CHARLES E. KIj

and LOUIS S. KORMCKER

Ostracoda in

Texas Bays

Wand Lagoons:

An Ecologic Study

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1970 NUMBER 24
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ZOOLOGY

NUMBER 24

Charles E. King Ostracod a in

and Louis S. Kornicker rr> -t-j

lexas Bays

and Lagoons:

An Ecologic Study

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

CITY OF WASHINGTON

I97O
ABSTRACT

Charles E. King and Louis S. Kornicker. Ostracoda in Texas Bays and Lagoons: An

Ecologic Study. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 24:1-92, 1970.—Ostracods

were collected monthly for about one year in Copano Bay, Redfish Bay, and the

Laguna Madre, Texas, along a salinity gradient that ranged from 9.7 to 50.0 parts

per thousand. This study describes the ostracods encountered and analyzes the environmental factors influencing their distribution.

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1970

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00 (paper cover)
Charles E. King

and Louis S. Kornicker

Ostracoda in

Texas Bays

and Lagoons:

An Ecologic Study

Introduction

This report is based on collections of living benthic

ostracods from Copano Bay, Redfish Bay, and the

Upper Laguna Madre of the central Texas coast (Figure 1). The investigation was designed to emphasize

such aspects of ecologic interest as seasonal changes in

population size and composition and effects of salinity,

temperature, and substrate.

REGIONAL SETTING.—Copano Bay, Redfish Bay, and

the Upper Laguna Madre are part of a complex of

bays and lagoons termed the Aransas Hydrographic

System by Collier and Hedgpeth (1950). Copano Bay

is approximately 19 km long and 8 km wide, with its

main axis more or less parallel to the gulf coastline. It

has an area of approximately 181.3 km2 and a maximum depth of about 2.44 m. (See contour map of bottom topography in Shephard and Moore, 1960, Figure

4.) Oyster reefs extend in a north-south direction at

right angles to the main current moving through the

bay. Fresh water enters the bay from a few small

creeks and the Mission and Aransas Rivers.

Redfish Bay is roughly triangular, about 4 km wide

from base to apex and approximately 16 km long. The

bay is more or less an extension of the eastern end of

Corpus Christi Bay and is rather effectively separated

from Aransas Bay to the northeast by a chain of lowlying islands. The bay has an area of 43.5 km2

 and

is very shallow, being less than 1.5 m at its deepest

part (Collier and Hedgpeth, 1950). Large areas of

Charles Edward King, Department of Earth Sciences, East

Texas State University, Commerce, Texas 75428. Louis S.

Kornicker, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian

Institution, Washington, DC. 20560.

the bottom are periodically exposed by wind tides associated with "northers" or other strong fronts or

disturbances.

The Upper Laguna Madre is about 56 km long and

varies in width from 3 to 8 km. This long, narrow, shallow coastal lagoon extends from Corpus Christi Bay

southward to a sand fill which partly separates it from

the Lower Laguna Madre that extends to Port Isabel,

Texas. It varies in depth from approximately 0.3 m

near Corpus Christi Bay to about 2.4 m near Baffin Bay

at its southern end. Sandbars and a solid-fill causeway

almost completely separate the Upper Laguna Madre

from Corpus Christi Bay.

SALINITY.—Salinities in the study area are controlled mainly by evaporation, which is high during

summer months, by influx of fresh water as direct precipitation, or from creeks and rivers entering Copano

Bay, Corpus Christi Bay, and San Antonio Bay to the

northeast, and by intermixing with marine water entering through Aransas Pass opposite Redfish Bay, Callavo

Pass near San Antonio Bay, and Cedar Bayou opposite

Copano Bay. Water occasionally moves from Baffin

Bay into the southern part of the Upper Laguna

Madre. The hydrographic conditions in the area have

been discussed by Collier and Hedgpeth (1950),

Parker (1959), Shepard and Moore (1960), Behrens

(1966), Hedgpeth (1967), Odum (1967), and others.

A salinity gradient exists from metahaline Copano

Bay to hyperhaline Upper Laguna Madre. Salinities recorded during the period of collecting ranged from

9.7%O to 50%o as shown in the T-S diagrams presented

in Figure 2 and Tables 9-19. In Copano Bay, the

salinity ranged from 9.7%O in February 1959 to 18.2%o

in September 1959. In Redfish Bay the lowest salinity

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

28*30'

27*30' —

27*00"

27»IO'

FIGURE 1.—Locality map.
NUMBER 24

COPANO BAY REDFISH BAY LAGUNA MADRE

.-•*•-- . A

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

FIGURE 2.—Salinity-temperature diagrams (by months) for Copano Bay (Station 15), Redfish

Bay (Station 1; January missing), and the Laguna Madre (Station 12).

recorded was 15.9%o in December 1959 and the highest

was 37.7%o in July 1959. In the Upper Laguna Madre,

salinities ranged from 22.7%o in February 1959 to

50%o in August and September 1959. Salinities obtained during collections are in Tables 9-19.

According to the salinity classification adopted by a

symposium on the classification of brackish waters held

in Venice in 1958 (see Pubblicazioni Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 1964, vol. 33 suppl., 611), Copano

Bay is classified as Metahaline, Redfish Bay as Polyhaline-Euhaline, and the Upper Laguna Madre as

Polyhaline-hyperhaline.

TEMPERATURE.—Temperatures in Copano Bay,

Redfish Bay, and the Laguna Madre are quite similar.

The temperature recorded during the present study

ranged from 10.5°C. in Copano Bay in November 1959

to 33.5°C. in Redfish Bay in August 1959. Temperatures obtained during collections are in Tables 9-19.

SUBSTRATE.—Stations in Copano Bay were on a gray

to black mud, an oyster reef, and intertidal fine sand.

In Redfish Bay, stations were on fine to very fine sandy

clay, very fine sandy mud, muddy fine sand, and very

fine sandy silt; the percentage of shells over 2<f>, not included in the above descriptive terms, ranged from 7

to 44. At stations in the Upper Laguna Madre, the

substrate consisted of very fine sandy mud, clayey fine

sand, silty fine to very fine sand, and clayey fine sand

with oolite; percent of shells over 2<f> ranged from 3 to

40. Sediment characteristics are presented in Table 1.

During the operation of picking ostracods from wet

sediment samples, it was observed that all samples from

Redfish Bay, as well as samples from Stations 11-14 in

the Upper Laguna Madre and from Station 16 over an

oyster reef in Copano Bay, contained abundant fecal

pellets.

MARINE PLANTS.—Bottom grasses and algae are

known to form the substrate for some ostracod species

as well as being a direct or indirect food source. Grasses

and algae are an important part of the biota of Redfish

Bay and the northern part of the Upper Laguna

Madre but are less important in Copano Bay and the

southern part of the Upper Laguna Madre (Table 2).

Odum and Hoskins (1958) reported that in Redfish

Bay and the northern part of the Upper Laguna Madre,
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 1.—Characteristics of sediments at sampling stations

Area Station

% over 2<j> % sand % silt % clay Mean size 2 Standard 3

(shells)

(remainder of sediment)1 0

microns deviation Sorting Description 3

Redfish Bay 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Laguna Madre 11

12

13

14

Copano Bay 15

16

17

7

47

33

29

22

32

23

8

34

44

3

11

11

40

6

-

1

46

19

10

15

15

85

10

27

55

48

40

77

81

62

6

-

95

15

19

49

45

45

6

38

56

18

30

26

5

14

8

27

-

2

39

62

41

40

40

9

52

17

27

22

34

18

5

30

67

-

6.0

4.2

4.9

5.0

5.5

2.2

5.9

5.3

4 . 0

2.8

6.2

4.4

3. 1

3.7

9.2

-

2. 9

16

54

34

31

22

220

17

25

62

144

14

47

116

77

I. 7

-

134

4.60

6.30

5.70

5.60

6. 10

1.80

6.20

2.40

4.60

3.40

4.30

2.80

0.90

4.00

3.60

-

0.50

extra poor

extra poor

extra poor

extra poor

extra poor

poor

extra poor

very poor

extra poor

very poor

extra poor

very poor

moderate

extra poor

very poor

-

good-moderate

fine to very fine sandy clay

fine to very fine sandy clay

very fine sandy mud

very fine sandy mud

very fine sandy mud

muddy fine sand

very fine sandy mud

very fine sandy silt

muddy very fine sand

very fine sandy mud

very fine sandy mud

clayey fine sand

silty fine to very fine sand

clayey fine sand and oolite

clay

oyster reef

fine sand

1

 Remainder of sediment refers to part of sediment finer than 20.

2

 Mean size and standard deviation are based on total sample.

3

 Sediment parameters of Sorti ng and Description were calculated on portion of sediment finer than 20.

TABLE 2.—Summary of vegetation at collection stations

Location

Redfish Bay

Stations 1-10

Laguna Madre

Upper northern part

Station 11

Station 12

Southern part

Station 13

Station 14

Copano Bay

Station 15

(mud bottom)

Station 16

(oyster reef)

Station 17

(intertidal sand)

Description

sparse to dense stands of

Thalassia, Diplanthera, and

Ruppia; Laurencia, Chaetomorpha

Chondria, Gracelaria, Digenea,

Cladophora, and Acetabularia

also present

sparse to moderate stands of

Diplanthera; Ruppia and

Acetabularia also present

sparse to moderate Diplanthera;

some Acetabularia also present

occasionally sparse? Diplanthera

occasionally sparse? Diplanthera

none apparent

no higher plants apparent;

some fine alga on oysters

sparse Diplanthera

plant production is greatest in the spring-summer season and least in the winter. Primary production has

been found to be higher in Redfish Bay than in the

Upper Laguna Madre and 1.5 to 2 times higher in the

spring-summer than in the winter (Park, Hood, Odum,

1958). Hellier (1962) also reported plant production

in the Laguna Madre to be at a minimum in winter

months.

PREVIOUS WORK IN AREA.—Myodocopid ostracods

in the study area were described by Kornicker and

Wise (1962). A laboratory study concerned mainly

with salinity and temperature tolerance limits of

Aurila conradi littorala {=Hemicythere conradi) collected in the study area was published by Kornicker

and Wise (1960). They found the salinity tolerance

limits of this species to be 6%o to 65%»3 and the

temperature tolerance limits to be 6°C to 36°C. Outside these limits the species became inactive. Kornicker

(1965b) reported on the ostracods of Redfish Bay, and

the study is expanded herein. Engel and Swain (1967)

published on ostracods of Mesquite, Aransas, and

Copano Bays. That paper summarizes some material

presented in a thesis by Engel (1956) and in a major

paper on the ostracods of San Antonio Bay by Swain

(1955). The morphology and ecology of the two
NUMBER 2 4

dominant species in Redfish Bay, Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea and Aurila conradi littorala, were reported on by Grossman (1965), who suggested that L.

purisubrhomboidea lives on vegetation, whereas A.

conradi littorala lives on the silty mud bottom.

1

 A problem in comparing studies of different authors

is the use of different names for the same taxon. We

list in Table 3 the names used herein and those used

by Engel and Swain (1967). Dashes connect identical

names and synonyms; dotted lines connect species

which are probably synonyms. Collections were made

during 1951-1952 by Engel and Swain and they dealt

mostly with empty carapaces, whereas our collections

were made in 1958-1960 and we mainly collected

living forms, so that some differences in assemblages

are to be expected.

Acknowledgments

Collections were made while the junior author was

employed by the Institute of Marine Sciences of The

University of Texas in 1957-1960. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under

grants NSF-G5473 and NSF-G-10869 to the junior

author. Assisting during this time were Messrs. Charles

Wise, R. Lamplugh, and E. A. Guerra. Mr. Wise supervised most of the collecting and tedious preliminary

separations of specimens. Assistance during some collecting trips was received from Mr. T. Hellier, Mr. E.

Simmons, and Dr. J. T. Conover. The help of these

individuals is deeply appreciated. Funds from grant

NSF-G-10869 were also used to support the work of

Dr. Stuart Grossman, who made a detailed study of the

two most abundant species in Redfish Bay (Grossman,

1965).

The collections remained idle during 1960. Work

started again in 1961 while the junior author was employed by Texas A&M University. He was assisted by

the senior author who eventually completed analysis of

the samples for his doctoral dissertation at that university. The systematic part of the present paper is principally the work of the senior author; the remainder

of the paper is the work of both authors. Financial

assistance for this part of the work was received from

the National Science Foundation (NSF-GB-166) and

the Office of Naval Research [Contract Nonr 2119

(04)].

Sediment samples at the various stations were analyzed by Mr. J. Williams under the supervision of

Dr. R. Folk of the University of Texas. We thank both

for this valuable contribution.

We also wish to thank Dr. Richard H. Benson, who

generously gave his time instructing the senior author

in methods of photographing and illustrating specimens, and Mr. Sheldon Hall and Dr. Jack Morelock,

who contributed advice and assistance in photographic

procedures.

For suggestions and criticisms, we also thank Dr.

Richard H. Benson, Dr. T. E. Bowman, Dr. William R.

Bryant, Dr. T. Hanai, Dr. J. E. Hazel, Dr. Karl J.

Koenig, Dr. Willis E. Pequegnat, Professor Fred E.

Smith, and Dr. Duane Hope.

The junior author also wishes to thank Dr. J. R.

Conover for identifying marine plants at our collecting

stations, Mr. R. Wilson for some productivity and salinity values, and Dr. H. T. Odum for many stimulating discussions.

Methods

In order to assess variability in the composition of the

ostracod community within a single bay, ten stations

were established in Redfish Bay (Figure 1). These consisted of two transects perpendicular to shore and about

ten miles apart. Each transect had five stations, about

one-fourth to one-half mile apart. In the northern

transect, Stations 1, 3, and 5 were sampled fairly regularly and Stations 2 and 4 occasionally. In the southern

transect, Stations 6, 8, and 10 were sampled fairly regularly and Stations 7 and 9 occasionally. Only four stations were established in the Upper Laguna Madre:

Station 11 was located at the northern end below

Corpus Christi Bay, Station 14 at the southern end near

the entrance to Baffin Bay, and Stations 12 and 13 between these locations. Three stations were established

in Copano Bay in a transect perpendicular to shore:

Station 15 about a half mile from the southern shore

near Rattlesnake Point on a soft clay bottom; Station

16 about a quarter mile from shore on an oyster reef,

and Station 17 at the shore in subtidal sand. Two

samples from the vicinity of Station 15 were on local

oyster reefs; these were included in Station 16 when

interpreting the data.

Initially, the intention had been to collect samples

using a plastic coring tube of l/2-inch diameter to determine the quantitative distribution of the living ostracods. Samples were collected along a traverse from the

northern part of the Upper Laguna Madre to Port

Isabel at the southern end of the Lower Laguna Madre
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 3.—Comparison of species collected by Engel and Swain {1967) and during

present study 1

Engel and Swain Herein

Actinocythereis aff. A. exanthemata Actinocythereis species

subquadrata

Aurila conradi Aurila conradi littorala

" aff. A. laevicula " species aff. A. amygdala (rare)

Aglaiocypris? species

Astenocypris? species

Basslerites? species

Campylocythere concinnoidea Campylocythere laevissima

Candona caudata

" obtusa

Cyprideis torosa Cyprideis torosa

" locketti " bensoni

" species

Cypridopsis vidua r Cypridopsis vidua

Cythere species

Cytheromorpha pascagoulaensis (only in Mesquite Bay).. Cytheromorpha warneri (rare)

Cytherura elongata Cytherura elongata

" johnsoni " johnsoni

" forulata " Jorulata

" costata (rare)

" radialirata

" rara

Darwinula stevensoni

Haplocytheridea bradyi Haplocytheridea bradyt

" setipunctata-. " setipunctata

Pontocythere ashermani Hulingsina askermani

" rugipustulosa " sandersi

Leptocythere paracastanea Leptocythere species

Limnocythere sanctipatricii Limnocythere sanctipatricii

" species

Loxoconcha matagordensis Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea

" austral is

Megacy there johnsoni Megacy there johnsoni

" stevensoni (rare)

Paracytheretta multicarinata Reticulocythereis multicarinata

Paracytheridea troglodyta Paracytheridea troglodyta

Paradoxosloma atrum Paradoxostoma? species

Pellucistoma species

Perissocytheridea brachyjorma Perissocytheridea brachyforma

" brachyforma excavata " brachyforma excavata

" rugaia " rugata

" bicelliforma " swaini

Physocypria pustulosa

Potamocypris smaragdina Potamocypris smaragdina

" species (rare)

Puriana rugipunctata

Xestoleberis species

1

 Dashes connect identical names and synonyms; dots connect species that are probably synonyms.
NUMBER 2 4

in October-November 1957. The distribution of living

ostracods on the basis of core samples was as follows:

TABLE 4.—Comparison of numbers of living ostracods in

duplicate samples obtained with bottom trawl

Locality

Northern end of Upper

Laguna Madre

Port Mansfield

Port Isabel

Number

of cores

11

11

14

Total

number

living

ostracods

10

1

0

Number

living

ostracods

per core

ca. 1

ca. 0

0

A sufficient number of living ostracods could not be

collected by the coring method, so a bottom trawl was

tried. At Port Isabel 19 trawl samples contained an

average of about 43 living ostracods, and in the northern part of the Upper Laguna Madre, 6 trawl samples

contained an average of about 14. Because of these

results a trawl was used throughout this study.

The trawl was a half meter wide and had a flat bottom. The leading edge scraped the bottom of the

sediment and a weight suspended on a rope in front of

the trawl stirred up the sediment. Sediment and ostracods entering the trawl were caught in a fine-mesh

nylon net and ultimately deposited in a 250 ml bottle

attached to the back end of the net. Clay in sediment

was washed from the sample by repeatedly immersing

the net in water. The sample was concentrated in this

manner until the sample from each station consisted of

250-500 ml. Some problems encountered in obtaining

representative samples using a trawl have been discussed by Kornicker (1965b).

In Redfish Bay, samples were collected by dragging

the trawl in a circle around cedar posts previously

erected at the sampling stations. Each trawl was

dragged over an estimated 35 square meters. Sampling

stations in other areas were not as accurately located.

In Copano Bay, Station 17, in an intertidal area off

Rattlesnake Point, was easily relocated at each sampling

time; Stations 15 and 16 about one-half mile and onefourth mile from shore, respectively, were located each

time by making rough sightings on shore features. Stations 11 and 12 in the northern part of Upper Laguna

Madre were near nets which had been erected by others

for catching fish, and these stations could be relocated

fairly accurately. Sampling was shifted from place

to place in the vicinity of Stations 13 and 14, in an

attempt to find a greater abundance of living ostracods,

so that samples from these stations were all not obtained

at precisely the same place. The number of ostracods

collected in each sample is presented in Tables 9-19-

Area

Laguna Madre

Redfish Bay

(C (t

Station

12

9

10

Date

19 November

1959

5 February

1959

Sample A

103

175

203

Sample B

197

300

274

Duplicate samples were collected at three stations

to obtain some idea of the repeatability of results. As

shown in Table 4, the difference in numbers of ostracods in duplicate samples ranged from 26 percent to

48 percent. Occasionally, however, the opening in the

net would become blocked with plants—or for some

other reason did not work properly—and abnormally

low numbers of ostracods were collected. When water

depth permitted, the skiff to which the net was attached was propelled by an outboard motor. When

the water was too shallow, it became necessary to allow

the skiff to drift with the current while taking the

samples, or to leave the skiff and drag the trawl by

hand. All this accounts for some of the erratic fluctuations in data on total ostracod abundance.

Each sample was wet sieved through a 125-micron

screen and living ostracods removed under a dissection

microscope. By keeping samples cool while in the boat

and in the laboratory, ostracods could be kept alive

at least 24 hours. Samples were usually picked within

this period because the living ostracods could be detected easily by their movements. Occasionally, when

samples were picked after 24 hours, it became necessary

to judge whether dead specimens with "soft parts"

might have been living when collected.

Usually no more than 300 living ostracods were

picked from a sample. If part of the sample remained

after 300 specimens had been removed, the number in

the unpicked portion was estimated to arrive at the

number of living ostracods per 35 square meters

sampled.

To obtain the actual number of ostracods per square

meter it is necessary to know the efficiency of the trawl.

As this is not known, the following calculations were

made to obtain a rough estimate as to its efficiency:

Eleven 1 yi-inch diameter cores collected in the north-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 5.—Surface and bottom temperatures and salinity in study area

Area

Upper Laguna Madre (northern part)

Redfish Bay (Stations 1-5)

Copano Bay

Date Depth (inches)

16 April 1958 48

27

18

18

29 April 1958 16

12

10

14

9 December 16

1958.

10

12

12

12

6 May 1958 18

80

40

90

24

Temperature

Bottom

23.0

23.0

20.0

20.3

27.2

26.5

26.5

26.5

22.2

22.8

22.8

21.0

20.2

26.0

25.2

25.2

26.4

26.2

°C

Surface

23.0

23.2

20.0

20.3

27.0

26.5

26.5

26.5

22.2

22.2

20.8

20.8

20.2

25.6

25.5

25.5

25.9

26.0

Salinity °

Bottom

37.5

36.0

37.8

36.6

21.5

22.7

24.7

21.5

16.4

16.5

17.4

18.5

18.4

4 . 0

(). 2

5. 0

7.0

3.0

loo

Surface

37.5

36.0

37.8

36.6

21.0

22.5

20.8

21.6

15.9

16.5

17.2

18.2

18.2

4.6

5.2

-

2.8

3.2

ern part of the Upper Laguna Madre in OctoberNovember 1957 contained about one living ostracod

per core. This may be extrapolated to 800 ostracods per

square meter. Trawl samples from the same area during November 1958 contained about 40 ostracods per

square meter or about 20 times fewer ostracods than indictated by the cores. On the basis of the sparse data,

the number of living ostracods per trawl sample was

multiplied by a factor of 20 to arrive at the estimated

number of ostracods actually living in the area sampled.

The same factor was applied to samples from all areas;

therefore, relative abundances in the areas should not

be materially affected; absolute abundances, however,

may be off by a large number.

Bottom temperatures and salinities are more

significant to bottom dwelling organisms than surface

temperatures and salinities. Initially, both surface and

bottom temperatures and salinities were recorded. They

were so similar in most instances (Table 5) that, because of the greater ease of sampling, only surface

temperatures and salinities were recorded during the

remainder of the study.

It was convenient to measure depths using a carpenters 6-foot folding rule because of the small space

required to store it on board the skiff. Depths were

recorded in inches and, therefore, are reported in this

way in Tables 9-19, but are converted to the metric

system in the text.

General Distribution of Ostracods

The occurrence of species encountered in this study

area is summarized in Table 6. The salinity, temperature, and depth ranges within which the various species

were collected are also given. Twenty-nine species were

collected in Copano Bay, 24 in Redfish Bay, and 21 in

the Laguna Madre—a total of 35 different species. Of

these, 13 were common to all areas, 9 were common

to Copano Bay and Redfish Bay, but absent in the

Laguna Madre, 3 species were common to Copano

Bay and the Laguna Madre, but absent in Redfish Bay,

and 1 was common to Redfish Bay and the Laguna

Madre, but absent in Copano Bay. Four species were

collected only in Copano Bay, 4 only in the Laguna

Madre and 1 only in Redfish Bay. Many species collected in only part of the study area were rare, and

their nonoccurrence in some samples could be the

result of sampling error.
NUMBER 24

TABLE 6.—Summary of the distribution, salinity, temperature, and depth ranges of ostracod species in Copano Bay, Laguna

Madre, and Redfish Bay

Species

Actinocythereis species

A. subquadrata

Aglaiocypris? species

Astenocypris? species

Autila species aff. A. amygdala

A. conradi littoral a

Campylocythere laevissima

Cyprideis bensoni

C. torosa

C. species

Cypridopsis vidua

Cytheromorpha warneri

Cylherura elongata

C. forulata

C. johnsoni

Haplocytheridea setipunctata

H. bradyi

Hulingsina ashermani

H. sandersi

Leptocythere species

Limnocythere sanctipatricii

L. species

Loxoconcha purisvbrhomboidea

Megacy there Johnson i

Paradoxostoma? species

Pellucistoma species

Perissocytheridea brachyforma

P. brachyforma excavata

P. rugata

P. swaini

Paracytheridea troglodyta

Potamocypris smaragdina

P. species

Reticulocythereis multicarinata

Xestoleberis species

Copano

Bay

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Distribution

Laguna

Madre

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Redfish

Bay

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Salinity

(°/oo)

14. 5-36. 8

10. 7-23. 3

9. 7-48. 0

17.9-18.2

10.7-17.2

9. 7-50. 0

28.5-41.0

10.2-17.9

10. 2-50. 0

11.0-25.3

9. 7-43. 0

-

10. 7-33. 5

10. 2-48. 5

9. 7-48. 5

11.3-50.0

10. 2-50. 0

11.3-25.0

10. 7-29. 1

9. 7-41. 0

11.3-12.9

28. 0-41. 0

9. 7-50. 0

10.7-18.2

43.0

16.5^3.0

9. 7-24. 7

10. 2-33. 5

9. 7-H. 0

10. 2-41. 0

9. 7-14. 5

14. 5-28. 5

26. 5-27. 5

11.3-50.0

15.9-43.0

Temperature

CO

12. 5-30.0

14. 6-26. 5

13.0-33.5

25.5

18. 5-20. 8

10. 7-33. 5

15. 8-30. 5

12. 0-30. 5

14. 6-33. 0

10. 5-30. 0

15. 2-30. 0

16.2

14. 6-30. 0

11.0-30.5

10. 8-33. 5

12. 5-33. 0

12. 0-33. 5

20. 0-29. 5

13.2-30.5

12. 5-30. 5

14. 6-30. 5

14. 6-30. 5

10. 8-33. 5

18. 5-29. 5

28. 7-30. 5

14. 6-32. 0

10. 5-30. 0

10. 5-30. 5

12. 5-33. 5

16. 0-30. 5

12. 0-29. 5

15.8-30.0

14. 4-18. 1

10. 8-33. 0

13. 2-33. 5

Depth

(inches)

12-72+

10-84

8-90

48-96+

12-60

8-96+

36-60

18-96+

8-72

12-100

35-72

12

20-60

28-72

8-96+

8-72

8-72

18-62

12-72

10-96+

18-72

36-60

8-96+

18-75

36

10-96+

10-100

12-100

8-96+

10-96+

18-84+

60. 72+

30-33

12-72

8-72

The faunal resemblance between areas may be

shown numerically by use of the Simpson index

(Simpson, 1960; Peters, 1968) :

Number of taxa common to both areas X 100

Number of taxa in smaller fauna

Resemblance indices obtained by use of the above

formula on the species collected alive in the present

study are compared as follows:

Copano Bay

Redfish Bay

Upper Laguna Madre:

(northern part)

(southern part)

Copano

Bay

-

92

80

83

Redfish

Bay

92

-

80

72

Upper Laguna

Madre

Northern Southern

part part

80 83

80 72

80

80
10

The indices suggest that faunal resemblances are

greatest between Copano and Redfish Bays and least

between Redfish Bay and the southern part of the

Upper Laguna Madre. The fauna of Copano Bay bears

a slightly greater resemblance to the fauna of the

southern part of the Upper Laguna Madre than it does

to the northern part; the reverse relationship holds for

Redfish Bay.

Relative Abundance of Ostracods

The relative abundance, averaged over the sampling

period of some of the more common species, is shown

for all stations in Figure 3 and for areas in Figure 4.

Aurila conradi littorala was extremely abundant in

Redfish Bay and at the northern two stations in the

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Upper Laguna Madre, but rare in Copano Bay and at

the southern two stations in the Upper Laguna Madre.

Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea was common in Redfish Bay and the Laguna Madre and rare in Copano

Bay. Cythcrura johnsoni was common in the southern

two stations of the Laguna Madre and in Copano Bay,

but rare in the northern two stations in the Laguna

Madre and in Redfish Bay. The genera Perissocytheridea and Cyprideis were common in Copano Bay and

rare in the Laguna Madre and in Redfish Bay.

Xestoleberis species was fairly common in Redfish Bay

but absent in Copano Bay and collected at only one

station in the Laguna Madre. The seasonal distributions of the more common species are shown schematically for each station in Figures 5-9. Specimen counts

for each sample are presented in the appendix.

AURILA CONRADI

LITTORALA

LOXOCONCHA

PURISUBRHOMBOIDEA

COPANO BAY

Mud Reef Sand

CYTHERURA

JOHNSONI

PERISSOCYTHERIDEA SPP.

CYPRIDEIS SPP.

XESTOLEBERIS SP.

14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

STATIONS

9 10 15 16 17

FIGURE 3.—Relative percentages of common ostracod genera and species at each station averaged

over collecting period.
NUMBER 2 4 11

LAGUNA MADRE (SOUTHERN PART)

A B

Wi

C D E F

LAGUNA MADRE (NORTHERN PART)

REDFISH BAY

COPANO BAY

0-10 20-40 80-160 0-10 20-40 0-10 20-40 80-160 0-10 20-40 0-10 20-40 80-160 0-10 20-40 80-160

PERCENT OF POPULATION

FIGURE 4.—Histograms showing relative percentages of common genera in collecting areas: A,

Cyprideis; B, Haplocytheridea; c, Aurila; D, Loxoconcha; E, Cytherura; F, Perissocytheridea.

(Only samples with 25 or more ostracods included.)

In Copano Bay, the percentage of the common form

Perissocytheridea brachyforma (Figure 9D) was generally higher from August through October than in

other months. Other species of Perissocytheridea followed the same pattern (Figure 9E). The percentage

of another common species, Cytherura johnsoni, was

higher from February through June. Percentages of

species of Cyprideis were higher from October 1959

through January 1960 except at the oyster reef, Station 15, where the percentages were low throughout the

year. Percentages of species of the genus Haplocytheridea were higher from October through December

than in other months. A large number (188) of specimens of Potamocypris smaragdina were collected at

Station 15, the deepest sampling position in Gopano

Bay, in July 1959, but at no other time. These may have

been transported into the bay by storms. Astenocypris?

species was collected at Stations 15 and 16 only in

September 1959.

In Redfish Bay, Aurila conradi littorala generally

dominated the assemblage throughout the year except

during November 1958 and October and November

1959, at Station 10, and October 1959, at Station 8,

during which time Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea

was more abundant. At Station 8, A. conradi littorala

reached a maximum percentage in April 1959; at Stations 3, 5, 6, and 10, maximums were reached in June;
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

AURILA CONRADI LITTORALA

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

C STATION 1

LOXOCONCHA PURISUBRHOMBOIDEA

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES

D STATION 3

[— E STATION 5

FIGURE 5.—Redfish Bay (south transect, Stations 1, 3, 5) : Seasonal distribution of common

ostracod genera and species.
NUMBER 24 13

A • STATION 10

+ STATION 8

X STATION 6

a. Sal. & Temp, for November from Station 1, Redfish Bay

100

80

60

40

20

100

80

£ 60

O 40

£ 20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

i- C STATION 10

— _ — ^"*~~

•*--=•»-*:- -"- _ ^

r- D STATION 8

__ -""

-

_

 stm ' —-» -m —

— E STATION 6

-

AURILA CONRADI LITTORALA

LOXOCONCHA PURISUBRHOMBOIDEA

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES

- * —

_

-

. —

" •*••* " • _ _ —-'— • ' ' — —

STATION 6

FIGURE 6.—Redfish Bay (north transect, Stations 6, 8, 10): Seasonal distribution of common

ostracod genera and species.

and at Station 1 a maximum was reached in September. In general, A. conradi littorala was present at

higher percentages during summer months, but varied

locally. The percents of L. purisubrhomboidea usually

decreased when the percent of A. conradi littorala increased, and therefore were higher in winter than in

summer. This, however, also varied locally, and the

percentage of L. purisubrhomboidea remained fairly

constant during the year at Stations 3 and 6. Cytherura

johnsoni and Xestoleberis species generally reached

their maximum percentages during the months of May

to August.

In the northern part of the Upper Laguna Madre,

percentages of A. conradi littorala were higher before

than after July 1959. At Station 12 a maximum percentage was reached in July, and at Station 11 in November. As may be seen in Figures 7c and 8c, D, the

abundance of L. purisubrhomboidea is almost a perfect

mirror image of A. conradi littorala. At both stations

the percentage of Reticulocythereis multicarinata was
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

o 40

M 30

100

80

60

40

20

0

8

4

0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0

2.0

1.0

0

2.0,

, 0

o

- C AURILA CONRADI LITTORALA

CYTHERURA FORULATA

CYTHERURA JOHNSONI

POTAMOCYPRIS SP.

PELLUCISTOMA SP.

PARADOXOSTOMA SP.

G CYPRIDOPSIS VIDUA

XESTOLEBERIS SP.

JAN 1959 FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FIGURE 7.—Upper Laguna Madre (Station 11): Seasonal distribution of common

ostracod genera and species.

higher during the first half of 1959 than during the last

half. The percentages of genus Cytherura were generally higher from January to April than during the

remainder of the year. The percentages of all species in

samples from Stations 11 and 12 are shown diagramatically in Figures 7 and 8, respectively.

Insufficient numbers of living ostracods were obtained in the southern part of the Laguna Madre to

follow seasonal variations in species percentages.

Total Abundance of Ostracods

It is necessary to ascertain the actual number of specimens of a species occupying a given area in order to

compare its absolute abundance from time to time

during a given year or from place to place. Absolute

abundances of individual species inhabiting Redfish

Bay have been treated elsewhere (Kornicker, 1965b).

Discussion herein is limited to estimates of the absolute

abundance of all ostracod species. The procedure for

estimating the number of ostracods per square meter

of bottom is explained in the section on methods.

Graphs showing seasonal change in ostracod abundance in Redfish Bay, Copano Bay, and the northern

part of the Upper Laguna Madre are presented in

Figure 10. In Redfish Bay more ostracods were present

from March through August than during the remainder of the year. In the northern part of the Upper

Laguna Madre, ostracods were more abundant from

August through September than in other months. Except for a peak in August, the abundance of ostracods

in Copano Bay did not vary markedly during the year.

The data suggest that ostracods in the study area are
NUMBER 2 4 15

HAPLOCYTHERIDEA BRADYI

HAPLOCYTHERIDEA SETIPUNCTATA

CYTHERURA FORULATA -

CYTHERURA JOHNSONI

CYPRIDEIS TOROSA

CYPRIDOPSIS VIDUA & PERISSOCYTHERIDEA RUGATA

(315)

(312)

(332)

- (300)

- (Number of specimens)

» I.I. I

(135)

(300) (309) (305)

(343)

(310)

JAN 1959 FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DE

FIGURE 8.—Upper Laguna Madre (Station 12): Seasonal distribution of common

ostracod genera and species.

generally more abundant during summer than winter.

Similarly, Hellier (1962) found the biomass of fish and

larger invertebrates in the Upper Laguna Madre to be

higher in summer than winter.

Ostracod abundances at each station are compared

in Figure 11, and in each area in Table 7. Living ostracods were extremely sparse in the southern part of the

Upper Laguna Madre and were more abundant in the

northern part of the Upper Laguna Madre and in

Redfish Bay than in Copano Bay. Engel and Swain

TABLE 7.—Ostracod abundance in collecting areas

Area

Copano Bay

Redfish Bay

Upper Laguna Madre

Northern part

Southern part

Number of

samples

28

67

24

15

Average number of

ostracods per

square meter

83

1111

1482

6

338-675 O - 70 - 2
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

A STATION 15 (essentially same at

stations 16 & 17)

100

80

60

40

20

0

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

60

40

20

0

_ D PERISSOCYTHERIDEA BRACHYFORMA

C CYTHERURA JOHNSON! SOFT MUD (Station 15) •

OYSTER REEF (Station 16)+

SAND (Station 17)0

REEF OR MUD (Station 15 or 16) 0

\

\ o

E PERISSOCYTHERIDEA SPP. (All species)

_ G HAPLOCYTHERIDEA SPP. (All species)

,°

- * • I 8 I -H 9" I * T--V i

JASO N D J

MONTHS 1959/1960

FIGURE 9.—Copano Bay (Stations 15-17): Seasonal distribution of common

ostracod genera and species.

(1967, p. 424) reported that Copano Bay had

fewer ostracods than either Aransas or Mesquite Bays,

but as they dealt mainly with empty carapaces, whose

abundance in a sample is affected by sedimentation

rate, the results are not directly comparable with ours.

In Copano Bay, Station 17, in a well-sorted fine subtidal sand, contained an average of only 27 ostracods

per square meter compared to about 134 at Station 16

on an oyster reef and 99 at Station 15 in poorly sorted

interreef clays. Our results, which show that the oyster

reef supports a large population of ostracods, differ

from the findings of Engel and Swain (1967, p. 424),

who state, "The data available indicate that ostracods

may tend to live away from the reefs." Possibly the

different methods of collecting used by Engel and

Swain (coring) and by us (trawling) account for the

results being different.

TABLE 8.—Comparison of ostracod abundance before and

after exposure of Station 5 to atmosphere

Date

15 June 1959

8-10 July 1959

23 July 1959

18 August 1959

Water depth

{inches)

dumber of ostracods

per square meter

15

exposed

10

14

3300

no sample

1470

3220
NUMBER 24 17

10.000

500

10.000

UPPER LAGUNA MADRENORTHERN PART (Sta. 11,12)

REDFISH BAY -

SOUTH TRANSECT (Sta. 1,3.5)

UPPER LAGUNA MADRE - SOUTHERN PART (Sta. 13.14)

N D J A M A S O N D J

1958/1959 MONTHS

FIGURE 10.—Seasonal distribution of ostracod abundance.
18

10,000

14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

7 8 9 10 15 16 17

1000 -

14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 16 17

FIGURE 11.—Average ostracod abundance at collecting stations.
NUMBER 2 4 19

On 8-10 July, Station 5 was above water and could

not be sampled. In August and September it was noted

that along with living plants, the station contained

much dead Diplanthera—its demise probably caused by

exposure. Abundances of ostracods before and after

exposure of the station to the atmosphere are shown

in Table 8. The data suggest that the brief exposure

did not cause the ostracod population to be completely

destroyed and that the area was quickly repopulated.

Percentages of various species remained about the

same before and after the station was exposed. Ostracods in the area could have burrowed into the sediment,

which probably remained saturated, or migrated out of

the area as the water receded.

Biotic Zonation

Three distinct biofacies occur in the study area:

I. Perissocytheridea-Cytherura-Cyprideis biofacies.

This biofacies occupies Copano Bay. One or more of

the above genera were prominent in samples of living

ostracods from the bay. Members of the genus Aurila

were never predominant, and representation by Loxoconcha was negligible. Copano Bay was included in a

"Shallow subtropical bay biofacies," by Engel and

Swain (1967, p. 421).

II. Aurila-Loxoconcha biofacies. This biofacies

occupies Redfish Bay and the northern part of

the Upper Laguna Madre. Each sample of living ostracods from these areas was dominated by either

A. conradi littorala or Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea,

usually the former. The genus Cytherura was abundant

in some samples, but representation by Perissocytheridea was negligible.

III. Sparse total population-Cytherura biofacies.

This biofacies occupies the southern part of the Upper

Laguna Madre. In general, living ostracods were

sparse. The genus Cytherura, and the species Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea and Reticulocythereis

multicarinata were well represented in most samples.

Aurila and Perissocytheridea were negligible.

As the composition of assemblages varied seasonally in the study area, the overall composition of

assemblages during the sampling period was used in

establishing the above biofacies. This procedure conflicts somewhat with any definition of biofacies that

specifies contemporaneity of assemblages. There seems

little point at this time, however, to establish "summer

biofacies" or "winter biofacies," although it is possible

to do so.

Diversity of Ostracod Species

Histograms showing numbers of species in samples from

Copano Bay, Redfish Bay, and the northern part of

the Upper Laguna Madre are presented in Figure 12.

In constructing the histograms only samples with 200

or more living specimens were included; most samples

contained not more than 400 specimens, and none more

than 550. In general, the data indicate that samples

from Copano Bay are more diverse than samples from

Redfish Bay, which are more diverse than samples from

the northern part of the Upper Laguna Madre. An insufficient number of living specimens were collected

from the southern part of the Upper Laguna Madre to

assess diversity in that region, but 11 species were collected there, with 9 being counted in a sample of 95

specimens.

At Stations 8 and 10 in Redfish Bay diversity was

higher in the spring and autumn of 1959 (Figure 13),

but this trend was not observed at other stations.

Relationship Between Ostracods, Shrimp, and

Gross Photosynthesis

A good relationship between ostracod abundance and

gross photosynthesis in Redfish Bay was reported by

Kornicker (1965b, p. 64). A similar relationship occurred in the Upper Laguna Madre (Figure 14).

Hellier (1962, p. 19) estimated the seasonal distribution of penaid shrimp collected in a drop net located

near our Station 11. Ostracod and shrimp abundances

are compared in Figure 14. The junior author has observed ostracods in stomachs of shrimp, but the importance of ostracods in the diet of shrimp, which

generally are omnivorous, is not known. The good

agreement between shrimp and ostracod abundance

curves is probably due mostly to both taxons being

affected in a similar manner by plant productivity, but

the importance of ostracods as food for shrimp, which

are economically one of the main staples in the marine

fisheries industry of Texas, warrants further study.

Relationship Between Living and Dead Ostracod

Assemblages

This relationship is primarily of interest to the paleontologist. The present report is concerned mainly

with living organisms, but sediment samples were also

collected at each station to enable comparison of living and dead assemblages, although only a few dead

assemblages were processed (see data in appendix).

The Simpson index (page 9) was used to determine

the faunal resemblance between species in live and
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

LAGUNA MADRE (northern part)

15

14

13

12

1 1

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

REDFISH BAY

Hi

m

1

 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

FIGURE 12.—Species diversity in the northern part of the Upper Laguna Madre, Redfish Bay,

and Copano Bay.
NUMBER 24 21

dead assemblages in the study areas. These are compared as follows:

Dead Living

Copano Bay

Rcdfish Bay

Upper Laguna Madre

(southern part)

Copano

Bay

94

90

88

Redfish

Bay

76

100

75

Upper Laguna

Madre

Northern Southern

part part

60 70

90 50

73 90

The Simpson indices indicate that the dead assemblage from any particular bay in the study area

more closely resembles the living assemblage in that

bay than the living assemblage in other bays.

It is also apparent on comparing the number of

species in dead assemblages and in individual samples

of living specimens that the dead assemblage generally

is more diverse than the living assemblage, which

represents a point in time.

Discussion

It is interesting to speculate concerning which environmental factors control the distribution of ostracods in the study area. Swain concluded that total

ostracod abundances in the bays vary with food

availability (Swain, 1955, p. 596; Engel and Swain,

1967, p. 424). The present study supports that conclusion. Ostracods were more abundant during summer

months when photosynthesis was also at a maximum.

Odum and Wilson (1962, p. 32) correlated low photosynthesis during winter—with shortness of the days

and the cloudiness of Texas winters. Odum and Wilson found that because of the turbidity of the waters

of Copano Bay, a lower percentage of light reached

the bottom of the bay than the bottom under the relatively clear water of the Upper Laguna Madre (p.

47, fig. 23). From this it may be assumed that less

photosynthesis occurs on the bottom of Copano Bay

than on the bottom of the northern part of the Upper Laguna Madre. This assumption is supported by

the visibly greater abundance of vegetation in the

northern part of the Upper Laguna Madre. Thus, it

is tentatively concluded that fewer ostracods are present in Copano Bay than in the northern part of the

Upper Laguna Madre and also in the heavily vegetated Redfish Bay because of the relative sparsity of

food.

Sparsity of food may also account in part for the

scarcity of ostracods in the southern part of the Upper

Laguna Madre, but so few specimens were living there

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

A

-

-

-

B

-

-

-

_

-

I I I I I I I I

NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV

1958/1959

FIGURE 13.—Seasonal variation in species diversity in Redfish Bay: A, Station 8; B, Station 10.
22

1 12

cT 10

8

6

4

2

0

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

S O N D J

(from Hellier. 1962,

p. 19. from fig. 13)

4200

4000

3800

3600

3400

3200

3000

2800

2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

_ B

-

-

_

-

-

-

-

—

—

_

-

- ,v

/

1

/

/

!

Si \

1 ' \

Li

AI J »

i y^

i \\

1

 \

1 A ^

/\^

/

/

 \ V/ \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / ' /

OSTRACODS (Station 11)

. PENAEID SHRIMP

• ^ (Hellier, 1962,

\

\

\

\

\

v ;

\

 x i

* * /

\ /

)

J Al A 1

>. 19

\

\

_

-

from fig. 14) _

-

_

•

f -

t

i /

\ /

A! A 1 A 1 "

12 i

\

io I

FIGURE 14.—Comparison of ostracod abundance, gross photosynthesis, and abundance of penaeid

shrimp in vicinity of Station 11, Upper Laguna Madre—northern part.

that an additional reason is suspected. Clearly, temperature and salinities during 1959 were not important factors because the densely populated northern

part of the Upper Laguna Madre had similar temperatures and salinities. Simmons (1957, p. 189, fig. 11)

reported that during a study in 1955, the northern part

of the Upper Laguna Madre contained lighter water

from Corpus Christi Bay, whereas, the southern part

contained denser water of the Laguna Madre (Figure

15). According to Simmons (p. 190) this was caused by

tides and was temporary. The effect of such incursions

of fresher water on the fauna in the northern part of

the Upper Laguna Madre is not known. It seems possible, however, that the freshening of water in the

northern part of the Upper Laguna Madre by waters

of Corpus Christi Bay could account for difference in

abundance of ostracods between the northern and

southern parts of the Upper Laguna Madre. Although

during the time of the present study, salinities in the

southern and northern parts of the Upper Laguna

Madre were similar, this is not always so. Behrens

(1966, p. 170, fig. 2) found that during part of 1964,
NUMBER 2 4

"LANDCUT

23

SOUTH NORTH

BIRO I. BIRO I.

PITA I. FLOUR CORPUS

BLUFF CHRIST! BAY

I I

FIOURE 15.—Schematic profile of salinity conditions in Laguna Madre at one-foot tide (from

Simmons, 1957, p. 189, fig. 11).

salinities in the southern part of the Upper Laguna

Madre were 20 percent higher than in the northern

part; for example, on 23 October 1964, a salinity of

about 57 percent occurred in the southern part compared to about 37 percent in the northern part. Therefore, it is tentatively concluded that although the

salinities in the Upper Laguna Madre during 1959 did

not cause the disparity of ostracod abundance between

the northern and southern parts of the lagoon, salinities

in previous years might have set the stage.

Sediment at Station 17 in Copano Bay consisted of

95 percent sand and may be classed as good to moderately sorted fine sand. Waves were observed rippling

the sand in February 1959. Sparsity of living ostracods

at this station is attributed to the following three factors : (1) ostracods do not find shifting sand hospitable

(Kornicker, 1959, p. 277) ; (2) ostracods find it difficult to burrow into well-sorted sand (Kornicker and

Wise, 1960) ; and (3) organic detritus, which may be

a food and shelter for some species, is removed by wave

and current action during the sorting process.

Clays and sands at Stations 1-10 in Redfish Bay were

all poorly sorted and also densely populated by

ostracods. This suggests that in poorly sorted sediments,

other parameters such as median grain size have little

effect on ostracod abundance.

During the separation of ostracods in samples from

the oyster reef in Copano Bay (Station 16), it was

noted that fecal pellets were numerous and that the

ostracods were feeding on them. Other than small

growths of algae on oyster clusters, the pellets were the

only visible food source. Fecal pellets were also abundant at all stations in Redfish Bay and in the northern

part of the Upper Laguna Madre as well as at Station

14 in the southern part. These pellets often serve as

substrate for unicellular algae and bacteria which

probably are a food source for some species. This algalpellet relationship was especially noticeable in sediments of the northern part of the Upper Laguna

Madre, where the bottom at times supports an algal

ooze (see Odum and Hoskin, 1958).

The kinds of marine plants in Redfish Bay varied

from station to station, but this had no noticeable effect

on either the abundance or kinds of ostracods present;

both ostracod abundance and population composition

were remarkably constant. This suggests that the kinds

of marine plants present did not control ostracod distribution. Grossman (1965, p. 141) reported observing

in the laboratory that Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea

from Redfish Bay crawled mainly on vegetation,

whereas A. conradi littorala from the same area was

mainly on the bottom sediment. In the field study, we

did not detect any difference in the relative percentages

of these two species in samples from stations having

different amounts of vegetation; for example, at Station 1, Thalassia was sparse and at Station 10 it was

dense, but the composition of the populations at the

two stations was about the same.

In the study area, the lowest temperature recorded

during the periodic samplings was 10.5° C. Lower

temperatures, however, might have been reached between samplings, since water temperatures as low as 0°

C have been reported in the area (Kornicker, 1965b;

Gunter, 1967). Temperatures this low are produced

by "northers" and last only a few days (high winds

usually prevent sampling over open water during

"northers"). Kornicker and Wise (1960) observed that

specimens of A. conradi littorala became inactive in a

culture dish in the laboratory when temperature was

decreased below about 6° C. They also reported that
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

specimens inactive for 24 hours at 0° C became active

and vigorous when temperature was raised. From this,

it may be inferred that specimens of A. conradi littorala

survive northers of short duration, although they may

remain inactive while temperatures remain below 6° C.

A decrease in abundance of this species at some stations

during winter, however, suggests that low temperatures

have an adverse effect.

Two sharp faunal breaks occur in the area. The one

between the northern and southern parts of the Upper

Laguna Madre has already been discussed. The second

is between Metahaline Copano Bay and PolyhalineEuhaline Redfish Bay. The former is characterized by

the Perissocytheridea-Cytherura-Cyprideis biofacies,

the latter by the Aurila-Loxoconcha biofacies. Although it is tempting to attribute the distribution directly to salinity, consideration of other factors indicates that the situation is more complex. For example,

Engel and Swain (1967) reported Perissocytheridca

and Cytherura to be abundant in Aransas Bay, which

adjoins Redfish Bay and therefore probably has similar

salinities, and Grossman and Benson (1967, p. 21)

found Aurila conradi littorala confined to marshes in

the Pamlico Sound region of North Carolina, having

salinities as low as 2%o (ibid, p. 71). It is probably not

possible to explain definitively environmental factors

controlling the ostracod distributions observed during

this study without recourse to controlled laboratory experimentation, such as that undertaken elsewhere by

Theisen(1967).

Summary and Conclusions

This paper describes a study of the seasonal distribution of living ostracods in Copano Bay, Redfish Bay,

and the Upper Laguna Madre of Texas.

1. On the basis of predominant species and ostracod

abundance, three biofacies occur in the study area: (I)

Perissocytheridea-Cytherura-Cyprideis biofacies in Copano Bay; (II) Aurila-Loxoconcha biofacies in Redfish Bay and in the northern part of the Upper Laguna

Madre; (III) sparse total populztion-Cytherura biofacies in the southern part of the Upper Laguna Madre.

2. Faunal resemblances are greatest between Copano

and Redfish Bays (Simpson index = 92 percent) and

least between Redfish Bay and the southern part of the

Upper Laguna Madre (Simpson index = 72 percent).

3. The dead assemblage from any particular bay

more closely resembles the live assemblage from that

bay than the live assemblage in other bays. The dead

assemblage is more diverse than the live assemblage.

4. In general, assemblages from Copano Bay were

more diverse than those from Redfish Bay, which were

more diverse than those from the northern part of the

Upper Laguna Madre. Diversity was highest in spring

and autumn in two stations in Redfish Bay, but this

trend was not observed elsewhere.

5. The abundance of ostracods was generally greater

in summer than in winter. Ostracods were more abundant in Redfish Bay and in the northern part of the

Upper Laguna Madre than in Copano Bay, and were

extremely sparse in the southern part of the Upper

Laguna Madre. Varying ostracod abundance is attributed in part to varying food supply and in part to

salinity.

6. Although seasonal trends were observed in relative abundances of individual species living in Redfish

Bay and in the northern part of the Upper Laguna

Madre, faunal assemblages in these areas were remarkably constant. Assemblages in Copano Bay were

more variable due to the occasional influx of exotic

species transported by rivers into the bay.

7. In fairly well-sorted shifting subtidal sand in Copano Bay, ostracods were fairly sparse compared to

numbers in the oyster reef environment and muds in

deeper waters of the bay. In the poorly sorted sands of

Redfish Bay and the northern part of the' Upper Laguna Madre ostracods were abundant and seemingly

were not influenced by variation in other sediment

characteristics or kinds of plants living in the area.

8. Good agreement was observed between ostracod

abundance, shrimp abundance, and gross photosynthesis in the northern part of the Upper Laguna Madre.

Family CYPRIDIDAE Baird, 1845

Subfamily CYPRIDINAE Baird, 1845

Genus Astenocypris Miiller, 1912

TYPE-SPECIES.—Leptocypris papyracea Sars, 1903,

p. 28.

OCCURRENCE.—East Asia, North America?; brackish

water.
NUMBER 2 4 25

Astenocypris? species Swain, 1955

PLATE 1: FIGURES la-b; PLATE 11: FIGURES 1, 2

Astenocypris? species Swain, 1955, p. 604, pi. 50: fig. 7.

SHAPE.—Carapace outline in lateral view elongateovate; greatest height slightly in front of middle. Dorsal margin broadly and gently arched; dorsal margin

of right valve noticeably angulated anterior to position

of greatest height at junction of dorsal and anterior

margins. Ventral margin slightly sinuate in front of

middle, nearly straight throughout remainder. Anterior

margin broadly rounded, rather strongly extended below, subtruncate above. Posterior margin narrower,

bluntly rounded, slightly extended below; posterior

margin of right valve is more bluntly rounded and joins

the dorsal margin more abruptly than that of left.

Carapace outline in dorsal view elongate-subelliptical,

moderately inflated, greatest width medially; terminal

margins narrowly pointed.

ORNAMENTATION.—Exterior surface of valves covered with numerous low, faint, longitudinal striations

more or less paralleling valve margins. Valves thin,

quite fragile, pellucid.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.79 mm; height

0.35 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.78 mm; height

0.35 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Width varies considerably; greatest width anteriorly, especially anteroventrally, where

it is quite wide; very narrow ventrally and moderately

wide posteriorly. Thin chitinous inner lamella and

line of concrescence widely separated anteriorly and

posteriorly, giving rise to a large anterior and a smaller

posterior vestibule; marginal zone narrow throughout.

Weak, submarginal selvage; rather wide, thin, pellucid

flange.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Moderately numerous;

greatest number anteriorly (about 20-23), fewest posteriorly (about 6). Canals short, straight, relatively

wide, simple, spacing somewhat irregular, few false

canals present anteriorly.

HINGE.—Adont. Hinge of right valve with elongate,

shallow groove; dorsal margin of valve extends as

toothlike projection at each end of groove. Hinge of

left valve a thin, elongate ridge with toothlike projections of dorsal margin at each end.

NORMAL PORES.—Moderately numerous, small,

scattered, open.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Consist of a curved row of 4 large

adductors, with 2 more adductors behind the 2nd from

the bottom; a clear, circular fulcral point present anterior to the uppermost adductor; 2 small, faint irregular

dorsal scars present anterior to and slightly above the

fulcral point; 2 large mandibular scars present anteroventral to adductors.

OVERLAP.—Valves nearly equal in size, right valve

slightly longer but with no appreciable overlap.

MATERIAL.—In 2 bottom samples 161 specimens

collected from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—The present species seems to be identical to that identified as Astenocypris? species by

Swain (1955) from San Antonio Bay. The presence

of longitudinal striations on the valve exterior is characteristic of Astenocypris Muller and Ilyodromus Sars.

The two genera are similar, but according to Swain

(1955) Ilyodromus has a broader inner lamella,

straighter hinge line, and more distinct cardinal angles.

The present species has a wide inner lamella, whereas

Swain reported the San Antonio Bay form to possess a

narrow inner lamella. This apparent difference may be

due to the fact that the free part of the inner lamella,

which is quite wide, is very thin, fragile, and not likely

to be preserved. The present species also has outline,

inner lamella, and muscle scars similar to the form

here identified as Agtaiocypris?, but Aglaiocypris? does

not possess external striations.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 16 in Copano Bay, collection number

091459-2. This form was found only at Stations 15

and 16 in Copano Bay during September 1959 in

moderate abundance. It was previously reported from

San Antonio Bay, Texas (Swain, 1955).

Subfamily CYPRIDOPSINAE Kaufmann, 1900

Genus Potamocypris Brady, 1870

TYPE-SPECIES.—Bairdia fulva Brady, 1868b, p. 474,

pi. 28; fig. 21.

OCCURRENCE.—Cosmopolitan; most species live in

fresh water, but some are found in mesohaline or moderately brackish water.

Potamocypris smaragdina (Vavra, 1891)

Daday, 1900

PLATE 1: FIGURES 3a-b; PLATE 11: FIGURES 5, 6

Cypridopsis smaragdina Vavra, 1891, pp. 80-81, fig. 26.—

Sharpe, 1897, pp. 470-471, pi. 48: figs. 11, 12.

Potamocypris smaragdina (Vavra).—Sharpe, 1903, p. 992,
26

pi. 65: figs. 5-7; 1918, p. 808, figs. 125a-c.—Furtos,

1933, pp. 435-436, pi. 6: figs. 10-14.—Dobbin, 1941, pp.

231-232, pi. 2: figs. 1-6.—Hoff, 1942, p. 154, pi. 8: figs.

H8-124.—Swain, 1955, pp. 605-606, pi. 60: figs. 4a-c.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.59 mm; height

0.37 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.60 mm; height

0.36 mm.

MATERIAL.—One specimen collected in bottom

samples from Laguna Madre and 188 from Copano

Bay.

REMARKS.—This species is apparently the same as

that identified by Swain (1955) as Potamocypris

smaragdina from the upper part of San Antonio Bay

off the Guadalupe River Delta. This widespread freshwater species may have been carried into Copano Bay

by one of the rivers entering it, or it may be able to

tolerate the moderate salinity in parts of the bay.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 15 in Copano Bay, collection number

072159-1. This species was found in only two collections: Copano Bay, Station 15, in July 1959 (abundant), and Laguna Madre, Station 14, in April 1959

(rare).

Potamocypris species

PLATE 1: FIGURES 2a-b; PLATE 11: FIGURES 3, 4

SHAPE.—Carapace outline in lateral view comma

shaped or elongate-subreniform; greatest height

slightly in front of middle. Dorsal margin of both

valves strongly arched, but behind position of greatest

height of left valve, dorsal margin is nearly straight.

Ventral margin concave with greatest concavity of

right valve medially and that of left valve slightly

anteromedially. Anterior margin broadly rounded and

considerably extended below in left valve. Posterior

margin forming an oblique angle; posteroventral corner narrowly rounded, subacuminate, extended below,

especially in left valve. Carapace outline in dorsal view

oblong; valves compressed; greatest width slightly

anteromedially, but width is nearly uniform throughout

most of length; both ends narrow, bluntly pointed.

ORNAMENTATION.—Exterior of valves appears

nearly smooth, but extremely numerous, small, nonsetate puncta present; puncta smaller than intervening normal pores and more or less arranged into rows

producing a minutely patterned surface on valves.

Numerous, rather long, coarse, backswept hairs present on valve exterior.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.53 mm; height

0.30 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.56 mm; height

0.30 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Inner lamella of left and right

valves differ considerably. That of left valve very wide

anteriorly and posteriorly, narrow ventrally, that of

right valve much narrower anteriorly and posteriorly.

Inner margin and line of concrescence widely separated terminally forming anterior and posterior vestibules. Well-preserved specimens possess wide, delicate,

clear, chitinous extensions of the inner lamella anteriorly and posteriorly. Selvage (some investigators

refer to it as inner list) strongly developed anteroventrally and posteroventrally where it is considerably

removed from outer margin and is radially striate.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Poorly developed or not

developed at all in right valve; well developed in left

valve where they are most abundant anteriorly (about

34-38). Canals short, straight to slightly sinuous,

simple, moderately wide, closely and rather evenly

spaced; several false canals present anteriorly.

HINGE.—Adont. Dorsal ridge of left valve fits into

corresponding dorsal groove of right valve; ridge

slightly extended forming low, rather elongate, anterior and posterior dental-like elements.

NORMAL PORES.—Numerous, small, arranged more

or less parallel to valve margins, open.

CENTRAL MUSCLE SCARS.—Consists of group of 5

elongate and 1 oval adductor scars; a faint, circular

antennal scar anterior to uppermost adductor; and 2

small, circular anteroventral mandibular scars.

EYE SPOTS.—Absent.

OVERLAP.—Left valve considerably longer than right

and extending beyond it terminally, but right valve

extending above left along dorsal margin.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Not apparent in the carapace.

MATERIAL.—Two specimens collected in bottom

samples from Laguna Madre.

REMARKS.—The above specimens differ from Potamocypris smaragdina mainly in shape and punctate

patterned surface. P. smaragdina has its greatest height

medially, particularly the right valve, whereas the

greatest height of the specimen is definitely anteromedially ; the posteroventral margin is not extended below

as much as that of P. smaragdina. According to Van

Morkhoven (1963, p. 53), numerous small puncta between the normal pores are present in the genus

Erpetocypris and all other genera of the tribus Erpeto-
NUMBER 24 27

cyprini. The present specimens, however, seem to conform in shape and internal features to Potamocypris.

These specimens also resemble Paracypridopsis in outline—which Van Morkhoven (1963) considered as

synonymous with Potamocypris.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 11 in Laguna Madre, collection number

031959-1. This form was found only in Laguna Madre,

where it was very rare.

Genus Cypridopsis Brady, 1868a

TYPE-SPECIES.—Cypris vidua O. F. Miiller, 1776, p.

199.

OCCURRENCE.—Worldwide; fresh water, brackish

water (or meshohaline).

Cypridopsis vidua (O. F. Miiller), 1776

PLATE 1: FIOURES 4a-b; PLATE 11: FIGURES 7, 8

Cypris vidua O. F. Miiller, 1776, p. 199.

Cypridopsis vidua (O. F. Miiller), Brady, 1868a, p. 117.—

Turner, 1892, p. 73.—Sharpe, 1918, p. 807, fig. 1253.—

Hoff, 1942, pp. 151-153, pi. 8: figs. 115-117.—Kesling,

1951, pp. 2-116, plates.—Swain, 1955, pp. 606-607, pi. 60:

figs. 6a-c.—Benson, 1959, pp. 39-40, pi. 1: figs. 3a-b,

pi. 8: fig. 8.—Gutentag and Benson, 1962, p. 26, fig. 6,

pi. 1: fig. 10.—Benson and MacDonald, 1963, p. 21, pi. 2:

fig. 5.

Pionocypris vidua Brady and Norman, 1896, p. 726.

Cypridopsis vidua obesa Furtos, 1933, p. 431 [not Brady and

Robertson, 1870, p. 15].

Cypridopsis pustulosa Furtos, 1933, pp. 431-432, pi. 6: figs.

5-9.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.71 mm; height

0.47 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.72 mm; height

0.46 mm.

MATERIAL.—Three specimens collected in bottom

samples from Laguna Madre and 21 from Copano Bay.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 15 in Copano Bay, collection number 012659-1.

This form was found only in Copano Bay (rare) and

Laguna Madre (very rare). It was most abundant at

Station 15 in February 1959. The distribution and

scarcity of this form suggest that individuals may have

been carried into the study area by streams. Swain

(1955) reported this species in the Guadalupe River

distributaries, and stated that it probably cannot withstand more than a trace of salinity.

Family PARACYPRIDIDAE Sars, 1923

Genus Aglaiocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1946

TYPE-SPECIES.—Aglaia pulchella Brady, 1868b, p.

94, pi. 12: figs. 1,2.

OCCURRENCE.—North Atlantic, tropics and subtropics; marine, shallow water.

Aglaiocypris? species

PLATE 2: FIGURES la-b; PLATE 11: FIGURES 9, 10

SHAPE.—Carapace elongate-subovate in lateral

view; greatest height slightly anteromedially. Dorsal

margin broadly arched, noticeably angulated in front

of greatest height with angulation of right valve

stronger than that of left; ventral margin nearly

straight, very slightly concave medially. Anterior margin broadly and uniformly rounded, extended below,

truncate above. Posterior margin considerably narrower, subacuminate and bluntly rounded; subtruncated above by dorsal margin at or slightly above

midheight of valve. Carapace in dorsal view thin, elongate-ovate; greatest width somewhat anteromedially.

Sides converging to very narrow, pointed ends, with

posterior convergence more gradual than anterior.

ORNAMENTATION.—Absent; carapace completely

smooth, transparent, and very delicate.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.74 mm; height

0.34 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.74 mm; height

0.34 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Moderately broad anteriorly and

posteriorly; greatest width at the anterior, particularly

anteroventrally. Line of concrescence and inner margin separated, forming a large anterior vestibule and

somewhat smaller posterior and posteroventral vestibules. Inner lamella quite narrow along the ventral

margin. List present near inner margin; weak submarginal selvage.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Numerous, straight, very

short, simple; most numerous (about 22) and closely

spaced at the anterior margin, becoming more widely

spaced along the ventral margin until resuming a

closer spacing posteriorly (about 7).

HINGE.—Adont. Hinge structure not distinct or

well developed but apparently consists of simple groove

in left valve which receives dorsal margin of right

valve.

NORMAL PORES.—Numerous, very small, scattered,

open.
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

MUSCLE SCARS.—Consists of central cluster of 7

scars in addition to 2 anteroventral mandibular scars.

The 7 closely spaced central scars are arranged as

follows: a single clear, circular scar or fulcral point

posterior to which is a slightly curving row of 4

elongate scars, and 2 irregular scars in horizontal row

behind.

EYE SPOTS.—Absent.

OVERLAP.—Left and right valves nearly equal in

size, but left valve slightly higher and overlapping

right valve dorsally and ventrally.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Not apparent; width of inner lamella considerably less in some individuals than

in others, but whether this is a sexual characteristic is

not known.

MATERIAL.—In bottom samples 491 specimens collected from Redfish Bay, 12 from Laguna Madre, and

80 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—The generic assignment of the above

described species is questioned because the height of

its posterior margin is considerbly less than that of its

anterior margin, whereas the ends of Aglaiocypris are

typically broadly and nearly equally rounded. The

above form resembles Pontocypris Sars, 1866, in outline but does not have spines on the posteroventral margin of the right valve, and also the muscle scar pattern

appears to be different. It differs from Paracypris in

that it has a rounded posterior and simple marginal

pore canals. Aglaiella Daday, 1910, is a similar form

but possesses branching pore canals. The present species resembles that identified as Bythocypris by Puri

(1960) from the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, but the

muscle scar pattern does not seem to be that of

Bythocypris.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 11 in Laguna Madre, collection number

081959-4. Aglaiocypris? species was rare to abundant

in Redfish Bay, rare to common in Copano Bay, and

rare in Laguna Madre.

Family CYTHERIDEIDAE Sars, 1925

Subfamily CYTHERIDEINAE Sars, 1925

Genus Cyprideis Jones, 1857

TYPE-SPECIES.—Candona torosa Jones, 1850, p. 27,

pi. 3: figs. 6a-e.

OCCURRENCE.—Worldwide; almost entirely restricted to brackish water and one of the few genera

that is endemic to this environment (Benson, 1959,

p. 44). Some species have been reported to live in

water with salinities of up to 80%o (Van Morkhoven,

1963, p. 290).

Cyprideis bensoni Sandberg, 1966

PLATE 3: FIGURES 2a-b; PLATE 12; FIGURES 7-10

Cyprideis littoralis (Brady).—Swain, 1955, pp. 615-616,

figs. 38, 5a-b, pi. 59; figs, lla-c.

Cyprideis locketti (Stephenson).—Swain, 1955 (part), pi.

64: fig. 13 [not p. 615, pi. 59: figs. lOa-c {=Cyprideis

salebrosa van den Bold, 1963)].

Cyprideis castus Benson.—Sandberg, 1964a, pp. 102-111, pi.

7: figs. 1-14, pi. 8: figs. 1-9, pi. 16: fig. 5, pi. 19: fig. 11,

pi. 20: fig. 12, pi. 21: fig. 4, pi. 23: figs. 1-10. [Not

Cyprideis (Goerlichia) castus Benson, 1959, p. 46, pi. 2:

figs. 4a-c, pi. 9: fig. 10.]

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.87 mm; height

0.45 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.89 mm; height

0.47 mm.

MATERIAL.—In bottom samples 255 specimens collected from Copano Bay.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 17 in Copano Bay, collection number 021659-3.

The species was found only at Stations 15 and 17 in

Copano Bay, where it was rare to abundant.

Cyprideis torosa (Jones), 1857

PLATE 2: FIGURES 3a-b; PLATE 3: FIGURES la-b, PLATE 13:

FIGURES 1-6

Candona torosa Jones, 1850, p. 27, pi. 3 : figs. 6a-e.

Cyprideis torosa (Jones).—Jones, 1857, p. 21, fig. 2, pi. 2:

figs, la-i.—Goerlich, 1952, p. 186, figs. 1-5.—Swain, 1955,

pp. 616-617, fig. 32c, pi. 59: figs. 8a-b.

Cytheridea torosa (Jones).—Miiller, 1912, p. 326.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult female: length 0.95 mm;

height 0.59 mm. Left valve of adult female: length 1.00

mm; height 0.66 mm.

MATERIAL.—In bottom samples 65 specimens collected from Redfish Bay, 91 from Laguna Madre, and

5 from Copano Bay.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Stations 1 and 5 in Redfish Bay, collection numbers

030559-1 and 072359-3. Cyprideis torosa was found

in all three areas. It was very rare to common in Redfish Bay and Laguna Madre, and very rare in Copano

Bay.
NUMBER 2 4 29

REMARKS.—According to Van Morkhoven (1962,

p. 45) the tubercles (nodes) occur on certain specimens of Cyprideis torosa only and are caused by a

decrease in salinity.

Cyprideis species

PLATE 3: FIGURES 3a-b; PLATE 13: FIGURES 7, 8

SHAPE.—Carapace outline in lateral view elongatesubquadrate; greatest height slightly anteromedially.

Dorsal margin broadly convex, ventral margin nearly

straight. Anterior margin broadly and uniformly

rounded, merging smoothly with dorsal and ventral

margin; posterior margin more narrowly and less uniformly rounded, subtruncate above, narrowly rounded

and slightly extended at posteroventral margin. Carapace outline in dorsal view subelliptical; valves compressed, slightly wider in front of middle. Anterior end

tapering, narrowly rounded; posterior end slightly

more broadly rounded.

ORNAMENTATION.—Exterior surface of valves covered with numerous pits of varying size and shape

with largest and most elongated pits concentrated in

midportion of each valve. A weak, subvertical, slightly

anteromedial sulcus extends from near dorsal margin

to about midheight of valve. Low marginal rim, most

conspicuous at anterior margin, extending around

periphery of free margins. Carapace large, walls

moderately thick.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult male?: length 0.89 mm;

height 0.45 mm. Left valve of adult male?: length 0.92

mm; height 0.47 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Moderately wide with greatest

width anteriorly; inner margin and line of concrescence coincide throughout. Strong submarginal selvage.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Numerous, greatest concentration anteriorly and posteroventrally; long,

slightly curved, enlarged toward inner margin, irregularly spaced, most simple but some branching canals

also present.

HINGE.—Entomodont. Hinge of right valve consists of raised anterior element bearing about 12

wedge-shaped teeth followed by short, crenulate

socket; an elongate, crenulate bar and raised posterior

dental element bearing about 6 rounded teeth present

postjacent to socket. Hinge of left valve consisting of

an elognate, denticulate anterior socket followed by a

short, triangular, crenulate furrow and denticulate

posterior socket.

NORMAL PORES.—Numerous, moderately large, irregularly spaced, sieve type.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Consisting of a nearly vertical row

of 4 adductors, a large, circular fulcral point in front

of top adductor, a large U-shaped antennal scar anterior to the fulcral point, and 2 large, elongate mandibular scars. Several dorsal scars present above

adductors.

EYE SPOTS.—Absent.

OVERLAP.—Left valve considerably larger than

right, overlapping it around free margin.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Not observed.

MATERIAL.—Nine specimens collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay and 273 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—This species of Cyprideis appears to be

distinct from C. bensoni and C. torosa, the two other

species of Cyprideis present in the area. Although it is

somewhat similar to C. torosa in outline, it is much less

coarsely pitted than the adult forms of that species, and

also lacks the anteroventral denticulations of C. torosa.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 10 in Redfish Bay, collection number 11125-1.

Cyprideis species was found in Redfish Bay where it

was very rare, and in Copano Bay where it was rare to

abundant.

Genus Haplocytheridea Stephenson, 1936

TYPE-SPECIES.—Cytheridea montgomeryensis Howe

and Chambers, 1935, p. 17, pi. 1: fig. 1; pi. 2: figs. 1-3,

7,9;pi. 6; figs. 17,18.

OCCURRENCE.—North America, Europe; restricted

to slightly brackish to epineritic marine water.

Haplocytheridea setipunctata (Brady), 1869

PLATE 4: FIGURES 2a-b; PLATE 13: FIGURES 9, 10; PLATE

16: FIGURES 7, 8

Cytheridea setipunctata Brady, 1869, p. 124, pi. 14: figs.

15, 16.

Cytheridea {Haplocytheridea) ponderosa Stephenson, 1938,

pp. 133-134, pi. 23: fig. 10, pi. 24: figs. 1-2.

Cytheridea (Leptocytheridea) sulcata Stephenson, 1938, pp.

139-140, pi. 23: fig. 2.

?'Cytheridea puncticillata Brady.—Tressler and Smith, 1948

(part), pi. 1: fig. 2 (female specimens only, Males=

Cyprideis species) [not Cytheridea puncticillata Brady,

1865].

?'Haplocytheridea bassleri Stephenson.—Puri, 1954 (part),

fig. 4d-e, pi. 3: figs. 1-3 [not fig. 4c, pi. 3: fig. 4,

(^Haplocytheridea subovata (Ulrich and Bassler),
30

1904].—Puri and Hulings, 1957, pp. 176, 183, 188, fig.

11.—Puri, 1960, pp. 108-110.—Curtis, 1960, pi. 3: fig. 2.

Haplocytheridea bassleri Stephenson.—Swain, 1955 (part),

pp. 617-618, pi. 59: fig. 9a [not pi. 59: fig. 9b=Cyprideis

ovata (Mincher), 1941].

Cyprideis floridana Puri, 1960, p. 100, figs. 1-3, pi. 2: fig. 5

[not Cytheridea floridana Howe and Hough, 1935].

Haplocytheridea cf. H. nodosa (Stephenson).—Puri, 1960,

p. 110 [not Cytheridea (Leptocytheridea) nodosa Stephenson, 1938].

Haplocytheridea ponderosa (Stephenson).—Puri, 1960, p.

110.—Curtis, 1960, pi. 3: fig. 1.

Haplocytheridea cf. H. ponderosa (Stephenson).—Curtis,

1960, p. 478, pi. 2: fig. 9.

Haplocytheridea gigantea Benson and Coleman, 1963, pp.

27-28, fig. 14, pi. 3: figs. 10-14.

Haplocytheridea setipunctata (Brady).—Sandberg, 1964b,

pp. 361-362, pi. 1: figs. 10-14, pi. 2: figs. 1-4.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult male: length 0.96 mm;

height 0.56 mm. Left valve of adult male: length 0.99

mm; height 0.64 mm.

MATERIAL.—Seventy specimens collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay, 178 from Laguna Madre,

and 27 from Copano Bay.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 12 in Laguna Madre, collection number

092859-2 (female) and Station 6 in Redfish Bay, collection number 081859-4 (male). H. setipunctata was

found in small numbers at many stations in Redfish

Bay and was rare to common at stations in Laguna

Madre and Copano Bay.

Haplocytheridea bradyi (Stephenson), 1938

PLATE 4: FIGURES la-b; PLATE 14: FIGURES 1-4

Cytheridea {Haplocytheridea) bradyi Stephenson, 1938, pp.

129-132, fig. 10, pi. 23: fig. 22, pi. 24: figs. 5-6.

Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) wadei Stephenson, 1941, pp.

428-429, figs. 3-4, 14-18.

Cytheridea {Haplocytheridea) proboscidiala Edwards, 1944,

pp. 508-509, pi. 85: figs. 8-11.

Haplocytheridea wadei (Stephenson).—Puri, 1954, p. 231,

fig. 3g, pi. 3: figs. 5-6.

Not Haplocytheridea cf. H. proboscidiala (Edwards).—Puri,

1954, p. 234, 3e-f, pi. 2: figs. 17-18 [=? Haplocytheridea

subovata (Ulrich and Bassler), 1904].

Haplocytheridea bradyi (Stephenson).—Swain, 1955, p. 618,

pi. 59, figs. 12a-b.—Puri, 1960, p. 110, figs. 4-5, pi. 2:

figs. 3-4, pi. 6: fig. 19.—Sandberg, 1964b, pp. 362-363,

pi. 2: figs. 7-16.

Haplocytheridea bradyi Swain.—Byrne, LeRoy, and Riley,

1959, p. 240, pi. 4: fig. 10, pi. 5: fig. 11.

Haplocytheridea proboscidiala (Edwards).—Benson and

Coleman, 1963, pp. 28-29, fig. 15, pi. 3: figs. 4-9.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

SIZE.—Right valve of adult male: length 0.77 mm;

height 0.43 mm. Left valve of adult male: length 0.76

mm; height 0.41 mm.

MATERIAL.—In bottom samples 139 specimens collected from Redfish Bay, 44 from Laguna Madre, and

75 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—H. bradyi is distinguished from other

species by the reversal of dentition and right valve

overlap.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 6 in Redfish Bay, collection number 081859-4

(adult male), and Station 10 in Redfish Bay, collection

number 111259-1 (juvenile female?). H. bradyi was

rare to common in all of the three collecting areas.

Subfamily PERISSOCYTHERIDEINAE

Van den Bold, 1963

Genus Perissocytheridea Stephenson, 1938

TYPE-SPECIES.—Cytheridea? matsoni Stephenson,

1935, p. 192, 193, pi. 5: figs. 1, 2, 7, 8.

OCCURRENCE.—North America, South America;

brackish water and shallow, normal marine environments.

Perissocytheridea brachyforma brachyforma

Swain, 1955

PLATE 5: FIGURES la-b; PLATE 14: FIGURES 5-8

Perissocytheridea brachyforma Swain, 1955, p. 619, pi. 61:

figs. 33a, 39, 6a-c, pi. 61: figs, la-e, 2a-e, 5a-g.

SHAPE.—Male carapace outline in lateral view subrectangular-acuminate ; greatest height anteromedially

above anterior cardinal angle. Dorsal margin nearly

straight with small convexities above anterior and

posterior cardinal angles; dorsal margin partly obscured by dorsal inflation of valve. Ventral margin

slightly sinuate anteromedially, broadly convex elsewhere. Anterior margin broadly rounded, becoming

obliquely rounded above, extended below, subtruncate

above; upper part of anterior margin of left valve

more extended than that of right valve. Posterior margin truncate above, drawn out to a narrowly rounded

median caudal process with margin slightly sinuate

above and broadly convex below. Carapace outline in

dorsal view subovate, inflated; greatest width behind

middle. Anterior end rounded, posterior end bluntly

pointed.
NUMBER 24 31

ORNAMENTATION.—Anteromedial sulcus extending

obliquely forward from beneath or slightly behind anterior cardinal angle to about midheight; anterior to

sulcus ornamentation weak, consisting largely of few

scattered pits. Dominant ornamentation occurring

posterior to sulcus and consisting of about four sinuate

longitudinal ridges on swollen posterodorsal valve surface ; ridges joined by several crossridges and crossbars,

but these not of sufficient number or strength to give

subreticulate pattern. Two ventral ridges also present,

both beginning below and anterior to sulcus; lower

ridge subparalleling ventral margin and extending

almost to posterior before bending up and forward;

shorter ridge above this ventral ridge terminating

short distance behind middle as low alate extension.

Low, weak ridge present submarginal to upper part

of the anterior margin. Valves rather heavily calcified.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult male: length 0.51 mm;

height 0.27 mm. Left valve of adult male: length 0.53

mm; height 0.29 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Rather narrow throughout with

greatest width anteriorly, inner margin parallel to outer

margin. Line of concrescence and inner margin coincide throughout, vestibules absent. Marginal selvage

moderately weak; a single list present about halfway

between inner and outer margins.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Moderately few, most

numerous anteriorly (about 10) ; very thin, simple,

long, straight, widely spaced, several false canals present anteriorly.

HINGE.—Antimerodont. Hinge of right valve consisting of raised anterior element bearing 5 or 6 wedgeshaped teeth, an elongate, crenulate groove, and a

raised posterior element of about 5 teeth. Hinge of left

valve consisting of terminal, denticulate sockets connected by a long, crenulate median bar with accommodation groove above.

NORMAL PORES.—Few, scattered, varying in size but

all very large with largest ones posterodorsally; sieve

type.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Consisting of slightly curved row

of 4 small but distinct adductors, middle 2 larger than

terminal scars; clear, fulcral point present anterior to

upper 2 adductors and large oval antennal scar present

considerably in front and slightly dorsal to fulcral

point. Single large anteroventral mandibular scar also

present.

EYE SPOTS.—Absent.

OVERLAP.—Left valve larger than right with greatest

overlap dorsally and midventrally.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Pronounced. Females much

shorter than males and much higher in proportion to

length. Females not as inflated posterodorsally as males.

Ornamentation of females somewhat weaker than that

of males except for posteroventral alation. Convexity

above the posterior cardinal angle of left valve more

pronounced in females.

MATERIAL.—Twelve specimens collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay and 689 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—According to Swain (1955) individual

variation is very great, but P. brachyforma is characterized by the ridge pattern and weak ventral alation.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 16 in Copano Bay, collection number 081959-2.

P. brachyforma was rare in Redfish Bay and rare to

abundant in Copano Bav.

Perissocytheridea brachyforma excavata

Swain, 1955

PLATE 5: FIGURES 2a-b; PLATE 14: FIGURES 9, 10; PLATE 15;

FIGURES 1, 2

Perissocytheridea brachyforma excavata Swain, 1955, pp. 620,

fig. 33b, 621, pi. 62; figs. la-c.

SHAPE.—Female carapace outline subpyriform in

lateral view, highest anteromedially. Dorsal margin of

left valve almost straight, of right valve slightly convex; ventral margin of left valve convex, of right valve

slightly sinuate in front of middle, gently convex

throughout remainder. Anterior margin broadly

rounded, extended below and subtruncate above;

posterior margin bluntly acuminate with a medial to

slightly posterodorsal bluntly rounded caudal process.

Above the caudal extension, margin slightly concave,

and base of extension much broader on left valve than

on right. Carapace outline in dorsal view without alae

elliptical with widest portion slightly posteromedially;

with alae somewhat sagittate. Anterior end more

broadly rounded than posterior.

ORNAMENTATION.—Transverse sulcus extends from

below dorsal margin at point slightly behind anterior

cardinal angle in an anteroventral direction to midheight. Several prominent ridges present; longest

roughly parallels anterior margin at about one sixth

of distance from anterior end and curving to parallel

ventral margin; finally bending upward and forward

to form hook-shaped loop just before reaching caudal

338-675 O - 70 - 3
32

process. Several (about 5) rather long, sinuate longitudinal ridges present posterior to sulcus, and several

shorter transverse ridges present anterior to sulcus.

The most prominent of posterosulcate ridges, lying

just above midheight, forms broad inverted V, merging

with another ridge to form alate-like projection. Almost immediately below this structure and separated

from it by a longitudinal furrow, a ridge-bearing node

forms a larger alate projection; surface of valves with

fine pits.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult female: length 0.45 mm;

height 0.25 mm. Left valve of adult female: length

0.46 mm; height 0.28 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Moderately broad with very

little variation in width. Inner lamella and line of

concrescence coincide throughout; marginal selvage

moderately strong; list present near middle of inner

lamella.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Few in number (only

5 to 6 along anterior margin, about 7 to 8 along ventral

margin), and widely spaced. Simple, very thin, unbranching, straight to slightly curved, a few false canals

present along anterior.

HINGE.—Antimerodont; right valve bearing raised

terminal elements separated by elongate, crenulate

furrow; raised anterior and posterior elements consisting of about 5 elongate teeth; anterior element present

beneath highest part of dorsum; dental elements of

left valve include 2 terminal denticulate sockets and

an intervening elongate crenulate bar, complementary

to right valve.

NORMAL PORES.—Moderately few, scattered large

sieve type.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Pattern consisting of nearly vertical row of 4 small adductor scars (lower 2 scars located

slightly farther anteriorly than upper 2), and large,

ovate antennal scar anterior to and slightly above top

adductor scar. Moderately large, elongate mandibular

scar also present.

OVERLAP.—Left valve larger than right, greatest

overlap dorsally and ventrally.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Pronounced. Females possess shorter and higher carapaces than males; also,

more elongate males exhibit greater posterodorsal

swelling.

MATERIAL.—Nineteen specimens collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay and 300 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—Although this subspecies resembles P.

brachyforma, it may be distinguished by its generally

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

more strongly developed ridges and the presence of

the hook-shaped loop of the ventral ridge near its

posterior end as reported by Swain (1955). The writers

have followed Swain (1955) in classifying this form

as a subspecies, but it is realized that it probably should

be considered a separate species.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 10 in Redfish Bay, collection number 081859-

6. P. brachyforma excavata was rare to abundant in

Gopano Bay and rare in Redfish Bay.

Perissocytheridea rugata Swain, 1955

PLATE 4: FIGURES 3a-b; PLATE 15: FIGURES 3-6

Perissocytheridea rugata Swain, 1955, pp. 622, 623, fig. 33c,

pi. 61: figs. 4a-b, pi. 62: figs. 6a-b.

SHAPE.—Female carapace outline in lateral view

subovate; greatest height anteromedially at anterior

cardinal angle. Dorsal margin of valves nearly straight

with strong arching above anterior cardinal angle and

small convexity above posterior cardinal angle; ventral

margin as seen from interior has small convexity in

front of middle and is gently convex throughout remainder. Ventral margin not visible on exterior because of ventral swelling of valve and overhang; both

dorsal and ventral margins converging posteriorly. Anterior margin broadly rounded, extended below, subtruncate above, sloping down to short, broad, blunt

posteroventral caudal process. Carapace outline in

dorsal view subelliptical, inflated; greatest width behind middle at alate extensions. Anterior end broadly

rounded, posterior end bluntly rounded.

ORNAMENTATION.—A rather weak anteromedian

groove or sulcus extending almost vertically from near

dorsal margin beneath cardinal angle down to approximately midheight. Exterior of valves covered with

well-developed reticulate pattern. Two rounded, submarginal ridges subparalleling anterior margin; one

of them continuing as strong ventral ridge swinging

upward and forward just before reaching posterior and

forming a low alate structure. Several moderately

strong sinuous longitudinal ridges present; upper

ridges extending from sulcus to posterior end, lower

ridges extending from anterior and below sulcus but

terminating before ridges above. Two of the lower

ridges terminating on moderately weak posteroventral

alate structure or node located about two-thirds of

shell length from anterior; alate structure is antero-
NUMBER 2 4 33

ventral to the weaker, more posterior one. Carapace

strong and heavily calcined.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult female; length 0.50

mm, height 0.31 mm. Left valve of adult female:

length 0.52 mm; height 0.34 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Moderately broad, widest anteriorly, but width not very variable. Inner lamella and

line of concrescence slightly separated anteriorly, producing very shallow vestibule; marginal selvage rather

strong; distinct list visible midway between inner and

outer margins.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Very few, abundant anteriorly (about 6 or 7), fewest in caudal extension (about

3) ; simple, thin, widely spaced, straight to slightly

curved, few false canals present anteriorly.

HINGE.—Antimerodont. Hinge of right valve consisting of raised terminal elements separated by long,

rather coarsely crenulate groove; raised anterior dental

element consisting of 5 or 6 vertically elongate cusps,

raised posterior dental element also subdivided into 5

or 6 elongate teeth which increase in size posteriorly.

Hinge of left valve consisting of terminal denticulate

sockets separated by long crenulate median bar overlaid by narrow accommodation groove.

NORMAL PORES.—Moderately few, scattered, very

large, sieve type.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Pattern consisting of a nearly

vertical row of 4 small adductors, a larger ovate antennal scar anterior to and slightly above top adductor,

a lower mandibular scar, and several scattered, circular dorsal scars.

EYE SPOTS.—Absent.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Pronounced. Males not as

high with respect to length and more inflated posterodorsally than females; females ventrally more inflated

than males (Van den Bold (1963) noted that although

it has been widely reported that the male carapaces

are shorter and higher than the female and the females are longer with posterodorsal swelling, just the

reverse is true.)

MATERIAL.—In bottom samples 293 specimens collected from Redfish Bay, 4 from Laguna Madre, and

341 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—There seems to be considerable variation in the ratio of carapace length to height in this

species. It is possible that those forms with a greater

height to length ratio belong to P. bicelliforma var.

propsammia Swain, but they also exhibit the ventrally

extended truncate posterior margin and narrow alaform ridges characteristic of P. rugata Swain.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 12 in Laguna Madre, collection number

022759-1 (adult male) and Station 5 in Redfish Bay,

collection number 072359-3 (adult female). P. rugata

was rare to common in Redfish Bay, rare in Laguna

Madre, and rare to abundant in Copano Bay.

Perissocytheridea swaini Benson and Kaesler, 1963

PLATE 5: FIGURES 4a-b; PLATE 16: FIGURES 3-6

Perissocytheridea bicelliforma Swain (part), 1955, p. 621,

pi. 61: figs. 3a-b, pi. 64: fig. 4.

Perissocytheridea swaini Benson and Kaesler, 1963, pp. 18—

19, fig. 8, pi. 3: figs. 9, 10.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult female: length 0.43 mm;

height 0.26 mm. Left valve of adult female: length

0.44 mm; height 0.27 mm.

MATERIAL.—Eight specimens collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay, 2 from Laguna Madre, and

81 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—A specimen pictured by Swain (1955,

pi. 64) and identified as probably being an immature

individual of P. bicelliforma appears to be the same

species as that described above. Swain's description and

other illustrations of P. bicelliforma, however, do not

appear to conform with the present species. In addition to outline and hinge differences, P. bicelliforma

does not possess the distinct nodes or alae of the above

described species. The form identified as P. swaini by

Benson and Kaesler (1963) from Estero de Tastiota,

Mexico appears to be conspecific with the presently

described species.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 13 in Laguna Madre, collection number

071359-1 (adult male) and Station 16 in Copano

Bay, collection number 021659-2 (late instar of female?). P. swaini was rare in Redfish Bay, very rare

in Laguna Madre, and rare to common in Copano

Bay.

Subfamily NEOCYTHERIDEIDINAE Puri, 1957

Genus Hulingsina Puri, 1958

TYPE-SPECIES.—Hulingsina tuberculata Puri,

1958a, p. 173, pi. 2: figs. 5-9.

OCCURRENCE.—United States, especially Gulf of

Mexico; brackish to normal marine waters.
34

Hulingsina ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler), 1904

PLATE 6: FIGURES 2a-b; PLATE 16: FIGURES 9, 10

Cytherideis ashermani Ulrich and Bassler, 1904, p. 126, pi. 37:

figs. 10-16.—Howe and others, 1935, p. 14, pi. 3; figs.

8-10.—Edwards, 1944, p. 514, pi. 86; figs. 1-4.—Swain,

1948, p. 195; 1951, p. 19.—Puri, 1952b, p. 910, figs. 1, 2,

pi. 130: figs. 4-8; 1953d, p. 286, pi. 9: figs. 4-8.—Malkin,

1953, p. 778.

Cytherideis longula Ulrich and Bassler, 1904, p. 128, pi.

37: figs. 21-27.—Swain, 1948, p. 195; 1951, p. 19.

Cytherideis agricola Howe and Hadley.—Malkin, 1953, pp.

779-780, pi. 28: figs. 24, 25.

Cytherideis semicircularis Ulrich and Bassler, 1904, p. 127, pi.

37: figs. 18-20.

Cushmanidea ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler).—McLean,

1957, p. 77, pi. 8; figs. 5a-f.

Hulingsina ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler).—Puri, 1958a, p.

173.—Benson and Coleman, 1963, p. 30, fig. 17, pi. 4; figs.

1-3.—Pooser, 1965, p. 45, pi. 6: fig. 5, pi. 8: figs. 1-3.

Hulingsina sulcata Puri, I960, p. 118, figs. 43-46, pi. 2:

figs. 6, 7.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult male: length 0.71 mm;

height 0.30 mm. Left valve of adult male: length 0.71

mm; height 0.31 mm.

MATERIAL.—One specimen collected in bottom samples from Redfish Bay and six from Copano Bay.

OCCURRENCE.—The female specimen illustrated is

from Station 17 in Copano Bay, collection number

032259-3. Hulingsina ashermani was very rare in

Redfish Bay and rare in Copano Bay.

Hulingsina sandersi Puri, 1958

PLATE 6: FIGURES la-b; PLATE 17: FIGURES 1-4

Hemicytherideis aff. H. mayeri (Howe and Garrett).—Swain,

1955, p. 631, pi. 63: fig. 3.

Hulingsina sandersi Puri, 1958a, p. 173, pi. 2: figs. 10-14.

SHAPE.—Female carapace elongate-ovate in lateral

view; highest anteromedially. Dorsal margin of right

valve broadly convex, dorsal margin of left valve convex in anterior half and straight in posterior half. Ventral margin of both valves concave with greatest

concavity in front of middle. Upper part of anterior

margin tapered, remainder broadly rounded and extended below; anterior margin of left valve somewhat

more broadly rounded than that of right. Posterior margin of right valve subtriangular, with posteroventral

corner forming narrowly rounded extension; posterior margin of left valve obliquely rounded with no

pronounced posteroventral extension. Carapace elonSMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

gate-ovate in dorsal view with greatest width posteriorly from whence the sides converge gradually forward

to narrowly rounded anterior and rapidly backward to

bluntly pointed posterior.

ORNAMENTATION.—Exterior of valves covered with

regularly arranged rows of papillae; elongate, papillate

rows arranged, for the most part, subparallel to valve

margins; subparallel arrangement of rows particularly

noticeable anteriorly where four or five rows parallel

anterior margin. Numerous (about 15) moderately

well-developed denticles present along midanterior

and anteroventral marginal rim. Raised marginal rim

present along posterior margin of right valve. Distinct

sulcus extending from near dorsal margin slightly in

front of middle to about midheight, where it bifurcates.

Valves rather heavily calcified.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult female: length 0.65

mm; height 0.27 mm. Left valve of adult female:

length 0.66 mm; height 0.29 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Marginal area broad anteriorly,

of moderate width elsewhere. Line of concrescence and

inner margin separated; rather large scalloped anterior

vestibule present as well as much smaller posteroventral

one. Prominent, high and sharp, submarginal selvage

present in right valve. Moderately broad, flat flange

groove forming shelflike extension at posteroventral

corner of right valve.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Numerous throughout

with greatest number anteriorly (25-32). Marginal

pore canals occur as indentations of scalloped line of

concrescence; long, simple, straight to slightly curved

canals tend to occur in pairs.

HINGE.—Lophodont. Hinge of right valve consisting

of very long, faintly crenulate tooth separated by long

interterminal groove from a short, faintly crenulated

posterior projection. Left valve hinge consisting of

elongate anterior groove overlaid by a long, well-developed antislip bar; an elongate, slightly irregular

interterminal bar, and a short, faintly crenulate

posterior groove.

NORMAL PORES.—Moderately numerous, irregularly

arranged, large sieve type.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Muscle scar pattern consisting of

nearly vertical row of 3 closely spaced adductor scars

with 4th above and slightly anterior to them; large

V-shaped antennal scar present in front of and at about

same height as top adductor scar; 2 lower, elongate,

mandibular scars present.
NUMBER 2 4 35

EYE SPOTS.—Absent.

OVERLAP.—Left valve slightly larger than right and

overlapping it around all margins except anteriorly;

greatest overlap ventral.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Moderately pronounced. Female carapace shorter and higher than in male.

MATERIAL.—Three specimens collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay and four from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—Hulingsina sandersi is similar to H.

ashermani in shape and internal characteristics, but the

nature of external ornamentation is markedly different.

H. sandersi possesses rows of definite papillae, whereas

H. ashermani possesses ridges and depressions and a

strongly reticulate pattern. H. sandersi resembles H.

tuberculata, but H. sandersi possesses an oblique sulcus

which H. tuberculata does not have; also, the papillae

of H. sandersi are more numerous and not as large as

those of H. tuberculata.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 6 in Redfish Bay, collection number 112458-1

(male) and collection number 092059-4 (female). H.

sandersi was very rare in Redfish and Copano Bays.

Family CYTHERURIDAE G. W. Miiller, 1894

Genus Cytherura Sars, 1866

TYPE-SPECIES.—Cythere gibba O. F. Miiller, 1785,

p. 66, pi. 7; figs. 7-9.

OCCURRENCE.—Worldwide; eurythermal, brackish

to normal marine waters.

Cytherura elongata Edwards, 1944

PLATE 6; FIGURES 3a-b; PLATE 17; FIGURES 5, 6

Cytherura elongata Edwards, 1944, p. 526, pi. 88; figs.

21-25.—Swain, 1951, p. 50, pi. 7; figs. 24, 25; 1955, p.

628, pi. 64; figs. 12a-b.

SHAPE.—Carapace in lateral view elongate-subquadrate; greatest height at anterior cardinal angle.

Dorsal margin of right valve nearly straight, of left

valve very slightly arched; ventral margin of right

valve nearly straight, of left valve slightly concave.

Anterior margin broadly rounded and extended below;

anterior margin of left valve merging smoothly into

dorsal margin, but with steplike interruption of slope

near junction of margins of right valve. Posterior margin extending into well-developed median or slightly

dorsomedian, bluntly rounded caudal process. Carapace in dorsal view subsagittate, tapering anteriorly

and posteriorly; greatest width about one-third carapace length from its posterior end. Anterior end

narrowly rounded, posterior end bluntly acuminate.

ORNAMENTATION.—Exterior of valves largely covered by well-developed reticulate pattern. In lateral

view, 9 or 10 raised longitudinal ribs extend from

smooth area behind anterior margin to smooth caudal

process (2 or 3 more ribs not visible unless valves are

viewed vertically) ; ribs connected by numerous short,

transverse, rather subdued ridges to form reticulate

pattern; ventralmost longitudinal rib (when valve is

viewed laterally or 4th rib up from ventral margin

when viewed ventrally), extends into raised, hooklike

alar process; this weak, alate projection occurring on

node about one-third the length from posterior and

corresponds to widest portion of carapace when viewed

dorsally. Carapace medium size, rather delicate, and

nearly transparent.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.44 mm; height

0.22 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.45 mm; height

0.23 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Wide throughout with greatest

width anteroventrally. Line of concrescence and inner

margin very slightly separated, but no distinct vestibule

present. Selvage weak.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Moderate in number,

long, slightly curved to straight, simple, occasionally

tend to occur in pairs, most numerous anteriorly, two

present in the caudal process.

HINGE.—Modified entomodont. Hinge of right valve

consisting of a low, blunt, faintly crenulate anterior

tooth, a postjacent socket, a median groove, a posterior

socket, and a posterior, bladelike tooth formed by extension of selvage and crenulate anteriorly only. Hinge

of the left valve consisting of anterior socket located

beneath rounded shelf like extension of valve; postjacent, elongate, lobate tooth; smooth median bar;

posterior, rather high, elongate, wing-shaped, lobate

tooth, and postjacent socket.

NORMAL PORES.—Few in number, small, open, irregularly distributed, obscured by external

ornamentation.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Adductor muscle scars consisting

of nearly vertical row of 4 small scars; other muscle

scars not clearly observed, but there appears to be a

large, dorsal scar above top adductor; 2 small, anterior
36

antennal scars; and 2 small, anteroventral mandibular

scars.

EYE SPOTS.—Rather small, rounded eye spot present

below anterior cardinal angle.

OVERLAP.—Left valve overlapping right slightly at

free margins.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Not observed. Swain (1955)

reported that presumed female specimens exhibited

posterodorsal swelling.

MATERIAL.—Five specimens collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay and 19 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—Cytherura elongata is distinguished

from other species by its long, nearly straight hinge

margin.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 15 in Copano Bay, collection number 032259-1.

C. elongata was very rare in Redfish Bay and common

in one collection from Copano Bay.

Cytherura forulata Edwards, 1944

PLATE 6: FIGURES 4a-b; PLATE 17: FIGURES 7-10

Cytherura forulata Edwards, 1944, p. 526, pi. 88; figs. 17-

20.—Malkin, 1953, p. 789, pi. 80; figs. 22-24.—Swain,

1951, p. 50; 1955, p. 628, figs. 35c and 39-2a, b, pi. 64;

figs. 10a-c—Puri and Hulings, 1957, pp. 176, 183.—Puri,

1960, p. 115, pi. 4; figs. 16,17.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult male: length 0.56 mm;

height 0.30 mm. Left valve of adult male: length 0.57

mm; height 0.30 mm.

MATERIAL.—In bottom samples 3,293 specimens

were collected from Laguna Madre and 186 from

Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—The above described species seems to be

the same species which Swain (1955) identified as

Cytherura forulata. The present species and that of

Swain, however, do not appear to conform to Edwards'

description and illustrations. Edwards' species has a

well-developed caudal process, a wider anterior inner

lamella, and is not arched posterodorsally. Swain (1955,

p. 628) noted that the San Antonio Bay form differed

from that of Edwards in its lack of caudal process and

more convex dorsum.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 13 in Laguna Madre, collection number

011559-3 (male) and Station 14 in Laguna Madre,

collection number 092859-4 (female). Cytherura

forulata was rare to abundant in Copano Bay and Laguna Madre.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Cytherura johnsoni Mincher, 1941

PLATE 7: FIGURES la-b; PLATE 17: FIGURES 11, 12; PLATE

18: FIGURES 1, 2

Cytherura johnsoni Mincher, 1941, p. 343, pi. 47: fig. 1.—

Swain 1955, p. 627, figs. 35b, 38a-b, 39a-c, pi. 64: figs.

8a-c.—Puri and Hulings, 1957, p. 187, fig. 11.—Puri,

960, p. 114, pi. 4: figs. 14, 15.—Benson and Coleman,

1963, p. 31, fig. 18, pi. 6: figs. 1-5.—Benson and Kaesler,

1963, p. 22, fig. 11, pi. 3: figs. 7-9.—van den Bold, 1963,

p. 395, pi. 9: fig. 3.—Pooser, 1965, pp. 45-46, pi. 10: figs.

1-4, 6.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.48 mm; height

0.28 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.48 mm; height

0.28 mm.

MATERIAL.—In bottom samples 483 specimens collected from Redfish Bay, 704 from Laguna Madre, and

1,278 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—This species of Cytherura is distinguished by its arched dorsum and slightly dorsomedian

caudal process.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Stations 1 and 6 in Redfish Bay, collection numbers

020559-1 and 081859-4. Cytherura johnsoni was rare

to abundant in Redfish Bay, Laguna Madre, and

Copano Bay.

Genus Parocytheridea G. W. Muller, 1894

TYPE-SPECIES.—Paracytheridea depressa Miiller=

Cytheropteron bovettensis Seguenza 1880 p. 65, pi. 17;

fig. 54.

OCCURRENCE.—Worldwide, epineritic (Morkhoven,

1963, p. 378).

Paracytheridea troglodyta Swain, 1955

PLATE 5: FIGURES 3a-b; PLATE 15: FIGURES 7-10; PLATE

16: FIGURES 1, 2

Paracytheridea troglodyta Swain, 1955, pp. 623-625, figs.

34a, 38, 6a-<:, pi. 61: fig. 7, pi. 62: figs. 9a-c, pi. 64: fig. 6.

SHAPE.—Male carapace outline in lateral view

elongate-subrectangular; greatest height considerably

in front of middle at anterior cardinal angle. Dorsal

margin long, nearly straight; large portion of dorsal

margin not visible when viewed from outside because

of posterodorsal inflation of valve. Ventral margin,

when viewed from inside, slightly sinuate in front of

middle and very gently convex throughout remainder;

from exterior, midventral portion obscured by ventral
NUMBER 2 4 37

ridge. Anterior margin broadly and nearly uniformly

rounded, truncate above, extended below. Posterior

margin subtruncate above, sloping rather gently down

to short bluntly rounded posteroventral caudate

process. Carapace outline oblong in dorsal view; valves

moderately compressed with greatest width behind

middle but little variation in width throughout carapace length. Posterior end blunt and slightly wider than

rounded anterior end.

ORNAMENTATION.—Entire valve surfaces strongly

ornamented with ridges, pits, and nodes. Short weak

depression extends anteroventrally slightly behind and

below anterior cardinal angle; a short distance posterior to this groove a longer, well-developed sulcus extends nearly vertically to slightly below midheight.

Low, rounded node or tubercle present immediately

in front of this strong sulcus and slightly above midheight. Posterodorsal portion of valve behind sulcus

inflated and bearing four or five strong, slightly arched

and sinuate ridges joined by short crossbars; several

of the ridges curve down and subparallel the posterior

margin. Several strong central ridges present, uppermost terminating on low node or alate process located

behind middle and slightly below midheight. Valve

surface indented or depressed between node and

prominent ridges at posteroventral corner. Remainder

of valve surface covered with large depressions (the

largest depressions occur posteroventrally) resulting in

subreticulate pattern. Two broad, rounded marginal

ridges subparallel the anterior margin. High rim

present around periphery of valves. Valves moderately

calcified and strong.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult male: length 0.46 mm;

height 0.24 mm. Left valve of adult male: length 0.47

mm; height 0.25 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Moderately and relatively uniform in width throughout; greatest width anteriorly.

Line of concrescence and inner margin coincide

throughout; selvage weak and marginal anteriorly but

becoming strong and submarginal ventrally and posteroventrally; selvage considerably removed from

margin of caudal extension at posteroventral corner;

strong list present in both valves about midway

between inner and outer margins.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Few, about 8 along anterior, 9 along venter, and 3 along posterior; moderately

long, straight to slightly curved, narrow, simple, a few

false canals present anteriorly.

HINGE.—Antimerodont; hinge of right valve consisting of anterior short, raised, trilobed dental element; long median, crenulate groove with finer

crenulations posteriorly; and posterior high, wedgeshaped, elongate dental element bearing 5 to 6 small

denticles. Hinge of left valve consisting of anterior

trilobed socket; long median, crenulate bar with first

3 or 4 crenulations larger than others, which decrease

in size posteriorly; and posterior, denticulate socket

NORMAL PORES.—Moderate in number, scattered,

rather large, sieve type.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Consisting of slightly curved row

of four small, circular adductors; large, clear, circular

fulcral point slightly above and anterior to top adductor; large nearly circular antennal scar anterior to

fulcral point; and single, elongate, anteroventral

mandibular scar.

OVERLAP.—Left valve larger than right and overlapping; greatest overlap anteriorly and ventrally.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Pronounced; female carapace shorter and higher than male; posterodorsal inflation of female valves not as great as that of males

and posteroventral alation appearing somewhat

stronger in females than in males. Other features very

similar.

MATERIAL.—In bottom samples 107 specimens collected from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—The above described species seems to

be indentical with that identified as Paracytheridea

troglodyta by Swain (1955) from San Antonio Bay.

He indicated that the placing of this form in the genus

Paracytheridea was somewhat uncertain and that it

resembled Perissocytheridea in several respects. It is

somewhat more compressed than other Perissocytheridea and possesses a few lobes on the anterior hinge

element of the right valve but closely resembles the

genus in other respects. Unfortunately, the hinge of

Paracytheridea seems to be quite variable and has been

described differently by the various investigators so

that a comparison with the hinge of the above species

is of little value. It is felt that the above species should

probably be placed in the genus Perissocytheridea.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 17 in Copano Bay, collection number 012760

(adult male and female) and 021659-3 (juvenile females?) . P. troglodyta was found only in Copano Bay,

where it was rare to common.
38

Family HEMICYTHERIDAE Puri, 1953

Genus Aurila Pokorny, 1955

TYPE-SPECIES.—Cythere convexa Baird, 1850, p.

174, pi. 21; fig. 3 ( = Cythere punctate von Munster,

1830).

OCCURRENCE.—Europe and North America; brackish to normal marine waters.

Aurila species aff. A. amygdala (Stephenson), 1944

PLATE 7: FIGURES 2a-b; PLATE 18: FIGURES 3, 4

Hemicythere amygdala Stephenson.—1953c, p. 176, pi. 1;

fig. 3; 1953d, p. 266, pi. 11; fig. 14.—Puri and Hulings,

1957, p. 174.—Puri, 1960, p. 129, figs. 31, 32.

Aurila amygdala (Stephenson).—Benson and Coleman, 1963,

p. 36, fig. 22, pi. 8; figs. 6, 8,9.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.54 mm; height

0.32 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.56 mm; height

0.36 mm.

MATERIAL.—Eighteen specimens collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay and 8 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—Aurila species aff. A. amygdala is similar in outline to A. conradi littorala but differs from

the latter principally in its much weaker ornamentation. Aurila species aff. A. amygdala also resembles

Hemicythere laevicula Edwards, 1944, but according

to Benson & Coleman (1963) differs in having a more

advanced hinge and in possessing stronger surface pitting. In addition to the relatively weak ornamentation,

Aurila species aff. A. amygdala is distinguished by the

single, small denticle on the posteroventral margin of

each valve.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 15 in Copano Bay, collection number

032259-1. Aurila species aff. A. amygdala was rare in

Redfish and Copano Bays.

Aurila conradi littorala Grossman, 1965

PLATE 7: FIGURES 3a-b; PLATE 18: FIGURES 5, 6

Aurila conradi (Howe and McGuirt) subspecie littorala

Grossman, 1965, pp. 141-147; figs. 4-19, pi. 1: figs. 1-11.

SHAPE.—Carapace outline in lateral view almond or

ear shaped; greatest height anteromedially at anterior

cardinal angle. Dorsal margin of right valve arched

anteromedially but nearly straight behind middle and

truncate posteriorly; dorsal margin of left valve broadly

arched throughout with rather abrupt but small deSMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

crease in height of dorsum immediately behind point

of greatest height; posterior of dorsum subtruncate.

Ventral margin sinuate or slightly concave in front of

middle with concavity much more pronounced on

right valve, remainder of ventral margin convex; both

dorsal and ventral margins tapering posteriorly.

Anterior margin of right valve broadly rounded above,

obliquely rounded below middle, strongly extended

below; anterior .margin of left valve nearly same as

right but not as strongly extended below and merging

more smoothly with venter than does the right anterior

margin. Posterior margin extending into rather broad,

bluntly rounded caudal process with steep, oblique

slope above and continuation of broad posteroventral

arch below. Outline in dorsal view ovate, inflated;

greatest width medially, sides tapering about evenly

anteriorly and jK>steriorly; rims heavy, margins blunt.

ORNAMENTATION.—Surface of valves with well-developed reticulate pattern. Stout, high ridges, sublongitudinal in front of middle, becoming irregular posterior

to middle; these join high, cross ridges of nearly equal

stoutness forming network of rather large, deep, irregularly shaped, polygonal depressions; thick peripheral rim present around entire valve margin. Prominent ridge subparalleling anterior, ventral, and dorsal

margins; second, proximal, prominent ridge subparalleling ventral posterior and posterodorsal margins. Six

or 7 small, pointed denticles present along anteroventral margin; posteroventral marginal and caudal process with 4 or 5 small, pointed, denticles. Valve interiors deep; shell strong and heavily calcified.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.57 mm; height

0.35 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.58 mm; height

0.37 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Moderately wide throughout

with greatest width anteriorly, especially anteroventrally. Line of concrescence and inner margin separated, particularly anteriorly where long, shallow,

vestibule is present; separation elsewhere very slight,

and extremely thin posteroventral and posterior vestibule may be present. Selvage rather weak, subparallel

to but considerably removed from margins.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Very numerous, most

abundant anteriorly; closely spaced, long, simple,

slightly curved, centrally enlarged.

HINGE.—Holamphidont. Hinge of right valve consisting of anterior high, rounded, stepped, tooth; large

postjacent socket; moderately short, faintly crenulate

median groove; and high, elongate, weakly incised,
NUMBER 24 39

posterior tooth. Hinge of left valve consisting of anterior socket; postjacent, high, bluntly rounded tooth;

finely crenulate median bar; and elongate, curved, posterior socket enclosing low, small, precentral tooth; accommodation groove present above median bar; broad

vertically ribbed flange overlying hinge area.

NORMAL PORES.—Moderately numerous, scattered,

rather small, open.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Not clearly seen, but 4 thin, elongate en echelon, adductors appear to be present; scars

becoming more elongate anteriorly. At least 1 rather

large, oblique, mandibular scar seems to be present.

Other scars evident but not easily resolved.

EYE SPOT.—Distinct, clear, moderately large eye tubercle present somewhat below and anterior to anterior cardinal angle.

OVERLAP.—Valves nearly equal but left slightly

larger; dorsal overlap small.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Not very pronounced; females slightly longer and higher than males.

MATERIAL.—In bottom samples 15,817 specimens

collected from Redfish Bay, 4,638 from Laguna Madre,

and 193 from Copano Bay.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from Station 5 in Redfish Bay, collection number 072359-3. A.

conradi littorala was the most widely distributed and

abundant ostracod species in the study area. It was

most abundant in Redfish Bay and Laguna Madre

and least abundant in Copano Bay.

Family CAMPYLOCYTHERIDAE Puri, 1960

Genus Campylocythere Edwards, 1944

TYPE-SPECIES.—Campylocythere laeva Edwards,

1944, p. 515. pi. 86; figs. 8-14.

OCCURRENCE.—North America; predominantly epineritic, some brackish water species.

Campylocythere laevissima (Edwards), 1944

PLATE 7: FIGURES 4a-b; PLATE 18: FIGURES 7, 8

Acuticythereis laevissima Edwards, 1944, p. 519, pi. 87: figs.

4-11.—McLean, 1957, pi. 90, pi. 12: figs. 4a-g.—Puri,

1960, p. 128, pi. 2: figs. 16, 17.

Campylocythere laevissima (Edwards).—Malkin, 1953,

p. 785, pi. 80: figs. 4-11.

Campylocythere concinnoidea Swain.—Curtis, 1960, p. 486,

pi. 3: fig. 7.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.50 mm; height

0.24 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.51 mm; height

0.25 mm.

MATERIAL.—Two specimens collected in bottom

samples from Laguna Madre.

REMARKS.—The present form appears to be the

same as that identified as Acuticythereis laevissima Edwards by Puri (1960) from the west coast of Florida.

Acuticythereis is included in synonymy with Campylocythere in the present investigation as it was in the

reports of Malkin (1953), Swain (1955), and Benson

and Coleman (1963). C. concinnoidea Swain, reported

by Swain (1955) from San Antonio Bay, possesses pits

and a well-developed reticulate pattern on the valve

exteriors in contrast to the nearly smooth valves of the

present species. Benson and Coleman (1963) identified

specimens collected from the Eastern Gulf of Mexico

as C. laevissima (Edwards), but these do not appear to

be identical with the form described above. The form

described by them is higher and not as drawn out posteriorly as the present species.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 14 in Laguna Madre, collection number

041459-5. C. laevissima was very rare in Laguna

Madre.

Family LIMNOCYTHERIDAE Klie, 1938

Genus Limnocythere Brady, 1868

TYPE-SPECIES.—Cythere inopinata Baird, 1843, p.

195.

OCCURRENCE.—Worldwide; almost entirely fresh

water, some occurrences in brackish water have been

recorded.

Limnocythere sanctipatricii Brady and

Robertson, 1869

PLATE 8: FIGURES la-b; PLATE 18: FIGURES 9, 10; PLATE

19: FIGURES 1, 2

Limnocythere sanctipatricii Brady and Robertson, 1869, p.

17, pi. 18: figs. 8-11, pi. 21: fig. 4.—Brady, Crosskey, and

Robertson, 1874, p. 174, pi. 2; figs. 1-3.—Brady and Norman, 1889, p. 171, pi. 17; figs. 1, 2.—Swain, 955, pp. 613-

614, figs. 32a, 38, 4, pi. 60; figs, la-f, 2a-c.

SHAPE.—Male carapace outline in lateral view

elongate-subreniform; greatest height in front of

middle near anterior cardinal angle. Dorsal margin

very long, nearly straight, becoming slightly sinuate
40

posteriorly; in female dorsal margin gently arched.

Ventral margin strongly concave slightly anteromedially, broadly convex throughout remainder. Anterior margin broadly and nearly uniformly rounded,

strongly extended below, subtruncate above forming

obtuse angle with dorsal margin. Posterior margin more

narrowly rounded with maximum curvature below

midheight; also strongly extended below, truncate

above forming smaller obtuse angle with dorsal

margin. Carapace outline in dorsal view elongatesublanceolate; little inflation, greatest width ventromedially. Valves much compressed anteriorly and

posteriorly; anterior end narrowly pointed, posterior

end narrowly rounded.

ORNAMENTATION.—Moderately strong reticulate

pattern covering exterior surface of valve; several

nodes present. Two sulci present, both in anterior half.

Anterior sulcus shorter, and extending almost directly

downward from near dorsal margin, slightly behind

anterior cardinal angle, to about midheight. Second

dominant sulcus, located only short distance posterior

to first, also extending nearly vertically downward

from near dorsal margin, but to below midheight.

Slightly raised fold or node present between two sulci

and low, broad, node present anteroventrally to posterior sulcus. Valve inflated in portion containing sulci,

with greatest inflation behind second sulcus; welldeveloped node or blunt alar process present short

distance posteroventrally to second sulcus. That portion

of valve posteroventral to alar process rather strongly

compressed, but posterodorsal area above slightly inflated. Low marginal rim present immediately behind

anterior margin and also adjacent to posterior and

posteroventral margins. Moderately high peripheral

rim present around free margin. Valves not heavily

calcified, rather fragile, transparent to translucent.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult male: length 0.62 mm;

height 0.28 mm. Left valve of adult male: length 0.63

mm; height 0.28 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Wide anteriorly, moderately wide

elsewhere with narrowest area posterodorsally; inner

lamella above prominent ventral concavity appearing

narrow because of strong infolding. Line of concrescence and inner margin coincide throughout. Selvage

submarginal, rather weak.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Moderately few, about

16 anteriorly, 14-16 ventrally, and about 8 posteriorly.

Canals long, slightly curved, simple, thin and uniform

in width, widely and rather regularly spaced; canals

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

present anteriorly, ventrally, and posteriorly, with

greatest number anteriorly.

HINGE.—Hinge of right valve consisting of small,

low, blunt, faintly trilobed anterior tooth; very long,

irregular, crenulate median groove with overlying bar;

and low, more elongate, trilobed, posterior tooth. Hinge

of left valve consisting of small anterior socket;

elongate, irregular, crenulate median bar with overlying accommodation groove; and elongate posterior

socket.

NORMAL PORES.—Few, rather small, scattered, sieve

type.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Consisting of closely spaced vertical row of 4 adductor scars: middle 2 elongate, terminal 2 more ovate; clear fulcral point just in front of

and slightly above 2nd adductor from top; oval antennal scar some distance in front of fulcral point;

2 widely spaced mandibular scars anteroventral to adductors; several distinct, scattered dorsal scars above

adductors and also above antennal scar.

OVERLAP.—Valves nearly equal in size, no appreciable overlap.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Pronounced. Female valves

subreniform in lateral outline; female carapace shorter,

higher, and wider than male; dorsal margin of female

more arched than that of male; posteroventral alar

process more strongly developed in some females than

in males.

MATERIAL.—Fourteen specimens collected in bottom

samples from Laguna Madre and 48 from Copano

Bay.

REMARKS.—The above described species appears to

be the same as that identified as Limnocythere sanctipatricii by Swain (1955) from San Antonio Bay.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 14 in Laguna Madre, collection number

041459-1. L. sanctipatricii was rare in Laguna Madre

and rare to abundant in Copano Bay.

Limnocythere species

PLATE 8: FIGURES 2a-b; PLATE 19: FIGURES 3-6

SHAPE.—Male carapace outline in lateral view

elongate-subreniform; greatest height in front of middle near anterior cardinal angle. Dorsal margin long,

nearly straight; ventral margin strongly concave in

front of middle, convex throughout remainder. Anterior margin broadly rounded, becoming somewhat

obliquely rounded at extreme upper part, moderately
NUMBER 2 4 41

extended below, subtruncate above. Posterior margin

broadly rounded but not so much as anteriorly, maximum curvature at about midheight, strongly extended

below, subtruncate above. Carapace outline in dorsal

view elongate-ovate; greatest width midventral. Valves

moderately inflated in anterior half, somewhat compressed in posterior half, with posterior end narrowly

pointed and anterior end more broadly pointed.

ORNAMENTATION.—Exterior surfaces of male valves

almost completely smooth; those of females lightly

reticulate. Two sulci present in anterior half; anterior

sulcus shorter and shallower than posterior sulcus,

located slightly behind anterior cardinal angle, and

extending nearly vertically downward from near dorsal

margin to about midheight; second sulcus, located

short distance behind first, extending vertically downward from below dorsal margin to slightly below midheight; area between two sulci raised. The antennal

scar lying within first sulcus and adductor scars within

second. Inflated area of valve, posteroventral to second

sulcus, terminating in node or blunt alar process;

posteroventral portion of valve behind alar process and

anteroventral portion of valve distinctly compressed.

Low peripheral rim present around valve margins.

Valves thin, fragile, transparent to translucent.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult male: length 0.55 mm;

height 0.28 mm. Left valve of adult male: length 0.54

mm; height 0.27 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Rather narrow throughout,

greatest width anteroventral and least width posterodorsal. Line of concrescence and inner margin coincide

throughout. Selvage submarginal, weak.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Moderately few, most

numerous anteriorly (about 10). Canals rather short,

simple, straight to slightly curved, widely and fairly

regularly spaced.

HINGE.—Hinge of right valve consisting of long,

low, blunt anterior tooth; long, crenulate median

groove with overlying bar; and low, blunt, elongate

posterior tooth formed by extension of selvage; terminal teeth apparently faintly lobed. Hinge of left valve

consisting of weak terminal sockets connected by

elongate, crenulate median bar with overlying accommodation groove.

NORMAL PORES.—Moderate in number, outer pores

roughly parallel to margins, inner ones scattered, small,

sieve type.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Consisting of nearly vertical row

of closely spaced adductor scars (lower scar nearly

circular, inner two elongate and the upper one ovate) ;

oval antennal scar considerably anterior to upper two

adductors; two anteroventral mandibular scars; and

several dorsal scars scattered above adductor group.

OVERLAP.—Right valve slightly larger than left with

greatest overlap anteriorly and dorsally.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Pronounced. Female carapace higher and wider than that of male. Dorsal

margin of male slightly straighter than that of female; posteroventral node or alar process somewhat

more strongly developed in the female.

MATERIAL.—Seventy-one specimens collected in

bottom samples from Laguna Madre.

REMARKS.—The above described species of Limnocythere differs from L. sanctipatricii principally in

the reduction or absence of reticulate ornamentation

on valve exteriors. Also the anterior and posterior margins of the above species are nearly equally rounded,

whereas in L. sanctipatricii the anterior margin is considerably more broadly rounded than the posterior.

Swain (1955) identified L. sanctipatricii Brady and

Robertson variety A from San Antonio Bay. This

species was distinguished from L. sanctipatricii by its

relatively less concave ventral margin and more

equally rounded ends. This variety is apparently not

the same as the above described form, because there

is no reduction in ornamentation in the variety as

there is in the present species.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 14 in Laguna Madre, collection number

041459-5. Limnocythere species was rare to common

in Laguna Madre.

Family LEPTOCYTHERIDAE Hanai, 1957

Genus Leptocythere Sars, 1925

TYPE-SPECIES.—Cythere pellucida Baird, 1850, p.

173, pi. 21: fig. 7.

OCCURRENCE.—Europe, North America, worldwide?; brackish to shallow marine waters.

Leptocythere species

PLATE 8: FIGURES 3a—b; PLATE 19: FIGURES 7—10

SHAPE.—Male carapace outline in lateral view

elongate-subreniform; greatest height anteromedially

near anterior cardinal angle. Dorsal margin long and

broadly convex; ventral margin with strong concavity

slightly in front of middle; remainder of margin con-
42

vex. Anterior margin broadly and almost uniformly

rounded, strongly extended below, slightly subtruncate

above. Posterior margin also rounded but not as broadly

rounded as anterior; truncate above forming distinct

obtuse posterior cardinal angle. Carapace outline in

dorsal view elongate-ovate, slightly inflated; greatest

width behind middle, posterior to rather deep sulcus.

Valves tapering toward both ends, but anterior end

more pointed than posterior.

ORNAMENTATION.—Degree of ornamentation varies

considerably within species (two species?) ; individuals

from Copano Bay considerably less heavily ornamented

than those from Redfish Bay. Anterodorsal, oblique,

sinuous, sulcus extending anteroventrally below area

of greatest height, and terminating slightly above midheight. Posterior to this sulcus a second, larger sulcus

extending from near middorsum nearly vertically

downward to slightly below midheight. Between sulci,

anterodorsal valve area forming low, broad tubercle

or node. Anterior half of valve, that portion in front

of medial sulcus, more highly ornamented than that

behind sulcus, and covered with closely spaced pits and

short, sinuate ridges. In some individuals, ridges very

weak, whereas in others ridges quite strong. Posterodorsal portion of valve bearing several elongate, sinuous ridges and short, connecting crossbars. Strong,

oblique ventral ridge beginning slightly above concavity of ventral margin and terminating posteroventrally as small, sharp, alate process; portion of valve

immediately behind, compressed. Few scattered pits

of varying size present on posterior half of valve. Finely

beaded ridge, followed by two or three more or less

subparallel ridges bordering anterior margin. Moderately high peripheral rim present around both valves.

Valves small, rather delicate, and pellucid.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult male: length 0.38 mm;

height 0.20 mm. Left valve of adult male: length 0.38

mm; height 0.20 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Wide anteroventrally and posteroventrally, narrow above ventral concavity and

posterodorsally; sinuous throughout, especially behind

middle of venter. Line of concrescence and inner margin separated; large anterior and posteroventral

vestibules and small posterior vestibule present. Moderately weak selvage near and parallel to outer margin;

list short distance in from selvage.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Numerous, number greatest ventrally; branching (most with 3 branches but

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

ranging from 2 to 6 branches), branches closely and

fairly evenly spaced, long, sinuous, looping, a few false

canals present anteriorly and ventrally.

HINGE.—Modified entomodont. Hinge of right valve

consisting of anterior, moderately high, wedge-shaped,

trilobed tooth; elongate, crenulate median groove overlaid by ridge; and high, curved, lobed posterior tooth.

Hinge of left valve consisting of anterior socket with

tooth on each side, anterior tooth small and far beneath valve margin, posterior tooth larger, overlaid by

groove, and projecting slightly beyond valve margin;

posterior tooth followed by long, crenulate bar with

overlying groove; and a posterior elongate, curved

socket.

NORMAL PORES.—Few, scattered, small, open.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Consisting of nearly vertical row

of 4 elongate adductors and large crescent-shaped,

fulcral point anterior to uppermost adductor; large Ushaped antennal scar anterior to and slightly below

fulcral point.

OVERLAP.—Valves nearly equal, but left valve

slightly higher, causing small dorsal overlap.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. — Moderately pronounced.

Male carapace more elongate, not as high, and more

narrowly rounded posteriorly than that of female.

MATERIAL.—Seven specimens collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay, 7 from Laguna Madre, and

70 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—The present form appears to be somewhat more ornamented than is typical of Leptocythere.

In general outline it resembles Cytheromorpha, but

differs from Cytheromorpha in possessing branching

marginal canals and a different hinge. It resembles

Callistocythere in outline and has a similar hinge, but

is not as strongly or heavily ornamented. The ornamentation is similar to Tanella, but does not appear to be

as elongate and the hinge is different. Although Swain

(1955) identified a species of Leptocythere from San

Antonio Bay, the present species does not seem to be

the same in general outline or hinge structure (although the hinge structure is so complex that differences in interpretation could easily occur), and Swain

did not mention the distinctive marginal canal pattern.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 15 in Copano Bay, collection number 021659-1.

Leptocythere species was rare in Redfish Bay and

Laguna Madre and was rare to moderately common in

Copano Bay.
NUMBER 2 4

Family LOXOCONCHIDAE Sars, 1925

Genus Cytheromorpha Hirschmann, 1909

TYPE-SPECIES.—Cytheromorpha albula Hirschmann, 1909, p. 290 ( = Cythere fuscata Brady, 1869,

p. 47, pi. 7; figs. 5-8) SD Sars, 1925.

OCCURRENCE.—Europe, North America; mesohaline

to littoral.

Cytheromorpha warneri Howe and Spurgeon, 1935

PLATE 8: FIGURES 4a-b; PLATE 20: FIGURES 1, 2

Cytheromorpha warneri Howe and Spurgeon.—in Howe et

al., 1935, p. 11, pi. 2: figs. 5, 8, 9; pi. 4: fig. 4.—Van den

Bold, 1946, p. 105; Malkin, 1953, p. 787, pi. 80, figs. 18,

19; Pun, 1954, p. 277, pi. 6, figs. 507, text-figs, llf-g;

Pun & Hulings, 1957, p. 187, fig. 11; Puri, 1960, p. 114,

pi. 3, figs. 11, 12, text-fig. 36; Pooser, 1965, p. 51, pi. 11,

figs. 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13.

Cytheromorpha sp. cf. C. warneri Howe & Spurgeon: Swain,

1951, p. 49, pi. 7, figs. 18, 19; McLean, 1957, p. 70, pi. 7,

figs. 3a-b.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.49 mm; height

0.25 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.49 mm; height

0.25 mm.

MATERIAL.—One specimen was collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from station 8 in Redfish Bay, collection number 020559-2.

Cytheromorpha warneri was very rare in Redfish Bay.

Genus Loxoconcha Sars, 1866

TYPE-SPECIES.—Cythere impressa Baird, 1850,

p. 173, pi. 21, fig. 9 [non M'Coy, 1844] [=Cythere

rhomboidea Fischer, 1855 = Loxoconcha bairdii

Miiller, 1894].

OCCURRENCE.—Cosmopolitan; this genus inhabits a

wide range of environments from brackish to normal

marine to hypersaline waters. Species have been reported from intertidal to 30 fathoms (Benson, 1959).

Although species have been found on mud to sand

substrates and several burrowers have been reported

(Elofson, 1941), many species live in shallow marine

habitats rich in plants. Grossman (1965) reported that

the appendages of Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea are

adapted for crawling about on vegetation. Loxoconcha

43

lenticulata was reported living in slightly hypersaline

waters in association with filigreed algae by Benson

(1959).

Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea Edwards, 1953

PLATE 9: FIGURES la-b; PLATE 20: FIGURES 3-6

Loxoconcha subrhomboides Edwards, 1944, p. 527, pi. 88:

figs. 28-32.—Swain, 1951, pp. 25-26, pi. 2: figs. 18, 19.

Not Loxoconcha subrhomboidea Brady, 1880.

Loxoconcha reticularis Edwards, Malkin, 1953, pp. 786-787,

pi. 80: figs. 13-17.

Loxoconcha purisubrhomboides Edwards, in Puri, 1953a, p.

750.—McLean, 1957, p. 71, pi. 7: figs. 4a-e.—Puri, 1954,

p. 274, fig. lOh, pi. 10: fig. 8.—Grossman, 1965, pp. 148-

150, figs. 3, 20-36, pi. 2: figs. 1-11.

Loxoconcha matagordensis Swain, 1955, pp. 629—360, figs.

36b and 39, 7a-b, pi. 63: figs. 9a-b, pi. 64: figs, la-b, 7a-b.

SHAPE.—Male carapace outline in lateral view

elongate-subrhomboidal to subovate; greatest height

behind middle. Dorsal margin nearly straight with

small convexity at posterior cardinal angle; ventral

margin slightly concave in front of middle, broadly

rounded in its lower portion and extended below,

upper portion with nearly straight slope forming subtruncate, obtuse angle with dorsal margin; upper portion of posterior margin, truncate at posterior cardinal

angle, extending as very short, straight to slightly concave slope until abruptly terminated by broadly

rounded, extended, lower posterior margin to form a

small posterodorsal caudate process. Carapace outline

in dorsal view subovate, widest medially; posterior half

more swollen than anterior, both ends pointed.

ORNAMENTATION.—Surface of valves covered by

moderately small, circular pits in rows roughly subparallel to valve margins; pits largest near valve center and decrease in size toward margins. Moderately

thick peripheral rim present; two low finely beaded

submarginal ridges present behind anterior margin

and subparallel to it. Small, slightly swollen portion of

valve directly below posterior cardinal angle, not forming definite node or horn.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult male: length 0.66 mm;

height 0.38 mm. Left valve of adult male: length 0.67

mm; height 0.39 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Moderately wide diroughout,

greatest width anteriorly, sinuous ventrally. Line of

concrescence and inner margin separated anteriorly,
44

ventrally, and posteroventrally; rather small anterior

vestibule and very narrow, elongate ventral-posteroventral vestibule. Moderately strong selvage present

parallel to and considerably removed from outer margin forming rather wide groove behind flange.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Very few, more numerous anteriorly (about 7 or 8), least numerous posteriorly (2 or 3) and widely spaced; straight to very

slightly curved; simple, long, and centrally enlarged;

some short and wide intercalated false pore canals

present.

HINGE.—Gongylodont. Hinge of right valve consisting of anterior small, rather deep socket; low, small,

bluntly rounded tooth; very small postjacent socket;

elongate, crenulate interterminal groove followed by

low, blunt, trilobed tooth; long, flat socket; and rather

high, long, rounded tooth. Hinge of left valve consisting

of anterior elongate, shallow socket; moderately high,

bluntly rounded tooth; postjacent small, square socket;

elongate, crenulate, interterminal ridge; postjacent

shallow, lobed socket; long, low, flat tooth; and posterior deep, rounded socket.

NORMAL PORES.—Moderate in number, scattered,

large, sieve type.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Slightly downcurved row of 4

elongate adductors, upper 2 longer than lower 2;

single, moderately large, bow-shaped, antennal scar

in front of lower of top 2 adductors; 2 small, thin,

elongate, aligned mandibular scars.

EYE SPOTS.—Moderately small, raised, hyaline eye

spot present beneath anterior cardinal angle.

OVERLAP.—Valves nearly equal in size, left slightly

larger; no noticeable overlap.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Pronounced, male carapace

considerably longer than that of female and not as

tumid.

MATERIAL.—In bottom samples 2,893 specimens collected from Redfish Bay, 1,833 from Laguna Madre,

and 22 from Copano Bay.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 12 in Laguna Madre, collection number

092859-2. Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea was the

second most abundant and widely distributed ostracod

species in the study area. It was rare to abundant in

Redfish Bay and Laguna Madre and rare in Copano

Bay.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Family PARADOXOSTOMATIDAE Brady and

Norman, 1889

Subfamily PARADOXOSTOMATINAE Brady and

Norman, 1889

Genus Paradoxostoma Fischer, 1855

TYPE-SPECIES.—Paradoxostoma dispar Fischer,

1855, p. 654.

OCCURRENCE.—Worldwide; brackish to epineritic

normal marine waters, plant dwellers. According to

van Morkhoven (1963), the representatives of this

genus have the upper lip, hypostome, and mandible

transformed into a device for sucking the juices of the

plants on which they live.

Paradoxostoma? species

PLATE 9: FIGURES 2a-b; PLATE 20: FIOURES 7, 8

SHAPE.—Carapace outline in lateral view elongateovate; greatest height medially. Dorsal margin rather

broadly and uniformly convex; ventral margin slightly

sinuate in front of middle, very gently convex elsewhere. Anterior margin narrowly rounded, acuminate

slightly below midheight. Posterior margin more

broadly rounded, subtruncate above, producing slight

irregularity at junction with dorsal margin. Carapace

outline in dorsal view elongate-ovate, only moderately

inflated; greatest width slightly in front of middle from

whence valves taper anteriorly and posteriorly to narrowly rounded ends.

ORNAMENTATION.—Valves unornamented, smooth,

thin, very fragile, and transparent.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.43 mm;

height 0.20 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.44 mm;

height 0.19 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Quite wide throughout, slightlywidest anteroventrally and posteroventrally, but very

little actual variation in width except above small anteroventral concavity, and there somewhat narrower.

Inner margin and line of concrescence separated

throughout, resulting in presence of wide, continuous

vestibule anteriorly, ventrally, and posteriorly. Marginal zone very narrow. Selvage submarginal, weak;

two rather widely spaced lists present.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Very few, difficult to distinguish, about 7 anteriorly, 8 ventrally, and 4 posteriorly; all very short, simple, straight, and widely

spaced.
NUMBER 2 4 45

HINGE.—Lophodont, very weakly developed. Hinge

of right valve consisting of small, low, smooth anterior

and posterior toothlets joined by long, smooth, shallow

groove. Hinge of left valve consisting of small, socketlike, terminal indentations joined by low, smooth extension of dorsal margin of valve.

NORMAL PORES.—Moderately few, small scattered,

open.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Quite strongly developed, consisting of a nearly vertical row of four adductor scars

(lower three very elongate, top one more nearly circular) ; thin, small, crescent-shaped scar present slightly

in front and above the top adductor; second, small,

oval, frontal scar present at considerable distance anterodorsally from crescent-shaped scar; about three

rather large, indistinct dorsal scars present high above

adductors. No mandibular scars present.

OVERLAP.—Left valve slightly longer than right and

overlapping it terminally, but right valve higher than

left dorsally.

MATERIAL.—Five specimens collected in bottom

samples from Laguna Madre.

REMARKS.—It is difficult to determine whether this

species is properly placed in the genus Paradoxostoma

or the genus Cytherois. Those species of Paradoxostoma which possess a definite caudal process are easily

distinguishable, but in some species of Paradoxostoma

this feature is greatly reduced. Sylvester-Bradley and

Howe (in Moore, 1961) described Cytherois as being

like Paradoxostoma. but having a less sinuous ventral

margin and no trace of caudal process or posterodorsal

sinuosity. The present species has no caudal process

but does exhibit slight posterodorsal sinuosity. In addition, the lack of mandibular scars in the present species

may be significant. The type-species, Cytherois fischeri

(Sars, 1866), possesses unusually large mandibular

scars. Other pictured species of Cytherois, however, do

not all include mandibular scars. In all illustrations of

Paradoxostoma seen by the writers, no mandibular

scars were pictured. The lack of mandibular scars in

addition to the slight posterodorsal sinuosity seem to

warrant placing this species in Paradoxostoma.

The possibility of this species belonging to the genus

Paracytherois G. W. Miiller, 1894, could not be completely eliminated. According to van Morkhoven

(1963), Paracytherois is indistinguishable from Cytherois on hard parts alone. Sylvester-Bradley and

Howe (in Moore, 1961), however, stated that although Paracytherois has a carapace like that of Paradoxostoma, the anterior vestibule in Paracytherois is

more constricted; the anterior vestibule of the present

species does not appear to be more constricted than is

normal for Paradoxostoma, but the writers had only

illustrations for comparison.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 11 in Laguna Madre, collection number

062959-1. Paradoxostoma? species was very rare in

Laguna Madre.

Subfamily CYTHEROMATINAE Elofson, 1939

Genus Pellucistoma Coryell and Fields, 1937

TYPE-SPECIES.—Pellucistoma howei Coryell and

Fields, 1937, p. 17, figs. 18a-c.

OCCURRENCE.—North and Central America, possibly Indo-Pacific region; most species inhabit normal

marine epineritic environments although some are

brackish water forms. Benson and Kaesler (1963) reported that species of Pellucistoma are in general

found in waters with salinities greater than 30%o.

Pellucistoma species

PLATE 9: FIGURES 4a-b; PLATE 20: FIGURES 9, 10

Paradoxostoma atrum Miiller.—Swain, 1955, p. 632, figs.

36c, 39, 4a-c, pi. 63: figs. 6a-d.—Puri and Hulings, 1957,

p. 187, fig. 11.—Puri, 1960, p. 119, pi. 2; figs. 12, 13.

SHAPE.—Carapace outline in lateral view elongate

subspatulate; greatest height behind middle of shell.

Dorsal margin nearly straight, only very slightly convex, posterior of dorsum truncate; ventral margin

concave near anterior and broadly convex throughout

remainder. Anterior margin more obliquely rounded in

upper portion than in lower; posterior margin extended as short, rounded, medial to slightly dorsomedial caudal process. Carapace outline in dorsal view

sublanceolate, both ends tapering and pointed; greatest width slightly anteromedially, valves moderately

inflated.

ORNAMENTATION.—Valve surfaces smooth, polished,

scattered pits of normal pores visible; valves not

heavily calcified, nearly transparent.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.53 mm; height

0.28 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.54 mm; height

0.28 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Rather wide throughout, with

greatest width anteriorly but also wide posteroventrally,

narrowest anteroventrally. Line of concrescence and

inner margin separated; large anterior vestibule and

a narrower, elongate, posteroventral vestibule. Weak

submarginal selvage.
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Moderate in number,

about equally concentrated anteriorly and ventrally,

fewer posteriorly, short, almost evenly spaced, straight

to slightly curved; a few simple, centrally enlarged

canals present, but most with two or three branches.

HINGE.—Merodont. Hinge of right valve consisting of elongate groove slightly enlarged at both ends;

bladelike extension of valve edge present posterior to

groove; rather large, rounded, antislip tooth present

below anterior end of groove. Left valve hinge consisting of elongate, nearly smooth median bar; both ends

of bar thickened and modified to form teeth, anterior

tooth longer and thicker than small posterior tooth;

small notch postjacent for reception of right valve

extension.

NORMAL PORES.—Moderate in number, scattered,

rather large, sieve type.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Consisting of slightly curved row

of 4 adductors, lower 2 being somewhat forward of

upper 2; thin crescent-shaped antennal scar present

anterior to uppermost adductor; very large round,

rosette scar or fulcral point between the antennal and

2 upper adductors; large dorsal scar above adductors;

2 mandibular scars (quite large compared with other

scars) close together and giving superficial appearance

of 1 large scar.

EYE SPOTS.—Small, clear spot below the dorsal

margin near anterior cardinal angle may be an eye

spot.

OVERLAP.—Valves subequal with no noticeable

overlap.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Not observed.

MATERIAL.—Forty specimens collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay, 10 from Laguna Madre,

and 3 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—Benson and Coleman (1963) reported

Pellucistoma magniventra Edwards from the Eastern

Gulf of Mexico and stated that it is probably the same

species identified as Paradoxostoma ensiforme Brady

by Swain (1955) from San Antonio Bay. Van Morkhoven (1963) also stated that Paradoxostoma ensiforme Brady as identified by Swain (1955) is probably Pellucistoma. The species described above does

not have a caudal process as long or as pointed, and

there is little resemblance to the previously mentioned

forms. The present species appears to be the same as

that identified by Swain (1955) as Paradoxostoma

atrum Miiller. The present form is identified as Pellucistoma on the basis of possessing a merodont hinge,

an antislip tooth, and branching marginal pore canals.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 10 in Redfish Bay, collection number 111259-1.

Pellucistoma species was rare in Redfish Bay, Laguna

Madre, and Copano Bay, but was somewhat more

abundant in Redfish Bay than in the other two areas.

Genus Megacythere Puri, 1960

TYPE-SPECIES.—Megacythere robusta Puri, 1960, p.

122, figs. 10, ll.pl. 2: figs. 14,15.

OCCURRENCE.—North and Central America,

Europe?: euryhaline, from brackish, normal marine,

and hypersaline shallow environments. Benson and

Kaesler (1963) reported Megacythere johnsoni to be

most common in the slightly hypersaline waters of the

upper lagoon region of the Estero de Tastiota.

Megacythere johnsoni (Mincher), 1941

PLATE 9: FIGURES 3a-b; PLATE 21: FIOURES 1-4

Microcythere johnsoni Mincher, 1941, p. 344, pi. 47: figs.

4a-d.—Puri, 1954, p. 290.—Swain, 1955, p. 641, figs. 39,

3, pi. 63: figs. 2a-c, pi. 64: fig. 7.—van den Bold, 1957,

p. 237, pi. 4: fig. 1.

Megacythere johnsoni (Mincher).—Benson and Kaesler,

1963, p. 28, fig. 16, pi. 3: figs. 3,4.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult female: length 0.45 mm;

height 0.24 mm. Left valve of adult female: length

0.45 mm; height 0.24 mm.

MATERIAL.—Seventy specimens collected in bottom

samples from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—The present species appears to be the

same species that Swain (1955) identified as Microcythere johnsoni from San Antonio Bay, and that Benson

and Kaesler (1963) reported from the Northeastern

Gulf of California.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 16 in Copano Bay, collection number 081959-2.

Megacythere johnsoni was rare to common in Copano

Bay.

Family TRACHYLEBERIDIDAE SylvesterBradley, 1948

Genus Actinocythereis Puri, 1953

TYPE-SPECIES.—Cythere exanthemata Ulrich and

Bassler, 1904, p. 117, pi. 36: figs. 1-5.
NUMBER 2 4 47

OCCURRENCE.—North America; probably exclusively marine, perhaps a few brackish-water forms.

Actinocythereis species

PLATE 10: FIGURES 2a-b; PLATE 21: FIGURES 5, 6

SHAPE.—Male carapace outline elongate-subquadrate in lateral view; greatest height at anterior cardinal

angle. Dorsal margin irregular, sloping gently downward and posteriorly; ventral margin of left valve

nearly straight, that of right valve with small convexity ventromedially. Anterior margin broadly

rounded, extended above and below; posterior margin

more narrowly rounded, subacute at about midheight.

Carapace outline in dorsal view elongate-ovate with

outline broken by numerous large spines, those of the

ventral row more prominent. Greatest width slightly

posterior to middle. Anterior end broad and blunt

except for 2 narrow rows of tubercles; posterior end

narrowly rounded and irregularly spinose.

ORNAMENTATION.—Lateral surface of each valve

characteristically with 3 subparallel rows of large spines

as well as smaller, scattered protuberances; spines form

dorsal row, midlateral row, and ventral row; rather

prominent, subcentral tubercle comprises part of midlateral row. Anterior margin with row of denticulations

becoming progressively larger downward, becoming

curved, elongate, pointed spines in the anteroventral

region. Parallel raised marginal rim wih tubercles

in its ventral half present behind anterior margin;

third, rather indistinct, curving row of small tubercles

also present behind and subparallel to anterior marginal rim. Posterior margin likewise bordered by 2 rows

of parallel protuberances; these protuberances increase

in size downward and become elongate, pointed spines

in posteroventral region, lower of these 2 rows of spines

ceasing at posteroventral corner, but upper more

prominent row extending forward near ventral margin

for one-fourth to one-half length of carapace. Upper,

longitudinal row of protuberances consisting of 1 or

2 prominent spines immediately behind prominent eye

spot and 6 or 7 other spines and small tubercles along

dorsal margin. Midlateral row consisting of variable

number of protuberances and trending slightly upward and backward toward the posterodorsal cardinal

region; 2 or 3 small tubercles present on prominent

subcentral tubercle, and immediately anteroventrally

from this subcentral tubercle several small projections

joined by ridges to form arrowhead-shaped, posteriorly

directed pattern. Lower longitudinal row slightly above

but subparallel to the ventral margin and consisting

of 6 or 7 spines increasing in size posteriorly and terminating about one-fourth the carapace length from

posterior margin. Very shallow depression present

above and behind subcentral tubercle. Valves hyaline

and vary from translucent, where heavily ornamented,

to transparent, where slightly ornamented.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult male: length 0.64 mm;

height 0.34 mm. Left valve of adult male: length

0.64 mm; height 0.35 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Very narrow throughout, widest

anteroventrally. Line of concrescence and inner lamella

coinciding. Submarginal selvage prominent. Inner

margin terminating abruptly and at considerable

height above valve interior, forming steep dropoff or

step from inner margin to valve interior.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Numerous, closely

spaced, small, short, straight to slightly curved, most

numerous anteriorly, more widely spaced and occurring

in pairs in posterior half of ventral margin.

HINGE.—Holamphidont. Hinge of right valve consisting of anterior subtriangular tooth, followed by

postjacent socket, narrow crenulate median groove, and

wide, rounded posterior tooth. Left valve hinge comprised of anterior socket, postjacent rounded tooth,

finely crenulate median bar, and posterior socket.

NORMAL PORES.—Not visible, probably due to heavy

ornamentation.

MUSCLE SCARS.—Difficult to resolve, but nearly

vertical row of 4 longitudinal adductor scars apparently present immediately postjacent to prominent

depression formed by internal expression of external

subcentral tubercle; 2 rounded scars apparently within

pit; single triangular scar present slightly dorsal to

pit. Interior of valves with numerous pits corresponding to external tubercules and spines.

EYE SPOTS.—A prominent, clear, rounded eye spot

present immediately below anterior cardinal angle.

OVERLAP.—Two valves about equal in length, but

left valve slightly higher than right and overlapping

it dorsally and ventrally.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Pronounced. Males considerably more elongate than females.

MATERIAL.—Two specimens collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay and 3 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—The above described form differs from

other species of Actinocythereis in having a much

338-675 O - 70 - 4
48

narrower inner lamella and a deeper, more fragile

carapace with longer, better developed spines.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 9 in Redfish Bay, collection number 020559-3.

Actinocythereis species was very rare in Redfish and

Copano Bays.

Actinocythereis subquadrata Puri, 1960

PLATE 10: FIGURES la-b; PLATE 21: FIGURES 7, 8

?Actinocythereis aff. .4. exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler).—Swain, 1955, p. 634, figs. 37c, 38, 7a-c; pi. 63:

figs. 5a-b.

Actinocythereis subquadrata Puri, I960, p. 123, figs. 22, 23;

pi. 1: figs. 5, 6.—Hulings and Puri, 1964, pp. 321, 341-

342, fig. 14.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult female: length 0.54 mm;

height 0.33 mm. Left valve of adult female: length

0.56 mm; height 0.35 mm.

MATERIAL.—Three specimens collected in bottom

samples from Redfish Bay and 9 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—-The following features distinguish

Actinocythereis subquadrata from Actinocythereis

species: much wider inner lamella, smaller size, thicker

shell, does not possess long, curved, pointed spines, and

is not as spinose on and adjacent to the anterior or

posterior margins. The present species may be the

same as that reported by Swain (1955) from San Antonio Bay as Actinocythereis aff. A. exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler).

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 10 in Redfish Bay, collection number 020559-4.

Actinocythereis subquadrata was very rare in Redfish

Bay and rare in Copano Bay.

Genus Reticulocythereis Puri, 1960

TYPE-SPECIES.—Reticulocythereis floridana, 1960,

p. 126, fig. 25, pi. 1: figs. 3,4.

OCCURRENCE.—Gulf coast of North America;

brackish estuarine to shallow, normal marine

environments.

Reticulocythereis multicarinata (Swain), 1955

PLATE 2: FIGURES 2a-b; PLATE 12: FIGURES 1-6

Paracytheretta multicarinata Swain, 1955, p. 636, figs. 37a-b,

pi. 62: fig. 4.

Cytheretta multicarinataralis (Swain).—Hulings, 1958a, p.

166.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Protocytheretta multicarinata (Swain).—Puri, 1958b, p. 188.

Reticulocythereis multicarinata (Swain).—Hulings and

Puri, 1964, pp. 336, 337, 341, 342, fig. 16.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult female: length 0.60 mm;

height 0.29 mm. Left valve of adult female: length 0.61

mm; height 0.31.

MATERIAL.—In bottom samples 51 specimens collected from Redfish Bay, 629 from Laguna Madre,

and 26 from Copano Bay.

REMARKS.—The above described form appears to be

the same species identified by Swain (1955) as Paracytheretta multicarinata Swain. According to van

Morkhoven (1963), the species referred to Paracytheretta by Puri (1952) and Swain (1955) all belong in

Cytheretta, most in the subgenus Protocytheretta. The

form described above, however, seems to differ from

Cytheretta in several respects: the inner lamella is not

as wide or sinuous as Cytheretta; the line of concrescence and inner margin are separated, whereas they

coincide in Cytheretta; the hinge structure differs

slightly from Cytheretta; the number and arrangement of marginal pore canals differ; Cytheretta does

not have eye spots.

The specimen illustrated on Plate 12, figures 5, 6,

probably represents an immature molt of Reticulocythereis. There are, however, considerable differences

in morphology, and this specimen may represent a different species. Features which tend to support the

conclusion that it is a juvenile are: the inner lamella

is very narrow and appears to be incompletely developed; it is shorter than the adult forms of R.

multicarinata, but is about the same height (right

valve: length 0.50 mm; height 0.30 mm. Left valve:

length 0.50 mm; height 0.30 mm) ; the valves are

thinner and more delicate; in shape it is more triangular than the mature subrectangular forms; the

ornamentation in both is similar, but the juvenile

possesses a more distinctly reticulate pattern which is

due to the fact that the longitudinal ridges are not as

wide or as rounded as those of the adult, and also the

cross ridges are proportionally higher and more distinct. In the mature form the longitudinal, sinuous

ridges are located in the same positions as those of the

juvenile, but are so much broader and thicker that

cross ridges are nearly obscured. The juvenile possesses three distinct vertically aligned nodes behind

the middle, the uppermost one partially obscuring the

posterodorsal margin, the second one directly under the

first and not as large, and the third considerably below
NUMBER 2 4 49

the top two—it is the highest and forms a distinct posteroventral alate extension. These swellings are recognizable on the adults, but only barely as they are much

lower and smoothed out. No muscle scars could be distinguished on the juvenile. The hinge of the juvenile

seems undeveloped, although recognizable as

amphidont; the anterior tooth of the right valve is

long and bladelike, not high and rounded as in the

mature form; also the anterior tooth of the left valve

is low and indistinct as compared with the high, distinct tooth of the adult.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimens illustrated are from

Station 6 in Redfish Bay, collection number 112458-5

(adult male? and juvenile?) and Station 12 in Laguna

Madre, collection number 081959-5 (adult female?).

R. multicarinata was rare to common in Redfish Bay

and Copano Bay and was rare to abundant in Laguna

Madre.

Family XESTOLEBERIDIDAE Sars, 1928

Genus Xestoleberis Sars, 1866

TYPE-SPECIES.—Cythere aurantia Baird, 1838, p.

143, pi. 5; fig. 26 (SD by Brady and Norman, 1889).

OCCURRENCE.—Worldwide; the majority of species

of this genus live in littoral to epineritic normal marine

waters; a few species, however, have been reported

from brackish and saltwater lagoons. Some species were

found at a depth of 385 meters in the Antarctic by

G. W. Mttller (1908). Benson (1959) reported that

the occurrence of the genus is probably directly dependent on the distribution of algal growth or the

phytal zone.

Xestoleberis species

PLATE 10: FIGURES 3a-b; PLATE 21: FIGURES 9, 10

SHAPE.—Carapace small, elongate-ovoid in lateral

view; greatest height medially. Anterodorsal slope

rather long and slightly convex, remainder of dorsal

margin broadly convex; ventral margin convex with

slight concavity anterior to middle. Anterior end low

and bluntly rounded with subdued anteroventral beak;

posterior end rather broadly rounded. Outline in dorsal

view ovoid and tumid with greatest width posterior to

middle. Posterior end broadly rounded and anterior

end bluntly pointed.

ORNAMENTATION.—Exterior of valves smooth and

unornamented; valves thin, fragile and transparent.

SIZE.—Right valve of adult: length 0.35 mm; height

0.17 mm. Left valve of adult: length 0.36 mm; height

0.19 mm.

INNER LAMELLA.—Wide at anterior end but very

narrow throughout remainder. Line of concrescence

and inner margin coincide except at anterior end,

where a well-developed vestibule is present. Selvage

weak, submarginal.

MARGINAL PORE CANALS.—Moderate in number

with greatest concentration anteriorly (about 16-20);

short, straight, simple, few false canals.

HINGE.—Merodont. Hinge of right valve consisting

of 2 raised, elongate, crenulate, terminal elements

separated by nearly smooth, curved groove. Left valve

hinge consisting of 2 terminal crenulate grooves

separated by curved, nearly smooth bar.

NORMAL PORES.—Numerous, small, scattered, open?

MUSCLE SCARS.—Consisting of nearly vertical row

of 4 adductor scars with a V-shaped antennal scar and

2 ventral mandibular scars; anterodorsal to this group,

large irregularly shaped scar present in eye region.

EYE SPOTS.—Absent.

OVERLAP.—Left valve considerably larger than right

and overlapping it around entire periphery; greatest

overlap dorsomedially.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Moderately pronounced; the

posterior portion of female carapace more tumid than

that of male.

MATERIAL.—In bottom samples 373 specimens collected from Redfish Bay and 10 from Laguna Madre.

OCCURRENCE.—The specimen illustrated is from

Station 3 in Redfish Bay, collection number 081859-2.

Xestoleberis species was very common in Redfish Bay

and was rare in Laguna Madre.

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52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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NUMBER 2 4 53

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54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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r-.'

CO

CO

IT)

CM

3 28.

CM

CN

^

• * •

CN

cn

iri

'c

1co

h

S2 r

CO l ^

•

.9-2

Q Hgetation •

>

v«

a

a?

a

_x

_

_

rt of sample picked

cn

CN

CO

CM

CD

m

CO

p

co

* 150

in

§

co

m

CO

CM

3

co

co

cn

CO

co

o

CMHed

3

oimber of ostracods c

3

*—•

in

CO

CO

s

in

cn

CM

CO343

cn

CM

mCO

co

to

~

o

CM

•4*

— •ter

S

u

m

cr

IHmber of ostracods p

CM

cn

CN

p a l

co

|

co

CO'aiocypris? species

cnCN

cn

CO

CM

§

CO

CO

CM

m

CM113

10

CO

CM

to

CO

cn

3

CM

CM

o

cn'ila conradi littorala

a

i—i

-

CO

-

CO

•+irideis torosa

5

— i

_

« ^

-

CM CO

cn

3

CN

" species

herurajohnsoni

CM

to

co

CM

coplocytheridea bradyi

-

-

CO

-

—

to

co

a

" setipunctat

CM

cn

CM

M

X

to

cr.

CO

co

to

•<* •

co

to

co

_

cn

co

;§•oconcha purisubrhombt Lox

CO

CO

-

_ issocytheridea rugata Per_ ,

-

— CO

c

" swaini

iculocythereis multicari

m

CM

cn

—

CM

_

co

3

CO•toleberis species

a

5
NUMBER 24 55

TABLE 10.—Redfish Bay, Stations 3 and 4

Data and species collected

Date

Water depth, inches

Surface temperature °C

Surface salinity °/oo

Vegetation '

3

9 Dec

1958

12

22.8

17.2

Thl

Rup

3

18 Mar

1959

14

16.0

25.0

3

27 Apr

1959

24

25.2

23. 1

3

18 May

1959

24

27.0

28.0

3

15 June

1959

21

29.0

25.5

3

23Jul

1959

12

31.0

37.3

3

18 Aug

1959

20

31.5

34.5

Thl

Rup

3

20Sep

1959

23

31.5

29.5

Thl

Dip

Act

3

21 Oct

1959

18

24.0

21.9

4

9 Dec

1958

12

20.8

18.2

4

15Jun

1959

22

30.0

25.5

Part of sample picked

Number of ostracods

counted

Number of ostracods per

square meter

Aglaiocypris? species

Aurila species aff. A.

amygdala

Aurila conradi littorala

Cyprideis torosa

Cytherura Johnson i

Haplocytheridae bradyi

Haplocytheridae setipunctata

Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea

Perissocytheridea rugata

Reticulocythereis multicarinata

Xestoleberis species

all

300 552 390

'•2 0

351 300 353 387 324 316 297 300

171

11

18

246

2

19

1

4725

4

520

1

1

23

1

446

18

352

1

2

2

7

1

4000

22

272

2

2

32

1

1710

3

290

1

1

5

1616

1

336

1

1

1

3

9

663

15

311

1

26

2

10

465

4

291

28

905

6

292

1

17

338

31

258

7

1

1710

8

282

8

2

20 22

1

 Thl = Thalassia, Rup = Ruppia, Dip = Diplanthera, Act = Acetabalaria.

TABLE 11 .—Redfish Bay, Station 5

Data and species collected

Date

Water depth, inches

Surface temperature °G

Surface salinity °/oo

P art of sample picked

Number of ostracods counted

Number of ostracods per square meter

Aglaiocypris? species

Aurila conradi littorala

Cyprideis torosa

Cytherura johnsoni

Haplocytheridea bradyi

Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea

Perissocytheridea rugata

Xestoleberis species

9 Dec

1958

12

20.2

18.4

300

342

1

268

5

23

3

18 Mar

1959

12

16.0

25.0

M

424

1452

11

424

2

5

2

2

27 Apr

1959

20

26. 1

25. 1

%

292

835

16

292

5

1

29

2

5

18 May

1959

20

27.0

27.3

Vis

305

2610

9

305

1

1

10

9

1

Station 5

15Jun

1959

15

30.0

24.5

l

Ao

288

3300

288

2

10

9

1

23 Jul

1959

10

31.2

36.9

Ho

257

1470

257

1

12

25

5

2

18 Aug

1959

14

33.5

33.6

Ho

282

3220

6

282

27

36

20Sep

1959

20

31.5

29.5

)U

259

1480

6

259

1

4

22

21 Oct

1959

24

23.0

21.5

%

258

368

1

258

4

50
56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 12.—Redfish Bay, Stations 6 and 7

Data and species collected

Date

Water depth, inches

Surface temperature °C

Surface salinity °/oo

Vegetation •

Part of sample picked

Number of ostracods counted

Number of ostracods per square meter

Aglaiocypris? species

Aurila conradi littorala

Cyprideis torosa

Cyprideis species

Cytherura johnsoni

Haplocytheridea bradyi

Haplocytheridea setipunctata

Hulingsina ashermani

Hulingsina sandersi

Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea

Pellucistoma species

Perissocythtridea rugata

Reticulocythereis multicarinata

Xestoleberis species

6

24Nov

1958

72

all

300

171

6

203

15

10

1

1

42

15

6

6

28 Apr

1959

60

24.8

23.5

Mo

358

2045

254

2

2

10

3

2

70

6

9

6

18 May

1959

62

27.0

25.0

%

374

535

1

246

1

2

20

15

4

1

49

12

23

(i

11 Jun

1959

38

31.0

24.5

Vi

150

172

123

1

7

17

2

r,

18 Aug

1959

38

29.0

36.8

Thl

Rup

H

351

402

1

245

43

1

1

13

1

5

41

6

20Sep

1959

40

29.5

29. 1

Vi

326

744

12

232

7

10

3

1

41

4

1

4

11

6

21 Oct

1959

40

22.2

19.9

Dip

all

40

23

1

30

2

2

1

3

1

7

24Nov

1958

25

all

299

170

23

164

1

1

109

1

7

11 Jun

1959

21

31.5

22.8

M3 0 0

855

285

2

1

12

1

 Thl = Thalassia, Dip = Diplanthera, Rup = Ruppia
NUMBER 2 4 57

3

—.1

I D

CM

C

er>i n

en

—*

men

CM

CM

co

O

dco

O

dco

CO

co

CO

co

CM

g

o

_

CO

CM

W

en

c7>

CM

—. ~^

i£>

.

— m <£>

CO

CO O>

CM

co oCM

to

J5 en CM o « - •* m

•S « -

J^

S |

co CD in

05

i

CD

18 Aug

1959

16

3

•—)

S °°

cn

co29.0 30.0

CM34.4 37.7

Thl

— CO CM

•O) * O N

m CM

— CM CM

j - cn (£> co CM

< en •* • *

— CM CM

O CM —

O CM <£> — CM —

> CO IO PH in ^^ co - t ^ *

S-a

I s

o w

II

£ s . 1 1

'««

 5 '? <v "*» ?

? -B "§ -ML

<J iJ O l> •» S"

S « fe

•e .5 -4 .§1

lli.ll

gi «

B a

•2 «

5^

t i ^ 111 r i
58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE H.—Redfish Bay, Station 10

Data and species collected

Date

Water depth, inches

Surface temperature °C

Surface salinity °/oo

Vegetation '

Part of sample picked

Number of ostracods

counted

Estimated number of

ostracods per square

meter

Actinocythereis subquadrata

Aglaiocypris? species

Aurila conradi littorala

Cyprideis torosa

Cyprideis species

Cytherura elongata

Cytherura Johnson i

Haplocytheridea bradyi

Haplocytheridea setipunctata

Leptocythere species

Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea

Pellucistoma? species

Perissocytheridea brachyforma

Perissocytheridea excavata

Perissocytheridea rugata

Perissocytheridea swaini

Xestoleberis species

25Nov

1958

16

abundant

Thl

all

300

171

2

104

1

166

4

20

4

2

5Feb

1959

24

14.6

all

300

171

2

200

4

1

1

1

64

9

8

8

2

23 Mar

1959

10

19.0

23.3

%

300

214

1

2

242

2

2

2

27

1

6

11

2

2

28 Apr

1959

20

24.8

25.8

Thl

H

300

855

2

243

1

1

49

3

1

18 May

1959

18

27.0

28. 7

Dip

Grc

}io

300

3420

274

1

1

1

20

3

Station 10

11 Jun

1959

16

30.5

24.7

25Jul

1959

8

30.0

37.0

abundant

h»

300

2565

2

275

1

17

5

Thl

Ho

367

4196

7

276

t>

4

59

4

11

18 Aug

1959

24

30.0

33.5

Grc

Mo

300

1710

189

2

19

1

63

4

5

13

4

20Sep

1959

20

29.5

28.0

Thl

Grc

M

300

855

2

172

3

119

1

1

2

21 Oct

1959

30

23.0

19. 1

300

684

3

12:5

170

2

2

12 Nov

1959

12

21.0

16.8

Thl

Grc

all

:ioo

171

10

107

2

1

165

1

3

5

6

1

 Thl = Thalassia, Grc = Gracilaria, Dip = Diplanthera.
NUMBER 2 4 59

TABLE 15.—Laguna Madre, Station 11

Data and species collected Station 11

Date

Substrate

Water depth, inches

Surface temperature °C

Surface salinity °/oo

Vegetation'

Part of sample picked

Number of ostracods

counted

Estimated number of

ostracods per square

meter

Aglaiocypris? species

Aurila conradi littorala

Cypridopsis vidua

Cytherura forutata

Cytherura joknsoni

Loxoconcha

purisubrhomboidea

Paradoxostoma? species

Pdlucistoma species

Potamocypris species

Reticulocythtreis

multicarinata

Xestoleberis species

15 Jan

1959

silt-sand

30

16.6

24.0

M

381

653

194

30

107

1

49

20Feb

1959

30

10.8

23.3

"2

300

343

11

78

8

19 Mar

1959

33

18. 1

26.5

Mo

322

1840

222

2

66

1

31

14 Apr

1959

30

14.4

27.5

392

2240

236

5

17

89

1

44

26 May

1959

30

29.0

27.7

Ho

348

3977

277

4

59

8

29Jun

1959

36

28.7

43.0

Act

Ms

344

2949

211

1

126

4

1

1

28Jul

1959

36

30.5

43.0

Dip

Act

X

367

629

307

1

3

7

35

1

2

10

1

19 Aug

1959

32

32.0

48.0

Dip

Act

%

335

1531

4

273

4

52

2

28Sep

1959

40

30.0

41.0

Act

Hi

300

1714

273

2

24

1

30Oct

1959

36

22.0

27.40

y*

316

722

8

288

1

7

11

1

11 Nov

1959

36

15.2

32.85

H

320

914

308

11

1

17 Dec

1959

28

11.0

30.7

Ho

315

1800

288

1

1

25

Act = Acetabularia, Dip = Diplanthera.
60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 16.—Laguna Madre, Station 12

Data and species collected

Date

Substrate

Water depth, inches

Surface temperature

°C

Surface Salinity °/ o o

Vegetation

 l

Part of sample picked

Number of ostracods

counted

Estimated number of

ostracods per square

meter

Aurila conradi littorala

Cyprideis torosa

Cypridopsis vidua

Cytherura forulata

Cytherura johnsoni

Haplocytheridea bradyi

Haplocytheridea setipunctata

Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea

Perissocytheridea rugala

Reticulocythereis

mullicarinata

19 Jan

1959

sand

32

20.8

22.5

abundant

debris

all*

300

86

22

10

10

18

4

181

55

27Feb

1959

35

15.4

25.7 3

315

1440

47

14

1

19

I

11

162

1

59

19 Mar

1959

32

17.6

26.5

H

312

357

96

19

2

7

3

7

82

96

14 Apr

1959

33

16.0

27.8

y*

322

736

78

<>

12

26

21

87

92

26 May 29

1959

3G

28.0

29. 1

all

121

<»<J

41

1

1

1

65

9

Station

Jun

1959

35

30.0

44.0

Act

Ho

332

5690

181

7

2

27

31

37

47

12

28Jul

1959

30

31.0

44.0

Dip

Act

••• o

135

1540

121

3

1

1

7

2

19 Aug

1959

32

33.0

50.0

Act

X

343

1568

255

15

11

35

16

11

28Sep

1959

42

31.0

50.0

Act

Ho

300

3428

182

7

10

94

7

30Oct

1959

36

22.0

30.4

X

300

118

175

12

118

4

11 Nov

1959

30

12.5

33.6

K

310

886

168

19

116

7

22 Dec

1959

26

11.0

30.7

K

305

349

183

2

14

102

4

1

 Act=Acetabularia, T)'vp = Diplanthera.

2

 Two circuits: 103 on first, 197 on second.

3

 Bottom salinity.

4

 Trawl dragged one-half normal distance.
NUMBER 2 4 61

Cv| CO O> <-«

O 2 O m

CM CM

< 2

en —

«S

gj?

CO 5"

O. m

< 2 S

•g

u< °^

§

in co

— CM

15 Jan

1959

Q

o 195

>lac

^_,sol

16.4

o 15.

26.5

CO39.

3 CM

L-325.

in

d

o40.

o

uspars

kn

-* o

a. 2

•-§>

I & S S

s 5

"8

6 S

5S 8 & 1

•3 3 | 1 .| | I g |

•f s -s

fi Z

•a «

41

5 -a

OS

a

5
62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

I

2 S

+

to

•SS'g s

Q.SS 0 3

< 2 u a

o •*

II

2 13 S

a 2

m eo o

• CD —. -—'

CM

3 OJ

CN

1 Jul

1959

CM

3 iO

>"•) CT>

CM ~*

>> C1

« ter oys gray

-o

en

~a

a

soft

mud

CM

CM

m

CO

o

co

O

d

co

o

m

oi

CM

m

<£)

CM

iO 14.5

•o

CM

"^

CO

CM

Q

c

0 none

u

0

c

LI

o

c

CO

CM

6

co

CM

o

dCM

CM

3CM

~~

co

fmmt

c0

c

o

0

c

18. (

o 16.

o 16.

10.'

CM10.

CM10.

non

0

u

r-noi

=3 o

•* eo CM eo

•* o> — —

8 8

T3 U

O^O'
NUMBER 2 4 63

OV — eo

— eo —

IT) CM

11<5

II

Q w I*

it

§fc it1•§•>^i i

•s -s -s -s. •£.

338-675 O - 70 - 5
64

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

->35 31959 959 1959 bla sand ster

>0 .mud

Ereef

R

X

CM13.0

o13.0

14. 13.88 . 2 7

•~*3.54

o none

5

cnone

VJM CO —

3

a

c

o

O 2 5. S

CTl >.£ rj V ifl -

m c« o -3 ° • f**

ffl I- « 2 - o .

CM - a

m u JJ

S

S ° ° c =

i ° ° B g

co d co o "

CM —. C

* o cj g .a - j ^

to r~ « "O TM

CM — a

<3 O

* " -

a en

u m 0 en

_

coft

CO

j j

u

TJ

C

33

10

lO

CN

i n

i n'

CM

CM

50

cn

0

Li

s0

c

—. o

- 8TM X

 CM —

urat

1

Q. u

-a

u

V

«

tempe

o

urfa

3

nit sali

SJ

urfa

3

G

Otati ge

o 2

B.g-9 .

CJ i i c t>

•a. « 3 D <.

E

a-S II.S

•S -ii

2 ^

*• E .5 § -S -5 ^3
NUMBER 2 4 65

• * 0 0 CN CO
66 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 19.—Dead ostracod assemblages, Stations 1, 13, 14, 17

Data and species collected

Date

Number of specimens

Aglaiocypris? species

Aurila conradi littoral a

Campylocythere laevissima

Cyprideis torosa

Cyprideis species

Cytherura jondata

Cytherura Johnson i

Haplocytheridea bradyi

Haplocytheridea setipunctata

Hulingsina ashermani

Leptocythere species

Limnocythere sanctipatricii

Limnocythere species

Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea

M egacy there johnsoni

Pellucistoma species

Perissocytheridea brachyforma

Perissocytheridea brachyforma excavata

Perissocytheridea rugata

Perissocytheridea swaini

Paracytheridea troglodyta

Potamocypris smaragdina

Reticulocythereis multicarinata

Xestoleberis species

/

Jun

1959

150

3

96

3

1

6

4

3

13

2

19

13

Apr

1959

51

3

5

18

2

1

2

3

12

5

13

Jul

1959

299

2

1

3

59

182

3

1

4

1

9

3

2

25

4

14

Apr

1959

657

2

11

211

310

6

8

tM

21

1

1

28

17

May

1959

85

1

2

40

3

r>

24

7

1

1

1

17

Jun

1959

207

2

5

2

148

4

1

1

1

25

1

8

3

1

4
NUMBER 24 67

4a

PLATE 1.—Astenocypris? species: la, interior lateral view of right valve; lb, dorsal view.

Potamocypris species 2a, interior lateral view of left valve; 2b, dorsal view. Potamocypris

smaragdina (Vavra), 1891: 3a, interior lateral view of left valve; 3b, dorsal view. Cypridopsis

vidua (O. F. Muller), 1776: 4a, interior lateral view of left valve; 4b, dorsal view. (All graphic

scales represent 0.1 mm.)
68

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

3a

PLATE 2.—Aglaiocypris? species: la, interior lateral view of left valve: lb, dorsal view.

Reticulocythereis multicarinata (Swain) 1955: 2a, interior lateral view of right valve of male;

2b, dorsal view. Cyprideis torosa (Jones), 1857: 3a, interior lateral view of right valve of

female; 3b, dorsal view. (All graphic scales represent 0.1 mm.)
NUMBER 24 69

3a

PLATE 3.—Cyprideis torosa (Jones) 1857: la, interior lateral view of right valve of an immature

specimen; lb, dorsal view of immature specimen. Cyprideis bensoni Sandberg, 1966: 2a, dorsal

view of male; 2b, interior lateral view of left valve of male. Cyprideis species: 3a, interior lateral

view of left valve of ?male; 3b, dorsal view of ?male. (All graphic scales represent 0.1 mm.)
70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

2b

PLATE 4.—Haplocytheridea bradyi (Stephenson), 1938: la, interior lateral view of left valve of

male: lb, dorsal view of male. Haplocytheridea setipunctata (Brady), 1869: 2a, interior

lateral view of right valve of male: 2b, dorsal view of male. Perissocytheridea rugata Swain,

1955: 3a, interior lateral view of right valve of male; 3b, dorsal view of male. (All graphic scales

represent 0.1 mm.)
NUMBER 2 4 71

4a

PLATE 5.—Perissocytheridea brachyforma Swain, 1955: la, interior lateral view of right valve

of male; lb, dorsal view of male. Perissocytheridea brachyforma excavata Swain, 1955: 2a,

interior lateral view of right valve of male; 2b, dorsal view of male. Paracytheridea troglodyta

(Swain), 1955: 3a, interior lateral view of right valve of male; 3b, dorsal view of male.

Perissocytheridea swaini Benson and Kaesler, 1963: 4a, interior lateral view of right valve of

female; 4b, dorsal view of female. (All graphic scales represent 0.1 mm.)
72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

4a

4b

PLATE 6.—Hulingsina sandersi Puri, 1958: la, interior lateral view of right valve of male; lb,

dorsal view of male. Hulingsina ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler), 1904: 2a, interior lateral

view of right valve of female; 2b, dorsal view of female. Cytherura elongata Edwards, 1944:

3a, interior lateral view of left valve; 3b, dorsal view. Cytherura forulata Edwards, 1944: 4a,

interior lateral view of right valve of male; 4b, dorsal view of male. (All graphic scales represent

0.1 mm.)
NUMBER 2 4 73

4a

PLATE 7.—Cytherura johnsoni Mincher, 1941: la, interior lateral view of right valve; lb, dorsal

view. Aurila species aff. A. amygdala (Stephenson), 1944: 2a, interior lateral view of right

valve, 2b, dorsal view. Aurila conradi (Howe and McGuirt) subspecies littorala Grossman,

1965: 3a, interior lateral view of right valve; 3b, dorsal view. Campylocythere laevissima

(Edwards), 1944; 4a, interior lateral view of left valve; 4b, dorsal view. (All graphic scales

represent 0.1 mm.)
74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

4b

PLATE 8.—Limnocythere sanctipatricii Brady and Robertson, 1869: la, interior lateral view of

left valve of male; lb, dorsal view of male. Limnocythere species: 2a, interior lateral view of

left valve of female; 2b, dorsal view of female. Leptocythere species: 3a, interior lateral view

of left valve of female; 3b, dorsal view of female. Cytheromorpha warneri Howe and Spurgeon,

1935: 4a, interior lateral view of right valve; 4b, dorsal view. (All graphic scales represent

0.1 mm.)
NUMBER 24 75

4a

PLATE 9.—Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea Edwards, 1953: la, interior lateral view of right

valve of male; lb, dorsal view of male. Paradoxostoma? species; 2a, interior lateral view of

left valve; 2b, dorsal view. Megacythere johnsoni (Mincher), 1941: 3a, interior lateral view

of right valve of female; 3b, dorsal view of female. Pellucistoma species: 4a, interior lateral

view of right valve; 4b, dorsal view. (All graphic scales represent 0.1 mm.)
76

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

3a

3b

PLATE 10.—Actinocythereis subquadrata Puri, 1960: la, interior lateral view of left valve of

female; lb, dorsal view of female. Actinocythereis species: 2a, interior lateral view of left

valve of male; 2b, dorsal view of male. Xestoleberis species: 3a, interior lateral view of left

valve; 3b, dorsal view. (All graphic scales represent 0.1 mm.)
NUMBER 2 4 77

PLATE 11.—Astenocypris? species: 1, exterior lateral view of left valve, X 83; 2, exterior lateral

view of right valve, X 78 (USNM 123253). Potamocypris species: 3, exterior lateral view of

left valve, X 109; 4, exterior lateral view of right valve, X 109 (USNM 123254). Potamocypris

smaragdina (Vavra), 1891: 5, exterior lateral view of left valve, X 95; 6, exterior lateral view

of right valve, X 97 (USNM 123255). Cypridopsis vidua (O. F. Miiller), 1776: 7, exterior

lateral view of left valve, X 81; 8, exterior lateral view of right valve, X 77 (USNM 123256).

Aglaiocypris? species: 9, exterior lateral view of left valve, X 79; 10, exterior lateral view of right

valve, X 79 (USNM 123257).
78

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 12.—Reticulocythereis multicarinata (Swain), 1955: 1, exterior lateral view of left valve

of male, X 106; 2, exterior lateral view of right valve of male, X 106 (USNM 123258) ; 3,

exterior lateral view of left valve of female, X 100; 4 exterior lateral view of right valve of

female, X 99 (USNM 123259); 5, exterior lateral view of left valve of late instar, X 124; 6,

exterior lateral view of right valve of late instar, X 122 (USNM 123260). Cyprideis bensoni

Sandberg, 1966: 7, exterior lateral view of left valve of male, X 67; 8, exterior lateral view of

right valve of male, X 72 (USNM 123261); 9, exterior lateral view of left valve of female, X 75;

10, exterior lateral view of right valve of female, X 77 (USNM 12362).
NUMBER 2 4 79

PLATE 13.—Cyprideis torosa (Jones), 1857: 1, exterior lateral view of left valve of male, X 56;

2, exterior lateral view of right valve of male, X 58 (USNM 123263); 3, exterior lateral view

of left valve of female, X 59; 4, exterior lateral view of right valve of female, X 59 (USNM

123264); 5, exterior lateral view of left valve of late instar, X 79; 6, exterior lateral view of

right valve of late instar, X 79 (USNM 123265). Cyprideis species: 7, exterior lateral view

of left valve, X 66; 8, exterior lateral view of right valve, X 67 (USNM 123266).

Haplocytheridea setipunctata (Brady), 1869: 9, exterior lateral view of left valve of female,

X 66; 10; exterior lateral view of right valve of female, X 69 (USNM 123267).

338-675 O - 70 - 6
80

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 14.—Haplocytheridea bradyi (Stephenson), 1938; 1, exterior lateral view of left valve

of male, X 79; 2, exterior lateral view of right valve of male, X 79 (USNM 123269) ; 3, exterior

lateral view of left valve of late instar of female, X 105; 4, exterior lateral view of right valve

of late instar of female, X 102 (USNM 123270). Perissocytheridea brachyforma Swain, 1955:

5, exterior lateral view of left valve of male, X 114; 6, exterior lateral view of right valve of

male, X 115 (USNM 123271); 7, exterior lateral view of left valve of female, X 129; 8, exterior

lateral view of right valve of female, X 138 (USNM 123272). Perissocytheridea brachyforma

excavata Swain, 1955: 9, exterior lateral view of left valve of male, X 138; 10, exterior lateral

view of right valve of male, X 137 (USNM 123273).
NUMBER 24 81

PLATE 15.—Perissocytheridea brachyforma excavata Swain, 1955: 1, exterior lateral view of

left valve of female, X 127; 2, exterior lateral view of right valve of female, X 130 (USNM

123274). Perissocytheridea rugata Swain, 1955: 3, exterior lateral view of left valve of male,

X 105; 4, exterior lateral view of right valve of male, X 110 (USNM 123275); 5, exterior

lateral view of left valve of female, X 112; 6, exterior lateral view of right valve of female,

X 118 (USNM 123276). Paracytheridea troglodyta (Swain), 1955: 7, exterior lateral view

of left valve of male, X 129; 8, exterior lateral view of right valve of male, X 128 (USNM

123277); 9, exterior lateral view of left valve of female, X 131; 10, exterior lateral view of

right valve of female, X 138 (USNM 123278).
82

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 16.—Paracytheridea troglodyta (Swain), 1955: 1, exterior lateral view of left valve,

of late instar of female, X 144; 2, exterior lateral view of right valve of late instar of female,

X 155 (USNM 123279). Perissocytheridea swaini Benson and Kaesler, 1963: 3, exterior

lateral view of left valve of male, X 129; 4, exterior lateral view of right valve of male, X 128

(USNM 123280); 5, exterior lateral view of left valve of probable late instar of female, X 139;

6, exterior lateral view of right valve of probable late instar of female, X 135 (USNM 123281).

Haplocytheridea setipunctata (Brady), 1869: 7, exterior lateral view of left valve of male, X 59;

8, exterior lateral view of right valve of male, X 60 (USNM 123268). Hulingsina ashermani

(Ulrich and Bassler), 1904: 9, exterior lateral view of left valve of female, X 90; 10, exterior

lateral view of right valve of female, X 97 (USNM 123282).
NUMBER 24 83

PLATE 17.—Hulingsina sandersi Puri, 1958: 1, exterior lateral view of left valve of male, X 92;

2, exterior lateral view of right valve of male, X 92 (USNM 123283); 3, exterior lateral view

of left valve of female, X 94; 4, exterior lateral view of right valve of female, X 95 (USNM

123284). Cytherura elongata Edwards, 1944: 5, exterior lateral view of left valve, X 144;

6, exterior lateral view of right valve, X 144 (USNM 123285). Cytherura forulata Edwards,

1944: 7, exterior lateral view of left valve of male, X 111 ; 8, exterior lateral view of right valve

of male, X 107 (USNM 123286) ; 9, exterior lateral view of left valve of female, X 118; 10,

exterior lateral view of right valve of female, X 121 (USNM 123287). Cytherura johnsoni

Mincher, 1941: 11, exterior lateral view of left valve, X 124; 12, exterior lateral view of right

valve, X 129 (USNM 123288).
84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 18.—Cytherura johnsoni Mincher, 1941: 1, exterior lateral view of left valve, X 144;

2, exterior lateral view of right valve, X 128 (USNM 123289). Aurila species aff. A. amygdala

(Stephenson), 1944: 3, exterior lateral view of right valve (image reversed), X 111; 4-, exterior

lateral view of left valve (image reversed), X 107 fUSNM 123290). Aurila conradi (Howe

and McGuirt) subspecies littorala Grossman, 1965: 5, exterior lateral view of left valve, X 104;

6, exterior lateral view of right valve, X 109 (USNM 123291). Campylocythere laevissima

(Edwards), 1944: 7, exterior lateral view of left valve, X 113; 8, exterior lateral view of right

valve, X 119 (USNM 123292). Limnocythere sanctipatricii Brady and Robertson, 1869: 9,

exterior lateral view of left valve of male, X 94; 10, exterior lateral view of right valve of male,

X 95 (USNM 123293).
NUMBER 2 4 85

PLATE 19.—Limnocythere sanctipatricii Brady and Robertson, 1869: 1, exterior lateral view

of left valve of female, X 99; 2, exterior lateral view of right valve of female, X 98 (USNM

123294). Limnocythere species: 3, exterior lateral view of left valve of male, X 109; 4, exterior

lateral view of right valve of male, X 106 (USNM 123295); 5, exterior lateral view of left valve

of female, X 106; 6, exterior lateral view of right valve of female, X 106 (USNM 123296).

Leptocythere? species: 7, exterior lateral view of left valve of male, X 149; 8, exterior lateral

view of right valve of male, X 149 (USNM 123297) ; 9, exterior lateral view of left valve of

female, X 155; 10, exterior lateral view of right valve of female, X 155 (USNM 123298).
86 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 20.—Cytheromorpha uarneri Howe and Spurgeon, 1935: 1, exterior lateral view of left

valve, X 118; 2, exterior lateral view of right valve, X 118 (USNM 123299). Loxoconcha

purisubrhomboidea Edwards, 1953: 3, exterior lateral view of left valve of male, X 93; 4, exterior

lateral view of right valve of male, X 94 (USNM 123300); 5, exterior lateral view of left valve

of female, X 102; 6, exterior lateral view of right valve of female, X 103 (USNM 123301).

Paradoxostoma? species: 7, exterior lateral view of left valve (image reversed), X 139; 8,

exterior lateral view of incomplete right valve (image reversed), X 135 (USNM 123302).

Pellucistoma species: 9, exterior lateral view of left valve, X 115; 10, exterior lateral view of

right valve, X 113 (USNM 123303).
NUMBER 2 4 87

PLATE 21.—Megacythere johnsoni (Mincher), 1941: 1, exterior lateral view of left valve of

male, X 136; 2, exterior lateral view of right valve of male, X 133 (USNM 123304) ; 3, exterior

lateral view of left valve of female, X 130; 4, exterior lateral view of right valve of female, X 133

(USNM 123305). Actinocythereis species: 5, exterior lateral view of left valve of male, X 88:

6, exterior lateral view of right valve of male, X 87 (USNM 123306). Actinocythereis subquadrata Puri, 1960: 7, exterior lateral view of left valve of female, X 105; 8, exterior lateral

view of right valve of female, X 105 (USNM 123307). Xestoleberis species: 9, exterior lateral

view of left valve, X 167; 10, exterior lateral view of right valve, X 166 (USNM 123308).

Index

Acetabularia, 4, 55, 59, 60

Actinocythereis, 46, 47, 48

aft'. A. exanthemata, 6, 48

species, 6, 9, 47. 48, 57, 62, 64, 76 (fig.), 87 (fig.)

subquadrata, 6, 9, 48, 58, 62, 64, 76 (fig.), 87 (fig.)

Acuticythereis, 39

laevissima, 39

Aglaia pulchella, 27

Aglaiella, 28

Aglaiocypris, 27, 28

Aglaiocypris? species, 6, 9, 14 (fig.), 25, 27, 28, 54, 55, 56,

57, 58, 59, 62, 64, 66, 68 (fig.), 77 (fig.)

agricola, Cytherideis, 34

albula, Cytheromorpha, 43

amygdala, Aurila, 38

amygdala, Hemicythere, 38

ashermani, Cushmanidea, 34

ashermani, Cytherideis, 34

ashermani, Hulingsina, 6, 9, 34, 35, 56, 66, 72 (fig.), 82 (fig.)

ashermani, Pontocythere, 6

Astenocypris, 24, 25

Astenocypris? species, 6, 9, 25, 62, 64, 67 (fig.), 77 (fig.)

atrum, Paradoxostoma, 6, 45, 46

aurantia, Cythere, 49

Aurila, 11 (fig.), 19,24,38

Aurila amygdala, 38

aft". A. laevicula

conradi, 6

conradi littorala, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 10 (fig.), 11, 12 (fig.), 13,

13 (fig.), 14 (fig.), 15 (fig.), 19, 23, 24, 38, 39, 54, 55,

56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 73 (fig.), 84 (fig.)

species aff. A. amygdala, 6, 9, 38, 55, 62, 64, 73, 84 (fig.)

australis, Loxoconcha, 6

Bairdia fulva, 25

bairdii, Loxoconcha, 43

bassleri, Haplocytheridea, 29, 30

Basslerites? species, 6

bensoni, Cyprideis, 6, 9, 28, 29, 62, 64, 69 (fig.), 78 (fig.)

bicelliforma, Perissocytheridea, 6, 33

bovettensis, Cytheropteron, 36

brachyforma, Perissocytheridea, 6, 9, 11, 16 (fig.), 30, 31, 32,

57,58,63,65,66,70 (fig.), 80 (fig.)

brachyforma brachyforma, Perissocytheridea, 30

brachyforma excavata, Perissocytheridea, 6, 9, 31, 63, 65,

66,71 (fig.), 80 (fig.), 81 (fig.)

bradyi, Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea), 30

bradyi, Haplocytheridea, 6, 9, 15 (fig.), 30, 54, 55, 56, 57.

58,60,61,63,65,66,70 (fig.), 80 (fig.)

Bythocypris, 28

Callistocythere, 42

Campylocythere, 39

Campylocythere concinnoidea, 6, 39

laeva, 39

laevissima, 6, 9, 39, 66, 73 (fig.), 84 (fig.)

Campylocytheridae, 39

Candona obtusa, 6

caudata, 6

torosa, 28

castus, Cyprideis, 28

castus, Cyprideis (Goerlichia), 28

caudata, Candona, 6

Chaetomorpha, 4

Chondria, 4

Cladophera, 4

concinnoidea, Campylocythere, 6, 39

conradi, Aurila, 6

conradi, Hemicythere, 4

conradi, littorala, Aurila, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 10 (fig.), 11, 12

(fig.), 13, 13 (fig.), 14 (fig.), 15 (fig.), 19, 23, 24, 38,

54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 73 (fig.), 84

(fig-)

convexa, Cythere, 38

costata, Cytherura, 6

Cushmanidea ashermani, 34

Cyprideis, 10, 11 (fig.), 19, 24, 28, 29

bensoni, 6, 9, 28, 29, 62, 64, 69 (fig.), 78 (fig.)

castus, 28

(Goerlichia) castus, 28

floridana, 30

littoralis, 28

locketti, 6, 28

ovata, 30

species, 6, 9, 10 (fig.), 16 (fig.), 29, 54, 56, 58, 63, 65, 66,

69 (fig.), 79 (fig.)

torosa, 6, 9, 15 (fig.), 28, 29, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62,

65. 66, 68 (fig.), 69 (fig.), 79 (fig.)

Cyprididae, 24

Cypridinae, 24

Cypridopsinae, 25

Cypridopsis, 27

postulosa, 27

smaragdina, 25

vidua, 6, 9, 14 (fig.), 15 (fig.), 27, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 67

(fig.), 77 (fig.)

vidua obesa, 27

Cypris vidua, 27

Cythere aurantia, 49

convexa, 38

exanthemata, 46

gibba, 35

impressa, 43

inopinata, 39

pellucida, 41

punctata, 38

89
90 INDEX

rhomboidea, 43

species, 6

Cytheretta, 48

multicarinataralis, 48

Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea), bradyi, 30

Cytheridea floridana, 30

(Leptocytheridae), nodosa, 30

(Haplocytheridea), ponderosa, 29

Cytheridea? matsoni, 30

Cytheridea montgomeryensis, 29

(Haplocytheridea), proboscidiala, 30

puncticillata, 29

setipunctata, 29

(Leptocytheridea), sulcata, 29

torosa, 28

(Haplocytheridea), wadei, 30

Cytherideidae, 28

Cytherideinae, 28

Cytherideis agricola, 34

ashermani, 34

longula, 34

semicircularis, 34

Cytherois 45,

fischeri, 45

Cytheromatinae, 45

Cytheromorpha, 42, 43

albula, 43

pascagoulaensis, 6

sp. cf. C. warneri, 43

warneri, 6, 9, 43, 57, 74 (fig.), 86 (fig.)

Cytheropteron bovettensis, 36

Cytherura, 11 (fig.), 14, 19, 24, 35, 36

costata, 6

elongata, 6, 9, 35, 36, 57, 58, 63, 65, 72 (fig.), 83 (fig.)

forulata, 6, 9, 14 (fig.), 15 (fig.), 36, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65,

66,72 (fig.), 83 (fig.)

johnsoni, 6, 9, 10, 10 (fig.), 11, 12 (fig.), 13, 13 (fig.), 14

(fig.), 15 (fig.), 16 (fig.), 36, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,

61, 63, 65, 66, 73 (fig.), 83 (fig.), 84 (fig.)

radialirata, 6

rara, 6

Cytheruridae, 35

Darwinula stevensoni, 6

depressa, Paracytheridea, 36

Digenea, 4

Diplanthera, 4, 19, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63

dispar, Paradoxostoma, 44

elongata, Cytherura, 6, 9, 35, 36, 57, 58, 63, 65, 72 (fig.), 83

(fig-)

ensiforme, Paradoxostoma, 46

Erpetocyprini, 26

Erpetocypris, 26

exanthema A., Actinocythereis aff., 6

exanthemata, Cythere, 46

excavata, Perissocytheridea, 58

fischeri, Cytherois, 45

floridana, Cyprideis, 30

floridana, Cytheridea, 30

floridana, Reticulocythereis, 48

forulata, Cytherura, 6, 9, 14 (fig.), 15 (fig.), 36, 59, 60,

61,63,65,66,72 (fig.), 83 (fig.)

fulva, Bairdia, 25

gibba, Cythere, 35

gigantea, Haplocytheridea, 30

Gracelaria, 4, 57, 58

Haplocytheridea, 11 (fig.), 29

bassleri, 29, 30

bradyi, 6, 9, 15 (fig.), 30, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65,

66, 70 (fig.), 80 (fig.)

cf. H. nodosa, 30

gigantea, 30

cf. H. ponderosa, 30

ponderosa, 30

cf. H. probscidiala, 30

proboscidiala, 30

setipunctata, 6, 9, 15 (fig), 29, 30, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60,

61, 63, 65, 66, 70 (fig.), 79 (fig.), 82 (fig.)

subovata, 29, 30

wadei, species, 16 (fig.), 30

Hemicythcre amygdala, 38

conradi, 4

laevicula, 38

Hemicytheridae, 38

Hemicytherideis aff. H. mayeri, 34

howei, Pellucistoma, 45

Hulingsina, 33

ashermani, 6, 9, 34, 35, 56, 66, 72 (fig.), 82 (fig.)

sandersi, 6, 9, 34, 35, 56, 57, 63, 65, 72 (fig.), (fig.)

sulcata, 34

tuberculata, 33, 35

Ilyodromus, 25

impressa, Cythere, 43

inopinata, Cythere, 39

johnsoni, Cytherura, 6, 9, 10, 10 (fig.), 11, 12 (fig.), 13,

13 (fig.), 14 (fig.), 15 (fig.), 16 (fig.), 36, 54, 55, 56,

57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 73 (fig.), 83 (fig.), 84 (fig.)

johnsoni, Megacythere, 6, 9, 46, 63, 65, 66, 75 (fig.), 87

(fig-)

johnsoni, Microcythere, 46

laeva, Campylocythere, 39

laevicula, Hemicythere, 38

laevissima, Acuticythereis, 39

laevissima, Campylocythere, 6, 9, 39, 66, 73 (fig.), 84 (fig.)

Laurencia, 4

lenticulata, Loxoconcha, 43

Leptocypris papyracea, 24

Leptocythere, 41, 42

paracastanea, 6

species, 6, 9, 41, 57, 58, 63, 65, 66, 74 (fig.), 84 (fig.)

Leptocytheridae, 41

Limnocythere, 39, 41

sanctipatricii, 6, 9, 39, 40, 41, 61, 63, 65, 66, 74 (fig.), 84

(fig.), 85 (fig.)

species, 6, 9, 40, 41, 66, 74 (fig.), 84 (fig.)

Limnocytheridae, 39

littoralis, Cyprideis, 28

locketti, Cyprideis, 6, 28

longula, Cytherideis, 34
INDEX 91

Loxoconcha, 11 (fig.), 19, 24, 43

australis, 6

bairdii, 43

lenticulata, 43

matagordensis, 6, 43

purisubrhomboidea 5, 6, 9, 10, 10 (fig.), 11, 12 (fig.), 13,

13 (fig.), 14 (fig.), 15 (fig.), 19, 23, 43, 44, 54, 55, 56,

57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 75 (fig.), 86 (fig.)

purisubrhomboides, 43

subrhomboides, 43

Loxoconchidae, 43

magniventra, Pellucistoma, 46

matagordensis, Loxoconcha, 6, 43

matsoni, Cytheridea ?, 30

Megacythere, 46

johnsoni, 6, 9, 46, 63, 65, 66, 75 (fig.), 87 (fig.)

robust;!, 46

stevensoni, 6

Microcythere johnsoni, 4ft

montgomeryensis, Cytheridea, 29

multicarinata, Paracytheretta, 6, 48

multicarinata, Protocytheretta, 48

mulicarinata, Reticulocythereis, 6, 9, 13, 14 (fig.), 15 (fig.),

19, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68 (fig.), 78

(fig.)

multicarinataralis, Cytheretta, 48

Neocytherideidinae, 33

nodosa, Cytheridea (Leptocytheridea), 30

obtusa, Candona, 6

ovata, Cyprideis, 30

papyracea, Leptocypris, 24

paracastanea, Leptocythere, 6

Paracyprididae, 27

Paracypridopsis, 27

Paracypris, 28

Paracytheretta, 48

multicarinata, 6, 48

Paracytheridea, 36, 37

depressa, 36

troglodyta, 6, 9, 36, 37, 65, 66, 71 (fig.), 81 (fig.), 82 (fig.)

Paracytherois, 45

Paradoxostoma, 44, 45

atrum, 6, 45, 46

dispar, 44

ensiforme, 46

Paradoxostoma? species, 6, 9, 14 (fig.), 44, 45, 59, 75 (fig.),

86 (fig.)

Paradoxostomatidae, 44

Paradoxostomatinae, 44

pascagoulaensis, Cytheromorpha, 6

pellucida, Cythere, 41

Pellucistoma, 45, 46

howei, 45

magniventra, 46

species, 6, 9, 14 (fig.), 45, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66,

75 (fig.), 86 (fig.)

Perissocytheridea, 10, 11 (fig.), 19, 24, 30, 37

species, 10 (fig.), 16 (fig.)

bicelliforma, 6, 33

bicelliforma var. propsammia, 33

brachyforma, 6, 9, 11, 16 (fig.), 30, 31, 32, 57, 58, 63, 65,

66,71 (fig.), 80 (fig.)

brachyforma brachyforma, 30

brachyforma excavata, 6, 9, 31, 63, 65, 66, 71 (fig.), 80

(fig.), 81 (fig.)

excavata, 58

rugata, 6, 9, 15 (fig.), 32, 33, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63, 65,

66,70 (fig.), 81 (fig.)

swaini, 6, 9, 33, 54, 58, 63, 65, 66, 71 (fig.), 82 (fig.)

Perissocytherideinae, 30

Physocypria pustulosa, 6

Pionocypris vidua, 27

ponderosa, Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea), 29, 30

Pontocypris, 28

Pontocythere ashermani, 6

rugipustulosa, 6

Potamocypris, 25, 27

smaragdina, 6, 9, 11, 25, 26, 63, 65, 66, 67 (fig.), 77 (fig.)

species, 6, 9, 14 (fig.), 26, 59, 67 (fig.), 77 (fig.)

proboscidiala, Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea), 30

proboscidiala, Haplocytheridea, 30

Protocytheretta, 48

multicarinata, 48, 49

pulchella, Aglaia, 27

punctata, Cythere, 38

puncticillata, Cytheridea, 29

Puriana rugipunctata, 6

purisubrhomboidea, Loxoconcha, 5, 6, 9, 10, 10 (fig.), 11,

12 (fig.), 13, 13 (fig.), 14 (fig.), 15 (fig.), 19, 23, 43, 44,

54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 75 (fig.), 86

(fig-)

purisubrhomboides, Loxoconcha, 43

pustulosa, Physocypria, 6

radialirata, Cytherura, 6

rara, Cytherura, 6

Reticulocythereis, 48

floridana, 48

multicarinata, 6, 9, 13, 14 (fig.), 15 (fig.), 19, 48, 54, 55,

56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68 (fig.), 78 (fig.)

rhomboidea, Cythere, 43

robusta, Megacythere, 46

rugata, Perissocytheridea 6, 9, 15 (fig.), 32, 33, 54, 55, 56,

57, 58, 60, 63, 65, 66, 70 (fig.), 81 (fig.)

rugipunctata, Puriana, 6

rugipustulosa, Pontocythere, 6

Ruppia, 4, 55, 56

sanctipatricii, Limnocythere, 6, 9, 39, 40, 41, 61, 63, 65, 66,

74(fig.),84(fig.),85(fig.)

sandersi, Hulingsina, 6, 9, 34, 35, 56, 57, 63, 65, 72 (fig.),

83 (fig.)

semicircularis, Cytherideis, 34

setipunctata, Cytheridea, 29

setipunctata, Haplocytheridea, 6, 9, 15 (fig.), 29, 30, 54, 55,

56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 70 (fig.), 79 (fig.), 82 (fig.)
92

smaragdina, Cypridopsis, 25

smaragdina, Potamocypris, 6, 9, 11, 25, 26, 63, 65, 66, 77

(fig.) _

stevensoni, Darwinula, 6

subovata, Haplocytheridea, 29, 30

subquadrata, Actinocythereis, 6, 9, 48, 58, 62, 64, 76 (fig.),

87 (fig.)

subrhomboides, Loxoconcha, 43

sulcata, Cytheridea (Leptocytheridea), 29

sulcata, Hulingsina, 34

swaini, Perissocytheridea, 6, 9, 33, 54, 58, 63, 65, 66, 71

(fig.), 82 (fig.)

Tanella, 42

Thalassia, 4, 23, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58

torosa, Candona, 28

torosa Cyprideis, 6, 9, 15 (fig.), 28, 29, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58,

60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68 (fig.), 69 (fig.), 79 (fig.)

INDEX

torosa, Cytheridea, 28

Trachyleberididae, 46

troglodyta Paracytheridea, 6, 9, 36, 37, 65, 66, 71, 81 (fig.),

82 (fig.)

tubcrculata, Hulingsina, 33, 35

vidua, Cypridopsis, 6, 9, 14 (fig.), 15 (fig.), 27, 59, 60, 61,

63,65,67 (fig.), 77 (fig.)

vidua, Cypris, 27

vidua obesa, Cypridopsis, 27

vidua, Pionocypris, 27

wadei, Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea), 30

wadei, Haplocytheridea, 30

warneri, Cytheromorpha, 6, 9, 43, 57, 74 (fig.), 86 (fig.)

Xestoleberididae, 49

Xestoleberis, 49

species, 6, 9, 10 (fig.), 11, 12 (fig.), 13, 13 (fig.), 14

(fig.), 49, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66, 76 (fig.), 87 (fig.)

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1970 O—338-67 5


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