become more efficient. High efficiency gas turbines may require 8,000 Btu or less, but the average is 

much higher. It is usually impossible to tell where the power for a specific use is generated, so average figures for a 

region are used to estimate the waste energy, a factor that further reduces the accuracy of the data.
Alternative Fuels

In addition to oxygenates, natural gas, and electricity, alternative fuels include ethanol and methanol. EIA tracks the 

numbers of such vehicles through Form-886, state energy offices, federal demonstration programs, manufacturers, 

and private associations. These numbers probably are fairly accurate although it is difficult to monitor retirements. 

Fuel consumption is estimated from the types of vehicles in operation, vehicle miles traveled, and expected fuel 

efficiency. Adjustments are necessary for the relatively few flexible-fuel vehicles. Obviously, the reported data are 

estimates only.

FUEL AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MODE 

TABLE 4-5. Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation

TABLE 4-6. Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation

TABLE 4-8. Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4-9. Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4-11. Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4-12. Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4-13. Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4-14. Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4-15. Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel

Fuel consumption data are collected quite differently than supply data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy, 

Energy Information Administration (EIA). Highway fuel consumption, for example, is based on U.S. Department of 

Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) data collected from states in the course of revenue 

collection. EIA starts from the fuel delivered to transportation entities.

Highway

Highway fuel data (tables 4-5, 4-9, and 4-11 through 4-15) are collected mainly by FHWA. All states plus the District 

of Columbia report total fuel sold along with travel by highway category and vehicle registration. Data typically flows 

from state revenue offices to the state departments of transportation to FHWA. Even if reporting is reasonably 

accurate, some data are always anomalous or missing and must be modified to fit expected patterns. In addition, as 

discussed earlier, there are some significant differences in methodology and definitions among the states. In 

particular, states differ in where the tax is applied in the fuel supply system, how gasohol is counted, how nonhighway 

use is treated, and how losses are handled. 

Nonhighway use of gasoline and diesel fuel is a particularly large source of potential error. Some states designate 

nonhighway users as tax-exempt, others make the tax refundable. In either case, many people won't bother to apply 

if the amount of money is small. Nonhighway use of diesel fuel is especially large because many construction and 

agricultural vehicles are diesel powered. Thus, the fraction of petroleum attributed to transportation could be 

overestimated. On the other hand, some nonhighway fuel finds its way into the transportation system because 

heating oil can be used as diesel fuel, evading the tax. Tracers are now added to heating oil, which appears to have 

reduced the level of such tax evasion-if found in a truck's fuel tank, the tracer indicates diversion from a nontaxed 

source. 

Breaking fuel use down by class of motor vehicle introduces the potential for error. FHWA must estimate the miles 

each class is driven and the fuel economy. Estimation of miles is based on the 1995 Nationwide Personal 

Transportation Survey (NPTS), administered by FHWA, and the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (formerly known 
as the Truck Inventory and Use Survey) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. For information about these two 

surveys, the reader is referred to the technical appendix of Our Nation's Travel, available from the FHWA, Office of 

Highway Information Management; and the 1997 Census of Transportation, available from the Economics and 

Statistics Administration within the Census Bureau. Fuel economy is based on state-supplied data, TIUS, and the 

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration data on new car fuel economy, which must be reduced by about 15 

percent to reflect actual experience on the road. Overall, both vehicle-miles of travel and fuel economy are estimates. 

Fuel consumption by buses is particularly uncertain. FHWA collects data on intercity buses, and the American Public 

Transit Association (APTA) covers local travel. Very little data are collected on school buses. APTA figures are based 

on data from the USDOT, Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) National Transit Database, which covers about 90 

to 95 percent of total passenger-miles. These data are generally accurate because FTA reviews and validates 

information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot 

obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts the FTA data to include transit 

operators that do not report to FTA, such as private and very small operators and rural operators. Prior to 1984, 

APTA did not include most rural and demand responsive systems.

Air

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI) is the 

source of these data. The numbers are based on 100-percent reporting of fuel use by large certificated air carriers 

(those with revenues of more than $100 million annually) via Form 41.The data are probably reasonably accurate 

because the airlines report fuel use regularly, and the limited number of airlines aids data management. 

Smaller airlines, such as medium size regional and commuter air carriers, are not required to report energy data. OAI 

estimates that about 8 percent would have to be added to the total of the larger airlines to account for this use, but 

that has not been done in table 4-5 or 4-8. 

General aviation aircraft and air taxis are covered in the General Aviation and Air Taxi and Avionics Survey, 

conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The survey is conducted annually and encompasses a 

stratified, systematic design from a random start to generate a sample of all general aviation aircraft in the United 

States. It is based on the FAA registry as the sampling frame. For instance, in 2000, a sample of 31,039 aircraft was 

identified and surveyed from an approximate population of 256,927 registered general aviation aircraft. 

The reliability of the GAATA survey can be impacted by two factors: sampling and nonsampling error. A measure, 

called the standard error, is used to indicate the magnitude of sampling error. Standard errors can be converted for 

comparability by dividing the standard error by the estimate (derived from the sample survey results) and multiplying 

it by 100. This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled two and four-tenths of a percent in 2000 for 

the general aviation fleet. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates lack of precision, and inversely, a 

small standard error indicates precision. 

Nonsampling errors could include nonresponse, a respondent's inability or unwillingness to provide correct 

information, differences in interpretation of questions, and data entry mistakes. The reliability of general aviation fleet 

data comparisons over time would decrease because of changes implemented in 1978 and sampling errors 

discussed above. Readers should note that nonresponse bias may be a component of reliability errors in the data 

from 1980 to 1990. The FAA conducted telephone surveys of nonrespondents in 1977, 1978, and 1979 and found no 

significant differences or inconsistencies between respondent and nonrespondent replies. The FAA discontinued the 

telephone survey of nonrespondents in 1980 to save costs. Nonresponse surveys were resumed in 1990; and the 

FAA found notable differences and make adjustments to its data to reflect nonresponse bias. 

The U.S. Government, in particular the Department of Defense (DOD), uses a large amount of jet fuel as shown in 

table4-19 (see discussion on government consumption below). However, DOD reports all fuel purchased, including 

from foreign sources for operations abroad. While the data may be accurate, it is not comparable to EIA's overall U.S. 

supply and consumption figures on jet fuel. 

International operations are included in table 4-8 but not table 4-5. The fuel use for international operations includes 

that purchased by U.S. airlines for return trips. OAI does not collect data on foreign airline purchases of fuel in the 

United States. Thus, a significant use of U.S. jet fuel is missed. However, these two factors approximately balance 

each other out. As shown in table 1-34,foreign carrier traffic is just slightly less than U.S. carrier international traffic, 

so presumably the fuel purchased here by foreign carriers is very close to the fuel purchased abroad by U.S. carriers.
Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR figures 

are based on 100 percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 

of the R1 Annual Report. Thus, the data are considered accurate. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating 

revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with 

changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2001, the adjusted 

threshold for Class I railroads was $266.7 million. Although Class I railroads represent only 1 percent of the number 

of railroads in the country, they account for over 70 percent of the industry's mileage operated and more than 90 

percent of all freight revenue; energy consumption should be of the same order. For passenger travel, information is 

unavailable. Amtrak no longer provides data on a national basis, and the regional data appears to be inconsistent. 

Transit

The APTA figures are based on information in FTA's National Transit Database. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA 

data to include transit operators that do not report to the FTA Database (private and very small operators and rural 

operators), which accounts for about 90 to 95 percent of the total passenger-miles. The data are generally accurate 

because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary 

because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret certain data definitions in federal 

guidelines.

Water

The EIA collects data on residual and distillate fuel oils and diesel through its Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 

Report survey, form EIA-821.The survey targets companies that sell fuel oil and kerosene to end users. This survey 

commenced in 1984 and data from previous years should be used with caution. 

Sampling Frame and Design

The sample's target universe includes all companies that sell fuel oil and kerosene to end users. EIA derives the 

sampling frame from the EIA-863 database containing identity information for approximately 22,300 fuel oil and 

kerosene sellers. EIA stratifies the sampling frame into two categories: companies selected with certainty and 

uncertainty. Those in the certainty category varied but included the end use "vessel bunkering," or sales for the 

fueling of commercial and private watercraft.

Sampling Error, Imputation, and Estimates

EIA reported a 92.5 percent response rate for the 2000 survey. The EIA also provides estimates of the sampling error 

for geographic areas and U.S. averages are 1.8 for residential distillate fuel oil, 0.8 for nonresidential retail distillate 

fuel oil, and 0.1 for retail residual fuel oil. Some firms inevitably ignore survey requests, causing data gaps. EIA 

estimates the volumes of these firm's sales by imputation; more detailed information and the algorithm can be 

obtained at EIA's web site in the technical notes for the Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report. See 

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil gas/petroleum/data publications/fuel oil and kerosene sales/foks.html. 

TABLE 4-19. U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source

Energy consumption data are collected by DOE's Office of Federal Energy Management Programs in cooperation 

with most departments and agencies. DOD is by far the largest consumer, accounting for about 80 percent of the 

total. As discussed above, the data includes fuel purchased abroad for military bases. Since government agencies 

are required to report these data, they are probably accurate. However, it is possible that some consumption is 

missed. For example, some agencies may report only fuel supplied directly, missing consumption such as gasoline 

purchased by employees while on government business for which they are then reimbursed. In addition, smaller 

agencies were neglected. Overall, however, the data should provide a fairly good approximation of government 

energy consumption.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY 
TABLE 4-20. Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes

TABLE 4-21. Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All Services

TABLE 4-22. Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles

TABLE 4-24. Energy Intensity of Transit Motor Buses

TABLE 4-25. Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad Freight Service

TABLE 4-26. Energy Intensity of Amtrak Service

TABLE 4-27. Energy Intensity of Amtrak Service (Loss-adjusted conversion factors)

Total energy consumed for each mode can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. Miles traveled are known for 

some modes, such as air carriers, but less accurately for others, most notably automobiles. When the numbers of 

passengers or tons are required to calculate energy efficiency, another uncertainty is introduced. Again, air carriers 

and intercity buses know how many passengers are on board and how far they travel, but only estimates are 

available for automobiles and intracity buses. 

Thus, table 4-21 should be quite accurate for certificated air carriers, though it is missing small airlines and private 

aircraft. Table 4-22 is based on FHWA fuel tax data, derived from state fuel tax revenues. VMT is as discussed for 

tables 1-9 and 1-10.Data for motorcycles must be adjusted significantly more than for automobiles because less 

information is collected from the states or from surveys. Transit bus data (table 4-24) are very uncertain because, 

unlike intercity buses, the distance each passenger travels is not measured by ticket sales. 

The intermodal comparison of passenger travel in table 4-20 must be viewed with considerable caution. Data for the 

different modes are collected in different ways, and the preparation of the final results is based on different 

assumptions. As noted above, airlines accurately record passenger miles, but the data on occupancy of private 

automobiles must be estimated from surveys. Even relatively certain data, such as state sales of gasoline, must be 

modified to resolve anomalies, and transit data are even harder to make consistent. Furthermore, different groups 

collect the data for the various modes, and they have different needs, assumptions, and methodologies. Thus, the 

comparisons are only approximate. 

Freight service data (table 4-25) are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American 

Railroads (AAR).AAR figures are based on 100 percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation 

Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues 

at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the 

Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I 

railroads was $ 261.9 million. Although Class I railroads comprise only 1 percent of the number of railroads in the 

country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage and 91 percent of all freight revenue; energy data 

should be of the same order.

TABLE 4-28. Annual Wasted Fuel Due to Congestion

TABLE 4-29. Wasted Fuel per Eligible Driver

The Texas Transportation Institute's (TTI) Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report provided figures for tables 4-27 

and 4-28. TTI relies on data from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway 

Performance Monitoring System database (HPMS). (See box 1-1 for detailed information about the HPMS.) TTI 

utilizes these data as inputs for its congestion estimation model. Detailed documentation for the TTI model and 

estimations can be found at http://mobility.tamu.edu/. 

The sum of fuel wasted in typical congestion (recurring delay) and incident related delays equal the annual wasted 

fuel for an urban area. Recurring delay is the product of recurring delay (annual hours in moderate, heavy, and 

severe delays) and average peak period system speed divided by average fuel economy. Incident delay hours are 
multiplied by the average peak period system speed and divided by the average fuel economy to produce the amount 

of incident fuel wasted.

Structure, Assumptions, and Parameters

Urban roadway congestion levels are estimated using a formula measuring traffic density. Average daily travel 

volume per lane on freeways and principal arterial streets are estimated using area wide estimates of vehicle-miles of 

travel and lane miles of roadway. The resulting ratios are combined using the amount of travel on each portion of the 

system (freeway and principal arterials) so that the combined index measures conditions overall. This variable 

weighting factor allows comparisons between areas such as Phoenix-where principal arterial streets carry 50 percent 

of the amount of travel of freeways-and cities such as Phoenix where the ratio is reversed. Values greater than one 

are indicative of undesirable congestion levels. Readers seeking the algorithm for the congestion index should 

examine http://mobility.tamu.edu/. 

In previous reports, TTI assumed that 45 percent of all traffic, regardless of the urban location, occurred in congested 

conditions. TTI indicated that this presumption overestimated travel in congested periods. Its 2002 estimates now 

vary by urban area anywhere from 18 to 50 percent of travel that occurs in congestion. TTI's model structure applies 

to two types of roads: freeways and principal arterial streets. The model derives estimates of vehicle traffic per lane 

and traffic speed for an entire urban area. Based on variation in these amounts, travel is then classified under 5 

categories: uncongested, moderately congested, heavily congested, severely congested, and extremely congested (a 

new category in 1999). The threshold between uncongested and congested was changed in 1999. Previous editions 

classified congested travel when area wide traffic levels reached 14,000 vehicles per lane per day on highways and 

5,500 vehicles per lane per day on principal arterial streets. For the current edition these values are 15,500 and 5,500 

vehicles per lane per day respectively. Previous years values have been re-estimated based on these new 

assumptions. Readers should refer to the TTI website for more detailed information on its estimation procedures 

http://mobility.tamu.edu/. 

TTI reviews and adjusts the data used in its model, including statewide average fuel cost estimates (published by the 

American Automobile Association) and the number of eligible drivers for each urban area (taken from the Statistical 

Abstract of the United States, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census).The model 

has some limitations because it does not include local variations (such as bottlenecks, local travel patterns, or 

transportation improvements) that affect travel times. TTI documentation does not provide information on peerreview, sensitivity analysis, or estimation errors for their model. Information about sensitivity analysis or external 

reviews of the model could not be obtained and users should interpret the data cautiously.

ENVIRONMENT 

TABLE 4-43. Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type and Fuel

TABLE 4-44. National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type Using Reformulated Gasoline

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency uses its Mobile Source Emissions Factor Model (MOBILE) to generate 

average emissions factors for each vehicle and fuel type. The methods used in the model are theoretically sound, the 

assumptions are reasonable, but the data vary in quality, and no formal analysis of the accuracy of these estimates 

has been performed. Emissions rate estimates for light-duty vehicles are considered more reliable than those for 

heavy-duty vehicles because in-use emissions tests are performed on a sample of vehicles each year. Deterioration 

for heavy-duty vehicles in the national fleet are based only on manufacturer's engine deterioration tests. In addition, 

because reformulated fuels (table 4-39) are newer than other gasoline fuels (table 4-38), in use emissions test data 

for reformulated fuels are not as extensive. 

The estimates in the tables represent average emissions rates taking into account the characteristics of the nation's 

fleet, including vehicle type and age, and fuel used. The model also assumes Federal Test Procedure conditions. The 

model does not take into account actual travel distributions across different highway types with their associated 

average speeds and operating mode fractions, nor do they consider ambient local temperatures. However, fleet 

composition and deterioration because of age are considered. Thus, these rates illustrate only trends due to vehicle 

emissions control improvements and their increasing use in the national fleet and should not be used for other 

purposes.
TABLES 4-45, 4-46, 4-47, 4-48, 4-49, 4-50. Estimates of National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen 

Oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds, Particular Matter, Sulfur Dioxide

Emissions by sector and source are estimated using various models and calculation techniques and are based on a 

number of assumptions and on data that vary in precision and reliability. The methods used are theoretically sound, 

the assumptions are reasonable, but the data vary in quality, and no formal analysis of the accuracy of these 

estimates has been performed.

Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Highway vehicle emissions of CO, NOx, and VOC are generated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 

(EPA's) Mobile Source Emissions Factor Model (MOBILE), which uses per-mile vehicle emissions factors and vehicle 

travel (vehicle-miles) to calculate county-level emissions. Emissions rates are then adjusted based on fuel 

characteristics, vehicle fleet composition, emissions control measures, average vehicle speed, and other factors that 

can affect emissions. (Emissions rates used in MOBILE are based on vehicle certification tests, emissions standards, 

and in-use vehicle tests and are updated approximately every three years.) The U.S. Department of Transportation, 

Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System is the source of vehicle travel estimates 

used in the model. Although the methodology for this survey data is sound and well documented, analyses have 

shown that individual states vary in how rigorously they follow the established sampling guidelines. 

The non-highway vehicle emissions are calculated annually by running EPA's NONROAD model for all categories 

except aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads, which are calculated via emission factors and relevant 

activity data. Inputs to the NONROAD model include average temperatures, Reid vapor pressure, fuel usage 

programs and controls. 

Particulate Matter Under 10 Microns (PM-10) and 2.5 Microns (PM-2.5) in Size

Highway vehicle emissions are estimated using the U.S. Environments Protection Agency's PART model, which 

estimates emissions factors for exhaust emissions and brake and tire wear by vehicle type. Exhaust emissions 

factors are based on certification tests, while brake wear (per vehicle) and tire wear (per tire) are assumed values, 

which are constant over all years. Per-mile emissions factors are multiplied by vehicle travel (vehicle-miles) and 

adjusted to account for other factors that effect exhaust emissions (e.g., fuel composition, weather, etc.). The U.S. 

Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System is the 

source of vehicle-miles of travel (VMT) estimates used in the model. While the methodology for this survey data is 

sound and well documented, analyses have shown that individual states vary in how rigorously they follow the 

established sampling guidelines. 

Fugitive dust estimates for paved and unpaved roads are calculated by multiplying VMT on each type of road by 

emissions factors for each vehicle type and road type. 

The non-highway vehicle emissions are calculated annually by running EPA's NONROAD model for all categories 

except aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads, which are calculated via emission factors and relevant 

activity data. Inputs to the NONROAD model include average temperatures, Reid vapor pressure, fuel usage 

programs and controls.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Highway vehicle SO2 emissions are estimated by multiplying vehicle travel (for each vehicle type and highway type) 

by an emissions factor reflecting each vehicle type and highway type. Highway SO2 emissions factors are based on 

vehicle type and model year, sulfur content of fuel by type and year, fuel density by fuel type, and vehicle fuel 

efficiency by type and model year. 

In general, estimates for non-highway vehicles are calculated based on fuel consumption and sulfur content of fuel, 

though other factors may be considered.

Lead
In general, lead emissions are estimated by multiplying an activity level by an emissions factor that represents the 

rate at which lead is emitted for the given source category. This estimate is then adjusted by a factor that represents 

the assumed effectiveness of control technologies. For lead released during combustion, a top-down approach is 

used to share national estimates of fuel consumption by fuel type to each consumption category (e.g., motor fuel, 

electric utility, etc.) and, subsequently, each source (e.g., passenger cars, light-duty trucks, etc.).

TABLE 4-51. Air Pollution Trends in Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)

TABLE 4-52. Areas in Nonattainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency measures concentrations of pollutants in the ambient air at its air quality 

monitoring sites, which are operated by state and local agencies. These sites conform to uniform criteria for monitor 

siting, instrumentation, and quality assurance, and each site is weighted equally in calculating the composite average 

trend statistics. Furthermore, trend sites must have complete data for 8 of the 10 years in the trend time period to be 

included. However, monitoring devices are placed in areas most likely to observe significant concentrations of air 

pollutants rather than a random sampling of sites throughout the nation. 

TABLE 4-53. U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector

The combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, is the principal anthropogenic (human 

caused) source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Since fossil fuels are typically 75 percent to 90 percent carbon by 

weight, emissions from the combustion of these fuels can be easily measured in carbon units, as is shown in the 

table. 

CO2 emissions data are derived from estimates. The U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration 

(EIA), estimates CO2emissions by multiplying energy consumption for each fuel type by its carbon emissions 

coefficient, then subtracting carbon that is sequestered by nonfuel use of fossil fuels. Carbon emissions coefficients 

are values used for scaling emissions to specific activities (e.g., pounds of CO2emitted per barrel of oil consumed). 

Emissions estimates are based on energy consumption data collected and published by EIA Several small 

adjustments are made to its energy consumption data to eliminate double counting or miscounting of emissions. For 

example, EIA subtracts the carbon in ethanol from transportation gasoline consumption because of its biological 

origin. 

Emissions coefficients are based on the density, carbon content, and heat content of petroleum products. For many 

fuels, except liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), jet fuel, and crude oil, EIA assumed coefficients to be constant over time. 

For LPG, jet fuel, and crude oil, EIA annualized carbon emissions coefficients to reflect changes in chemical 

composition or product mix. 

Since the combustion of fossil fuels is a major producer of CO2emissions, sources of uncertainty are related to: 1) 

volumes of fuel consumed; 2) characteristics of fuel consumed; 3) emissions coefficients; and 4) coverage. EIA notes 

that volumetric fuel data are fairly reliable in the 3 percent to 5 percent range of uncertainty. The density and energy 

content of fuels are usually estimated. According to EIA, the reliability of these estimates vary. For example, 

estimates of the energy content of natural gas are reliable to 0.5 percent, while estimates for coal and petroleum 

products are lower because they are more heterogeneous fuels. The reliability of emissions coefficients depends on 

whether the characteristics of a fuel are difficult to measure accurately. Finally, uncertainties may result because data 

may be excluded or unknown sources of emissions not included.

EIA's estimation methods, emissions coefficients, and the reliability of emissions estimates are discussed in detail in 

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United 

States, 1998 available on: www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/index.html. 

TABLE 4-54. Petroleum Oil Spills Impacting U.S. Waterways

The U. S. Coast Guard's (USCG) Marine Safety Information System (MSIS) is the source of these data. It includes 

data on all oil spills impacting U.S. navigable waters and the Coastal Zone. The USCG learns of spills through direct 

observation, reports from responsible parties and third parties. Responsible parties are required by law to report spills 

to the National Response Center (NRC).Reports may be made to the USCG or Environmental Protection Agency pre-
designated On Scene Coordinator for the geographic area where the discharge occurs if direct reporting to the NRC 

is not practicable. There is no standard format for these reports, but responsible personnel face significant penalties 

for failing to do so. Most reports are made by telephone, and USCG personnel complete investigations based on the 

information provided. The type and extent of an investigation conducted varies depending on the type and quantity of 

the material spilled. Each investigation will determine as closely as possible source of the pollutant, the quantity of the 

material spilled, the cause of the accident, as well as whether there is evidence that any failure of material (either 

physical or design) was involved or contributed to the incident. These are so financial responsibility may be properly 

assigned for the incidents, as well as proper recommendations for the prevention of the recurrence of similar 

incidents may be made. 

Some spills may not be entered into MSIS because they are either not reported to or discovered by the USCG. The 

probability of a spill not being reported is inversely proportional to its size. Large spills impact a large area and a large 

number of people, resulting in numerous reports of such spills. Small spills are less likely to be reported, particularly if 

they occur at night or in remote areas where persons other than the responsible party are unlikely to detect them. 

Responsible parties are required by law to report spills and face penalties for failing to do so, providing a strong 

incentive to report spills that might be detected by others. Experience with harbor patrols shows that the number of 

spills increases as the frequency of patrols increases. However, the volume of material spilled does not increase 

significantly, indicating that the spills discovered through increased harbor patrols generally involved very small 

quantities.

Data Collection

From 1973 to 1985, data were collected on forms completed by the investigator and later entered into the Pollution 

Incident Reporting System (PIRS) by data entry clerks at USCG headquarters. Since 1985, data have been entered 

directly into MSIS by the investigator. From 1985 to 1991, data were entered into a specific electronic form that 

captured information on the spilled substance and pollution response actions. Since 1995, a growing number of 

reports of pollution incidents of 100 gallons or less of oil have been captured on a Notice of Violation ticket form, 

which are then entered into MSIS. 

The information shown in this table comes from the USCG Spill Compendium, which contains spill data from the 

applications described above. The Compendium contains summary data from 1969 through 2000 and is intended to 

provide general information to the public, the maritime industry and other interested persons about spills in and 

around U.S. waterways. For more information about spill data, please refer to the USCG Internet site at 

http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/nmc/response/stats/aa.htm

Nonsampling Errors

According to the USCG, nonsampling errors, such as nonreporting and mistakes made in data collection and entry, 

should not have a major impact on most interpretations of the data, but the impact will vary depending on the data 

used. The error rate for volume spilled is estimated to be less than 5 percent because larger spills, which account for 

most of the volume of oil spilled, are thoroughly reviewed at several levels. The error rate for the number of spills is 

difficult to estimate primarily due to low reporting rates for small spills. Most of the error in spill counts involves spills 

of less than 100 gallons.

TABLE 4-55. Leaking Underground Storage Tank Releases and Cleanups

A national inventory of reported spills and corrective actions taken for leaking underground storage tanks is compiled 

biannually based on state counts of leaking tanks reported by owners as required by the Resource Conservation and 

Recovery Act of 1976.1 These data may be affected by general accounting errors, some of which have changed 

semiannual counts by as many as 2,000 actions.

TABLE 4-56. Highway Noise Barrier Construction

State highway agencies (SHAs) provide data on highway noise barrier construction, extent, and costs to the U.S. 

Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Individual SHA definitions of barriers and costs may 

differ. This could lead to nonuniformity and/or anomalies among state data, which will in turn affect national totals.

TABLE 4-57. Number of People Residing in High-Noise Areas Around U.S. Airports
The number of the people exposed to aircraft noise around airports is estimated by computer modeling rather than by 

actual measurements. The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) 

Integrated Noise Model (INM) has been the primary tool for assessing aircraft noise around airports for nearly 30 

years. This model uses information on aircraft mix, average daily operations, flight tracks, and runway distribution to 

generate and plot contours of Day Night Sound Level (DNL).With the addition of a digitized population census 

database, the model can estimate the number of residents exposed to noise levels of 65 decibels (db) DNL. 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) produced the first estimate of airport noise exposure in 1975.It 

reported that 7 million residents were exposed to significant levels of aircraft noise in 1978.This number became the 

"anchor point" for all future estimates of the nationwide noise impacts. In 1980, FAA developed another methodology 

for estimating the change in the number of people impacted by noise (from the 1975 anchor value) as a function of 

changes in both the national fleet and in the FAA's Terminal Area Forecast (TAF). In 1990, the FAA created an 

improved method of estimating the change in number of people impacted (relative to the 1980 estimates). 

In 1993, the FAA began using its newly developed Nationwide Airport Noise Impact Model (NANIM) to estimate the 

impact of airplane noise on residential communities surrounding U.S. airports that support jet operations. FAA uses 

this model to determine the relative changes in number of people and land area exposed to 65 db DNL as a result of 

changes in nationwide aircraft fleet mix and operations. NANIM uses data on air traffic patterns found in the Official 

Airline Guide (OAG), air traffic growth projections found in FAA's TAF, population figures from the U.S. Census 

Bureau, and information on noise contour areas for the top 250 U.S. civil airports with jet operations. 

The methodology used in NANIM has been peer reviewed and approved. However, a formal evaluation of the 

model's accuracy has not been conducted. Some data used in NANIM are updated manually, thus the possibility of 

data entry errors does exist. Entries are reviewed and then corrected as appropriate. The aircraft mix and operations 

files from FAA's TAF and OAG are updated automatically. Changes to either of the sources could introduce errors. 

For example, it was recently discovered that OAG redefined some aircraft codes and altered some data fields in its 

database. These changes make it impossible for the NANIM utility program to accurately read the current OAG 

database. A rewrite of the source code is necessary to eliminate this error. Also, since airport authorities are not 

required to produce noise exposure maps and reports unless they intend to apply for Federal grants, 14 of the 50 

busiest commercial airports, including JFK and LaGuardia, have not produced (for public consumption) noise 

exposure maps in several years. In the absence of actual data, the NANIM database contains approximations of the 

noise contours areas based on airports of similar size and similar operation. Without actual airport data, it is 

impossible to quantify the error introduced by the approximation. 

The number of people exposed to aircraft noise for 1998 through 2001 was estimated by the FAA's latest version of 

its MAGENTA model. This new, more accurate model is based on 2000 census data and uses input data on aircraft 

and operations specific to U.S. airports. This revised model also uses the FAA Terminal Forecast (TAF), which 

provides information on how operations will increase on an airport specific basis. Updated monthly, the TAF allows a 

more accurate forecast of U.S. operations.

TABLE 4-58. Motor Vehicles Scrapped

The Polk Company's Vehicles in Operation database is the source of these data. This database is a census of 

vehicles that are currently registered in all states within the United States. It is based on information from state 

department of motor vehicles. Polk updates the database quarterly (March, June, September, and December). 

Scrapped vehicles are those that Polk removes from its database when: 1) States indicate registered vehicles have 

suffered major damage (such as a flood or accident), or 2) No renewal (reregistration) notice is received by Polk 

within a state's allotted time (normally one year). In the latter case, if a vehicle is subsequently reregistered, it is 

returned to the database. The Polk data on motor vehicles is broken down into passenger cars and trucks, and this 

identification comes with the registration data from the DMV. 

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Heppner and Carol L. French, eds.Washington, DC. 
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 1990. Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, A 

Comparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply Surveys, DOE/EIA-0533.Washington, DC. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. 1998.MOBILE5 Information Sheet #7: NOx Benefits 

of Reformulated Gasoline Using MOBILE5a. Ann Arbor, MI. September 30. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.1998.National Air Pollutant 

Emission Trends, Procedure Document, 1900-1996. EPA-454/R-98-008.Research Triangle Park, NC.May. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. 1996.Memorandum on Release of 

MOBILE5b.(Revised Chapter 2 for the Users Guide to MOBILE5).October 11. 

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Group.1995.Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP-42, Volume II: Mobile Sources. Appendix H. Fifth 

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources (OMS). 1995. Draft User's Guide to PART5: A 

Program for Calculating Particle Emissions from Motor Vehicles, EPA-AA-AQAB-94-2.Ann Arbor, MI.February. 

U.S. EPA, Office of Mobile Sources.1994. Users Guide to MOBILE5 (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model),EPAAA-TEB-94-01.Ann Arbor, MI.May. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation. 1992. Procedures for Emission Inventory 

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1 Public Law 94-580, 90 Stat. 2795 (October 21, 1976).