About the Report

This report, which was commissioned by the United States 

Institute of Peace, examines tourism in Kashmir as a vehicle 

for promoting peace and security between India and Pakistan. 

It argues that tourism—by facilitating and strengthening 

cross-border movement, interactions, and economic 

cooperation—could soften the Line of Control that separates 

Indian-controlled and Pakistani-controlled Kashmir and thus 

make it permeable and irrelevant. It concludes with a series 

of specific recommendations for both Pakistan and India, 

including the proposal that the two countries should work 

collaboratively on tourism packages.

About the Authors

D. Suba Chandran is the director at the Institute of Peace 

and Conflict Studies (IPCS) in New Delhi and Shaheen Akhtar 

is a research fellow at the Institute for Regional Studies in 

Islamabad. P. R. Chari is a visiting research professor at IPCS.

2301 Constitution Ave., NW • Washington, DC 20037 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063

Special Report 281 July 2011

© 2011 by the United States Institute of Peace. 

All rights reserved.

P. R. Chari, D. Suba Chandran, and Shaheen Akhtar

Tourism and 

Peacebuilding in 

Jammu and Kashmir

Summary

•	 India and Pakistan have initiated a number of confidence-building measures in Kashmir, 

including the creation of a bus service and the limited expansion of trade across the Line 

of Control (LoC). 

•	 The present cross-LoC confidence-building measures address primarily the divided families 

living on both sides of the LoC and thus are limited in scope and do not serve the entire 

region and all communities of Kashmir. 

•	 It is imperative for India and Pakistan to expand cross-LoC confidence-building measures 

and add new initiatives that would address the imbalances in the existing interactions.

•	 Cross-LoC tourism will be an important initiative in further expanding the present confidence building and will allow members of the broader civil society of Kashmir to visit and 

interact with each other.

•	 Cross-LoC tourism will expand the scope of interactions between the two sides, beyond the 

divided families, and include everyone in Kashmir.

•	 Cross-LoC tourism will also create constituencies of peace beyond the select group of 

divided families and businessmen who already benefit from the cross-LoC bus services and 

truck traffic. 

•	 As a first step, India and Pakistan should develop a “package tourism” program that would 

include select destinations on both sides of the LoC.

•	 More important, both India and Pakistan should seriously consider further relaxing travel 

restrictions for people to travel across the LoC.

United States Institute of Peace www.usip.org

SPECIAL REPORT

Contents

Introduction 2

Tourism as a Logical Confidence-Building Measure 

in Kashmir 2

Past and Present Patterns of Tourism in Kashmir 4

Cross-LoC Tourism in Kashmir: Benefits 7

Cross-LoC Tourism in Kashmir: Challenges 8

Conclusions and Recommendations 9 
2

Introduction

The promotion of cross–Line of Control (LoC) tourism extends the modality of making 

borders irrelevant between adversarial states.1 The reasons are simple. Any means that 

promote greater interaction between the local populations on both sides of intervening 

borders—disputed or otherwise—enable greater understanding between neighbors. This is 

especially true of people who have been part of the same historical tradition until separated 

by the vicissitudes of international politics. Hence, freer people-to-people contacts catalyze 

the process of enlarging mutual understanding. These are general propositions. However, 

the case for cross-LoC tourism in the former princely state of Kashmir,2 which was divided 

between India and Pakistan in 1947 and now embodies a bitter dispute that has endured 

over six decades, is uniquely favorable in many respects. 

First, both India and Pakistan were carved out of British India. Without getting into the 

tangled history of the Kashmir dispute, it needs emphasizing that the problem of Kashmir 

coincided with British India’s partition, leading to beliefs that it symbolizes the unfinished 

effort to redraw geographical boundaries. Naturally, this exercise has left behind considerable human debris, such as the separated families living on both sides of the LoC, whether 

in Pakistani-controlled Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) or Indian-controlled Jammu and 

Kashmir (J&K). The LoC starts in the Jammu region and meanders through Rajouri, Poonch, 

Baramulla, Kargil, and Turtuk before reaching NJ 9842, the end point of the LoC near the 

mouth of the Siachen Glacier. Divided families have a clear interest in making the LoC irrelevant by promoting greater contacts through trade, travel, and tourism and, indeed, are 

enthusiastic about promoting cross-LoC travel and tourism. 

Second, the former Kashmir state was arbitrarily divided along this LoC, which disrupted 

the natural flows of trade and commerce in the region. As a result, the economies of both 

AJK and J&K have been adversely affected. Making borders porous and permeable through 

the promotion of tourism could, therefore, reinvigorate the local economies by restoring 

their traditional contours. This explains the local enthusiasm on both sides of the border for 

reviving tourism, because doing so would encourage the establishment of services, ancillary 

industries, and infrastructure. 

Third, trade and travel between India and Pakistan through Kashmir had in the past 

extended to Tibet, Afghanistan, and parts of Central Asia. It is entirely possible to devise 

separate packages for travelers interested in adventure tourism, archaeological tourism, 

and religious tourism, with pilgrims visiting the ancient Buddhist sites scattered all over 

this region. 

Fourth, the traditional culture of Kashmir centered on the secular concept of “Kashmiriyat,” an inclination toward a syncretic and composite culture marked by tolerance toward 

different religious beliefs. Because of this concept, the communities in the region, despite 

their complex religious and ethnic mix, were able to live together in peace and harmony 

over the ages. The unfortunate events in Kashmir in more recent years—insurgency in J&K, 

especially in the Kashmir Valley, and growing vulnerability of AJK to Islamic radicalization—have exacerbated the local situation. Promoting cross-LoC tourism can play a major 

role in eroding these negative sentiments and may help reestablish the secularism that 

distinguished “Kashmiriyat.” 

Tourism as a Logical Confidence-Building Measure in Kashmir

This study advocates the need for cross-LoC tourism as a confidence-building measure, a 

step that would serve as a natural corollary to the idea floated in 2006 by Indian prime 

minister Manmohan Singh of “making borders irrelevant.”3 This idea was largely agreed to 

The views expressed in this report do not necessarily 

reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace, 

which does not advocate specific policy positions.

To request permission to photocopy or reprint materials, 

e-mail: permissions@usip.org

About the Institute

The United States Institute of Peace is an independent, 

nonpartisan institution established and funded by Congress. 

Its goals are to help prevent and resolve violent conflicts, 

promote postconflict peacebuilding, and increase conflict 

management tools, capacity, and intellectual capital worldwide. The Institute does this by empowering others with 

knowledge, skills, and resources, as well as by its direct 

involvement in conflict zones around the globe.

Board of Directors

J. Robinson West (Chair), Chairman, PFC Energy •

George E. Moose (Vice Chairman), Adjunct Professor of 

Practice, The George Washington University • Judy Ansley,

Former Assistant to the President and Deputy Security 

Advisor under President George W. Bush • Anne H. Cahn,

Former Scholar in Residence, American University • Chester 

A. Crocker, James R. Schlesinger Professor of Strategic Studies, School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University

• Kerry Kennedy, President, Robert F. Kennedy Center for 

Justice and Human Rights • Ikram U. Khan, President, 

Quality Care Consultants, LLC • Stephen D. Krasner, Graham 

H. Stuart Professor of International Relations, Stanford 

University • John A. Lancaster, Former Executive Director 

of the National Council on Independent Living • Jeremy A. 

Rabkin, Professor, George Mason School of Law • Judy Van 

Rest, Executive Vice President, International Republican 

Institute • Nancy Zirkin, Executive Vice President, 

Leadership Conference on Civil Rights

Members Ex Officio

Michael H. Posner, Assistant Secretary of State for 

Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor • James N. Miller, 

Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy •

Ann E. Rondeau, Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy; President, 

National Defense University • Richard H. Solomon, 

President, United States Institute of Peace (nonvoting) 
3

by General Pervez Musharraf, then president of Pakistan, and enjoys substantial support in 

the civil societies of India, Pakistan, and both parts of Kashmir.

Indeed, one of the five working groups established in 2006 by the Indian government to 

study different aspects of the J&K issue presaged Manmohan Singh’s remarks by making similar 

recommendations on improving cross-LoC interactions, specifically through tourism.4 Although 

cross-LoC tourism is not a new idea, it should be acceptable to the government of India and 

the Indian people at large. More important, the present imperative for cross-LoC tourism arises 

due to the existing limitations and inherent weaknesses of the two cross-border confidencebuilding measures (CBMs) that have been in place since 2005—bus services and trade.5

The first cross-LoC CBM between India and Pakistan—historic for J&K—was the inauguration of the bus service between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad in 2005. Later, this move was 

followed by the establishment of bus service between Poonch and Rawalakot. Both these 

bus services met the needs and aspirations of divided families living along the LoC, the 

majority of whom live in the erstwhile Poonch princely state and are dispersed over Nowshera, Rajouri, and Poonch districts on the Indian side, and Rawalakot and Bhimber on the 

Pakistani side. While the number of divided families in the Kashmir Valley is fewer, there are 

large numbers of divided families in the Kargil and Skardu districts. The Gilgit, Skardu, Leh, 

and Kargil regions are important, because they constitute the largest subregion of Kashmir. 

Outside the Kargil district, divided families are spread throughout Ladakh.6 For example, 

there are families in Leh town with family connections on the other side.7 The family and 

business linkages of several families who traded along the famous Silk Route in the southern 

sector extend to Gilgit and Kashgar in the north and Yarkand in the east.8 Turtuk region, in 

particular, has families more recently divided, as it was captured by India during the 1971 

war.9 In Jammu region, there are many divided families outside the districts of Rajouri and 

Poonch; in the Nowshera tehsil (administrative division within a district), there are families 

with familial links in Mirpur. There is a direct road between Mirpur and Nowshera, which was 

opened shortly after the earthquake in 2005. 

Unfortunately, despite repeated requests for more, cross-LoC interactions among divided 

families, which the two bus services were designed to address, are primarily helping those 

in select districts in the Kashmir Valley—Rajouri and Poonch on the Indian side and Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, and Rawalakot on the Pakistani side. There is a need to enlarge this service 

and the regions that are connected across the LoC. 

More important, the Shia Muslims of the Kargil-Skardu region and the Buddhists in 

Ladakh continue to have links with each other. People in Ladakh, Kargil, Skardu, and Gilgit 

have a Balti identity and feel that while divided families of the Kashmiri and Pahari Muslims 

have the opportunity to meet each other, the Baltis, especially Shia Muslims of the KargilSkardu regions, have been denied this opportunity.

The second major cross-LoC confidence-building measure is trade between J&K and AJK, 

which began in October 2008. Trucks carry specified goods from a basket of twenty-one 

items along the same routes on which the buses ply. Initially, the agreement called for a 

fortnightly movement of trucks, but, a few months after the inauguration of trade, the 

modalities were revised. A weekly exchange was introduced.

Like the bus service, the truck service also has serious limitations. Though the business 

community is happy about the opening up of the LoC for the movement of goods, significant irritants remain. Contrary to popular expectations, the trade basket and quantity 

of goods remain small. In addition, the trade is restricted to the geographical limits of 

Kashmir and is not permitted via Kashmir to other parts of India and Pakistan; the popular 

expectation, especially in the Kashmir Valley, was that opening the LoC for trade would 

allow businessmen to trade in different goods—from carpets to apples—all the way to the 

Gulf countries via Karachi.10

The family and business linkages 

of several families who traded 

along the famous Silk Route in 

the southern sector extend to 

Gilgit and Kashgar in the north 

and Yarkand in the east.
4

Lack of adequate banking facilities also hampers trade. Businessmen complain that 

the cross-LoC trade is being hijacked by traders who do not belong to J&K. Due to the 

concessions provided, the local traders believe that the Indian-Pakistani trade across the 

Wagah border is now being routed through Kashmir, which is not benefiting the state. 

Finally, both India and Pakistan treat cross-LoC trade as a political and not as an economic 

confidence-building measure.11 Given these basic differences in approach, and the wider 

Indian-Pakistani trading experience, one can predict that the cross-LoC trade project will 

lose steam unless both countries take effective remedial steps.

Given these constraints on cross-LoC trade, and appreciating that the movement of 

people is not free, there is a need to look beyond these two modalities to improve cross-LoC 

interactions. Hence, tourism is a CBM with substantial promise whose economic and political potential are being underplayed. Cross-LoC tourism would, in fact, extend bus and truck 

services and should be considered an extension of the trade-in-goods. After all, tourism is 

an aspect of trade-in-services and thus should be the next logical cross-LoC CBM.

Past and Present Patterns of Tourism in Kashmir

Each subregion of Kashmir has its own unique potential to attract tourism separately from 

and jointly with the other subregions. On the Indian side, J&K has the potential to attract 

tourists motivated by religious interests, leisure, or adventure. Depending on the interests of tourists, they could choose different regions or different circuits as their primary 

focus. The tourism potential of J&K can also be seen from the perspective of what each 

subregion—Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh—can offer.

On the Pakistani side, AJK is free of violence, which makes it very attractive for tourism. 

The region is endowed with great natural beauty, archaeological sites, religious places, and 

mountainous terrain, making it attractive for religious, cultural, adventure, archaeological, and 

recreational tourism. However, the region’s potential for tourism has remained untapped due 

to official apathy and ignorance.12 Only in the past several years, especially after the 2005 

earthquake, have efforts gotten under way to develop the tourism industry in AJK. Some basic 

infrastructure is now being put in place that can be used for initiating cross-LoC tourism. 

Tourism as a major economic activity is clearly a postindependence phenomenon. 

Although tourism existed during British rule, the numbers were limited due to the region’s 

prevailing political climate and poor infrastructure. The important routes existing before 

1947 were primarily used for economic activity and the movement of people. For example, 

the famous Silk Route from China to Central Asia via Ladakh was primarily a trade route and 

not meant for tourists. The road from Gilgit to Srinagar via Astore was used for administrative, educational, and trade purposes, and not for tourism. The same can be said about the 

Srinagar–Rawalpindi and Jammu–Sialkot routes. 

However, the border districts—for example, Rajouri and Poonch on the Indian side and 

Mirpur, Kotli, and Bhimber on the Pakistani side—saw more tourist activity, especially in 

terms of visits to Sufi shrines, which are dotted all along the LoC and still exist today. Both 

in the Kashmir Valley and in Rajouri and Poonch districts, there are numerous shrines of 

Sufi saints who cut across regional and religious divides. For example, Shahdra Sharif, near 

Rajouri, is an important shrine where Baba Ghulam Shah is revered by Muslims, Hindus, 

Christians, and Sikhs from all over the region.13

In terms of old pre-1947 routes, there was the famous (South) Silk Route linking Ladakh 

with Gilgit and Baltistan (GB), the Gilgit–Astore–Srinagar route, the Anantnag–Srinagar–

Muzaffarabad–Rawalpindi route, and the Jammu–Sialkot–Lahore–New Delhi route, besides 

numerous smaller axes within the erstwhile Poonch kingdom. The primary movement on 

these major routes was economic and political, not touristic.

AJK is free of violence . . . endowed 

with great natural beauty, 

archaeological sites, religious 

places, and mountainous terrain, 

making it attractive for religious, 

cultural, adventure, archaeological, 

and recreational tourism. However, 

the region’s potential for tourism 

has remained untapped due to 

official apathy and ignorance.
5

The Indian Side

After the 1947 Partition and the 1962 India-China War, population movements and trade 

collapsed. On the Indian side, the Kashmir Valley became the primary tourist destination 

for national and international tourists. Dal Lake and Gulmarg have become an international 

tourist destination in the postindependence era. There is no comparison with the number 

of tourists in Kashmir Valley before. After 1947, tourism in the Kashmir Valley received a 

tremendous boost. Though violence since 1989 has affected the flow of tourists into the 

Kashmir Valley, some areas such as Gulmarg continue to attract tourists from all over the 

world. On the religious front, however, Hazratbal and Chara-e-Sharif have lost a substantial 

number of visitors from regions across the LoC and from Pakistan.

Despite its tourism potential, the Jammu region has never been an attraction for international tourists. Over the last two decades, however, the Jammu region has witnessed a 

tremendous increase in domestic pilgrims, primarily to Mata Vaishno Devi’s temple, as part 

of what has now become the famous Amarnath yatra (pilgrimage).14

Rajouri and Poonch districts have numerous Sufi shrines and shrines worshiped by the 

Hindu and Sikh communities. Five shrines in particular—Shahdra Sharif (near Rajouri), Chota 

Mian (Mendhar), and Budha Amarnath, Sai Miran, and Nangali Saheb (all three near Poonch) 

have not only been the main attraction but have also inspired communal harmony. Shahdra 

Sharif shrine, in particular, has become a symbol of hope for the Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, and 

Christian communities. These shrines, particularly Shahdra Sharif, attract pilgrims from all 

over the country. 

Sufi shrines in these two districts have always been a powerful attraction for people living across the LoC. Until 1947, these shrines had regular visitors. Even thereafter, the local 

population from the other side (unofficially and often illegally!) used to visit these shrines 

on important festival days until the LoC became more rigid with the construction of fencing 

in the 1990s. Though the local population claims there is a huge potential for recreational 

and adventure tourism within the districts, the area has never been known for it. 

Ladakh, the third major region in J&K, is a tourist paradise, especially for international 

tourists. From adventure to religious to heritage tourism, Ladakh has everything to offer. 

But most important, the region is very peaceful. Until the 1970s, New Delhi was apprehensive about opening Ladakh for international tourism. The India-China War and the Chinese 

occupation of Indian territories in Ladakh made India defensive in its approach. Until 

recently, even Indian officials needed travel documents in the form of an Inner Line Permit 

to visit certain subregions bordering China. The Siachen crisis in the 1980s made India feel 

the need to be cautious.

Jammu, Srinagar, and Leh, the administrative headquarters of the three Indian-controlled 

subregions (Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh), are connected with the rest of India and 

to each other by air. These three subregions can be further divided into smaller regions—for 

example, the Zanskar and Nyoma regions within Ladakh, Gurez in Kashmir Valley, and Kishtwar and Poonch in Jammu. Climate, topography, and geology all pose serious challenges to 

these smaller regions as potential tourist destinations. 

The Pakistani Side

Historically, Muzaffarabad and Mirpur, along with the Bhimber districts of AJK, were connected with Pakistani Punjab and Srinagar through trade routes, which can be revived for 

cross-LoC tourism. The present Rawalpindi–Muzaffarabad road was known as the Jehlum 

Valley road, which connected Rawalpindi to Srinagar via Muzaffarabad. All trade activities 

between Pakistani Punjab and the Kashmir Valley were carried out through this route, as 

it remained open throughout the year. In addition, the Sialkot–Jammu route through 

Though violence since 1989 has 

affected the flow of tourists 

into the Kashmir Valley, some 

areas such as Gulmarg continue 

to attract tourists from all over 

the world.
6

Suchetgarh connected Pakistani Punjab with the Jammu and Poonch and continued to 

Srinagar through Banihal pass. It was considered the shortest trade route. A third route connected Jhelum (a Pakistani city) to Srinagar through Mirpur–Kotli–Poonch–Uri. The districts 

of Mirpur and Rajouri and the tehsil of Mendhar depended mainly upon this route for their 

imports of daily necessities. A fourth route connected Gujarat (a Pakistani city) to Srinagar 

via Bhimber and Rajouri. It was known as Mughal route. All these old trade routes can be 

used for cross-LoC tourism. 

In the prepartition era, Muzaffarabad served as a transit point and not as a tourist center 

in itself due to its poor infrastructure, in terms of its lack of roads and suitable accommodation, making it unattractive as a destination in comparison to Srinagar. Even the last maharaja of Kashmir hardly ever visited Muzaffarabad and reportedly (besides traveling by car) 

used bullock carts or horse carts while traveling to Muzaffarabad and inside the city. The 

Mughals used the Bhimber–Srinagar route to visit the Kashmir Valley. Bhimber is mentioned 

by the emperor Jahangir in his book Tuzh-e-Jahangiri. There is also some evidence that the 

British and other foreigners came to fish in the Poonch and Jehlum Rivers, but serious tourists went to Srinagar; European tourists generally traveled to Ladakh or GB for adventure 

tourism.15 The upper reaches of AJK, especially the Neelum Valley, have great potential 

for adventure tourism but have historically remained inaccessible. It has very limited communication links with the GB region to this day. There has also been little development of 

road links between these two regions in Pakistan in the post-1947 period. Presently, a new 

road is under construction that will connect Rattigali in Neelum Valley with Naran, a tourist 

attraction in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.16

AJK is rich in archaeological sites, including ancient Buddhist ruins at Sharda, Sharda 

Fort, and Kishan Ghati in Neelum; Hindu temples in Muzaffarabad; and a number of Muslim 

shrines, such as Saheli Sarakar, Shah Mehmood Ghazi, Kaiyan Sharif, Pir Shah Ghazi, Khari 

Sharif, Baba Shaadi Shaheed, and Khwawja Ghulam Mohi-u-din. They would not only attract 

tourists from Jammu, Ladakh, and Kashmir Valley but also promote interfaith harmony in 

Kashmir. There are also a number of historical forts and destinations for recreational and 

adventure tourism and places for water sports throughout AJK. In 2009, the paragliding and 

polo festivals held in Muzaffarabad, Rawalakot, and Neelum Valley attracted a large number 

of domestic and foreign tourists.

With added focus on the development of the tourism industry in the AJK, the governments in the AJK and Pakistan have increased the tourism development budget from a 

meager Rs 7.3 million in 2005–06 to Rs 200 million in 2010–11.17 They also launched 

the Piyara Kashmir (Beautiful Kashmir) program in 2009 in the areas that fall within a 

half-kilometer belt along the LoC. Under this program, Rs 275 million has been set aside 

for tourism-related infrastructure development.18 Ninety percent of the tourism budget 

is for infrastructure development, such as tourist rest houses, huts, lodges, motels, and 

related facilities.

Tourist Numbers

There is a difference in terms of how AJK and J&K attract tourists from outside. This difference partly reflects the strength of the tourist industries across the LoC. On the Indian side 

of Kashmir, it is well developed both at the national and provincial levels; on the Pakistani 

side, the tourism industry in AJK remains underdeveloped relative to Pakistan’s overall 

tourism industry—both at the governmental and civil society levels. This inhibits the AJK’s 

ability to attract tourists from Pakistan or abroad. 

In AJK, the domestic tourist inflow has picked up over the last few years despite limited 

accommodation at various tourist destinations. According to estimates provided by the AJK 

AJK is rich in archaeological 

sites . . . [that] would not only 

attract tourists from Jammu, 

Ladakh, and Kashmir Valley but 

also promote interfaith harmony 

in Kashmir.
7

Department of Tourism and Archeology, domestic tourist traffic into AJK assessed in terms 

of inbound vehicular movement at nine entry points was about 1.84 million in 2008.19 It 

went up to 1.93 million in 2009 and was projected to touch 2.03 million in 2010. In addition, a large number of visitors come as religious tourists. Nearly one million tourists visit 

famous shrines such as Khari Sharif, Narian Sharif, Baba Shadi Shaeed, Mai Toti Sahiba, and 

Saheli Sarkar each year. The increased inflow of domestic tourists is due to improvements in 

infrastructure, exposure to AJK as a tourist destination in the wake of the 2005 earthquake, 

a shift away from conflict-ridden Swat to AJK as a tourist destination, and the secure and 

hospitable environment of the AJK. 

AJK has a rich Kashmiri diaspora living across the world that visits their homeland quite 

regularly. Thus, the majority of international visitors to the AJK come mostly from this 

group. A conservative figure provided by the AJK Department of Tourism and Archeology 

states that about one hundred thousand diaspora Kashmiris visit the AJK each year. 

On the Indian side, there is substantial domestic and foreign tourist inflow (see table 1).

As a part of its infrastructure initiatives to increase the inflow of both domestic and foreign tourists, J&K has created more than fifteen exclusive tourism development authorities 

in Leh, Kargil, and Zanskar (in Ladakh); Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Sonamarg, Manasbal, Kokernag, 

Verinag, and Budgam (in Kashmir Valley); and Rajouri, Poonch, Patnitop, Mansar, Bhaderwah, 

Kishtwar, and Sartal (in Jammu). 

Although politics, geography, and bad governance pose a serious challenge to maintaining and improving new routes in all parts of Kashmir and to building on these numbers, 

adequate basic infrastructure exists on which the tourism industry could be further developed and exploited through cross-LoC movements. 

Cross-LoC Tourism in Kashmir: Benefits

Far more so than the existing CBMs in Kashmir, which cater only to select communities in 

select regions, cross-LoC tourism will be a political, social, and economic boon to the entire 

population of J&K, irrespective of community and subregion. 

Tourism as an Agent of Peace

Tourism development can be a tool for peace, but much depends on the intensity and nature 

of the conflict. No one seriously questions the positive link between cross-LoC tourism and 

peacebuilding in India-Pakistan relations, which has been neglected for so long. Given the 

intractability of the Kashmir conflict, cross-LoC tourism may not have a dramatic impact in 

changing the dynamics of the Kashmir conflict, but it can certainly play an important role in 

bringing Kashmiris together and will certainly act as a catalyst for peace between Pakistan 

and India. Cross-LoC tourism will have a positive economic impact as well and develop stakes 

for the business communities on both sides. Collectively, these impacts will help to support 

Table 1. Tourist visits to J&K, 2006–2008

Year

Number of visits by domestic tourists 

(in lakh)

Number of visits by foreign tourists 

(in lakh)

2006 76.46 0.46

2007 79.15 0.53

2008 76.39 0.55

Source: Ministry of Tourism, ”Tourist Inflow in J&K,” November 20, 2009, http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=54275.

Note: 1 lakh = 100,000.

Given the intractability of the 

Kashmir conflict, cross-LoC 

tourism may not have a 

dramatic impact in changing 

the dynamics of the Kashmir 

conflict, but it can certainly 

play an important role in 

bringing Kashmiris together 

and will certainly act as a 

catalyst for peace between 

Pakistan and India. 
8

the normalization process, to reduce tensions along the LoC, and to transform the Kashmir 

conflict through people-centric approaches. 

To be sure, cross-LoC tourism will create a huge constituency for peace. It has been repeatedly 

urged that people-to-people contact is the need of the hour not only between the two parts of 

Kashmir but also between India and Pakistan and across the whole of South Asia. Cross-LoC tourism will bring people together, and every visitor can become an ambassador for ushering peace 

and harmony into the region. People from divided families who have visited the other side of the 

LoC are quoted as saying that their visits helped to remove many of their wrong impressions and 

misperceptions. The traders and businessmen from J&K and AJK feel that there will be a positive impact of cross-LoC tourism on cross-LoC relations and on India-Pakistan relations.20 They 

argue that any step that promotes interaction between the people on both sides of the LoC will 

be positive as it brings them closer together and helps them understand one another. Further, 

hotel representatives feel that cross-LoC tourism will promote cultural, economic, and trade 

interactions between the two parts of Kashmir, which will benefit the AJK economy.21 Cross-LoC 

tourism will also help to reestablish the Kashmiriyat, which has come under pressure due to the 

unfortunate events in Kashmir in recent years—insurgency in J&K, especially the Kashmir Valley, 

and growing vulnerability of AJK to Islamic radicalization. Promoting cross-border tourism would 

play a major role in eroding these negative sentiments. 

Tourism as an Economic Boost

Measures to develop religious, adventure, and heritage tourism are likely to give a fillip to 

economic activities on either side and encourage the attendant establishment of services, 

ancillary industries, and infrastructure. From building small dhabas (eating places) to constructing large hotels, the economic benefits of cross-LoC tourism will positively influence 

political issues. The movement of people for tourism purposes will raise economic activity 

and improve people-to-people contact between the two sides, as evidenced in Rajouri and 

Poonch districts after the cross-LoC bus service started.

Cross-LoC tourism will benefit all the subregional economies. From Poonch to Gilgit, there 

are numerous places of importance that would attract people from other parts of J&K. In 

addition, at a time when both India and Pakistan are finding it difficult to provide employment, tourism, as an industry, with its several ancillary branches, will be a major boon for 

the region. In the long run, it will address the important problem of unemployment and 

prevent the youth from pursuing a radical path.

For years policymakers ignored the economic potential of tourism in Islamabad and 

Muzaffarabad. It was only after the 2005 earthquake that AJK was exposed to the outside 

world and that officials realized the potential economic benefits of exploiting the region’s 

natural and historical resources. In December 2005, then Pakistani prime minister Shaukat 

Aziz, during a visit to Rawalakot, announced that AJK would be opened for tourism to exploit 

the area’s full potential and to help generate economic opportunities for its people.22 With 

little industrial development and declining agricultural productivity, the mainstay of the AJK 

economy, the tourism industry can play an important role in expanding livelihood opportunities, especially for the rural poor. The private sector, especially expatriate Kashmiris, might 

also be encouraged to invest in the tourism sector and to boost local economy by restoring 

its traditional contours. 

Cross-LoC Tourism in Kashmir: Challenges

Who is likely to object to cross-LoC tourism in Kashmir, and what are the risks? First and foremost, 

the security forces, especially the intelligence agencies, would object for obvious security reasons. Intelligence agencies from both sides fear that the other side will send militants/agents in 

It has been repeatedly urged that 

people-to-people contact is the 

need of the hour not only between 

the two parts of Kashmir but also 

between India and Pakistan and 

across the whole of South Asia.

With little industrial 

development and declining 

agricultural productivity . . . 

the tourism industry can play 

an important role in expanding 

livelihood opportunities, 

especially for the rural poor.
9

the garb of tourists. Due to this ingrained fear, both countries should consider the Chinese model 

of allowing tourism in Tibet, which encourages group tours over individual tourist visits. 

Second, the Home, Defense, and Internal Affairs Ministries in New Delhi and Islamabad 

would like to go slow on any new initiative on cross-LoC or cross-border movement. The 

bureaucracies in these ministries are traditionally suspicious of the other side and have 

always adopted a negative approach. 

Third, separatist leaders in the Kashmir Valley, including those of the Hurriyat and the 

militants, are also likely to be a major obstacle to cross-LoC tourism. The separatists are 

afraid that cross-LoC interactions will relegate the Kashmir dispute to the back burner and 

convert the present status quo on the LoC to a permanent divide. In addition, Muslim 

leaders in the Kashmir Valley, including separatists and some in the mainstream, fear that 

cross-LoC movement will bring the non-Kashmiri-speaking population together, a political 

risk for the Kashmiri-speaking leadership. 

On the Pakistani side, different shades of opinion have emerged regarding the political 

impact of cross-LoC tourism, ranging from uncertainty to having positive or outright negative views. Broadly speaking, political leaders in the AJK support cross-LoC tourism but feel 

it will remain constrained until there is normalcy on the LoC, something not possible unless 

India and Pakistan make peace with each other. Former AJK prime minister Raja Farooq 

Haider supported the idea of initiating cross-LoC tourism and stressed that Kashmiris on 

both sides—whether they are Hindu, Muslim, or Buddhist or are residing in various parts 

of Pakistan—should be allowed to travel across the LoC for tourism purposes. He believes 

that cross-LoC travel and trade has “diluted the sanctity of LoC,” as Kashmiris are not using 

passports to travel across the line. Likewise, intra-Kashmir tourism will be a move “toward 

integration of the two parts of Kashmir and would strengthen indivisibility of the State of 

Jammu and Kashmir.”23 He has also endorsed the idea of package tourism and the promotion of quality tourism in the Neelum Valley, while pointing out that many of the AJK’s most 

beautiful spots are located close to the LoC and thus cannot be fully developed until there 

is peace between India and Pakistan. 

The religious leadership belonging to the ruling Muslim Conference, such as Allama Sahabzada Pir Muhammad Saleem Chisti, who is also the chairman of the AJK’s Ullema-o-Mushaikh 

Council, believes that cross-LoC tourism, like cross-LoC travel and trade, will allow Kashmiris to 

come closer to one another and will not affect the Kashmir cause. In fact, he feels that closer 

interaction between Kashmiris will strengthen Kashmir, because Kashmiris coming from across 

the LoC will be able to “make a distinction between Azadi [freedom] and occupation.”24

However, some political parties and leaders express the opinion that cross-LoC tourism would 

undermine the Kashmiri cause. The J&K People’s Party leader, Sardar Khalid Ibrahim, believes 

that resumption of cross-LoC tourism, such as cross-LoC travel and trade, would undermine Pakistan’s position on the Kashmir issue.25 Similarly, Abdul Rasheed Turabi of the Jamaat-i-Islami 

AJK does not favor cross-LoC tourism because he believes it would compromise the Kashmiri 

struggle for the right to self-determination. He feels that “India is projecting cross-LoC confidence-building measures as a solution of Kashmir” but that this “is not acceptable to Kashmiris.” 

For Kashmiris, he says, “LoC is irrelevant and it is their right to go across.”26

Despite these serious differences, however, the majority of leaders and the majority of 

the population would support an initiative on cross-LoC tourism.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The peace potential of cross-LoC tourism to serve as a confidence-building measure 

between India and Pakistan needs no further elaboration. But the difficulties in pursuing this 

modality also need recognition before discussing how cross-LoC tourism might be enlarged. 

Political leaders in the AJK 

support cross-LoC tourism but 

feel it will remain constrained 

until there is normalcy on the 

LoC, something not possible 

unless India and Pakistan make 

peace with each other. 
10

The constituencies that favor and obstruct this measure are easily identifiable. The local 

citizens, especially the divided families, are the natural constituencies favoring the softening of borders and the promotion of cross-LoC tourism. Other constituencies in favor of this 

are traders, civil society, and professional groups that either have common interests or wish 

to establish closer links across the LoC. Tourism, as a manpower-intensive industry, offers 

immense opportunities to provide gainful employment and improve the quality of life of 

the local population. However, the opposition to deepening people-to-people contacts and 

cross-border tourism is also entrenched. It includes the political parties that have adopted 

separatism as their operating philosophy and that believe that a resolution of the Kashmir 

problem will not serve their political interests. The security community, which comprises 

armed, paramilitary, and police forces and especially the intelligence agencies, is wholly 

skeptical and believes that cross-LoC tourism would only add to problems of terrorism and 

insurgency. In addition, it holds the unstated belief that any free movement of people and 

goods across softened borders would erode its centrality in Kashmir. 

Promoting cross-LoC tourism requires addressing the concerns of this opposition. An 

effective strategy suggests that these problems be studied along with the local population. 

A high-level committee with representation from political parties, civil society groups, and 

bureaucratic interests—civil and military—should be formed to examine these questions and 

suggest ameliorative measures. The two national committees could then meet to iron out 

their differences, if any, and build upon areas where interests converge. A joint understanding 

on these issues would go some way toward making borders permeable, promoting cross-LoC 

tourism, and establishing a propitious milieu for pursuing such options. The selling point 

would be the potential of cross-LoC tourism to resurrect the local economy, particularly in 

neglected areas along the LoC, by upgrading the local infrastructure and by providing greater 

employment opportunities.

To avoid a grand cross-LoC tourism strategy that might collapse under its own weight, 

the following recommendations are made:

Start with Package Tourism

India and Pakistan should start the entire process with package tourism. Among the numerous tourist circuits mentioned in this report, both countries could identify a few on which 

to focus, while ensuring that each subregion is covered in the circuits. Both countries should 

also prescribe the maximum number of days for completing each circuit. Some circuits, for 

example, in Ladakh and GB, may need more time given their geographic spread. Depending 

on the level of interest in package tourism, the level of confidence in the two countries, and 

the economic benefits engendered, India and Pakistan could then expand the scope of the 

circuits and the sites that could be visited.

It is worth remembering here that trade and travel between India and Pakistan through 

Kashmir had extended in the past to Tibet, Afghanistan, and parts of Central Asia. Longer 

term, it is entirely possible to devise separate packages for travelers interested in adventure 

tourism, archaeological tourism, and religious tourism, with pilgrims visiting the ancient 

Buddhist sites scattered all over this region.

Make Distinctions between Types of Visitors

Both India and Pakistan could make a conscious effort to pursue a step-by-step approach 

regarding the classes of visitors. For example, the bus service is used at present only by 

divided families and is limited only to the residents of Jammu, and the Kashmir Valley and 

Azad Kashmir. The divided families in Kargil, Skardu, and Gilgit, for example, are not allowed 

to travel by the two bus services. 

The security community . . . 

is wholly skeptical and believes 

that cross-LoC tourism would only 

add to problems of terrorism 

and insurgency.
11

Clearly, there are different categories of tourists—international, regional, and national. 

Similarly, there are different categories of places to visit—highly sensitive and sensitive 

places and places that are insignificant from a security perspective but of enormous interest from a human perspective. Where there are serious reservations, India and Pakistan 

could start by allowing only international tourists, and then consider other sets of tourists. 

However, at present, there is not much support for cross-LoC package tourism that caters 

to Indian or international tourists, largely due to political and security reasons. Hence, it 

would be practical to start package tourism with divided families and the residents of various subregions of Kashmir and gradually extend these packages to Pakistani citizens, Indian 

citizens, and international tourists. Indian and Pakistani citizens should need only their 

passports in terms of travel documentation.

Relax Travel Restrictions to Regional Festivals and Border Melas

Not only are families divided across the LoC but so too are cultures, such as the Pahari and 

Gujjar cultures. The people of Rajouri and Poonch districts on the Indian side and Rawalakot 

and Poonch districts on the Pakistani share a common history and heritage, as they all 

once belonged to the erstwhile Poonch kingdom. A similar division occurred between the 

people of Gurez and Astore on the Indian and Pakistani sides of the LoC, respectively. More 

importantly, the people of Kargil, Leh, Gilgit, and Skardu have the Balti culture in common 

with others along the Silk Route. Unfortunately, both countries have a defensive attitude 

toward their peripheral regions, and border regions such as Poonch, Rajouri, Gurez, Skardu, 

and Astore have become culturally and geographically isolated.

Thus, besides tourism circuits and travel packages, India and Pakistan should consider 

relaxing travel restrictions so that members of these divided cultures could organize and join 

regional festivals and border melas (gatherings) along the LoC. 

Specifically, both countries should therefore consider organizing a regional festival for a 

period of four to ten days. Until both countries reach an understanding on allowing crossLoC movement, there could be parallel festivals on the Indian and Pakistani sides during 

this period. Besides week-long regional festivals, day-long border melas could be held at Sufi 

shrines that, until 1947, had remained great institutions of peace and harmony.

Open the Jammu–Sialkot and Kargil–Skardu Routes

Since 2005, only two routes (Srinagar–Muzzafarabad and Poonch–Rawalakot) have been 

opened for the movement of people and goods. Since there are popular demands from 

other regions of Kashmir for further openings, both countries should consider opening the 

Jammu–Sialkot and Kargil–Skardu routes for the movement of people and goods. Though 

the Jammu–Sialkot route has a different legal implication for the local population in Jammu 

region, because Sialkot is part of Pakistan’s Punjab province and is thus across an international border, it should be included as a part of larger cross-LoC interaction.

The road between Jammu and Sialkot, which has fallen into disuse, is not totally unusable. With minimum efforts, both countries could easily open the road and rebuild rail links. 

Because there is already an existing Samjhauta Express between New Delhi and Lahore, 

there should not be any concern in either country about restarting the rail connection, 

which existed until 1947. In fact, during the British period, the main train link between 

Jammu and New Delhi went through Sialkot and Lahore!

Apart from the Jammu–Sialkot link, both countries should consider opening the Kargil–

Skardu road. This, in fact, should be done immediately, given that Jammu and the Kashmir 

Valley already have at least one link each across the LoC and Ladakh has none. While the 

Indian side seems to have few problems in opening this axis, Pakistan appears to be more 

Besides tourism circuits and 

travel packages, India and 

Pakistan should consider 

relaxing travel restrictions so 

that members of these divided 

cultures could organize and join 

regional festivals and border 

melas along the LoC.
12

apprehensive. Given the fact that Islamabad recently provided an autonomy package to GB 

and, more importantly, given that New Delhi seems to have relinquished its claims over this 

region (with the exception of some periodical rhetoric), Pakistan should not be concerned 

about opening this route on the grounds that it might affect its hold over the subregion. 

Ease Travel and Communication Restrictions

The travel and communication regime for divided families and traders should be made 

simpler. India should restore telephonic linkages and allow people on its side of J&K to call 

the other side directly.

Create Necessary Infrastructure and Help Civil Society to Build Parallel Structures

There is a clear need to build basic facilities, from hotels, restaurants, and dhabas, to related 

tourist infrastructure. Poonch, on the Indian side, despite being a district headquarters, has 

only one hotel that meets basic tourist standards. Though it is below average in quality, it 

cannot accommodate more than twenty-five people. Government guesthouses are not easy 

to book, and there are very few tourist bungalows in this region.

Aside from accommodation, adequate transport facilities are also needed to facilitate 

travel. The quality of existing buses, taxis, and jeeps is very poor, and a family may find it 

very inconvenient to travel by what is currently available.

While the state needs to build the basic infrastructure, it should help civil society to 

build similar structures through a government–civil society initiative. This will also help in 

expanding the constituencies interested in building peace. From roadside dhabas to transport facilities, the government can help the local population to create this infrastructure 

through loans and subsidies.

Allow Closer Interaction between the AJK and J&K Tourism Departments

Cross-LoC tourism cannot take off without closer interaction between the tourism departments of the two sides. Indeed, there is much scope for cooperation between them, and 

the AJK Department of Tourism and Archaeology can learn a lot from the J&K Department 

of Tourism, which is far more experienced in developing tourism. 

Build Infrastructure and Develop Professional Training 

Since the AJK tourism sector is relatively undeveloped, it lacks professional training capacities and is not in a position to provide qualified personnel for expanding tourism within AJK 

or with J&K. A joint hotel management training institute must be established in AJK where 

training in the hospitality sector can be provided to individuals wishing to join the tourism 

industry. Similarly, there is a need for setting up vocational training institutes specific to 

the tourism industry on both sides.

There is also an urgent need to establish a tourism development corporation in AJK 

to promote the growth of the tourism industry. There is a proposal to set up a tourism 

development and promotion cell in Muzaffarabad and information centers at Kashmir House 

in Islamabad, Nathiagali, and Murree. Similar “joint cells” can be opened in Muzaffarabad, 

Mirpur, Rawalakot, and Neelum in AJK and Srinagar, Jammu, and Ladakh in J&K to create 

awareness and facilitate the travel plans of tourists. 
13

Allow Public-Private Partnership

AJK’s hotel industry and hospitality sector is very weak and can be strengthened by involving 

the private sector in the tourism-related services sector. Similarly, on the Indian side, while 

the tourism industry in Kashmir Valley and Ladakh is well organized, the tourism industry in 

Rajouri, Poonch, and Gurez is poorly developed and would benefit by private investment. 

While the public sector should build physical infrastructure like roads, communication 

systems, and electrical grids and ensure safety for the tourists in the AJK, the private 

sector should invest in the services sector. Such investment is essential because the AJK 

Department of Tourism and Archaeology alone does not have the resources to develop and 

maintain the needed transport, hotels, and hospitality services. In fact, given the misuse 

of guesthouses, the AJK government should lease them out to the private sector. Further, 

encouraging families and individuals to convert a portion of their homes into a guest or 

bed-and-breakfast facility would allow the local population to become direct beneficiaries 

of tourism.

As a final note, the success of any peace process based on confidence-building measures such as cross-border tourism will depend on the overall state of relations between 

the governments in question. Better relations require not only a clear vision but also 

tenacity in their central leadership. In the case of Kashmir, neither is apparent on the 

Pakistani or Indian side. A controversial issue is whether American persuasion has been 

the primary motivating force that has brought the two estranged leaderships together to 

pursue confidence-building measures. The American role in defusing past India-Pakistan 

crises is well documented, whether in the Kargil conflict (1999), the border confrontation 

crisis (2001–02), or the standoff after the Mumbai attacks (November 2008). This role will 

continue in the future, if only for the reason that the United States wants India-Pakistan 

relations to normalize so that it might better pursue its strategic objectives in Afghanistan 

and the wider Central Asian region. Indian-Pakistani confidence-building measures such 

as cross-LoC tourism will therefore be an important modality for pursuit by both India and 

Pakistan and will require encouragement by the United States.

The success of any peace process 

based on confidence-building 

measures such as cross-border 

tourism will depend on the 

overall state of relations 

between the governments 

in question.

15

Notes

1. This report is a follow-up to a 2007–08 study by the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, which was 

supported and published by the United States Institute of Peace and was later published as a monograph in 

India, that more generally examined ways in which the LoC could be made irrelevant and that recommended 

softening the LoC through tourism. See PR Chari and Hasan Askari Rizvi, Making Borders Irrelevant in Kashmir,

Special Report 210 (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, September 2008), and PR Chari, 

Hasan Askari Rizvi, Rashid Ahmed Khan, and D. Suba Chandran, The Kashmir Dispute: Making Borders Irrelevant 

(New Delhi: Samskriti, 2009).

2. For the purposes of this study, the three subregions of Kashmir will be referred to as they are termed by the 

respective governments—India and Pakistan. Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh will be referred to as Jammu 

and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad and Mirpur will be referred to as Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and Gilgit and Baltistan, 

which was until recently referred to as the Northern Areas, will be referred to as GB. The Indian government refers 

to the regions under Pakistan’s control (Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit and Baltistan) as Pakistan-occupied 

Kashmir, while the Pakistani government refers to the region under India’s control (Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and 

Ladakh) as Indian-held Kashmir. 

3. In a speech marking the opening of bus service between two parts of Punjab in March 2006, Singh declared that 

“borders cannot be redrawn but we can work towards making them irrelevant—towards making them just lines 

on a map. People on both sides of the LOC should be able to move more freely and trade with one another.” See 

Manmohan Singh, “PM’s speech on launch of Amritsar–Nankana Sahib Bus Service” (speech, Amritsar, March 24, 

2006), http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=302.

4. See the Working Group’s report titled “Jammu and Kashmir: Strengthening Relations Across the Line of Control,” 

January 2007, www.hinduonnet.com/nic/jk/jkreport_2.pdf

5. For a history of CBMs across the LoC, see PR Chari et al., The Kashmir Dispute. For a report on the need to 

explore the possibilities of tourism as the third major cross-LoC CBM, see D. Suba Chandran, Expanding Cross-LoC 

Interactions, Issue Brief 131 (New Delhi: Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, October 2009).

6. Author interviews with divided families in Kargil in 2009–10. 

7. Author interview with a historian in Leh, whose brother and his family live in Baltistan. 

8. Author interview with Hussain Munshi, curator of the Aziz Bhat Musuem in Kargil. Munshi’s grandfather was the 

last in his family to trade using the Silk Route; items in the museum reveal the extent of this trade from Central 

Asia to Tibet and Amritsar.

9. Author interviews with divided families in Turtuk. 

10. Author interviews with businessmen in J&K. 

11. Author interviews with officers of the Kashmir Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Jammu Chamber of 

Commerce and Industry. The president of the Joint Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Zulfikar Abbasi, expressed 

the same views in an author interview.

12. A random sample survey was conducted among seventy-five respondents from the business community, chambers 

of commerce, the hotel and handicraft industry, the transport industry, the media, local administrations, the 

security sector, political parties, religious groups, and civil society. 

13. Author interviews with different sectors of society in Rajouri, Poonch, Surankot, and Mendhar. 

14. Although Amarnath lies in the Kashmir Valley, most of the pilgrims visit Vasihno Devi before returning home. Mata 

Vaishno Devi’s temple is near Katra, sixty kilometers from Jammu. Tourists take a train up to Jammu and then 

hire taxis or take buses to Katra, from where they trek to the temple. Many of them cross the Banihal tunnel by 

road and visit the Amarnath temple in Pahalgam. 

15. Author interview with Mohsin Shakil, director general of the AJK Tourism and Archeology Department, 

Muzaffarabad, January 2010. 

16. Author interview with Col. (ret.) Raja M. Naseem Khan, minister of the AJK Department of Public Works, 

Muzaffarabad, December 2009.

17. Data based on figures provided by the AJK Tourism and Archeology Department and the Planning and 

Development Department. 

18. Figures come from the AJK Planning and Development Department’s unpublished document, “Piyara Kashmir 

Program,” PC-1.

19. These data are based on the World Tourism Organization’s definition of “tourist”: “people who travel to and stay 

in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four hours and not more than one consecutive 

year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within 

the place visited.”

20. Based on author interviews with a number of traders on both sides of the LoC involved in cross-LoC trade and 

with Zulfiqar Abbasi, president of the Federation of Jammu and Kashmir Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 

21. Author interview with representatives of Pearl Continental, Sangam Hotel, and Regency Hotel Mirpur.

22. “Entire Kashmir to Be Opened for Tourism,” Nation (Pakistan), December 13, 2005. 

23. Author interview with AJK prime minister Raja Farooq Haider Khan, Muzaffarabad, January 2010.

24. Author interview with Allama Sahabzada Pir Muhammad Saleem Chisti, chairman of the Ulemaa-o-Mushaikh 

Council, Muzaffarabad, December 2009.

25. Author interview with Sardar Khalid Ibrahim, Islamabad, December 2010. 

26. Author interview with Abdul Rasheed Turabi of Jamaat-i-Islami, Muzaffarabad, November 2010.
United States 

Institute of Peace

2301 Constitution Ave., NW

Washington, DC 20037

www.usip.org

An online edition of this and related 

reports can be found on our Web site 

(www.usip.org), together with additional 

information on the subject.

Of Related Interest

•	 My Kashmir: Conflict and the Prospects for Enduring Peace (2008) by Wajahat Habibullah

•	 Promoting Cross-LoC Trade in Kashmir by Moeed Yusuf (Special Report, September 2009)

•	 Tourism in the Developing World by Martha Honey and Raymond Gilpin (Special Report, 

October 2009)

•	 Making Borders Irrelevant in Kashmir by P. R. Chari and Hasan Askari Rizvi (Special Report, 

September 2008)