SURFACE-WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE UPPER 

ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN IN ILLINOIS, INDIANA, AND 

WISCONSIN: CROSS-SECTIONAL AND DEPTH VARIATION OF 

WATER-QUALITY CONSTITUENTS AND PROPERTIES IN THE 

UPPER ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN, 1987-*

by Donna C. Marron and Stephen F. Blanchard

Delmarva 

Peninsula

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4021

1995
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Gordon P. Eaton, Director

For additional information Copies of this report can be

write to: purchased from:

District Chief U.S. Geological Survey-ESIC

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports Section

102 E. Main St., 4th Floor Box 25286, MS 517

Urbana, IL 61801 Denver Federal Center

	Denver, CO 80225-0046
CONTENTS

Abstract.......................................................................................... 1

Introduction....................................................................................... 1

Previous Work................................................................................ 3

Description of Study Area....................................................................... 3

Study Methods................................................................................ 4

Water-Quality Constituents and Properties............................................................... 4

Cross-Sectional Variability ...................................................................... 4

Depth Variability .............................................................................. 6

Midchannel, Composite, and Mean Values .......................................................... 7

Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................... 7

References Cited................................................................................... 8

FIGURES

1. Map showing location of the study area in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin and water-quality sampling sites ....... 2

2. Graphs showing water-quality data collected at the Kankakee River at Momence, 111., September 13, 1988 ........ 5

TABLES

1. Characteristics of water-quality sampling sites in the upper Illinois River Basin ............................ 10

2-9. Summary of water-quality data collected at:

2. Kankakee River at Momence, 111. ............................................................. 11

3. Iroquois River near Chebanse, 111.............................................................. 12

4. Des Plaines River at Riverside, 111. ............................................................ 13

5. Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Romeoville, 111. .............................................. 14

6. Du Page River at Shorewood, 111. ............................................................. 15

7. Illinois River at Marseilles, 111. ............................................................... 16

8. Fox River at Algonquin, 111................................................................... 17

9. Fox River at Dayton, 111. .................................................................... 18

10. Depth-related variations in water-quality constituents and properties in the upper Illinois River Basin........... 19

Contents III
CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS, AND VERTICAL DATUM

Multiply By To obtain

inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer

square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer

cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second

foot per second (ft/s) 0.3048 meter per second

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F = 1.8(°C) + 32 

Abbreviated water-quality units used in this report:

milligrams per liter (mg/L)

micrograms per liter (ng/L)

microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius (|iS/cm)

colonies per 100 milliliters (col/100 mL)

Sea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929) a geodetic datum derived 

from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929.

IV Contents
Surface-Water-Quality Assessment of the Upper Illinois 

River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: 

Cross-Sectional and Depth Variation of Water-Quality 

Constituents and Properties in the Upper Illinois River 

Basin, 1987-88

By Donna C. Marron and Stephen F. Blanchard

Abstract

Data on water velocity, temperature, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, chlorophyll concentration, suspended 

sediment concentration, fecal-coliform counts, 

and the percentage of suspended sediment finer 

than 62 micrometers were collected at 3-25 verticals at each of 8 river cross sections in the upper 

Illinois River Basin from March 1987 through 

September 1988. Cross-sectional coefficients 

of variation of temperature, specific conductance, 

and pH ranged up to 6 percent; cross-sectional 

coefficients of variation of the concentration of 

dissolved oxygen and the percentage of suspended sediment finer than 62 micrometers 

ranged up to 21 percent; and cross-sectional coefficients of variation of the concentrations of suspended sediment, fecal coliform, and chlorophyll 

ranged from 7 to 115 percent. Midchannel measurements of temperature, specific conductance, 

and pH were within 5 percent of mean crosssectional values of these properties at the eight 

sampling sites, most of which appear well mixed 

because of the effect of dams and reservoirs. 

Measurements of the concentration of dissolved 

oxygen at various cross-section locations and at 

variable sampling depths are required to obtain a 

representative value of this constituent at these

sites. The large variability of concentrations of 

chlorophyll and suspended sediment, and fecalcoliform counts at the eight sampling sites indicates that composite rather than midchannel or 

mean values of these constituents are likely to be 

most representative of the channel cross section.

INTRODUCTION

Agencies responsible for the evaluation of water 

quality in rivers commonly must choose between the 

thoroughness of width-depth-integrated flow-weighted 

sampling and the cost effectiveness of point or grab 

sampling. Point or grab sampling does not account 

for spatial variations in water quality within channel 

cross sections. Such variations are likely because of 

cross-sectional variations in water velocity. Other 

factors affecting water quality include shade, channel 

geometry, and location with respect to point sources 

of water with a distinct chemical composition. The 

importance of width-depth-integrated flow-weighted 

sampling in some situations and the widespread use 

of point or grab sampling have been documented by 

Childress and others (1989).

This report presents the results of a study to 

document the cross-sectional and depth variations 

of selected water-quality constituents and properties 

in riverS in the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, 

Indiana, and Wisconsin (fig. 1). The report was 

prepared as part of the pilot phase of the National

Introduction 1
89° 88° 87° 86°

43° -

42° -

41° -

Base from U.S. Geological Survey

1:100,000 Digital Line Graphs

Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection

Standard parallels 33° and 45°, central meridian -89°

0

h

20 40 MILES

20 40 KILOMETERS

Figure 1. Location of the study area in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin and water-quality 

sampling sites.

2 Cross-Sectional and Depth Variation of Water-Quality Constituents and Properties in the Upper Illinois River Basin, 1987-88
Water-Quality Assessment program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

The report also presents an evaluation of the 

comparative accuracies of single-point and widthdepth-integrated sampling in the evaluation of water 

quality in the study area. Data on cross-sectional 

variations in water-quality constituents and properties 

were collected at 3-25 verticals at each of 8 river cross 

sections at sampling sites (fig. 1) from March 1987 

through September 1988. The data are published in 

the USGS annual data reports for Illinois (Fitzgerald 

and others, 1988; Coupe and others, 1989). Data 

were collected for eight sampling periods during different seasons and over a range of stream discharges. 

Data on flow velocity, water temperature, specific 

conductance, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, 

chlorophyll concentration, suspended sediment concentration, and the percentage of suspended sediment 

finer than 62 micrometers were collected at all eight 

sites, although not all of these constituents and properties were measured during each sampling period. 

Fecal-coliform counts were measured during one 

sampling period at four of the sampling sites.

associated with sediment particles (Feltz and Culbertson, 1972) and trace elements associated with sediment particles (Horowitz and others, 1989) have been 

noted. Britton and Greeson (1989) recognize the 

likelihood that bacteria will be clumped or patchy distributed in the fluvial environment.

A sample of river water for analysis of waterquality constituents and properties should be representative of the channel cross section where it is collected. 

Publications on the evaluation of water quality in 

rivers, however, commonly devote more attention to 

sample preservation and analysis than to the collection 

of a representative sample (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1982; American Public Health Association and others, 1971; Fishman and Friedman, 

1989). Commonly, single-point sampling is utilized 

at sites that are not immediately downstream from 

tributaries or point sources of effluents, and that 

appear, in the field, to be "well-mixed." Hem (1985), 

however, suggests the use of width-depth-integrated 

flow-weighted sampling except in situations where the 

uniformity of stream composition can be demonstrated 

in the field at all flow conditions.

Previous Work

Cross-sectional variation of suspended-sediment concentrations in river channels has been recognized for decades. Data presented by Colby (1963) 

and Culbertson and others (1972) demonstrate that 

fine particles, in particular, can be distributed unevenly 

across channel cross sections. Horowitz and others 

(1989) showed that depth-integrated and pumped or 

point samples contain substantially different suspended sediment concentrations. On the basis of 

such findings, the USGS utilizes depth-integrated 

flow-weighted sampling at multiple verticals within 

a channel cross section to measure the concentration 

of suspended sediment (Edwards and Glysson, 1988).

Marked cross-sectional variations in water 

chemistry because of incomplete mixing of tributary 

waters also have been well documented (Anderson 

and Faust, 1973). Calculated mixing lengths can 

range from several miles for small, fast-flowing 

streams to hundreds of miles for larger rivers 

(Childress and others, 1989). Cross-sectional 

variations in the concentrations of pesticide residues

Description of Study Area

The sites at which data were collected are 

upstream from the confluence of the Illinois and Fox 

Rivers in northern Illinois (fig. 1). The climate in the 

upper Illinois River Basin is classified as continental, 

with hot, humid summers and cold winters. Average 

annual precipitation during 1951-80 in the area ranged 

from 32 to 40 in. (Balding, 1986, p. 217). The predominant land uses in the upper Illinois River Basin 

are agricultural, urban, and industrial. Streamflow 

in the area is strongly affected by low-head dams. 

Streamflow at most of the sampling stations is augmented by irrigation return flow and (or) point-source 

discharges, such as those from wastewater-treatment 

facilities.

Topographic relief in the upper Illinois River 

Basin is low to moderate. Most bedrock in the area 

is covered by glacial sediments. Characteristics 

of sampling sites are listed in table 1 (all tables are 

at end of report). Drainage areas of the sampling 

sites range from 324 to 8,259 mi2. The mean annual 

discharges (through 1988) at the sites range from 268 

to 10,709 ft3/s.

Introduction
Study Methods

Field measurements of temperature, specific 

conductance, the concentration of dissolved oxygen, 

and pH were measured with a Series 4000 Hydrolab 

(Model 4041). At most of the sampling sites, field 

measurements were made at a single depth at each vertical along the cross section. Most measurements 

were made 1 ft below the water surface, although measurement depths at sites where measurements were 

made at only one depth ranged from 0.2 to 2.5 ft. At 

two of the sampling sites, field measurements were 

made at more than one depth at some or all of the verticals along the cross section. The field instrument 

was calibrated to known standards before use. After 

use, the instrument was checked with the known standards to determine if the instrument had drifted from 

calibration. If substantial drift resulted, the measurements were corrected for the instrument drift. The 

mean water velocity at a vertical was determined from 

a velocity measurement at 0.6 of the stream depth or 

from the average of velocity measurements taken at 

0.2 and 0.8 of the stream depth. Velocity measurements were made with a Price type AA meter with a 

metal bucket wheel.

Depth-integrated flow-weighted water samples 

were collected at specific verticals within channel 

cross sections for the analysis of suspended sediment 

concentration, percentage of suspended sediment finer 

than 62 micrometers, and chlorophyll concentration. 

The equal-width-increment method, described by 

Edwards and Glysson (1988), was utilized to collect 

composite samples from at least 10 verticals within a 

given cross section. Depth-integrating samplers, as 

described by Edwards and Glysson (1988), were utilized to collect the samples at each vertical. Chlorophyll samples were immediately frozen until analyzed 

by chromatography, as described by Britton and 

Greeson (1989). Water samples for the analysis of 

fecal-coliform concentration were collected within a 

foot of the water surface at specific verticals within 

channel cross sections. The concentration of fecal 

coliform was determined within 6 hours of sample 

collection utilizing the method described by Britton 

and Greeson (1988).

'Use of trade names in this report is for identification 

purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the 

U.S. Geological Survey.

WATER-QUALITY CONSTITUENTS AND 

PROPERTIES

Summaries of data collected at the eight sampling sites are presented in tables 2-9. Midchannel 

values of constituents and properties are the values at 

the vertical closest to the midpoint of the cross section. 

Where the midpoint of the cross section was equidistant from two verticals, values of water-quality constituents at these verticals were averaged to obtain the 

midchannel value. Composite values of the concentration of suspended sediment and the percentage of 

suspended sediment finer than 62 micrometers were 

obtained by analyzing width-depth-integrated samples 

for these constituents. An example of the variation 

observed in the cross-sectional water-quality data is 

shown in figure 2.

Cross-Sectional Variability

Cross-sectional variations in temperature, specific conductance, and pH were minimal at all of the 

sampling sites during all of the sampling periods. 

Coefficients of variation are shown in tables 2-9. 

The maximum coefficient of variation for temperature 

and pH was 5 percent and for specific conductance, 

6 percent. Coefficients of variation were less than 

3 percent for 92 percent of the sets of temperature 

measurements, 78 percent of the sets of specific-conductance measurements, and 97 percent of the sets of 

pH measurements. Cross-sectional variations in the 

concentration of dissolved oxygen were more extreme; 

the maximum coefficient of variation of the concentration of dissolved oxygen was 19 percent, and the coefficient of variation of the concentration of dissolved 

oxygen was 3 percent or less for only 50 percent of 

the sets of measurements analyzed.

Although the coefficients of variation for temperature, specific conductance, pH, and dissolved 

oxygen were commonly low for a given sampling 

period, these properties usually varied in an orderly 

manner by consistently increasing or decreasing 

across channel cross sections (fig. 2). Specific 

patterns of properties at particular sampling sites 

sometimes occurred during more than one sampling 

period but never were consistent during all of the 

sampling periods. Similarly, parallel or opposite 

patterns of variation of particular properties commonly resulted during two or more sampling periods

4 Cross-Sectional and Depth Variation of Water-Quality Constituents and Properties in the Upper Illinois River Basin, 1987-88
21.5

20.5

20.0

100 200 300 400

> LU 

D.

100 200 300 400

uJ 

O

UJ 

Q.

en

LU

Cn' 

Q

650

600

550

100 200 300 400

0 100 200 300 400

LU

80

o3=i 60

Ul^QC

;z 40

C/3

3 

C/3

i_ LU

z o

Ul DC IS^ 100

Q I- en 80 ui^cc

D.E2 60

^ cc en Q

0

100 200 300 400

100 200 300 400

b 8.2

z

8.1

8.0

0 100 200 300 400 

DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET

H<cc

20

10

0 100 200 300 400 

DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET

Figure 2. Water-quality data collected at the Kankakee River at Momence, III., September 13,1988.

Water-Quality Constituents and Properties 5
at the sampling sites, but no property had a consistently parallel or inverse relation with any other property at any of the sites during all of the sampling 

periods. No consistent relations could be determined 

for the coefficients of variation of temperature, specific conductance, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentration with discharge at any of the sampling sites.

Concentrations of chlorophyll, suspended sediment, and fecal-coliform counts were considerably 

more variable within the sampled cross sections than 

the field measurements. Coefficients of variation of 

chlorophyll concentration ranged from 22 to 103 percent at the sampling site on the Iroquois River near 

Chebanse and from 11 to 31 percent at the other seven 

sampling sites. Coefficients of variation of fecalcoliform concentration ranged from 36 to 47 percent, 

and of suspended sediment concentration from 7 to 

115 percent. The coefficient of variation of the percentage of suspended sediment finer than 62 micrometers ranged from less than 1 to 21 percent. Unlike the 

variations of the properties measured with the Hydrolab, variations in the concentrations of chlorophyll, 

fecal coliform, and suspended sediment, and the percentage of suspended sediment finer than 62 micrometers, tended to be sporadic across channel cross 

sections (fig. 2). No consistent relation between the 

coefficient of variation of these properties and discharge at the specific sampling sites could be determined.

Cross-sectional variations of water-quality constituents and properties measured during this study fall 

into two general categories. The first category 

includes properties not associated with particulates 

such as temperature, specific conductance, and pH, 

and typically have small cross-sectional variation. 

The second category includes constituents such as 

chlorophyll, fecal coliform, and suspended sediment, 

which are particulates and typically have considerably 

larger variations than the nonparticulate constituents.

Properties in the first category are maximally 

affected by chemical reactions and processes and are 

minimally affected by variations in velocity. The 

relatively low variability in temperature, specific conductance, and pH at the sampling sites results from 

the generally well-mixed nature of water at those 

sampling sites. The larger variability of the concentration of dissolved oxygen, which also is strongly 

affected by chemical reactions and biologic processes, 

possibly results from the partial shading of channels or 

by the production or consumption of dissolved oxygen

by aquatic plants. The lack of systematic relations 

between the properties in the first category indicate 

that at least some lack of variability results from 

incomplete mixing of waters with chemical compositions that vary from sampling period to sampling 

period. Ground-water seepage into streams and local 

point sources of effluent can introduce water of variable composition into streams in the study area.

Constituents in the second category are strongly 

affected by the transport of inorganic or organic particles. Sediment is particulate by definition; stream 

algae commonly grow attached to solid objects or as 

thin films on clay and silt (Hynes, 1970); and bacteria, 

such as fecal coliform, commonly are present in 

clumps or as thin films on clay and silt (Odum, 1971). 

Although the distribution of sediment particles in river 

channels has been shown to be affected by water 

velocity in some river channels (Culbertson and 

others, 1972), the lack of consistently well-defined 

relations between any of the constituents in the second 

category and velocity suggests that other factors, such 

as turbulence, also affect the distribution of particles at 

the eight sampling sites.

The cross-sectional variation, when expressed 

as the coefficient of variation in percent, is generally 

a small number for many of the constituents and properties examined; however, the variation could be significant if compared to water-quality criteria or annual 

variation. For example, dissolved oxygen concentration at Des Plaines River at Riverside on September 

12, 1988, ranged from 4.3 to 5.3 mg/L along the cross 

section (table 4). The Illinois water-quality criterion 

for dissolved oxygen concentration is 5.0 mg/L 

(Illinois Water Pollution Control Board, 1988). The 

observed concentrations of dissolved oxygen indicate 

water samples at a site could either meet or not meet 

the criteria depending on where the concentration 

was measured. Similarly, the cross-sectional variation also can be large if compared to the annual variation at a site. The observed concentrations of 

dissolved oxygen emphasize the importance of making multiple measurements and (or) collecting a representative water sample.

Depth Variability

Temperature, specific conductance, dissolved 

oxygen concentration, and pH were measured at 

multiple depths during two out of four sampling periods at the Fox River at Algonquin and during all five

6 Cross-Sectional and Depth Vsriation of Water-Quality Constituents and Properties in the Upper Illinois River Basin, 1987-88
sampling periods at the Chicago Sanitary and Ship 

Canal at Romeoville (fig. 1 and table 10). Measurements were made at two depths at the site on the Fox 

River and at two to five depths at the site on the 

Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. Only verticals in 

the deeper parts of channel cross sections were sampled at multiple depths.

Temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, 

and pH generally decreased with depth, although these 

characteristics did increase or remain the same with 

depth during some of the sampling periods (table 10). 

Specific conductance does not appear to be related to 

water depth. Depth-related changes in temperature, 

pH, and specific conductance were small in relation to 

cross-sectional mean values of these properties during 

the different sampling periods (table 10). In contrast, 

average depth-related changes in the concentration of 

dissolved oxygen at the two sampling stations commonly exceeded the cross-sectional mean by more 

than 10 percent (table 10).

Midchannel, Composite, and Mean Values

Differences between midchannel and composite 

values of the concentration of suspended sediment at 

the different sampling sites (tables 2-9) indicate that 

midchannel values generally are not acceptable substitutes for composite values of this constituent. Midchannel values range from 56 to 169 percent of composite values of the concentration of suspended sediment. The largest differences between midchannel 

and composite measures of the concentration of suspended sediment resulted where concentrations were 

high (Des Plaines River at Riverside, September 12, 

1988) and low (Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at 

Romeoville, April 21, 1987). Midchannel values 

of the percentage of suspended sediment finer than 

62 micrometers ranged from 92 to 112 percent of 

composite values of this constituent.

Composite samples were not measured for temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, chlorophyll concentration, and fecalcoliform count. The relation of midchannel to mean 

values of these properties and constituents, however, 

corresponds to their variability along channel cross 

sections. Midchannel values of temperature, pH, 

and specific conductance are 95 to 103 percent of the 

mean values of these properties. Midchannel values 

of the concentration of dissolved oxygen are 93 to 

123 percent of the mean values of this constituent.

Midchannel values of fecal-coliform count and chlorophyll concentration are 81 to 130 percent and 33 to 

136 percent, respectively, of the mean values of these 

constituents.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The degree to which water-quality constituents 

and properties vary across channel cross sections 

affects the design of sampling programs for evaluating 

water quality in streams. However, published data 

on cross-sectional variations in water-quality constituents and properties in different fluvial environments 

are limited. The data presented in this report were 

collected to enhance this limited data base, particularly, as the data pertains to streams in urbanized and 

agricultural areas in the upper Illinois River Basin. 

The report was prepared as part of the pilot phase of 

the National Water-Quality Assessment program of 

the U.S. Geological Survey.

The cross-sectional variability of water-quality 

constituents and properties fell into two categories. 

In one category, the variability of properties, such as 

temperature, specific conductance, and pH, which are 

not associated with particulates, is low (coefficients 

of variation do not exceed 6 percent); in the second 

category, the variability of the constituents, such as 

suspended sediment, fecal coliform, and chlorophyll, 

which represent paniculate substances, are high 

(coefficients of variation range from 7 to 115 percent). 

Properties in the first category are generally affected 

by chemical reactions and biologic processes, whereas 

constituents in the second category are strongly 

affected by the transport of organic or inorganic 

particles. Depth-related variations of properties in 

the first category are small in relation to cross-sectional mean values of these properties. An exception 

is the concentration of dissolved oxygen, which 

appears to be depth-related and which commonly 

exceeded the cross-sectional mean value of this 

constituent by more than 10 percent.

Small coefficients of variation of temperature, 

specific conductance, and pH across channel cross sections result in midchannel values of these properties 

within 5 percent of the mean cross-sectional values 

of these properties at the eight sampling sites. The 

effect of dams and reservoirs on most of these sites 

may limit the transfer value of this observation to 

streams unaffected by dams. The larger variability 

of the concentration of dissolved oxygen, both across

Summary and Conclusions
channels and with depth at the sampling sites, indicates the need for multiple measurements to obtain a 

representative concentration for this constituent.

Differences between midchannel and composite 

values of suspended sediment concentration at the different sampling sites indicate that midchannel concentrations generally are not acceptable substitutes for 

composite concentrations. This observation probably also applies to other paniculate material, such as 

fecal coliform and chlorophyll, on the basis of the 

variability observed from this study. These results 

indicate that width-depth-integrated flow-weighted 

sampling is the best method for obtaining representative samples of suspended and particulate substances.

REFERENCES CITED

American Public Health Association, American Water 

Works Association, and Water Pollution Control 

Federation, 1971, Standard methods for the 

examination of water and wastewater (13th ed.): 

Washington, D.C., American Public Health 

Association, 769 p.

Anderson, P.W., and Faust, S.D., 1973, Characteristics of 

water quality and streamflow, Passaic River Basin 

above Little Falls, New Jersey: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 2026, 80 p.

Balding, G.O., 1986, Illinois surface water resources in 

National Water Summary 1985 Hydrologic events 

and surface water resources: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 2300, p. 215-222.

Britton, L.J., and Greeson, P.E., eds., 1989, Methods for 

collection and analysis of aquatic biological and 

microbiological samples: U.S. Geological Survey 

Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, 

book 5, chap. A4, 363 p.

Childress, C.J., Chancy, T.H., Myers, D.N., Norris, J.M., 

and Hren, Janet, 1989, Water-quality data-collection 

activities in Colorado and Ohio; Phase II; Evaluation 

of 1984 field and laboratory quality-assurance 

practices: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper2295-B,49p.

Colby, B.R., 1963, Fluvial sediments A summary of 

source, transportation, deposition, and measurement 

of sediment discharge: U.S. Geological Survey 

Bulletin 1181-A, 47 p.

Coupe, R.H., Hayes, P.O., Richards, T.E., and Stahl, R.L., 

1989, Water resources data - Illinois, water year 1988, 

volume 2, Illinois River Basin: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Data Report IL-88-2, 556 p.

Culbertson, J.K., Scott, C.H., and Bennett, J.P., 1972, 

Summary of alluvial-channel data from Rio Grande 

Conveyance Channel, New Mexico, 1965-69: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 562-J, 

49 p.

Edwards, T.K., and Glysson, G.D., 1988, Field methods for 

measurement of fluvial sediment: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 86-531, 118 p.

Feltz, H.R., and Culbertson, J.K., 1972, Sampling

procedures and problems in determining pesticide 

residues in the hydrologic environment: Pesticides 

Monitoring Journal, v. 6, no. 3, p. 171-178.

Fishman, M.J., and Friedman, L.C., eds., 1989, Methods 

for determination of inorganic substances in water 

and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey 

Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, 

book 5, chap. Al, 545 p.

Fitzgerald, K.K., Hayes, P.O., Richards, T.E., and

Stahl, R.L., 1988, Water resources data - Illinois, 

water year 1987, volume 2, Illinois River Basin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report 

IL-87-2,492 p.

Hem, J.D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical 

characteristics of natural water (3d ed.): 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 

263 p.

Horowitz, A.J., Rinella, F.A., Lamotte, Paul, Miller, T.L., 

Edwards, T.K., Roche, R.L., and Rickert, D.A., 1989, 

Cross-sectional variability in suspended sediment and 

associated trace metal concentrations in selected rivers 

in the U.S. in Hadley, R.F., (ed.), Sediment and the 

environment: International Association of 

Hydrological Sciences Publication no. 181, p. 57-66.

Hynes, H.B.N., 1970, The ecology of running waters: 

Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 555 p.

Illinois Water Pollution Control Board, 1988, State of

Illinois rules and regulations, title 35: Environmental 

protection, subtitle C: Water pollution, chapter I: 

Springfield, 111., 191 p.

Odum, E.P., 1971, Fundamentals of ecology (3d ed.): 

Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company, 574 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1982, Handbook 

for sampling and sample preservation of water and 

wastewater: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

EPA-600/4-82-029, 402 p.

8 Cross-Sectional and Depth Variation of Water-Quality Constituents and Properties in the Upper Illinois River Basin, 1987-88
TABLES 1-10
Table 1 . Characteristics of water-quality sampling sites in the upper Illinois River Basin

[USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; mi2, square mile; ft3/s, cubic feet per second; ft, feet; mi, mile]

Average 

depth at

Mean meanUSGS Drainage annual Period of annual Channel 

station area discharge discharge discharge width 

Site name______number____(mi2)_____(frVs)____record_____(ft)______(ft)_______Comments

Kankakee River 05520500 2,294 

at Momence, 111.

Iroquois River 05526000 2,091 

near Chebanse, 111.

Des Plaines River 

at Riverside, 111.

05532500

Du Page River 05540500 

at Shorewood, 111.

Illinois River 05543500 

at Marseilles, 111.

Fox River

at Algonquin, 111.

Fox River 

at Dayton, 111.

05550000

05552500

630

Chicago Sanitary and 05536995 739 

Ship Canal at 

Romeoville, 111.

324

8,259

1,403

2,642

1,985 1914-88 2.5 500 Double channel,

two dams within 0.5 mi 

upstream from site.

1,657 1923-88 4.0 310 Tributary enters

channel at right bank 

within 0.12 mi upstream 

from site.

503 1943-88 3.2 220 Dam within 0.25 mi

upstream from site. 

Point source discharge 

enters channel at left 

bank between dam and 

site.

3,778 1984-88 25.0 160 Oil refinery outflow

enters channel at left 

bank within 1.5 mi 

upstream from site. 

Barge traffic mixes 

water.

268 1940-88 1.4 115 Dam within 0.12 mi

upstream from site. 

Reach is riffled.

10,709 1919-88 3.1 575 Double channel; only

right one measured. 

Dam within 0.5 mi 

upstream from site. 

Diversion channel enters 

main channel at right 

bank between dam and 

site.

864 1915-88 6.2 295 Dam within 0.25 mi

downstream from site. 

Site is in backwater 

of dam.

1,744 1914-88 3.7 175 Dam within 0.25 mi

upstream from site. 

Dam outlet enters 

channel at right bank 

between dam and site.

10 Cross-Sectional and Depth Variation of Water-Quality Constituents and Properties in the Upper Illinois River Basin, 1987-88
Table 2. Summary of water-quality data collected at Kankakee River at Momence, III.

[ft/s, feet per second; °C, degrees Celsius; uS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; Hg/L, micrograms per liter; col/100 mL

ft3/s, cubic feet per second; <, less than; --, no data; (00055),WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval System (WATSTORE) parameter code number]

0)

Z

CD 

M

Velocity 

(ft/s) 

(00055)

Specific Dissolved pH Fecsl 

Temperature conductance oxygen (standard Chlorophyll coliform 

(°C) (uS/cm) (mg/L) units) (ug/L) (col/1 00 m

(00010) (00095) (00300) (00400) (70953) (31616)

April 8, 1987; discharge = 1,470 frVs; 19 verticals

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

12.9

1

12.8

13.1

12.8

647

5

616

702

635

12.2

4

11.6

13.0

11.7

-

8.4

1

8.4

8.5

8.4

-

July 21, 1987; discharge = 1,490 and 940 frVs; 10 to 20 verticals

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

1.3

13

1.0

1.7

1.1

1.2

26

.5

1.8

.9

29.2

1

28.9

29.7

29.1

7.8

3

7.5

8.0

7.5

~

21.3

1

21.0

21.5

21.4

686

4

648

723

680

March 8, 1988;

658

4

621

700

657

-

June 9, 1988;

644

3

615

675

645

9.0

2

8.7

9.4

8.9

discharge = 2,400 ff'/s;

9.6

6

8.6

10.2

9.7

8.4

<1

8.4

8.5

8.4

-

19 to 23 verticals

7.7

1

7.6

7.8

7.7

-

195

47

46

360

158

-

3.9

19

1.2

5.0

3.7

discharge = 752 ft3/s; 17 to 19 verticals

8.3

3

8.0

8.9

8.2

-

8.1

<1

8.0

8.1

8.1

~

..

September 13, 1988; discharge = 574 ff'/s; 18 verticals

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

.9

27

.3

1.3

.8

-

21.0

1

20.3

21.2

21.1

-

611

3

592

648

604

-

8.2

4

7.5

8.7

8.3

-

8.1

1

8.1

8.2

8.1

-

11.1

27

4.7

17.0

13.5

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12 Cross-Sectional and Depth Variation of Water-Quality Constituents and Properties in the Upper Illinois River Basin, 1987-88
Table 4. Summary of water-quality data collected at Des Plaines River at Riverside, III.

[ft/s, feet per second; °C, degrees Celsius; uS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; Hg/L, micrograms per liter; col/100 

ft3/s, cubic feet per second; <, less than; --, no data; (00055), WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval System (WATSTORE) parameter code number]

01o9

Velocity 

(ft/s) 

(00055)

Specific Dissolved 

Temperature conductance oxygen 

(°C) (uS/cm) (mg/L) 

(00010) (00095) (00300)

pH Feca

(standard Chlorophyll colifor

units) (ng/L) (col/1 00 

(00400) (70953) (31616

April 9, 1987; discharge = 395 frVs; 10 verticals

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

1.8

26

1.0

2.4

2.1

-

12.6

1

12.4

12.8

12.6

26.0

1

25.7

26.2

26.0

-

1,046

1

1,039

1,059

1,045

~

July 22, 1987;

750

<1

747

752

749

~

12.2

1

12.1

12.3

12.3

discharge = 315 ft3/s;

5.7

2

5.3

5.8

5.8

-

March 10, 1988; discharge = 848 ftVs

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

.9

56

.2

1.7

1.2

-

1.5

33

.4

2.1

2.0

--

5.6

3

5.4

5.8

5.5

-

23.5

<1

23.4

23.8

23.5

--

1,215

2

1,171

1,247

1,225

-

June 6, 1988;

1,183

<1

1,177

1,188

1,188

-

10.6

4

9.8

11.2

10.5

discharge = 212 frVs;

8.2

2

7.9

8.7

8.2

8.4

<1

8.31

8.41

8.41

--

18 to 20 verticals

7.4

<1

7.3

7.4

7.4

~

; 19 to 21 verticals

8.4 2.4

1 19

8.2 1.9

8.5 3.9

8.5 2.5

-

15 to 16 verticals

8.0

1

7.9

8.1

8.0

September 12, 1988; discharge = 1,260 ft3/s; 20 to 22 verticals

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value -

22.5

1

22.3

23.0

22.5

-

797

1

779

817

799

-

4.9

7

4.3

5.3

5.1

-

7.3 24.6

1 31

7.2 1 1.0

7.4 36.0

7.4 33.5

-
Table 5. Summary of water-quality data collected at Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Romeoville, III.

[ft/s, feet per second; °C, degrees Celsius; (iS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter, Hg/L, micrograms per liter; col/10

ft3/s, cubic feet per second; <, less than; -, no data; (00055), WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval System (WATSTORE) parameter code number]

_

in 

30

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Specific Dissolved pH Fece

Velocity Temperature conductance oxygen (standard Chlorophyll colifor

(ft/s) (°C) (nS/cm) (mg/L) units) (ug/L) (col/1 00 

(00055) (00010) (00095) (00300) (00400) (70953) (3161

April 21, 1987; discharge = 3,750 ftVs; 10 verticals; depths averaged1

15.2 796 3.1 7.1

- 1 <1 3 <1

15.0 792 2.9 7.0

15.5 800 3.2 7.1

15.2 796 3.1 7.1

--

August 14, 1987; discharge = 14,750 ft3/s; 10 verticals; depths averaged1

25.6 565 3.2 7.3

- 1 <1 4 1

25.5 563 3.0 7.3

26.0 566 3.4 7.4

25.5 566 3.2 7.3

March 10, 1988; discharge = 2,170 frVs; 3 to 19 verticals; depths averaged1

8.2 1,101 8.0 7.0 2.4

1 <1 19 1 8

8.2 1,100 6.9 6.9 2.1

8.3 1,103 9.8 7.1 2.7

8.2 1,100 9.8 7.0 2.6

June 7, 1988; discharge = 4,560 frVs; 3 to 20 verticals; depths averaged1

21.9 760 2.9 6.9

- 1 <1 3 1

21.8 759 2.8 6.9

22.0 762 3.0 7.0

22.0 760 2.9 6.9

September 12, 1988; discharge = 4,150 ftVs; 18 to 20 verticals; depths averaged1

21.0 525 4.9 7.8 2.6

<1 <1 2 2 20

20.9 522 4.8 7.6 1.9

21.3 528 5.1 8.2 3.9

21.0 526 4.9 7.8 2.9

'Constituent values measured at more than one depth were averaged at some verticals.
Table 6. Summary of water-quality data collected at Du Page River at Shorewood, III.

[ft/s, feet per second; °C, degrees Celsius; u,S/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; u,g/L, micrograms per liter; col/100 mL

ft3/s, cubic feet per second; <, less than; -, no data; (00055), WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval System (WATSTORE) parameter code number]

Velocity 

(ft/s) 

(00055)

Specific Dissolved 

Temperature conductance oxygen 

(°C) (uS/cm) (mg/L) 

(00010) (00095) (00300)

pH Fecal 

(standard Chlorophyll coiiform 

units) (ug/L) (col/1 00 m

(00400) (70953) (31616)

July 22, 1987; discharge = 200 frVs; 14 to 33 verticals

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

1.5

55

.2

3.1

2.7

1.9

32

.3

2.8

2.8

1.3

35

.3

1.9

1.9

28.7

1

28.1

29.1

28.9

6.4

3

6.1

6.7

6.5

22.8

1

22.4

23.1

22.9

1,501

1

1,474

1,537

1,515

March 10, 1988;

1,553

4

1,284

1,589

1,583

June 7, 1988

1,754

1

1,690

1,779

1,759

9.5

2

9.1

9.7

9.3

discharge = 328 frVs;

10.4

2

10.1

10.8

10.4

; discharge = 106 frVs

9.4

4

8.4

9.7

9.7

8.4

<1

8.3

8.5

8.4

17 to 20 verticals

8.1

1

7.8

8.2

8.0

; 19 verticals

8.4

<1

8.4

8.5

8.4

.-

..

..

1.8

23

.7

2.6

2.0

-.

..

_

..

September 11, 1988; discharge = 73 ftVs; 19 verticals

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value --

25.9

<1

25.5

26.0

25.9

-

1,925

<1

1,908

1,955

1,923

-

12.5

4

11.4

13.4

12.1

-

8.8

1

8.5

8.8

8.8

-

9.8

31

2.9

15.0

10.0

-
Table 7. Summary of water-quality data collected at Illinois River at Marseilles, III.

O [ft/s, feet per second; °C, degrees Celsius; (aS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; Ug/L, micrograms per liter; col/100 m

o fl3/s, cubic feet per second; <, less than; -, no data; (00055), WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval System (WATSTORE) parameter code number]

o

i

(A

3

a

5° 

o'

a

I

c

01

I

s

(D

I 

01

3

a

TJ

8

15°

(A

(D

C

i.

(A

5 

I

Velocity 

(ft/s) 

(00055)

Specific Dissolved pH Fecal 

Temperature conductance oxygen (standard Chlorophyll coliform 

(°C) (uS/cm) (mg/L) units) (ug/L) (col/1 00 m

(00010) (00095) (00300) (00400) (70953) (31616)

July 23, 1987; discharge = 5,940 ftVs; 12 verticals

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

30.2

<1

30.0

30.5

30.2

6.7

1

6.6

6.8

6.6

667

<1

666

670

666

March 9, 1988;

980

2

925

1,000

972

6.2

5

5.8

6.7

6.3

7.6 -- 37

<1 -- 42

7.5 -- 25

7.6 - 70

7.6 -- 48

discharge = 6,720 ftVs; 18 to 19 verticals

_ 8.1 3.9

1 17

7.9 3.1

8.3 5.1

8.0 3.5

June 6, 1988; discharge = 3,840 ftVs; 19 verticals

Mean 3.1

Coefficient of variation (percent) 1 9

Minimum 2.2

Maximum 4.2

Midchannel value 3.5

Composite value

25.3

<1

25.1

25.6

25.2

821

<1

818

823

821

--

6.8

5

6.4

7.7

6.5

September 10, 1988; discharge

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

22.2

1

21.9

22.3

22.2

646

6

630

763

638

9.5

3

9.2

10.1

9.7

7.8

1

7.8

8.0

7.8

= 4,430 ftVs; 11 verticals

7.9 48.9

1 11

7.9 42.0

8.0 59.0

7.9 53.0

--

<£.
Table 8. Summary of water-quality data collected at Fox River at Algonquin, III.

[ft/s, feet per second; °C, degrees Celsius; uS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; ug/L, micrograms per liter; col/100 

ft3/s, cubic feet per second; <, less than; --, no data; (00055), WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval System (WATSTORE) parameter code number]

Velocity 

(ft/s) 

(00055)

Specific 

Temperature conductance 

(°C) (uS/cm) 

(00010) (00095)

Dissolved pH Feca

oxygen (standard Chlorophyll colifor

(mg/L) units) (ug/L) (col/1 00 

(00300) (00400) (70953) (3161

July 28, 1987; discharge = 504 ffVs; 13 to 14 verticals; depths averaged1

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

0.7

26

.4

1.1

.6

--

27.5

1

27.3

28.0

27.4

March

4.1

5

3.9

4.5

4.0

--

623

1

613

629

624

11, 1988; discharge =

643

4

572

664

659

-

7.2

14

5.6

9.8

6.7

8.1

3

7.8

8.5

8.0

1,520 ft'/s; 18 to 20 verticals;

_

-

9.5

5

8.7

10.2

9.4

-

..

depths averaged1

14.7

18

9.4

19.4

16.9

June 9, 1988; discharge = 350 frVs; 19 to 20 verticals

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

.2

34

.1

.4

.3

--

_

22.0

1

21.5

22.4

22.0

-

19.7

<1

19.5

19.8

19.8

652

1

646

657

652

--

September 11, 1988;

766

3

750

810

751

6.7

9

6.1

8.1

6.6

-

discharge = 210 frVs;

6.8

2

6.6

7.0

6.8

8.1

1

8.0

8.2

8.1

-

44.8

21

16.8

59.7

44.9

-

16 to 17 verticals

8.1

1

8.1

8.3

8.2

66

17

37

81

74

Constituent values measured at more than one depth were averaged at some verticals.

9 

CO
Table 9. Summary of water-quality data collected at Fox River at Dayton, III.

[ft/s, feet per second; °C, degrees Celsius; nS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; ug/L, micrograms per liter; col/100 

ft'/s, cubic feet per second; <, less than; -, no data; (00055),WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval System (WATSTORE) parameter code number]

S' 

o'

o

(D 

I

1 '

c 

 o

I

3D

I

CD

01

Velocity 

(Ws) 

(00055)

Specific Dissolved pH Feca

Tempersture conductance oxygen (stsndard Chlorophyll colifo

(°C) (nS/cm) (mg/L) units) (ug/L) (col/100 

(00010) (00095) (00300) (00400) (70953) (3161

May 4, 1987; discharge = 2,960 ftVs;

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

Mean 2.4

Coefficient of variation (percent) 3 1

Minimum 1.3

Maximum 3.6

Midchannel value 3.6

Composite value

14.9

1

14.7

15.3

14.9

28.4

1

28.0

28.6

28.5

5.6

1

5.5

5.7

5.6

636

<1

634

643

635

July 23, 1987;

615

<1

611

621

614

March 9, 1987;

754

1

740

760

762

10.9

9

9.5

12.0

11.6

13 verticals

8.7

1

8.6

8.7

8.7

discharge = 756 ffVs; 20 to 22 verticals

7.6

3

7.1

8.1

7.5

8.5

<1

8.5

8.6

8

discharge = 2,230 frVs; 17 to 19 verticals

10.8

1

10.5

11.0

10.8

8.4 14.4

1 12

8.4 11.9

8.7 17.7

8.4

June 6, 1988; discharge = 651 frVs; 20 verticals

Mean 1.7

Coefficient of variation (percent) 3 1

Minimum .8

Maximum 2.6

Midchannel value 2. 1

Composite value

24.9

<1

24.7

25.1

25.0

-

597

1

591

619

596

- -

September 10, 1988; discharge = 143 ftVs;

Mean

Coefficient of variation (percent)

Minimum

Maximum

Midchannel value

Composite value

21.9

1

21.7

22.4

21.8

727

<1

720

730

729

15.0

7

13.2

16.5

16.2

9.1

1

9.0

9.2

9.0

-

13 to 18 verticals

9.2 44.2

2 18

8.6 31.0

9.4 59.0

9.3 41.0
Table 10. Depth-related variations in water-quality constituents and properties in the upper Illinois River Basin 

[Average and maximum change refers to the change from the shallowest to the deepest measurement at a sampling station; °C, degrees Celsius; 

jlS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25°C; mg/L, milligrams per liter; --, no data]

Average change 

Maximum change 

Cross-section mean

Average change 

Maximum change 

Cross-section mean

Average change 

Maximum change 

Cross-section mean

Average change 

Maximum change 

Cross-section mean

Average change 

Maximum change 

Cross-section mean

Average change 

Maximum change 

Cross-section mean

Average change 

Maximum change 

Cross-section mean

Specific Dissolved 

Temperature conductance oxygen 

(°C) (uS/cm) (mg/L)

Fox River at Algonquin, July 28, 1987; 8 verticals

-0.5 8 -1.6 

-1.0 18 -5.2 

27.5 623 7.2

Fox River at Algonquin, March 11, 1988; 14 verticals

.0 -3 

.0 -17 

4.1 643

Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Romeovllle, April 21, 1987; 11 verticals

.1 -2 -.3 

.5 -6 -.4 

15.2 7% 3.1

Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Romeoville, August 14, 1987; 10 verticals

-.1 0 -.6 

-.5 -4 -.9 

25.6 565 3.2

Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Romeoville, March 10, 1988; 3 verticals

-.2 3 1.3 

-.5 10 4.4 

8.2 1,101 8.0

Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Romeoville, June 7, 1988; 3 verticals

-.2 1 -.4 

-.5 2 -1.4 

21.9 760 2.9

Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Romeoville, September 12, 1988; 4 verticals

-.1 -1 .1 

-.5 -1 .4 

21.0 525 4.9

PH 

(units)

-0.40 

-.77 

8.1

.02 

-.10 

9.5

-.01 

-.04 

7.1

-.04 

-.14 

7.3

-.03 

-.10 

7.0

-.07 

-.10 

6.9

-.06

-.23 

7.8

Table 10. 19