Slip Op.16-92

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

FORD MOTOR COMPANY, 

Plaintiff, 

v.

UNITED STATES, 

Defendant.

Before: Mark A. Barnett, Judge

Court No. 13-00291

OPINION AND ORDER

[Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment is denied. Defendant’s Cross-Motion for 

Summary Judgment is denied.]

Dated:October 5, 2016

Gordon D. Todd, Sidley Austin LLP, of Washington, DC, argued for plaintiff. With him 

on the brief were Richard M. Belanger and Mark D. Hopson.

Beverly A. Farrell, Trial Attorney, International Trade Field Office, Commercial Litigation 

Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of New York, NY, argued for 

defendant. With her on the brief were Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant 

Attorney General, Amy M. Rubin, Assistant Director, and Jason M. Kenner, Trial 

Attorney. 

Barnett, Judge: Before the Court are cross motions for summary judgment. 

Confidential Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. and Confidential Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.’s 

Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s MSJ”), ECF No. 96; Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. and Def.’s Mem. 

of Law in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. and in Supp. of Def.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ.

J. (“Def.’s XMSJ”), ECF No. 91-1.1 Plaintiff Ford Motor Company (“Plaintiff” or “Ford”) 

1 The ECF numbers for the briefs are not in sequential order because amended and 

corrected versions were filed.
Court No. 13-00291 Page 2 

contests the denial of protest number 1303-13-100060 challenging U.S. Customs and 

Border Protection’s (“Customs”) liquidation of the subject imports, Model Year (“MY”) 

2012 Ford Transit Connect vehicles with vehicle identification numbers (“VINs”) 

containing either a number 6 or 7 in the sixth digit (hereinafter “Transit Connect 6/7"),2

under subheading 8704.31.00 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States 

(“HTSUS”), as “motor vehicles for the transport of goods.” Compl. ¶¶ 7, 10-11, 25, ECF 

No. 6 (alteration omitted); Def.’s XMSJ at 5. There is only one entry at issue, Entry 

Number 300-8620018-3, which entered at the Port of Baltimore on December 26, 2011 

and which Customs liquidated on May 3, 2013. Summons at 1, ECF No. 1. 

BACKGROUND

I. OVERVIEW

In the 1960s, the United States and Europe were involved in a “trade war.” Def.’s 

XMSJ at 2 n.1 (citing Def.’s Ex. 5). Europe increased the duty on chicken imported from 

the United States and the United States responded by placing a twenty-five percent 

tariff on trucks imported from Europe. Id. This retaliatory duty on trucks, colloquially 

 

2 Plaintiff contends that “[t]he MY2012 vehicles in the subject entry are similar in all 

material respects to MY2010-MY2013 Transit Connects, all of which [U.S. Bureau of 

Customs and Border Protection] has liquidated consistent with the decision challenged 

in this case.” Pl.’s MSJ at 3 n.1. The case before the Court, however, is limited to 

MY2012 Transit Connect 6/7s and the Court will confine its ruling to the vehicles in the 

covered entry. Digidesign, Inc. v. United States, 39 CIT __, __, 44 F. Supp. 3d 1366, 

1371 (2015) (“the identification of specific entries in a plaintiff’s complaint in part defines 

of the boundaries of the court’s subject-matter jurisdiction in a given action”); Am. Fiber 

& Finishing, Inc. v. United States, 39 CIT __, __, 121 F. Supp.3d 1273, 1287 n.47 

(2015) (the court lacks jurisdiction when the entry is neither listed on the summons nor a 

part of the underlying protest). 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 3 

referred to as the “chicken tax,” was still in place when Ford began importing the subject 

merchandise into the United States from its factory in Turkey in 2009. Id.; Confidential 

Def.’s Statement of Material Facts as to Which There Are No Genuine Issues to Be 

Tried (“Def.’s Facts”) ¶ 13, ECF No. 92-7; Confidential Pl. Ford Motor Co.’s Resp. to 

Def.’s R. 56.3 Statement of Material Facts (“Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts”) ¶ 13, ECF No. 

97-12. By contrast, the duty on imports of passenger vehicles is 2.5 percent. HTSUS 

Heading 8703; see also Summons at 2.

As detailed below,3 Ford manufactures the Transit Connect 6/7s in Turkey and 

imports them into the United States. While these vehicles are made to order and are 

ordered as cargo vans, Ford manufactures and imports them with a second row seat, 

declaring the vehicles as passenger vehicles subject to HTSUS 8703.23.00 and a 2.5 

percent duty. 4 After clearing customs but before leaving the port, Ford (via a 

subcontractor) removes the second row seat and makes other changes, delivering the 

vehicle as a cargo van. Defendant United States (“Defendant,” “Customs,” or “CBP”) 

determined that the inclusion of the second row seat is an improper artifice or disguise 

masking the true nature of the vehicle at importation and that such vehicle is properly 

 

3 See infra Section III.B.

4 Tariff provision 8703.23.00, HTSUS, covers:

8703 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of 

persons (other than those of heading 8702), including station wagons and racing

cars: 

Other vehicles, with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston 

engine: 

8703.23.00 Of a cylinder capacity exceeding 1,500 cc but not exceeding 

3,000 cc . . . 2.5%
Court No. 13-00291 Page 4 

classified as 8704.31.00 and subject to a twenty-five percent duty.5 Ford contends that 

this is legitimate tariff engineering. See Pl.’s MSJ at 21. 

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The sole entry at issue is Entry Number 300-86200183 which entered at the Port 

of Baltimore on December 26, 2011 and Customs liquidated under tariff classification 

8704.31.00.20, HTSUS, with a twenty-five percent duty rate on May 3, 2013. Summons 

at 1. Ford timely and properly protested and claimed that the subject merchandise 

should have been liquidated under tariff classification 8703.23.00.52, HTSUS, with a 

duty rate of 2.5 percent, asserting that “CBP did not follow 19 U.S.C § 1315(d) or 1625 

procedures in changing the classification.” Id. at 2. Ford timely commenced this case. 

Id. Parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment and the Court held oral argument 

in this case on June 8, 2016. See Oral Argument, ECF No. 104.

III. MATERIAL FACTS NOT IN DISPUTE6

The court’s rule regarding summary judgment requires the moving party to show 

that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to 

 

5 Tariff provision 8704.31.00, HTSUS, covers:

8704 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods: 

Other, with spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine: 

8704.31.00 G.V.W. not exceeding 5 metric tons . . . 25%

6 As discussed herein, in the statements of undisputed facts and responses thereto, 

Parties sometimes objected to portions of a statement or the manner in which certain 

facts were characterized. The Court attempted to distill the undisputed facts from these 

various filings and released a draft of this section of the opinion to Parties on July 20, 

2016 (ECF 105). Parties were invited to identify any of these facts that were, indeed, 

disputed and to point to admissible evidence before the Court supporting such claim. 

Both Parties provided limited comments (ECF Nos. 106 and 107) and the Court has 

modified this section accordingly.
Court No. 13-00291 Page 5 

judgment as a matter of law.” USCIT R. 56(a). Movants should present material facts 

as short and concise statements, in numbered paragraphs and cite to “particular parts 

of materials in the record” as support. USCIT R. 56(c)(1)(A). Parties submitted 

separate facts, which contained mixtures of disputed and undisputed phrases or 

sentences within a numbered paragraph. Upon review of Parties’ voluminous facts, the 

Court finds the following undisputed and material facts.7

A. Facts Regarding Jurisdiction

As noted above, CBP liquidated Entry Number 300-8620018-3 under tariff 

classification 8704.31.00, HTSUS, with a twenty-five percent duty rate on May 3, 2013. 

Summons at 1; Compl. ¶¶ 4, 6-7; Answer ¶¶ 4, 6-7, ECF No. 19; Def.’s Facts ¶ 8; Pl.’s 

 

7 The Court reviewed each party’s submissions of facts, supplemental facts, and the 

responses thereto, line by line, to distill which facts were undisputed by parties. See 

generally Confidential Pl. Ford Motor Co.’s R. 56.3 Statement of Undisputed Material 

Facts Filed in Conjunction with Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Facts”), ECF No. 96-1; 

Confidential Def.’s Resp. to Pl. Ford Motor Co.’s R. 56.3 Statement of Material Facts 

(“Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts”), ECF No. 92-6; Def.’s Facts; “Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts; 

Confidential Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts; Pl. Ford Motor Co.’s Supplemental R. 56.3 

Statement of Undisputed Material Facts (“Pl.’s Suppl. Facts”), ECF No. 97-1; 

Confidential Def.’s Resp. to Pl. Ford Motor Co.’s Supplemental R. 56.3 Statement of 

Material Facts (“Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts”), ECF No. 94-1. In its supplemental 

fact submission, Plaintiff lists three groupings of facts: 21 paragraphs of clarifications of 

its original facts; 16 paragraphs of replies to Defendant’s responses to Plaintiff’s facts; 

and 11 paragraphs of additional new facts. See generally Pl.’s Suppl. Facts. Defendant 

requests that the Court deny Plaintiff’s “attempts to reply to the responses [Defendant] 

provided, pursuant to USCIT Rule 56.3(b)” because “nothing in USCIT Rule 56.3 

permits such ‘replies.’” Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 21-22. The Court notes that 

replies to responses to facts are not contemplated in USCIT Rule 56.3 and, therefore, 

the Court disregards Plaintiff’s 16 paragraphs of replies in submission ECF No. 97-1. 

Accordingly, Defendant’s request for an opportunity “to respond in writing” to 

aforementioned replies is moot. Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 22. For purposes 

of this discussion, citations are provided to the relevant paragraph number of the 

undisputed facts and response, and internal citations generally have been omitted. 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 6 

Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 8. Ford timely and properly protested, claiming that the subject 

merchandise should have been liquidated under tariff classification 8703.23.00, HTSUS,

with a duty rate of 2.5 percent. Summons at 2; Def.’s Facts ¶¶ 3-5; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s 

Facts ¶¶ 3-5. Jurisdiction is uncontroverted in this case. Compl. ¶ 3; Answer ¶ 3; Pl.’s 

Facts ¶ 244-49; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 244-49; Def.’s Facts ¶ 2; Pl.’s Resp. to 

Def.’s Facts ¶ 2. The Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1581(a). Compl. ¶ 3; Answer ¶ 3.

B. Facts Regarding Subject Merchandise

1. Description of Subject Merchandise

The subject merchandise consists of Transit Connect 6/7s.8 Def.’s Facts at 1; 

Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 1. The Transit Connect 6/7 “was a multipurpose vehicle 

manufactured in Turkey and imported into the United States from 2009-2013.” Pl.’s 

Facts ¶ 1; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 1. The subject imports are “part of Ford’s U.S. 

Transit Connect vehicle line.” Def.’s Facts ¶ 11; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 11. 

Transit Connect 6/7s were “designated within Ford as the V227N.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 1; 

Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 1. “The V227N vehicles [were]9 LWB (long wheel base).” 

Def.’s Facts ¶ 62; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 62. The V227N line “included a van 

model (Transit Connect Van) in two trim levels and a Wagon model (Transit Connect 

 

8 References to Transit Connects, without the “6/7” thereafter, are references to the 

product line generally and not limited to the subject imports.

9 While acknowledging that Plaintiff used curly braces in its briefs to designate its 

confidential information, the Court employs single brackets [ ] to designate explanatory 

or omitted words or phrases. This opinion does not contain any confidential material.
Court No. 13-00291 Page 7 

Wagon) in two trim levels,” but “only the Transit Connect Vans are at issue in this 

action.”10 Def.’s Facts ¶¶ 15, 16; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶¶ 15, 16. All Transit 

Connects are imported with second row seats, but the Transit Connect Vans are 

delivered to the customer as a two seat cargo van. Def.’s Facts ¶ 17; Pl.’s Resp. to 

Def.’s Facts ¶ 17.

As imported into the United States, the subject merchandise had a Gross Vehicle 

Weight Rating (“GVWR”) of 5005 pounds. Def.’s Facts ¶ 45; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts

¶ 45. The Transit Connect 6/7s contained a Duratec 2.0L, four cylinder gasoline 

engine, which is a spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine with a 

cylinder capacity of 1999 cc. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 36; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 36. In its 

condition as imported into the United States, the Transit Connect 6/7s included: a steel 

unibody construction with an interior volume of approximately 200 cubic feet, which 

translates to just under 6m3; front-wheel drive; rear passenger seats with seat anchors; 

and underbody bracing. Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 38-39, 43, 45; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 38-

39, 43, 45. The Transit Connect 6/7s had Macpherson strut front suspension, ground 

clearance of 8.2 inches, and over 50 inches of space from floor to ceiling in the rear. 

Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 41, 54-55; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 41, 54-55.

At the time of importation into the United States, subject imports had “swing-out 

front doors with windows, second-row sliding doors with windows, and swing-out rear 

doors, some of which had windows.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 49; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 49. 

 

10 The Court’s understanding is that reference to a van is to a cargo model (as delivered 

to the customer) and reference to a wagon is to a passenger model.
Court No. 13-00291 Page 8 

The sliding side doors met federal safety standards for passenger vehicles. Pl.’s Facts 

¶ 50; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 50. At the time of importation into the United States, 

no Transit Connect 6/7s “had a panel or barrier between the first and second row of 

seats.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 52; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 52.

As imported into the United States, the Transit Connect 6/7s included: second row 

seats; seat belts for every seating position; permanent bracing in the side pillars of the 

car body; child-locks in the sliding side doors; dome lighting in the front, middle, and 

rear of the vehicle; a full length, molded cloth headliner; coat hooks in the second row; 

and a map pocket attached to the rear of the front driver seat. Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 44, 47-48, 

51, 57-60; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 44, 47-48, 51, 57-60. The Transit Connect 6/7s 

also had “front vents” and “front speakers.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 68; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts 

¶ 68; Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 711 (clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 68); Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. 

Facts at 6 (response to clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 68); Def.’s Facts ¶ 118; Pl.’s Resp. to 

Def.’s Facts ¶ 118.

There were “two cupholders in the center console and a compartment at the rear 

of the center console to create an optional third cupholder.” Pl.’s Suppl. Facts ¶ 255; 

Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts ¶ 255. The Transit Connect 6/7s had carpeted 

 

11 Based on Defendant’s response to Plaintiff’s first set of facts, Plaintiff provided 

revised facts in a section titled “Clarification of Facts Originally Included in Ford’s 

Statement of Undisputed Material Facts.” See Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 7-10. While USCIT 

Rule 56.3 does not address the opportunity to clarify original facts, Defendant did not 

object to Plaintiff’s clarification of its original facts and, in fact, submitted responses 

thereto. See Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 2-21. Accordingly, the Court has 

taken into consideration Plaintiff’s clarified facts, and Defendant’s responses thereto.
Court No. 13-00291 Page 9 

footwells in front of the second row seat. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 53; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 

53; Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 7 (clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 53) & ¶ 255; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s 

Suppl. Facts at 5 (response to clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 53) & ¶ 255. 

The second row seats in the Transit Connect 6/7s did not include “headrests, 

certain comfort wires, a tumble lock mechanism or accompanying labels,” and were 

“wrapped in a cost reduced fabric.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 44; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 44; 

see also Def.’s Facts ¶ 114; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 114. The Transit Connect 6/7s 

did not have rear (behind the front seats) vents, speakers, and handholds. Def.’s Facts 

¶¶ 19-21; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶¶ 19-21; Def.’s Facts ¶ 118; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s 

Facts ¶ 118. The subject imports did not have side airbags behind the front seats. 

Def.’s Facts ¶ 18; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 18. The Transit Connect 6/7s did not 

come with a cargo mat and the painted metal floor of the cargo area was left exposed. 

Def.’s Facts ¶ 119; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 119. 

The XL trim line12 of the Transit Connect 6/7s “did not have front map lights, a CD 

player, a power equipment group (including windows, locks, exterior mirrors and remote 

keyless-entry with fobs), 12V powerpoint in the rear[,] or cruise control.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 

67; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 67. After importation into the United States, but before 

leaving the port, the Transit Connect 6/7s “were labeled with Monroney labels, 

commonly known as window stickers, Smog Labels and Loose Item/Ramp labels.” Pl.’s 

 

12 Ford also manufactured the XLT (and XLT Premium) trim line of the Transit Connect 

6/7 that included such features. Plaintiff’s Ex. A ¶ 82 (Ex. 79, T-1227) (Transit Connect 

Order Guide). Neither party, however, has indicated the trim line of the specific vehicles 

covered by this entry.
Court No. 13-00291 Page 10

Facts ¶ 75; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 75; Def.’s Facts ¶ 123; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s 

Facts ¶ 123; Oral Arg. Tr. 91:3-14 (stipulating “to the fact that Monroney labels, were in 

fact, attached to the subject Transit Connect 6/7s after they cleared customs, but before 

they left the port facility”). 

The Transit Connect 6/7s are finally “delivered to customers as two-seat cargo 

vans.” Def.’s Facts ¶ 130; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 130.

2. History of Subject Merchandise

Ford derived the Transit Connect 6/7s from a line of vehicles designed and 

manufactured in Europe with the V227 designation. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 2; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s 

Facts ¶ 2. When considering whether to expand the European V227 line to the United 

States, “Ford researched the European ISV [integrated style vans] market for 

approximately six months, including researching who the competitors were and how big 

the market was” and explored targeting “both personal and commercial customers—

such as cleaning services, florists, newspaper carriers, telephone repair, and food 

delivery.” Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 15-16; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 15-16. Plaintiff “identified 

owners of the Chevrolet Astro/Safari, a minivan used for both passengers and cargo but 

that was no longer in production, as possible customers for the Transit Connect.” Pl.’s 

Facts ¶ 17; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 17.

Ford initially considered whether it would be feasible to manufacture the vehicles 

in the United States, but decided to import a vehicle built on the European V227 

production line already in use at its Otosan plant in Kocaeli, Turkey, because it was 

more efficient to use an existing line and the vehicle could be brought to market sooner. 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 11

Pl.’s Facts ¶ 19; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 19. “Every Transit Connect manufactured 

in Turkey was built on the same production line.” Pl.’s Suppl. Facts ¶ 258; Def.’s Resp. 

to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts ¶ 258. Ford’s plant in Otosan used the vehicle identification 

number as a plant inventory control number. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 35; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts 

¶ 35. Transit Connect 6/7s received a VIN “during the manufacturing process . . . then 

going forward that’s how the vehicle [was] managed. That [was] the vehicle 

identification from that point forward.” Def.’s Facts ¶ 31; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 31. 

The vehicles in Ford’s European V227 line included the “double-cab-in-van 

(DCIV),” which was also called the European Tourneo Connect or Transit Connect, 

“depending on the country where sold,” and the “Cargo Van.” Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 9, 11; 

Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 9, 11. Ford based the subject merchandise on its 

European V227 DCIV, not its Cargo Van. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 21; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts 

¶ 21. “When Ford began product planning for the Transit Connect it did not know what 

the ‘take rate’—product mix—would be between retail or fleet, and cargo or passenger, 

sales.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 20; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 20. Before it could be imported 

into the United States as the Transit Connect 6/7, the European V227 DCIV had to be 

modified to meet U.S. safety standards, “including the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety 

Standards (‘FMVSS’).” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 25; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 25. Ford modified

the European V227 DCIV to comply with all relevant U.S. safety standards and imported 

the modified vehicle as the Transit Connect. Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 26, 32; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s 

Facts ¶¶ 26, 32. 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 12

To meet U.S. safety standards, Ford “redesigned the underbody support structure 

for the second row of seats.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 29; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 29. Ford 

also “added a side-impact beam to the sliding side door to meet FMVSS 214” and “a 

side-impact foam block to the sliding side door to meet [the] Insurance Institute of 

Highway Safety (‘IIHS’) standards.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 28; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 28. 

Other safety modifications included making changes “to the vehicle lighting, turn signals 

and vehicle labels.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 27; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 27. Ford designed 

the Transit Connect 6/7s on the Ford Focus platform. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 4; Def.’s Resp. to 

Pl.’s Facts ¶ 4. 

During the February 2008 Chicago Auto Show, “Ford displayed Transit Connect 

models” and “conducted focus groups with potential customers in order to learn their 

reactions to the Transit Connect.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 90; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 90. The 

following year at the same auto show, Ford displayed the following configurations of the 

Transit Connect: two-passenger, four-passenger13, and five passenger. Pl.’s Facts 

¶ 91; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 91. “From May to June 2009, Ford conducted a 13-

city tour where potential customers were able to drive Transit Connects,” and “[i]n six of 

the cities, Ford also did a press event for the Transit Connect.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 97; Def.’s 

 

13 Plaintiff urges that “in an effort to distinguish and acknowledge the physical 

differences in the subject merchandise pre-conversion and post-conversion, [Ford] uses 

the term ‘four-passenger wagon’ to describe the subject merchandise prior to the 

removal of the second row seat.” Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 6. However, “Ford’s MY2012 

Specifications Brochure . . . demonstrated that Ford wagons and vans were different 

models of the Transit Connect.” Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 13. Furthermore, 

the four-passenger configuration was discontinued after MY2010. See Def.’s Facts 

¶ 23; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 23.
Court No. 13-00291 Page 13

Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 97; Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 8 (clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 97); Def.’s 

Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 8-9 (response to clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 97). “Ford 

advertised the Transit Connects in magazines and on auto shopping websites.” Pl.’s 

Facts ¶ 99; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 99.

In mid-MY2010, Ford created a “cost reduced” second row seat “for use in 

Transit Connect cargo vans only. The purpose of the seat was to reduce costs by 

removing items from the second-row seats used in the Transit Connect passenger 

wagons including but not limited to the tumble lock mechanism, headrests and 

associated parts, certain comfort wires,” and wrapping the second-row seat “in a cost 

reduced fabric.” Def.’s Facts ¶ 114; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 114.

The Transit Connect was “a vehicle that could be readily adapted to suit different 

customer demands.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 20; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 20. “Each Transit 

Connect was built to order.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 33; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 33. Ford 

“imported the Transit Connect in two trim series, XL, the base trim series, and XLT, the 

upgraded trim series.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 34; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 34. All the 

differences between the various configurations and trim levels of the Transit Connect 

2012 models that were available for sale are identified in the MY2012 Brochure, 

procured by CBP from the Ford website in February 2012. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 69; Def.’s 

Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 69. 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 14

3. Post-Importation Processing14 of Subject Merchandise

After subject imports cleared Customs, but still within the confines of the port, 

processing procedures were conducted on all Transit Connects and, additionally, 

certain features were removed and/or altered in the Transit Connect 6/7s. “The port 

processing procedures carried out on all Transit Connect vehicles included removing 

Rap-Gard, a protective covering during shipment; disengaging Transportation Mode; 

and checking for low fuel.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 74; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 74. For Transit 

Connect 6/7s, additional post-importation processing entailed:

the second-row seat was unbolted and removed, along with 

the associated second row safety restraints. A steel panel 

was then bolted into the second row footwell to create a flat 

surface behind the first rows of seats. A molded cargo mat 

was placed over the floor behind the first row. Scuff plates 

were added inside the second-row doors. In some vehicles 

the sliding door windows were replaced with a solid panel.

Pl.’s Facts ¶ 78; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 78. Prior to the subject merchandise being 

ordered or manufactured, “Ford had entered into a contract with its port processor” to 

conduct the post-importation processing. Def.’s Facts ¶ 125; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts 

¶ 125.

The following features remained in the Transit Connect 6/7s after the postimportation processing: underbody second-row seat support; anchors and fittings for the 

 

14 The Court notes that Defendant objects to the term “post-importation processing” as 

“vague.” See, e.g., Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 79. There is, however, no dispute that 

rear seats are removed, along with other post-importation alterations, after importation 

but while still at the port. The Court utilizes “post-importation processing” throughout 

this opinion as a short-hand term recognizing the undisputed alterations and the 

undisputed timing of those alterations.
Court No. 13-00291 Page 15

second-row seat, permanent bracing in the side pillars to support the removed safety 

restraints; and the beam and foam in the side sliding doors for rear passenger crash 

protection.15 Pl.’s Facts ¶ 80; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 80; Pl.’s Suppl. Facts ¶ 255; 

Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Suppl. Facts ¶ 255.

4. CBP’s Investigations of Subject Merchandise

“Between April 17, 2009, and 2013,” Ford imported the Transit Connects through 

the Ports of Baltimore, Maryland, Jacksonville, Florida, Los Angeles-Long Beach, 

California, and Port Hueneme, California. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 137; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts 

¶ 137. From March 1, 2010 through November 23, 2012, “there were 477 liquidations 

of entries containing Transit Connect vehicles classified under subheading 8703.23.00, 

HTSUS, with 446 entries as bypass liquidations, i.e., unreviewed, and 31 entries 

reviewed by CBP personnel” without a physical inspection of the goods by an import 

specialist. Def.’s Facts ¶ 139; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 139. As part of Customs’ 

compliance validation, Customs reviewed “Ford’s entry documents” for at least nineteen 

entries, and of those nineteen validated entries, eight were “found to be compliant.” 

Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 142-43; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 142-43.

In the winter of 2011 to 2012, CBP Supervisory Import Specialist Gerald Stroter 

and Import Specialists Tamiko Bates and Jeremy Jackson conducted a Trade 

Compliance Measurement Review as part of Tamiko Bates’ training at the Port of 

 

15 The anchor holes for the second row seat are plugged and no longer readily 

accessible after post-importation processing. See Oral Arg. Tr. at 25:25-28:3.
Court No. 13-00291 Page 16

Baltimore.16 Pl.’s Facts ¶ 151; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 151. One of the entries 

covered in the Trade Compliance Measurement Review was of a Transit Connect 6/7. 

Pl.’s Facts ¶ 152; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 152. Mr. Stroter noticed that “the 

difference between the passenger version and the cargo version of the Transit Connect 

appeared to be that the passenger version had a rear seat and the cargo version did 

not.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 155; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 155. 

As a result of the aforementioned review, Import Specialists “believed that the 

[Transit Connect 6/7s] were being misclassified.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 157; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s 

Facts ¶ 157; Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 8-9 (clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 157); Def.’s Resp. to 

Pl.’s Suppl. Facts at 14 (response to clarification of Pl.’s Fact ¶ 157). On February 6, 

2012, Mr. Jackson submitted a QUICS query—“a mechanism by which import 

specialists are able to circulate questions to the National Import Specialists . . . 

regarding classification . . . but the response is advisory and is not binding”—describing 

the Transit Connect 6/7 “based on what was shown on Ford’s website.” Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 

158-59; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 158-59. 

On February 9, 2012, Mr. Stroter, Mr. Jackson, and CBP Officer Eric Dausch

went to the Port of Baltimore “to physically inspect a [Transit Connect 6/7],” and at this 

time, Mr. Jackson “noticed that some Transit Connect vehicles had rear windows and 

 

16 The fact that a review took place is not in dispute; however, Parties present two 

different dates, within a month of each other, indicating when the review occurred. 

Plaintiff asserted the review was conducted in December 2011, and Defendant asserted 

the review was initiated on January 17, 2012. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 151 (citing Ex. M 60:11-

62:7); Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 151 (citing Def.’s Ex. 20). The Court finds that this 

difference is immaterial to the undisputed fact that a review took place.
Court No. 13-00291 Page 17

some did not.” Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 160-61; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 160-61. Mr. Stroter 

and Mr. Jackson learned that “vehicles with VIN’s containing the characters S6 or S7 

. . . were consistently discovered to be 2-passenger cargo vans while those with the 

characters S9 were identified as 5-passenger vehicles.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 166 (internal 

quotations omitted); Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 166.

That day, Mr. Jackson “emailed Richard Laman, the National Import Specialist 

responsible for reviewing Jackson’s earlier QUICS message,” describing “the vehicles 

that he physically inspected, and included the pictures that were taken of the vehicles 

during his visit.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 163; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 163. Mr. Jackson 

viewed Mr. Laman “as responsible for setting the policy for how the Transit Connect 

[6/7] would be classified.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 163; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 163.

On February 22, 2012, the Assistant Special Agent in Charge of U.S. Immigration 

and Customs Enforcement in Baltimore was notified of the “Investigation into Proper 

Classification of Ford Connect Vans.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 169; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 

169. On February 23, 2012, the Port of Baltimore notified Ford that CBP had “initiated 

an investigation into Ford Motor Company importations” and the “declaration of vehicles 

classified under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of United States (HTSUS) headings 

8704 and 8703.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 172; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 172.

On February 24, 2012, CBP Officer Benjamin Syzmanski contacted Mr. Stroter 

and informed him for the first time that cargo vans “are imported in [sic] as passenger 

vans.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 185; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 185. Mr. Syzmanski explained 

that “the Transit Connect vans make entry into the port and then are fully released by 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 18

CBP. Only after the vans have been released by CBP . . . does Ford move the vans to 

a facility within the Baltimore Port limits and select vans are gutted/stripped/altered to 

become cargo vans.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 185 (internal quotations omitted); Def.’s Resp. to 

Pl.’s Facts ¶ 185.

On June 8, 2012, the Assistant Director for Trade Operations of the Port of 

Baltimore, Thomas Heffernan, requested an Internal Advice from CBP’s Office of 

Regulations and Rulings regarding the proper classification of the Transit Connect 6/7s. 

Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 87d, 216; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 87d, 216; Def.’s Facts ¶ 145; Pl.’s 

Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 145. On January 30, 2013, in response to Mr. Heffernan’s 

request for Internal Advice, CBP Headquarters issued ruling HQ H220856 to the 

Baltimore Field Office. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 237; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Facts ¶ 237; Def.’s Facts 

¶ 146; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 146. HQ H220856 held that the Transit Connect 

6/7s were “properly classifiable as ‘Motor vehicles for the transport of goods,’ under 

subheading 8704.31.00, HTSUS, dutiable at the rate of 25% ad valorem.” Def.’s Facts 

¶ 147; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Facts ¶ 147.

JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a). 

Jurisdiction is uncontroverted in this case. Pl.’s Facts ¶ 244-49; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s 

Facts ¶ 244-49. 

The Court may grant summary judgment when “there is no genuine issue as to 

any material fact,” and “the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986); USCIT R. 56(a). The court’s 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 19

review of a classification decision involves two steps. First, it must determine the 

meaning of the relevant tariff provisions, which is a question of law. See Bausch & 

Lomb, Inc. v. United States, 148 F.3d 1363, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (citation omitted). 

Second, it must determine whether the merchandise at issue falls within a particular 

tariff provision as construed, which is a question of fact. Id. (citation omitted). When no 

factual dispute exists regarding the merchandise, resolution of the classification turns 

solely on the first step. See id. at 1365-66; see also Carl Zeiss, Inc. v. United States, 

195 F.3d 1375, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 1999). 

The court reviews classification cases de novo. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2640(a),

2643(b). While the court accords deference to Customs classification rulings relative to

their ‘“power to persuade,’” United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 235 (2001)

(quoting Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944)), it has “an independent

responsibility to decide the legal issue of the proper meaning and scope of HTSUS

terms,” Warner-Lambert Co. v. United States, 407 F.3d 1207, 1209 (Fed. Cir. 2005)

(citing Rocknel Fastener, Inc. v. United States, 267 F.3d 1354, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2001)). 

It is “the court’s duty to find the correct result, by whatever procedure is best suited to

the case at hand.” Jarvis Clark Co. v. United States, 733 F.2d 873, 878 (Fed. Cir.

1984).
Court No. 13-00291 Page 20

DISCUSSION

The Court may grant summary judgment when “there is no genuine issue as to

any material fact,” and “the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247; USCIT R. 56(a). 

I. Material Facts 

In the Material Facts Not in Dispute Section above, the Court discussed the

undisputed facts presented by Parties that are material for the classification analysis. 

To determine which facts are material for a classification analysis, the Court requires an

accurate and detailed description of the article, at the time of importation. It is a wellsettled tenet of customs law that “[i]n order to produce uniformity in the imposition of

duties, the dutiable classification of articles imported must be ascertained by an

examination of the imported article itself, in the condition in which it is imported.” 

Worthington v. Robbins, 139 U.S. 337, 341 (1891). However, it is equally settled that

articles cannot escape a prescribed rate of duty “by resort to disguise or artifice.” 

United States v. Citroen, 223 U.S. 407, 415 (1912). The Supreme Court carved out an 

exception from classifying a good “in the condition in which it is imported” by explaining

that “when the article imported is not the article described as dutiable at a specified rate,

it does not become dutiable under the description because it has been manufactured or

prepared for the express purpose of being imported at a lower rate.” Id. at 415. The

Citroen court created a bright line test for classification cases: “[d]oes the article, as

imported, fall within the description sought to be applied?” Id. 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 21

With regard to the classification of vehicles, the Court of Appeals for the Federal

Circuit (“Federal Circuit”) has spoken to the distinction between passenger vehicles or

cargo vehicles. See Marubeni Am. Corp. v. United States, 35 F.3d 530 (1994). In

Marubeni, the court decided the proper classification of the 1989 and 1990, two door,

two-wheel and four-wheel drive, Nissan Pathfinder, when the sports utility vehicle first

entered the market. 35 F.3d at 532. The Marubeni court considered two possible

HTSUS headings—8703 and 8704—the same two headings at issue in the instant

case. Id. at 533. The Marubeni court held that the proper classification of the Nissan

Pathfinder was under heading 8703, encompassing motor cars and other motor

vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, and affirmed the Court of

International Trade’s (“CIT”) decision. Id. at 532 (affirming Marubeni Am. Corp. v. 

United States, 17 CIT 360, 821 F. Supp. 1521 (1993)). In so doing, the Federal Circuit

spoke to the test to determine “whether a vehicle is principally designed for a particular

purpose, not uniquely designed for a particular purpose,” by looking “at both the

structural and auxiliary design features, as neither by itself are determinative.” Id. at

535.

As part of its structural design analysis, the Marubeni court reviewed the lower

court’s findings following a three week trial: 

[T]he Pathfinder was basically derived from Nissan's 

Hardbody truck line yet, the Pathfinder was based upon 

totally different design concepts than a truck . . . the reasons 

behind the design decisions, including the need for speed 

and economy in manufacturing to capture the changing 

market, a market into which Nissan was a late entrant. 

Specifically, the designers decided to adopt the Hardbody's 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 22

frame side rails and the cab portion from the front bumper to 

the frame just behind the driver's seats so that they could 

quickly and economically reach the market. The front 

suspension system was also adopted from Nissan's truck 

line but the rear suspension was not. The fact that a vehicle 

is derived in-part from a truck or from a sedan is not, without 

more, determinative of its intended principal design 

objectives which were passenger transport and offroad

capability.

Substantial structural changes were necessary to meet the 

design criterion of transporting passengers. The addition of 

the rear passenger seat required that the gas tank be moved 

to the rear and the spare tire relocated. This effectively 

reduces the cargo carrying capacity. Of particular 

importance was the design of a new rear suspension that 

was developed specifically to provide a smooth ride for 

passengers. New and different cross beams, not present on 

the Hardbody frame, were added to the Pathfinder's frame to 

accommodate the above changes. 

Other design aspects that point to a principal design for 

passengers include: the spare tire and the rear seat when 

folded down intrude upon the cargo space; the cargo area is 

carpeted; a separate window opening in the pop-up tailgate 

accommodates passengers loading and unloading small 

packages without having to lower the tailgate. In contrast, 

the Hardbody truck bed can accommodate loading with a 

fork lift, clearly a design feature for cargo. . . . [T]he cargo 

volume is greatly reduced when the rear seat is up to 

accommodate passengers. Moreover, the axle and wheel 

differences are minor and consistent with the Pathfinder's 

off-road mission, particularly in the loaded condition. The 

Pathfinder has the same engine size as the Maxima 

passenger car.

Id. at 536-37. For its auxiliary design analysis, the Marubeni court noted: 

Auxiliary design aspects . . . that indicate passenger use over 

cargo use include: vehicle height was lowered 50 millimeters; 

the seat slides were improved yet similar to those on two door 

passenger sedans. Other auxiliary design features that point 

to transport of passengers include: rear seats that recline, are 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 23

comfortable, and fold to make a fairly flat cargo bed but are 

not removable; rear seat stereo outlets, ashtrays, cubbyholes, 

arm rests, handholds, footwells, seat belts, child seat tie 

down hooks and operable windows. The CIT noted that there 

is not much more that can be done to accommodate 

passengers in the rear seat. Moreover, the testimony of the 

three primary design engineers as well as the 

contemporaneous design development documents support

the finding that the Pathfinder was principally designed for the 

transport of persons.

Id. at 537. The Federal Circuit further acknowledged the trial court’s reliance on “three 

primary design engineers” to assist in determining whether the Nissan Pathfinder was 

principally designed for the transport of persons. Id. When interpreting these 

competing headings, the Federal Circuit found that “the statutory language is clear that 

a vehicle’s intended purpose of transporting persons must outweigh an intended 

purpose of transporting goods.” Id. at 535.

The article at issue in this case is the Transit Connect 6/7. Parties presented 

numerous detailed and undisputed facts about the structural and auxiliary design 

features of the Transit Connect 6/7s, both as imported and following post-importation 

processing. Although there is general agreement and sufficient information before the 

Court about most of these structural and auxiliary features, there is one significant 

feature about which the Court lacks sufficient material, undisputed facts: the cost 

reduced rear seat.17 The Court notes that, in Marubeni, the Federal Circuit discusses 

 

17 The Court’s reference to the rear seat as “cost reduced” should not be inferred as a 

judgment about the rear seat but rather an undisputed characterization of the version of 

the second row seat that is installed in the Transit Connect 6/7s at issue at the time of 

importation. 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 24

the rear seat in both its structural and auxiliary analyses. The Court finds that a detailed 

description and understanding of the cost reduced rear seat is material to the proper 

conduct of a Marubeni analysis.

II. Genuine Issue

While Parties provide some information about the cost reduced rear seat, there 

remain questions about the nature of that seat that must be answered to allow the Court 

to conduct a Marubeni analysis. Including the presence of the rear seat in an auxiliary 

design list with height, footwells, seatbelts and child safety, Plaintiff contends that the 

Transit Connect 6/7s’ cost reduced rear seat satisfies the Marubeni test merely because 

it is included at the time of importation. See Pl.’s MSJ at 25-29. Though admitting that 

its intention from the beginning is to remove the cost reduced rear seat immediately 

after importation and before delivery to the customer, Ford asserts that “an importer’s 

intention to modify goods after importation is irrelevant to classification.” Pl.’s MSJ at 

22. Defendant responds that the Transit Connect 6/7s’ cost reduced rear seat was 

never intended to be sat upon, pointing to the lack of “comfort wires” and indications 

that it “sags a little” as support for its contention. Def.’s XMSJ at 18; Oral Arg. Tr. at

18:2-3. 

During oral argument, the Court asked Parties to more fully describe this cost 

reduced rear seat. See Oral Arg. Tr. at 39: 7-11 (The Court asked Parties, “[t]he 

comfort wires that are referred to with regard to the second row, what are we talking 

about there? I don’t recall seeing an explanation of what they are.”). Plaintiff 

acknowledged using the term “comfort wires” but admitted that “I’m not truly sure where 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 25

comfort wires came from, but I don’t think that any passenger comfort wires are actually 

removed.” Id. at 40:9-12. In response, Defendant offered that “our understanding of 

comfort wires are wires underneath the seat.” Id. at 41:6-7. Counsel was similarly 

uncertain about the absence of the tumble lock mechanism from the cost reduced 

second row seat. See, e.g., id. at 64: 21-25. Although the evidence is more clear that 

the cost reduced rear seat excludes head rests and arm rests and is covered in a cost

reduced fabric that does not match the rest of the interior fabric, the Court is unclear 

how the totality of these changes impacts the functionality of this seat and the overall 

design of the vehicle, as imported. Additional information and evidence regarding this 

seat will better enable the Court to determine whether the vehicle’s intended purpose of 

transporting persons, as imported, outweighs an intended purpose of transporting 

goods. See Marubeni, 35 F.3d at 535.

The Court finds there are genuine issues of material fact as to the characteristics 

of the cost reduced rear seat at the time of importation. Because there are genuine 

issues of material fact, neither moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 

See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247; USCIT R. 56(a). Accordingly, the Court cannot decide 

this case on summary judgment. Plaintiff’s motion and Defendant’s cross-motion are 

both denied. 
Court No. 13-00291 Page 26

CONCLUSION AND ORDER

For the reasons discussed above, the Court hereby DENIES both Plaintiff’s 

motion for summary judgment and Defendant’s cross-motion for summary judgment. 

The Court will schedule a teleconference with Parties to discuss next steps.

/s/ Mark A. Barnett

Mark A. Barnett, Judge

Dated: ________________

New York, New York

October 5, 2016