IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 14-1816

Filed January 14, 2015

IN THE INTEREST OF E.R.,

Minor Child,

A.K., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Osceola County, David C. Larson, 

District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals an order terminating her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Shawna N. Ditsworth, Spirit Lake, for appellant mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant 

Attorney General, and Robert Hansen, County Attorney, for appellee State.

Shannon Sandy, Spirit Lake, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor 

child.

Considered by Mullins, P.J., and Bower and McDonald, JJ.
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MCDONALD, J.

April, the mother, appeals from a permanency order and the order 

terminating her parental rights to E.R. pursuant to Iowa Code section 

232.116(1)(f) (2013). She contends that the State failed to prove the statutory 

ground for termination of her parental rights and that the bond between her and 

her child should preclude the termination of her parental rights. 

I.

This family has been under the continuous supervision of the Iowa 

Department of Human Services (“IDHS”) for more than five years. The family 

first came to the attention of IDHS in 2009 after it was discovered the father was

operating a methamphetamine lab and growing marijuana in the basement of the 

family’s home. E.R. was adjudicated a child in need of assistance pursuant to 

Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(c)(2) and (6)(n) (2009) based on the parents’ failure 

to provide adequate care and the parents’ untreated mental health and 

substance abuse issues. Although E.R. was adjudicated in need of assistance, 

E.R. remained in April’s care with supportive services provided by IDHS until

February 2011. On February 25, 2011, due to April’s ongoing and untreated 

substance abuse issues, April and the father signed a voluntary placement 

agreement for E.R. to live with E.R.’s maternal aunt, Angela. April withdrew her 

consent approximately one week later, and E.R. was placed in foster care 

pursuant to an ex parte removal order. In March 2011, April was admitted to a 

residential substance abuse program in Sioux City, and E.R. joined her in the 

program. April had some success in the program and was able to provide 

structure and stability for E.R. The success was not lasting. 
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On May 14, 2013, April tested positive for marijuana. She then signed a

voluntary placement agreement to have E.R. return to the foster home where 

E.R. had been residing prior to residing at the residential treatment facility. On 

May 31, 2013, April left the residential treatment program. Rather than follow the 

discharge recommendation of moving into a halfway house, April decided to 

return to her father’s home. The State then filed a motion to modify the existing 

disposition order due to April testing positive for controlled substances. After a 

series of motions and hearings, custody of E.R. was transferred to IDHS for 

placement in foster care. E.R. was again placed with her maternal aunt, Angela.

The State thereafter filed a petition to terminate parental rights. During the 

pendency of the termination proceeding, Angela determined that E.R.’s special 

needs were greater than anticipated and that Angela would not be able to adopt 

E.R. or serve as her guardian. E.R. was returned to the same foster family 

where she had been residing prior to the transition to Angela’s home. The 

State’s petition to terminate parental rights was granted on October 17, 2014. 

II.

We review de novo proceedings terminating parental rights. See In re

A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa 2014). We examine both the facts and law, 

and we adjudicate anew those issues properly preserved and presented. See In

re L.G., 532 N.W.2d 478, 480 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995). We give weight to the 

findings of the juvenile court, especially concerning the credibility of witnesses, 

but we are not bound by them. See id. at 480-81. While giving weight to the 

findings of the juvenile court, our statutory obligation to review termination 

proceedings de novo means our review is not a rubber stamp of what has come 
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before. We will thus uphold an order terminating parental rights only if there is 

clear and convincing evidence of grounds for termination. See In re C.B., 611 

N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000). Evidence is “clear and convincing” when there 

are no serious or substantial doubts as to the correctness of the conclusions of 

law drawn from the evidence. See id.

Termination of parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 232 follows a 

three-step analysis. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa 2010). First, the 

court must determine if a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) has 

been established. Id. Second, if a ground for termination is established, the 

court must apply the framework set out in section 232.116(2) to decide if 

proceeding with termination is in the best interests of the child. Id. Third, if the 

statutory best-interests framework supports termination of parental rights, the 

court must consider if any statutory exceptions set forth in section 232.116(3) 

should serve to preclude the termination of parental rights. Id. 

III.

April contends the State did not prove grounds for terminating her parental 

rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) (2013). There is no dispute 

that the State has proved the first three elements for termination of parental 

rights pursuant to paragraph (f): E.R. is four years of age or older; E.R. had been 

adjudicated a child in need of assistance; and E.R. had been removed for the 

statutorily-required time period. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(1)-(3). The only 

element at issue is whether E.R. could be returned to the care of April at the time 

of the termination hearing. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(4) (requiring proof 

“that at the present time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s 
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parents as provided in section 232.102”). A child cannot be returned to the 

custody of the child’s parents under section 232.102 if by doing so the child 

would be exposed to any harm amounting to a new child in need of assistance 

adjudication or without remaining a child in need of assistance. See In re R.R.K.,

544 N.W.2d 274, 277 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995), overruled on other grounds by P.L.,

778 N.W.2d at 39; see also In re M.M., 483 N.W.2d 812, 814 (Iowa 1992). We 

conclude the State proved the challenged element for this ground supporting the

termination of April’s parental rights. 

April has not demonstrated the ability to parent E.R. outside a supervised 

environment without exposing E.R. to ongoing harm. E.R. has significant, 

ongoing physical and mental health conditions that demand heightened parental 

attention. E.R. has been diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder and 

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. She receives speech therapy and

physical and occupational therapy to address delays in gross motor and fine 

motor skills. When E.R. lacks structure or consistency, she regresses 

emotionally and behaviorally, as evidenced by severe tantrums and regression to 

age-inappropriate behaviors such as using a baby voice and being unable to 

dress herself. April is unable to provide the heightened supervision E.R. 

requires. April continually misses appointments for her and E.R. For example, 

April failed to take E.R. to required medical appointments to determine whether 

E.R. suffered from autism or Asperger’s Syndrome. April has failed to follow 

case worker recommendations regarding the care of E.R. 

April also has not demonstrated the ability to address and resolve her 

personal needs as a necessary predicate for creating the consistency and 
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stability E.R. requires. By way of example, April has not yet completed a 

required psychological evaluation necessary to address her mental health needs. 

She failed to attend her substance abuse sessions. April has not been able to 

maintain employment. She has had eleven job changes since this case was 

initiated. Her inability to maintain employment has led to financial and residential 

instability. She has also moved approximately eleven times since this case was 

initiated. Her inability to maintain employment also precludes her from meeting 

E.R.’s most basic needs. 

IDHS made reasonable efforts toward reunification. IDHS has provided 

the following services: Family Safety, Risk, and Permanency; substance abuse 

treatment; mental health; foster care; relative care; visitation; counseling; 

therapy; family team meeting; and residential care services. April has failed to 

take full advantage of these services. We conclude there is clear and convincing 

evidence E.R. cannot safely be returned to April’s home without being at risk for 

the same adjudicatory harms that led to her initial adjudication as a child in need 

of assistance. See R.R.K., 544 N.W.2d at 277.

We also conclude termination of April’s rights is in E.R.’s best interests. A 

child’s need for safety and permanency are the “defining elements in a child’s 

best interest.” See A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 113 (citation omitted). E.R. has been 

removed from the mother’s care since May 2013. E.R.’s therapist testified E.R. 

needs permanency and has an ongoing need for services critical to her 

development, which April cannot reliably provide. While April argues the court 

should have allowed her more time to demonstrate an ability to meet E.R.’s 

needs, the record reflects that she has had five years to demonstrate her ability 
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to meet E.R.’s needs outside a supervised setting without being able to do so. 

As the IDHS caseworker testified, the same concerns that exist today with April 

existed when this case opened in 2009. E.R. cannot wait for April to become a 

responsible parent. See In re C.B., 611 N.W. 2d 489, 495 (Iowa 2000) (“A parent 

cannot wait until the eve of termination, after the statutory time periods for 

reunification have expired, to begin to express an interest in parenting.”); In re 

L.L., 459 N.W.2d 489, 495 (Iowa 1990) (“Children simply cannot wait for 

responsible parenting. Parenting . . . must be constant, responsible, and 

reliable.”). 

April next contends the court should not have terminated her parental 

rights because “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the termination 

would be detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parentchild relationship.” Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c). The statutory exceptions set 

forth in section 232.116(3) are permissive and not mandatory. “That is, it is 

within the sound discretion of the juvenile court, based upon the unique facts and 

circumstances of the case and the best interests of the child, to deny termination 

of the parent's rights even when the parent has proved an exception.” See In re 

C.A., No. 13-1987, 2014 WL 1234470, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 26, 2014). 

Here, there is some bond between the mother and child. However, the child’s 

behavior has regressed since visitation with the mother resumed. The bond 

between the mother and the child should not preclude termination, where, as 

here, the child has waited more than five years for the mother to remedy the 

issues giving rise to adjudication. 
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IV.

For the foregoing reasons, the order of the juvenile court is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.