^i^JJ

<^^h^

TTBRAR V»

CURRE ^T SERIAL RECWO

Ci'^^ Í

f %«¥^;

%

Agriculture Handbook

No. 177 ) ¡^

AgriculturalResearch Service ;

ILS. DEPARTM-E^f^OF AGRICULTURE^
ALFALFA is grown on about 30 million acres throughout most of

the United States. Consequently, the crop is subjected to a wide

range of climatic, disease, and insect conditions. Choosing an adapted

variety and planting good seed are prerequisites to profitable production. Many varieties have been developed that are resistant to certain diseases and to insects, that are winter hardy, and that respond

to certain management requirements. Therefore, it is important that

seed to be planted should be adapted to a given area. This can be

done if growers will check the varietal identification on the seed tag

and select suitable varieties. Buying certified seed is one of the best

assurances of obtaining seed true to variety name. For additional

information on alfalfa varieties, growers should consult agronomists

from their State agricultural experiment station or alfalfa specialists

in other agencies of the State.

Resistant varieties should be planted in areas where bacterial wilt,

spotted alfalfa aphid, and stem nematode are serious production

problems. The following varieties are resistant to—

Bacterial will Spotted alfalfa aphiri Stem nematode

Buffalo Ranger Cody Lahontan

Caliverde Teton Lahontan

Cody Vernal Moapa

Lahontan Zia Zia

CONTENTS

Page

Breeding improved varieties 1

Germ plasm used in developing varieties 3

Certified seed and requirements to produce it 3

Classes of certified seed 6

Eligibility for certification 6

Regions of adaptation 7

Seed grown outside region of adaptation 7

Foundation seed project 7

Varietal descriptions 8

Glossary of terms commonly associated with alfalfa varieties and strains.- 28

^ This handboolv replaces, in part, information contained in Farmers' Bulletin

1731, "Alfalfa Varieties in the United States."

Washington. D.C. Issued July 1960/,-'

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington 25, D.C. Price 15 cents.
Alfalfa Varieties in the ynited^tatesx

Miv C. H. |^ANSO^f, i-rseoTxhrmrrmKHnlitf C S./GARBISON, a^«:«/;7j/./-isi^ and IF. (>.

W"¿GRAiniANN/y agricultural adr/iinisfralor, CrerpsRcsearch Division, Agricultural

ttcsearch Service

It is generally believed that alfalfa originated in southwestern Asia.

Historical accounts indicate that it was first cultivated in Persia (Iran).

From there it was taken to tlie Mediterranean countries and finally

to Soutli America and North America. Tlie first attempt to grow

alfalfa in the United States was recorded in Georgia in 1736. It was

not until about 1850, however, when alfalfa was brought to California

from Chile, that the crop was grown successfully. From California

it spread eastward and northward. Alfalfa is now grown throughout

most of the United States.

A major step leading to winter-hardy varieties for the Nortliern

»States was the introduction of Grimm alfalfa from Germany in 1857.

Grimm was slow to receive recognition for its winter hardiness. In

fact, commercial recognition of alfalfa varieties in the United States

did not occur until about 1892. Otlver notable events associated witli

early improvements in tlie performance of alfalfa on American farms

were the introductions of alfalfa from Turkistan (1898), Siberia (1902),

northern India (1910), and Egypt (1924).

BREEDING IMPROVED VARIETIES

A period of improvement through breeding began with the release

of the varieties .Atlantic, Ranger, and Buffalo in 1940, 1942, and 1943,

respectively. Since then, breeders have developed and. released many

varieties with such specific characters as resistance to diseases and

insects. State and Federal personnel have closely cooperated, working

through the Alfalfa Improvement Conference.

The present era also emphasizes tlie increased interest in fundamental research. Studies on the inheritance of forage and seed

characters and of disease and insect resistance, breeding procedures,

cytogenetics, and physiology are laying the groundwork for continued

progress in alfalfa improvement.

A recent and significant trend is an inci eased interest on the part

of private industry in the field of alfalfa breeding.

However, despite the development of new varieties in the 1940's,

lack of sufficient seed of these varieties for farm use was cause for

concern. In 1948 the National Foundation Seed Project was established to overcome this obstacle. This project was responsible for

increasing the seed obtained from the plant breeder and then channeling this seed into State seed production programs. Closely associated

with the establishment of the National Foundation Seed Project was

a major shift of seed production into the irrigated areas of the Southwest. With improved cultural practices, seed yields of more than

1
2 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 17 7, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Four-year-old plots of alfalfa varieties that show differences in resistance to bacteriol

wilt: Left to risht in foreground—Rhizoma, Ranger, Narrangansett, and Vernal.

(Courtesy Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station.)

DN-1797

Differences in stand of Lahontan and Ranger alfalfas at Reno, Nev., as a result of varietal

susceptibility to stem nematode.
ALFALFA VARIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES 3

1,000 pounds per acre are common. Ample quantities of highquality seed of most improved varieties are now available to the

larmer.

GERM PLASM USED IN DEVELOPING VARIETIES

Nature has provided three principal stocks of alfalfa from which

all varieties in the United States are derived, l^hese basic stocks are

the two species Mechcago nativa and M. falcata and an intermediate

stock known as variegated alfalfa. Variegated alfalfa is beheved to

have resulted from natural crossing between the two species, followed

by natural selection. Some scientists have placed variegated alfalfa

m a species by itself and called it M. media.

Medicago sativa is purple flowered, narrow crowned, and erect

Strains of this species vary greatly in winter hardiness, but as a

group they are less hardy than M. falcata. The latter is yellow

flowered and decumbent, and has widely branching roots and a deepset crown. M. falcata is extremely winter hardy. This species yields

considerably less forage and seed than M. nativa. The variegated

alfalfas found in nature provided the principal sources of germ plasm

for the first hardy varieties.

Plant breeders have continued to hybridize and recombine the

numerous types in the three basic stocks found hi nature in order to

develop varieties that meet the changing needs of the American

farmer. From 10 to 15 years are usually required to develop and test

a variety before its release. Varieties have been released in less than

10 years, but this shorter period for testing is usually done in an

emergency, such as the one created by the advent of the spotted

alfalfa aphid.

CERTIFIED SEED AND REQUIREMENTS TO PRODUCE IT

Certified alfalfa seed offers safeguards for obtaining seed true to

variety name, since alfalfa varieties cannot be distinguished by seed

characters. Certification also provides safeguards for such factors as

number of generations of increase, volunteer plants, isolation, viability, and mechanical purity. Certified seed is grown from authentic

planting stock. It is true to variety name and of good seed quality.

In the United States, seed certification is a responsibility of the

officially designated State agencies or organizations. Forty-one of

the State certification agencies are members of the International

Crop Improvement Association (ICIA). The ICIA has published a

set of minimum standards for the certification of all crops of interest

in Canada and the United States.

Each State certifying agency has developed and published requirements for growing certified alfalfa seed, where this crop is included

in the certification scheme. These standards equal or surpass those

prescribed by the ICIA for alfalfa. As certified seed conforms to

reasonably uniform standards, seedsmen and farmers not located in

the seed-producing areas can have equal confidence in seed of an

alfalfa variety that is certified by different certification agencies.
4 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 177, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

-" "-•>;:C'*""

'KciF: P^m-rif^

;Ät-i'

.a¿;;,^^#=?!^> ^^v:^,..^g-

;|^:^'^fM'i:/

Comparison of spotted alfalfa aphid infestation on seedlinj plants of Buffalo (left) and

Cody (right) In Kansas: A, Seeded Sept. 24, 1958, and photographed 10 weeks later;

B, the same plots during the spring of 1959, showing the reduced stands in Buffalo

caused by the spotted alfalfa aphid. (Courtesy Kansas Agricultural Experiment

Station.)
ALFALFA VARIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES

Representative growth of Teton (>A) and Grimm (ß), a typical hay-type alfalfa: Teton

plants tend to be semierect and broad-crowned, in contrast to the more erect, narrowcrowned Grimm. (Courtesy South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.)
6 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 17 7, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Classes oí Certiíied Seed

Four classes of certified alfalfa seed are recognized: Breeder,

foundation, registered, and certified seed.

Breeder seed is seed or propagating material produced by the originating or sponsoring breeder or institution, so grown and managed

as to maintain the original varietal characteristics.

Foundation need is produced in fields planted with breeder seed and

so handled as to maintain the genetic identity and purity of the

variety. Foundation seed production is carefully supervised or

approved by representatives of an agricultural experiment station.

It is the source of all certified seed, either directly or tlirough the

registered class.

Registered seed is the progeny of foundation seed so liandled as to

maintain varietal identity and satisfactory genetic purity. This seed

is suitable for seeding to produce certified seed.

Certified seed is the progeny of foundation or registered seed so

];andled as to maintain varietal identity and satisfactory genetic

purity. .

Breeder and foundation seed of the older varieties, such as Lrrimm,

Ladak, and Cossack, have not been maintained. For older varieties,

the most authentic lots of certified seed are used as planting stock.

Eligibility for Certification

Varieties Selected

Generally, only those alfalfa varieties that are approved by a

State agricultural experiment station and accepted by a certification

agency are eligible for certification. Certified seed of an alfalfa

variety that has not been accepted by the certifjàng agency in a seedproducing State can be produced for export to other States under the

special interagency certification standards. The interagency certification standards provide for the participation of two or more agencies

in performing the services required to certify a lot of seed. For

example, agency A could request agency B to supervise the production,

harvesting, processing, and laboratory testing of certified seed of an

alfalfa variety not yet approved by agency B. Agency A would

send its own certification tags to agency B to be attached to the

packaged seed that meets the prescribed alfalfa standards.

Land Requirements

Before land will be approved for production of foundation, registered, or certified alfalfa seed, specific requii'ements have to be met

with regard to the previous crop practices. To be eligible, the land

must not have grown or been planted to alfalfa for the previous

4 years, to produce foundation seed; for the previous 3 years, to

produce registered seed; and for the previous year, to produce

certified seed.

Isolation of Fields

A field to be eligible for the production of foundation, registered,

or certified alfalfa seed must have the minimum isolation distances
ALFALFA VARIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES 7

shown below from alfalfa fields of any other varieties or from fields of

the same variety that do not meet tlie varietal purity requirements.

Isolation distance from fields of—

Seed class : Less than 5 acres

5 acres or more

Rods Rods

Foundation 80 80

Registered 40 20

Certified 20 10

Between different seed classes of same variety 10 10

Seed Standards

Foundation, registered, and certified alfalfa seed must meet minimum requirements of 99 percent pure seed and of 80 percent germination and hard seeds. Tolerances for other crop seeds and for weed

seeds are 0.10 percent each for foundation seed; 0.10 and 0.20 percent, respectively, for registered seed; and 0.50 percent each for

certified seed.

Regions of Adaptation

Three alfalfa regions have been established in the United States for

the purpose of classifying varieties as to hardhiess and of defining the

areas where foundation, registered, and certified seed may be grown.

(1) The northern alfalfa region includes tlie States and parts of

States located between the Canadian boundary and the 40th parallel,

except in tlie extreme west, where the southern boundary is tlie

California-Oregon State hue.

(2) The central alfalfa region includes States and parts of States

between the California-Oregon State line and the 40th parallel in

California and south of the 40t]i parallel and the southern boundary

of Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, the 36t]i parallel in Oklalioma, and

the southern boundary of Missouri, Kentucky, and Virginia.

(3) The southern alfalfa region includes all States and parts of

States below the southern boundary of the central alfalfa region.

Seed Grown Outside Region of Adaptation

Specific standards have been established for producing certified

seed outside a variety's designated region of adaptation. The requirements are: (1) Only the certified class of seed can be grown; (2)

either foundation or registered seed must be used as planting stock;

and (3) seed fields are limited to stands not exceeding 6 years of age.

Field research tests, comparing certified seed produced in northern

and central regions with seed of the same varieties produced in the

Southwest, have not sho\vn any significant differences in forage

production when these standards were met.

Foundation Seed Project

The National Foundation Seed Project was organized in 1948 by

the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Its purpose is to assist the

foundation seed organization of State agricultural experiment stations to build up and to maintain adequate quantities of foundation

seed for use in producing registered and certified seed of varieties

544106°—60 2
8 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 177, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

liaving interregional adaptation. Alfalfa varieties included in the

project are Atlantic, Buffalo, Narragansett, Ranger, and Vernal.

The National Foundation Seed Project cooperates with 38 State agricultuj-al experiment stations, the Ijiternational Crop Improvement

Association, the American Seed Trade Association, and the State

foundation seed organizations and certification agencies.

Tlie Project is guided by a 16-member plaiming conference that includes representatives from each of tlie cooperating agencies or groups.

Varieties for foundation seed are recommended by tlie regional forage

crops technical committees. Arrangements for producijig and distributing foundation seed witliin each State are the responsibility of

the State foundation seed representative. Eacli representative is appointed by the respective State agricultural experiment station

director.

VARIETAL DESCRIPTIONS

The varieties most commonly grown in the United States are described in tables 1,2, and 3. A glossary of terms used in connection

with alfalfa varieties is given on p. 28.
TABLE 1.—Piincipal varieties of alfalfa of U.S. origin, including those recently released

Estimated 1958

Variety Origin

Genetic stocks

used for maintaining variety

Characteristics Winter

hardiness

Area of

adaptation

acreage '

1,000 Percent

acres of total

African Introduced in ] 924 Certification be- Extremely nondor- Nonhardy Deep South and 623 2. 0

from TigTOt. Seed

sent to ÜSDA Field

gun in 1945. mant; grows late Southwest.

Breeder seed in the fall an dearly

Station, Bard, maintained in the spring; reCalif., as F.C. by Calif, and recovers quickly

31370 Hegazi al- Ariz. Agr. after cutting.

falfa, where seed Expt. Stas. Short-lived, stands

of selected plants seldom last more

surviving several than 3 years. Upyears was in- right in habit of

creased as African. growth, stems

somewhat coarser

than Common

alfalfa.

Atlantic A composite of many Breeder seed Vigorous, high-yield- Hardy, but Northeastern 406 1. 3

lines, developed maintained ing; plants vari- somewhat States to

by the N.J. Agr. by the N.J. able in growth less hardy North CaroExpt. Sta. through Agr. Expt. habit. Dark- than lina and west

a program of ma- Sta. green foliage; Ranger or to Mississippi

ternal line selec- flowers light Grimm. River where

tion in stocks trac- purple with other bacterial wilt ing to more than colors and shades is not a seri100 varieties and found occasionally. ous factor. strains from North Not resistant to

America, Europe, the bacterial wilt

and Asia. Some organism but

of these strains somewhat tolerant.

were of Medicago

falcata origin.

See footnotes at end of table. to
TABLE 1.—Principal rarieties nf alfalfa of U.S. oriißn, including tho.'se recently /vZea.s'i'rf—Continued

Estimated 1958

Genetic stocl<.s acreage ' Variety Origin used for maintaining variety

Characteristics Winter

hardiness

Area of

adaptation

1,000 Percent

acres of total

Atlantic—Con. Originally tested

as 3 synthetics

(A65/A66, and

A67), which were

later combined in

equal proportions

to form Atlantic.

Released for seed

increase in 1940.

Buffalo Developed by USDA Breeder seed Somewhat more up- Moderately Overlaps south- 2, 679 8. 7

and the Kans. maintained right and slightly hardy and ern limit of Agr. Expt. Sta. by Kans. Agr. quiclier to recover similar to Ranger and from selections of Expt. Sta. than Kansas Com- Kansas extends faran old line of mon. Purple- Common. ther south Kansas Common. flowered and in than Ranger. Although not in- other respects very Grown in a

bred, it was close- similar to Kansas 400-mile-wide bred, with atten- Common. Re- belt, with tion being given to sistant to bacterial Kansas as the bacterial wilt re- wilt. center of the sistance and seed belt.

and forage prodtictivity. Tested as

A-11 and named

in 1943.

California Com- Selected from Cali- Basic stocks con- Similar to California Similar to -Areas of South- C) (-]

mon 49. fornia Common bv sist of a num- Common in ap- California western U.S.

V '

the Calif. Agr. ber of lines pearance and per- Common. where dwarf Expt. Sta. Re- maintained formance in the is a major

O

>

O

(-

f

d

en

w

>

o

w

o

o

5!

o

o

H

o

>

o

w

o

c!

>^

a

sa
Caliverde_

Chilean 21-5,

Cody

leased in 1949.

Developed at the

Calif. Agr. Expt.

Sta. bjr crossing

California Common with Turkistan and backcrossing to California Common. Re

leased in 1951.

Strain of Arizona

Chilean developed

in Arizona.

Selected from Buffalo. Released in

1959 bv Kans.

Agr. E'xpt. Sta.

and ÜSDA.

by Calif. Agr.

Expt. Sta.

Breeder seed

obtained by

compositing

equal amounts

of seed from

parent clones

in an isolated

crossing block.

Parent clones

maintained

by Calif. Agr.

Expt. Sta.

Xone^

Breeder seed

obtained b_y

growing the

22 parent

clones in an

isolated crossing block.

Clones maintained by

Kans. Agr.

Expt. Sta.

absence of dwarf

disease. Tolerant

to dwarf virus

disease. Susceptible to bacterial

wilt.

Habit of growth

similar to California Common but

slightly more winter dormant.

Light- to darkpurple flowers,

with an occasional

white-flowered

plant. Produces

higher quality hay

than California

Common when

common leaf spot

infection occurs.

Resistant to bacterial wilt, pseuûopeziza leaf spot,

and downy

mildew.

Similar to Arizona

Common.

Similar in growth

characteristics to

Buffalo. Has high

degree of resistance (antibiosis

and tolerance) to

spotted alfalfa

aphid. Bacterial

wilt resistance approaches that of

Buffalo.

Slightly more

hardy than

California

Common.

disease.

Central Valley

of California.

51

Xonhardv.

Moderately

hardv, like

Buffalo.

Deep South and

Southwest.

Similar to Buffalo.

32 1 "^

{') C)

See footnotes at end of table.
TABLE 1.—Principal varieties oj aljalja oj U.S. origin, indudii (/ those lecently released—Cont nued

Variety Origin

Genetic stocks

used for maintaining variety

Characteristics Winter

hardiness

Area of

adaptation

Estimated 1958

acreage '

1,000

acres

Percent

of total

Common Consists of regional

strains that

evolved from natural selection in

States west of IVIississippi River.

Characteristics not

sufficiently distinct to be considered as varieties. Parentage

traces largely to introduction from

Chile about

1850. Strains

identified by State

of origin. Examples: Arizona,

Oklahoma, Utah,

or Kansas Common. In Arizona

and California,

Common alfalfa is

freciuently referred

to as Chilean alfalfa. Seed lots

failing to meet certification standards are sometimes

marketed as "Common" alfalfa.

None Common alfalfas differ principally in

winter hardiness,

the degree of hardiness depending

on conditions

where strain

evolved. Plants

upright with narrow crown and

purple flowers.

Susceptible to

bacterial wilt.

A'aries with

en-\'ironmental conditions in

State of

origin.

Areas where climatic conditions are similar to those

in State of

origin, and

wliere bacterial wilt is not

present.

8, 097 26. 3

S3
Cossack.

Grimni ^

Hairy Peruvian.

Introduced into the

U.S. from Russia

in 1907 bv

USDA.

Introduced from

Germany into

Carver Countv,

Minn., in 1857 by

AVendelin Grimm.

Underwent further natural selection in Minnesota.

Introduced into the

U.S. from Peru in

1899 by USDA.

Hairy and smooth

forms introduced,

but hairy forms

perform better.

No single source

of seed being

used foi increase, resulting in differences among

seed lots.

Ko single source

of seed has

been used for

seed increase,

resulting in

variation

among lots

for growth

habit and

cold resistance.

None.

See footnotes at end of table.

Similar to Grimm,

but slightly less

susceptible to bacterial wilt and

slower to recover

after cutting.

Also has higher

percentage of yellow and white

flowers.

Fine-stemmed and

leafy, hay of high

ciuality. Variegated flowers, but

most flowers similar to Common

alfalfa. More resistant to foliar

diseases than

Turkistan alfalfa.

Yields well in absence of bacterial

wilt.

Characterized b\'

rapid growth,

quick recovery

after cutting, and

ability to grow

during short days

after growth of

more hardy varieties has ceased.

Not drought resistant. Generally yields less

and lower in quality than African.

Pubescent (hairy)

leaves and stems

give the foliage

a grayish appearance.

Much like

Grimm.

Very hard-\

Nonhardv

Northern

States.

258

Northern States

where bacterial wilt is

not a factor.

2, 620

Deep South and

Southwest.

30
TABLE 1.—Principal varieties of al j alfa of U.S. origin, including those recently released—Continued

Estimated 1958 Genetic stocks acreage ' Variety Origin used for maintaining variety

Characteristics Winter

hardiness

Area of

adaptation

1,000 Percent

acres of total

Ladak Introduced in 1910 No single source Semiprocumbent Very hardy Northern Great 983 3. 2

from northern of seed used habit of growth. Plains. India by USDA. for seed increases, resulting in

variation

among seed

lots.

Yields exceptionally well in first

cutting of season,

but inferior to

most varieties in

second cutting.

Becomes dormant

during prolonged

periods of summer

drought and in

early fall. Recovers slowly after

cutting. Less

susceptible to bacterial wait than

Grimm.

[jahontan A 5-clone synthetic Breeder seed Upright habit of Similar to Western States 226 . 7

developed by obtained growth with Buffalo. where bac- USDA and Nev. from 5 parent quick recovery terial wilt, Agr. Expt. Sta. clones grown following cutting. stem nema Parent plants together in Purple-flowered. tode, and selected from an isolated Resistant to bac- spotted alfalfa aphid

are problems.

Nemastan. Re- seed produc- terial wilt, stem

leased for seed in- tion block. nematode, and

crease by the ex- Seed from 5 spotted alfalfa

periment stations clones is aphid. Very

of Nevada and mixed in susceptible to foliar

California in 1954. equal proportions. Maintained by

diseases.

hf^
Meeker Baltic.

Moapa.

Traces to seed of

Baltic alfalfa purchased about 1915

by grower uear

Meeker, Colo.

Named by the

Colo. Agr. Expt.

Sta.

Developed by USDA

and the Nev. Asr.

Expt. Sta. Released jointly by

these two agencies

and the agrieulttiral experiment

stations of Arizona and California in li)57.

A

synthetic variety

consisting of9

spotted-alfalfaaphid-resistant

plants selected

from African,7 of

the plants froma

6-vear-old field.

Nev. Agr.

Expt. Sta.

Breeder seed

maintained

bv Colo. Agr.

Expt. Sta.

Breeder seed ol)-

tained from 9 parent

clones growing in an isolated cro.ssing

block. Clones

maintained

by Nev. Agr.

Expt. Sta.'

Similar to Baltic

and Grimm. Produces high yields

during first few

years, but loses

its stand very

rapidly in presence

of bacterial wih.

Growth characteristics quite similar

to African. Resistant to the

spotted alfalfa

aphid in field

tests. Aftei- release, a new biotype of the aphid

was disco\'ered.

Four of the9

parent plants

were moderately

susceptible to this

race in cage tests.

The new biotype

was still nota

problem on

Moapa vmder field

conditions when

this bulletin was

issued. More resistant to bacterial wilt than

African but less

resistant than

Ranger.

See footnotes at end of table.

Hardv, Similar to

Grimm.

50 .2

Nonhard\ Deep South and

Southwest.

Similar to

African.

(-) (')

>>><>

1^w

l—i HHOw>H

CT
TABLE 1.—Principal varieties of alfalfa of U.S. origin, inclwlin il those recenihj released—Coiitiuued

Estimated 1958

Genetic stocks acreage '

Varietj' Origin used for maintaining varietyCharacteristics Winter

hardiness

Area of

adaptation

1,000 Percent

acres of total

Narragaiisett Developed at the Breeder seed Vigorous. Plants Very hardy Northeastern 450 1. 5

R.I. Agr. Expt. maintained \-ary from spread- and North

Sta. Mass selec- bv R..I. Agr. in g "to upright in Central

tion from stocks Expt. Sta. growth habit. States where

consisting princi- Wide crowns and l)acterial wilt

pally of crosses be- dark-green foli- is not a probtween M. sativa age; flower color lem.

and M. fálcala, predominantly

Canadian Varie- blue, but ranges

gated, Cossack, from yellow to

Grimm, and piu-ple with many

Ladak. Named of a greenish-tjlue

in 1946. shade. Very susceptible to wilt.

A spears better

adapted than

most vaiieties to

imperfectly

drained soils in

New York.

New Mexico A synthetic strain Breeder seed Begins growth a lit- Similar to New Mexico 35 . 1

11-1. developed in New maintained by tle earlier in the New Mex- and possibly

Mexico consisting N. Mex. Agr. spring, more re- ico Com- other areas

of 6 lines—4 from Expt. Sta. sistant to green mon. of SouthNew Mexico pea aphid, re- west.

Common, 1 from covers from cutBuffalo, and 1 ting somewhat

from A14 (a Vir- quicker, and

ginia strain). De- yields more than

>
5 Nomad.

1°

Ranger^

veloped bv N.

Mex. Agr! Expt.

St a. Seed increase begun in

1955.

Developed from persistent alfalfa

plants that were

first found growing

on a dryland farm

in Klamath County, Oreg., in 1941.

E. F. Burlingham

& Sons later purchased farm and

increased seed of

selected plants.

Developed by USDA

and Nebr. Agr.

Expt. Sta. Miiltiple-strain variety

synthesized from

5 basic strains

originating from

Cossack (45 percent), Turkistan

(45 percent), and

Ladak (10 percent). Tested as

Al36. Seed increase begun in

1940. Released

in 1942.

Planting stock

maintained

by Burlingham & Sons.

Seed of the 5

basic strains

maintained by

Nebr. Agr.

Expt. Sta.

Mixed in the

following proportions to

produce breeder seed : A110—

45 percent,

Al 11—8 percent. Aliéis percent,

Al 17—24

percent,

A119—10

percent.

See footnotes at end of table.

New Mexico Common in New Mexico tests.

Plants variable in

habit of growth.

Some plants have

well-developed

rhizomes, spreading under .some

conditions. Yields

are relatively low

under good growing conditions.

Susceptible to

bacterial wilt.

Plants vary in habit

of growth from

decumbent to upright. Flower

color variegated.

Good seed jjroducer, about ecpial

to Grimm. Quicker

recovery after

cutting than Ladak

or Cossack and

about equal to

Grimm. Quite

susceptible to leaf

spot diseases but

more resistant

than Turkistan.

Slightly more susceptible to leafhopper yellowing

than Grimm but

more resistant

than Turkistan.

Resistant to

bacterial wilt.

Hardy.

Very hardy.

Possibly on

range lands.

(') n

Northern Great

Plains and

eastward.

10, 934 35. 5
TABLE 1. Principal varieties of alfalfa of U.S. origin.

¡n-dwlincj those recently released—Continued

Variety

SevelraTalent.

Teten.

A selection from an

old stand in dryland area of southern Idaho. Stand

traced to plantings

of M. saliva and

M.falcata. Grown

on the Seven-L

Ranch since 1918.

Traces to introduction by US DA

from southern

France. Mass

selection at Oreg.

Agr. Expt. Sta.

First certified seed

harvested in 1948.

Developed by S.

Dak. Agr. Expt.

Sta. from plants

in an old stand

tracing to a cross

of Turkistan alfalfa

Genetic stocks

used for maintaining variety

Maintained by

Seven-L

Ranch.

Maintained by

Greg. Agr.

Expt. Sta.

Breeder seed

obtained from

interpoUination of 4

parent clones;

maintained

Estimated 1958

acreage '

Characteristics \^ AAL^X t*.V^ \- * •*— ^ * V, iw' \A'inter Area of

hardiness

i

adaptation

1,000

acres

Percent

of total

Habit of growth very Somewhat Best perform- (') (2)

variable—upright less hardy ance obtained

to procumbent. than in Western

Flower color ex- Ranger. States.

tremely \-ariegated. Some slants

show considerable

rhizome development under dryland conditions.

Reported to be

drought resistant.

Similar to Du Puits Less hardy Pacific North- 5 0. 014

in growth charac- than west.

ters but less hardy. Du Puits.

Susceptible to

bacterial wilt.

Moderately resistant to stem

nematode in

Oregon.

Has low, wide crown \'ery hardy .\ppears adapted (-) (-)

with aggressive to dry areas

rhizome develop- of the northment. Highest ern Great

forage yields ob- Plains.

tained in first cut-

>

>

z

o

Gd

o

o

o

-1

-1

O

M

O

>

O

S

o

r<

-3

c3

H
Venial.

from Tashkent

(M. sativa) anda

yellow-flowered

Siberian strain

(A/, fálcala) collected near Semipalatiiisk. Four

plant selections

made after2

generations of

intercrossing and

progenv testing.

Released in 1958.

A synthetic developed by Wis. Agr.

Expt. Sta. and

USD A. Released

in 1953. 50 percent of germ

plasm in variety

derived from6

Cossack plants,

the remainder

from crosses

between selected

plants of Ladak,

Kansas Common,

anda diploid stock

of il/, folcala.

by S. Dak.

Agr. Expt.

Sta.

Breeder seed

maintained

by Wis. Agr.

Expt. Sta.

ting of season.

Tends to be moderately dormant

after cutting. Becomes dormant

early in fall. More

persistent than

other varieties

under close grazing

in South Dakota

tests. Resistant

to bacterial wilt,

common leaf spot,

and field infection

caused bv Fusariuin oxysponim

and F. rose urn.

Outstanding in production of forage

under hay and

grazing management in North

Central States.

Fine-stemmed,

leafy, dark-green

foliage and broad

crowns. Similar to

Cossack in recovery after cutting

and fall dormancy.

High level of winter hardiness and

resistance to bacterial wilt. Tolerant to leaf spot

and yellow leaf

blotch.

Very hardy. Northern States. 2, 199 7.

1

See footnotes at end of table.

iO
TABLE 1. Principal varieties of alfalfa of ['.S. origin, includin g those recently released—Continued

Estimated 1958

Genetic stocks acreage '

Variety Origin used for maintaining varietyCharacteristics Winter

hardiness

Area of

adaptation

1,090 Percent

acres of total

Williamsburg ¡Mass selection from Breeder seed Similar to Kansas Similar to Mideastern 159 0. 5

Kansas Common field main- Common in growth Kansas States where

at the Eastern tained by \'a. charateristics, ex- Common. bacterial wilt

Virginia Research Agr. Expt. cept that it recov- is not a

Station, Williams- Sta. ers somewhat more problem.

burg, Va. Seed quickly after cutincrease in ting and appears

Western States to have greater

begun in 1947. resistance to crownrotting organisms

occurring in Coastal Phihis area of Virginia and North

Carolina. Good

seed producer.

SusceptilDle to

bacterial wilt.

Zia Synthetic variety Maintained by Resistant to spotted Similar to New Mexico (-') (-)

consisting of 4 N.Mex. Agr. alfalfa aphid. New Mexico and possibly

lines developed by Expt. Sta. Higher yielding Common; other areas.

N.Mex Agr. Expt. and more resistant more hardy

Sta. from New to bacterial and than

Mexico Common, fusarium wilts African.

Turkistan, and than New Mexico

Lahontan. Named Common.

in 1958.

• From "Expected Varietal Trends in Forage Crops," compiled

in 1958 by J. M. Saunders, Federal Extension Service, U.S.

Department of Agriculture. Adjustments were made for missing

States in that report.

'^ Estimated acreage comprises les

total U.S. acreage.

than 0.01 percent of the

to

O

>

Q
TABLE 2.—^^ar^eties of alfalfa of foreign origin

Estimated 1958

Cienetic stocks acreage '

Variety Origin used for maintaining x-ariety

Characteristics Winter

hardiness

Area of

adaptation

1,000 Percent

acres of total

Alfa Swedish selection Maintained in Similar to Du Puits. Somewhat Similar to Du (-) (^) from a Flamande- Sweden. Vigorous-growing more hardv Puits.

type alfalfa. Dis- variety, quick to than Du

triljuted for test- establish, but sus- Puits.

inn vuider the ceptible to bactenames "Alfa" and rial \\-ilt. Winter

"Scandia," mar- hardiness in

keted as Alfa United States

variety. being determined.

Canadian Var- Introduced into Not known Similar in appear- Very hardy Northern and !,-) n

iesated. Ontario aljout

1871 from Lorraine, France. Xo

attempts made to

improve this variety beyond natural

selection, which

eliminated the less

hardy plants.

First" known as

Ontario Variegated.

ance to Grimm.

Forage yields comparable to Grimm

in humid Northern

States, but inferior

to Grimm in

northern Great

Plains. Susceptible to bacterial

wilt.

Northeastern

States where

bacterial wilt

is not a factor.

See footnotes at end of table.

>

>

>

I—I

03

H

ö

CO

CO

bo
T.ABLE 2.—Varieties of alfalfa of foreign origin—Continued

Variet y Origin

Genetic stocks

used for maintaining variety

Characteristics Winter

hardiness

Area of

adaptation

Estimated 1958

acreage '

1,000

acres

Percent

of total

Du Puits

Ferax

Developed by

Tourneur Frères

of Coulommiers,

France, and released tio European

farmers in 1937.

Received for testing in U.S. in 1947.

Developed at the

University of

Alberta, Canada.

Selected from 30

strains and varieties by maternalline selection.

Registered by the

Canadian Seed

Growers' Association about 1946.

Maintained in

France.

Maintained in

Canada.

Vigorous growing

Flemish variety

with quick recovery after c<itting.

Upright in growth,

dark-green, and

relatively stemmy.

Moderately resistant to certain

foliar diseases.

Susceptible to

crown rots and

bacterial wilt.

High seed-setting

capacity, but similar to Ontario

Variegated in forage production.

Susceptible to

bacterial wilt.

Moderately

hardy.

Very hardy

Northeastern

U.S. and

Northern

States in

areas where

winters are

not severe and

long-lived

stands are

not required.

Northern States

where bacterial wilt is not

a problem.

666 2. 2

to

>

o

id

t-H

O

a

H

Cl

S

H

>

Ö

a

o

o

o

d

in

O

O

»M

O

d

e^

1^d

S)
Pilca Butta

Rambler.

Strain from Australia. First

tested in the U.S.

about 1940.

Developed through

hj'bridization and

selection for creeping-rooted characteristics at the

Experimental

Farm, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Ladak and

Siberian (M. fálcala) were principal stocks used

in original crosses.

Licensed for sale

in Canada in 1955.

Not known_

Maintained in

Canada.

Upright growth

habit, similar to

Common alfalfas.

Susceptible to

bacterial wilt.

Creeping-rooted ;

low-set crown.

Drought resistant

and winter hardy,

resulting in longevity under Saskatchewan conditions. Creepingroot character results in increase in

density ifa poor

stand is obtained

originally or if

some killing occurs. Persists

well with grass.

Most forage obtained in first

cutting. Yields

less forage and

seed in U.S. than

Vernal and

Ranger. More

resistant to bacterial wilt than

Ladak but not as

resistant as Vernal

or Ranger.

Nonhardv.

Very winter

hardv.

Southern States

Northern Great

Plains.

Í-) n

See footniite.s at end of table.

to

00
TABLE 2.—Varieiies of alfalfa of foreign origin—Continued

Estimated 1958

Genetic stocks acreage '

Variety Origin used for main- Characteristics Winter Area of

taining variety hardiness adaptation

1,000 Percent

Maintained in

acres of total

Rhizoma Developed at the In British Columbia \'ery winter Northern States 6 0. 02

University of Canada. extensive under- hardy. where wilt is

British Columbia, ground develop- not a problem.

Vancouver, Can- ment of crown

ada, from a cross branches, but in

between a yellow- eastern Canada

flowered variety of and U.S. less exDon and Grimm. tensive development. Similar to

Narragansett in

habit of growth.

Variegated flowers,

many of which are

yellow or yellowish

green. Very susceptible to bacterial wilt.

Soeheville Northern France Not kno^\'n Very similar to Du

Puits.

Similar to

Du Puits.

Similar to Du

Puits.

C^) {')

Turkistan First introduced

into the U.S. in

1898 from Turkistan (now southern U.S.S.R.).

Seed importation

continued until

about 1929.

do Purple flowers.

More spreading

growth habit and

finer-stemmed

than Common.

Low seed yields.

Grown at one time

in central and

Turkistan

alfalfas

vary in

cold resistance, but

most lots

are as

winter

Great Plains ( ) C)

bO

>

3
northern Great

Plains in bacterial-wilt-infested

areas. Replaced

by improved varieties. Moderately resistant to

bacterial wilt but

very susceptible to

leaf spot diseases.

hard}' as

Grimm.

' From "Expected Varietal Trends in Forage Crops," compiled

in 1958 by J. M. Saunders, Federal Extension Service, U.S.

Department of Agriculture. Adjustments were made for

missing States in that report.

2 Estimated acreage comprises less than 0.01 percent of the

total U.S. acreage.

>

<

>

I—(

02

SH

>

H

CO

to

en
TABLE 3.—Varieties of alfalfa of U.S. origin that hm^e been replaced, or largely replaced, by improved varieties

[The estimate!;! acreage of each In 1968 did not exceed 0.02 percent of the total alfalfa acreage]

Origin

Genetic stocks used

for maintaining

variety

C'liaracteristics Winter hardiness

Estimated 1958

acreage ^

1,000

acres

Percent

of total

Baltic

Hardigaii

Hardistan

Indian

Name given in 1906 to seed

from winter-hardy stand

discovered near Baltic,

S. Dak. Presnmably

came originally from

northern Enrope.

Selected from Baltic at the

Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta.

Released in 1920.

Name given by Nebr. Agr.

Expt. Sta. in 1928 to

strain that was traced to

a field in Dawson County, Nebr.

Introduced from India bv

USDA in 1913. Seed

sent to USDA Field Station, Bard, Calif., where

selected plants were increased for commercial

seed production.

No established

source of seed.

Different seed lots

may be variable.

None

None

Breeder seed maintained bv Calif.

Agr. Expt. Sta.

Similar to Grimm. Susceptible to bacterial wilt.

Similar to Grimm in growth

habit. Somewhat higher

in yields of forage and

seed, but somewhat less

winter hardy. Darkgreen foliage. Very susceptible to bacterial wilt.

Resistant to cold and bacterial wilt. Rei^laced by

more productive varieties.

Similar to African but generally less productive in

Southwest.

Hardy

Hardy. Similar to Grimm.

Hardy

Xonhardy

(-)

(-)

5

(')

C-)

0. 016

C5

33

a
Ka«-_

Nemastaii.

OrestaiK

Imported as Provence from

France in 1912 by a commercial seed firm. Resembled Turkistan alfalfa. Since it was different

from other importations

from Provence, France,

it was given the name of

Kaw by Kans. Agr. Expt.

Sta.

Introduced from Turkistan

by USDA. Named in

1943.

Name given by the Oreg,

Agr. Expt. "Sta. to an

alfalfa originally introduced in 1929 by USDA

from Turkistan, Asia.

NoneNone.

None.

1 From "Expected Varietal Trends in Forage Crops," compiled

in 1958 by J. M. Saunders, Federal Extension Service, U.S.

Department of Agriculture. Adjustments were made for

missing States in that report.

Winter hardy and resistant

to bacterial wilt. Replaced by improved varieties.

Resistant to stem nematode, highly susceptible

to the leaf spot diseases.

Replaced by Lahontan.

Similar to some of the

better lots of commercial

Turkistan alfalfa. Replaced by more diseaseresistant varieties.

Hardy

HardvHardv

m (-)

{')

(-)

(')

n

2 Estimated acreage comprises less than 0.01 percent of the

total U.S. acreage.

>

f

1^

>

f

>

<

>

ta

h-l H

l-H

a

CO

1^

o

i

¡30

te
28 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 17 7, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

GLOSSARY OF TERMS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH

ALFALFA VARIETIES AND STRAINS

AvVToved origin.-—VseA by Oklahoma Crop Improvement Association to designate

qualifying seed lots of common alfalfa known to be of Oklahoma Common

/IroeníTíTe"—Alfalfa from Argentina. About 1935, considerable seed was imported

from Argmtina, mostly from the area south of Buenos Aires. Experimental

tests indicated that seed lots from Argentina were variable in winter hardiness

and generally yielded less than locally adapted varieties.

Arizona Chilean.—^a.me &s krizoïxïi Common. ,, , . ^ x ^ ^i.

ßam —An introduction of Medicago sativa from Iran that is resistant to the

spotted alfalfa aphid. Not winter hardy. I.T x x v j

Barslow.StraiB or variety found in southwestern Texas. Not winter hardy.

Blend.—Generally used to indicate a mechanical mixture of seed of different

origins or varieties. ^ ■■,,-. .r. f j.

Brand—A designation used in merchandizing to identify the manufacturer or

distributor of a product, not the product itself. Generally synonymous with

trademark The same brand may be used by the owner for one product or

more than one product. Should not be confused with variety name.

Breeder seed —Seed of a variety furnished by the plant breeder for seed increase.

See'"Seed Certification." . x m T. ^ T.„ .

Certified.—See section on "Certified Seed and Requirements To Produce It for

definition and for description of certified seed classes.

Clone —The vegetative increase of a single plant. Usually accomplished in

alfalfa by rooting stem cuttings in sand, vermiculite, or similar rooting

Common alfalfa.—Includes the ordinary purple-flowered alfalfa from which

Dumero'us regional strains, differing principally in winter hardiness, have

developed through natural selection in the Western States.

Creeving-7-ooted.—Having the capacity of producing adventitious stem buds at

enlarged points along the length of lateral underground roots. This form

of root proliferation was first discovered in a strain of M. falcata.

Gross-pollination.—The poUination of a plant by pollen of a different plant.

In nature, alfalfa is cross-pollinated by bees.

Dakota No. 18.—A variety name once used in merchandising strains of Common

alfalfa. No longer recognized as a variety name by Federal Seed Act for

alfalfa seed shipped in interstate commerce or by certain States.

Diploid.—Having two (haploid) sets of chromosomes.

Don.—A Canadian diploid variety of M. falcata.

Flamande.—Generally used as a descriptive term for a group of similar varieties

and strains originating in northern France. This group includes Du Puits,

Ile de France, Chartainvilliers. Alfa, W 268, Socheville, and others.

Flemish.—Used to describe naturahzed alfalfas of the Flamande type found in

northern France.

Foliar.—Pertaining to leaves.

Grower affidavit.—A signed statement of a grower, establishing to the best of his

knowledge the varietal designation of a specified seed lot sold by him. Tests

indicate that seed lots with grower affidavits cannot always be depended on

as being true to variety name. The practice of obtaining grower affidavits

is being discontinued.

Hegazi.—A name associated with the original introduction of African alfalfa from

Egypt.

Hunter River.—A naturalized strain of alfalfa in Australia. Not winter hardy.

Hybrid.—Genetically defined as the product of a cross between individuals of

unlike genetic constitution. The legal definition given by Federal Seed Act

of August 9, 1939, follows: "The term 'hybrid' means the first generation

seed of a cross produced by controlling the pollination and by combining

(1) two, three, or four inbred lines; (2) one inb'red or a single cross with an

open-pollinated variety; or (3) two varieties or species, except open-pollinated

varieties of corn (Zea m.ays). The second generation and subsequent generations from such crosses shall not be regarded as hybrids. Hybrid designations shall be treated as variety names."

Hybrid vigor.—The increased vigor often exhibited by hybrid individuals. Also

called heterosis.
ALFALFA VARIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES 29

Imported seed.—See "stained seed."

I.V.P.—Abbreviation for "inspected varietal purity." Used in seed merchandi.sing to pinpoint the advantages of buying certified seed.

Labelinff of seed as to variety designaiion.—Some State seed laws require that

agricultural seed shall be labeled as to kind and variety, or, if the variety is

unknown, labeled as "Variety Unknown." However, most State seed laws,

as well as the Federal Seed Act, do not recjuire that the variety name be

shown on the label. If it is shown, however, it must be truthful.

Lucerne.—The common name for alfalfa in some foreign countries.

Marlhorough.—A naturalized strain of alfalfa in New Zealand.

Nonhardy.—Used to describe alfalfas that are generally very erect in growth habit,

recover quickl.y after cutting, have a long growing period, and are very

susceptible to low temperatures. The varieties African, Indian, and Hairy

Peruvian are examples.

Pollination.—Transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma.

Polycross.—A term used to describe a type of experimental cross for measuring

the combining ability of clones—has no commercial usage. Polycross seed

is obtained from a clone permitted to outcross with other selected clones

growing in an isolated nursery. Clones are usually replicated to obtain

random cross-pollination among clones.

Provence.—Strain of alfalfa grown in southeastern France.

Region of adaptation.—Region to which a variety is generally adapted for forage

production. Re.gulations for the production of foundation, registered, and

certified seed classes of a specified variety are based in part on the area

defined as the variety's "region of adaptation."

Rhizomatovs.—Having underground slenis or crown branches (rhizomes), as in

M. fálcala and to a lesser extent in the variegated alfalfas. The number

and length of rhizomes of a variety appear to be roughly associated with the

proportion of germ plasm of that variety tracing to M. falcata. Only a

limited degree of rhizomatous development is found in the Common alfalfas.

Sand Inrerne.—A variegated alfalfa grown in Europe. There is some evidence

that varieties such as Crimm, Baltic, and Canadian Variegated arose through

natural selection from the Sand lucerne of Elurope.

Scandia.—Name of a Flemish strain introduced from Sweden. Now identified

in the United States as the variety "Alfa."

Semipalatinsk.—A yellow-flowered, winter-hardy, and drouglit-resistani strain of

il/, falcata collected in Siberia in early 190()'s.

Siberian.—Usually used with reference to il/, fal'^ata.

Sickle alfalfa.—Sometimes u.sed in Europe as common name (Iranslated) for

M. falcata. Sickle refers to shape of the pod, as in beans. Not coiled as

in il/, ■■sativa.

Sirsa No. 9.—A nonhardy strain from United Provinces, India, used experimentally

in United States. "Has resistance to spotted alfalfa aphid.

Species.—A group of individuals so much alike that it may be reasonably as.sumed

that they arose from a common ancestor. The Common alfalfas are classified

in the species M. sativa. The variegated alfalfas (resulting from crossing

between il/, sativa and il/, falcata) are generally included in M. .sativa, although some scientists prefer to place the variegated alfalfas in a species by

itself, calling it il/, media. Varieties that are purely M. falcata are not

commercially important in the United States.

Stained .seerf.—Indicates importation. The Federal Seed Act of August 9, 1939,

requires that alfalfa seed from foreign countries be stained before it is permitted entry into the United States. Ten percent of the seed from any

country other than South America or Canada must be stained red. Alfalfa

seed from any of the countries of South America must be stained 10 percent

orange red, and seed from Canada I percent violet.

Synthetic—Vsed to describe varieties produced by combining several Imes or

clones, and permitting natural pollination to occur for one or more generations. A numeral is usually used to indicate the number of generations smce

synthesis Thus, Syn. 1, Syn. 2, and Syn. 3 indicate that the seed is from

the first, second, or third seed generation after the lines or plants were

combined.

Tetraploid.—PlsLuts with four (haploid) sets of chromosomes. M. saliva is a

tetraploid species.
30 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 17 7, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TurkiUan.—Alfalfa (A/, saliva) imported from Turkistan. Flower color is similar

to that of the Common alfalfas, but the growth is generally somewhat shorter

and more spreading. Selected plants from the Turkistan alfalfas have been

used as a source of resistance to bacterial wilt, the stem nematode, and the

spotted alfalfa aphid. These alfalfas are generally very susceptible to

foliar diseases.

Variegated.—Used with reference to winter-hardy alfalfas that have originated

from crosses between purple-flowered M. .sativa and the yellow-flowered

species M. falrata. Variegated means multicolored flowers. Vernal is a

typical variegated alfalfa. Such varieties as Narragansett, Ranger, Ladak,

Meeker Baltic, and Orimm are also in the variegated group but contain fewer

yellow-flowered individuals.

Variely.—A group of strains or a single strain that can be differentiated from

another group or strain. It is generally accepted that before its release, a

new variety must have shown superiority over existing varieties in the area

of intended usage.

^'erified origin.—The U.S. Verification Service verifies tfie origin or place where

seed was grown, without regard as to variety, purity, or germination. Each

package of such seed bears the U.S. Verification tag.

Viking.—A very winter-hardy, variegated variety developed at Saskatoon,

Saskatchewan.

Yeilo>u-flowered alfalfa.—Generally used with reference to M. fálcala, although

there are several Medirago species with yellow flowers. Also used with

reference to Siberian alfalfa.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTtN« OFFICE: 1960