*Circuit Judge for the Third Circuit, sitting by

designation. 

1

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 93-3194.

CRESCENT CITY MARINE, INC. and Central Boat Rentals, Inc.,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

M/V NUNKI, her engines, tackle, etc., in rem., DefendantAppellee.

May 18, 1994.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern

District of Louisiana.

Before ALDISERT*, REYNALDO G. GARZA, and DUHÉ, Circuit Judges.

REYNALDO G. GARZA, Circuit Judge:

Crescent City Marine, Inc. and Central Boat Rentals, Inc.

appeal the district court's finding that they were not entitled to

a maritime lien. Finding no error, we AFFIRM.

I. FACTS

The M/V NUNKI ("NUNKI") was owned by Impressa Transporti

Maritimi SRL, and under the time charter of Scanports Shipping,

Ltd. ("Scanports"). Scanports entered into a voyage charter with

Energy Transport, LTD., a subsidiary of Cabot Corporation.

Scanports, as the "disponet owner" of the NUNKI, appointed Global

Steamship Agencies, Inc. ("Global"), to act as local, husbanding

agent for the charterers after Global had been nominated by the

voyage charterer. Acting on instructions from the voyage
 

1"Slops" is an industry term used to define the oily water

residue in the bottom of the ship's tanks after it has been

washed with hot water. This procedure is usually required when

there is a change in cargo assignment. 

2

charterers, Global arranged to have the "slops"1 removed from the

NUNKI, and disposed ashore by Emerald Refining, Inc. ("Emerald"),

an independent Louisiana service company. The voyage charterers

agreed to pay Emerald $1 per barrel both to remove and dispose of

the slops, plus the opportunity to sell any salvageable crude oil

removed from the vessel. After the slops had been removed from the

NUNKI, Emerald sent an invoice to the voyage charterers totalling

$27,644.64, which was paid in full.

Although Emerald agreed with the voyage charterers to remove

and dispose of the "slops" for a flat per-barrel charge, Emerald

hired appellants Crescent City Marine and Central Boat Rentals'

tugs and barges on a per-day basis. After the "slops" had been

removed from the ship, Emerald encountered difficulties in

disposing of the material. This resulted in Crescent City Marine

and Central Boat Rentals' equipment being tied up much longer than

had been anticipated by Emerald. Work that was supposed to be

completed in two to three days actually required approximately

twelve days to finish. The appellants incurred additional

transportation costs of $80,768.66.

The appellants were never paid for their services and

instituted this action by seizing the vessel claiming a maritime

lien. The district court found that the appellants were not

entitled to a maritime lien and vacated their seizure of the
3

vessel. The appellants timely appealed to this court.

II. DISCUSSION

The appellants claim the district court erred in: (1) finding

that the appellants did not perform the work at the request of a

person authorized to act for the vessel; (2) finding that the

contract price to remove the slops was $1 per barrel; (3) finding

that the charges of the appellants were incurred solely because of

delays Emerald encountered in disposing of the slops; and (4)

failing to hold that a maritime lien attaches when necessaries are

ordered by or supplied to a charterer unless the supplier has

notice that the person who ordered the necessaries lacked authority

to do so.

We find that the district court did not err in any of its

findings. Therefore, the judgment of the district court is

affirmed.

A. Did the appellants perform the work at the request of a person

authorized to act for the vessel?

The appellants claim that they have met all of the

requirements for a maritime lien, and that the trial court erred in

holding that they were not entitled to a maritime lien. The

appellants also claim that the district court erred in holding that

Emerald was the only contractor hired by the vessel to perform the

work, and only it could have acquired a maritime lien. The Federal

Maritime Commercial Instruments and Lien Acts provides that:

[A] person providing necessaries to a vessel on the order of

the owner or a person authorized by the owner—

(1) has a maritime lien on the vessel;
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(2) may bring a civil action in rem to enforce the lien;

and

(3) is not required to allege or prove in the action

that credit was given to the vessel.

46 U.S.C. § 31342(a).

Appellants assert that the district court erred in holding

that they were subcontractors and that by definition, they did not

perform the work at the request of a person authorized to act for

the vessel. They claim that the "restrictive repair contractor"

line of cases relied on by the district court does not apply to

this case. See, Bonanni Ship Supply, Inc. v. United States, 959

F.2d 1558 (11th Cir.1992); Farwest Steel Corp. v. Barge SEA-SPAN

241, 828 F.2d 522 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 1034, 108

S.Ct. 1594, 99 L.Ed.2d 909 (1988). Rather, they claim that the

"agent/broker" or "middle-man" line of cases is more consistent

with the facts presented in this case. See, Marine Fuel Supply and

Towing v. M/V KEN LUCKY, 869 F.2d 473, 475 (9th Cir.1988); Belcher

Co. of Alabama, Inc. v. M/V MARATHA MARINER, 724 F.2d 1161 (5th

Cir.1984). In the "agent/broker" or "middle-man" cases there were

as many as five layers between the owner of the vessel and the

service provider, yet the service provider was still permitted a

lien against the vessel.

Appellants contend that the Federal Maritime Commercial

Instruments and Liens Act broadly defines persons authorized by the

owner to procure necessaries for a vessel. Although 46 U.S.C. §§

31341, et seq. lists those persons presumed to have authority, that

presumption is not conclusive. Gulf Oil Trading Co., A Div. of
5

Gulf Oil Co. v. M/V CARIBE MAR, 757 F.2d 743, 748-49 (5th

Cir.1985). Appellants assert that persons falling outside the

class presumed to have authority might still have authority to

procure necessaries; there is merely no presumption of authority.

Appellants further assert that it is axiomatic in this court that

authorization, either actual, implied or fairly presumed, given

prior to, during performance of the services, or ratified

subsequent to the performance will suffice. Atlantic & Gulf

Stevedores, Inc. v. M/V GRAND LOYALTY, 608 F.2d 197, 202 (5th

Cir.1979).

Appellants assert that Steven Long, the President of Emerald,

testified that Nick Kandiliotis, President of Global, was informed

during their negotiations that:

(1) Emerald did not own the necessary tug boats and tank barges

absolutely required to properly remove, transport and dispose

of the NUNKI's slops; and

(2) Emerald was going to arrange with the appellants to provide the

tug boats and the tank barges incident to the removal,

transportation, and disposal of the NUNKI's slops.

Finally, appellants claim that Cabot and Global gave Emerald

implied, fairly presumed and/or apparent authority to bind the

vessel for all necessary and incidental equipment required to

properly remove, transport and dispose of the vessel's slops.

Cabot and Global gave this authority by contracting with Emerald,

failing to inquire as to Emerald's abilities to complete the

contracted task without the involvement of other parties, with the

knowledge that it is the common practice in the industry for jobs

of this sort to be farmed out to other parties, and the failure to
6

object or instruct Emerald otherwise.

Appellees, in contrast, assert that the pertinent provision of

the Federal Maritime Commercial Instruments and Liens Act states as

follows:

(a) The following persons are presumed to have authority to

procure necessaries for a vessel:

(1) the owner;

(2) the master;

(3) a person entrusted with the management of the vessel

at the port of supply; or

(4) an officer or agent appointed by—

(A) the owner;

(B) a charterer;

(C) an owner pro hac vice; or

(D) an agreed buyer in possession of the vessel.

46 U.S.C. § 31341(a).

Appellees contend that the only section applicable is (a)(4),

and since the appellants dealt only with Emerald, the specific

question before the district court was whether Emerald was an agent

appointed by a charterer. Appellees assert that since the district

court found as a matter of fact that Emerald was not an agent, and

was therefore, without presumptive authority, the appellants' case

must fail because they offered no proof that Emerald had actual

authority to bind the vessel.

Appellees assert that the district court specifically rejected

Steven Long's testimony that Nick Kandiliotis, the President of

Global knew that Emerald was going to subcontract the work. The
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district court in its findings and conclusions stated:

The voyage charterer and Global dealt only with Emerald

Refining. Neither the charterers nor Global were aware that

Emerald in fact subcontracted the work to the plaintiffs, and

they did not ever learn of plaintiffs' involvement in the job

until approximately one month later when Global was contacted

by plaintiffs complaining that Emerald had not paid

plaintiffs' invoices.

Appellees further assert that under Louisiana law, an agency

relationship can be created either by an express appointment or by

an implied appointment arising from apparent authority. Richard A.

Cheramie Enterprises, Inc. v. Mt. Airy Ref. Co., 708 F.2d 156, 158

(5th Cir.1983). Since there was no evidence that Emerald was

expressly appointed as an agent, the only issue is whether there

was an implied appointment. In order to establish implied agency,

Cheramie, makes clear that the appellants had to prove that (1) the

charterer, as principal, made some representation or manifestation

directly to the appellants, and (2) the appellants reasonably

relied on Emerald's purported authority as a direct consequence of

those direct representations. Id. Appellees assert that there is

no evidence whatsoever of any communication between the voyage

charterer, purported principal, and the appellants. Consequently,

there is no evidence that anything the alleged principal (Cabot)

did, led the appellants reasonably to believe that Emerald was the

charterers' agent. Furthermore, the district court specifically

concluded that no one associated with the vessel knew that Emerald

would subcontract the work to the appellants. Therefore, there is

no evidence to suggest that the vessel either consented to or

authorized Emerald's delegation of the work.
8

Appellees finally assert that Harriet Harrison, the President

of Crescent City Marine, testified that she knew that Emerald was

an independent contractor rather than an agent of the vessel.

We are bound to uphold the district court's findings of fact

unless they are clearly erroneous. Chance v. Rice University, 984

F.2d 151, 153 (5th Cir.1993); FED.R.CIV.P. 52(a).

The district court specifically found that the appellants did

not perform the work aboard the NUNKI at the request of a person

authorized to act for the vessel. The district court further found

that the slops were removed from the NUNKI in three days and that

Emerald was fully paid for the removal. Finally, the district

court found that the additional charges the appellants incurred

were due solely to delays Emerald encountered in disposing of the

slops.

As the appellees point out, Emerald does not fall within the

category of those presumed to have authority to bind the vessel.

Furthermore, based on general agency law, the appellants have not

provided any evidence that Global did anything that would lead the

appellants to reasonably believe that Emerald had implied authority

to bind the vessel.

Therefore, the district court did not clearly err in finding

that the appellants did not perform the work aboard the NUNKI at

the request of a person authorized to act for the vessel.

B. Did the district court err in finding that the contract price to

remove the slops was $1 per barrel?

The appellants claim that the district court erred in finding

that the contract price to remove the slops was only one dollar per
9

barrel rather than one dollar per barrel plus the opportunity to

sell any salvageable crude oil removed from the vessel.

The district court explicitly found that the agreement between

Emerald and Global was simply that "Emerald would be paid $1.00 per

barrel for whatever it took off the ship and would be entitled to

keep whatever product was so removed for whatever purpose."

Therefore, the appellants' argument is meritless.

C. Did the district court err in holding that the appellants'

additional charges were incurred solely because of delays

Emerald encountered in disposing of the slops?

The appellants claim that the district court erred in finding

that the appellants' additional charges were incurred solely

because of delays Emerald encountered in disposing of the slops.

The appellants argue that the agreement between Global and Emerald

specifically stated that the quality of the crude oil had a water

to oil ratio of 60 to 40. The appellees argue that the charges

they incurred were a result of Global's misrepresentations, because

the water to oil ratio was actually 98.5 to 1.5. This made the

slops commercially useless and the charges incurred were solely the

result of having to dispose of these useless slops.

The district court's finding that the additional charges

incurred were a result of Emerald's delays is subject to a clearly

erroneous standard of review. See, Chance v. Rice University, 984

F.2d 151, 153 (5th Cir.1993); FED.R.CIV.P. 52(a).

The appellants cite only to Steven Long's testimony for their

proposition that the additional charges they incurred were a result

of Global's misrepresentations. The district court specifically
10

rejected Steven Long's testimony.

Therefore, the district court did not clearly err in finding

that the additional charges the appellants incurred were due solely

to delays Emerald encountered in disposing of the slops.

D. Did the district court err in failing to hold that a maritime

lien attaches when necessaries are ordered by or supplied to

a charterer unless the supplier has notice that the person who

ordered the necessaries lacked authority to do so?

Appellants assert that Belcher Co. of Alabama, Inc. v. M/V

MARATHA MARINER, 724 F.2d 1161, 1163 (5th Cir.1984), states that a

maritime lien "attaches when necessaries are ordered by and

supplied to a charterer, unless the supplier has notice that the

person who orders the necessaries lacked authority do so."

The facts of Belcher are similar to the case at bar. In

Belcher, Armada Bulk Carriers of Denmark chartered the vessel. Id.

Armada's broker ordered fuel from Baymar, a California broker, and

Baymar contracted with Belcher, who actually supplied the fuel.

Id. Armada paid Baymar and Baymar made partial payment to Belcher.

Id. Belcher then brought an in rem action against the vessel. Id.

The issue in Belcher, however, was whether Belcher could bring an

in rem action against the vessel when the there was a pending legal

action in Denmark. Therefore, the language appellants cite is

dicta.

However, this dicta is of no help to the appellants. As the

appellees point out, the President of Crescent City Marine

testified that she knew that Emerald was an independent contractor

and not an agent of the vessel. Moreover, the district court

specifically found that the appellants knew when they were hired by
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Emerald, that Emerald was an independent service company with no

special relationship to the NUNKI.

Therefore, the district court did not err in finding that the

appellants were not entitled to a maritime lien in this instance.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the district court's judgment is

AFFIRMED.