Slip O p.16-92 UNITE D STATES CO URT O F I NTERNATIONAL T RADE

FORD MOTOR COMPANY , Plaint iff ,
v. UNITED STATES , Defendant

. Before : Mark A. Barnett , Judge Court No

. 13

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OPINION AND ORDER [Plai ntiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment is denied

. Defendant’s Cross

- Motion for Summary Judgment is denied .] Dated:October 5, 2016 Gordon D. Todd , Sidley Austin LLP, of Washington, DC , argued for plaintiff. With him on the brief were Richard M. Belanger and Mark D. Hopson

. Beverl y A. Farrell , Trial Attorney, International Trade Field Office, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of New York, NY, argued for defendant. With her on the brief w ere Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Amy M. Rubin, Assistant Director , and Jason M. Kenner, Trial Attorney

.
Barnett , Judge : Before the C ourt are cro ss mo tions for summary judgment. Confidential Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. and Confidential Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s MSJ”), ECF No. 96; Def. ’ s Mot. for Summ . J. and Def.’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. and in Supp. of Def.’s Cross

- Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s XMSJ”), ECF No. 91

- 1. 1 Plaintiff Ford Motor Company (“Plaintiff” or “Ford”)

1 The ECF numbers for the briefs are not in sequential order because amended and cor rected versions were filed.Court No. 13

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contests the denial of protest number 1303

- 13

- 100060 challenging U.S. Customs and Border Protection’s (“Customs”) liquidation of the subject imports, Model Year (“MY”) 2012 Ford Transit Connect vehicles with vehicle identification numbers (“VINs”) containing either a number 6 or 7 in the sixth digit (hereinafter “Transit Connect 6/7"), 2 under subheading 8704.31.00 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTSUS”), as “motor vehicles for the transport of goods.” Compl. ¶¶ 7, 10

- 11, 25, ECF No. 6 (alterat ion omitted) ; Def.’s XMSJ at 5. There is only one entry at issue, Entry Number 300

- 8620018 -3, which entered at the Port of Baltimore on December 26, 2011 and which Customs liquidated on May 3, 2013. Summons at 1, ECF No. 1.
B ACKGROUND I. OVERVIEW
In the 1960s, the United States and Europe were involved in a “trade war .” Def.’s XMSJ at 2 n.1 (citi ng Def.’s Ex. 5). Europe increased the duty on chicken imported from the United States and the United States responded by placing a twenty

- five percent tari ff on truck s imported from Europe

. Id. This retaliatory duty on trucks , colloquially

2 Plaintiff contends that “[t]he MY2012 vehicles in the subject entry are similar i n all material respects to MY2010

- MY2013 Transit Connects, all of which [U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection] has liquidated consistent with the decision challenged in this case.” Pl.’s MSJ at 3 n.1. The case before the Court, however, is limite d to MY2012 Transit Connect 6/7s and the Court will confine its ruling to the vehicles in the covered entry. Digidesign, Inc. v. United States , 39 CIT __, __ , 44 F. Supp. 3d 1366, 1371 (2015) (“the identification of specific entries in a plaintiff’s complaint in part defines of the boundaries of the court’s subject

- matter jurisdiction in a given action”); Am. Fiber & Finishing, Inc. v. United States , 39 CIT __, __, 121 F. Supp.3d 1273, 128 7 n.47 (2015) (the court lacks jurisdiction when the entry is neither listed on the summons nor a part of the underlying protest).Court No. 13

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referred to as the “chicken tax,” was still in place when Ford began importing the subject merchandise into the United States from its factory in Turkey in 2009

. Id. ; Confidential Def.’s Statement of Material Facts as to Which There Are No Genuine Issues to Be Tried (“ Def.’s Facts ”) ¶ 13 , ECF No. 92 -7 ; Confidential Pl. Ford Motor Co.’s Resp. to Def.’s R. 56.3 Statement of Material Facts (“Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts”) ¶ 13 , ECF No. 97

- 12

. By contrast, the duty on imports of passenger vehicles is 2.5 percent. HTSUS Heading 8703; see also Summons at 2. As detailed below, 3 Ford manufactures the Transit Connect 6/7s in Turkey and imports them into the United States. While these vehicles are made to order and are ordered as cargo vans, Ford manufactures and imports them with a second row seat, declaring the vehicles as passenger vehicles subject to HTSUS 8703.23.00 and a 2.5 percent duty

. 4 After clearing customs but before leaving the port, Ford (via a subcontractor) removes the second row seat and makes other changes, delivering the vehicle as a cargo van. Defendant United States (“Defendant,” “Customs,” or “CBP”) determined that the inclusion of the second row seat is an improper artifice or disguise masking the true nature of the vehicle at importation and that such vehicle is properly

3 See infra S ection III.B. 4 Tariff provision 8703.23.00, HTSUS, covers: 8703 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons (other than those of heading 8702), including station wagons and racing cars : Other vehicles, with spark

- ignition internal combustion re ciprocating piston engine : 8703.23.00 Of a cylinder capa city exceeding 1,500 cc but not exceeding 3,000 cc . . . 2. 5%Court No. 13

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classified as 8704.31.00 and subject to a twenty

- five percent duty. 5 Ford contends that this is legitimate tariff engineering. See Pl.’s MSJ at 21.
II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY The sole entry at issue is Entry Number 300

- 86200183 which entered at the Port of Baltimore on December 26, 2011 and Customs liquidated under tariff classification 8704.31.00 .20 , HTSUS, with a twenty

- five perce nt duty rate on May 3, 2013. Summons at 1. Ford timely and properly protested and claimed that the subject merchandise should have been liquidated under tariff classification 8703.23.00 .52 , HTSUS, with a duty rate of 2.5 percent , asserting that “CBP did not follow 19 U .S. C § 1315(d) or 1625 procedures in changing the classification.” Id. at 2. Ford timely commenced this case. Id . Parties filed cross

- motions for summary judgment and the Court held oral argument in this case on June 8, 2016. See Oral Argum ent, ECF No. 104.
III. MATERIAL FACTS NOT IN DISPUTE 6 The court’s rule regarding summary judgment requires the moving party to show that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to

5 Tariff provision 8704.31.00, HTSUS, covers: 8704 Motor vehicles f or the transport of goods : Other, with spark

- ignition internal combustion piston engine : 8704.31.00 G.V.W. not exce eding 5 metric tons . . . 25% 6 As discussed herein, in the statements of u ndisputed facts and responses thereto, P arties sometimes objected to portions of a statement or the manner in which certain facts were characterized. The Court attempted to distill the undisputed facts from these various filings and released a draft of this section of the opinion to P arties on July 20, 2016 (ECF 105). Parties were invited to identify any of these facts that were, indeed, disputed and to point to admissible evidence before the Court supporting such claim. Both P arties provided limited comments (ECF Nos. 106 and 107) and the Court has modified this section accordingly.Court No. 13

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judgment as a matter of law.” USCIT R. 56(a). Movants should present material facts as short and concise statements, in numbered paragraphs and cite to “particular parts of materials in the record” as support. USCIT R. 56(c)(1)(A). Parties submitted separate facts, which contained mixtures of disputed and undisputed phrases or sentences within a numbered paragraph. Upon review of P arties’ voluminous facts, the Court finds the following undisputed and material facts. 7
A. Facts Regarding Jurisdiction As noted above, CBP liquidated Entry Number 30 0- 8620018

- 3 under tariff classification 8704.31.00, HTSUS , with a twenty

- five percent duty rate on May 3, 2013

. Summons at 1; Compl. ¶ ¶ 4, 6

- 7; Answer ¶¶ 4, 6

- 7, ECF No. 19; Def.’s Facts ¶ 8; Pl.’s

7 The Court reviewed each party’s submissions of facts, supplemental facts, and the responses thereto, line by line, to distill which facts were undisputed by parties. See generally Confidential Pl. Ford Motor Co.’s R. 56.3 Statement of Undisputed Material Facts Filed in Conjunction with Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Facts”), ECF No. 96

- 1; Confidential Def.’s Resp. to Pl. Ford Motor Co.’s R. 56.3 Statement of Material Fact s (“Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts”), ECF No. 92 -6 ; Def.’s Facts; “Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ; Confidential Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts; Pl. Ford Motor Co.’s Supplemental R. 56.3 Statement of Undisputed Material Facts (“Pl.’s Suppl. Facts”), ECF No. 97

- 1; Co nfidential Def.’s Resp. to Pl. Ford Motor Co.’s Supplemental R. 56.3 Statement of Material Facts (“Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts” ), ECF No. 94 -1

. In its supplemental fact submission, Plaintiff lists three groupings of facts: 21 paragraphs of clarific ations of its original facts; 16 paragraphs of replies to Defendant’s responses to Plaintiff’s facts; and 11 paragraphs of additional new facts. See generally Pl.’s Suppl. Facts. Defendant requests that the Court deny Plaintiff’s “attempts to reply to th e responses [Defendant] provided, pursuant to USCIT Rule 56.3(b)” because “nothing in USCIT Rule 56.3 permits such ‘replies.’” Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 21

- 22. The Court notes that replies to responses to facts are not contemplated in USCIT Rule 56.3 and, therefore, the Court disregards Plaintiff’s 16 paragraphs of replies in submission ECF No. 97

- 1. Accordingly, Defendant’s request for an opportunity “to respond in writing” to aforementioned replies is moot. Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Fac ts at 22. For purposes of this discussion, citations are provided to the relevant paragraph number of the undisputed facts and response, and internal citations generally have been omitted.Court No. 13

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Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 8

. Ford t imely and properly protested, claiming that the subject merchandise should have been liquidated under tariff classification 8703.23.00, HTSUS, with a duty rate of 2.5 percent . Summons at 2 ; Def.’s Facts ¶¶ 3

- 5; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶¶ 3 -5

. Jurisdiction is uncontroverted in this case. Compl. ¶ 3; Answer ¶ 3; Pl.’s Facts ¶ 244

- 49; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 244

- 49 ; Def. ’s Facts ¶ 2; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 2. The Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a). Compl. ¶ 3; Answer ¶ 3.
B. Facts Regarding Subject Merchandise
1. Description of Subject Merchandise The subject merchandise consists of Transit Connect 6/7s. 8 Def.’s Facts at 1; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 1. The Transit Connect 6/7 “was a multipurpose vehicle manufactured in Turkey and imported into the United States from 2009

- 2013.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 1 ; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 1. The subject imports are “part of Ford’s U.S. Transit Connect vehicle line.” Def.’s Facts ¶ 11; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 11

. Transit Connect 6/7s were “designated within Ford as the V227N.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 1; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 1

. “ The V2 27N vehicles [were] 9 LWB (long wheel base). ” Def.’s Facts ¶ 62; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 62

. The V227N line “included a van model (Transit Connect Van) in two trim levels and a Wagon model (Transit Connect

8 References to Transit Connects, without the “6/7” thereafter, are references to the product line generally and not limited to the subject imports. 9 While acknowledging that Plaintiff used curly braces in its briefs to designate its confidential information, the Court employs single brackets [ ] to designate explanat ory or omitted words or phrases. This opinion does not contain any confidential material.Court No. 13

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Wagon) in two trim levels,” but “only the Transit Connect Vans are at issue in this action.” 10 Def.’s Facts ¶¶ 15, 16; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶¶ 15, 16. All Transit Connects are imported with second row seats, but the Transit Connect Vans are delivered to the customer as a two seat cargo van. Def.’s Facts ¶ 17; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 17. As importe d into the United States, the subject merchandise had a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (“GVWR”) of 5005 pounds. Def.’s Facts ¶ 45; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 45. The Transit Connect 6/7s contained a Duratec 2.0L, four cylinder gasoline engine, which is a spark

- ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine with a cylinder capacity of 1999 cc. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 36; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 36. In its condition as imported into the United States, the Transit Connect 6/7s included: a steel unibo dy construction with an interior volume of approximately 200 cubic feet, which translates to just under 6m 3 ; front

- wheel drive; rear passenger seats with seat anchors; and underbody bracing. Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 38

- 39, 43, 45; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 38

- 39, 43, 45. The Transit Connect 6/7s had Macpherson strut front suspension, ground clearance of 8.2 inches, and over 50 inches of space from floor to ceiling in the rear. Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 41, 54

- 55; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 41, 54

- 55. At the time of importation into the United States, subject imports had “swing

- out front doors with windows, second

- row sliding doors with windows, and swing

- out rear doors, some of which had windows.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 49; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 49.

10 The Court’s understanding is that reference to a van is to a cargo model (as delivered to the customer) and reference to a wagon is to a passenger model.Court No. 13

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The sliding side doors met federal safety standards for passenger vehicles

. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 50; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 50. At the time of importation into the United States, no Transit Connect 6/7s “had a panel or barrier between the first and second row of seats.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 52; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 52.
A s imported into the United States, the Transit Connect 6/7s included: second row seats; seat belts for every seating position; permanent bracing in the side pillars of the car body; child

- locks in the sliding side doors; dome lighting in the front, middle, and rear of the vehicle; a full length, molded cloth headliner; coat hooks in the second row; and a map pocket attached to the rear of the front driver seat. Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 44, 47

- 48, 51, 57

- 60; Def. ’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 44, 47

- 48, 51, 57

- 60. The Transit Connect 6/7s also had “front vents” and “front speakers.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 68; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 68; Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 7 11 (clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 68) ; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 6 (response to clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 68); Def.’s Facts ¶ 118; Pl.’s Resp. to Def. ’s Facts ¶ 118. There were “ two cupholders in the center console and a compartment at the rear of the center console to create an optional third cupholder.” Pl.’s Suppl. Facts ¶ 255; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts ¶ 255. The Transit Connect 6/7s had carpeted

11 Based on Defendant’s response to Plaintiff’s first set of facts, Plaintiff provided revised facts in a section titled “Clarification of Facts Originally Included in Ford’s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts.” See Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 7

- 10. While USCIT Rule 56.3 does not address the opportunity to clarify original facts, Defendant did not object to Plaintiff’s clarification of its original facts and, in fact, submitted responses thereto. See Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 2

- 21. Accordingly, the Cour t has taken into consideration Plaintiff’s clarified facts, and Defendant’s responses thereto.Court No. 13

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footwells in front of the second row seat. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 53; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 53; Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 7 (clarification of Pl.’ s Fact ¶ 53) & ¶ 255; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 5 (response to clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 53) & ¶ 255. The second row seats in the Transit Connect 6/7s did not include “headrests, certain comfort wires, a tumble lock mechanism or accompanying labels,” and were “wrapped in a cost reduced fabric.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 44; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 44; see also Def.’s Facts ¶ 114 ; Pl.’s Resp . to Def.’s Facts ¶ 114. The Transit Connect 6/7s did not have rear (behind the front seats) vents, speak ers, and handholds. Def.’s Facts ¶¶ 19

- 21; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶¶ 19

- 21; Def.’s Facts ¶ 118; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 118. The subject imports did not have side airbags behind the front seats. Def.’s Facts ¶ 18; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 18. The Transit Connect 6/7s did not come with a cargo mat and the painted metal floor of the cargo area was left exposed. Def.’s Facts ¶ 119; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 119. The XL trim line 12 of the Transit Connect 6/7s “did not have front map li ghts, a CD player, a power equipment group (including windows, locks, exterior mirrors and remote keyless- entry with fobs), 12V powerpoint in the rear[,] or cruise control .” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 67; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 67. After importation into the United States, but before leaving the port, the Transit Connect 6/7s “were labeled with Monroney labels, commonly known as window stickers, Smog Labels and Loose Item/Ramp labels.” Pl.’s

12 Ford also manufactured the XLT ( and XLT Premium ) trim line of the Transit Connect 6/7 that included such features. Plaintiff’s Ex. A ¶ 82 (Ex. 79, T

- 1227) (Transit Connect Order Guide). Neither party, however, has indicated the trim line of the specific vehicles covered by this entry.Court No. 13

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Facts ¶ 75; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 75; Def.’s Facts ¶ 123; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 123; Oral Arg. Tr. 91:3

- 14 (stipulating “to the fact that Monroney labels, were in fact, attached to the subject Transit Connect 6/7s after they cleared customs, but before they left the port facility”)

. The Transit Connect 6/ 7s are finally “delivered to customers as two

- seat cargo vans.” Def.’s Facts ¶ 130; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 130.
2. History of Subject Merchandise Ford derived the Transit Connect 6/7s from a line of vehicles designed and manufactured in Europe with th e V227 designation. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 2; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 2. When considering whether to expand the European V227 line to the United States, “Ford researched the European ISV [integrated style vans] market for approximately six months, including researching who the competitors were and how big the market was” and explored targeting “both personal and commercial customers

— such as cleaning services, florists, newspaper carriers, telephone repair, and food delivery.” Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 15

- 16; Def.’s Re sp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 15

- 16. Plaintiff “identified owners of the Chevrolet Astro/Safari, a minivan used for both passengers and cargo but that was no longer in production, as possible customers for the Transit Connect.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 17; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 17. Ford initially considered whether it would be feasible to manufacture the vehicles in the United States, but decided to import a vehicle built on the European V227 production line already in use at its Otosan plant in Kocaeli, Turkey, because it was more efficient to use an existing line and the vehicle could be brought to market sooner.Court No. 13

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Pl.’s Facts ¶ 19; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 19. “Every Transit Connect manufactured in Turkey was built on the same production line.” Pl.’s Suppl. Facts ¶ 258; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts ¶ 258. Ford’s plant in Otosan used the vehicle identification number as a plant inventory control number. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 35; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 35. Transit Connect 6/7s received a VIN “during the manufacturing process . . . then going forward that’s how the vehicle [was] managed. That [was] the vehicle identification from that point forward.” Def.’s Facts ¶ 31; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 31. The vehicles in Ford’s European V227 line included the “double

- cab

- in

- van (DCIV),” which was also called the European Tourneo Connect or Transit Connect, “depending on the country where sold,” and the “Cargo Van.” Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 9, 11; Def.’s Resp. to Pl. ’s Facts ¶¶ 9, 11. Ford base d the subject merchandise on its European V227 DCIV, not its Cargo Van. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 21; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 21. “When Ford began product planning for the Transit Connect it did not know what the ‘take rate’

— product mix

— would be between retail or fleet, and cargo or passenger, sales.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 20; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 20. Before it could be imported
i nto the United States as the Transit Connect 6/7, the European V227 DCIV had to be modified to meet U.S. safety standards, “including the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (‘FMVSS’).” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 25; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 25

. Ford modified the European V227 DCIV to comply with all relevant U.S. safety standards and imported the modified vehicle as the Transit Connect. Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 26, 32; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 26, 32.Court No. 13

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To meet U.S. safety standards, Ford “redesigned the underbody support structure for the second row of seats.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 29; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 29. Ford also “added a side

- impact beam to the sliding side door to meet FMVSS 214” and “a side

- impact foam block to the sliding side door to meet [the ] In surance Institute of Highway Safety (‘IIHS’) standard s .” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 28; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 28. Other safety modifications included making changes “to the vehicle lighting, turn signals and vehicle labels.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 27; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 27. Ford designed the Transit Connect 6/7s on the Ford Focus platform. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 4; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 4. During the February 2008 Chicago Auto Show, “Ford displayed Transit Connect models” and “conducted focus groups with potential customers in order to learn their reactions to the Transit Connect.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 90; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 90. The following year at the same auto show, Ford displayed the following configurations of the Transit Connect: two

- passenge r, four

- passenger 13 , and five passenger. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 91; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 91. “From May to June 2009, Ford conducted a 13

- city tour where potential customers were able to drive Transit Connects,” and “[i]n six of the cities, Ford also did a press event for the Transit Connect.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 97; Def.’s

13 Plaintiff urges that “in an effort to distinguish and acknowledge the physical differences in the subject merchandise pre

- conversion and post

- conversion, [Ford] uses the term ‘four

- passenger wagon’ to describe the subject merchandise prior to the removal of the second row seat.” Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 6. However, “ Ford’s MY2012 Specifications Brochure . . . demonstrated that Ford wagons and vans were different models of the Transit Connect .” Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 13. Furthermore, the four

- passenger configuration was discontinued after MY2010. See Def.’s Facts ¶ 23; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 23.Court No. 13

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Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 97; Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 8 (clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 97); Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 8

- 9 (response to clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 97). “Ford ad vertised the Transit Connects in magazines and on auto shopping websites.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 99; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 99. In mid

- MY2010, Ford created a “cost reduced” second row seat “for use in Transit Connect cargo vans only. The purpose of the seat was to reduce costs by removing items from the second

- row seats used in the Transit Connect passenger wagons including but not limited to the tumble lock mechanism, headrests and associated parts, certain comfort wires,” and wrapping the second

- row seat “in a cost reduced fabric.” Def.’s Facts ¶ 114; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 114. The Transit Connect was “a vehicle that could be readily adapted to suit different customer demands.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 20; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 20. “Each Transit C onnect was built to order.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 33; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 33. Ford “imported the Transit Connect in two trim series, XL, the base trim series, and XLT, the upgraded trim series.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 34; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 34. All the differences between the various configurations and trim levels of the Transit Connect 2012 models that were available for sale are identified in the MY2012 Brochure, procured by CBP from the Ford website in February 2012. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 69; Def.’s Res p. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 69.Court No. 13

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3. Po st- Importation Processing 14 of Subject Merchandise After subject imports cleared Customs, but still within the confines of the port, processing procedures were conducted on all Transit Connects and, additionally, certain features were removed and/or altered in the Transit Connect 6/7s. “The port processing procedures carried out on all Transit Connect vehicles included removing Rap

- Gard, a protective covering during shipment; disengaging Transportation Mode; and checking for low fuel.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 74; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 74. For Transit Connect 6/7s, additional post

- importation processing entailed:
t he second

- row seat was unbolted and removed, along with the associated second row safety restraints. A steel panel was then bolted into the second row footwell to create a flat surface behind the first rows of seats. A molded cargo mat was placed over the floor behind the first row. Scuff plates were added inside the second

- row doors. In some vehicles the sliding door windows were replaced with a sol i d panel. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 78; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 78. Prior to the subject merchandise being ordered or manufactured, “Ford had entered into a contract with its port processor” to conduct the post

- importation processing. Def.’s Facts ¶ 125; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 125. The following features remained in the Transit Connect 6/7s after the post

importation processing: underbody second

- row seat support; anchors and fittings for the

14 The Court notes that Defendant objects to the term “post

- importation processing” as “vague.” See, e.g ., Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 79. There is, however, no dispute that rear seats are removed, along with other post

- importation alterations, after importatio n but while still at the port. The Court utilizes “post

- importation processing” throughout this opinion as a short

- hand term recognizing the undisputed alterations and the undisputed timing of those alterations.Court No. 13

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second- row seat, permane nt bracing in the side pillars to support the removed safety restraints; and the beam and foam in the side sliding doors for rear passenger crash protection. 15 Pl.’s Facts ¶ 80; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 80; Pl.’s Suppl. Facts ¶ 255; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts ¶ 255.
4. CBP’s Investigations of Subject Merchandise “Between April 17, 2009, and 2013,” Ford imported the Transit Connects through the Ports of Baltimore, Maryland, Jacksonville, Florida, Los Angeles

- Long Beach, California, and Port Hueneme, California. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 137; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 137. From March 1, 2010 through November 23, 2012, “there were 477 liquidations of entries containing Transit Connect vehicles classified under subheading 8703.23.00, HTSUS, with 446 entries as bypass liquidations, i.e ., unreviewed, and 31 entries reviewed by CBP personnel” without a physical inspection of the goods by an import specialist. Def.’s Facts ¶ 139; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 139. As part of Customs’ compliance validation, Customs reviewed “Ford’s entry documents” for at least nineteen entries, and of those nineteen validated entries, eight were “found to be compliant.” Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 142

- 43; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 142

- 43. In the winter of 2011 to 2012, CBP Supervisory Import Specialist Gerald Stroter and Import Specialists Tamiko Bates and Jeremy Jackson conducted a Trade Compliance Measurement Review as part of Tamiko Bates’ training at the Port of

15 The anchor holes for the second row seat are plugged and no longer readily accessible after post

- importation processing

. See Oral Arg. Tr. at 25:25 -28: 3.Court No. 13

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Baltimore. 16 Pl.’s Facts ¶ 151; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 151. One of the entries covered in the Trade Compliance Measurement Review w as of a Transit Connect 6/7. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 152; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 152. Mr. Stroter noticed that “the difference between the passenger version and the cargo version of the Transit Connect appeared to be that the passenger version had a rear se at and the cargo version did not.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 155; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 155. As a result of the aforementioned review, Import Specialists “believed that the [Transit Connect 6/7s] were being misclassified.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 157; Def.’s Resp. t o Pl.’s Facts ¶ 157; Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 8

- 9 (clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 157); Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 14 (response to clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 157). On February 6, 2012, Mr. Jackson submitted a QUICS query
— “a mechanism by which im port specialists are able to circulate questions to the National Import Specialists . . . regarding classification . . . but the response is advisory and is not binding”

— describing the Transit Connect 6/7 “based on what was shown on Ford’s website.” Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 158

- 59; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 158

- 59. On February 9, 2012, Mr. Stroter, Mr. Jackson, and CBP Officer Eric Dausch went to the Port of Baltimore “to physically inspect a [Transit Connect 6/7],” and at this time, Mr. Jackson “noticed that some Transit Connect vehicles had rear windows and

16 The fact that a review took place is not in dispute ; however, P arties present two different dates, within a month of each other, indicating when the review occurred. Plaintiff asserted the review was conducted in December 2011, and Defendant asserted the review was initiated on January 17, 2012. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 151 (citing Ex. M 60:11

- 62:7); Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 151 (citing Def.’s Ex. 20). The Court finds that this difference is im material to the undisputed fact that a review took place.Court No. 13

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some did not.” Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 160

- 61; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 160

- 61. Mr . Stroter and Mr. Jackson learned that “vehicles with VIN’s containing the characters S6 or S7

. . . were consistently discovered to be 2

- passenger cargo vans while those with the characters S9 were identified as 5

- passenger vehicles.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 166 (internal quotations omitted); Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 166.
T hat day, Mr. Jackson “emailed Richard Laman, the National Import Specialist responsible for reviewing Jackson’s earlier QUICS message,” describing “the vehicles that he physically inspected , and included the pictures that were taken of the vehicles during his visit.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 163; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 163. Mr. Jackson viewed Mr. Laman “as responsible for setting the policy for how the Transit Connect [6/7] would be classified .” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 163; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 163. On February 22, 2012, the Assistant Special Agent in Charge of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement in Baltimore was notified of the “Investigation into Proper Classification of Ford Connect Van s.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 169; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 169. On February 23, 2012, the Port of Baltimore notified Ford that CBP had “initiated an investigation into Ford Motor Company importations” and the “declaration of vehicles classified under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of United States (HTSUS) headings 8704 and 8703.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 172; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 172. On February 24, 2012, CBP Officer Benjamin Syzmanski contacted Mr. Stroter and informed him for the first time that cargo vans “a re imported in [ sic ] as passenger vans.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 185; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 185. Mr. Syzmanski explained that “the Transit Connect vans make entry into the port and then are fully released byCourt No. 13

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CBP. Only after the vans have been released by CBP . . . does Ford move the vans to a facility within the Baltimore Port limits and select vans are gutted/stripped/altered to become cargo vans.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 185 (internal quotations omitted); Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 185. On June 8, 2012, the As sistant Director for Trade Operations of the Port of Baltimore, Thomas Heffernan , requested an Internal Advice from CBP’s Office of Regulations and Rulings regarding the proper classification of the Transit Connect 6/7s

. Pl.’s Facts ¶ ¶ 87d , 216; Def.’s Re sp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ ¶ 87d , 216; Def.’s Facts ¶ 145; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 145. On January 30, 2013, in response to Mr. Heffernan’s request for Internal Advice, CBP Headquarters issued ruling HQ H220856 to the Baltimore Field Office. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 237; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’ s Facts ¶ 237; Def.’s Facts ¶ 146; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 146. HQ H220856 held that the Transit Connect 6/7s were “properly classifiable as ‘ Motor vehicles for the transport of goods, ’ under subheading 8704.31.00, HTSUS, dutiable at the rate of 25% ad valorem. ” Def .’s Facts ¶ 147; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 147. J URISDICTION AND S TANDARD OF R EVIEW The Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a). Jurisdiction is uncontroverted in this case. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 244

- 49; Def.’ s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 244

- 49

. The Court may grant summary judgment when “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact,” and “the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986) ; USCIT R. 56(a). The court’sCourt No. 13

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rev iew of a classification decision involves two steps. First, it must determine the meaning of the relevant tariff provisions, which is a question of law. See Bausch & Lomb, Inc. v. United States , 148 F.3d 1363, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (citation omitted). Second, it must determine whether the merchandise at issue falls within a particular tariff provision as construed, which is a question of fact. Id. (citation omitted). When no factual dispute exists regarding the merchand ise , resolution of the classification turns solely on the first step. See id. at 1365

- 66 ; see also Carl Zeiss, Inc. v. United States , 195 F.3d 1375, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 1999). The court reviews classification cases de novo

. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2640(a), 2643(b). While the court accords deference to Customs classification rulings relative to their ‘“power to persuade,’” United States v. Mead Corp. , 533 U.S. 218, 235 (2001) (quoting Skidmore v. Swift & Co. , 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944)), it has “an independent responsibility to decide the legal issue of the proper meaning and scope of HTSUS
terms ,” Warner

- Lambert Co. v. United States , 407 F.3d 1207, 1209 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citing Rocknel Fastener, Inc. v. United States , 267 F.3d 1354, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2001))

. It is “the court’s duty to find the correct result, by whatever procedure is best suited to the case at hand.” Jarvis Clark Co. v. United States , 733 F.2d 873, 878 (Fed. Cir. 1984).Court No. 13

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D ISCUSSION The Court may grant summary judgment when “there is no genuine issue as to
any material fact,” and “the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Anderson, 47 7 U.S. at 247; USCIT R. 56(a)

. I. Material Fact s In the Material Facts No t in Dispute Section above, the Court discussed the undisputed facts presented by P arties that are material for the classification an a lysis

. To determine which facts are material for a classification anal ysis , the Court requires an accurate and detailed description of th e article, at the time of importation. It is a well

settled tenet of customs law that “[i]n order to produce uniform ity in the imposition of duties, the dutiable classification of articles imported must be ascertained by an examination of the imported arti cle itself, in the condition in which it is imported.” Worthington v. Robbins , 139 U.S. 337, 341 (1891). However, it is equally settled that articles cannot escape a prescribed rate of duty “by resort to disguise or artifice.” United States v. Citroen , 223 U.S. 407, 415 (1912)

. The Supreme Court carved out an exception from classifying a good “in the condition in which it is imported” by explaining that “when the article imported is not the article described as dutiable at a specified rate, it does not become dutiable under the description because it has been manufactured or prepared for the express purpose of being imported at a lower rate.” Id

. at 415

. T he Citroen court created a bright line test for classification cases: “[d]oes the article, as imported, fall within the description sought to be applied?” Id

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With regard to the class ification of vehicles, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Federal Cir cuit”) has spoken to the distinction between passenger vehicles or

c argo vehicles. See Marubeni Am. Corp. v. United States, 35 F.3d 530 (1994). In Marubeni , the court decided the proper classification of the 1989 and 1990, two door,
two

- wheel and four

- wheel drive, Nissan Pathfinder , when the sports utility vehicle first entered the market. 35 F.3d at 532. The Marubeni court considered two possible HTSUS headings

— 8703 and 8704

— the same two headings at issue in the instant

case. Id. at 533. The Marubeni court held that the proper classification of the Nissan Pathfinder was under heading 8703, encompassing motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of person s, and affirmed th e Court of International Trade’s (“CIT”) decision

. Id

. at 532 (affir ming Marubeni Am. Corp. v. United States , 17 CIT 360, 821 F. Supp. 1521 (1993)). In so doing, the Federal Circuit spoke to the test to determine “whether a vehicle is principally designed for a particular
purpose, not uniquely designed for a particular purpose ,” by looking “at both the structural and a uxiliary design features, as neither by it self are determinative.” Id

. at 535. As part of its struc tural design analysis, the Marubeni court reviewed the lower court’s findings following a three week trial : [T] he Pathfinder was basically derived from Nissan's Hardbody truck line yet, the Pathfinder was based upon totally different design concepts than a truck . . . the reaso ns behind the design decisions, including the need for spe ed and economy in manufacturing to capture the changing mar ket, a market into which Nissan was a late entrant. Specifically, the designers decided to adopt the Hardbody'sCourt No. 13

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frame side rails and the cab portion from the front bumper to the frame ju st behind the driver's seats so that they could quickly and economically reach the market. The front suspension system was also adopted from Nissan's truck line but the rear suspension was not. The fact that a vehicle is derived in

- part from a truck or from a sedan is not, without more, determinative of its intended principal design objectives which were passenger transport and offroad capability. Substantial structural changes were necessary to meet the design criterion of transporting passengers. The addition of the rear passenger seat required that t he gas tank be moved to the rear and the spare tire relo cated. This effectively reduces the cargo carrying capacit y. Of particular importance was the design of a new rear suspension that was developed specifically to provide a smooth ride for passengers. New and different cross beams, not present on the Hardbody frame, were added to the Pathfi nder's frame to accommodate the above changes. Other design aspects that point to a principal design for passengers include: the spare tire and the rear seat when folded down intrude upon the cargo space; the cargo area is carpeted; a separa te window opening in the pop

- up tailgate accommodates passengers loading and unloading small packages without having to lower the tailgate. In contrast, the Hardbody truck bed can accommodate loading with a fork lift, clearly a design feature for cargo. . . . [T]he cargo volume is greatly reduced when the rear seat is up to accommodate passengers. Moreover, the axle and wheel differences are minor and consistent with the Pathfinder's off

- road mission, particularly in the loaded condition. The Pathfinder has the same engine size as the Maxima passenger car. Id . at 536

- 37 . For its auxiliary design analysis, the Marubeni court noted : Auxiliary design aspects . . . that indicate passenger use over cargo use include: vehicle height was lowered 50 millimeters; the seat slides were improved yet similar to those on two door passenger sedans. Other auxiliary design features that point to tr ansport of passengers include: rear seats that recline, areCourt No. 13

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comfortable, and fold to make a fairly flat cargo bed but are not removable; rear seat stereo outlets, ashtrays, cubbyholes, arm rests, handholds, footwells, seat belts, child seat tie down hooks and operable windows. The CIT noted that there is not much more that can be done to accommodate passengers in the rear seat. Moreover, the testimony of the three primary design engineers as well as the contemporaneous design development documents support the finding that the Pathfinder was principally designed for the transport of persons. Id . at 537. The Federal Circuit further acknowledged the trial court’s reliance on “three primary design engineers” to assist in determining whether the Nissan Pathfinder was principally designed for the transport of pers ons. Id

. When interpreting the se competing headings, the Federal Circuit found that “the statutory language is clear that

a vehicle’s intended purpose of transporting persons must outweigh an intended purpose of transporting goods.” Id . at 535. The article at issue in th is case is the Transit Connect 6/7. Parties presented numerous detailed and undisputed facts about the stru ctural and auxiliary design features of the Transit Connect 6/7s, both as imported and following post

- importation processing. Although there is general agreement and sufficient information before the Court about most of these structural and auxiliary features, there is one significant feature about which the Court lacks sufficient material, undisputed facts: the cost reduced rear seat. 17 The Court notes that, in Marubeni , the Federal Circuit discusses

17 The Court’s reference to the rear seat as “ cost reduced” should not be inferred as a judgment about the rear seat but rathe r an undisputed characterization of the version of the second row seat that is installed in the Transit Connect 6/7s at issue at the time of importation

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the rear seat in both its str uctural and auxiliary analyses. The Court finds that a detailed description and understanding of the cost reduced rear seat is material to the proper conduct of a Marubeni analysis.
II. Genuine Issue While P arties provide some information about the cost reduced rear seat , there remain questions about the nature of th at seat that must be answered to allow the Court
to conduct a Marubeni analysis

. Including the presence of the rear seat in an auxiliary design list with height, footwells, seatbelts and child safety, Plaintiff contends that the Transit Connect 6/7s’ cost reduced rear seat satisfies the Marubeni test merely because it is included at the time of importation. See Pl.’s M SJ at 25 -29

. Though admitting that its intention from the beginning is to remove the cost reduced rear seat immediately after importation and before delivery to the customer, Ford asserts that “an importer’s intention to modify goods after importation is irrelevant to classification.” Pl.’s MSJ at
22. Defendant responds that the Transit Connect 6/7s’ cost reduced rear seat was never intended to be sat upon, point ing to the lack of “comfort wires” and indications that it “ sags a little” as support for its contention

. Def.’s XMSJ at 18; Oral Arg. Tr. at 18:2

- 3. During oral argument, the Court asked P arties to more fully describe this cost reduced rear seat

. See Oral Arg. Tr. at 39: 7

- 11 (The Court asked P arties, “[t]he comfort wires that are referred to with regard to the second row, what are we talking about there? I don’t recall seeing an explanation of what they are.”). Plaintiff acknowledged using the term “ comfort wires” but admitted that “I’m not tr uly sure whereCourt No. 13

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comfort wires came from, but I don’t think that any passenger comfort wires are actually removed.” Id. at 40:9

- 12. In response, Defendant offered that “our understanding of comfort wires are wires underneath the seat .” Id. at 41:6

- 7. Cou nsel was similarly uncertain about the absence of the tumble lock mechanism from the cost reduced second row seat. See , e.g ., id. at 64: 21

- 25. Although the evidence is more clear that the cost reduced rear seat excludes head rests and arm rests and is covered in a cost reduced fabric that does not match the rest of the interior fabric, the Court is unclear how the totality of these changes impacts the functionality of this seat and the overall design of the vehicle, as imported. Additional information and evidence regarding this seat will better enable the Court to determine whether the vehicle’s intended purpose of transporting persons, as imported, outweighs an intended purpose of transporting goods. See Marubeni , 35 F.3d at 535. The Court finds there are genuine issue s of material fact as to th e characteristics of the cost reduced rear seat at the time of importation

. Because there are genuine issue s of material fact, neither moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247; USCIT R. 56(a). A ccordingly, the Court cannot decide this case on summary judgment

. Plaintiff’s motion and Defendant’s cross

- motion are both denied

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C ONCLUSION AND O RDER For the reasons discussed above, the Court hereby D ENIES both Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment and Defendant’s cross

- motion for summary judgment. The Court will schedule a teleconference with Parties to discuss next steps.

/s/ Mark A. Barnett Mark A . Barnett , Judge Dated:

_____ ___________ New York, New York October 5, 2016