F.D. P Deep-Sea Cerviniidae

(Copepoda: Harpacticoida

from the Western

Indian Ocean,

Collected with R/V

Anton Bruun in 1964

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1969 NUMBER 29
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ZOOLOGY

NUMBER 29

F. D. Por Deep-Sea Cerviniidae

(Copepoda:

Harpacticoida)

from the Western

Indian Ocean,

Collected with R/V

Anton Bruun in 1964

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

CITY OF WASHINGTON
ABSTRACT

Por, F. D. Deep-Sea Cerviniidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the Western

Indian Ocean, Collected with R/V Anton Bruun, in 1964. Smithsonian Contributions

to ^oology, 29:1-60. 1969.—The Cerviniidae found in abyssal and bathyal catches

of Cruise 8 of R/V Anton Bruun are discussed. In eight stations off the East African

Coast 15 species of Cerviniidae have been found. The genus Pontostratiotes Brady is

represented by six new species, by specimens which belong probably to the three

previously known species of the genus, and an as yet uncertain species. A new genus

is established for Ameliotes malagassicus, new genus, new species. Two other new species

belong to the genera Cerviniella Smirnov and Cerviniopsis Sars. Two other species

found in the collections of Vityaz from the Pacific abyssal are found also in this material.

The genus Pontostratiotes is discussed, and a new diagnosis of the genus is given.

Adequate gear yielded rich collections of abyssal Harpacticoids of which the

present material is only a small part. A few general conclusions about this fauna are

advanced.

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the

Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1969

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402—Price 65 cents
F. D. Por Deep-Sea Cerviniidae

(Copepoda:

Harpacticoida)

from the Western

Indian Ocean,

Collected with R/V

Anton Bruun in 1964

Introduction

Present knowledge of the abyssal Harpacticoida is

based on occasional captures made with inadequate

gear. In fact, no more than a score of specimens have

been reported as yet, and these are almost exclusively

cerviniids, large-sized animals which can be brought

up also by wide-meshed trawls. The first two papers

dealing exclusively with abyssal fauna are by the

late V. A. Brodskaya (1959, 1963) and are based on

collections made by the Russian research vessel

Vityaz.

The author had the opportunity to take part in

the American Program of the International Indian

Ocean Expedition and to sample deep-sea Harpacticoida on Cruise 8 of Anton Bruun along the eastern

shores of Africa. Sampling with the "Menzies trawl"

(Figure 169) proved to be extremely successful.

Tens of species and hundreds of specimens were

found in eight deep-sea samples. Only the 15 species

of Cerviniidae are discussed in the present paper.

A list of the sampling stations is given in Table 1.

The specimens have been deposited in the Department of Zoology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem (HUJ) and in the Division of Crustacea,

Smithsonian Institution (USNM). Measurements of

body length given under each species include the

caudal furcae.

TABLE 1. —List of stations,

Station

number

399

400

407

407

410

418

418

419

A

A

A

D

A

A

F

A

Date

(1964)

1 Oct.

2 Oct.

13 Oct.

13 Oct.

20 Oct.

3Nov

4 Nov.

5 Nov.

22

22

18

17

15

05

04

03

Position

°33'S, 36°

°30'S, 36°

°24'S, 42°

°32'S, 43°

°07'S, 44°

°irs,4i°

°14'S, 40°

°33'S, 40°

Anton

10'E

10'E

ll'E

05'E

21'E

38'E

89'E

54'E

Bruun Cruise 8 *

Depth

(in m)

925

1530

2125

1360

3100

3050

1550

950

Temperature

5.55°

3.54°

2.51°

2.22°

2.13°

4.05°

C (985 )•>

C(1438)

C (2096)

-

C (2565)

C (2484)

-

C(1518)

F. D. Por, Department of ^oology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem,

Israel.

• All collections made with Menzies Trawl.

b

 The depth of the deepest thermometer of the respective

hydroline is indicated in parentheses.

Acknowledgments

I am much indebted to the American Program of

the International Indian Ocean Expedition for

making my research trip possible. My indebtedness

is extended to Dr. Stewart Springer, the chief scientist

of Cruise 8 of Anton Bruun and many colleagues and

seamen on board this research vessel who helped

me in the sampling. Mrs. I. Itzkowitz and L. Abram1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

owitz are gratefully acknowledged for the sorting

of the samples and Miss S. Halbreich for her

draftmanship.

Genus Pontostratiotes Brady, 1883

Until now this genus contained three species, each

described from a single specimen: Pontostratiotes

abyssicola Brady, 1883 (lcT); Pontostratiotes scotti

Brodskaya, 1959 (19); and Pontostratiotes horrida

Brodskaya, 1959 (1 9).

Scott (1910) considered his specimen as belonging

to P. abyssicola, but Brodskaya (1959) was possibly

right when she considered it to represent a new

species, P. scotti. P. abyssicola is no doubt a good

species, although incompletely and perhaps also

incorrectly described. P. scotti is incompletely described

also. The description of P. horrida is based on a female

and not, as Brodskaya believed, on a male. The

Anton Bruun material contained a female of P. horrida

as well as many specimens of P. scotti and possibly

also one of P. abyssicola.

Thirty-eight specimens of the present material

have been assigned to six new species, and one male

is described but not assigned to a species. Thus it

has become possible to compose an emended and

more detailed diagnosis of the genus, based upon

ten species.

DIAGNOSIS.—Body size as a rule greater than 2 mm,

first thoracic segment free but of reduced size.

Genital segment of female divided only dorsally and

never ventrally. Last abdominal segment pyriform.

Furcal branches coalescent, excessively long, very

thin, and often with tips unequal in length.

Cephalon and thoracic segments 2, 3, and 4 with

lateral spiniform processes. First thoracic segment

without such processes. Retinacula present at bases of

thoracic spines, articulated to spines above them.

Dorsal armature variable.

Antennula of female 8-jointed; peduncle 3-jointed,

2.5-3 times longer than flagellum. Relative lengths of

joints very constant throughout the genus. Joints of

peduncle progressively decreasing in length; 2nd joint

as a rule with spiniform terminal process. In the

flagellum 5th and 8th joints are the longest and are

subeqnal. Sensorial seta present on 3rd joint (and

sometimes on 8th?). Male antennula only slightly

modified, with sensorial cylinders on 2nd, 3rd, 4th,

and 8th joints, and with modified spines on some

joints.

Antenna 3-jointed, exopodite 4-jointed; 2nd and

3rd exopodite joints very short.

Mandibular palp with unarticulate, long, and narrow endopodite and 4-jointed exopodite. Distal 3

exopodite joints very short. Basis bears 4 setae.

Maxillula without exopodite. Endopodite reduced

to knoblike structure. Epipodite with 1 seta.

Maxilla without separation between precoxa and

coxa. Body with 4 endites: a prominent and platelike

basal endite, a barely protruding 2nd endite, and 2

elongate distal endites. Endopodite triarticulate..

Maxilliped with 2 basal joints and 2-jointed endopodite. Setae on basal joints rather uniform in

thickness.

Branches of all legs triarticulate. First leg (PI)

slightly modified for prehension; distal 2 joints of

both branches usually shortened. Armature of legs

slightly variable, but that of PHI and especially the

peculiar one of PIV exopodite is constant throughout

the genus.

PV biarticulate, sometimes with additional basal

articulation. First (or 2nd) joint as a rule with external

distal seta. Distal joint with 3 external spines, 2 terminal spines with a seta between them. Male PV with 2

additional spines (or a spine and a seta) also on internal margin.

PVI always present, sometimes well developed,

bearing from 1 to 3 setae. Male PVI different, but not

larger than female PVI.

No egg sacs have been observed.

The structure of the appendages is remarkably uniform in Pontostratiotes. Even the numbers of setae on

the different mouthparts seem to be constant throughout the genus. The variability at the species level is

expressed chiefly in the armature of the thoracic segments and of the first 2 antennular joints.

The genus is known from depths between 925 and

4365 m; it has been reported from all three oceans.

Pontostratiotes scotti Brodskaya, 1959

FIGURES 1-12, 170

Pontostratiotes aby&sicola G. S. Brady—Scott, 1910, pp. 53-54,

pis. 2-3.

Pontostratiotes scottibrodskaya, 1959, p. 1787.

Eight 9 9 and 2 juvenile specimens, in samples 399A,

400A, and 410A.

Body length including furca, 2.44 mm; length of

furca, 0.81 mm. Cephalon inflated and slightly

quadrate.
NUMBER 29

Rostrum round with 2 median spherical inflations

(statoblasts?). Cephalon with posterolateral angles

forming a triangular serrulate denticle; posterior margin serrulate; dorsal spines slightly divergent, short,

serrulate, only slightly exceeding posterior edge of 3rd

thoracic segment. First thoracic segment narrow and

hidden under cephalon. Lateral spines of the 3 thoracic

segments short and curved, minutely serrulate. Dorsal

posterior margins of segments serrulate; 2nd segment

with 2 strong dorsal spines; 3rd and 4th segments with

4 less prominent spines. Proximolateral retinacula of

the segments rounded, with serrulations only on external edges. Dorsally, small and round surface

tubercles are present on cephalon (3 pairs): 1 central

tubercle on 2nd segment; 1 pair on 3rd and 4th

segments. Tubercles are found also at about midlengths of lateral spines. Abdominal segments with

uniformly denticulate posterior edges. Genital segment and last abdominal segment slightly pubescent.

Pubescence found also on furcal branches.

Antennular joints with the following proportionate

lengths: 31:24:17:3.5:9:4:3:7. First joint with denticulate surface and with pubescence on external edge.

Proximal spine bears 2 groups of denticles, one of

which points backward. Distal edge of 1st joint slightly

protruding at both angles. Second joint with 4

processes: 1st and 3rd blunt, 2nd and 4th prominent.

Antennal exopodite relatively well developed. Mandibular palp with elongated basis and very long and

narrow endopodite bent backward parallel to basis.

Maxilliped relatively slender.

First endopodite joint of PI only slightly longer than

2nd and 3rd combined.

Setal formula as follows:

PI

PII

PHI

PIV

exopodite

1. 1.

1. 1.

1. 1.

1. 1.

222

223

223

323

endopodite

1. 1.

1. 1.

1.2.

1. 1.

221

221

321

221

Swimming legs with normal setae and relatively

narrow joints.

PV clearly 3-jointed. Length-width ratio of distal

joint: 26/6; spines long, setiform; distal seta of 2nd

joint long and slender.

PVI long and narrow, with 3 setae; medial seta

short.

DISCUSSION.—Pontostratiotes scotti Brodskaya has

been found in the gizzard of a deep sea squid Staurotheuthis hippocrepium, in the Antarctic. T. Scott (1910),

who described the only female, identified it as P.

abyssicola Brady. This decision has been correctly

questioned by Brodskaya although her revision has

been based only on the very incomplete original

description and on the comparison of a male with a

female. As far as can be determined without at least

topotypes, our specimens seem to belong to P. scotti.

Our specimens differ very much from P. abyssicola

in the thoracic armature. Study of our rich material of

Pontostratiotes has convinced us that the features of the

armature are reliable specific characters and also

that they show no sexual dimorphism. If the identification of the following species with P. abyssicola is

correct, then other differences between the two species

may be added.

Pontostratiotes abyssicola Brady, 1883

FIGURES 13-18

Pontostratiotes abyssicola Brady, 1883, pp. 105-106, pi. 44.—

Brodskaya, 1959, pp. 1786-1787.

One 9 from station 418A.

Body length 3.70 mm, furcal length 1.80 mm.

Cephalon inflated and nearly spherical with laterally

protruding corners; posterolateral corners produced

into smooth retinacular points; posterior edge serrulate, extending into 2 very long serrate spines between

the bases of which is a rounded prominence bearing

4 pairs of dimples. A tuberculum is found above the

posterolateral retinacular point.

Second thoracic segment with strong beaklike

retinaculum with a few apical hairs and external

serrulations. Posterolateral spines very long with

heavy serrulation. The posterior edge of the segment

bears 4 denticles. Third and 4th thoracic segments with

the same type of lateral spines, but with less pronounced retinacula. Dorsal posterior edges with

irregular denticulation; a pair of tubercles lies

anterior to the edge on the 3rd and 4th segments.

Fifth thoracic and 1st and 2nd abdominal segments with the same irregular denticulation of the

edges on the dorsal side. Abdominal segments 3 and 4

each with 2 prominent tubercles on dorsal posterior

edge.

Genital segment much broader than long, lateral

intersegmental suture slightly denticulate. Abdominal

segments without ventral armature.

Furcal branches with scattered external row of

spinulae.

Rostrum round, without prominent point. Pro-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

portionate lengths of antennular segments as follows:

32:38:20:3.5:10:4:3:8. First joint with very pronounced and irregular tubercles on internal edge and

a large tubercle with 4 backward-pointing denticles

on external edge. External edge shows also a broad

prominence and a distal, rounded point. Second joint

covered with irregular small chitinous tubercles;

external edge with 2 similar-sized blunt joints and a

very long and pointed distal 3rd joint with a small

seta in the middle. Fourth joint bears 3 tubercles

on its distal edge.

Antenna 4-jointed, 2 distal joints long and slender.

Exopodite 4-jointed, shorter than last endopodite

joint. Mandibular palp elongate quadrangular, with

long and slender branches. Maxillula with 3 exopodital and 1 epipodital seta. Maxilla with 4 endites,

upper spine of basal endite very strong and fused to

endite body. Maxilliped could not be seen clearly.

PI characterized by elongate basal joint of endopodite, 2.5 times longer than last 2 joints combined.

Swimming legs characterized by the rodlike setae

on the distal endopodite joints and by the very short

and swollen spines of the exopodites.

Setal formula as follows:

PI

PI I

PHI

PIV

PV formed of 3 joints; distal joint nearly 5 times

longer than broad. Second joint with long pennate

seta on distal internal corner. Spines of last joint

short, much shorter than joint itself.

PVI long and narrow, with 2 nearly equal apical

setae.

DISCUSSION.—There is of course much uncertainty

in relating our female specimen to the male found by

Brady. No doubt also, there are many errors in

Brady's description of P. abyssicola. The lateral spines

shown by Brady on the cephalon probably belong to

the 2nd thoracic segment; this is evident from the

illustration which shows a retinaculum at the base of

these spines. It seems most probable that Brady's

specimen had lateral spines on 3 thoracic segments

(the 2nd to 4th). These spines as well as the dorsal

spines of the cephalon are of the same type as in our

specimen. The problem of the 2 anterolateral spines

of the cephalon is an open question. Should specimens

be found in the future which show these spines, P.

abyssicola will occupy a quite distinct place within the

Exopodite

1. 1.

1. 1.

1. 1.

1. 1.

222

223

223

323

Endopodite

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

2.

2.

1.

221

221

321

221

genus and our specimen will have to be considered a

different species.

If compared with P. scotti as described earlier, we

find also other differences beside the thoracic armature, such as shape of PI endopodite, armature of the

2nd endopodite joint of PII, the presence of rodlike

setae on the endopodites, and shape and armature of

PV.

Pontostratiotes glaber, new species

FIGURES 19-33, and 171

Nine 9 9 , 3 o"d\ and 3 juvenile specimens in stations

400A, 407A, and 418F.

Syntypes: HUJ, COP 73 and USNM 125811.

Female. Length 3.12 mm, furca 1.45 mm.

Cephalothorax relatively short, rostrum with prominent triangular point. Lateral edges flattened and

broadened, ending in prominent rounded retinacula.

Posterior edge smooth, dorsal spines short and smooth,

each with tubercle at base extending only slightly

beyond posterior edge of 2nd thoracic segment which

bears 2 tubercles.

First thoracic segment relatively well developed,

unarmed. Second, 3rd, and 4th thoracic segments

with short, divergent, posterolateral spines which

tend to be laterally concave; lateral spines bear a dorsal row of very small spinulae which do not project

beyond edges of spines. Retinacula of 2nd thoracic

segment rounded, setiferous; retinaculae of following

2 segments similar but of diminishing size, apparently

without setation. Second to 5th thoracic segments with

pairs of spines above posterior edges; these spines become progressively smaller posteriorly

Genital segment about 1.5 times broader than

long. Furcal branches asymmetrically coalescent,

right branch sometimes longer than left. The branches

are still separated in the proximal tenth of their

length.

Antennula joints with following proportionate

lengths: 33:19:17:3.5:6.5:4.5:37. Thus the antennula of this species is characterized by the relatively

long 1st joint and the short 6th. First joint with distinct proximointernal corner; internal edge smooth

except for the slightly produced and pointed distal

corner. External edge bears a prominence with 4

denticles directed backward and a single spur at

midlength pointing distally; distal corner produced

into an erect and slighdy curved spine. Second antennular joint with 1 small, unarmed tubercle,
NUMBER 2 9

followed by a setiferous tubercle and an unarmed

tubercle; distal spur long, more than half the length

of joint.

Antenna 3-jointed; exopodite much shorter than

last antennal joint. Mandibular palp with quadrangular basis and fairly short exopodites and endopodites. Maxillula as in Figure 24. Maxillar body

relatively short and stout; proximal endite with 6

setae; endopodite more reduced and narrower than

in other species of the genus. Maxilliped with only 6

setae on basal joint.

PI characterized by the pronounced elongation of

1st endopodite joint which is about twice as long as

following 2 joints combined. Swimming legs with

rodlike setae. Setal formula as in P. abyssicola.

PV 3-jointed, second joint with relatively short

and slender distal seta. Last joint about 4 times

longer than broad with 5 relatively short stout spines

and 1 apical seta. PVI slender and long, with 3 setae,

one of which is rudimentary.

Male. Dimensions similar to those of the females.

The males obviously belong to this species. Antennula

slightly prehensile, with first 2 joints sensibly more

equal than in the female. Sensorial setae are found

on joints 2, 3, and 4 and probably also on last joint.

There are 2 short tuberculiform spines on joint 4, 1

on joint 5, and 2 on joint 6.

PV is subdivided and appears tetra-articulate,

with 2nd and 3rd joints bearing a seta and a spine,

respectively. Last joint bears 1 inner spine and an

inner seta.

The specific name refers to the reduced spinulation

of the dorsal process.

DISCUSSION.—Pontostratiotes glaber is characterized

by the short and smooth thoracic spines, the broad

and rounded cephalic retinaculum, the pairs of

median spines on the thoracic segments, and the

armature of the 1st antennular joint. The specific

identity of the male cannot be doubted.

Pontostratiotes pubescent, new species

FIGURES 34-48, and 172

Three 9 9 and 1 d* in samples 4O7A and 418A.

Syntypes: HUJ, COP 74 and USNM 125814.

Female. Body length 3.11 mm, furcal length 1.14

mm.

Cephalothorax laterally broadened, but with reduced retinacular angles. Posterior edges slightly

uneven, posterior spines very short and blunt, barely

reaching middle of 2nd thoracic segment. Rostrum

pointed.

First thoracic segment well developed with slightly

protracted retinacular angles. Second thoracic segment with very prominent rounded and pubescent retinacula diverging from the body at an angle of 45°;

lateral spines moderately long and straight; posterior

segmental edge irregularly denticulate with 2 central

denticles slightly larger than the others. Lateral

spines of following 2 segments are more or less like

1st pair of lateral spines, with prominent lateral

tubercle in proximal third. Retinacula of segment 3

round, those of segment 4 slightly pointed. Posterior

edges of thoracic segments bear irregular denticles,

with a central group of 4 or 6 denticles more

developed.

Abdominal segments with denticulate posterior

edges. Width to length of genital segment 1.3:1.

Furcal branches less than half body length.

Antennular joints with following proportionate

lengths: 34:31:18:5:7:3.5:3:8. First joint with pubescent surface; proximointernal corner prominent;

internal edge smooth; external edge with 1 spurlike

smooth spine; distal corner only slightly produced.

Second joint, relatively long, with 3 external teeth

and a blunt apical spur.

Antenna 3-jointed, like all the following appendages

with a more or less thick pubescence. Exopodite only

slightly shorter than last antennal joint; 1st joint

swollen.

Exopodite and endopodite of mandible relatively

short and thick. Proximal endite of maxilla with 4

setae. Maxillar body relatively slender. Maxilliped

also slender, basal joint with only 6 setae.

First endopodite of PI with spiniform distal corners,

less than twice as long as last 2 joints together. Distal

edges of first 2 exopodite joints denticulate.

Joints of swimming legs relatively short and stout,

with pubescent surfaces. Distal external corner of

1st joint and to a lesser degree that of 2nd joint of

endopodite form prominent curved spines. Internal

spines of exopodites relatively short. Endopodites

bear rodlike setae. Armature of legs is as follows:

PI

PI I

P HI

PIV

Exopodite

1. 1.

1. 1.

1. 1.

1. 1.

222

223

223

323

Endopodite

1. 1.

1. 2.

1.2.

1. 1.

221

221

321

221

PV 3-jointed, 2nd joint with short hairs and distal

external long seta. Third joint almost 5 times longer
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

than broad with 5 relatively short spines and a seta.

PVI very long and slender, with 2 well developed

setae.

Male. Body length 3.39 mm, furcal length 1.60

mm. Antennula 7-jointed. First and 2nd joints as in

female. Sensorial setae on 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and last

joints. Fourth joint bears a short inflated spiniform

seta and 2 tuberculiform setae bearing verticils of

hair. Another tuberculiform seta is found on 5th

joint.

PV 3-jointed, 3rd joint with 3 external, 2 apical, 1

internal spine, and 1 internal seta. External setae

and outer apical seta short, blunt, and rodlike.

Genital operculum characteristically developed; PVI

has form of 2 tubercles bearing very unequal setae.

The specific name refers to the hairy joints of the

swimming legs.

DISCUSSION.—Pontostratiotes pubescens is characterized by its peculiar armature of the legs. P. pubescens

is no doubt closely related to P. glaber. The differences

between the 2 species are especially evident in the

dimorphic armature of the male antennulae.

Pontostratiotes alatus, new species

FIGURES 49-59, 173 and 174

Three 99 in sample 418A.

Syntypes: HUJ, COP 75 and USNM 125810.

Female. Body length 1.12 mm, furcal branches

about half the body length.

Body relatively small, broadened, and dorsolaterally flattened.

Rostrum not prominent. Retinacula of cephalothorax well developed and pointed.

Posterior edge of cephalothorax irregularly denticulate. Dorsal spines with denticulate bases, short,

nearly parallel, reaching only slightly beyond proximal edge of 2nd thoracic segment.

First thoracic segment smooth and unarmed.

Second to 4th thoracic segments with lateral spines

modified into winglike structures, each of them

secondarily divided by notches into 3 lobes. Wings

smooth except for the notches. Retinaculum of 2nd

thoracic segment broadly triangular, those of following 2 segments rounded. Posterior edges of the thoracic

segments evenly denticulate.

Genital segment one-third broader than long with a

few ventral hairs. The abdominal segments, the last

excluded, have denticulate posterior edges. Last

abdominal segment with a few hairs on ventral surface. Furcal branches pubescent, about 0.60 mm

long.

Antennular joints with following proportionate

lengths: 18:16:13:2.5:7:3:3:7. First 3 joints

covered with tubercles. The internal edge of 1st joint

smooth except for slighdy produced distal corner;

external edge with row of prominent tubercles, distal

corner slightly curved. Second joint with 3 barely

developed outgrowths; 2 distal corners produced into

long spines, the internal one almost perpendicular to

antennular body. Sensorial cylinders present on 3rd

and last joints, the latter cylinder small and apical.

Antenna 3-jointed. Basal joint not broader than following 2. Last joint covered with hairs. Exopodite 4-

jointed, only slightly shorter than last antennal joint.

Exopodite of mandibular palp much narrower than

endopodite, length equal to that of basis. Basal endite

of maxilla with 5 setae and a few surface hairs. Surface

hairs found also on basal joint of the maxilliped that

bears 6 setae.

First endopodite joint of PI twice as long as 2nd and

3rd joints combined, inner seta especially long. Distal

inner corners of 1st and 2nd joints spiniform.

Inner corners of the 1st 2 endopodite joints of PII to

PIV also spiniform, especially that of 2nd endopodite

joint of PII, which reaches much beyond middle of

3rd endopodite joint. There are short rows of hair on

the endopodite joints. Endopodite setae slighdy

modified into the rodlike type. Setation formula corresponds to that of P. abyssicola but with an additional

seta on last endopodite joint of PII. Apical setae of

PI 11 endopodite very short.

PV 3-jointed. Second joint with a few long hairs

and short distal seta. Distal joint more than four times

longer than broad. PVI with very narrow proximal

part and much broadened distal part bearing 2 setae.

The specific name refers to the winglike expansions

of the thoracic process.

DISCUSSION.—Pontostratiotes alatus is characterized

by its peculiar winglike spines. The antennula and

especially the 2 apical spines of the 2nd joint are

characteristic. The very long and peculiar spiniform

corner process on the 2nd endopodite joint of PII is

especially characteristic.

Pontostratiotes, species incerta cf1

FIGURES 60-65

Two tftf1 in stations 400A and 410OA. HUJ, COP 83.

Male. Body length 2.41 mm, furcal length 1.00 mm.

Cephalothorax laterally broadened but without
NUMBER 29

posterior retinacula; dorsal face with several fairly

prominent spines. Rostrum very prominent and rodshaped. Posterior edge of the cephalothorax coarsely

denticulate, dorsal spines straight, reaching middle

of 2nd thoracic segment; no denticulation between

dorsal spines.

First thoracic segment smooth. Second, 3rd, and

4th segments bear broadened lateral spines, with prominent retinacula. Posterior edges of these segments

bear slightly converging pairs of dorsal spines reaching

at least middle of following segment and a pair of

dorsolateral spines. Between the median dorsal spines

of 2nd segment are some irregular teeth. Only the 2nd

segment has well-developed retinacula.

Fifth thoracic segment and 1st and 2nd abdominal

segments have a pair of dorsal and a pair of dorsolateral short spines. Ventral edges of abdominal segments serrate; this serration extends also to dorsal side

of 4th and 5th abdominal segment. Surface of abdomen slightly pubescent.

Antennula 8-jointed. First joint pubescent with

apical corner only slightly produced. Second joint

with 4 pointed spines and a strong and slightly

curved spical spur. Sensorial setae born on 2nd, 3rd,

4th, and last joints. Sixth joint bears a nearly horizontal long and inflated modified spine. Seventh

joint with 2 small setae with very much inflated bases.

The mouthparts have not been studied in detail

but they show no specific features, especially if

compared with Pontostratiotes alatus. Only the maxilla

is illustrated.

First endopodite joint of PI equal in length to 2nd

and 3rd joints combined.

PI I to PIV similar to those of P. alatus. First and

especially 2nd endopodite joint of PII produced into

long spines, quite similar to those of P. alatus.

PV 3-jointed with 2 inner setae. External spine of

2nd joint strong. PVI with 3 setae, the internal and

external are spiniform, the apical one long and

setiform.

DISCUSSION.—There is not much doubt that the 2

males described above belong to a species of their

own. It seems also that the sexual dimorphism in the

genus Pontostratiotes is very reduced—the specific

thoracic armature of the 2 males, therefore, cannot

be only a sexual dimorphism of one of the 9 species

known till now.

The affinities of the 2 males appear to be closest to

Pontostratiotes alatus and Pontostratiotes sixtorum (vide

infra).

Pontostratiotes inermis, new species

FIGURES 66-75

One 9 in sample 407A.

Holotype: HUJ, COP 76.

Female. Body length 2.84 mm, furcal length 1.20

mm.

Cephalothorax quadrate with smooth edges. Dorsal

spines converging forceps-like, reaching only slightly

beyond middle of 2nd thoracic segment. Cephalothorax without lateral retinacula. Rostrum shieldlike, with small point.

First thoracic segment very visible since short

cephalothorax covers it only slightly.

Second, 3rd, and 4th thoracic segments with very

short lateral expansions, that of 2nd segment slightly

curved and the shortest of all. Dorsal posterior edges

of all thoracic segments slightly denticulate.

Width to length relation of genital segment 3.4:2.5.

Posterior edges of the abdominal segments smooth,

segments relatively short. Furcal branches smooth.

Antennular joints with following proportionate

lengths: 21:22:16:3:5:4:3:6. First joint with 2

divergent denticles, the proximal like a pointed and

curved spur; the distal one straight, triangular with

some secondary denticulation. Second joint bears

besides the apical straight spur only 1 pointed process

at about the middle of its length. Distal edge of short

4th joint bears a crown of 5 strong triangular teeth.

The setae of the antennula were not preserved; there

is, however, an additional sensorial seta on the last

joint.

Antenna with smooth joints; articulation between

base and 1st endopodite joint not clear. Exopodite

slightly shorter than last endopodite joint.

Mandibular palp with short and almost quadrate

basis, sparsely pubescent, with 3 of its external setae

short and stout. Exopodite and endopodite nearly

equal in length. Maxillula without peculiar features.

Maxilla with the usual shape for the genus, the 4

endites well developed. Maxilliped fairly broad with

differentiated appendices. Unlike other species of

Pontostratiotes, but rather as in other Cerviniidae

genera, the first 2 maxilliped joints bear distinct

spines and setae; there are 5 such spines and 4 setae.

PI also peculiar in structure with 1st joints of both

branches broad and short. First endopodite much

shorter than the 2 following joints combined; last

endopodite joint twice as long as 2nd joint.

PII to PIV with normal armature; endopodite of

348-678 O - 69 - 2
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PIV with rod-shaped setae. Armature formula similar

to that of P. abyssicola.

PV with inconspicuous basal joint; 2 other distal

joints, especially 3rd joint, very much elongate. Last

joint more than 5 times longer than broad, almost

reaching posterior end of abdomen; its 5 spines and 1

seta not especially long. PVI short, distally broadened,

and bearing 2 setae.

The specific name refers to the reduced thoracic

processes.

DISCUSSION.—Pontostratiotes inermis is one of the most

specialized species in this homogeneous genus. The

scanty and short spinulation of the thorax, the denticulation on the 4th antennular joint, the aberrant

structure of PI, the armature of the swimming legs,

and the very long and narrow PV are among the most

characteristic features. In the future it may even be

possible to separate P. inermis as a separate genus. The

specialized armature of the maxilliped especially supports this opinion. More specimens, including males,

however, will be necessary to reach such a decision.

Pontostratiotes sixtorum, new species

FIGURES 76-86, 175, 178, 179

Three 9 9 in sample 407A.

Syntypes: HUJ, COP 77 and USNM 125813.

Female. Body length 2.44 mm, furcal length 1.10

mm.

Cephalothorax rounded, with very long and pointed

triangular rostrum. Edges of cephalothorax smooth,

posterolateral corners produced into smooth and blunt

triangular retinaculum. Dorsal spines of cephalothorax straight, parallel and very short, barely exceeding proximal edge of 2nd thoracic segment.

First thoracic segment smooth. Lateral expansions

of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th thoracic segments broad and

winglike with 3-stepped external edges. Retinacula of

2nd thoracic segment barely pronounced, bearing a

border of long setae. Retinacula of 3rd and 4th segments well developed. Posterior edges of 2nd to 4th

thoracic segments minutely denticulate. Dorsal side

of each segment with 2 widely separated tubercles.

Fifth thoracic segment with angular lateral edges.

Width-length ratio of genital segment 3.4:2.5.

Dorsal edges of abdominal segments denticulate,

ventral edges smooth. Last abdominal segment with 2

pairs of ventral tubercles. Furcal branches bear an

internal seta in proximal tenth of their length.

Antennular joints with following proportionate

lengths: 26:13:12:2.5:5:2.5:8. First joint relatively

long with distal curved spur on internal edge and short

setigerous process on distal corner of external side.

Second joint bears 2 triangular broad processes and a

strong and fairly straight apical spur. Antenna with

indistinctly divided basis bearing a long seta. Exopodite longer than last endopodite joint.

Mandibular palp with rectangular basis bearing 3

normal and an especially inflated 4th seta. Maxillula

and maxilla show nothing peculiar. Two basal joints

of maxilliped bear 3 spines and 6 weaker setiform

appendages.

First endopodite joint of PI equal to combined

length of following 2 joints. Last 2 joints nearly equal

in length, both with elongate shape, nearly twice as

long as broad.

PII to PIV bear rodlike setae; armature as in P.

abyssicola.

PV about 4 times as long as broad, reaching to middle of 3rd abdominal segment. Three external spines

slightly inflated apically. PVI only slighdy expanded

distally and bears 3 setae.

This species is dedicated to the events of the "Six

Day War" of June 1967 which found this material in

the middle of being studied and sent the specimens

into evacuation from which they luckily returned

unharmed.

DISCUSSION.—Pontostratiotes sixtorum is especially

characterized by its peculiar pointed rostrum and

the internal curved spur on the much elongated 1st

antennular segment. This relatively small species

seems to be closely related in these characters to another small species of the genus, Pontostratiotes horrida

Brodskaya.

Pontostratiotes microserrulatus, new species

FIGURES 87-98, 176

Three 99 in sample 419A.

Syntypes: HUJ, COP 78 and USNM 125812.

Female. Body length 2.62 mm, furcal length 1.14

mm.

Cephalothorax rounded, without prominent rostrum. Lateral and posterior edges minutely serrulate.

Posterolateral retinaculum of cephalothorax barely

developed and serrulate. Above posterior edge of

cephalothorax is a broad median tubercle and 2

prominent setigerous lateral tubercles. Posterior edge

proper has 2 short serrulate dorsal spines which barely

extend beyond anterior edge of 2nd thoracic segment.
NUMBER 29

First thoracic segment smooth. Second segment with

winglike lateral expansions, much rounded in anterior

part and spinelike and straight-triangular in posterior

part. Edge of spine serrulate except on setigerous

rounded anterior part. Serrulation of internal edge

slightly dorsolateral, continuous with somewhat uneven serrulation of posterior edge of segment. Second

thoracic segment without separate retinacula; rounded

anterior edge of spine may perhaps act as such.

Lateral spines of 3rd and 4th segments progressively

shorter; both segments bear retinacula. Posterior

edges of segments evenly serrulate.

Posterior edges of 5th thoracic and abdominal

segments serrulate on both dorsal and ventral sides.

Dorsal distal corners of the 1st abdominal segment

produced into triangular wings. Genital segment is

divided only dorsally and laterally. All abdominal

segments covered with a more or less dense pubescence.

Furcal branches with well-preserved setation comprising an external seta in distal two-fifths, a fairly

long distal corner seta and a long apical one.

Antennular joints with following proportionate

lengths: 30:21:18:3.5:8:3:2.5:6. First 2 joints

characterized by very reduced protuberances. First

joint with a very blunt and broad, slightly uneven

external tubercle and slightly produced distal corners;

inner edge minutely serrulate. Second joint with 2

proximal closely set blunt tubercles, a 3rd one beyond the midlength; distal spur relatively short.

Third joint shows also a number of smooth or setigerous tubercles.

Antenna is clearly 3-jointed, exopodite shorter

than 3rd joint. Mandibular palp quadrate, endopodite

very slender and long, inserted far from exopodite,

at opposite corner of basis. Maxillula without particular features. Maxilla with 4 endites, second proximal one reduced to a slight bulge. Maxilliped very

slender; setae of 2 basal joints more or less equal in

thickness.

Branches of PI identical in length relations of their

joints, 1st joint being longer than 2nd and 3rd

combined.

Connective plate of PII characterized by a pair of

semicircular protuberances bearing 6 broad and

spear-bladelike setae. Nothing similar is found in

the other legs or in any other species of the genus.

Only PII bears characteristic rodlike setae.

Armature of swimming legs, as in most species of

the genus, identical with that of P. abyssicola.

PV relatively broad and quadrate with short

pointed spines. There is apparently no seta on 2nd

joint. PVI broadening apically, with 2 very unequal

apical setae.

The specific name refers to the minute serrulations

on the posterior edges of the body segments.

DISCUSSION.—Among the species of such a homogeneous genus as Pontostratiotes, P. microserrulatus is

amply characterized by the armature of the segments

and the shape of the tubercles on the antennulae,

but especially by the winglike expansions on the 1st

abdominal segment and by the peculiar armature on

the connective plate of PII.

Pontostratiotes horrida Brodskaya

FIGURES 99-109, 177

Pontostratiotes horrida Brodskaya, 1959, pp. 1787-1789,

fig. 2.

One 9 in sample 407A.

Female. Body length 2.00 mm, furcal length 0.98

mm.

The species was described by Brodskaya (1959)

from a single female, which she incorrectly considered

to be a male.

Our specimen most probably belongs to this species,

although it has several differences from Brodskaya's

specimen and shows some features not observed by

Brodskaya.

Rostrum a much more complex structure than in

Brodskaya's description. Serrulation almost continuous along external edge and between corner spine and

dorsal spine of cephalothorax.

First thoracic segment well separated (not observed

by Brodskaya). Dorsal spines of 2nd thoracic segment

very long and almost setiform, much longer than in

type-specimen, reaching distal edge of 4th thoracic

segment. Dorsal process of 3rd thoracic segment and

adjacent setiform spines form a structure much more

complicated than that described by Brodskaya, although basically similar to it. Third and 4th thoracic

segments with well-marked retinacula; 4th segment

also with a posterior retinaculum.

Antennula apparently 7-jointed, but an 8th joint,

the 4th, is partly hidden within the long 3rd joint.

Antenna, and especially the mandible, maxillula, and

maxilla, which were not figured by Brodskaya, are

illustrated here. Swimming legs without rodlike

setae. Setation formula agrees with that of the type

description.

PV is also illustrated here, with some corrections as
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

compared with the type. PVI very short and oriented

transversally, with only 2 setae. Genital field with a

very characteristic structure.

Genus Ameliotes, new genus

With the characters of the type-species, A. malagassicus,

new species. Gender masculine.

Ameliotes malagassicus, new species

FIGURES 110-121

One cT in station 410A.

Holotype: HUJ, COP 79.

Male. Body length 2.32 mm, furcal length 0.41 mm.

Body cyclopoid, cephalothorax longer than free

thoracic segments 1-4 combined. Fifth thoracic segment only slightly more than half the width of 4th

thoracic segment First thoracic segment free but

almost hidden below edge of cephalothorax. Cephalothorax and all thoracic and abdominal segments

smooth, without any spinulation or serrulation.

Rostrum broad and blunt. Furcal branches coalescent,

relatively strong, as long as last 3 abdominal segments

combined. Setae are inserted in proximal two-fifths

of furca.

Antennula formed of 9 joints; first joint and

especially the almost square 2nd joint, but also the

following 3 joints being very broad. Antennular

joints bear short serrulate spines: 3 spines on 5th

joint, 2 spines on 6th, and 1 on 7th joint. The 3

sensorial setae are situated on joints 2, 3, and 5.

Basal joint of antenna indistinctly divided; joints

relatively broad. Exopodite 4-jointed, with 2nd and

3rd joints very short; whole exopodite much longer

than last joint of antenna.

Base of mandibular palp broadly triangular with

only 3 setae. Endopodite broad and rounded, shorter

than exopodite. Basal joint of exopodite also broad.

Armature of branches as in Pontostratiotes.

Maxillula with fairly well delimited, knoblike

exopodite. Maxilla broad and heavy, with the 4

characteristically shaped endites of Pontostratiotes.

Maxilliped with very broad basal joint bearing 3

thick spines and 3 setae; 2nd joint bears a spine and

a seta.

PI very well developed, very much stronger and

with broader joints than the other legs. First 2 joints

of endopodite elongate, reaching beyond exopodite.

Swimming legs without rodlike setae. Apical setae

of endopodite longer than last joint in PII and

PI 11 and as long as this joint in PIV.

PV 3-jointed, with short and broad joints. Last

joint only about twice as long as broad. External

and apical spines long and slender; distal inner

spine is relatively stronger, proximal inner spine

short with triangular tip and no secondary pinnation.

PVI with 2 very long external setae and 1 short

internal spine.

Spermatophores have an ovoidal shape (slightly

curved).

The new genus is named in honor of Mrs. Amelia

Marcus, Museum of Natural History "Grigore

Antipa," Bucarest. The specific name refers

to the locality where the specimen was collected,

Madagascar.

DISCUSSION.—Ameliotes malagassicus is very closely

related to Pontostratiotes. There is, however, no doubt

that its independent generic status is justified by the

structure of the cephalothorax and the thoracic segments which are unarmed, the short furcal branches,

and the differentiation of the armature of the maxilliped. Nevertheless it should be emphasized that full

understanding of the status of Ameliotes must await

the description of the female.

Genus Cerviniella Smirnov

Cerviniella brodskayae, new species

FIGURES 122-132

Two 99 and 1 juvenile in station 400A.

Syntypes: HUJ, COP 80.

Body length 1.85 mm. First thoracic segment fused

to cephalon. Rostrum bluntly triangular. Abdominal

segments denticulate on both dorsal and ventral sides.

Genital segment divided only dorsally, with 2 strong

lateral spines on 1st segment. Anal operculum coarsely

serrulate with 16 denticles. Last abdominal segment

with dorsal and lateral denticulation only. Furcal

branches slightly diverging and broadening distallly,

shorter than last 2 abdominal segments combined,

bearing a very small lateral seta at very base, a larger

one in basal quarter and a large seta at the midlength.

A 4th lateral seta is subapical. Inner apical seta short

and spiniform.

Antennula 7-jointed, 3 basal joints broadened, 4th,

5th, and 6th joints much broader than long. Three

strong serrulate spines occur on 2nd joint and 2 more
NUMBER 29 11

such spines on 3rd and 4th joints. Fourth to 6th

joints each bears a single, more slender and spinulate

spine. Third joint with one short sensorial seta. Antenna has a very long allobasis with a pad of chitinous

tubercles at base of exopodite. Exopodite 4-jointed.

Mandibular palp with elongate quadrate base and

large, uniarticulate endopodite. Exopodite smaller than

endopodite and 3-jointed. Maxillula with 3 exopodital

setae on a slightly raised base. The number of epopodital setae could not be determined. Maxilla with

4 endites, 1st or distal one very long and narrow, 2nd

and 4th of equal, quadrate shape, with 3 setae each.

Third endite barely developed. Basal joints of maxilliped fused bearing 2 endopodital joints. Fused basal

part bears 3 spines and 5 setae.

PI with uniarticulate and overcrossed branches.

Exopodite slightly more than twice as long as endopodite with 4 external, 2 apical and 3 internal setae,

the distal one very short. Endopodite with 2 very

short and reduced apical setae and a very long basal

seta.

PI I with the strong uniarticulate expodite characteristic of the genus. Exopodite with 4 lateral, serrate

spines, alternately short and long, prominent basal

spurs, and 2 apical spines and 5 slender internal setae.

Endopodite uniarticulate with 3 short apical setae

and 5 internal setae.

PIII with long uniarticulate exopodite, more than

3 times longer than broad, bearing 4 internal setae,

2 apical spines, and 5 lateral spines. Endopodite is

also uniarticulate with 2 apical and 1 internal seta.

PIV is relatively well developed compared with the

other 2 species of the genus, with transversally elongate basis. Exopodite uniarticulate and long (more

than 4 times longer than broad), with 5 external

spines, 1 apical spine, and 1 apical spiniform seta.

Internal setae 5 in number, distal one spiniform.

Endopodite clearly articulated, knoblike, with 1 long

seta.

PV reduced, fused to thorax; exopodite fused to

basiendopodite. Basiendopodite part with 1 external

seta; exopodite part about twice as long as wide,

bearing 3 setae. PVI reduced to 2 setae. Genital field

shown in figure 122.

The species is named after the late V. A. Brodskaya.

DISCUSSION.—The genus Cerviniella was established

by Smirnov in 1946 for Cerviniella mirabilipes. In 1964,

the present author described the new genus Askalonia

for a levantine species, Askalonia talpa Por. There is

no doubt that Askalonia is a junior synonym of

Cerviniella. This genus therefore contains at present

2 species, Cerviniella mirabilipes Smirnov and Cerviniella

talpa (Por), in addition to the new species described

above.

Cerviniella brodskayae is characterized by the uniarticulate condition of the endopodites of PI I and

PIII. On the other hand, the exopodite of PIV is

relatively strong, and the PIV endopodite is also

still evident and articulated. PV is less developed

than in C. mirabilipes and C. talpa. There seems to be

no considerable difference in the structure of the

mouthparts of the 3 species. Smirnov's indication

that the mandibular exopodite is 2-jointed and not 3-

jointed is probably erroneous.

Reference should be made to the peculiar distribution of the genus Cerviniella, which is presently

known from the high arctic (C. mirabilipes, 76°59' N,

157° 14' E at 65 m), from the Israel shores of the

Eastern Mediterranean (C. talpa, below 75 fathoms)

and the tropical Indian Ocean (C. brodskayae, 22°30'

N, 36° 10' E at 1530 m). Temperatures at the shallow

arctic and deep-sea Indian Ocean stations are roughly

similar, but the temperatures of the Mediterranean

stations are at least 10° higher.

Genus Cervinia Brady

Cervinia tenuiseta Brodskaya

FIGURES 133-144

Cervinia tenuiseta Brodskaya, 1963, pp. 1790-1791, fig. 3.

Four 99 in station 407A.

Female. Our specimens conform quite well with

the type-specimen of Brodskaya. This is especially

evident in such minute and yet symptomatic features

as the armature of the basal joints of the maxilla.

It seems, however, that Brodskaya's specimen

which had "curved setae" on the swimming legs was

either abnormal in this respect or more likely slightly

desiccated. The setae of our specimens are quite

normal. It seems, however, that the external spines

of the exopodites of the swimming legs and especially

those of PIII are very short. The external corner

spines of the basipodite and first exopodite joint of

PI I are also very strong.

The strong, spiny prominence on the connecting

plate of PI I should also be pointed out.

PV is also slightly different from that of the typespecimen.
12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Genus Cerviniopsis G. O. Sars

Cerviniopsis obtusirostris Brodskaya

FIGURES 145-156, 180, 181

Cervinopsis obtusirostris Brodskaya, 1963, pp. 1796-1797, fig. 6.

One 9 in station 410A.

Our specimen conforms to the type description.

Curiously, in Brodskaya's figures some details have

been labelled as belonging to the male although

Brodskaya had only a female. This mistake may perhaps have resulted from the posthumous editing of

Brodskaya's paper.

A highly peculiar feature, illustrated by Brodskaya

but not mentioned explicitly, is the peculiar ampullalike appendix on the 3rd antennular joint. This

appendix, filled up with highly diffracting contents,

is probably a peculiar sense organ (see photograph in

figures 180,181). A nerve is seen penetrating the organ,

very much as in statocysts of different animals. I

suggest that it represents a new sensory organ of the

copepods, which I propose to call "Brodskaya's

organ" and which is probably similar to a statocyst.

To Brodskaya's description it should be added that

the 2nd joint of PV bears 2 setae, one long and strong

and one weak and short.

Cerviniopsis smirnovi, new species

FIGURES 157-168

One 9 in station 399A.

Holotype: HUJ, COP 81.

Female. Body length 1.82 mm. Cephalothorax

with broadened and rounded lateral edges. Rostrum

triangular, separated from lateral parts of cephalothorax by deep incisions. First thoracic segment separated from cephalothorax.

Second to 5th thoracic segments as well as abdominal segments with serrulate edges. Second, 3rd,

and 4th thoracic segments with lateral dorsoventrally

oriented epimeral expansions with pointed posterior

angles. Fifth thoracic segment and 1st abdominal

segment with lateral spiniform expansions. Genital

segment divided dorsally as well as laterally.

Furcal branches coalescent, as long as 4 abdominal

segments, with a scattered cover of rigid hairs, and

very weak lateral setae in proximal 3rd.

Antennula of the plump form characteristic of the

genus, formed of 5 joints; 3rd joint especially short.

Antenna 2-jointed, with 4-jointed exopodite. Mandibular palp with 1-jointed endopodite with steplike

outcut inner edge. Exopodite 4-jointed with 3 terminal

joints very short; distal edge of basal joint with

peculiar crown of long and rigid setae. Maxillular

palp with rudimentary exopodite bearing 3 setae,

and with 1 epipodital seta. Maxilla with 4 endites,

the basal one being characterized by its sickle-like

structure resulting from fusion of spinelike upper

seta to endite body. Exopodite small and 2-jointed.

Maxilliped narrow and 4-jointed; 2 basal joints with

a total of 7 spiniform setae and 2 slender setae.

PI with more or less equal joints in both endopodite and exopodite. Endopodite exceeds exopodite

by about half the length of its last joint. Surface of

both branches as well as coxal plate with rows of

long and rigid surface hairs. Proximal part of inner

edge of 1st exopodite joint with a deep outcut which

corresponds in a retinacular way to spine of basis.

Retinacular outcut is present and even much more

pronounced in PII-PIV. Legs without surface setae

and with following armature:

PI

PII

PHI

PIV

Exopodite

1. 1.

1. 1.

1. 1.

1. 1.

122

223

223

223

Endopodite

1. 1. 121

1. 1. 221

1.2. 321

1.2. 221

The very small size of the second (external) apical

seta of the last endopodite joint of PIV has to be

emphasized.

PV 2-jointed with 2nd joint long and narrow (6

times longer than wide) reaching nearly to middle

of 2nd abdominal segment. Basal joint of PV with

long pubescent seta; terminal joint with scattered

hair cover and 3 short and rather spiniform setae.

PVI very narrow and long with 2 apical setae.

The specific name is in honor of S. Smirnov.

DISCUSSION.—Our new species is most nearly

related to Cerviniopsis clavicornis Sars. The differences

are, however, quite numerous: the furca of our

species is relatively longer, the rostrum is longer and

narrower, the segmental edges are serrated, PV is

longer and narrower, different limbs bear surface

hairs, and the basal endite of the maxilla is falciform.

I refrain from putting emphasis on the retinacular

outcuts of the basal exopodite joints.

General Conclusions

It is much too early to use the limited knowledge of

the abyssal Harpacticoids in order to take sides with
NUMBER 2 9 13

the different views on zoogeography or relative antiquity of the abyssal fauna. The Cerviniidae are indeed

a very primitive family of the order, but in our as

yet unpublished abyssal material are also many representatives of evolutionary advanced families. Since,

however, the Cerviniidae are the only family 'in

which there exists some earlier knowledge, some

general conclusions can already be drawn.

Pontostratiotes Brady with 10 species is, as it presently

appears, the characteristic genus of the abyssal fauna.

It has been found in the three oceans. Pontostratiotes

scotti and P. abyssicola in both the southern Atlantic

(Scott, 1910) and in the Indian Ocean; Pontostratiotes

horrida in the Pacific (Brodskaya, 1959) and in the

Indian Ocean. Cerviniopsis obtusirostris and Cervinia

tenuiseta are also found in the Pacific (Brodskaya,

1963) and Indian Oceans. An interesting distributional feature is shown by the genus Cerviniella

Smirnov which is found in the Arctic Ocean (Smirnov,

1946), in the Bay of Biscay (Bodin, personal communication), in the Eastern Mediterranean (Por,

1964), and in the Indian Ocean. In the Mediterranean, Cerviniella talpa has been found at bathyal

depths (see map, Figure 182).

It should be emphasized that several species of

Pontostratiotes may be found in the same sample. In

station 407A there are 5 species of the genus, in 418A

4 species. Something similar is reported by Ivanov

(1963) for the species of Pogonophora.

The genus Pontostratiotes, as probably the other

deep-sea Cerviniidae, may be found at both bathyal

and abyssal depths. It seems that Pontostratiotes scotti

may be found at 925 m (station 399A) and 4365 m

(T. Scott, 1910). Cervinia tenuiseta has been found at

925 m (station 399A) and at 5690 m (Brodskaya,

1963).

Mention should be made also of the fact that the

deep bottoms off the East African shore yielded also

many new species of Pogonophora, 5 of which are of

the genus Siboglinum (Ivanov, 1963).

Until now the deep-sea Cerviniidae have always

been found only as isolated specimens and all the

species have been described from a single specimen.

The present material contained for the first time

several specimens of a species, in two instances even

females and males of the same species.

This fact, added to the large number of Cerviniidae

species and the many tens of species belonging to

other Harpacticoid families which compose the

present material, amply emphasizes the important role

probably played by these Crustaceans on the abyssal

bottoms. As correctly foreseen by Dahl (1954), use of

appropriate sampling gear will lead to the discovery

of a rich abyssal fauna of Harpacticoida.

Among the tens of females collected, none had egg

sacs, although attached spermatophores have been

found. Mention should be made also of the very large

sizes of some Pontostratiotes which, exceeding 3 mm,

are by far the largest known harpacticoids.

Literature Cited

Brady, G. S.

1883. Copepoda. In Report on the Scientific Results of the

Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the Tears 1873-76,

Zoology, 8(23):1-142, 55 plates.

Brodskaya, V. A.

1959. Deep Sea Harpacticoida. Part I. A Revision of the

Genus Pontostratiotes Brady, 1883. £oologicheski £Aurnal, 38(12): 1785-1789. [In Russian.]

1963. A Survey of the Family Cerviniidae (Crustacea,

Copepoda). Zoologicheskii Znurnah 42(12):1785-

1803. [In Russian.]

Dahl, E.

1954. The Distribution of Deep Sea Crustacea. Inttrnatwnal Union of Biological Sciences, series B, 16:43-48

Ivanov, A. V.

1963. Pogonophora. (Translated from the Russian and

edited by D. B. Carlisle, with additional material by

Eve C. Southward, xv 1+479 pages. Academic

Press, London.

Lang, K.

1948. Monographie der Harpacticiden. 1:1-896, figures 1-361.

Stockholm.

Por, F. D.

1964. A Study of the Levantine and Pontic Harpacticoida

(Crustacea, Copepoda). Zpologische Verhandlingen,

64:1-128.

Scott, T.

1910. Notes on Crustacea Found in the Gizzard of a DeepSea Cephalopod. Annals and Magazine of Natural

History 5(8):51-54, plates 2-3.

Smirnov, S.

1946. New Species of Copepoda-Harpacticoida from the

Northern Arctic Ocean. Trudy Dreifuiuschei Ekspeditsii

Glavsevmorputi na LedokoVnom Parakhode "G. Sedov"

1930-40, 3:231-263, figures 1-25. [In Russian with

English summary.]
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 1-5.—Pontostratiotes scotti Brodskaya, female: 1, cephalon and first three thoracic segments

2, abdomen in ventral view and PV; 3, PII; 4, PIV; 5, PV.
NUMBER 29 15

FIGURES 6-12.—Pontostratiotes scotti Brodskaya, female: 6, antennula; 7, antenna; 8, mandible;

9, maxillula; 10, maxilla; 11, maxillipede; 12, PI.

348-67 8 0-69- 3
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 13.—Ponlostratiotes abyssicola Brady,

female: general habitus, dorsal view.
NUMBER 2 9 17

FIGURES 14—18.—Pontostratiotes abyssicola Brady, female: 14, posterior edge of cephalon and first

three thoracic segments; 15, abdomen ventral view and PV; 16, antennula; 17, PI; 18, PHI.
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 19.—Pontostratiotes glabtr, new species, female: general habitus, dorsal view.
NUMBER 2 9 19

23.

FIGURES 20-28.—Pontosrtatiotes glaber, new species, female: 20, cephalon and first three thoracic

segments; 21, antennula; 22, antenna; 23, mandible; 24, maxillula; 25, maxilla; 26, maxillipede;

27, PI; 28, PH.
20

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

0.5 mm

FIGURES 29-33.—Poniostratiotes glaber, new species: 29, abdomen and PV of female; 30, PV and

PVI of male; 31, antennula, male; 32, PIV, female, 33, PHI, female.
NUMBER 29 21

34.

FIGURE 34.—Pontostratiotespubescens, new species, female: general habitus, dorsal view.
22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

37.

40.

0.5mm

35.

FIGURES 35-40.—Pontostratioles pubescens, new species, female: 35, posterior edge of cephalon and

first and second thoracic segments; 36, antenna; 37, PI; 38, PII; 39, PHI; 40, PIV.
NUMBER 29 23

42.

46

41.

FIGURES 41-48.—Pontostratiotespubescens, new species; 41, abdomen of male with PV and PVI; 42,

PV, female; 43, antennula, female; 44, antennula, male; 45, mandible, female; 46, maxillula,

female; 47, maxilla, female; 48, maxilliped, female.

348-678 O - 69 - 4
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

49

FIGURE 49.—Ponlostratiotes alatus, new species, female: general habitus, dorsal view.
NUMBER 29 25

52.

57.

FIGURES 50-59.—Poniostratiotes alatus, new species, female: 50, abdomen, ventral view, with attached

spermatophore and PV; 51, antennula; 52, antenna; 53, mandible; 54, maxillula; 55, maxilliped;

56, PI; 57, PII; 58, PHI; 59, PIV.
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIOURE 60.—Pontostratiotcs species, male: general habitus, dorsal
NUMBER 2 9 27

64.

FIGURES 61-65.—Pontostratiotes species, male: 61, abdomen, ventral view, with PV and PVI; 62,

antennula; 63, PI; 64, endopodite of PII; 65, maxilla.
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

66.

FIGURE 66.—Pontostratiotes inermis, new species, female: general habitus, dorsal view.
NUMBER 29

29

FIGURES 67-75.—Pontostratiotes inermis, new species, female: 67, abdomen, ventral view with PV;

68, antennula; 69, antenna; 70, mandible; 71, maxilla; 72, maxilliped; 73, PI; 74, PIV; 75,

pin.
30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

76.

FIGURE 76.—Pontostratiotes sixtonim, new species, female: general habitus, dorsal view.
NUMBER 2 9 31

FIGURES 77-86.—Pontostratiotes sixtorum, new species, female: 77, posterior edge of cephalon and

first two thoracic segments; 78, last thoracic segments and abdomen, ventral view with PV; 79,

antennula and rostrum; 80, antenna; 81, mandible; 82, maxilliped; 83, PI; 84, PIV; 85, PII;

86, PHI.
32

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

88.

FIGURES 87-89.—Pontostratiotes microserrulatus, new species, female: 87, general habitus, dorsal view;

88, posterior edge of cephalon and first two thoracic segments; 89, antennula.
NUMBER 29 33

96.

FIGURES 90-98.—Pontostratiotes microserrulatus, new species, female: 90, abdomen, ventral view, with

PV; 91, antenna; 92, mandible; 93, maxilla; 94, maxilliped; 95, PI; 96, PI I; 97, PHI; 98, PIV.
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 99-100.—Pontostratiotes horrida Brodskaya, female: 99, general habitus, dorsal view; 100,

third and fourth thoracic segments, lateral view.
NUMBER 2 9 35

107.

FIGURES 101-109.—Pontostratiotes horrida Brodskaya, female: 101, abdomen, ventral view with PV;

102, antennula with rostrum; 103, cephalon and thoracal segments; 104, antenna; 105, mandible;

106, maxillula; 107, maxilla; 108, maxilliped; 109, PHI.
36

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 110.—Ameliotes malagassicus, new genus, new species, male: general habitus, dorsal view.
NUMBE R 2 9 37

FIOURE S 111-117.— Ameliote s malagassicus, ne w genus , ne w species, male : 111 , antennula ; 112 ,

antenna ; 113 , mandible ; 114 , maxillula ; 115 , maxilla ; 116 , maxilliped ; 117 , PI.
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 118-121.—Ameliotes malagassicus, new genus, new species, male: 118, PII; 119, PHI; 120,

PIV; 121, abdomen, ventral view with PV and PVI.
NUMBER 29

39

122.

FIGURE 122.—Cerviniella brodskayae, new species, female: abdomen ventral view, with PV.
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

132.

FIGURES 123-132.—Cermniella brodskayae, new species, female: 123, antennula; 124, antenna; 125,

mandible; 126, maxillula; 127, maxilla; 128, maxilliped; 129, PI; 130, PII; 131, PHI; 132,

PIV.
NUMBER 29 41

FIGURES 133-141.—Cervinia tenuiseta Brodskaya, female: 133, furcal branches, lateral view; 134

antennula and rostrum; 135, antenna; 136, mandible; 137, maxillula; 138, maxilla; 139, maxillipede; 140, PI; 141, PV and genital field.
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

144.

FIGURES 142-144.—Cervinia tcnuiseta Brodskaya, female; 142, PII; 143, PHI; 144, PIV.
NUMBER 29 43

152.

FIGURES 145—155.—Cerviniopsis obtusirostris Brodskaya, female: 145, antennula and rostrum; 146,

last abdominal segment and furca; 147, antenna; 148, mandible; 149, maxilla; 150, maxilliped;

151, PI; 152, PII; 153, PHI; 154, PIV; 155, PV and genital field.
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

156.

0.0 5 mm

FIGURE 156.—Cerviniopsis obtusirostris Brodskaya, female: enlarged distal part of

antennula with "Brodskaya organ."
NUMBER 2 9 45

165.

167.

166.

FIGURES 157-167.—-Cerviniopsis smirnovi, new species, temale: 157, general habitus, dorsal view;

158, antennula, rostrum and cephalon; 159, antenna; 160, mandible; 161, maxillula; 162, maxilla;

163, maxilliped; 164, PI; 165, PII; 166, PHI; 167, PIV.
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

A

168

m

FIGURE 168.—Cerviniopsis smirnovi, new species, female: last thoracal segments, and abdomen in

ventral view, with PV and genital field.
NUMBER 29 47

'

FIGURE 169.—The Mcnzics trawl being hauled on board Anton Bruun.
48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 170.—Pontostratiotes scotti Brodskaya, rctinacula of cephaJothorax

and second thoracic segment.
NUMBER 29 49

m

i

FIGURE 171.—Pontostratiotes glaber, new species, retinacula of cephalothorax

and of second thoracic segment.
50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE \12.~Pontostratiotes pubescent, n w species, rctinacuia of , h c ccphalothorax

and of second thoracic segment.
NUMBER 29

\

•A- **:•-• • . 1/

FIGURE 173.—Pontostratiotes alatus, new species, rrtinaciluin and posterior edge of cephalothorax.
52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 174. —Pontostratiotes alatus, new species, thoracic segments of female.
NUMBER 29 53

FIGURE 175.—Pontostratioles sixtorum, new species, cephalothorax and first thoracic segments.
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

•

1 i

ml %

<«

FIOURE 176.—Pontostratiotes microserrulatiu, new species, retinacular edge of cephalothorax and

thoracic segments.
NUMBER 29 55

-

:*-.

FIGURE 177.—Pontostratiotes horrida Brodskaya, first four thoracic segments.
56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIOURE 178.—PontostratioUs sixtorum, new species, P1V.
NUMBER 29 57

FIGURE 179.—Pontostratiotes sixtorum, new species, tips of rod-shaped setae on endopodite of

PIV high magnification.
58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 180.—Cerviniopsis obtusirostris Brodskaya, rostrum and antcnnula, left side.
NUMBER 29 59

*m ^ - I

\

FIGURE 181.—Cerviniopsis obtusirostris Brodskaya, right antermula with "Brodskaya's organ."
60

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PONTOSTRATIOTES ABYSSICOLA • CERVINIELLA SSP

O PONTOSTRATIOTES SCOTTI B CERVINIA TENUISETA

D PONTOSTRATIOTES ALATUS • CERVINIOPSIS OBTUSIROSTRIS

• PONTOSTRATIOTES HORRIOA

FIGURE 182.—Distribution map of some deep sea Cerviniidae.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1969 O - 348-678


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