Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION IV

No. CV-13-l87

GRAHAM GOODLOE

APPELLANT

V.

MARCIA GOODLOE

APPELLEE

Opinion Delivered October 30, 2013

APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI

COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,

FOURTEENTH DIVISION

[NO. DR-10-437]

HONORABLE VANN SMITH, JUDGE

REVERSED 

WAYMOND M. BROWN, Judge

Appellant appeals from the circuit court’s denial of his motion to change custody of

his two minor children from appellee to himself.1 On appeal, appellant argues that the circuit

court erred in not granting appellant physical custody when it found a material change in

circumstances and changed educational decision-making authority for B.G. and T.G., and

medical decision-making authority for T.G., from appellee to appellant. We reverse.

Appellant and appellee were divorced by consent divorce decree on September 9,

2010. Appellee was awarded primary physical custody of the two minor children: B.G., a sixyear-old girl, who attended Episcopal Collegiate School (Episcopal), and T.G., a four-yearold boy who was later diagnosed with autism and attended Access Schools (Access) because

1

In response to appellee’s motion for contempt, appellant counterclaimed for contempt,

an expedited hearing, and for a change in custody.
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

of his diagnosis.2 Though the decree permitted appellant to have input on important matters

affecting the children, including but not limited to health care and education matters,

appellee was awarded legal custody as well, therefore, appellee’s decisions would control. 

On March 27, 2012, appellant filed a motion for change of custody.3

 In support of his

argument for changed circumstances, among other statements, appellant stated that (1)

appellee allegedly kept the children up all night while appellee drank and used drugs with her

friends; (2) B.G. was absent so many days from school during the 2011-2012 school year that

the school made a report thereof to the Arkansas Department of Human Services and B.G.

might be required to repeat kindergarten; (3) B.G. was sent to school on January 10, 2012,

with a piece of glass in her foot; and (4) T.G. was absent so many days that he was in

jeopardy of losing his slot at Access which required 90% attendance. The circuit court issued

an ex-parte order in appellant’s favor on the same date and ordered both parties to take drug

tests. 

Following an April 4, 2012 hearing on appellant’s motion, during which the court

learned that both parties passed the court-ordered drug tests, the circuit court found that an

emergency did not exist and set aside its ex parte order.4 In its order, dated April 25, 2012,

2T.G. was diagnosed with autism after the divorce in January 2011.

3Appellant also moved for an ex parte order to that effect and emergency custody.

4The court noted that appellant’s motion for ex parte relief was based primarily on the

affidavit of Jacqueline Headlee, who had made serious allegations against appellee, but Ms.

Headlee did not appear at the hearing. Headlee’s affidavit leveled allegations of drug use and

having drug dealers in the home of appellee. The circuit court continued the hearing so that

it could have Ms. Headlee before it. At the continued hearing, the court found that Ms.

Headlee was not credible. 

2
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

the circuit court reserved the issue of child custody for a final hearing on the merits of the

matter.

On May 8, 2012, a meeting was held with staff at Access, appellant, and appellee.

During that meeting, Access informed appellant and appellee that T.G.’s aggressive behavior

was increasing as was the amount of time being spent one-on-one with T.G. They

recommended that T.G. see a psychiatrist and start a medical plan. Appellee took no action

on Access’s recommendations.

On May 21, 2012, T.G. was suspended from Access for escalating aggressive behavior

pending the start of a medical plan. Both appellant and appellee were told that T.G. would

not be allowed to return to Access until a medical plan was in place. Again, appellee took

no action. 

Appellant set up multiple appointments with Dr. Eldon Schulz, one of the doctors

who diagnosed T.G. with autism. Those appointments were scheduled during times appellee

had T.G. Appellee failed to take T.G. to the appointments, so appellant took T.G. to Dr.

Schulz on June 20, 2012, during his scheduled visitation. Dr. Schulz prescribed Clonidine

for T.G. A meeting with appellant, appellee, and staff at Access was held the day after T.G.’s

appointment with Dr. Schulz on June 21, 2012. At that meeting, appellant informed Access

and appellee of the details of T.G.’s appointment with Dr. Schulz, including T.G.’s new

prescription. At the close of the meeting, as a result of T.G.’s having a medical plan in place,

appellant and appellee were informed that T.G. would be allowed to return to Access,

effective July 2, 2012.

3
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

On June 25, 2012, appellee filed a motion for contempt against appellant because he

took T.G. to Dr. Schulz, allegedly without her knowledge, and had given T.G. medicine

over her objection. In her motion for contempt, appellee alleged that T.G. was being treated

for his autism by Dr. Carlton Burge, that appellant knew T.G. was being treated by Dr.

Burge, and that Dr. Schulz’s treatment was in conflict with the current regimen of Dr.

Burge. Appellant responded in a June 28, 2012 filing that he had never been consulted or

given any information regarding Dr. Carlton Burge and that he notified appellee of his intent

to take T.G. to Dr. Schulz. He also counterclaimed for contempt due to appellee’s failure (1)

in the five weeks that had passed since T.G.’s dismissal from Access, to schedule an

appointment so that a medical plan could be started as was necessary for his return to Access;

(2) to take T.G. to the appointments appellant had previously set, necessitating his action in

taking T.G. to see a psychiatrist; (3) to take T.G. to outpatient occupational and speech

therapy sessions at Access, during the same five-week time period since May 22, 2012; (4)

to consult appellant on T.G.’s treatment; and (5) to allow appellant to communicate with the

children when they were in her care. 

T.G. did not return to Access on July 2, 2012, as discussed at the June 21, 2012

meeting. Instead appellee sent an email to Ms. Smith, preschool director at Access, notifying

her that she did not want T.G. to attend Access. On July 3, 2012, appellant filed an amended

counterclaim in which he asserted additionally that appellee withdrew T.G. from Access

without his knowledge and that appellant had been notified by Episcopal that B.G. would

have to repeat kindergarten.

4
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

After a hearing on the parties’ motions on July 10, 2012, the circuit court ordered,

from the bench, that T.G. should continue receiving treatment from his current physicians

and therapist, that appellant and appellee should follow the doctors’ recommendations, and

that T.G. was to attend Access. The issue of custody was reserved for the final hearing. An

order to the same effect was entered on August 9, 2012. 

A final hearing on the merits of the custody issue was held on September 20 and 21,

2012. At the hearing’s close, from the bench, the court ordered appellant and appellee to go

to therapy. The circuit court entered a written order on October 11, 2012. In its written

order, the circuit court stated that appellee’s actions in switching B.G. between three schools

and her actions with T.G. at Access “compel[led] the Court to place responsibility for all

educational decisions regarding the children with Defendant [Graham Goodloe].” While

appellant was to consult appellee regarding educational plans for the children, appellant was

given authority to make the final decisions. The court ordered physical custody to remain

with the mother, finding that “even though significant issues were raised, the totality of the

facts presented at Court do not rise to a level of material change of circumstances in which

to justify a change of custody.” Finally, the court modified appellant’s visitation to include

picking them up at school Friday and keeping them until Wednesday morning every other

weekend.5

Appellant filed a motion to modify the court’s October 11, 2012 order. Specifically,

appellant requested that (1) he be granted authority to make educational and medical

5Appellant was awarded visitation from Friday after school to Tuesday morning in the

divorce decree.

5
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

decisions as to T.G., due to those decisions being “inextricably linked”; (2) the parties be

granted week-to-week visitations or, alternatively, that the Wednesday night visitation be

overnight and not until 7:30 p.m. because of difficulty in transitioning for T.G.; and (3) the

court find that there was a material change in circumstances to justify a change in custody

and grant the parties joint custody. Appellant also requested that the court appoint a therapist

to counsel appellant and appellee due to appellee’s refusal to comply with the court’s order

that they seek counseling. Appellee responded on November 5, 2012.

A hearing on appellant’s motion to modify the order was held on November 13,

2012. From the bench, the court appointed Sheila Strong as therapist for appellee and

appellant; granted appellant final authority on medical decisions relating to T.G.’s education;

left appellee as primary custodian; and left visitation as previously ordered. An amended order

reflecting these changes, its order from the bench during the July 10, 2012 hearing that T.G.

return to Access, and leaving all other provisions from the October 11, 2012 order in effect,

was filed on November 16, 2012. This timely appeal followed.

This court reviews child-custody cases de novo.6 For custody to be changed, the

burden is on the noncustodial parent to prove a material change of circumstances such that

a modification of the custody decree is in the best interest of the child.7

 The court must first

determine that a material change in circumstances has occurred since the last order of

6Putt v. Suttles, 2011 Ark. App. 688, at 11, 386 S.W.3d 623, 629 (citing Gibson v.

Gibson, 2010 Ark. App. 741). 

7Stills v. Stills, 2010 Ark. 132, at 12, 361 S.W.3d 823, 830 (citing Stehle v. Zimmerebner,

375 Ark. 446, 291 S.W.3d 573 (2009)). 

6
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

custody; if that threshold is met, the court must then determine who should have custody

with the sole consideration being the best interest of the child.8 The circuit court’s findings

in this regard will not be reversed unless they are clearly erroneous.9

 A finding is clearly

erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court is left with a

definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.10 Because the question of whether

the trial court’s findings are clearly erroneous turns largely on the credibility of the witnesses,

we give special deference to the superior position of the trial judge to evaluate the witnesses,

their testimony, and the child’s best interest.11 In fact, there are no cases in which the

superior position, ability, and opportunity of the trial judge to observe the parties carry as

great a weight as those involving minor children.12 While custody is always modifiable, in

order to promote stability and continuity for the children and to discourage repeated

litigation of the same issues, our courts require a more rigid standard for custody modification

8Davis v. Sheriff, 2009 Ark. App. 347, at 5, 308 S.W.3d 169, 172 (citing Gerot v. Gerot,

76 Ark. App. 138, 61 S.W.3d 890 (2001)). 

9Boudreau v. Pierce, 2011 Ark. App. 457, at 11, 384 S.W.3d 664, 671 (citing Vo v. Vo,

78 Ark. App. 134, 79 S.W.3d 388 (2002)). 

10Id.

11Putt, 2011 Ark. App. 688, at 11, 386 S.W.3d at 629.

12Id.

7
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

than for initial custody determinations.13 It is not this court’s job to retry this case or to

substitute our opinion for that of the trial judge.14

Appellant and appellee agreed, in their September 9, 2010 divorce decree, to a

custody arrangement where appellee would have custody of the children. None of the

court’s intermediary orders between the divorce decree and its October order and November

amended order resolved the issue of custody. An order is not final when it adjudicates fewer

than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties.15 Moreover, where

the order appealed from reflects that further proceedings are pending, which do not involve

merely collateral matters, the order is not final.16 Because none of the intermediary orders

were final, the last order of custody was the divorce decree entered September 9, 2010.

Therefore, we are permitted to consider all facts and circumstances arising after entry of the

divorce decree in reviewing the circuit court’s decision.

The major change since entry of the divorce decree is that T.G. was diagnosed with

autism. A lot of the problems cited by appellant, and the court, stem from T.G.’s diagnosis.

In its orders denying appellant’s motion for change of custody, the court cited the following

problems with regard to B.G.: 

13Walker v. Torres, 83 Ark. App. 135, 138, 118 S.W.3d 148, 150 (2003) (citing Vo v.

Vo, 78 Ark. App. 134, 79 S.W.3d 388 (2002)). 

14Harrison v. Harrison, 102 Ark. App. 131, 139, 287 S.W.3d 601, 608 (2008).

15Carek v. Carek, 2011 Ark. App. 770, at 5 (citing Farrell v. Farrell, 359 Ark. 1, 193

S.W.3d 734 (2004)). 

16Id. (citing Roberts v. Roberts, 70 Ark. App. 94, 14 S.W.3d 529 (2000)). 

8
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

1. B.G. had twenty absences and nineteen tardies during the 2011–2012 school

year, all but six absences and two tardies of which occurred in the first semester

of the school year; 

2. appellee’s removal of B.G. from Episcopal several weeks into the school year

to enroll her in Forest Park, only to remove her from Forest Park and return

her to Episcopal two weeks later; and 

3. appellee’s enrollment of B.G. in a new school (Holy Souls) as a first grader

despite Episcopal’s recommendation that she repeat kindergarten. 

Regarding T.G., the court’s cited problems dealt with appellee’s actions at Access and

included:

1. appellee’s failure to return T.G. to Access for seven and one half weeks after

his suspension;17 and

2. appellee’s failure to return T.G. to Access once he was permitted to return.18

Despite these issues, the record shows, and the court stated, that B.G.’s absences and

tardies “decreased substantially for the Spring 2012 semester,” appellee did not object to Holy

Souls’s assessment of and decision to place B.G. in kindergarten one week into school, and

B.G. “was performing well at the kindergarten level” by all indications. As to T.G., the court

17The suspension was indefinite as it was pending medical intervention for T.G.

However, during the suspension, T.G. was permitted to continue receiving outpatient therapy

at Access. 

18The court also cited appellee’s inability to be contacted about outpatient speech and

occupational therapy for T.G. due to appellee’s full voice mailbox.

9
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

ordered that he be re-enrolled in Access in accordance with appellant’s wishes.19

Furthermore, though it was early in the 2012–2013 school year, appellant put forth no new

complaints against appellee regarding her care of either child at the September custody

hearing.20

It is very clear that appellee made some decisions that, at the least, were questionable,

but the issue is not whether she made the decisions, as the fact that she made questionable

decisions would not, by default, warrant a change in custody. The issue is whether those

decisions amount to a material change in circumstances. 

The law of child custody cannot be applied in a rigid and mechanical fashion, as to

do so conflicts with both statutory and well-settled law that custody awards are to be made

in accordance with the welfare and best interests of the child.21 Custody is not awarded to

reward or punish either parent.22 The courts must be keenly alert to the necessity of

preventing the shortcomings or merits of the parents from overshadowing that which is best

for the child.23

19In response to appellant’s counterclaim for custody, among other things, appellee

wrote “The Plaintiff affirmatively states that it is not in the minor child’s best interest to be

returned to Access School.” She clearly did not agree with T.G. attending Access.

20The only complaint we noted from appellant is that B.G. and T.G. had both been

tardy once during the 2012–2013 school year. 

21Kerby v. Kerby, 31 Ark. App. 260, 264, 792 S.W.2d 364, 366 (1990) (citing Riddle v.

Riddle, 28 Ark. App. 344, 775 S.W.2d 513 (1989)).

22Harrison v. Harrison, 102 Ark. App. 131, 137, 287 S.W.3d 601, 606 (citing Eaton v.

Dixon, 69 Ark. App. 9, 9 S.W.3d 535 (2000)). 

23Kerby, 31 Ark. App. at 265, 792 S.W.2d at 366 (citing Johnson v. Arledge, 258 Ark.

608, 527 S.W.2d 917 (1975)).

10
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

“Custody involves legal custody (decision-making authority) and physical custody

(caregiving authority), and an award of custody usu[ally] grants both rights.”24 “Legal

custody” is defined as “[t]he authority to make significant decisions on a child’s behalf,

including decisions about education, religious training, and healthcare.”25 “[P]hysical

custody” is defined as “[t]he right to have the child live with the person awarded custody by

the court.”26

In this case, appellee, though supported by a nanny, was unable to get either child to

school consistently; made major educational decisions without research;27 was not interactive

or involved in T.G.’s curriculum at Access;28 failed to get the required medical plan for

T.G.’s return to school;29 and failed to take T.G. to any therapy, only taking him to Dr.

24D.L.R. v. N.K., 2012 Ark. App. 316, at 4, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___ (citing Black’s Law

Dictionary 441 (9th ed. 2009)).

25Id.

26Id.

27Appellant testified that she “didn’t look at the Forest Park education or see what they

had to offer before transferring [B.G.]” to Forest Park.

28Testimony from staff at Access was that appellee could not be reached by phone,

rarely attended sessions, and was not interactive with T.G. when she dropped him off, despite

the need for autistic children, as stated in various testimonies, to have consistently predictable

lifestyles bolstered by parental support in school and at home. Meanwhile, staff from Access

testified that appellant regularly communicated with them regarding T.G.’s progress,

participated in T.G.’s therapy, and prevented meltdowns because helped T.G. transition easily

into the classroom during drop-off.

29Dr. Schulz testified that it is important for an autistic child to have a routine and that

if he were removed from school for some reason, “it would be important to get him back in

a structured situation as quickly as possible.” He also testified that “if there needed to be a

medical plan in place to get back in school, that should have been accomplished fairly

quickly.” He did not advocate Access, as it was one of a few programs that he stated were

11
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

Burge, during his seven-and-one-half-week suspension, though the standard required much

more.30

Despite these facts, the court found no material change in circumstances that would

require a change of physical custody, but then it specifically found a change in circumstances

material enough to require a change in legal custody. Because there was no evidence in the

record that appellee’s care of the children was otherwise inadequate, the circuit court chose

to modify legal custody by taking the authority for educational decision making for both

children, and medical decision making for T.G., from appellee and giving it to appellant. In

addition, the court granted appellant additional visitation. While we understand that these

modifications were the circuit court’s attempt to tailor the custody agreement in the best way

 to meet the needs of the children given the circumstances, we find that they are not enough.

 Parenting requires constant decision-making. It is illogical that appellant would be

granted decision-making authority on such major issues as education and medical, but be

successful, only that T.G. needed to be returned to a structured program quickly after removal

from another.

30Dr. Burge, a psychologist, testified that “it’s important that I work with T.G.’s

pediatrician and psychiatrist” and that speech and occupational therapy were part of his plan

for T.G. However, he testified that he provides neither speech nor occupational therapy, had

not communicated with Access, which did provide those therapies to T.G., and had not

spoken with Dr. Schulz. The record does not show whether he spoke with T.G.’s

pediatrician. Dr. Schulz testified at his deposition that a minimum of twenty hours per week

of intervention or developmental therapy was necessary as it “is becoming the standard of

care” and that T.G. needed an interdisciplinary team. Dr. Burge only met with T.G. one hour

per week. Dr. Schulz also testified that “[i]f T.G. were not allowed to participate in the

classroom, but [was] still able to participate in speech and occupational therapy, that would

be important for T.G. to continue.” The record shows that T.G. only received therapy during

the seven-and-one-half-week suspension when his father took him to outpatient therapy at

Access during his visitation.

12
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 624

prohibited from having physical custody of the children. It is for this reason that legal custody

typically goes to the parent with physical custody. It is in the best interest of the children to

reside with the parent who is making major decisions about their lives. If the circuit court

found, as it did, a material change in circumstances to change legal custody on such major

issues, it follows that a change in physical custody is warranted. The circuit court’s finding

that there was no material change in circumstances that would warrant a change in physical

custody was clearly erroneous; therefore, we reverse.

 Reversed. 

WALMSLEY and HIXSON, JJ., agree.

Dover Dixon Horne, PLLC, by: W. Michael Reif, for appellant.

Hilburn, Calhoon, Harper, Pruniski & Calhoun, Ltd., by: Traci LaCerra and Mary Claire

McLaurin, for appellee.

13