J-A32029-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

CHRISTINE ROMANI-RUBY, JESSICA 

ROMANI, TRACY ROMANI

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

v.

DOMENIC ROMANI

Appellant No. 114 WDA 2015 

Appeal from the Judgment Entered February 3, 2015

In the Court of Common Pleas of Indiana County

Civil Division at No(s): 10769 CD 2012

BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., OTT, J., and STABILE, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.: FILED JANUARY 06, 2016

Domenic Romani (Appellant) appeals from the order entered on 

December 17, 2014, in the Court of Common Pleas of Indiana County, 

denying his post-trial motion for relief.1 In this appeal, Romani presents 

three claims, all of which essentially argue the $2,475,000.00 jury award 

against him was excessive and unsupported by the evidence. After a 

thorough review of the submissions by the parties, relevant law, and the 

certified record, we affirm.

____________________________________________

1 Technically, this appeal was premature, having been filed prior to entry of 

judgment. However, judgment was subsequently entered on February 3, 

2015, thereby allowing this panel to proceed. The appeal is properly taken 

from the judgment.
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The underlying facts of this matter are well known to the parties and 

need not be recounted here. We simply note that over a period of years, 

Appellant engaged in inappropriate physical contact with the three plaintiffs, 

all of whom are related. After Appellant pled guilty to a single crime related 

to his actions, the plaintiffs filed suit, seeking damages based upon claims of 

negligent infliction of emotional distress, intentional infliction of emotional 

distress, battery, assault and false imprisonment. See Complaint, 

8/14/2012 at ¶¶ 22, 54, 72; 23, 55, 73; 24, 56, and 74. Appellant failed to 

answer the complaint and a default judgment was entered against him. 

Subsequently, a jury trial for damages only was held on August 4-5, 2014. 

The jury awarded Christine Romani-Ruby $475,000, Jessica Romani 

$1,000,000, and Tracy Romani $1,000,0002(collectively Appellees). 

Appellant filed a post-trial motion claiming the awards were unsupported by 

evidence and were excessive. In his brief in support of his motion, Appellant 

also stated the plaintiffs had claimed emotional damages without 

demonstrating physical impact or injury, and therefore, any award for such 

damages must fail pursuant to Kazatsky v. King David Memorial Park, 

Inc., 527 A.2d 988 (Pa. 1987).

In this appeal, Appellant raises three claims, although all three claims 

appear to be included in the first. Specifically, his arguments are:

____________________________________________

2 The awards included compensatory and punitive damages. 
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I. Where the jury returned a monetary damages verdict for 

intentional infliction of emotional distress in an aggregate 

amount of $2,475,000.00 in a case in which the plaintiffs’ 

testimony demonstrates that the injuries complained of were not 

severe, that the injuries complained of were not permanent in 

nature, that the injuries complained of were unaccompanied by 

any physical impact or injury, that the injuries complained of 

were not manifested by objective physical evidence but were 

instead revealed only by the plaintiffs’ subjective testimony, that 

the injuries complained of do not prevent the plaintiffs from 

continuing with their employment, that the size of the plaintiffs’ 

out of pocket expenses are minimal, that the amount of 

compensation demanded in the original complaint was minimal 

in relation to the eventual jury verdict, and that the plaintiffs 

failed to present any expert testimony with regard to their 

injuries, did the [t]rial [c]ourt err in denying Defendant’s Motion 

for Post-Trial Relief which argued that the jury verdict was 

excessive and unsupported by sufficient evidence and which 

sought relief in the form of a new trial on the issue of damages 

or, in the alternative, sought remittitur[?]

II. Does each Plaintiff[’s] failure to introduce any type of 

expert medical testimony to prove their claims of emotional 

distress cause their damages claims to fail as matter of law?

III. Did the trial court commit reversible error in denying 

Appellant’s post-trial motion in the form of remittitur by failing to 

reduce the jury’s verdict due to its excessive nature in general 

and due [to] the fact that each plaintiff wholly failed to introduce 

any expert medical testimony to support their respective claims 

for damages arising out of Appellant’s conduct[?]

See Appellant’s Brief, at 7.

Our standard of review for the denial of a request for new trial based 

upon an excessive verdict is as follows:

The grant or refusal of a new trial because of the excessiveness 

of the verdict is within the discretion of the trial court. This court 

will not find a verdict excessive unless it is so grossly excessive 

as to shock our sense of justice. We begin with the premise that 

large verdicts are not necessarily excessive verdicts. Each case is 

unique and dependent on its own special circumstances and a 
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court should apply only those factors which it finds to be 

relevant in determining whether or not the verdict is excessive.

Graham v. Compo, 990 A.2d 9, 17 (Pa. Super. 2010).

Appellant bases certain aspects of his appeal on a claim that the 

award, based upon a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, was 

not supported by competent medical testimony. This argument is 

unavailing.

First, we note that the complaint did not solely allege intentional 

infliction of emotional distress; as noted above, the Appellees also claimed 

negligent infliction of emotional distress.3 The jury verdict, however, did not 

differentiate between damages awarded for negligent or intentional infliction 

of emotional distress. Moreover, Appellant did not ask for a verdict form 

that differentiated between those two claims, nor did he object to the form 

that was submitted to the jury. To the extent that the jury verdict cannot be 

differentiated between the claims of negligent and intentional infliction of 

emotional distress and the fact Appellant failed to object, the claim must be 

considered waived for failure to raise a timely objection. See Pa.R.A.P. 

302(a) (issue must be raised first in the trial court).

____________________________________________

3 Our resolution of this matter is not strictly dependent upon any distinctions 

between claims of intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress. 

We note that the Complaint characterized Romani’s actions as “intentional, 

wanton, willful and reckless” and not negligent. See Complaint at ¶¶ 24, 

56, 74.
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Substantively, Appellant’s argument that the failure to causally link his 

actions to the emotional harm claimed is fatal to Appellees’ claims, is based 

largely upon Kazatsky v. King David Memorial Park, Inc., 527 A.2d 988 

(Pa. 1987). Kazatsky determined that a claim of intentional infliction of 

emotional distress, based solely upon allegations of outrageous conduct, 

required expert medical testimony to link the conduct to the harm claimed. 

It is important to note that outrageous conduct is characterized as extreme 

actions that may border upon malice, but which does not include any 

physical impact or injury between the plaintiff and defendant. See 

Kazatsky, 527 A.2d at 991-91, discussing Restatement (Second) of Torts 

46 comment(d) and Knaub v. Gotwalt, 220 A.2d 464 (Pa. 1960). 

Specifically, in Kazatsky, the plaintiffs, parents of prematurely born twins 

who died shortly after birth, filed suit against the cemetery, which failed 

both to install the grave marker or to maintain the gravesite. The facts of 

Kazatsky bear no resemblance to the instant claim for damages based upon 

decades of inappropriate touching of the plaintiffs. 

Additionally, Appellant misstates the record when he claims there was 

no evidence of physical impact or injury. See Appellate Brief at 20. The 

evidence from all three plaintiffs described a prolonged course of conduct of 

inappropriate physical contact between Romani and the victims. Kazatsky

specifically distinguished claims based solely on outrageous conduct from 

those arising from physical contact.
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The tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress by 

outrageous conduct differs from traditional intentional torts in an 

important respect: it provides no clear definition of the 

prohibited conduct.

Battery, assault, and false imprisonment describe specific 

forms of behavior; while we can quibble about whether a 

kick in the playground should be attended with the same

legal consequences as a kick in the classroom, everyone 

can agree that you cannot have a battery without physical 

contact (or an assault without at least the appearance of 

attempted physical contact, or a false imprisonment 

without restraint of the freedom of movement). The 

relative ease with which injury may be established is 

counter balanced by the specificity of the prohibited 

behavior.

The term “outrageous” is neither value-free nor exacting. 

It does not objectively describe an act or series of acts; 

rather, it represents an evaluation of behavior. The 

concept thus fails to provide clear guidance either to those 

whose conduct it purports to regulate, or to those who 

must evaluate that conduct. 

Kazatsky, supra, 527 A.2d at 994, quoting Givelber, The Right to Minimum 

Social Decency and the Limits of Evenhandedness: Intentional Infliction of 

Emotional Distress by Outrageous Conduct, 82 Col.L.Rev. 42, 52-53 (1982).

As we noted above, the complaint in this matter alleged assault, 

battery and false imprisonment. The Appellees characterized Appellant’s 

actions throughout the years as assaults, batteries and false imprisonment. 

See Complaint, supra. Appellant did not answer the complaint and did not 

deny those allegations. Pursuant to Kazatsky, such allegations provide the 

foundation of physical impact required to distinguish the instant claim from 

the outrageous conduct requirements described in Kazatsky.
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Finally, Appellant’s argument that the failure to provide expert medical 

testimony dooms the Appellees’ claims for damages, may also have been 

waived. Romani did not object during trial to any of the Appellees’ 

testimony regarding the harm they suffered. Although Appellant cited 

Kazatsky in his brief in support of his post-trial motion, he only made 

reference to the requirement of physical contact, and made no argument 

regarding expert testimony. Accordingly, any argument that Appellees’ 

claims fail due to a lack of medical testimony has been waived for failure to 

raise the issue before the trial court.

Even if we read Appellant’s Kazatsky based argument most broadly to 

include the lack of expert medical testimony, we have already noted that 

requirement was based upon a factual situation of outrageous conduct only, 

and not a claim based upon years of sexual improprieties. Appellant’s 

attempt to characterize his actions and Appellees’ allegations as lacking 

physical impact is demonstrably false. Accordingly, this aspect of Appellant’s 

argument also fails.

Finally, Appellant argues the trial court erred in denying his motion for 

remittitur. We reject Appellant’s assertion he is entitled to this relief based 

upon the lack of expert medical testimony for the same reasons discussed 

above. 

Appellant has also argued the awards are generally excessive in that it 

“shocks the sense of justice as to suggest that the jury was influenced by 

partiality, prejudice, mistake or corruption,” and the amount bears no 
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relationship to the “nature of their alleged injuries.” See Concise Statement 

of Matters Complained of on Appeal, 2/3/2015, at ¶¶ 7, 8. We disagree, and 

rely upon the analysis provided by the trial court in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) 

opinion. Therein, the trial court noted how Appellant manipulated the 

Appellees, abusing his position of familial trust;4 how the abuse of two of the 

victims began when they were 14 and 10 years old;5 how the abuse of one 

of the victims took place over a period of almost twenty-five years.6 The 

trial court noted how each victim related Appellant’s actions and how that 

abuse adversely impacted her everyday life, from the extensive period of 

abuse into the foreseeable future.7 Based upon the detailed testimony 

provided by the Plaintiffs, the trial court determined the awards were 

supported by the evidence and were not excessive.8 Our review of the 

certified record supports the trial court’s determination and we discern no 

abuse of discretion therein. See Graham v. Compo, supra.

In light of the foregoing, Romani is not entitled to relief.

Judgment affirmed.

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4 Trial Court Opinion, 12/17/2014, at 13-14.

5

Id.

6

Id. at 12.

7

Id. at 14.

8

Id. at 14.
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 1/6/2016