P. 1



# OAR Box 

# 1115
Prepped byRyan Dugan



# Document

Number: 

# 86 ) I I-A-1 8
Docket Number: 

# A-84-2 2

Printed 4/18/200810:52:09AM Sheet 86 of 94P. 2 

# &$&*'B~ ^
Unite d State s Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y Environmenta l Monitorin g System s Laborator y Researc h Triangl e Par k N C 2771 1 Researc h an d Developmen t EPA-600/4-77-C27 b Feb

. 198 4 

# Qualit yAssuranc e Handboo k

fo r Ai rPollutio n Measuremen t Systems : Volum e III

. Stationar ySourc e Specifi cMethod s Additio n Sectio n 3.1 2P. 3

Apri l 198 3 1



# x e 

# ,EP A Unite d State s Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y Sectio n 3.12. 0 Environmenta l Monitorin g System s Laborator y Researc h Triangl e Par k N C 2771 1 Researc h an d Developmen t EPA-600/4-77-027 b Feb

. 1S8 4 

# Sectio n 3.1 2 Metho d 9—Visibl e Determinatio n o fth e Opacit yo fEmission s fro m Stationar ySource s

Outlin e
Sectio n Summar y Metho d Highlight s Metho d Descriptio n 1

. Certificatio n an d Trainin g of Observer s 2

. Procuremen t ofApparatu s an d Supplie s 3

. Preobservatio n Operation s 4

. On-Sit e Fiel d Observation s 5

. Postobservatio n Operation s 6

. Calculation s 7

. Auditin g Procedure s 8

. Referenc e Metho d 9

. Reference s an d Bibliograph y 10

. Dat a Form s 

### Documentatio n 3.12. 0 3.12. 0

3.12. 1 3.12. 2 3.12. 3 3.12. 4 3.12. 5 3.12. 6 3.12. 7 3.12. 8 3.12. 9 3.12.1 0 

### Numbe r

o fPage s 2 2

5 2 2 1 8 2 7 2 5 1 9



### Summar y Man ystationar ysource s discharg e plume-shape d visibl e emission s int o th e atmosphere

. Metho d 9 (EP A Referenc e Method ) i s use d t o determin e th e opacit yo fthi s plum e b y qualifie d observers

. Th e metho d include s procedure s fo rth e trainin g an d certificatio n o fobserver s an d procedure s t o b e use d b ythes e observer s i n th e fiel d t o determin e plum e opacity

. Thi s sectio n o fth e Qualit yAssuranc e (QA ) Handboo k primaril yconcern s procedure s use d by th e observers

. Onl ySectio n 3.12. 1 review s th e trainin g an d certificatio n procedures , whic h ar e describe d i n Referenc e 1

. Th e appearanc e o fa plum e a s viewe d bya n observe rdepend s upo n a numbe ro fvariables , som e o fwhic h ma yb e controllabl e an d som e o f whic h ma yno t b e controllabl e i n th e field

. Variable s whic h ca n b e controlle d t o a n exten t t o whic h the y n o longe rexer t a significan t influenc e upo n plum e appearanc e include : angl e o fth e observe rwit h respec t t o th e plume ; angl e o fth e observe rwit h respec t t o th e sun ; poin t o f observatio n o fattache d an d detache d stea m plume s an d angl e o fth e observe rwit h respec t t o a plum e emitte d fro m a rectangula rstac k wit h a larg e lengt h t o widt h ratio

. Th eP. 4

Sectio n 3.12. 0 Apri l 198 3
metho d include s specifi ccriteri a applicabl e t o thes e variables

. Othe rvariable s whic h ma yno t b e controllabl e i n th e fiel d ar e luminescenc e an d colo rcontras t betwee n th e plum e an d th t backgroun d agains twhic h th e plum e i s viewed

. Thes e variable s exer ta n influenc e upo n th e appearanc e o fa plum e a s viewe d bya n observer , an d ca n affec tth e abilit yo fth e observe r t o accuratel yassig n opacit yvalue s t o th e observe d plume

. Researc h studie s o fplum e opacit yhav e demonstrate d tha ta plum e i s mos t visibl e an d present s th e greates t apparen topacit y whe n viewe d agains ta contrastin g background

. I tfollow s fro m this , an d i s confirme d byfiel d trials , tha t th e opacit yo fa plume , viewe d unde r condition s wher e a contrastin g backgroun d i s presen tca n b e assigne d wit h th e greates t degre e o f accuracy
. However , th e potentia l fo ra positiv e erro ri s als o th e greates t whe n a plum e i s viewe d unde rsuc h contrastin g conditions

. Unde r condition s presentin g a les s contrastin g background , th e apparen t opacit yo fa plum e i s les s an d approache s zer o a s th e colo ran d luminescenc e contras t decreas e towar d zero
. A s a result , significan t negativ e bia s an d negativ e error s ca n b e mad e whe n a plum e i s viewe d unde rles s contrastin g conditions

. A negativ e bia s decrease s rathe rtha n increase s th e possibilit ytha t a plan t operato rwil l b e cite d fo ra violatio n o f opacit ystandard s du e t o observe r error
. Metho d 9 i s applicabl e fo rth e determinatio n o fth e opacit yo f emission s fro m stationar ysource s pursuan tto-60.11(b)

. Studie s hav e bee n undertake n t o determin e th e magnitud e o fpositiv e error s tha t qualifie d observer s ca n mak e whil e readin g plume s unde rcontrastin g condition s an d usin g th e procedure s specifie d i n Metho d 9

. Th e result s o f thes e studies , whic h involv e a tota l o f 76 9 set s o f2 5 reading s each , ar e a s follows : 1

. I n th e cas e o fblac k plumes , 10 0 percen to fth e set s wer e rea d wit h positiv e erro ro fles s tha n 7. 5 percen topacity ; 9 9 percen t wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro ro f les s tha n 5 percen t opacity

. 2

. I n th e cas e o fwhit e plumes , 9 9 percen to fth e set s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r(highe r values ) o fles s tha n 7. 5 percen t opacity ; 9 5 percen twer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro ro fles s tha n 5 percen topacity

. j Th e positiv e observationa l erro r (associate d wit h a n averag e o ftwenty
- /fiv e reading s i s therefor e established

. /Th e accurac yo fth e metho d mus t b e take n int o accoun t whe n determinin g possibl e violation s o fapplicabl e •opacit ystandards

. Note: Prope rapplicatio n o fMetho d 9 b ycontro l agenc ypersonne l i n determinin g th e complianc e statu s o f source s subjec tt o opacit ystandard s ofte n involve s a numbe ro f administrativ e an d technica l procedura l step s no t specificall y addresse d i n th e Federal Register method

. Experienc e ha s show n thes e step s ar e necessaryt o la ya prope r foundatio n fo ran ysubsequen t enforcemen t action

. T o clearl y delineat e item s tha t ar e EPA procedura l polic yan d requirement s o f th e Metho d 9 fro m additiona l qualit y assuranc e procedures , a wordin g schem e wa s developed

. Al l of Section s 3.12.1 , 3.12.2 , 3.12.3 , 3.12.6 , an d 3.12. 7 ar e suggeste d qualit yassuranc e procedure s excep t wher e note d as EP

Apolic yo rFederal Register citings

. Sectio n 3.12. 4 note s EPArequirement s wit h directiv e statement s usin g word s suc h a s shall , should , an d must

. Q Aprocedure s ar e note d eithe rwit h suggestiv e statement s usin g word s suc h a s recommended , suggested , an d beneficia l o rb ystatin g tha t th e entir e subsectio n i s recommended

. Th e us e o fthes e Q Aprocedure s shoul d provid e a mor e consisten t program , improve d observe reffectivenes s an d efficiency , an d improve d dat a documentation

. 

### Metho d Highlight s Sectio n 3.1 2 primaril ydescribe s Metho d 9 procedure s fo rth e determinatio n o fplum e opacity

. Seaio n 3.12. 1 briefl yreview s th e qualit yassuranc e procedure s t o b e use d i n th e observe rtrainin g an d certificatio n procedure s describe d i n detai l i n Referenc e 1

. Th e remainin g section s describ e th e fiel d procedures

. Sectio n 3.12.1 0 provide s blan k dat a form s recommende d fo rus e byth e observe ran d othe rpersonnel , a s required

. Partiall ycomplete d forms , ar e include d i n Section s 3.12. 1 throug h 3.12. 7 o fth e Metho d Description

. Eac h for m i n Seaio n 3.12.1 0 ha s a subtitl e (e.g.

. Metho d 9 , Figur e 2.1 ) t o allo weas yreferenc e t o th e correspondin g complete d form

. Th e followin g paragraph s presen ta brie fdiscussio n o fth e content s o fthi s sectio n o fth e Q AHandbook

. 1

. Certification

and Training

of Observers

Th e primar ypurpos e o fthi s sectio n i s t o provid e a brie fsummar y o fth e certificatio n an d trainin g procedure s describe d i n Referenc e 1

. I t include s a definitio n an d a brie f histor yo fopacity , an d i tdiscusse s observe rtrainin g procedure s an d certificatio n an d recertificatio n o f observers

. 2. Procurement

of Apparatus

and Supplies Sectio n 3.12. 2 present s specification s criteri a an d desig n feature s t o ai d th e procuremen t o f usefu l equipmen t tha twoul d provid e goo d qualit yvisibl e emission s data

. Th e followin g ar e som e recommende d equipmen t item s no tspecificall y require d b yMetho d 9 : watch , compass , rang e finder , Abne yleve l o r clinometer , slin g psychrometer , binoculars , camera , safet yequipment , clipboard , an d accessories

. Tabl e 2. 1 summarize s th e qualit yassuranc e aspect s o fequipmen tprocurement

. 3

. Preobservation

Operations Seaio n 3.12. 3 summarize s th e preobservatio n activities : gatherin g facilit yinformation , providin g prio r notification , establishin g protocol , an d performin g equipmen tchecks

. Tabl e 3. 1 summarize s thes e procedures

. 4

. On-Site

Field Observations Sectio n 3.12. 4 contain s detaile d procedure s fo rdeterminin g th e visibl e emission s (VE)

. Thi s sectio n no t onl y include s th e recommende d procedure s fo rperformin g th e perimete rsurvey , plan t entry , an d V E determination ; i tals o contain s a subseaio n o n specia l observatio n problems

. Thi s subsectio n explain s ho wt o tak e V E reading s unde rles s tha n idea l condition s (e.g. , whe n th e observe rpositio n i s restriaed)

. Th e mai n featur e o fthi s sectio n i s th e presentatio n o fdetaile d instruction s o n ho wt o complet e th e recommende d V E dat a form , an d example s o f complete d forms

. 5

. Postobservation

Operations Seaio n 3.12. 5 present s a brie f discussio n concernin g th e dat a reportin g procedures , dat a summary , dat a validation , an d equipmen t check

. Sectio n 3.12. 6 contain s a discussio n o fth e calculation s require d fo r completin g th e dat a form s an d reports

. I tals o include s procedure s fo r calculatin g th e pat h lengt h throug h th e plum e an d fo rpredictin g stea m plum e formatio n b yus e o fa psychrometri cchar t an d pertinen t measurements

. 6

. Auditing

Procedures

Sectio n 3.12. 7 recommend s performanc e an d syste m audit s fo rus e wit h fiel d V E determinations

. Th e tw o performanc eP. 5

Apri l 1 98 3 Sectio n 3.12. 1



## 1. 0 Certificatio n an d Trainin g o fObserver s
Th e purpos e o fthi s sectio n i s t o summariz e th e conten to fth e Q A manua l fo rV E trainin g programs. ' Sinc e th e observe rmus tb e properl y certifie d o ra qualifie d V E reade ri n orde rt o hav e his/he ropacit yreadin g accepted , i ti s importan ttha the/sh e full yunderstan d thi s phas e o fhis/he r training

. 

### 1. 1 Definitio n an d Brie f Histor yo fOpacit y Th e V E evaluatio n syste m evolve d fro m tn e concep tdevelope d b y Maximillia n Ringelman n i n th e lat e 1800's

. i n whic h a char twit h calibrate d blac k

grid s o n a whit e backgroun d wa s use d t o measur e blac k smok e emission s fro m coal-fire d boilers

. Th e Ringelman n Char twa s adopte d b yth e U.S

. Burea u o fMine s i n th e earl y1900' s an d wa s use d extensivel yi n effort s t o asses s an d contro l emissions

. I n th e earl y1950's , th e Ringelman n concep twa s expande d t o othe rcolor s o fsmok e b y th e introductio n o fth e concep to f "equivalen topacity. " Th e Federa l governmen tha s discontinue d th e us e o fRingelman n number s i n EP AMetho d 9 procedure s fo rNe wSourc e Performanc e Standard s (NSPS)

. Curren tprocedure s ar e base d solel yo n opacity

. Althoug h som e Stat e regulation s stil l specif y th e us e o fth e Ringelman n Char tt o evaluat e blac k

an d gra yplumes , th e genera l tren d i s towar d readin g al l emission s i n percen topacity

. I n practice , th e evaluatio n o fopacit y b yth e huma n ey e i s a comple x phenomeno n an d i s no tcompletel y understood

. However , i ti s wel l documente d tha tvisibl e emission s ca n b e assesse d accuratel yan d wit h goo d reproducibilit yb yproperl y trained/certifie d observers

. Th e relationship s betwee n ligh t transmittance , plum e opacity , Ringleman n number , an d optica l densit yar e presente d i n Tabl e 1.1

. A litera l definitio n o fplum e opacit yi s th e degre e t o whic h th e transmissio n o fligh ti s reduce d o rth e degre e t o whic h visibilit yo fa backgroun d a s viewe d throug h th e diamete ro fa plum e i s reduced

. I n term s o fphysica l optics , opacit yi s dependen tupo n transmittanc e (l/l 0 ) throug h th e plume , wher e l 0 i s th e inciden t ligh t flu xan d I i s th e ligh tflu xleavin g th e plum e alon g th e sam e ligh tpath

. Percen topacit yi s define d a s follows : Percen topacit y= (1-l/l 0 ) x100

. Man yfactor s influenc e plum e opacit yreadings : particl e density , particl e refractiv e index , particl e siz e distribution , particl e color , plum e background , pat h length , distanc e an d relativ e elevatio n t o stac k exit , su n angle , an d lightin g conditions

. Particl e siz e i s particularl ysignificant ; particle s decreas e ligh ttransmissio n b ybot h scatterin g an d direc t absorption

. Thus , particle s wit h diameter s approximatel yequa l t o th e wavelengt h o fvisibl e ligh t(0. 4 t o 0. 7 pm) hav e th e greates tscatterin g effec t an d caus e th e highes t opacity

. 

### 1. 2 Trainin g o fObserve r Fiel d inspector s an d observer s ar e require d t o maintai n thei ropacit y evaluatio n skill s b yperiodicall y participatin g i n a rigorou s V E certificatio n program
. Accordingly , EPA' s Stationar ySourc e Complianc e Divisio n (SSCD ) an d Environmenta l Monitorin g System s Laborator y (EMSL ) hav e provide d th e Q Atrainin g document ' t o individual s wh o conduc t V E trainin g an d certificatio n programs
. Thi s sectio n summarize s th e trainin g program
. 1.2.1 Frequency

of Training

Sessions

— Certificatio n school s shoul d b e schedule d a tleas t twic e pe ryea r sinc e Metho d 9 require s a semiannua l recertification

. I ti s highl y recommende d tha ttrainin g b e a n

Table 1.1. Light Optical

density transmission. %units

Comparison

of Light. Extinction

Terms Plume opacity. % Ring9lmann number 0 20 40 60 80 100 N/A"

0.70 0 40 0.22 0.10 0.00 100 80 60 40 20 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 *N/A= not applicable. integra l par to fth e certificatio n program
. Aspring/fal l schedul e i s preferabl e becaus e o fweathe r considerations

. Certifyin g previou s graduate s whil e th e smok e schoo l i s i n sessio n i s mor e efficien tan d les s costl ytha n schedulin g a separat e session

. 1.2.2 Classroom

Training

—Th e trainin g i s accomplishe d mos t effectivel yb yholdin g a n intensiv e 1
- o r2-da yclassroo m lecture/discussio n session

. Althoug h thi s trainin g i s no t required , i ti s highl yrecommende d fo r th e followin g reasons : 1

. Increase s th e V E observer' s knowledg e an d confidenc e fo rth e day-to-da yfiel d practic e an d application

. 2

. Reduce s trainin g tim e require d t o achiev e certification

. 3

. Train s th e smok e reade ri n th e prope rrecordin g an d presentatio n o fdat a tha twil l withstan d th e rigor s o flitigatio n an d strengthen s a n agency' s complianc e an d enforcemen t program
. 4

. Provide s a foru m fo rth e periodi c exchang e o ftechnica l idea s an d information

. Som e state s requir e classroo m trainin g fo rinitia l certificatio n only

. I t i s recommended , however , tha t observer s atten d th e classroo m trainin g a t3-yea rinterval s t o revie w prope rfiel d observatio n technique s an d metho d change s an d t o participat e i n th e exchang e o fidea s an d ne winformation

. 1.2.3 Lecture

Material

— Exampl e lectur e materia l fo ra thoroug h trainin g progra m i s presente d i n Sectio n 3. 1 an d Appendi xAo f Referenc e 1

. Atypica l six-lectur e classroo m trainin g progra m consist s o fth e following : Lectur e 1—Background , principles ,

an d theor yo fopacity

. Lectur e 2—Source s o fVE's

.

presente d b ysomeon e thoroughl yfamilia rwit h sourc e conditions , relate d particl e characteristics , an d opacit yreadin g procedure s an d problems

. Lectur e 3—Prope rprocedure s fo r

conductin g fiel d observation s unde ra variet yo fconditions

.P. 6 

# jS 1 

# \^A Sectio n 3.12. 1 

# A.

Lectur e 4—Influenc e an d impac tof

meteorolog yo n plum e

, behavior

. Lectur e 5—Lega l aspect s o fV E an d

opacit ymeasurements

. Lectur e 6—Actua l

observation/testin g procedures

. 1.2.4 Training

Equipment

— A n integra l parto fth e trainin g progra m i s th e desig n an d operatio n o fth e smok e 

# f r"aToTan d it s associate d imissometer , as specifie d i n to d 9 (reproduce d i n Seaio n -8"_8tjcr i a progra m i s essentia l becaus e prope robserve rcertificatio n ^ canno t tak e plac e withou tth e prope r \V " equipment

. Sectio n 4 ofReferenc e 1

- s present s performanc e specification ^ •"* ' ^y an d operatin g procedure s fo rsmok e fji,J* generator s which , i ffollowe d unde ra \ goo d QAjPFagram , wil l ensur e

nationwtdVumformit yan d consistenc y with ) Metho d 9/fcriteria

. Tne^desj^rfan d operatio n o fth e smok e generato rha s evolve d significantl ysinc e th e mid-1960s

. Th e basi ccomponent s o fth e smok e generato rno winclude : 1

. Blac k an d whit e smok e generatin g units , 2

. Fa n an d stack , 3

. Transmissomete rsystem , an d 4

. Contro l pane l an d stri p char t recorder

. Tabl e 1. 2 list s th e desig n an d performanc e specification s fo rth e smok e generator

. I tmus t generat e smok e wit h a n opacit yrang e o f0 t o 10 0 percen tan d b e sufficientl y accurat e t o allo wth e operato rt o contro l an d stabiliz e th e opacit yofth e smoke

. I ti s recommende d tha t th e generato rals o achiev e an d hol d opacitie s i n 5 percen t increment s at ± 2 percen t fo ra minimu m o f5 s
. Whit e smok e i s produce d by dispensing , atregulate d rates

. No

. 2 fue l oi l int o th e propane-heate d vaporizatio n chamber

. Th e opacit y varie s i n proportio n t o th e volum e o f fue l oi l vaporize d an d i s regulate d by adjustin g th e flo woffue l oil

. Blac k smok e i s produce d byth e incomplet e combustio n o ftoluen e i n com t 

# J i u-T' c WApril198 

## •JL

## fc
X— Si Wot v 

# / r-\
th e double-wal l combustio n chamber

. Th e toluen e flowrat e i s als o controlle d byvalve s an d flowmeters

. 1.2.5 Equipment

Calibration Procedures/-

Detaile d calibratio n proceduraj^ar e include d i n a Q A procedure s manua l fo rV E trainin g programs. 1 Th e generato rtransmisso
meter s rm«s*

t b e calibrate d everysi x month s o rafte reac h repair

. Th e Nationa l Burea u ofStandard s (NBS ) traceabl e standard s (optica l filters ) fo r linearit yrespons e ar e availabl e fro m Qualit yAssuranc e Division , Environmenta l Monitorin g System s Laboratory , U.S

. EPA , Researc h Triangl e Park , Nort h Carolin a 27711

. I ti s strongl yrecommende d tha tth e calibratio n b e performe d befor e an d afte reac h certificatio n cours e t o ascertai n whethe ran ysignifican t drif t o rdeviatio n ha s occurre d durin g th e trainin g period

. Th e "zer o an d span " chec k mus tb e repeate d befor e an d afte reac h tes t run
. I fth e drif t exceed s 1 percen t opacit yafte ra typica l 30
- mi n tes trun , th e instrumen t mus tb e correcte d t o 0 an d 10 0 percen t of scal e befor e resumin g th e testing

. Al l ofth e smok e generato r performanc e verificatio n procedure s (e.g. , repai ran d maintenanc e work , spectra l respons e checks , calibratio n check , an d respons e tim e checks ) shoul d b e documente d i n writin g an d dated ; a boun d logboo k i s highl y recommended

. Thes e record s becom e parto fth e permanen t file s o n th e V E trainin g program
. 1.2.6 Setup. Operating, and Shutdown

Procedures

—Detaile d procedure s an d a part s lis tar e give n i n Sectio n 4. 4 o fReferenc e 1

. 1.2.7 Storage

and Maintenance

of the Smoke Generator

—Prope r storag e an d maintenanc e procedure s ar e essentia l fo rsmok e generator s t o increas e thei rusefu l operatin g lif e an d t o provid e reliability

. 1.2.8 Common

Probtems. Hazards, and Corrective

Actions —Th e generato rha s ho t surface s tha tca n caus e seriou s burns

. I t i s Tabla 1.2. Smoke

Generator

Design and Performance

Specifications Parameter

Performance Light source Photocell

spectral

response Angle of view Angle of projection Calibration

error Zero and span drift Response

time Incandescent lamp operated

at ±5% of nominal rated voltage Photopic

(daylight

spectral

response of the human eye) 15° maximum

total angle 15° maximum

total angle ±3% opacity, maximum ±1% opacity. 30

min 5 s, maximum 

### w e recommende d tha t attendee s b e advise d t o sta yawa yfro m th e generato rdurin g trainin g an d tes t runs
. I t i s als o recommende d tha tga s an d fue l line s b e correal ychecke d fo r leak s prio rt o eac h us e o fth e generato rt o preven tfir e an d explosiv e hazard s t o th e operato ran d nearb y attendees

. Occasiona l breakdown s o r malfunction s o fth e generato rusuall y occu ratth e mos t inopportun e times

. Th e proble m mus tb e diagnose d an d repair s mad e expeditiousl yt o provid e th e prope rtrainin g an d maintai n th e interes to fth e cours e attendees

. Som e commo n malfunction s ar e liste d i n Sectio n 4 o fth e Q Atrainin g manual.'

. 

### 1. 3 Certificatio n o fObserve r Thi s seaio n summarize s th e certificatio n part o fth e trainin g program
. Th e fi*s t partofth e certificatio n progra m i s t o acclimat e th e smok e readers

. Th e followin g procedur e i s recommended

. Bot h blac k an d whit e plume s ar e produce d at certai n levels , an d durin g thi s production , th e opacit yvalue s ar e announced

. Afte rsom e standard s exposure , fou rplume s ar e presente d t o th e traine e fo revaluation

. Th e correc t value s o fth e fou rplume s ar e announce d t o provid e th e traine e wit h immediat e feedback

. Th e majorit yo f th e trainee s shoul d b e read yt o tak e th e tes t afte ra fe wsets

. Certificatio n run s ar e mad e i n block s o f5 0 reading s (2 5 blac k

smok e an d 2 5 whit e smoke)

. Th e trainee s wh o successfull ymee t th e criteri a receiv e a lette ro fcertificatio n an d a cop yof thei rqualificatio n form

. Th e schoo l retain s th e origina l o fth e qualificatio n for m fo ra minimu m o fthre e years , t o b e availabl e fo ran ylega l proceeding s tha t migh t occur
. Accordin g t o Metho d 9 , certificatio n i s vali d fo ra perio d o f only six months. Neithe rcertificatio n o rrecertificatio n procedure s requir e th e observe rt o atten d th e lectur e program ; however , i t i s recommende d tha t th e observe ratten d th e serie s durin g initia l certificatio n an d thereafte reverythre e years
. I t i s als o recommende d tha t al l person s unabl e t o pas s afte r1 0 qualificatio n runs , b e provide d additiona l trainin g befor e allowin g qualificatio n run s t o b e made

. Tes tform s varygreatl ybecaus e of th e specifi cneed s an d experience s of eac h agency
. Figur e 1 1 illustrate s on e suggeste d form

. Th e for m shoul d b e printe d o n two-cop ypaper , th e origina l fo rth e officia l fil e an d th e carbo n cop yfo rth e traine e t o grad e afte reac h certificatio n run
. Th e tes tP. 7

Affiliation Course loc Date. ty Distance a Reading number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 

### - 

# ^TAr t or vmt ation 

### •/5-B Z nd direction

to stack

0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10. 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 .15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 Apri l 198 3 

### V/A C*JD

150 FT.



### 20 <2£ ) 20 25 20 25 

### G&25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25

. 3

Name. TOrl

/*5*r5 C Si'ng/fwsQs Sky <*£**. ME

30 35 40 45 50 55 60 <2 D 35

40 45 50

55 60 30 35 40 45 Q>&55

60 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Q£ D 35

40 45 50 55 60 30 35 40 45 50 55

60 30 35 40 45 50 55

60 30 35 40 45 50 55

60 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 30 35 40 45

50 55

60 30 35 40 45

50 55 60 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 30 35 40 45

50 55

60 30 35 40 45 SO 55 60 30 35 40 45

50 55 60 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 30 35 40 45 50

55 60 30 35 40 45

50 55

60 30 35 40 45

50 55 60 30 35 40 45 50 55

60 30 35 40 45

50 55 60 30 35 40 45

50 55

60 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 30 35 40 45 SO 55 60 Sectio n 3.12. 1

Run Numhpr

/~Q 

### NO WinH

3'SMPH

65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 Devia Error inn inn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn linn

Reading number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Figure 1.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
•0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 Sample certification 25

30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30

test form. 35

35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 •55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 35 95 Devia Error mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mn mo mn mn' ' ' WI I l^«pf..* l l|-f"TT - P. 8
Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 1

for m mus tb e fille d i n completely

. Certificatio n require s tha tboth ofth e followin g criteri a b e satisfied : 1

. N o readin g mayb e i n erro rb y mor e tha n 1 5 percen topacity

. 2

. Th e averag e [absolute ] erro r mus tno texcee d 7 5 percen t fo r eithe rse tof2 5 whit e o r2 5 blac k smok e readings

. Th e certificatio n run s mayb e repeate d as ofte n as necessary
. However , i ti s recom - mende d tha tal l person s wh o hav e no tpasse d afte rte n certi
- ficatio n run s b e give n addi
- tiona l trainin g prio rt o conductin g additiona l certificatio n runs
. Th e detaile d testin g an d gradin g procedure s require d t o ensur e a vali d tes tar e outline d i n Sectio n 5 o fth e QAtrainin g manual. ' Th e Agenc y shoul d maintai n a boun d logbook , arrange d b

ytrainin g session , fo ra t leas tthre e years , as evidenc e tha tth e observe rha s bee n certifie d a s a qualifie d V E evaluato rbya recognize d smok e trainin g an d certificatio n group
. Eac h traine e wh o successfull ymeet s th e Metho d 9 criteri a receive s a lette r ofcertificatio n an d a cop yofhis/he r qualificatio n form

. Thi s lette rinclude s th e dat e ofexpiration

. 2

. Th e differenc e o fth e averag e valu e betwee n observer s shoul d no t excee d 1 0 percent

. 

### 1. 6 Smok e Schoo l Certificatio n Qualit y A'Sisiaramc

e Progra m I t i s recommende d tha t an y gov,ernment< agencyplannin g t o devteto p a smok e schoo l certificatio n progra m obtai n a cop yo fth e "Recommende d Qualit yAssuranc e TeiUvraique s an d Procedure s fo rVisibl e Errlssio n Trainin g Programs." ' Tabl e LS^contain s a n activit ymatri xfo r certificatio n an d trainin g o fobservers

.



### 1. 4 Recertificatio n Metho d 9 require s a n individua l t o b e recertifie d ever

ysi xmonths

. 

### 1. 5 In-the-Fiel d Trainin g Afte rth e observer' s initia l certification , i ti s recommende d tha ta senio robserve raccompan yth e ne w observe ro n a fiel d observatio n tri p an d tha tbot h individual s simultaneousl yrecor d (usin g th e sam e tim e piece ) thei ropacit y reading s a s a Q Achec k (se e Sectio n 3.12.7)

. Acompariso n ofthes e reading s wil l indicat e an yproblem s th e ne wobserve rmigh thav e i n conductin g observation s unde rfiel d conditions

. Asignifican t discrepanc y betwee n th e reading s o fth e tw o observers , i n individua l o raverag e values , indicate s th e nee d fo rfurthe r in-fiel d trainin g an d continuanc e o f th e senio robserve r(no tnecessaril y th e sam e one ) Q Acheck

. Afte r satisfactor ycheck s hav e bee n mad e o n tw o consecutiv e fiel d observations , th e ne wobserve rca n confidentl y conduc tinspection s withou t a senio r observer

. Th e suggeste d standar d fo r a satisfactor ychec k

fo r6-mi n (minimum ) o fconsecutiv e reading s is : 1 N o differenc e i n individua l reading s shoul d excee d 2 0 percent

.P. 9



### •

Sectio n 3.12. 1 5 Apri l 198 3

Table 1.3. Activity

Matrix for Certification

and Training

of Observers

' Activity Classroom training of observer Smoke generator

Setup, operating. and shutdown procedures Storage and maintenance Transmissomete r Design andperformance specifications

Calibration

Zero and span

Certification

of observer

Recertification

In-the-field

training Acceptance limits Classroom

training per Ref. 1 (suggested) Should be able to generate smoke with an opacity range of 0 to 100%: hold opacities ±2% for at least 5 s Adherence

to procedures

in Ref. 1 As above

Specifications

in Table 1.2

—3%opacity maximum

Opacity drift <1%after

a typical 30-min test run

No reading must be in error by more than 15% and average absolute error must not exceed 7.5%for either white or black smoke readings As above

No reading in error by more than 20%difference and average absolute error should not exceed 10%difference during the field observation Frequency and method of measurement Initially and every 3 years Before each certification

test run: use method in Ref. 1

Each test run

As above

Upon receipt. repair, and

at 6-mo intervals use method in Ref. 1 Every 6 mo or after repair, before and after eachcertification course is recommended: use method in Ref. 1 As above

Take smoke reading test until a successful

test has beencompleted

Every 6 mo take a smoke reading test until a successful

test has been completed Checks are made on the first two fieldobservationssubsequent to the initialcertification: comparison is made between new certified observer and an experienced observer Action if requirements are not met Review training procedures

per Ref. 1 Adjust and make repeat check of operation

Reviewprocedures

• As above

Adjust and repeatspecification check until specifications are met Adjust and recalibrate

until acceptance limits are met

Instruments must becorrected to 0 and 100%before testing is resumed Retake test until successful

completion

As above

Continuecomparisons until acceptance limits are met during two field observations 

### •P.1 0

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 2



## 2. 0 Procuremen t o fApparatu s an d Supplie s Metho d 9 doe s no t specificall y requir e an yequipmen t o rsupplies

. Therefore , thi s entir e sectio n include s qualit yassuranc e procedure s tha tar e recommende d t o assis tth e observe r i n documentin g data

. Nevertheless , thi s sectio n provide s specification s criteri a o rdesig n features , a s applicable , t o ai d i n th e selectio n o f equipmen ttha tmayb e usefu l i n collectin g V E data

. Procedure s an d limit s fo racceptanc e check s ar e als o provided

. Durin g th e procuremen to f equipmen tan d supplies , i t i s suggeste d tha ta procuremen t lo g (Figur e 2.1 ) b e use d t o recor d th e descriptiv e titl e ofth e equipment , th e identificatio n numbe r(i fapplicable) , an d result s ofan yacceptanc e checks

. Tabl e 2. 1 a t th e en d o fthi s seaio n contain s a summary.o fth e qualit y assuranc e activitie s fo rprocuremen t an d acceptanc e ofapparatu s an d supplies

. 

### 2. 1 Stopwatc h Awatc h i s use d t o tim e th e 15
- secon d interval s betwee n opacit y readings

. Th e watc h shoul d provid e a continuou s displa yo ftim e t o th e neares tsecond

. 

### 2. 2 Compas s Acompas s i s usefu l fo rdeterminin g th e direaio n o fth e emissio n poin t fro m th e spo t wher e th e V E observe r stand s an d fo rdeterminin g th e win d directio n at th e source
. Fo raccurat e readings , th e compas s shoul d b e magneti cwit h resolutio n bette rtha n 10°

. I t i s suggeste d tha tth e compas s b e jewel-mounte d an d liquid-fille d t o dampe n th e needl e swing : ma p readin g compasse s ar e excellen tfo r thi s purpose
. 

### 2. 3 Rang e Finde r Arang e finde ri s use d t o measur e th e observer' s distanc e fro m th e emissio n poin tan d shoul d b e capabl e o fdeterminin g distance s t o 100 0 meter s wit h a n accurac yo f±1 0 percent

. Th e accurac yofth e rang e finde rshoul d b e checke d upo n receip t an d periodicall ythereafte rwit h target s at know n distance s of approximatel y50 0 meter s an d 100 0 meters

.

Item description Quantity Purchase order number Vendor Date Ordered Received Cost Disposition Comments 51of>ujakdr\ 

# z 2.507 6 Fisher Scientific 

## S/'/B X 

# *//?/

< 'Z* 

# *5Lty checkedready •to use,.

Figure 2.1. Example

of a procurement

log.P.1 1

Sectio n 3.12. 2 Apri l 198 3


### 2. 4 Abne yLeve l o r Clineomete r A n Abne yleve l i s a devic e fo r determinin g th e vertica l viewin g angle

. Fo rvisibl e emissio n observatio n purposes , i tshoul d measur e withi n 5 degrees : Th e accurac yshoul d b e teste d byplacin g th e leve l fla t o n a tabl e tha t ha s bee n previousl ylevele d wit h a referrin g leve l an d checkin g i t ata 45 ° angl e byplacin g i to n a 45 ° incline d plan e constructe d wit h th e plan e as th e hypotenus e ofa righ t triangl e wit h equa l bas e an d height

. 

### 2. 5 Slin g Psychromete r Th e slin g psychromete ri s use d i n case s wher e i ti s suspecte d tha tth e atmospheri ccondition s wil l promot e th e formatio n o fa stea m plum e (se e Subsectio n 6.3)

. Th e psychromete r shoul d consis to ftw o thermometers , accurat e t o 1/2°C , mounte d o n a sturd yassembl ywhereb yth e thermometer s ma yb e swun g rapidl y i n th e air

. On e thermomete rshoul d b e fitte d wit h a wettabl e cotto n wic k tub e o n th e bulb

. Thermomete raccurac y shoul d b e checke d b

yplacin g th e bulb s i n a fres h ic e wate rbat h a t0°C

. 

### 2. 6 Binocular s I ti s recommende d tha tth e observe r obtai n binocular s preferabl ywit h a magnificatio n ofatleas t 8 x5 0 o r1 0 x50

. Th e binocular s shoul d hav e color-correcte d coate d lense s an d a rectilinea rfiel d ofview

. Colo r correctio n ca n b e checke d byviewin g a blac k an d whit e patter n suc h a s a Ringelman n car d at a distanc e greate r tha n 5 0 ft ; n o colo rring s o rband s shoul d b e evident , onl yblac k an d white

. Th e rectijinea rfiel d ofvie wca n b e teste d byviewin g a bric k wal l a t a distanc e greate rtha n 5 0 ft

. Ther e shoul d b e n o distortio n ofth e bric k patter n a s th e fiel d o fvie wi s changed

. Th e binocular s ar e helpfu l fo ridentifyin g stacks , searchin g th e are a fo remission s an d ai d i n characterizin g behavio ran d compositio n o fplume

. 

### 2. 7 Camer a an d Accessorie s Acamer a i s ofte n use d i n V E observation s t o documen t th e emission s befor e an d afte rth e actua l opacit ydetermination

. A35-m m camer a wit h thrcjgh-the-len s ligh t meterin g i s recommende d fo rthi s purpose
. Usefu l accessorie s includ e a "macro " len s o ra 250-m m t o 350
- m m telephot o lens , an d a 6-diopte r closeu p len s (fo rphotographin g logboo k an d evidenc e o fparticulat e deposition)

. Aphot o logboo k i s necessaryfo rprope rdocumentation

. an d th e observe rshoul d alway s b e sur e t o purchas e enoug h fres h colo r negativ e fil m (AS A10 0 recommended ) fo rhis/he rpurposes
. 

### 2. 8 Clipboar d an d Accessorie s Fo rdocumentin g th e visibl e emissio n observation , th e observe r shoul d hav e a 1 0 in

. x1 2 in

. masonit e o rmeta l clipboard , severa l blac k ball
poin tpen s (mediu m point) , a larg e rubbe rband , an d a sufficien t numbe r ofvisibl e emissio n observatio n forms

. 

### 2. 9 Safet yEquipmen t Th e followin g safet yequipment , whic h shoul d b e approve d byth e Occupationa l Safet yan d Healt h Associatio n (OSHA) , i s recommende d fo rth e V E observer :
•Har d ha t i n high-visibilit yyello w o rorang e •Safet yglasses , goggles , o rey e shield s •Ea rprotector s •Safet yshoe s (steel-toe d fo r genera l industria l use)

. Speciall yinsulate d safet yshoe s ar e necessaryi n certai n areas , suc h a s th e to p o fcok e ovens
.

Table 2.1. Activity

Matrix for Procurement

of Recommended

Equipment

and Supplies
Equipment Acceptance limits Frequency

and method of measurement Action if requirements are not met Watch Compass Range finder

Abney level Sling psychrometer

Binoculars

Camera

Clipboard/ accessories/forms

Safety equipment Continuous

display Magnetic with 10° resolution Accuracy

of ±10%over

distances to 1000 m

Accurate within ±5° Eachthermometer accurate to 1/2°C (1°F) Magnification

of 8x50orl0x50. color-corrected coated lenses and a rectilinear field of view 35-mm camera withthroughthe-lens light metering 10 in. by 12 in. clipboard:

black ball-point pens: VE observation forms Hardhat—yellow or orange, safety glasses and shoes, ear protectors Check upon receipt Check upon receipt Check upon receipt and quarterly with targets at known distances

of about 500mand 1000 m Check at 0° and 45° Checkthermometer accuracy with ice water bath at 0°C Check upon receipt byviewing selected objects

Check quality of photos on receipt and after processing

film Check supplies periodically

Check supply of safetyequipmentperiodically Return to supplier Return to supplier Adjust or return to supplier

Same as above Repair or return to supplier

Return to supplier

Return to supplier for repair Replenish supplies

Maintainequipment availabilityP.1 2

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 3



## 3. 0 Preobservatio n Operation s Th e followin g procedure s ar e no t require d byMetho d 9 bu t ar e recommende d i n orde rt o provid e mor e consisten tdat a collectio n an d bette rdat a documentatio n an d verificatio n o frepresentativ e plum e viewin g conditions

. No t al l procedure s ar e neede d fo rever

yobservation

. Befor e makin g on-sit e V E determinations , th e observe rshoul d gathe rth e necessaryfacilit ydata , provid e prio rnotification s whe n applicable , establis h a n observatio n protocol , an d chec k

fo ravailabilit yo f supplie s an d properl ymaintaine d equipment

. Tabl e 3. 1 at th e en d o f thi s sectio n summarize s th e qualit y assuranc e activitie s fo rpreobservatio n operations

. 

### 3. 1 Gathe rFacilit y Informatio n Th e observe rshoul d b e thoroughl y familia rwit h th e sourc e facility , operation , emissions , an d applicabl e regulation s I n preparatio n fo rth e on sit e visit , th e observe rshoul d revie w th e Agency' s informatio n (i n th e officia l sourc e file ) o n th e sourc e i n question

. Th e observe rshould : 1

. Determin e th e pertinen tpeopl e t o b e contacted

. 2

. Becom e familia rwit h th e processe s an d operation s a t th e facilit yan d identif ythos e facilitie s t o b e observed

. 3

. Revie wth e permi tconditions , requirements , an d recen t applications

. 4

. Determin e applicabl e emissio n regulations

. 5

. Identif yal l operatin g ai r pollutio n contro l equipment , emissio n points , an d type s an d quantitie s ofemissions

. 6

. Revie whistor yo fpreviou s inspections , sourc e tes tresults , an d complaints

. 7

. Chec k

th e fil e t o becom e familia rwit h (o rreview ) plan t layou tan d possibl e observatio n sites

. 8

. Determin e norma l productio n an d operatio n rates

. 9

. Identif yuniqu e problem s an d condition s tha tma yb e encountere d (e.g. , stea m plume)

. 10

. Discus s wit h attorne yi fcas e developmen ti s expected

. 11

. Obtai n a cop yofth e facilit y ma p wit h labele d emissio n points , profil e drawings , an d photographs , i favailable

. A facilit yma p i s veryhelpfu l durin g inspectio n an d shoul d b e a require d ite m fo revery Agenc ysourc e file

. Th e ma p make s i t easie rfo rth e observe r t o identif ypoin t source s an d activities , an d i t ma yb e use d t o mar k an yemissio n point s tha t hav e bee n adde d o rmodified

. 12

. I fa n operatin g permi t exists , obtai n a cop ybecaus e i tma y contai n th e V E limit s fo reac h poin t sourc e an d an yspecia l operatin g requirements

. 13

. Determin e th e statu s o fth e sourc e wit h respec t t o an y varianc e o rexemptio n fro m th e Agency' s rule s an d regulations

. Observatio n mayno t berequire d i f th e sourc e ha s a varianc e o ri s exemp t fro m th e regulations

. 14

. Revie wplan t terminology

. 15

. Us e reference s suc h as facilit y map s an d previou s inspectio n report s t o determin e i fth e viewin g positio n i s restricte d becaus e o fbuilding s o rnatura l barriers

. I fth e viewin g positio n require s observation s t o b e take n a ta particula rtim e o fday (mornin g o revening ) becaus e o fsu n angle , conside rthi s whe n plannin g th e inspection

. 16

. Determin e th e possibilit yof wate rvapo ri n th e plum e condensin g (se e Sectio n 3.12.6)

. Thi s determinatio n may preven ta waste d tri p t o th e facilit yo n day s whe n a persisten twate rdrople tplum e i s anticipate d becaus e of advers e ambien t conditions

. Note: I fth e observe ri s no t familia r wit h th e typ e o ffacilit yo roperation , he/sh e shoul d consul tavailabl e referenc e materia l an d inspectio n manual s o n th e sourc e dategory

. 

### 3. 2 Prio rNotificatio n Th e usua l procedur e i s t o mak e th e V E determinatio n withou t prio r notificatio n unles s th e plan t mus tb e entere d firs t t o obtai n a goo d vie wo f th e emissio n poin t o finterest

. However , thi s procedur e i s no t alway s possible , especiall yi n remot e locations , whe n operation s ar e intermittent , o rwhe n specifi c personne l mus t b e presen t o r contacted

. Determinin g V E fo r complianc e wit h Stat e Implementatio n Pla n (SIP ) o rNSP S opacit yregulation s require s on-sit e observation s durin g condition s o ftypica l o rnorma l maximu m operations

. I fth e facilit yi s notifie d o fth e tim e o fthi s evaluation , som e operatin g condition s ma yb e altered

. I fthi s situatio n appear s likely , i t i s EPA' s polic yno t t o giv e prio r notification

. EP Ai s obligate d t o notif y State/loca l agencie s o finspection s an d generall yprefer s t o invit e th e applicabl e agenc yt o participate

. Th e observe rshoul d notif yth e affecte d facilit yan d contro l agencie ? a s soo n a s practica l followin g an yofficia l opacit yreadings

. 

### 3. 3 Establis h Observatio n Protoco l Base d o n informatio n collecte d unde rSectio n 3. 1 an d an yprio r experienc e wit h th e source , a n observatio n protoco l shoul d b e established

. First , th e observe r shoul d determin e whethe rone , two , o rmor e observer s wil l b e required

. Fo rexample , tw o observer s ma yb e require d t o simultaneousl ymak e th e V E determinatio n an d gathe rothe r on-sit e dat a (e.g. , tak e photographs , dra wa ne wmodifie d facilit yma p i f on e i s no t availabl e fro m th e plan t o r gathe rothe rneede d plan tinformation)

. I n certai n situation s wher e th e V E observation s mus t b e correlate d t o proces s operation , th e secon d perso n wil l closel ymonito rth e proces s activit yan d recor d th e exac t tim e o f th e operatin g mode s o finterest

. Onl y on e observe rwil l mak e th e V E determinatio n unles s a n observe r audi t i s bein g conducted

. I n thi s case. , th e designate d observe ri s th e on e bein g audited

. Th e applicabilit yo fMetho d 9 (an d henc e th e metho d o fobservation ) shoul d b e determined

. I fMetho d 9 i s no t applicable , se e Sectio n 3.1 2 4 , Specia l Problems

. Awritte n checklis tregardin g a n expecte d walk-throug h o fth e plan t includin g question s t o as k plan t official s ma yb e helpful

. 

### 3. 4 Perfor m Equipmen t Check s fo rOn-Sit e Us e B e sur e tha t th e necessar y equipmen t an d supplie s ar e availabl e fo rmakin g th e V E determinatio n an d documentin g th e results

. Al l equipmen t shoul d b e visuall ychecke d fo rdamag e an d satisfaaor yoperatio n befor e eac h V E determinatio n fiel d trip

.Sectio n 3.12. 3 Apri l 198 3

Table 3.1

. Activity

Matrix for Preobservation

Operations Frequency

and method of measurement Activity Gather facility information

Make prior notification

Establish protocol

Perform equipment check Acceptance limits Action if requirements are not met Obtainnecessary facility data, Subsec 3.1 Make VEdeterminationwithout priornotification except as stated in Subsec 3.2: EPAshould notify State/ local agencies and invite participation Prepareobservation protocol. Subsec 3.3 All equipment/ suppliesavailable and insatisfactoryworking order Check forcompleteness

of data

Check theprotocol fornotification before each on-site visit and revise the protocol as necessary

Check before on-site visit Same as above Obtain

missing data beforeonsite visit, if possible Make required notifications

Complete

or prepare protocol as required Replace or adjust equipmentP.1 4

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 4



## 4. 0 On-Sit e Fiel d Observation s
Thi s sectio n describe s fiel d observatio n procedures , includin g perimete rsurvey , plan tentry , V E determination , an d specia l observatio n problems

. Th e latte rsubsectio n supplement s th e subsectio n o n V E determinatio n b

yprovidin g som e informatio n o n ho wt o tak e V E reading s whe n unfavorabl e fiel d condition s preven tth e us e o fth e procedur e describe d i n Subsectio n 4. 3 (e.g. , whe n th e emission s ar e intermitten to rth e observe rpositio n i s restricted)

. Th e Q Aactivitie s ar e summarize d i n Tabl e 4. 2 at th e en d o f thi s section

. 

### 4. 1 Perimete rSurve y Befor e an d afte rth e V E determination , i ti s strongl y recommende d tha t th e observe rmak e a perimete rsurve yofth e are a surroundin g (1 ) th e poin t of observatio n an d (2 ) th e emissio n poin t o n whic h th e determinatio n i s bein g made

. Suc h a surve yals o ma yb e mad e durin g th e V E determination , i f warranted

. Aperimete rsurve yca n b e usefu l i n determinin g th e presenc e o fothe r factor s tha tcoul d affe a th e opacit y readings

. Fo rexample , th e representativenes s ofth e V E reading s fo ra give n emissio n poin tcoul d b e questione d unles s dat a i s availabl e t o sho wtha t th e observe rexclude d emission s relate d t o materia l stockpiling , ope n burning , an d ambien tcondense d wate rvapo ri n adjoinin g area s ofth e plant

. I ti s vita l tha tth e observe rb e a s awar e a s muc h as possibl e o fextenuatin g conditions

. Th e perimete rsurve yi s mad e t o documen tthes e conditions

. Commo n sens e shoul d b e use d i n determinin g th e nee d an d exten to f th e survey ; i n som e case s (e.g. , a singl e 350-foo tstack ) a perimete r surve yi s no t vital

. Perimete rsurvey s ca n b e mad e fro m eithe routsid e o rinsid e th e plan t properly , o rboth

. Thi s decisio n woul d depen d o n whethe rth e V E observation s ar e mad e fro m insid e o r outsid e o fth e plant , whethe rth e observe ractuall ygain s entr yt cth e plan tpremises , an d whethe rth e plan t i s sufficientl yvisibl e fro m outsid e th e premise s t o mak e a reasonabl e survey
. I ti s suggeste d tha tdurin g th e surve yth e observe rshoul d not e suc h factor s as : 1

. Othe rstack s an d emissio n point s whos e visibl e emission s migh t interfer e wit h opacit yreadings

. 2

. Fugitiv e emission s tha t resul t fro m produc to rwast e storag e pile s an d materia l handlin g an d ma yinterfer e wit h observations

. 3

. Fugitiv e emission s tha t resul t fro m unpave d roa d trave l an d ma yinterfer e wit h observations

. 4

. Wate rvapo remission s fro m sludg e o rcoolin g ponds

. 5

. Ope n burning

. 6

. An yunusua l activitie s o n o r aroun d plan t premise s tha tcoul d resul t i n nonrepresentativ e emission s o rinterfer e wit h opacit yreadings

. I fdeeme d usefu l byth e observer , photograph s mayb e take n t o documen textenuatin g condition s (se e discussio n o fconfidentialit yan d th e us e o fcamera s i n Subseaio n 4.2.7)

. 

### 4. 2 Plan t Entr y Th e followin g discussio n present s th e recommende d plan tentr y procedures

. Th e V E reading s themselve s shoul d no t b e affeae d by a chang e i n thes e procedures

. However , th e usefulnes s o fth e reading s i n showin g a possibl e violatio n o fth e applicabl e standard s ma yb e compromise d byno t followin g agencyprocedure s fo renterin g plants

. Dependin g o n th e locatio n o femissio n point s at th e plan t an d th e availabilit y o fobservatio n point s i n th e are a surroundin g a facility , th e V E observe r ma yno thav e t o gai n entr yt o th e plan tpremise s prior

t o makin g V E observations

. I t ma yb e preferabl e t o gai n acces s afte rtakin g reading s t o chec k o n plan tproces s contro l equipmen toperatin g condition s o rt o complet e a perimete rsurvey
. Figur e 4. 1 i s a n exampl e entr ychecklis ttha t ca n b e use d t o assis t th e observe ri n organizin g th e informatio n tha tcoul d b e use d a tth e tim e o fplan t entry

. To maintai n a goo d workin g relationshi p wit h plan tofficial s and , mos timportantly , t o compl ywit h th e Clea n Ai rA a an d avoi d an ylega l confli a wit h trespas s law s o rth e company' s righ t t o privac yan d du e proces s o fla wunde rth e U.S

. Constitution , th e observe rmus tfollo w certai n procedure s i n gainin g entr yt o th e plant' s privat e premises

. I n mos t cases , consen t t o ente r(o rth e absenc e o fexpres s denia l t o enter ) i s grante d b yth e owne ro rcompan y official

. Figur e 4. 1 list s th e pertinen t sectio n o fth e Clea n Ai rAc t o n facilit y entr ya s wel l a s informatio n o n confidentialit yo fproces s information

. I t i s recommende d tha t th e inspecto r hav e a cop yo fthi s informatio n availabl e i n cas e question s ar e raise d bysourc e representatives

. 4.2.1 Entry

Point — I t i s recommende d tha t th e plan t premise s b e entere d throug h th e mai n gat e o r throug h th e entranc e designate d by th e compan yofficial s i n respons e t o prio rnotification

. Th e observer' s arriva l wil l usuall yoccu rdurin g norma l workin g hour s unles s condition s contributin g t o exces s opacit ylevel s ar e note d a t certai n time s othe rtha n norma l workin g hours

. I fonl ya guar d i s presen t a t th e entrance , i t i s desirabl e fo rth e observe rt o presen tth e appropriat e credential s an d t o sugges t tha t th e guard' s superviso rb e contaae d fo r th e nam e ofa responsibl e compan y official

. Th e observe rwoul d the n as k t o spea k wit h thi s official , wh o mayb e th e owner , operator , o ragen t i n charg e (includin g th e environmenta l engineer)

. 4.2.2 Credentials

— Afte r courteousl yintroducin g himself/hersel ft o th e compan y official , th e observe rshoul d briefl y describ e th e purpos e o fth e visi tan d presen t th e appropriat e credential s confirmin g tha t he/sh e i s a lawfu l representativ e o fth e agency
. Suc h credential s wil l naturall ydiffe r dependin g upo n th e agenc y
. ' represented , bu t i t i s recommende d tha t the yinclud e atleas tth e observer' s photograph , signature , physica l descriptio n (age , height , weight , colo ro fhai ran d eyes) , an d th e authorit yfo rplan t entry

. Agencie s issu e credential s i n severa l forms , includin g letters , badges , I D cards , o r foldin g wallets

. 4.2.3 Purpose

of Visit — Whe n firs t meetin g wit h a compan yofficial , th e observe rneed s t o b e prepare d t o stat e succinal yth e purpos e o fth e visit , includin g th e reaso n fo rth e V E determination

. Spac e i s provide d i n th e recommende d for m (Figur e 4.1 ) t o specif yth e exac t purpos e o fth e visit , an d th e observe rca n refe rt o thi s whe n talkin g wit h th e compan y official

.P.1 5

Sectio n 3.12. 4 Apri l 198 3

Source name and address 

### DM'HARP

PORTCAlJD

CEMOJT Z MILES £..oF /Tr

. i Or

V
koc-KY HILLS, NJ

OSf/io Observer JuDY A. 'btAlTTi Agency

u s eJ>A Date of VE observation

Previous company

contact (if applicable)

AoEzOKG^-

C J\£~AR.S

Title OWAi£ £ Purpose of visit £/f t AublT

fN5P£^-T76sJ

AfHD

V£ OB^6Ji\//\T/0/J;

RE-QfONrAC 

# OFFICE

/AJSP&CTS



# /o°7o

OF 

# JlAJOt sooRcce s fN

AJJZveAf



# YCAfe.

Emission points at which VE observations

to be conducted

— 

### Ol QaRINOeK. 3-05'007-O Z OZ CAAL.-F/££.0

KV-AJ 3-05-C&7'0=> QAL£>£Y££S

**f A^D ^AL3-06-007-0^ Authority for entry (see reverse side)

Plant safety requirements S i Hardhat 2 3 Safety glasses 0 Side shields (on glasses) O Goggles D Hearing

protection

£Afi.WFFS

l/J /MAfZJcHD AfiCA S j Specify PfiDViDa> &' PUyJT S fSafety shoes (steel-toed)
•Insulated

shoes D Gloves •Coveralls B fDust mask suggested
•Respirator(s) Specify D Other Specify

Company

official contacted

(on this visit) Zrf~Aj\l

L-EiT-f O. CjfcAY Title 

## a.NVlR.0NM£N7*;£- EH<q(HE£&

Figure 4.1. Visible

emission

observer's

plant entry checklist.P.1 6 Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 4
Authority for Plant Entry: Clean Air Act. Section

114 (a)(2) the Administrator

or his authorized

representative

upon presentation

of his credentials

• (A) shall have a right of entry to, upon

or through any premises

of such person or in which any records required

to be maintained

under paragraph

(1) of this section are located, and (B) may at reasonable

times have access to, and copy of any records, inspect

any monitoring

equipment

or methods required under paragraph

(1), and

sample any emissions

which such person is required

to sample under paragraph

(1). (b)(1) Each State may develop and submit to the Administrator

a procedure

for carrying out this section in such State. If the Administrator

finds the State procedure

is adequate, he

may delegate

to such State any authority

he has to carry out this section. (2) Nothing

in this subsection

shall prohibit the Administrator

from carrying

out this section in a State. (c)Any records, reports

or information

obtained

under subsection

(a) shall be available

to the public except that upon a showing satisfactory

to the Administrator

by any person that records, reports, or

information, or

particular

part thereof, (other

than emission data) to which the Administrator

has access under this section if made public would divulge methods

or processes entitled to protection

as trade secrets of such person, the

Administrator

shall consider

such record, report, or

information

or particular

portion thereof confidential

in accordance

with the purposes

of Section 1905 of Title 18 of the United States concerned

with carrying

out this Act or when relevant

in any proceeding

under this Act." Confidential

Information:

Clean Air Act, Section

114 (see above) 41 Federal

Register

36902. September

1, 1976 If you believe that any of the information

required

to be submitted

pursuant

to this request is entitled to be treated as confidential, you

may assert a claim of business

confidentiality, covering all or any part of the information, by

placing on (or attaching to) the information

a cover sheet, stamped

or typed legend, or

other suitable notice, employing

language

such as "trade secret,"

"proprietary,"

or "company

confidential."

Allegedly

confidential

portions

of otherwise

nonconfidential information

should be clearly identified. If

you desire confidential

treatment

only until the occurrence

of a certain event: the notice should so state. Information

so covered by a claim will be disclosed

by EPAonly

to the extent, and

through the procedures, set forth at 40 CFR, Part

2. Subpart

B (41 Federal

Register

36902. September

1. 1976.) If no confidentiality

claim accompanies

this information

when it is received

by EPA. it may be made available

to the public by EPAwithout

further notice to you. Figure 4.1. Reverse

side of form. (Continued)
Th e principa l purpos e fo ra n observer' s visi tt o a plan twil l probabl y fal l int o on e o fthre e categories : (1 ) a V E determinatio n i s bein g mad e pursuan tt o a neutra l administrativ e scheme * t o verif ycomplianc e wit h a n applicabl e SI P o rNSPS , (2 ) a V E determinatio n i s bein g mad e becaus e som e evidenc e o fa n opacit yviolatio n alread yexists , o r(3 ) a n unschedule d V E determinatio n ha s jus tbee n mad e fro m a n are a of fth e plan t property

. Th e statemen to fpurpos e shoul d stat e clearl ywha tha s prompte d th e visit

. A tthi s time , th e observe rals o shoul d provid e th e compan yofficia l wit h a cop yo fth e opacit yreading s an d as k tha tperso n t o sig n a n acknowledgmen tofreceip to fan yV E reading s mad e previou s t o entry

. I n lie u o fth e above , th e agenc yshoul d provid e a cop ywithi n a reasonabl e time

. 4.2.4 Visitor's

Agreements, Release of Liability (Waivers)

— Th e observe r shoul d no tsig n a visitor' s agreement , releas e o fliabilit y(waiver) , hold
harmles s agreement , o ran yothe r agreemen ttha tpurport s t o releas e
•An yroutin e ofselectin g site s fo robservatio n that i s no

t directe d towar d an ycompany . th e compan yfro m tor t liability

. Signin g thi s typ e ofreleas e for m ma y waiv e th e right s o fth e observe ran d his/he remploye rcompensatio n i n even t ofpersona l injur yo rdamages ; th e precis e effec t ofsignin g a n advanc e releas e ofliabilit yfo r negligenc e depend s upo n th e law s o f th e stat e i n whic h i t i s signed

. I fth e plan t officia l denie s entr yfo rrefusa l t o sig n a releas e form , th e observe r shoul d procee d a s describe d i n th e sectio n o n entr yrefusal

. 4.2.5 Section

114 — Sectio n 11 4 o f th e Clea n Ai rAc t addresse s bot h th e authorit yfo rplan t entr yan d th e protectio n o ftrad e secret s an d confidentia l information

. Fo rth e observer' s reference , th e applicabl e paragraph s ar e include d o n th e revers e sid e o fth e entr ychecklis t i n Figur e 4.1

. 4.2.6 Entry Refusal — I n th e even t tha ta n observe ri s refuse d entr ybya plan tofficia l o rtha tconsen t i s withdraw n befor e th e agreed-upo n activitie s hav e bee n completed , th e followin g procedura l step s shoul d b e followed : 1

. Tactfully

discus s th e reason(s ) fo r denia l wit h th e plan t official ; thi s i s t o insur e tha t th e denia l ha s no tbee n base d o n som e sor t o fmisunderstanding

. Discussio n migh tlea d t o resolutio n o fth e proble m an d th e observe rma yb e give n consen t t o ente rth e premises

. I fresolutio n i s beyon d his/he rauthority,"th e observe r shoul d withdra wfro m th e premise s an d contac t his/he r superviso rt o decid e o n a subsequen t cours e o faction

. 2

. Not e th e facilit ynam e an d exac t address , th e nam e an d titl e o f th e plan tofficial s approached , th e authorit yo fth e perso n issuin g th e denial , th e dat e an d tim e o fdenial , th e reaso n fo r denial , th e appearanc e ofth e facility , an d an yreasonabl e suspicion s a s t o wh yentr ywa s refused

. 3

. Th e observe rshoul d b e very carefu l t o avoi d an ysituation s tha tmigh tb e construe d as threatenin g o rinflammatory

. Unde rn o circumstance s shoul d th e potentia l penaltie s o fentr y denia l b e cited

. Al l evidenc e obtaine d prio rt o th e withdrawa l o fconsen t i s considere d admissibl e i n court

.p.1 i

Sectio n 3.12. 4 Apri l 198 3

Whe n denie d acces s onl yt o certai n part s o fth e plant , th e observe rshoul d mak e not e o fth e area(s ) an d th e official' s reaso n fo rdenial

. Afte r completin g norma l activitie s t o th e exten tpossibl e an d leavin g th e facility , th e observe rshoul d contac t his/he rsuperviso rfo rfurthe r instructions

. 4.2.7 Confidentiality

of Data — I n conductin g th e V E investigation , th e observe rma yoccasionall yobtai n proprietar yo rconfidentia l busines s data

. I ti s essentia l tha tthi s informatio n b e handle d properly

. Th e subjec t o fconfidentia l busines s informatio n know n a s " a trad e secret " i s addresse d i n Sectio n 11 4 o fth e Clea n Ai rAc t(se e Subsectio n 4.2.5 ) an d i n th e Cod e o fFedera l Regulation s (4 0 CF R 2 ; 4 1 Federal Register 36902 , Septembe r1 , 1976 , a s amended)

. Th e Cod e o fFedera l Regulation s (4 0 CF R 2 , Subpar tB , 2.203 ) embodie s a notic e t o b e include d i n EP Ainformatio n requests

. Thi s notic e i s paraphrase d o n th e revers e sid e o fth e entr ychecklis t (Figur e 4.1 ) fo rth e observer' s an d plan tofficial' s reference

. Th e Cod e o f Federa l Regulation s (4 0 CF R 2 , Subpar t8 , 2.211 ) als o include s th e penaltie s fo rwrongfu l disclosur e o f confidentia l informatio n b yFedera l employees , i n additio n t o th e penaltie s se tfort h i n th e Unite d State s Code , Titl e 18 , Sectio n 1905

. Employee s o f othe ragencie s shoul d chec k wit h agenc yattorney s t o determin e thei r exac tpersona l liability

. Fro m th e observer' s standpoint , confidentia l informatio n ma yb e define d a s informatio n receive d unde r a reques to fconfidentialit ywhic h ma y concer n o rrelat e t o trad e secrets

. A trad e secre ti s interprete d a s a n unpatente d secret , commerciall y valuabl e plan , appliance , formula , o r proces s use d i n production

. Thi s informatio n ca n b e i n writte n form , i n photographs , o ri n th e observer' s memory
. Emissions

data are no t considere d confidentia l information

. Als o th e Agenc yreserve s th e righ tt o determin e i finformatio n submitte d t o i tunde ra n officia l reques tshoul d b e treate d a s confidential

. Agoo d rul e o fthum b fo rth e observe rt o follo wi s t o collec tonl y tha tproces s an d operationa l informatio n an d t o tak e onl ythos e photograph s tha tar e pertinen tt o th e purpos e o fth e plan tvisit

. Th e plan t officia l shoul d b e advise d tha th e mus trequest

confidentia l treatmen to f specifi cinformatio n provide d (se e paragrap h o n claim s o fconfidentialit y o n revers e sid e o fentr ychecklist ) befor e i twil l b e treate d a s confidentia l pendin g lega l determination

. Th e plan t officia l shoul d infor m th e observe ro f an ysensitiv e area s o fth e facilit yo r processe s wher e proprietar yo rtrad e secre tinformatio n i s indicated

. Photograph s ar e ofte n use d t o documen tvisibl e emission s observation s (se e Subsectio n 4.3.4)

. Befor e takin g photograph s fro m insid e th e plan t premises , th e observe rmus t hav e th e consen to fth e plan tofficial

. Mos t o fa n observer' s photograph s wil l b e o femissio n point s only ; presumably , thes e shoul d no t includ e confidentia l area s o fth e plant

. I fan y oppositio n i s encountere d regardin g th e us e o fa camer a o n th e plan t premises , th e observe rshoul d explai n tha tth e plan tofficia l shoul d reques t confidentia l treatmen to fan y photograph s taken

. Th e observe r mus tproperl ydocumen teac h photograp h an d handl e thos e fo r whic h confidentia l treatmen tha s bee n requeste d i n th e sam e manne ra s othe rconfidentia l data

. Photographi c documentatio n o fV E observation s fro m a n are a o fpubli cacces s outsid e o fth e plan tpremise s doe s no t requir e approva l fro m a plan tofficial , provide d th e documentatio n i s accomplishe d withou tth e us e o fhighl y sophisticate d equipmen to r techniques

. Fo rexample , us e o fa high-powe rtelephot o len s (ove r10 0 m m o n a 3 5 m m camera ) tha tyield s extensiv e detail s (e.g. , constructio n layout ) migh t b e construe d a s surreptitiousl ytakin g confidentia l busines s information

. Thus , a goo d rul e o fthum b i s t o b e sur e tha tan y picture s take n sho wonl yth e detail s tha tcoul d b e see n wit h th e nake d ey e fro m a n are a accessibl e t o th e public

. Whe n preparin g t o leav e th e plant , th e observe rshoul d allo wth e plan t officia l t o examin e th e dat a collecte d an d mak e claim s o fconfidentiality

. Al l potentiall yconfidentia l informatio n shoul d b e s o marked , an d whil e o n th e road , th e observe rshoul d kee p i t i n a locke d briefcas e o rfil e container

. I tshoul d b e note d tha temissio n dat a ar e no tconsidere d confidential

. Whe n th e observe rreturn s t o th e agenc yoffice , th e potentiall y confidentia l informatio n shoul d b e place d i n a secure , lockabf e fil e cabine tdesignate d especiall yfo rtha t purpose
. Th e observer' s agenc y shoul d hav e a n establishe d secur e filin g syste m an d procedure s fo r safeguardin g confidentia l documents

. I n al l cases , th e observe rshoul d mak e n o disclosur e o fpotentiall y confidentia l informatio n unti l a compan yha s ha d ful l opportunit yt o declar e it s intention s regardin g th e informatio n an d th e Agenc yha s rule d tha t th e informatio n i s no tlegall y confidential

. 4.2.8 Determination

of Safety Requirements

—Th e violatio n o fa safet yrul e doe s no tinvalidat e V E readings ; however , th e observe r shoul d alway s anticipat e safet y requirement s b yarrivin g a tth e plan t wit h a hardhat , steel-toe d safet y shoes , safet yglasse s wit h sid e shields , an d ea rprotectors

. Safet y equipmen tals o shoul d includ e an y othe requipmen ttha ti s specifie d i n th e agenc yfile s an d note d o n th e entr ychecklis tform

. Som e companie s requir e unusua l safet yequipment , suc h a s specifi c respirator s fo ra particula rkin d o f toxi cgas
. I n man ycases , thes e companie s wil l provid e th e observe r wit h th e necessar yequipment

. I n an y event , th e observe rmus tb e awar e o f an d adher e t o all

safet yrequirement s befor e enterin g th e plant

. Informatio n o n plan t alarm s an d availabilit yo ffirs t ai d an d medica l hel p ma yb e needed

.

4.2.9 Observer

Behavior

— Observer s mus t perfor m thei rdutie s i n a professional , businesslike , an d responsibl e manner
. The yshoul d alway s conside rth e publi crelation s liaiso n par tq fthei rrol e b yseekin g t o develo p o rimprov e a goo d workin g relationshi p wit h plan tofficial s throug h us e o fdiplomacy , tact , an d i f necessary , gentl e persuasio n i n al l dealing s wit h plan tpersonnel

. Specifically , observer s shoui d be objective and impartial

i n conductin g observation s an d interview s wit h plan tofficials

. Al l informatio n acquire d durin g a plan tvisi ti s intende d fo rofficia l us e onl yan d shoul d neve rb e use d fo rprivat e gain

. Observer s mus t b e carefu l neve rt o spea k o fan yperson , agency , o r facilit yi n an ymanne rtha tcoul d b e construe d a s derogatory

. Lastly , observer s shoul d us e discretio n whe n aske d t o giv e a professiona l opinio n o n specifi cproduct s o rproject s an d shoul d never

mak e judgment s o rdra w conclusion s concernin g a company' s complianc e wit h applicabl e regulations

. Upo n givin g th e dat a t o th e plan tth e observe rca n tel l th e sourc e thes e ar e th e dat a tha twer e obtaine d an d n o judgmen ta s t o complianc e ca n b e mad e unti l al l th e dat a an d th e regulation s ar e closel y reviewed

.P.1 8

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 4


### 4. 3 Visibl e Emissio n Determinatio n Thi s subsectio n describe s th e preferre d approac h t o V E determination

. Becaus e practica l consideration s d o no talway s permi t th e observe rt o follo wthi s procedure , however , specia l observatio n problem s ar e discusse d i n Subsectio n 4.4

. 4.3.1 Opacity

Readings

— Th e observe rmus t b e certifie d i n accordanc e wit h Sectio n 3.12.1 , Subsectio n 1.3 , an d shoul d us e th e followin g procedur e fo rvisuall y determinin g th e opacit yo femissions

. Observer Position 1

. Th e observe rmus tstan d a ta distanc e tha tprovide s a clea r vie wo fth e emission s wit h th e su n oriente d i n th e 140 ° secto r t o his/he rback

. I fth e observe r face s th e emission/viewin g poin t an d place s th e poin to fa penci l o n th e su n locatio n lin e suc h tha tth e shado wcrosse s th e observer s position , th e su n locatio n (pencil ) mus tb e withi n th e 140 ° secto ro fth e line

. Durin g overcas tweathe r conditions , th e positio n o fth e su n i s les s important

. 2

. Consisten twit h numbe r1 above , whe n possible , th e observe r should , mak e observation s fro m a positio n i n whic h th e lin e o f• visio n i s approximatel y perpendicula rt o th e plum e direction ; whe n observin g opacit yo femission s fro m rectangula routlet s (e.g. , roo f monitors , ope n baghouses , an d noncircula rstacks) , th e observer' s positio n shoul d b e approximatel yperpendicula rt o th e longe raxi s o fth e outlet

. 3

. Whe n multipl e stack s ar e involved , th e observer' s lin e o f sigh tshoul d no tinclud e mor e tha n on e plum e a ta time , an d i n an ycase , durin g observations , th e observer' s lin e o fsigh t shoul d b e perpendicula rt o th e longe raxi s o fa se to fmultipl e stack s (e.g. , stu b stack s o n baghouses)

. 4

. Th e observe rmus tstan d a ta distanc e tha tprovide s tota l perspectiv e an d a goo d view

. 5

. I n orde rt o compl ywit h th e su n angl e requirement s (se e ite m 1 ) i ti s recommende d tha tth e observe rshoul d tr yt o avoi d th e noo n hour s (11:0 0 a.m
. t o 1:0 0 p.m. ) i n th e summertim e (whe n th e su n i s almos toverhead)

. Thi s i s mor e critica l i n th e souther n continenta l Unite d States

. Th e preferre d readin g distanc e i s betwee n 3 stac k

height s an d 1 / 4 mil e fro m th e bas e o fth e stack

. 6

. Th e readin g locatio n shoul d b e saf e fo rth e observer

. Opacity Observations 1

. Opacit yobservation s mus tb e mad e a tth e poin to fgreates t opacit yi n tha tportio n o fth e plum e wher e condense d wate r vapo ri s no tpresent

. 2

. Th e observe rmus tno tloo k continuousl ya t th e plum e (thi s cause s ey e fatigue) , bu tshoul d observ e th e plum e momentaril y a t15- s intervals

. A15- s beepe r i s recommende d t o ai d i n performin g th e V E readings

. 3

. Whe n stea m plume s ar e attached , i.e. , whe n condense d wate rvapo ri s presen t withi n th e plum e a s i t emerge s fro m th e emissio n outlet , th e opacit ymus t b e evaluate d beyon d th e poin ti n th e plum e a t whic h condense d wate rvapo ri s n o longe rvisible

. Th e observe rmus trecor d th e approximat e distanc e fro m th e emissio n outle t t o th e poin t i n th e plum e a twhic h th e observation s ar e made

. 4

. Whe n stea m plume s ar e detached , i.e. , whe n wate rvapo r i n th e plum e condense s an d become s visibl e a ta distinc t distanc e fro m th e emissio n outlet , th e opacit yo femission s shoul d b e evaluate d nea rth e outlet , prio rt o th e condensatio n o fwate rvapo ran d th e formatio n o fth e stea m plume , unles s th e opacit yi s highe rafte r dissipation

. 5

. Reading s mus tb e mad e t o th e neares t 5 percen t opacity

. A minimu m o f2 4 observation s mus tb e recorded

. I ti s advisabl e t o rea d th e plum e fo ra reasonabl e perio d i n exces s o f th e tim e stipulate d i h th e regulation s (i.e. , a tleas t 1 0 reading s mor e tha n th e minimu m required)

. 6

. Aclearl yvisibl e backgroun d o f contrastin g colo ri s bes tfo r greates treadin g accuracy
. However , th e probabilit yo f positiv e erro r(highe rvalues ) i s greate runde rthes e conditions

. Generally , th e apparen tpium e opacit ydiminishe s an d tend s t o assum e a negativ e bia s a s th e backgroun d become s les s contrasting

. 7

. I t i s recommende d th e observe r wea rth e sam e correaiv e lense s tha t wer e wor n fo rcertification

. I fsunglasse s wer e no twor n durin g certification , th e observe r shoul d remov e the m an d allo w tim e fo rth e eye s t o adjus tt o th e dayligh tbefor e makin g V E determinations

. I ti s recommende d tha t th e observe r no twea rphot o compensatin g sunglasses

. 8

. Th e bes tviewin g spo ti s usuall y withi n on e stac k

diamete rabov e th e stac k

exit , wher e th e plum e i s denses t an d th e plum e widt h i s approximatel yequa l t o th e stack' s diameter

. 4.3.2 Field Data: The "Visible Emission Observation

Form"

—Th e 197 7 revisio n o fEP AMetho d 9 specifie s th e recordin g o fcertai n informatio n i n th e fiel d documentatio n o fa visibl e emissio n observation

. Th e require d informatio n include s th e nam e o fth e plant , th e emissio n location , th e typ e o ffacility , th e observer' s nam e an d affiliation , th e date , th e time , th e estimate d distanc e t o th e emissio n location , th e approximat e win d direction , th e estimate d windspeed , a descriptio n o f th e sk ycondition s (presenc e an d colo r o fclouds) , an d th e plum e background

. Experienc e gaine d fro m pas t enforcemen t litigatio n involvin g opacit yreading s a s primar yevidenc e o femissio n standard s violation s ha s demonstrate d a nee d fo radditiona l documentatio n whe n makin g visua l determination s o fplum e opacity

. Th e Visibl e Emissio n Observatio n For m presente d i n Figur e 4. 2 i s recommended

. Thi s for m wa s develope d afte rreviewin g th e opacit y form s use d i n EP ARegiona l Office s an d Stat e an d loca l ai rqualit ycontro l agencies

. Th e for m include s no tonl y th e dat a require d b yMetho d 9 , bu t als o th e informatio n necessar yfo r maximu m lega l acceptability

. Vali d dat a ca n b e collecte d o n an yform ; however , th e recommende d for m ma y enhanc e observe refficienc yan d dat a documentation

. Adetaile d descriptio n o fth e us e o fth e recommende d for m i s give n i n th e followin g paragraphs

. Th e Visibl e Emissio n Observatio n For m ca n b e functionall ydivide d int o 1 1 majo rsections , a s show n i n Figur e 4.3

. Eac h sectio n document s on e o r tw o aspect s o fth e opacit y determination

. Th e for m endeavor s t o cove ral i th e require d an d recommende d area s o fdocumentatio n i n a typica l opacit yobservation

. A "comments " sectio n i s include d fo r notatio n o fan yrelevan tinformatio n tha t i s no tliste d o n th e form

.P.1 9

Sectio n 3.12. 4 Apri l 198 3

VISIBLE EMISSION

OBSERVATION

FORM SOURCE

NAME
ADDRESS 

## It*. OCEA N WA D

cl 

## AbfMfW-

crrr PHONE STATE 

### V A ZIP



## -Z3 H$l SOURCE

ID NUMBER 

### AJ&DS 4372.f PROCESS

EQUIPMENT CONTROLE TX."" < , fftl- " QUIPMENT

TATIC FH£C/f>lTATO/e. OPERATING MODE 

### 3Ase.4-aAD OPERATING

MODE fiAPP(AC> DESCRIBE

EMISSION

POINT

. „,_ , 3e'CCS7?ki C -2 5 /V« * HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND

LEVEL START /OO ' STOP

S DISTANCE

FROM OBSERVER STARTa^Oa'

STOP

y ^ HEIGHT

RELATIVE

TO OBSERVER START /OO ' STOP

^ DIRECTION

FROM OBSERVER STARTA/ffE. STOP yJ DESCRIBE

EMISSIONS START 

### tArr/'V *•""£•

STOP



### S EMISSION

COLOR 

### STA$f*'/

t 

### »"Sf0P / WATER DROPLETS

PRESENT: NO vJ YESO PLUME TYPE: CONTINUOUSZT FUGITIVE

0 INTERMITTENT

0 IF WATER

DROPLET

PLUME: ATTACHED

u DETACHED

Q POINT IN THE PLUME AT WHICH OPACITY

WAS DETERMINED START /O'AJtWSTjtCX

EXIT STOP ^ DESCRIBE

BACKGROUND START £"<• / STOP CJ/ZECKI/J

CLOOOS BACKGROUND

COLOR 

### START3UJe

STOP^ZZr-H WIND SPEED START flT/HPH

STOP ZOfiPM AMBIENT

TEMP. START %5'F STOP

I / SKY

CONDITIONS

P/^crui START ZMEA&. STOP

Ccoo&f WIND DIRECTION START SbJ STOP

.J WET BULB TEMP. 

## 5¥°F RH.percent

Source Layout Sketch Drav 

# tz POvJ*ft\ PLANT 

### I I M 1 1 I I 1 I I v North Arrow 

# ' (J)
{XjEmission

Point 

# 7 •^/*~* 

# / \ r^w Sun-Q- Wind.*. V Plume and = ^Observers

Position

\ y Stack _.—" \

/~^--^

n.i/ r -/ ^-<J ^i/tn A ^~"

~ *\ 3 — ^

v /

/-&;•»«*»

. Sun Location

Line 

# AA7

COMMENTS

a- , , 

## uses ^d, OIL.

1 HAVE RECEIVED

ACOPY

OF THESE OPACITY

OBSERVATIONS SIGNATURE

toJutltCLafta-

f. Qa^cJlTITLE <? DATE OBSERVATION DATE 

### 15 JULH12X. \SEC /Vf/A/X , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0 

### 3 0 5 5 3 5 3 0 3 0 3 5 3 0 35 GO 

## $o 30 

## 3 o 15 

## 3 5 30 25 35 3 D 3 5 3 0 <?0 ¥C 45 -& 3d 30 

### 5 3 ¥ 0 3 5 3 5 3 0 3 5 3 5 6 0 55 3 5 3 0 30 START

TIME 

### 12>30
45 

### 5 5 3 0 3 5 3 5 3 0 3 5 3 5 5 5 £ 0 3Q 3 0 3 0

AVERAGE

OPACITY

FOR ^ ^ HIGHES T PERIOD

tfO 7 © NM\.

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 0 STOP

TIME

15 30 45

i

NUMBER

OF READINGS

ABOVE 

### 40 %WERE

fl RANGE OF OPACITY

READINGS

. •/Tfl / MINIMUM

3*59 b MAXIMUM *>V /O OBSERVER'S

NAME (PRINT) 

# ue. p/zofpfT OBSERVERS

SIGNATURE DATE ORGANIZATION

, _ ^

„^„ 0 « 

### 3TXVC Atfl POUMTlOAl

CD^vepL. (3C*e.& CERTIFIED

BY A ,,~- 

### EA&Tt&Jl&HMCM*

ASSOC

. VERIFIED

BY 

### ADA DATE 

### /Vf*A>f/'?&- DATE
Figure 4.2. Visible

emission

observation

form.P.2 ' 

# > h

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 4

VISIBLE EMISSION

OBSERVATION

FORM This form is designed

to be used in conjunction

with EPAMethod

9, "Visual

Determination

of the Opacity

of Emissions

from Stationary Sources."

Any deviations, unusual conditions, circumstances, difficulties, etc.. not dealt with elsewhere

on the form should be fully noted in the section provided

for comments. Following are brief descriptions

of the type of information

that needs to be entered on the form: for a more detailed

discussion

of each part of the form, refer

to the "User's Guide to the Visible Emission

Observation

Form. " 'Source Name • full company

name, parent

company

or division intormation. if

necessary. *Sky Conditions

• indicate

cloud cover by percentage

or by description

(clear, scattered, bioken, overcast, and color of clouds).

'Address

• street (not mailing)

address

or physical

location of facility where VE observation

is being made. Phone • self-explanatory.

Source ID Number

- number from NEDS, CDS. agency file. etc. 'Process Equipment, Operating Mode • brief description

of process equipment

(include

ID no.) and operating

rate, %capacity

utilization, and/or mode (e.g.. charging, tapping). 'Control Equipment. Operating Mode • specify control device type(s) and %utilization, control efficiency. 'Describe

Emission

Point • stack or emission

point location, geometry, diameter, color:

for identification

purposes. 'Height Above

Ground

Level - stack or emission

point height, from files or engineering

drawings.
'Height Relative

to Observer

- indicate vertical

position

of observation point relative

to stack top.
'Distance

From Observer

• distance to stack ±10%: to determine, use rangefinder

or map. 'Direction From

Observer

• direction

to stack: use compass

or map: be accurate

to eight points of compass. 'Describe

Emissions

• include plume behavior

and other physical characteristics

(e.g.. looping, lacy, condensing, fumigating, secondary particle formation, distance plume visible, etc.). 'Emission

Color • gray, brown, white, red. black, etc.
Plume Type: Continuous

- opacity cycle >6 minutes Fugitive • no specifically

designed

outlet Intermittent

• opacity cycle <6 minutes

'' Water Droplets

Present

- determine

by observation

or use wet sling psychrometer:

water

droplet plumes

are very white, opaque, and billowy in appearance, and

usually dissipate

rapidly. "If Water

Droplet

Plume: Attached • forms prior to exiting stack Detached

- forms after exiting stack "Point in the Plume at Which Opacity

was Determined

• describe physical location

in plume where readings

were made (e.g., 4 in. above stack exit or 10 ft after dissipation

of water plume). 'Describe

Background

• object plume is read against, include atmospheric

conditions

(e.g.. hazy). 'Background

Color

- blue, white, new leaf green, etc. 'Windspeed • use Beaufort

wind scale or hand-held

anemometer; be accurate

to ±5 mph. 'Wind Direction

- direction

wind is from; use compass;

be accurate to eight points. 'Ambient

Temperature

• in °F or °C. "Wet Bulb Temperature

-the wet bulb temperature

from the sling psychrometer.

"Relative

Humidity

• use sling psychrometer;

use local U.S. Weather Bureau

only if nearby. 'Source Layout

Sketch

- include

wind direction, associated stacks, roads, and

other landmarks

to fully identify

location

of emission point and observer

position. Draw North Arrow - point line of sight in direction

of emission point, place

compass

beside circle, and

draw in arrow parallel to compass

needle. Sun Location

Line • point line of sight in direction

of emission point, place

pen upright on sun location

line, and

mark location of. sun when pen's shadow

crosses

the observers

position. "Comments

• factual implications, deviations, altercations, and/or problems

not addressed

elsewhere. Acknowledgment

• signature, title, and date of company

official acknowledging

receipt

of a copy of VE observation

form. 'Observation

Date - date observations

conducted.

'Start Time. Stop

Time • beginning

and end times of observation period (e.g.. 1635

or 4:35 p.m.). 'Data Set - percent opacity

to nearest 5%: enter from left to right starting in left column.

'Average Opacity

for Highest

Period

- average

of highest 24 consecutive

opacity

readings.

Number of Readings

Above

(Frequency

Count)

• count of total number of readings

above a designated

opacity. 'Range of Opacity

Readings: Minimum - lowest reading Maximum

- highest reading 'Observer's

Name

• print in full.

Observer's

Signature. Date

• sign and date after performing

final calculations.

'Require d byR&ferenc e Metho d 9 ; othe ritem s suggested

. ""Require d b yMetho d 9 onl ywhe n particula r facto rcoul d affec tth e reading

. 'Organization - observer's

employer. 'Certifier. Date

- name of "smoke school"

certifying

observer

and date of most recent certification. Verifier, Date

• signature

of person responsible

for verifying observer's

calculations

and date of verification. Figure 4.2. Reverse

side of form. (Continued)P.2 1

Sectio n 3.12. 4 Apri l 198 3

VISIBLE EMISSION

OBSERVATION

FORM SOURCE

NAME ADDRESS

^ ^ ^ 

### CITY fA^Y T £ ZIP PHONE ^S^dVURCE ID NUMBER PROCESS

EQUIPMENT

f U J CONTROLEQUIPMENT ^*—* OPERATING MODE OPERATING

MODE DESCRIBE

EMISSION

POINT START ^m-S^OP HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND

LfVffiHhGHT

RELATIVE

TO OBSERVER START STOP

y^fSJART

STOP DISTANCE

FROM OBSERVEfT-^DIRECTION FROM

OBSERVER START STOP

| START

STOP DESCRIBE

EMISSIONS START STOP EMISSION

COLOR

f

m±\jME

TYPE

CONTINUOUS

D START STOP

\ \^J3ITIVEO

INTERMITTENT D WATER DROPLETS

PRESENrSm^tf

WATER

DROPLET

PLUME NOZ2 YE SO | ATTACHEDO DETACHEDO POINT IN THE PLUME AT WHICH OPACITY

WAS DETERMINED START STOP DESCRIBE

BACKGROUND START STOP

. BACKGROUND

COLOR >»*4^ Y

CONDITIONS START STOP

fr—s\RT

' STOP WIND SPEED I E START STOP

^"* * AMBIENT

TEMP START STOP m wJ.JD DIRECTION ^TART STOP WET BULB TEMP RHjjercent

Source Layout Sketch Draw

North Arrow


# . o

XEmission

Point 

# Cf)
Sun-fy Wind^. VJ Plume and =^Z*J*

rvers Posi " on ^ ^ ^ 140°

^\ ^ Sun Location

Line

COMMENTS

X 0 ****. 

# \£)

1 HAVE RECEIVED

ACOPY

0&*M^ fOPACITY

OBSERVATIONS SIGNATURE

f|_ l \ 

# »'" " 

# \J"L/ DATE OBSERVATION DATE 

### *\sec MIN\ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0 IS 30 i ( START

TIME

**4? > 

# T

< - >

AVERAGE

OPACITY

FOR 1 J HIGHEST

PERIOD

VTT *

XSf C Af«V N 

# fj
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 SO 5 * 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 S9 .60 0 STOP

TIME

IS 30 45

i 1

j/UMBER

OF READINGS

ABOVE / %WERE RANGE OF OPACITY

READINGS MINIMUM

MAXIMUM OBSERVERS

NAME (PRINT) OBSERVERS

SIGNATURE DATE ORGANIZATION

( VC } CERTIFIED

BY ^*^ ^ VERIFIED

BY DATE DATE Figure 4.3. Functional

sections

of visible emission

observation

form.P.2 2

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 4

Eac h majo rsectio n o fth e for m i s discusse d i n th e followin g text

. A shor texplanatio n o feac h section' s purpose , a backgroun d explanatio n o f eac h dat a element , a descriptio n o f th e typ e o finformatio n bein g sought , an d i n som e cases , appropriat e entrie s ar e included

. Thes e discussion s ar e keye d t o Figur e 4. 3 b y correspondin g capita l letters , an d i ti s clearl yindicate d whethe rinformatio n i s require d o rrecommended

. A. SOURCE

IDENTIFICATION. Provides information

that uniquely

identifies the source and permits the observer to locate or make contact with the source. Source name
Address

City State

Phone Zip
Source ID number

Source Name (Required ) - includ e th e source' s complet e name
. I fnecessar y fo rcomplet e identificatio n o fth e facility , th e paren tcompan yname , division , o rsubsidiar ynam e shoul d b e included

. Address (Required ) - Indicat e th e stree taddres s o fth e sourc e (no tth e mailin g addres s o rth e hom e offic e address ) s o tha tth e exac tphysica l locatio n o fth e sourc e i s known

. I f necessary , th e mailin g addres s o r hom e offic e addres s ma yb e liste d elsewhere

. City. State, Zip. Phone (Recommended ) - Self-explanatory

. Source ID Number

(Recommended ) - Thi s spac e i s provide d fo rth e us e o f agenc ypersonne l an d shoul d b e use d t o ente rth e numbe rth e agenc yuse s t o identif ytha tparticula rsource , suc h a s th e Stat e fil e number

. Complianc e Dat a Syste m number , o rNationa l Emissio n Dat a Syste m number

. B. PROCESS

AND CONTROLDEVICE TYPE. Includes

a several word descriptor

of the process and control device, indication

of current process operating

capacity

or mode, and operational

status of control equipment. Process equipment
Control equipment Operating mode Operating

mode Process Equipment

(Required ) - Ente r a descriptio n o fth e proces s equipmen ttha temit s th e plum e o r emission s t o b e read

. Th e descriptio n shoul d b e brie fbu t shoul d includ e a s muc h informatio n a s possible , a s indicate d i n th e followin g examples : Coal-Fire d Boile r # 2 Oil-Fire d Boile r Woo d Wast e Conica l Incinerato r Pain tSpra yBoot h Primar yCrushe r Fiberglas s Curin g Ove n Reverberator ySmeltin g Furnac e Basi cOxyge n Furnac e Operating

Mode (Recommended ) - Dependin g o n th e typ e o fproces s equipment , thi s informatio n ma yvar y fro m a quantificatio n o fth e curren t operatin g rat e t o a descriptio n o fth e portio n o fa batch-typ e proces s fo r whic h th e emissio n opacit yi s bein g read

. Fo rexample , entrie s coul d includ e "9 0 percen tcapacity " fo ra boile ro r"8 5 percen tproductio n rate " fo rth e shakeou t are a o fa gre yiro n foundry

. Fo ra stee l makin g furnace , entrie s woul d includ e th e exac t par to f th e proces s fo rwhic h reading s ar e bein g made , suc h a s "charging " o r "tapping. " I n som e cases , th e observe rma yhav e t o obtai n thi s informatio n fro m a plan tofficial

. Control Equipment

(Required ) - Specif y th e type(s ) o fcontro l equipmen tbein g use d i n th e syste m afte rth e proces s equipmen tm questio n (e.g. , "hot-sid e electrostati cprecipitator")

. Operating

Mode (Recommended ) - Indicat e th e degre e t o whic h th e contro l equipmen ti s bein g utilize d a t th e tim e o fth e opacit yobservation s (e.g. , 75 % capacity , ful l capacity , shu t down , of fline ) an d th e operatin g mod e (e.g. , automatic)

. Th e observe r wil l probabl yhav e t o obtai n thi s informatio n fro m a plan tofficial

. C. EMISSION

POINT IDENTIFICATION. Contains information

uniquely identifying

the emission

point and its spatial relationship

with the observer's

position.

Describe emission

point Start Stop Height above ground level Start Stop Distance from observer Start Stop Height relative to observer Start Stop Direction from observer Start Stop
Describe Emission

Point (Required ) Includ e th e identifyin g physica l characteristic s o fth e poin to fre'eas e o femissjon s fro m th e source
. Th e descriptio n mus tb e specifi cenoug h s o tha tth e emissio n outle tca n b e distinguishe d fro m al l other s a tth e source
. I n subsequen tenforcemen t proceedings , th e observe rmus tb e certai n o fth e origi n o fth e emission s tha twer e bein g read

. Typica l description s o fth e emissio n outle tinclud e th e color , geometr yo f th e stac k

o rothe routlet , an d th e locatio n i n relatio n t o othe r recognizabl e facilit ylandmark s An y specia l identificatio n code s th e agenc y o rsourc e use s t o identif ya particula r stac k o routle tshoul d b e note d alon g wit h th e sourc e cod e use d b yth e observer

. Th e sourc e o fthi s informatio n shoul d b e recorde d (e.g.

. plan tlayou tma p o rengineerin g drawing)

. Height Above Ground

Level (Required )

- Indicat e th e heigh to fth e stac k o r othe remissio n outle tfro m it s foundatio n base

. Thi s informatio n i s usuall yavailabl e fro m agenc yfiles , engineerin g drawings , o rcompute r printout s (suc h a s NED S printouts)

. Th e informatio n als o ma yb e obtaine d b yusin g a combinatio n o fa rangefinde ran d a n Abne yleve l o r clineometer

. Th e heigh tma yals o b e estimated

. Height Relative

to Observer

(Required )

- Indicat e a n estimat e o fth e heigh to f th e stac k

outle t (o ro fan yothe rtyp e o femissio n outlet ) abov e th e positio n o fth e observer

. Thi s measuremen t indicate s th e observer' s positio n i n relatio n t o th e stac k bas e (i.e. , highe r o rlowe rtha n th e base ) an d ma ylate r b e use d i n slan tangl e calculation s (se e Sectio n 3.12. 6 an d Subsectio n 4.4.6 ) i fsuc h calculation s becom e necessary
. Distance From Observer

(Required ) - Recor d th e distanc e fro m th e poin to f observatio n t o th e emissio n outlet

. Thi s measuremen tma yb e mad e b y usin g a rangefinder

. I fnecessary , a ma p als o ma yb e use d t o estimat e th e distance

. I ti s importan ttha tthi s measuremen tb e reasonabl yaccurat e i fth e observe ri s clos e t o th e stac k (withi n 3 stac k

heights ) becaus e i ti s couple d wit h th e outle theigh trelativ e t o th e observe rt o determin e th e slan t angl e a twhic h th e observation s wer e mad e (se e Figur e 4.4)

. Aprecis e determinatio n o fth e slan tangl e ma y becom e importan t i n calculatin g an y positiv e bia s inheren ti n th e opacit y readings

. Direction From Observer

(Required ) - Specif yth e directio n o fth e emissio n poin tfro m th e observe rt o th e closes tP.2 3

Sectio n 3.12. 4 1 0 Apri l 198 3

o fth e eigh t point s o fth e compas s (e.g. , S , SE

. NW , NE ) o r45°

. Us e o fa compas s t o mak e thi s determinatio n i n th e followin g manne ri s suggested : hol d th e compas s whil e facin g th e emissio n point;

rotat e th e compas s unti l th e Nort h compas s point lie s directl ybeneat h th e needl e (whic h wil l b e pointin g toward s magneti c North) ; the n th e poin to fth e compas s closes tt o th e emissio n outle twil l indicat e th e directio n (Figur e 4.5)

. A ma p (plan tlayout ) als o ma yb e use d t o mak e thi s determination

. Describe Emissions

(Required ) - Includ e bot h th e physica l characteristic s o fth e emission s no t recorde d elsewher e o n th e for m an d th e behavio ro fth e resultan tplume

. Th e descriptio n o fth e physica l characteristic s migh tinclud e term s suc h a s lacy , fluffy , an d detache d nonwate rvapo rcondensibles

. Th e terminolog yillustrate d i n Figur e 4. 6 ca n b e use d t o describ e plum e

Stack
Observer,'

Slant s%45° Angle behavior

. Th e behavio rca n b e use d t o determin e th e atmospheri cstabilit yo n th e da yo fth e opacit yobservations

. Emission Color (Required ) - Not e th e colo ro fth e emissions

. Th e plum e colo rca n sometime s b e usefu l i n determinin g th e compositio n o fth e emission s an d wil l als o serv e t o documen t th e tota l contras tbetwee n th e plum e an d it s backgroun d a s see n b yth e opacit yobserve rdurin g th e observatio n period

. Plume Type (Recommended ) - Chec k "continuous " i fth e duratio n o fth e emission s bein g observe d i s greate r tha n 6 minutes

. Chec k "intermittent " i fth e opacit ycycl e i s les s tha n 6 minutes

. Chec k

"fugitive " i fth e emission s hav e n o specificall y designate d outlet

. Water Droplets

Present

(Ma yb e required ) - Chec k

"yes " o r"no " a s appropriate

. I n som e cases , th e presenc e o fcondense d wate rvapo ri n th e plum e ca n b e easil yobserved

.

L' • Observer

Path Length L• Actual Path Length Height Relative to Observer

I ——i Distance from observer Figure 4.4. Slant

angle relationships.

Observer Stack



# • o

Compass Figure 4.5. Direction

from observer

is NE.

D. EMISSIONS

DESCRIPTION. Includes information

that definitely establishes

what was observed while making

the visible emissions determination. Describe emissions Start Emission color Start Stop Stop

Plume type: Continuous

D Fugitive D Intermittent

D Water droplets present No D YesD If water droplet plume
Attached D Detached

D Point in the plume at which opacity

was determined Stan Stop Plume s containin g condense d wate r vapo r(o r"stea m plumes" ) ar e usuall y ver ywhite , billowy , an d wisp ya tth e poin to fdissipation , wher e th e opacit y decrease s rapidl yfro m a hig h valu e (usuall y100% ) t o 0 percen ti fther e i s n o residua l opacit yplum e contribute d b ycontaminat e i n th e effluent

. T o documen tth e presenc e o r absenc e o fcondense d wate rvapo rm th e plume , th e observe rmus taddres s tw o points

. First , i s sufficien tmoistur e presen t (condense d o runcondensed ) i n th e plum e initially ? Second , i f enoug h moistur e i s present , ar e th e in-stac k an d ambien tcondition s suc h tha t i twil l condens e eithe rbefor e exitin g th e stac k

o rafte rexitin g (whe n i t meet s wit h th e ambien tair) ? Th e firs tquestio n ca n b e answere d b y examinin g th e proces s typ e and'o r th e treatmen to fth e effluen tga s afte r th e process
. Som e commo n source s o fmoistur e i n th e plum e are :

•Wate rproduce d b ycombustio n o ffuels , •Wate rfro m dryers

. •Wate rintroduce d b ywe t scrubbers , •Wate rintroduce d fo rga s coolin g prio rt o a n electrostati c precipitator , o rothe rcontro l device , an d
•Wate ruse d t o contro l th e temperatur e o fchemica l reactions

. I fwate ri s presen ti n th e plume , dat a fro m a slin g psychrometer , whic h measure s relativ e humidity , i n combinatio n wit h th e moistur e conten tan d temperatur e o fth e effluen t ga s ca n b e use d t o predic t whethe rth e formatio n o fa stea m plum e i s a possibilit y(se e Sectio n 3.12.6)

. / / Water Droplet Plume:

(Ma yb e required ) - Chec k

"attached " i f condensatio n o fth e moistur e containe d i n th e plum e occur s withi n th e stac k

an d th e stea m plum e i s visibl e a t th e stac k

exit

. Chec k "detached " i fcondensatio n occur s som e distanc e downwin d fro m th e stac k exi tan d th e stea m plum e an d th e stac k

appea rt o b e unconnected

. Point in the Plume at Which Opacity was Determined

(Ma yb e required ) - Describ e a s succinctl ya s possibl e th e physica l locatio n i n th e plum e wher e th e observation s wer e made

. Thi s descriptio n i s especiall yimportan ti n th e cas e wher e condense d wate r vapo rand/o rsecondar yplum e i s present

. Fo rexample , wer e th e reading s mad e prio rt o formatio n o f th e stea m plume ? I fth e reading s wer e mad e subsequen tt o dissipatio n (e.g. , i n th e cas e o fa n attache d stea mP.24

.

Apri l 198 3 1 1 Sectio n 3.12. 4

Fanning Fumigation
Figure 4.6. Plume

behavior

descriptors. plume) , the n specif yho wfa r downwin d o fth e dissipatio n poin tan d ho wfa rdownwin d o fth e stac k exi t th e readin g wa s made

. Thi s informatio n ca n b e use d t o estimat e th e amoun to fdilutio n tha toccurre d prio rt o th e poin to fopacit yreadings

. Description s suc h a s 4 fee tabov e outle tan d 8 0 fee tdownstrea m fro m outlet , 1 0 fee tafte rstea m dissipatio n ar e appropriate

. Figur e 4. 7 show s som e example s o f th e correc t locatio n fo rmakin g opacit y reading s i n variou s stea m plum e an d secondar yplum e situations

. Describe

Background

(Required ) - Describ e th e backgroun d tha tth e plum e i s obscurin g an d agains t whic h th e opacit yi s bein g read

. Whil e describin g th e background , not e an y imperfection s o rconditions , suc h a s texture , tha tmigh taffec tthe , eas e o f makin g readings

. Example s o f backgroun d description s ar e roo fo f roo fmonitor , stan d o fpin e trees , edg e o fjagge d ston yhillside , clea rblu e sky , stac k scaffolding , an d buildin g obscure d b yhaze

. Background

Color (Required ) - Accuratel ynot e th e backgroun d colo r (e.g. , ne wlea fgreen , conife rgreen , bric k red , sk yblue , an d gra ystone)

. E. OBSERVATION

CONDITIONS. Covers the background

and ambient weather conditions

that occur during the observation

period and could affect observed

opacity.
Describe

background Start Stop Background

color Start Stop Windspeed Start Stop Ambient temp. Start Stop Sky

conditions Start Stop Wind direction Stan Stop Wet bulb temp. Relative

humidity Attached steam plume. Area of Steam Condensation

Read Here

Area of Steam Condensation
Detached

steam plume. In rare cases, it

may be necessary

to make readings at the point of steamdissipation if the plume is more opaque at that point. Read

Here • (preferred) 

# "H y Or Here Point of Steam Dissipation

Area of Steam i

_, „ , - Condensation

Secondar V

P 'TJ. F ° rma " on (Acid Mist)

Plume from a sulfuric acid plant with detacheo steam plume. Plume

is clear at stack exit. Secondary

acid mist is formed in area of steam condensation. \ Read Here Point of Steam Dissipation

Figure 4.7. Location

for reading opacity under various conditions.P.2 5

Sectio n 3.12. 4 1 2 Apri l 198 3 Sky Conditions

(Required ) - Indicat e th e percen tclou d cove ro fth e sky

. Thi s informatio n ca n b e indicate d by usin g straigh tpercentage s (e.g. , 10 % overcast

. 100 % overcast ) o rb y description , a s show n below

. Term Clear Scattered Broken Overcast Amount of cloud cover <10% 10% to 50% 50% to 90% >90% Windspeed

(Required ) - Giv e th e windspee d accuratel yt o ± 5 mile s pe r hour

. Th e windspee d ca n b e determine d usin g a hand-hel d anemomete r(i favailable) , o ri t ca n b e estimate d b

yusin g th e Beaufor tScal e ofWindspee d Equivalent s i n Tabl e 4.1

. Wind Direction

(Required ) - Indicat e th e direaio n from

which th e win d i s blowing

. Th e directio n shoul d b e estimate d t o eigh t point s o fth e compas s byobservin g whic h wa yth e plum e i s blowing

. I fthi s typ e o f estimatio n i s no t possible , th e directio n mayb e determine d by observin g a blowin g fla g o rbynotin g th e directio n a fe wblade s o fgras s o r handful l ofdus t ar e blow n whe n tosse d int o th e air

. Kee p i n min d tha t th e win d directio n a t th e observatio n poin t ma yb e differen t fro m tha tat th e emissio n point ; th e win d direaio n at th e emissio n poin t i s th e on e o f interest

. Ambient Temperature

(Required ) - Th e outdoo rtemperatur e a t th e plan t sit e i s measure d b

ya thermomete r(i n degree s Fahrenhei t o rcentigrade ) obtaine d fro m a loca l weathe rburea u o restimated

. B e certai n t o not e whic h temperatur e scal e i s used

. Thi s i s don e i n conjunctio n wit h th e we t bul b temperatur e an d i s onl yneede d whe n ther e ar e indication s ofa condensin g wate rdrople tplume

. Wet Bulb Temperature

(Ma yb e required ) - Recor d th e we t bul b temperatur e fro m th e slin g psychrometer

. Thi s i s t o b e don e onl y whe n ther e ar e indication s o fa condensin g wate rdrople t plume

. Relative Humidity

(Ma yb e required ) - Ente rth e relativ e humidit ymeasure d byusin g a slin g psychromete ri n conjunaio n wit h a psychrometri c chart

. Thi s informatio n ca n b e use d t o determin e i fwate rvapo ri n th e plum e wil l condens e t o for m a stea m plum e (se e Sectio n 3.12.6)

. I fa slin g psychromete ri s no t available , dat a fro m a nearby

U.S

. Weathe rBurea u ca n b e substituted

. Table 4.1. The

Beaufort

Scale of Windspeed

Equivalents General description Specifications Limits of velocity 33 ft (10 m) above level ground, mph Calm
Light Gentle Moderate Fresh

Strong

Gale

Whole gale Hurricane Smoke rises vertically Direction

of wind shown by smoke drift but not by wind vanes Wind felt on face; leaves rustle: ordinary vane moved by wind Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; wind extends

light flag Raises dust and loose paper; small branches

are moved Small trees in leaf begin to sway: crested wavelets

form on inland waters Large branches

in motion: whistling heard in telegraph

wires; umbrellas used with difficulty Whole trees in motion;inconvenience felt in walking

against the wind Twigs broken off trees; progress generally

impeded Slight structural

damage

occurs (chimney

pots and slate removed) Trees uprooted;

considerable structural

damage

occurs Rarely experienced;

accompanied by widespread

damage Under 1
1 to 3
4 to 7
8 to 12
13 to 18

19 to 24

25 to 31

32 to 38 39 to 46 47 to 54 55 to 63 64 to 75 Above 75 OBSERVER POSITION

AND SOURCE LAYOUT. Clearly

identifies

the observer's

position

in relation to the emission point, plant

landmarks, topographic

features, sun

position. and wind direction. Source Layout Sketch Draw

North Arrow 

# o

XEmission

Point

I Sun-fy Wind^. Plume and - ^Observers

Pos.t.on Stack ^ 140" Sun Location

Line Source Layout Sketch (Required ) - Thi s sketc h shoul d includ e a s man y landmark s as possible

. A t th e very least , th e sketc h shoul d locat e th e relativ e positio n o fth e observe d outle t i n suc h a wa ytha t i t wil l no t b e confuse d wit h other s at a late rdate , an d clearl ylocat e th e positio n ofth e observe rwhil e makin g th e V E readings

. Th e exact landmark s wil l depen d o n th e specifi csource , bu t the ymigh t include :
•Othe rstack s •Hill s •Road s •Fence s •Building s •Stockpile s •Rai l head s •Tre e line s •Backgroun d fo rreading s To assis t i n subsequen t analysi s o f th e readin g conditions , sketc h i n th e plum e (indicat e th e directio n o fwin d travel)

. Th e win d directio n als o mus t b e indicate d i n th e previou s section

. Draw North Arrow (Recommended ) - To determin e th e directio n ofnorth , poin t th e lin e o fsigh t i n th e sourc e layou tsketc h i n th e directio n o fth e actua l emissio n point , plac e th e compas s next t o th e circl e an d dra w a n arro wi n th e circl e paralle l t o th e compas s needle

. Ama p (plan t layout ) ma yals o b e use d t o determin e directio n north

. Sun's Location

(Recommended ) - I ti s importan tt o verif ythi s paramete r befor e makin g an yopacit yreadings

. Th e sun' s locatio n shoul d b e withi n th e 140 ° secto rindicate d i n th e layou t sketch ; thi s confirm s tha t th e su n i s withi n th e 140 ° secto rt o th e observer' s back

. T o dra wth e sun' s location , poin t th e lin e ofsigh t i n th e sourc e layou t sketc h i n th e directio n o fth e actua l emissio n point , plac e a pe n uprigh t alon g th e "su n locatio n line " unti l th eApri l 198 3 1 3 Sectio n 3.12. 4

shado wo fth e pe n fall s acros s th e observer' s position

. The n dra wth e su n a tth e poin twher e th e pe n touche s th e "su n locatio n lin e " G. COMMENTS. Includes all implications, deviations, disagreement

with plant personnel and/or problems

of a factual nature that have bearing on the opacity observations

and that cannot be or have not been addressed

elsewhere on the form. Comments

Comments

(Ma yb e required ) - Not e al l implications , deviations , disagreement s wit h plan tpersonnel , o rproblem s o fa factua l natur e tha t canno tb e o rhav e no tbee n addresse d elsewher e o n th e form

. Example s o f point s t o b e include d i n thi s sectio n are :
•Change s i n ambien tcondition s fro m th e tim e o fth e star to f readings

. •Change s i n plum e color , behavior , o rothe rcharacteristics

. •Change s i n observe rpositio n an d reason s fo rth e change ; a ne w for m shoul d als o b e initiate d i n thi s cas e s o tha ta ne wsourc e layou tsketc h ma yb e drawn

. •Difficultie s encountere d i n plan t entry

. •Condition s tha tmigh tinterfer e wit h reading s o rcaus e thor n t o b e biased

. •Drawin g o funusua l stac k configuratio n (t o sho wmultipl e stack s o rstac k

i n relatio n t o roo f line)

. •Suspecte d change s t o th e emission s or

proces s durin g observation

. •Unusua l proces s conditions

. •Additiona l sourc e identificatio n information

. •Typ e o fplan t(i fno tspecifie d
•elsewhere)

. •Reason s fo rmisse d readings

. •Othe robserver s present

. H COMPANY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. Company

acknowledgement

of, but not necessarily

agreement

with, the opacity observations

stated on the form. I have received

a copy of these opacity observations Signature " 1

Title Date Signature (Recommended ) - Thi s spac e i s provide d fo rth e signatur e o f a plan tofficia l wh o acknowledge s tha t he/sh e ha s receive d a cop yo fth e observer' s opacity-readings

. His/he r signatur e doe s no ti n an ywa y indicat e tha the/sh e o rth e compan y concur s wit h thos e readings

. Title (Recommended ) - Includ e th e acknowledgin g official' s compan ytitle

. Date (Recommended ) - Th e compan y officia l shoul d ente rth e dat e o f acknowledgment

. /

. DATASET. Opacity readings

for the observation

period, organized

by minute and second. This

section also includes

the actual date and start and stop times for the observation

period. Average opacity for highest period Number

ofreadings above %were Range of opacity readings Minimum Maximum

Observation date 

### A^ £ 1 2

29 30 0 15 30 Stan time 45 

## fa-^ 31 1 32

59 60 0 Stop

time 15 30 45

Observation

Date (Required ) - Ente r th e dat e o n whic h th e opacit y observation s wer e made

. Start Time, Stop

Time (Required ) - Indicat e th e time s a tth e beginnin g an d th e en d o fth e actua l observatio n period

. Th e time s ma yb e expresse d i n 12-hou ro r24-hou rtim e (i.e. , 8:3 5 a.m
. o r0835) ; however , 24-hou rtim e tend s t o b e les s confusing

. Data Set (Required ) - Space s ar e provide d fo renterin g a n opacit y readin g ever y1 5 s.fo ru p t o a 1 -hou r observatio n period

. Th e reading s shoul d b e i n percen topacit yan d mad e t o th e neares t5 percent

. Th e reading s ar e entere d fro m lef t t o righ t fo reac h numbere d minute , beginnin g a tth e uppe rlef tcorne ro fth e left
han d column , labele d ro w" M 1 " (minut e 1 ) an d colum n " s 0 " ( 0 seconds)

. Th e nex treading s ar e entere d consecutivel yi n th e space s labele d M 1 , s 15 ; M 1 , s 30 ; M 1 , s 45 ; M 2 , s 0 , M 2 , s 15 , etc

. If , fo ran yreason , a readin g i s no t mad e fo ra particula r15-secon d period , tha tspac e shoul d b e skippe d an d a n explanatio n shoul d b e provide d i n th e comment s section

. Als o a das h (- ) shoul d b e place d i n th e spac e whic h denote s tha tth e spac e i s no t jus ta n oversight

. J. DATAREDUCTION. Basic analysis

of the opacity readings

to allow preliminary

compliance

appraisal

in accordance

with EPAReference Method 9. Average Opacity

for the Highest Period (Required ) - Ente rth e averag e o fth e su m o fth e highes t2 4 consecutiv e reading s (6-minut e set)

. I n othe rwords , identif yth e 2 4 consecutiv e reading s tha twoul d su m t o th e greates t valu e an d the n divid e thi s valu e b y2 4 t o ge tth e averag e opacit yfo rtha t se to freadings

. Note: Th e averag e shoul d no tinclud e a tim e laps e fo rwhic h a vali d readin g coul d hav e bee n take n bu twa s no t(se e
. __S_ectio n 3.12.6)

. •Number of Readings

Above

.. %Were

... (Recommended ) - Indicat e a n optiona l frequenc ycoun t o fth e opacit yreading s abov e a particula r value

. Th e valu e i s chose n accordin g t o th e opacit ystandar d fo rth e emissio n poin tan d i s generall yth e actua l valu e o fth e standard

. Metho d 9 doe s not

specif yth e us e o ffrequenc ycountin g t o reduc e data , bu tman yState s us e i tt o determin e complianc e wit h their 1 tim e exemptio n opacit ystandards

. Fo rexample , a Stat e regulatio n migh tspecif ytha t opacit yo fa specifi ctyp e o femissio n source-i s no tt o excee d 2 0 percen tfo r mor e tha n 3 minute s i n a n hour

. I f mor e tha n 1 2 reading s ou t o f24 0 excee d 2 0 percen ti n a n hour-lon g observatio n period , tha t Stat e ma y conside rtha tsourc e ou to f compliance

. Fo rexample , 1 4 reading s ou to f24 0 reading s ( 1 hour ) ar e abov e 2 0 percen topacit y 1 4 x1 5 s pe rreadin g = 21 0 s

= 3. 5 minute s o freading s abov e th e standard

. Range of Opacity Readings

(Required )

- Ente rth e highes tan d lowes topacit y reading s take n durin g th e specifie d observatio n period

. K. OBSERVER

DATA. Information required to validate the opacity data. Observer's

name (print)
Observer's

signature Organization
Certified by
Verified by Date

Date
DateSectio n 3.12. 4 1 4 Apri l 198 3

Observer's

Name (Required ) - Prin t observer' s entir e name
. Observer's

Signature/Date (Recommended ) - Self-explanatory

. Organization

(Required ) - Provid e th e nam e ofth e agencyo rcompan ytha t employ s th e observer

. Certified By (Recommended ) - Identif y th e agency , company , o rothe r organizatio n tha t conducte d th e "smok e school " o rV E trainin g an d certificatio n cours e wher e th e observe robtaine d his/he rmos t curren tcertification

. Date (Required ) - Provid e th e dat e o f th e mos tcurren tcertification

. Verified By (Recommended ) - Th e actua l signatur e o fsomeon e wh o ha s verifie d th e opacit yreading s an d calculations , usuall yth e observer' s supervisor , o rth e individua l wh o i s responsibl e fo rhis/he rwork

. Date (Recommended ) - Provid e th e dat e ofverification

. 4.3.3 Facility

Operating

Data - I ti s strongl yrecommende d tha t a V E inspection/observatio n conclud e wit h a sourc e inspectio n i fopacit yvalue s ar e i n exces s ofth e standard

. Th e observe rwoul d firs t follo wth e plan t entr yprocedur e i n Subsectio n 4. 1 an d the n follo wth e indicate d procedur e t o obtai n facilit yoperatin g data

. Afte rth e V E determination , i ti s recommende d tha tth e followin g sourc e informatio n b e determined : 1

. Wer e th e plan tan d th e sourc e o f interes toperatin g normall ya t th e tim e ofth e V E evaluation ? 2

. Ar e ther e an ycontro l device s associate d wit h th e source ? 3

. Wer e th e contro l device s operatin g properly ? 4

. Hav e ther e bee n an yrecen t change s i n th e operatio n ofth e proces s o rcontro l devices ? 5

. Hav e an ymalfunction s o r frequen tupset s i n th e proces s o r contro l device s bee n note d an d reporte d (i frequire d byth e agency) ? 6

. I s th e plan toperato rawar e o f excessiv e visibl e emission s an d hav e an ycorrectiv e step s bee n take n t o alleviat e th e problems ? 7

. Ar e ther e an yothe rsource s o f visibl e emission s i n clos e proximit yt o th e sourc e i n questio n tha t mayinterfer e wit h readin g th e plum e opacit yo r contribut e t o th e appearanc e o f th e plume ? 4.3.4 Photographs

- I ti s suggeste d tha tphotograph s b e take n befor e an d afte rth e observatio n i s made , no t durin g th e observatio n period

. Condition s shoul d b e recorde d a s the y existe d at th e tim e ofth e observation

. Th e us e ofa 35-m m camer a i s recommende d t o ensur e goo d photographs

. Eac h photograp h shoul d b e identifie d wit h th e dat e an d time , th e source , an d th e positio n fro m whic h th e photograp h wa s taken

. 4. 4 Special

Observation

Problems Th e V E observe rconstantl yshoul d b e awar e tha t his/he robservation s mayb e use d a s th e basi s ofa violatio n actio n an d subjec tt o questionin g a s t o th e reliabilit yo fth e observations

. Therefore , he/sh e mus t als o b e awar e tha t unde rsom e condition s o rsituation s i t ma yb e difficul t o rimpossibl e t o conduc t a technicall ydefensibl e visibl e emission s observation

. Thi s sectio n discusse s som e o fth e mos tprevalen t difficul tcondition s o r specia l problem s associate d wit h th e visibl e emissio n observation

. Eac h discussio n i s directe d towar d definin g th e problem , indicatin g ho wi tmigh t invalidat e reading s taken , an d addressin g possibl e solution s and/o r way s t o minimiz e th e invalidatin g effects

. No tal l o fthes e discussion s offe ra complet e solutio n fo ra particula r problem ; thus , i t i s importan t fo rth e individua l observe rt o kee p i n min d th e purpos e o fth e visibl e emissio n observatio n whe n considerin g exactl y wha tactio n t o tak e whe n face d wit h a specia l problem

. 4.4.1 Positional

Requirements

- Vali d V E evaluation s ca n b e conducte d onl ywhe n th e su n i s properl ypositione d a t th e observer' s back

. Failur e t o adher e t o thi s positionin g ca n resul t i n significan t positiv e bia s cause d byforwar d ligh t scatte ri n opacit yreadings

. Becaus e o f thi s overridin g constraint , som e time s an d location s mak e i tdifficul tfo rth e observe rt o mee t othe ropacit yreadin g criteria , e.g. , readin g th e narro waxi s ofa rectangula rstack , readin g a serie s ofstack s acros s a shor taxi s t o preven t multipl e plum e effects , an d obtainin g a contrastin g background

. Plan t topograph yals o ma ygenerat e constraint s tha trestric t viewin g position s t o on e o rmor e locations

. Th e observe rwil l b e aide d i n determinin g th e bes t observatio n locatio n byfollowin g th e criteri a liste d below

. 1

. Mak e sur e tha t th e emissio n poin ti s nort h o fth e observatio n point

. 2

. Obtai n a clea rvie wo fth e emissio n poin t wit h n o interferin g plumes

. 3

. B e sur e tha trectangula rstack s ar e rea d acros s th e narro waxi s an d multipl e stack s ar e rea d perpendicula rt o th e lin e of stacks

. 4

. Minimiz e th e slan t angl e by movin g a sufficien tdistanc e fro m th e stac k

o rt o a n elevate d positio n (se e Subsectio n 4.4.4)

. 5

. Fin d a contrastin g backgroun d o r a clea rsk

ybackground

. 6

. Finally , determin e th e bes t tim e o fdayfo robservation s base d o n th e dail ysu n track s a ttha t location

. Collaborativ e studie s o fth e performance s o ftraine d observer s hav e indicate d that , wit h th e exceptio n o fth e positiv e bia s cause d byhavin g th e imprope rsu n angle , visibl e emissio n observatio n biase s ten d t o b e negative

. Thus , i fviewin g condition s ar e no t idea l an d a negativ e bia s (lowe rvalue ) results , opacit yreading s ma yno tprovid e th e tru e measur e o fplum e opacit y require d t o correlat e t o mas s emission s o rcontro l equipmen t efficiency

. However , reading s tha t indicat e a violatio n ca n b e regarde d a s th e minimu m opacity ; therefore , documentatio n o fth e violatio n i s valid

. I n situation s wher e th e observe r mus t mak e plum e opacit yreading s whe n al l th e criteri a fo rcorrec t viewin g canno t b e met , al l extenuatin g circumstance s mus t b e
. documente d o n th e V E evaluatio n form

. 4.4.2 Multiple

Sources/Multiple Stacks - A n observe ri s sometime s compelle d t o evaluat e a stac k tha t discharge s emission s fro m mor e tha n on e sourc e o rt o evaluat e a singl e sourc e tha tha s mor e tha n on e emissio n point

. I n th e cas e wher e on e stac k serve s mor e tha n on e emissio n source , th e observe rmayb e abl e t o isolat e th e emission s fro m on e sourc e a s a resul t ofinterval s o foperation , o rby requestin g th e facility' s cooperatio n i n temporaril yshuttin g dow n th e othe r source(s). Otherwise , th e observe r shoul d procee d wit h th e V E observatio n an d documen t th e situatio n completel yo n th e V E evaluatio n form

. I n th e cas e o fmultipl e emissio n point s fo ra singl e sourc e (e.g. , i n positive-pressur e baghouse s an d multipl e vent s i n roo fmonitors) , Sectio n 2. 1 o fMetho d 9 direct s th eApri l 198 3 1 5 Sectio n 3.12. 4

observe rt o rea d multipl e stack s independentl yi fi ti s possibl e t o d o s o whil e meetin g su n positio n requirements

. I fi ti s necessar yt o ge t a n overal l readin g fo rth e grou p of , stacks , th e followin g se to fformula s ca n b e use d t o calculat e thi s readin g fro m th e individua l opacit yvalues

.



### T , 

### xT ; 

### 10 0 

### 1 -
1

-


### 1

X 

### <( 1 0 , 

### 10 0 O z 

### 10 0

O N 

### 10 0

.. . T N -Tr ) = T ,

= T 2

-T N

= T T
--O T
wher e O T= % opacit yo f1s t plum e 02 = %opacit yo f2n d plum e 0 N = % opacit yo fnt h plum e T i = Transmittanc e o f1s t plum e T 2 rTransmittanc e o f2n d plum e T N = Transmittanc e o fnt h plum e T T = Tota l transmittanc e O T = % tota l opacit y
4.4.3 High Winds - Occasionall yth e crosswin d condition s ar e unfavorabl e durin g fiel d observation s o fplum e opacity

. Whe n th e wind s ar e stron g enoug h t o shea rth e emission s a tth e stac k outlet , i ti s difficul tfo rth e observe rt o mak e a n accurat e an d fai r V E observation

. Stron g crosswind s ca n hav e severa l effect s o n th e plume : 1

. Th e plum e become s essentiall y flattene d an d i s n o longe rconica l i n shap e thu s th e pat h lengt h an d apparen topacit yincreases

. 2

. Th e plum e i s tor n int o fragment s an d become s difficul tt o obtai n a representativ e reading

. 3

. Th e plum e become s diluted , an d th e apparen topacit yi s lowered

. Th e observe rca n compensat e somewha tfo rth e effec to fflattenin g b yreadin g th e plum e downwin d o f th e stack , afte ri tha s reforme d int o a cone
. Th e dilutio n effec to fhig h winds , whic h lower s th e apparen t opacity , present s mor e o fa problem

. Becaus e o fth e negativ e bia s introduced , th e effectivenes s o f Metho d 9 a s a contro l too l unde r thes e condition s i s diminished

. I fa violatio n i s stil l observe d unde rthes e conditions , i tshoul d b e considere d valid

. I t i s recommende d tha t wheneve rfeasible , V E observation s b e suspende d unti l th e wind-cause d interference s hav e abated

. 4.4.4 Poor Lighting

- Poo rlightin g condition s fo rV E observation s usuall y involv e on e o rmor e o fth e following : (1 ) a totall yovercas t sky , (2 ) earl y mornin g o rlat e afternoo n hours , o r(3 ) nighttime

. Eac h o fthes e thre e lightin g condition s ha s th e sam e ne teffec t o n th e plume ; the ydiffe rslightl yonl yi n th e caus e o fth e poo rillumination

. Whe n th e amoun to favailabl e sunligh ti s belo wa certai n level , th e contras t betwee n a whit e plum e an d th e backgroun d decreases

. Therefore , reading s ar e no trecommende d i n eithe rth e earl ymornin g hour s (a t o r approachin g dawn ) o rlat e afternoo n hour s (a to rapproachin g dusk)

. Nighttim e viewin g obviousl y represent s th e mos t sever e o fpoo r lightin g conditions

. Som e agencie s hav e attempted , wit h mixe d results , t o us e nigh tvisio n device s (ligh t intensificatio n scopes ) fo rplum e viewin g an d testin g i n th e dark

. Other s hav e achieve d bette rresult s b y placin g a ligh tbehin d th e emissions , whic h provide s a ver yhig h contras t background

. Fo rthi s method , i t i s importan t t o selec t a sourc e o fligh to f moderat e strengt h tha t doe s no t caus e th e iri s o fth e ey e t o close

. 4.4.5 Poor Background

- Th e colo r contras tbetwee n th e plum e an d th e backgroun d agains twhic h i ti s viewe d ca n affec tth e appearanc e o fth e plum e a s viewe d b ya n observer

. Fiel d studie s hav e corroborate d prediction s o fth e plum e opacit ytheor yb y demonstratin g tha t a plum e i s mos t visibl e an d ha s th e greates tapparen t opacit ywhe n viewe d agains t a contrastin g background

. Consisten twit h thes e finding s i s th e fac ttha t wit h a hig h contras t background , th e potentia l fo rpositiv e observe rbia s i s th e greatest

. However , fiel d trial s consistin g o f76 9 set s o f2 5 opacit yreading s eac h hav e show n tha tfo rmor e tha n 9 9 percen t o fth e sets , th e positiv e observe rerro r wa s n o greate rtha n 7. 5 percen t opacity. 2 Als o consisten t wit h thes e finding s i s th e fac ttha ta s th e contras t betwee n th e plum e an d it s backgroun d decreases, th e apparen t opacit ydecreases ; thi s greatl y increase s th e chanc e fo ra negativ e observe rbias

. Unde rthes e conditions , th e likelihoo d lessen s o fa facilit y bein g cite d fo ra violatio n o fa n opacit ystandar d becaus e o fobserve r error
. Whe n face d wit h a situatio n wher e ther e i s a choic e o fbackgrounds , th e observe rshoul d alway s choos e th e on e providin g th e highes tcontras t wit h th e plum e becaus e i twil l permi t th e mos t accurat e opacit yreading

. However , i fa situatio n arise s wher e othe rconstraint s mak e i timpossibl e t o locat e a n observatio n poin ttha t provide s a hig h contras tbackground , th e observe rma yrea d agains ta les s contrastin g on e wit h confidenc e tha ta documente d violatio n shoul d b e legall ydefensible

. 4.4.6 Reduced

Visibility

- Environmenta l factor s a tth e tim e o f observatio n als o ar e o fconcer n t o th e visibl e emission s observer

. Environmenta l consideration s includ e rain , snow , o rothe rform s o f precipitation , an d photochemica l smo g buildup , fog , se a spray , hig h humidit y levels , o ran yothe rcaus e o fhaze

. Thes e environmenta l factor s creat e a visua l obscuratio n tha tca n increas e th e apparen topacit yo fth e plume , bu t mor e commonl yreduc e th e backgroun d contras tan d thu s decreas e th e apparen topacity

. I n recognitio n o fth e problem s tha t coul d resul t fro m reduce d visibilit y cause d b yenvironmenta l factors , th e amende d Metho d 9 (Novembe r12 , 1974 ) states , i n paragrap h 2. 1 o fth e Procedure s Section : "Th e qualifie d observe rshal l stan d a t a distanc e sufficien tt o provid e a clea rvie wo f th e emission s
... " A"clea rview " mus t b e interprete d a s a vie wfre e fro m obstacle s o rinterferences

. Mos t problem s cause d b yreduce d visibilit y ca n b e alleviate d simpl yb ymakin g th e observation s o n anothe rday

. 4.4.7 Tall Stacks/Slant

Angle

• Whe n a n observer' s distanc e fro m th e stac k approache s 1/ 4 mil e (approximatel y130 0 feet , o ra littl e ove rfou rfootbal l fields) , th e ambien t ligh tscatterin g ma ybegi n t o hav e a n advers e effec t o n th e contras t betwee n th e plum e an d th e background

. Also , i fth e sk yi s overcas to rhaz yo n th e da yo f observation , th e farthe rth e observe r i s fro m th e emissio n point , th e mor e th e haz e interfere s wit h th e vie wo f th e plum e an d hence , th e les s reliabl e th e readings

. O n th e othe rhand , th e recommendatio n tha tth e observe r stan d a tleas tthre e stac k height s fro m th e stac k

bein g observe d i s intende d t o ensur e tha t th e widt h o fth e plum e a s i t i s viewe d i s approximatel yth e sam e a s i ti s a tth e stac k outlet

. A s th e observe rget s close rt o th e stac k an d th e viewin g (slant ) angl eSectio n 3.12. 4 1 6 Apri l 198 3

increases , th e observe d pat h lengt h als o increases ; thi s cause s th e observe d opacit yt o increas e becaus e th e observe ri s readin g throug h mor e emissions

. Thes e relationship s ar e show n i n Figur e 4.8

. A ta n observe r distanc e o fthre e stac k heights , whic h correspond s t o a slan tangl e o f18° , th e deviatio n o fobserve d opacit yfro m actua l opacit ydecrease s t o 1 percen t opacity , whic h i s considere d acceptabl e (se e Sectio n 3.12.6)

. Th e three-stack-height s relationshi p onl yoccur s i fth e observe ran d th e bas e o fth e stac k

ar e i n th e sam e horizonta l plane

. I fth e observe ri s o n a highe rplan e tha n th e bas e o fth e stack , the n th e minimu m distanc e fo r prope rviewin g ca n b e reduce d t o less tha n thre e stac k

heights ; conversely , i fth e observer' s plan e i s lowe rtha n tha to fth e stac k

base , the n th e minimu m suggeste d distanc e wil l b e greater tha n thre e stac k

height s (se e Figur e 4.8)

. Th e rea l determinin g facto ri s th e slan t angle

. T o assur e n o mor e tha n a 1 percen topacit y deviatio n o fobserve d opacit yfro m actua l opacity , th e observe rmus thav e a visua l slan t angl e o f18 ° o rless

. 4.4.8 Steam

Plumes

- Unde rcertai n conditions , wate rvapo rpresen ti n a n effluen t ga s strea m wil l condens e t o for m a visibl e wate rdrople to r"steam " plume

. Becaus e th e NSP S (specificall y Metho d 9 ) an d almos tal l SIP' s exclud e condensed , uncombine d wate rvapo rfro m opacit yregulations , th e V E observe rmus tb e carefu l tha t he/sh e doe s no tknowingl yrea d a plum e a ta poin twher e condense d wate rvapo ri s presen tan d recor d th e valu e a s representativ e o fstac k emissions

. Knowledge'o fth e kin d o fproces s tha tgenerate s th e emission s bein g rea d an d simpl e observatio n o fth e resultan tplum e almos talway s allow s th e observe rt o determin e i fa stea m plum e i s present

. Stea m plume s ar e commonl yassociate d wit h processe s o rcontro l equipmen ttha t introduc e wate rvapo rint o th e ga s stream

. Thes e source s include :
•Fue l combustion , •Dryin g operations

.

^ -

—18° ^^27° /4S° Plume 

# J-

_ D Slack

hY=2HY-H
Y=3H

Figure 4.8. Observer

distance, observed

path length relationships. •We tscrubbers

. •Water-induce d ga s coolin g prio r t o a n emission s contro l device , an d

•Water-induce d chemica l reactio n cooling

. Also , observatio n o fstea m plume s wil l revea l tha t the yar e usuall yver y white , billowy , an d hav e a n abrup t poin to fdissipation

. A tth e poin to f dissipation , th e opacit ygenerall y decrease s rapidly

fro m a hig h valu e (usuall y100% ) t o a lo wvalue

. Dependin g o n th e moistur e an d temperatur e condition s i n th e stac k an d i n th e ambien tair , stea m plume s ma yb e eithe r"attached " o r "detached. " A n attache d stea m plum e form s withi n th e stac k an d i s visibl e a tth e exit ; a detache d stea m plum e form s downwin d o fth e stac k exi tan d doe s no tappea rt o b e connecte d t o th e stack

. I n case s whe n i ti s no tclea r whethe ra stea m plum e i s presen to r whe n a n observe rwoul d lik e t o predic tth e formatio n o fa stea m plume , th e stac k

ga s condition s ma y b e use d i n conjunctio n wit h th e ambien trelativ e humidit yt o mak e th e predictio n (se e Sectio n 3.12.6)

. Whe n a stea m plum e is present , th e particulat e plum e i s rea d a ta poin t wher e 1 ) n o condense d wate rvapo r exists , an d 2 ) th e opacit yi s th e greatest

. I n th e cas e o fa detache d stea m plume , thi s poin ti s usuall ya t th e stac k

exit , prio rt o th e wate rvapo r condensation ; i n th e cas e o fa n attache d stea m plume , i t i s usuall y slightl ydownwin d o fth e poin to f stea m plum e dissipatio n (fo r examples , se e Figur e 4.7)

. Th e observe r shoul d alway s carefull ydocumen tth e poin tchosen

. 4.4.9 Secondary

Plume Formation

- Som e effluen t ga s stream s contai n specie s tha tfor m visibl e mist s o r plume s b ya physica l and/o rchemica l reactio n tha t occur s eithe ra tsom e poin ti n th e stac k

o rafte rth e emission s com e i n contac twit h th e atmosphere

. Thi s situatio n i s know n a s secondar yplum e formation

. Example s o fsuc h secondar yplum e formatio n include :

•Achang e i n th e physica l stat e o f a compoun d condensin g fro m a ga s int o a liquid , suc h a s vaporize d hydrocarbo n condensin g int o a n aeroso l o ra solid

. •Aphysiocochemica l reactio n betwee n tw o o rmor e gaseou s (o r i n som e cases , liquid ) specie s i n a plume , suc h a s th e condensatio n o fammonia , sulfu r dioxide , an d wate rvapo rt o for mApri l 198 3 1 7 Sectio n 3.12. 4

particulat e ammoniu m sulfit e o r th e condensatio n ofsulfu r trioxid e an d wate rvapo rt o for m sulfuri caci d mist

. •Aphysiocochemica l reactio n betwee n specie s i n a plum e an d specie s i n th e atmosphere , suc h as th e formatio n ofN2O3

. Secondaryplume s ar e sometime s foun d i n th e followin g processe s (wit h thes e suspecte d secondaryreactions) : •Coal
- an d oil-fira d cemen tkiln s (SO3 + H 2 0 - H2SO

4 mist ) o r(NH 3 + SO2 + H 2 0 - (NH„) 2 S0 3 ]
•Fossil-fuel-fire d stea m generator s (S0 2 + H 2 0 - H2SO 4 mist )

•Sulfuri caci d manufacturin g (SO 3 + H 2 0 - H 2 S0 4 mist )
•Plywoo d an d particleboar d woo d heatin g (organi cvapo r—organi c mist )
•Glas s manufacturin g (inorgani c vapo r—organi caerosol)

. A s i n th e cas e o fstea m plumes , secondaryplume s ca n b e attache d o r detached , dependin g o n th e specifi c condensatio n reactio n an d th e ambien tconditions

. Fo rexample , a secondar yplum e wil l b e attache d i fa reactio n betwee n plum e specie s occur s i n th e stac k

an d th e stac k temperatur e i s sufficientl ylo wt o caus e condensatio n o fth e reactio n product s t o a visibl e liqui d o rsoli d phase

. Adetache d secondaryplum e wil l b e eviden twhe n th e reactio n doe s no toccu runti l th e ga s strea m come s i n contac twit h th e atmosphere

. Th e degre e o f detachmen tdepend s o n th e ambien t conditions , th e degre e o fmixin g betwee n th e effluen t an d th e atmosphere , an d th e specifi c reaction(s ) involved

. Secondar yplume s ma yoccu rwit h o rwithou ta n accompanyin g stea m plume , an d i ti s importan t tha t th e observe rb e abl e t o distinguis h betwee n th e two

. Unlik e stea m plumes , secondaryplume s ar e ofte n persisten t(the yd o no t dissipat e rapidly) , ar e usuall ybluis h whit e (du e t o th e fin e particle s present) , an d ar e grain yrathe rtha n billowy

. To rea d a secondaryplume , th e observe rmus tlocat e th e denses t poin to fth e plum e wher e wate rvapo r i s no teviden tan d mak e th e reading s a ttha tpoint

. Thi s poin t ma yoccu ri n severa l differen t areas , dependin g o n th e typ e o fsecondar yplume

. A n attache d secondaryplum e wil l usuall y b e rea d atth e stac k

exi t i fa n attache d steam plum e i s no t present ; i fa n attache d stea m plum e /!s present , th e secondaryplum e mus tb e rea d a tth e poin to fstea m dissipation

. Adetache d secondaryplum e wil l usuall yb e rea d slightl ydownwin d o fth e are a of formation , assumin g ther e i s n o interferin g condense d wate rvapor
. Unde rsom e conditions , a secondary plum e ma yno t full ycondens e unti l som e distanc e downstrea m o fth e poin tofformation ; i n thi s case , th e observe rsimpl ylook s fo rth e denses t are a o fth e plum e an d make s th e readin g a ttha t point

. I t i s especiall y importan t i n readin g a secondar y formatio n plum e t o describ e full yth e poin ta twhic h th e readin g wa s take n an d th e exac t appearanc e o fth e plume

. (Refe rt o Figur e 4. 7 fo ron e exampl e o fwher e t o rea d a secondar y plume. ) 4.4.10 Fugitive

Emissions

- Fugitiv e emission s ar e thos e emission s tha td o no t emanat e fro m a conventiona l smok e stac k

o rvent

. Example s o f thes e nonconventiona l emission s include :
•Dust yo runpave d road s •Stoc k o rra wmateria l pile s unde r wind ycondition s o rwhe n move d bymachiner y
•Conveyorbelts , pneumati clifts , clamshells , an d dragline s •Cutting , crushing , grinding , an d sizin g ofmineral s o rothe r material s •Plowing , tilling , an d bulldozin g •Ope n incineratio n •Demolitio n activitie s •Roofmonitor s o rbuildin g vents , especiall yi n foundries , iro n an d stee l facilities , an d relate d industries

. Becaus e o fth e irregula rshap e o f thei remissio n poin t o rarea , conductin g a conventiona l Metho d 9 tes to n fugitiv e emission s ma yappea r difficult ; however , i t usuall yinvolve s onl yrelativel ymino radjustments

. Commonl yuse d procedure s fo r observatio n o ffugitiv e emission s ar e liste d below : 1

. I fpossible , isolat e th e particula r emissio n fro m othe remission s bychoosin g a n appropriat e positio n fo robservation

. 2

. Adher e t o th e lightin g requirement s o fMetho d 9 by keepin g th e su n i n th e 140 ° secto rt o th e observer' s back

. 3

. Als o adher e t o Metho d 9 i n selectin g a positio n wit h regar d t o win d directio n an d a contrastin g background

. 4

. Wheneve rpossible , selec t th e shortes tpat h lengt h throug h th e plume

. 5

. Befor e takin g readings , vie wth e emissio n fo rsevera l minute s t o determin e it s characteristics

. Change s tha t ma yoccu ri n th e airborn e particulat e patter n ove r tim e ar e importan t t o not e an d t o conside ri n selectin g a viewin g point

. 6

. Selec tth e lin e o fsigh t an d th e viewin g poin ti n th e emission s s o that , o n th e average , th e denses t par to fth e emission s wil l b e observed

. I t i s recommende d tha t al l subsequen t reading s i n a dat a se tb e take n a tth e sam e relativ e positio n t o th e emissio n source
. 7

. Th e configuratio n o fth e emissio n poin to rare a ma ynecessitat e takin g reading s a t a poin t downwin d wher e th e emission s hav e assume d a mor e conventiona l plum e shape

. 8

. I fth e plum e canno t b e viewe d throug h a nearl yperpendicula r angle , correction s ma yb e necessary
. 4.4.11 Intermittent

Sources

• Some source s releas e visibl e emission s intermittentl yrathe rtha n continuously ; e.g. , cok e ovens , batc h operations , singl e chambe r incinerators , malfunctionin g contro l equipmen t (i n rapping , ba g shaking , etc.) , boiler s durin g soo t blowing , an d proces s equipmen tdurin g startup

. Intermitten t emission s ma yhav e a hig h opacit yfo ra shor ttim e an d a lo wo rnegligibl e opacit ya tothe r times

. Thi s high-lo wcycl e ma yb e repeate d a t fairl yregula rintervals

. I fa sourc e i s i n violatio n (o ri n continuou s compliance ) o fth e applicabl e standar d ove rth e 6-minut e averagin g tim e require d b yMetho d 9 , i t doe s no t pos e a proble m t o th e visibl e emission s observer

. I fth e pollutant
emittin g operationa l cycl e o fa sourc e i s les s tha n 6 minute s i n duration , however , tha tsourc e ma yb e ou t o f complianc e onl yfo ra portio n o feac h 6-minut e averagin g period , whic h wil l mak e i tdifficul t o rimpossibl e t o documen t a violatio n i fth e dat a i s t o b e reduce d t o a 6-minut e average
. I fth e sourc e i s no tcovere d b ya NSP S o ra Stat e Implementatio n Pla n tha t specifie s th e explici t us e o f Metho d 9 o ranothe rspecifie d modificatio n t o Metho d 9 , anothe r techniqu e fo rreadin g intermitten t emission s o fles s tha n a 6-minut e duratio n i s t o us e Metho d 9 procedure s bu treduc e th e averagin g tim e t o abou t 3 minutes

. Thi s reductio n wil l allo wth e observe rt o tall yth e numbe ro f3-minut e violation s tha t occur
. Analysi s o f man ydat a set s ha s confirme d tha t usin g thi s metho d sacrifice s littl e o r n o accuracy
.P.3 1

Sectio n 3.12. 4 1 8 Apri l 198 3

I n al l case s wher e source s ar e no t subjec t t o NSP S o rothe rfederall y promulgate d standard , th e existin g Stat e regulation s an d specifie d opacit y observatio n method s (i fany ) mus tb e used

. Tw o othe rtechnique s tha thav e bee n use d t o documen tintermitten t emission s ar e th e "stopwatch " techniqu e (measurin g th e tota l accumulate d tim e tha tth e opacit y exceed s th e applicabl e standard ) an d th e time-aggregat e dat a reportin g techniqu e (takin g reading s ever y1 5 seconds , tallyin g th e numbe ro f reading s exceedin g th e standard , an d multiplyin g thi s numbe rb y1 5 second s t o determin e th e amoun to ftim e th e sourc e i s ou to fcomplianc e durin g th e observatio n period)

. Man yStat e agencie s us e thes e latte rtechniques , an d hav e adopte d thei rmethod s i n thei rSI P rule s an d regulations

. EP A currentl yha s studie s underwa yt o evaluat e th e accurac yan d reliabilit yo f thes e nonaveragin g techniques

. Table 4.2. Activity

Matrix for Visible Emission

Determination

Activity Perimeter

survey

Plant entry

VE Determination 1. Position

2. Observations

3. Field data: VE observation

form

4. Facility

operating data
Special observation problems Acceptance limits Frequency and method of measurement Action if requirements are not met Completed

perimeter survey

Observer should follow protocol as suggested

in Subsec 4.2 and adhere toconfidentiality

of data

In accordance with Subsec 4.3.1

Taken inaccordance withSubsec 4.3.1 Completed

data form

Pertinentprocess data obtained N/A Prior to, following, and during (if warranted) the VEdetermination Entry prior to taking VEreadings only if necessary;

entry after VE readings to provide plant representative with data and/or to obtainnecessary plantprocess data
Take a position for observation as described

in Subsec 4.3.1 and document on data form
Make VEdetermination as described

in Subsec 4.3.1 Complete

data form as perinstructions

and examples

in Subsec 4.3.2 After VEobservations, obtain facility data per Subsec 4.3.3 Refer to Subsec 4.4 whenconditions do notpermit VEobservation underproper position, etc. N/A

N/A

Followinstructions under special problems (Subsec 4.4) when a proper position cannot be assumed As above

Complete

missing data (if possible) or give rationale forincomplete data Data must be obtained as soon as possible after VE observation N/A

N/A- not applicable.P.3 2

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 6



## 5. 0 Postobservatio n Operation s Tabl e 5 1 atth e en d o fthi s sectio n summarize s th e qualit yassuranc e activitie s fo rpostobservatio n operations

. Thes e activitie s includ e preparatio n o freport s an d dat a summarie s an d validation

. 

### 5. 1 Dat a Summar y Th e opacit yobservation s ar e recorde d o n dat a form s suc h a s thos e show n i n Figure s 4. 1 an d 4.2

. Figur e 5. 1 i s a summar ydat a for m fo r manua l calculations

. Thi s for m an d th e calculatio n procedure s ar e discusse d i n detai l i n Sectio n 3.12.6

. I ti s recommended , however , tha t a compute rb e use d whe n reducin g larg e quantitie s o fdat a an d t o avoi d calculatio n errors
. 

### 5. 2 Reportin g Procedure s Recordin g opacit yobservatio n dat a o n a three-par t for m i s mos t convenient

. On e part ca n b e give n t o th e appropriat e facilit ypersonne l immediatel yfollowin g th e on-sit e fiel d observatio n i fthi s i s th e agenc ypolic y o rprocedure , on e pa n shoul d b e give n t o th e Agency , an d on e par t shoul d b e maintaine d i n th e observer' s file

. Th e dat a for m shoul d b e complete d on-site , an d i tshoul d b e signe d byth e observer , th e facilit y representativ e (i fapplicable) , an d th e Company

Admiral

PokJtr

Pfd/lf Date

/ 5 Jt/fy

Sf&Z Start time LHQ Emission

point Off fArtd Qo'fer dat a validator

. Al l correction s mus t b e initialed

. Th e fil e cop yshoul d b e signe d byth e dat a validator

. Inspectio n form s alon e ma yno tb e adequat e fo rdocumentin g a n enforceabl e violatio n an d ca n b e supplemente d bya narrativ e report

. I t i s recommende d tha t a summar y repor tb e mad e containin g th e followin g information : 1

. Nam e an d locatio n o ffacility , dat e an d tim e o finspection , nam e o finspeaor , an d nam e o f compan yofficial(s ) contacted

. 2

. Brie fdescriptio n o fth e specifi c proces s informatio n gathered ,

. Location

"*• Ocean AJ. Adm'"*!

City, Vo..

Start no. • 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total opacity ST S
• W •Jt o 84 0 ViO 

### MS Aver

age opacity 3fc. 8 Sfc. I &(,.*> 

### 35 * 3 5 0 

### 3S. i

26 : 27 , 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Maxi mum

av Stan

no. 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 erage . Total

opacity Average

opacity

9.% % Stan

no. 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 Start Total opacity

number Aver

age opacity

of six mi Start no. 109 110 111 112 113 114 115. 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 nute a Total opacity

verage . Average opacity



## 1


## . Start

no. 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 Total opacity Average

opacity Stan

no. 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 Total opacity

189 ! 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 Average

opacity

i

•

Number ot nonoverlappina

averages Calculated

by Kg

. Proffrf" in excess of standard

«3 Listing

stan number of these averages 

### l.l*a t 

### VO,/7S DatelkjJ]/LtOVLRev,ewed bv If\. r?£i//£.U/£ * D ate IZJUtXISU Figure 5

. 7 Visible

emission

summary

data sheet.P.3 3

Sectio n 3.12. 5 Apri l 198 3
particularl yan yunusua l occurrences
. 3

. Descriptio n o fth e equipmen ttha t wa s inspecte d an d it s operatin g mod e a tth e tim e o finspection

. 4

. Notatio n o fan yexcessiv e emission s see n an d correspondin g dat a fro m opacit y continuou s emission s monito ri f available

. 5

. Explanatio n o fexcessiv e emissions , i favailable , an d correctiv e action s bein g taken

. 6

. Summar yofemissio n point s not i n compliance

. 7

. Recommendation s fo rfollowu p action

. On e cop yo fth e report , a n update d plo tplan , photographs , an d othe r pertinen tdat a shoul d b e place d i n th e Agenc yfile

. Wheneve ra violatio n i s noted , i ti s EP

Apolic yt o notif yth e facilit yofth e allege d violatio n an d t o permi tthe m t o revie wth e evidenc e agains tthe m i n a meaningfu l way
. Th e importanc e ofa goo d fil e canno t b e overstated

. Thi s fil e represent s th e officia l Agenc ydocumentatio n of complianc e history , th e lates t informatio n o n th e source' s operatio n an d complianc e status

. Th e fil e als o provide s th e mean s o fcommunicatin g sourc e condition s t o othe rstaf f members

. Athoroug h an d accurat e historica l recor d o n sourc e inspection s an d opacit yreading s i s essentia l t o goo d operatio n an d an ynecessary compliance/enforcemen tactions

. 

### 5. 3 Dat a Validatio n Al l opacit yobservatio n dat a obtaine d fo rcomplianc e determinatio n shoul d b e validate d b

ysenio rstaf f assigne d thi s responsibility

. Dat a validatio n procedure s ar e describe d i n Reference s 1 6 an d 17

. Thes e dat a shoul d b e checke d t o th e exten t possibl e fo rthei rcompleteness , th e correctnes s o fsource , th e emissio n poin tan d description , th e background , an d th e proces s an d contro l equipmen ti n use
. Th e calculatio n o f th e averag e opacitie s an d highes t averag e opacit yals o shoul d b e checked

. Al l calculatio n check s shoul d agre e withi n acceptabl e roundof f errors
. I fpossible , an yquestionabl e dat a shoul d b e reviewe d wit h th e observer

. Ideall yth e dat a validatio n shoul d occu ra s soo n a s possibl e afte r th e observation s ar e recorde d s o tha t question s ma yb e resolved

. An yothe r calculation s mad e fo rth e purpos e of supportin g th e dat a (e.g. , th e effec t of angl e o fobservatio n o n th e observe d opacity ) shoul d als o b e verified

. Note: An ycorrection s i n th e dat a mus tb e forwarde d t o al l intereste d partie s s o tha tthe yma ycorrec t thei rrecord s (a
. . dat a for m shoul d hav e bee n give n t o the m afte rth e opacit yobservation s wer e completed)

. 

### 5. 4 Equipmen t Chec k Achec k o fth e equipmen t followin g th e opacit yobservation s help s t o ensur e th e qualit yo fth e data

. An y indicatio n o fequipmen t damage/malfunctio n shoul d b e recorde d o n a n equipmen t lo g an d note d fo rpurpose s o fdat a validation

. Th e malfunctionin g equipmen t shoul d b e repaired , adjusted , o rreplace d s o tha t th e equipmen t wil l b e availabl e fo rsubsequen ton-sit e fiel d observations

.

Table 5.1. Activity

Matrix for Postobservation

Operations Frequency

and Action

if Acceptance

method

of requirements Activity limits measurement are

not met Data summary

Repon ing procedures

Data validation

Equipment

check Completed data form
Completed

report and data forms

All checks should agree withinacceptable roundoff error All equipment/ apparatus should be checked forsatisfactoryoperation after each VE observation day See Subsec 3.12.6 forinstructions

for calculations Use 3-part form as suggested

in Subsec 5.2

Make datavalidation check as soon as possible after VEobservation Checkequipment fordamage/malfunctions Complete the data summary Complete

the necessary

data forms andreportingprocedure Forward all corrections

of thedata/calculations to the interested parties Note onequipment log and repair, adjust

or rep/ace the equipment£.3 4

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 6

Thre e type s ofcalculation s ar e describe d i n thi s section : (1 ) th e calculatio n ofth e averag e opacit yfo r th e specifie d tim e perio d (usuall y6 min

. o r2 4 observation s recorde d at 15- s intervals) , (2 ) th e calculatio n o f th e pat h lengt h throug h th e plum e (seldo m needed) , an d (3 ) th e predictio n ofstea m plum e formatio n (seldo m needed)

. I n th e firs t calculation , th e 6-mi n runnin g (o r rolling ) average s mayb e required

. To minimiz e error s i n th e calculations , anothe rindividua l shoul d chec k al l calculation s fo reac h V E determinatio n fo rcompliance

. I fa differenc e greate rtha n a typica l roundof ferro ri s detected , th e correction s shoul d b e mad e an d initiale d byth e on e makin g th e correction

. Tabl e 6. 3 atth e en d o fthi s sectio n summarize s th e qualit y assuranc e activitie s fo rthes e calculations

. 

### 6. 1 Calculatio n ofAverag e Opacit y Figur e 6. 1 show s actua l opacit y dat a take n aton e compan y (unspecified ) fo rtw o 6-mi n periods

. Note: An ycorrection s mad e bya n observe rmus tb e initiale d an d th e correcte d valu e use d i n th e computatio n o fa n average
. Th e calculation s ca n b e checke d by obtainin g th e ro wan d colum n subtotals ; th e total s ofthes e subtotal s mus tb e identical

. Runnin g 6-mi n average s ar e calculate d fro m dat a o n Figur e 6. 2 an d reporte d as describe d below

. Runnin g average s ca n includ e a time
laps e brea k

i n opacit yreading s whe n cause d bya n elemen ttha t make s takin g a vali d readin g difficul t (e.g. , fugitiv e emissions , imprope rbackground , o r proces s shutdown)

. Runnin g average s shoul d no tcontai n time-laps e break s i n th e reading s as a resul t o fth e observer' s desir e no tt o tak e visibl e emissio n dat a fo rpersonne l reason s whe n condition s exis t tha t woul d allo wth e observe rt o tak e vali d opacit ydat a (e.g. , ey e strai n o rn o desir e t o continu e readings)

. Figur e 6. 3 i s include d t o provid e a n eas y referenc e betwee n th e V E readin g tim e o n Figur e 6. 1 an d th e star t numbe ro n Figur e 6.2

. Th e star t number s ar e use d t o fin d th e correspondin g observatio n tim e fo r th e beginnin g ofth e calculate d si x minut e average. 

## 6. 0 Calculation s Determinatio n o fth e runnin g averag e i s generall yperforme d by compute ro rbya han d calculator

. Th e mai n purpos e o fth e calculation s i s t o determin e th e numbe ro f6-mi n period s i n exces s o fth e standar d an d th e greates tvalu e fo ran y6-mi n period

. I ti s als o suggested , bu t no t required , tha t th e opacit yreading s b e plotte d o n a grap h showin g percen t opacit yversu s time , wit h a straigh t lin e connectin g eac h subsequen t reading

. 6.1.1 Use

of Computer

for Calculations

- I t i s highl y recommende d tha t a compute rb e use d t o calculat e an d plo t data

. Programmin g wil l var ywit h th e languag e use d b yth e particula r computer , bu t th e basi cprincipl e i s a s follows : Input: 1

. Ente ral l V E reading s wit h thei r correspondin g star t numbe ro r identifyin g star ttime

. Computation: 1

. Th e firs taverag e opacit yreadin g i s obtaine d b yaveragin g th e firs t 2 4 opacit yreadings

. 2

. Eac h succeedin g runnin g averag e i s obtaine d fro m th e previou s on e b yaddin g th e next observatio n readin g an d subtractin g th e firs t observatio n i n th e serie s an d the n dividin g by 2 4 (assumin g 6-mi n runnin g average)

. Printout 1

. Th e compute rshoul d prin t al l V E reading s wit h thei r correspondin g numbe ro rtime

. Thi s printin g wii l ensur e tha t al l reading s hav e bee n entere d properly

. 2

. Th e compute rshoul d searc h al l average s an d prin t th e highes t averag e opacit yan d it s correspondin g numbe ro rtim e interval

. 3

. Startin g a tth e firs tinterval , th e compute rshoul d searc h fo ral l nonoverlappin g 6-minut e period s i n exces s o fth e standard

. Eac h interval' s averag e opacit yvalu e an d correspondin g numbe ro r tim e shoul d b e printe d out

. 4

. Finall yth e compute rshoul d plo t V E reading s versu s tim e intervals

. I fth e compute rha s a plotter , i t shoul d b e used

. I fnot , th e value s ca n b e plotte d withou t connectin g lines

. I fdesired , th e compute rca n bracke t interval s i n exces s o fth e standard

. 6.1.2 Use of Hand Calculator

for Calculations

- Whe n a han d calculato r i s used , th e calculatio n procedure s ar e th e sam e a s thos e fo rth e computer , excep t tha t the ymus t b e performe d manually

. Al l dat a shoul d b e recorde d o n th e V E Summar yDat a Shee t(se e Figur e 6.2 ) i fdesired

. To avoi d calculatin g averag e opacif y value s tha tar e les s tha n th e standard , th e followin g procedur e ca n b e used

. Th e tota l valu e fo rth e 2 4 reading s shoul d b e calculate d first , an d th e tota l opacit yshoul d b e entere d a t Star t no
. 1

. Eac h succeedin g tota l valu e ca n b e obtaine d an d recorde d byaddin g th e differenc e betwee n th e valu e droppe d an d th e on e added

. Thes e calculation s ca n b e performe d easil ywithou t a calculator

. I fdesired , th e averag e opacit yreadin g coul d the n b e calculate d onl yfo rthos e total s tha t excee d th e tota l allowabl e opacit y limi t (e.g. , 20 % x2 4 = 480)

. Therefore , a tota l opacit yof48 0 o rgreate rwoul d b e a n exceedanc e o fa 2 0 percen t opacit ystandard

. Metho d 9 does , however , requir e tha t th e accurac yo f th e metho d b e take n int o accoun t whe n determinin g possibl e violation s o fapplicabl e opacit ystandard

. I t i s suggeste d tha twhe n th e opacit ystandar d ha s bee n exceede d fo ran y2 4 consecutiv e readings , th e dat a b e hand-plotte d wit h eac h V E readin g versu s it s tim e interval

. Thes e plot s fi t bes t o n grap h pape rscale d 1 0 line s t o th e inch

. Eac h 15-secon d readin g ca n b e plotte d a t 1/ 2 spacing , thereb yallowin g 2 0 reading s pe rinch

. I fdesired , interval s o fopacit yi n exces s o fth e standard s ca n b e marke d o n thi s plot

. I t i s muc h easie r t o visualiz e a tren d i n opacit ywit h tim e wit h suc h a graphica l presentatio n tha n wit h tabulate d numerica l reading s a s show n i n Figur e 6.4

. 

### 6. 2 Calculatio n o fPat h Lengt h Throug h th e Plum e Th e observe rshoul d b e locate d s o tha t onl yon e plum e diamete ri s bein g sighte d through

. I n rar e cases , th e observe rha s n o choic e bu t t o b e relativel yclos e t o th e stac k s o tha t th e vie wi s u p throug h th e plum e rathe r tha n acros s it

. I n thes e cases , thi s extr a widt h o fplum e shoul d b eP.3 5

Sectio n 3.12. 6 Apri l 198 3

SOURCE

NAME 

### AP/lfM LPDVER

PLAhTT ADDRESS 

### KX OCSLAlJ

/fOA D

CITY 

# AD/MKM-

cir^ PHONE , STATE 

### VA ZIP

, SOURCE

ID NUMBER 

### NZD5 ¥S7Zl PROCESS

EQUIPMENT 0l<- FIRED GOttZit. CONTROLEQUIPMENT eLL&TUDSTAnc

pfeClPlTATDg. OPERATING MODE 

### £AS£z.OAZ > OPERATING

MODE 

# RAfTlM DESCRIBE

EMISSION

POINT

< , A/A START STOP l /"" " HEIGHT ABOVE

GROUND

LEVEL START /O0 ' STOP

lS~ DISTANCE

FROM OBSERVER START tyCO' STOPS' HEIGHT RELATIVE

TOOBSERVER START /Ot> ' STOP •/* * DIRECTION

FROM OBSERVER START [ME- STOP

^ ^ DESCRIBE

EMISSIONS

„ lAje . START 

### i*" 7 

### "*

'""STOP



### ^ EMISSIONCOLOR^ START^/^gfbP

^ WATER DROPLETS

PRESENT NO& YESO PLUME TYPE CONTINUOUS

f / FUGITIVE

'C INTERMITTENT

G IF WATER

DROPLET

PLUME. ATTACHEDC

DETACHEDO POINT IN THE PLUME AT WHICH OPACITY

WAS DETERMINED START f0'A2OVe.^i?OLG^ T ' STQp ^ DESCRIBE

BACKGROUND START SKY STOP (j/BHOr<eM

CL.OUPS BACKGROUND

COLOR

ajj^y START &LUE STOP^fa/Tt WIND SPEED START /6n-fih STOP

20mfl\ AMBIENT

TEMP. START"Z^>°f

STOP

tJ SKY

CONDITIONS

fARTi- Y START GL£A&

STOPCUWDY WIND DIRECTION

, START <*5K /

STOP

i/ WET BULB TEMP. RH.percent

Source Layout Sketch Draw

North Arrow AR7XACJCS

f

POWCK PLAfST &-s <



### T
/
Plume and —JL, Stack ^*

,0 **K^ w^**t

^ur 

# 2)

It mission

roint ^_^ 

### /AS H [POfiD
Observers

Position
)t > S * > ^

w Sun Location

Line' ^^a** * rtAC t

COMMENTS

~M, 

### \jSZAb T^, OIL

1 HAVE RECEIVED

ACOPY

OF THESE OPACITY

OBSERVATIONS SIGNATURE

ilfTUUiouy^

?? 0\OaV^jt TITLE " 

### SHIF TMANAOl££- OATE ^ „ OBSERVATION DATE
\SEC MIN\ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0 

### 3 0 5 5 3 5 3D 1 

### 30 3 5 5 0 3 5 6 0 5 0 30 3 0 15 

### 3 5 

# sd 3 5 35 3* 3 5 3 0 30 

# 5 5 & 3 5 3 5 3 0 3 5 3 5 

# f/6 60 W\S5 n*\ '< **a6* r START TIME 

### J330

45 

### 5 5 3 0 3 5 3 5 3 0 3 5 

# 3 5 55 (od HO j J O Kj^> 

### 3Ci"3 0 3 0 '3 0



# i 1 

### !
]

1 

### j i 1
1 l 1 

### | 1 

### -3 0 3 0

AVERAGE

OPACITY

FOR / HIGHEST

PERIOD

^O/O \S£ C

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 0 ST

OP TIME 

### f3¥X

15

1
50



### *' ! 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 

# j

1 30 45



### 1 • 1 

### 1 1 1



### , 1 

### i 1 ! 1

1 1

1 i 

### 1 1

NUMBER

OF READINGS

ABOVE Y(0 % WERE /f RANGE OF OPACITY

READINGS

_- > / /\d / MINIMUM

QCPfO

MAXIMUM

faU

/O OBSERVERS

NAME

(PRINT) 

### (/£.

. PeOFFITOBSERVER'S

SIGN ATUBE DATE



### / s JUL* ex ORGANIZATION

, A ^ - , __ CERTIFIED

BY „*,„ * fASTER/V I 7TSCHA»CAi

_ASSOC
. VERIFIED

BY 

# *P A DAT 

# k MAY HSZ DATE 

### / 5 AUO(HIFigure 6.1. Visible

emission

observation

form.P.3 6

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 6

Visible Emission

Summary

Data Sheet Company Start time Emission point 

### .Location //Z &7&}A/aD. ;



### jOMipiL££fy

Start no. 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 Q to II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Total opacity 

### 685' Average ooacity 

## 31 

## • £
3&rk 3S.&
&2- Stan

nn 37 3'8 39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Total ooacitv Average

opacity Start

no. 73 74 75 76 77 78
79 80 81
82 83 84
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 Total opacity Average

opacity Start

no. 109 110 111 112 113 114
115 116 117
118 119 120
121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 113 144 Total opacity

•



### • Average

opacity Start

no 145 146 147 148 149 150
151 152 153 154 155 156
157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 Total opacity Average opacity Start

no. 181 182 183 184 J 85 186
187 188 189
190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 \l98
199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 Total opact<, Average opacity



## J>A£L

. %Start number of >t six mi nute average

/ /

. Maximum

average Number of nonover/appingaverauesin excess

of standard

-2 Listing

s'art numoer Calculated

by

. \Z-t7, PR6FF3T

Date f&Jid&ASlReviewed

by of

these

— Date averages

'>'*•/ Figure 6.2. Visible

emission

summary

data sheet.



### _P.3 7

Sectio n 3.12. 6 Apri l 198 3

VISIBLE EMISSION

OBSERVATION

FORM SOURCE

NAME ADDRESS

CITY PHONE STATE ZIP SOURCE

ID NUMBER PROCESS

EQUIPMENT CONTROLEQUIPMENT OPERATING MODE OPERATING

MODE DESCRIBE

EMISSION

POINT START STOP HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND

LEVEL START STOP DISTANCE

FROM OBSERVER START STOP HEIGHT RELATIVE

TO OBSERVER START STOP DIRECTION

FROM OBSERVER START STOP DESCRIBE

EMISSIONS START STOP EMISSION

COLOR START STOP WATER DROPLETS

PRESENT NO " 2 V fS G PLUME TYPE CONTINUOUS

D FUGITIVE

D INTERMITTENT

0 IF WATER

DROPLET

PLUME: ATTACHEDC

DETACHED

a POINT IN THE PLUME AT WHICH OPACITY

WAS DETERMINED START STOP DESCRIBE

BACKGROUND 1 START STOP 1 BACKGROUND

COLOR START STOP WIND SPEED START STOP AMBIENT

TEMP. START STOP SKY CONDITIONS START STOP WIND DIRECTION START STOP WET BULB TEMP. RH.percent

Source Layout Sketch Draw

North Arrow 

# o

X

Sun-r^t- Wind _> . Plume and ~^^X Observers

Position

^ 7 40° ' *^«^ ^ Sun Location

Line

COMMENTS

1 HAVE RECEIVED

ACOPY

OF THESE OPACITY

OBSERVATIONS SIGNATURE TITLE DATE OBSERVATION DATE \SEC MllV\ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0 1

5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105 109 113 117 15 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 93 102 106 110 114 118 AVERAGE

OPACITY HIGHEST

PERIOD RANGE OF OPACIT) MIN OBSERVER'S

NAML OBSERVERS

SIGN/ ORGANIZATION CERTIFIED

BY VERIFIED

BY 30

3 7 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 99 103 107 111 115 ,77 9 FOR 'REAL IMUM

" (PRIN \TURE START

TIME

45 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120

)INGS Tl

- *\S£ C Mlfhs 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 SO 5 7 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 NUMB 0 121 125 129 133 137 141 145 149 153 157 161 165 169 173 177 181 185 189 193 197 201 205 209 213 217 221 225 229 233 237 ER OF 9 MAXI

DATE

DATt DATE STOP

TIME

15 122 126 130 134 138 142 146 150 154 158 162 166 170 174 178 182 186 190 194 198 202 206 210 214 218 222 226 230 234 238 30 123 127 131 135 139 143 147 151 155 159 163 167 171 175 179 183 187 191 195 199 203 207 211 215 219 223 227 231 235 239 READINGS

> i WERE MUM 45

124 128 132 136 140 144 148 152 156 160 164 168 172 176 180 184 188 192 196 200 204 208 212 216 220 224 228 232 236 240 4B0VE

Figure 6.3. Opacity

data form with start numbers

shown.P.3 8

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3 12.f i



### £

Time, minutes Figure 6.4. Plot

opacity versus time. acknowledge d an d th e individua l dat a value s mayb e adjuste d mathematicall yi n th e fina l dat a repor t t o sho wth e increas e i n opacit y readin g du e t o th e adde d pat h length

. Thes e adjuste d opacit yreading s shoul d b e use d i n determinin g average s i n exces s o fth e standard

. Th e calculatio n o fobserve d pat h lengt h i s show n i n Appendi xAo f Referenc e 1 an d i s include d her e fo r th e observer' s convenience

. Figur e 6. 5 show s ho wth e slan t angl e varie s wit h distanc e fro m a n elevate d source
. A s a n observe rmove s close r t o th e bas e o fth e stack , th e angl e o f sigh tan d th e pat h lengt h throug h th e plum e bot h increase ; thi s cause s th e observe d opacit yt o increas e eve n thoug h th e cross-plum e opacit y remain s constant

. Thi s situatio n onl y applie s whe n th e opacit yi s rea d throug h a verticall yrisin g plum e an d th e observe ri s o n th e sam e plan e a s th e bas e o fth e stack

. Th e actua l opacit yma yb e calculate d fro m th e observe d opacity , i fth e slan t angl e 8

i s known , o rfro m th e know n heigh t o fth e stac k an d th e distanc e fro m th e observe rt o th e bas e o fth e stack

. Metho d 1 (whe n slan tangl e 8 i s known ) 1 - ( Qs ) = ToEquatio n 6- 1 10 0 ( 1 -T& x10 0 = O

e wher e 0 0 = observe d opacit yi n % T 0 = observe d transmittanc e F = cosin e o f8 O c = correcte d opacit yi n %

. Metho d 2 (wher e distance s ar e known ) Y F = -/H J + Y

2 Equatio n 6- 2 1- ( O p ) = T , 10 0 ( 1 -Tl)x 10 0 = O c wher e 0 0 = observe d opacit yi n % T 0 = observe d transmittanc e F = cosin e o f8 O e = correcte d opacit yi n % H = heigh t o fstac k Y = distanc e o fobserve rfro m stack

. Note: Sinc e th e correctio n i s a powe rfunaion , th e correaio n mus t b e mad e o n eac h opacit yreadin g an d th e correcte d value s use d fo r calculations , i n lie u o fth e correctio n bein g conducte d o n th e reduce d (averaged ) data

. Tabl e 6. 1 present s th e opacit y correcte d fo rslan t angl e o rviewin g angl e 6 versu s th e ful l rang e o f opacit yreadings

. Fo rangle s les s tha n approximatel y18 ° th e adjustmen t i s relativel yinsignificant

. 

### 6. 3 Predictin g Stea m Plum e Formatio n Th e psychrometri cchar t ca n b e use d i n conjunaio n wit h a simpl e

Path Length through Plume

Figure 6.5. Variation

of observation

angle and

pathlength

with distance

from an elevated

source.Sectio n 3.12. 6 Apri l 198 3

Table 6.1. Measured opacity. % 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Opacity

C

0 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 orrectior

10 95 90 85 80 75 70 64 59 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 -20 15 10 5 0 for

Star
Slant 20 94 89 83 78 73 68 63 58 53 48 43 38 33 29 24 19 14 9 4 0 n Angle angle 8. deqrees 30 93 86 81 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 36 31 27 22 18 13 9 4 0 40

90 83 77 71 65 60 55 50 46 41 37 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 3 0 50'

85 77 71 65 59 54 49 45 40 36 32 28 24 21 17 13 10 7 3 0 60

78 68 62 55 50 45 41 37 33 29 26 23 19 16 13 11 8 5 3 0 equatio n t o predic t th e formatio n ofa visibl e wate rvapo r(steam ) plume

. Th e psychrometri cchar t i s a graphica l representatio n ofth e solution s o f variou s equation s ofth e stat e o fai r an d wate rvapo rmixture s (se e Figur e 6.6)

. Bot h th e ambien t an d stac k emissio n dat a point s o n th e char tar e referre d t o as thei r"stat e point " an d represen ton e uniqu e combinatio n of th e followin g fiv e atmospheri c properties

. Dry bulb temperature

- Th e actua l ambien ttemperature ; represente d by th e horizonta l axis

. Wet bulb temperature

- Th e temperatur e indicate d b ya "we tbulb " thermomete r( a regula rthermomete r tha tha s it s bul b covere d wit h a we t wic k an d expose d t o a movin g ai r stream) ; represente d byth e curve d axi s o n th e lef t sid e ofth e char t (saturatio n temperature)

.
, Relative

humidity

- Th e rati o o fth e partia l pressur e o fth e wate rvapo rt o th e vapo rpressur e o fwate ra tth e sam e temperature ; value s ar e represente d byth e se to fcurve d line s originatin g i n th e lowe rlef t portio n o f th e chart

. Absolute humidity

(humidity

ratio) - Th e mas s o fwate rvapo rpe runi t mas s o fair ; expresse d as grain s pe r poun d o rpoun d pe rpound ; represente d byth e vertica l axes
. Specific volume - Th e volum e occupie d bya uni t mas s o fair , expresse d a s cubi cfee t pe rpound ; represente d byth e diagona l line s runnin g fro m lowe rrigh tt o upper , left

. Th e relationship s show n i n th e char t diffe rwit h change s i n barometri c pressure
. Th e char tinclude d i n thi s sectio n i s fo ra barometri cpressur e o f 29.9 2 inche s ofmercury
. Therefore , wit h us e o fwe t bul b dr ybul b technique , i fth e actua l pressur e i s les s tha n abou t29. 5 inche s o f mercury , th e humidit yrati o shoul d b e calculate d fro m th e equatio n an d no t th e chart

. Plottin g th e value s fo ran ytw o o f th e fiv e atmospheri cpropertie s Table 6.2. Vapor

Pressures

of Water at Saturation Temp.. °F 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 

### too 110 120 130 0 0.1647 1 0.1716 2 0.1803 Water

vapor pressure. 3 4

5 0.1878 0.1955 0.2035 in. Hq

6 0.2118 7 0.2203 8

9 0.2292 0.2383 0.2478 0.2576 0.2677 0.2783

0.2891 0.3004 0.3120 0.3240 0.3364 0.3493 0.3626 0.5218 0.7392 1.032 1.422 1.932 2.596 3.446 4.525 0.3764 0.5407 0.7648 1.066 1.467 1.992 2.672 3.543 4.647 0.3906

0 4052 0.4203 0.4359 0.4520

0.4586 0.4858

0.5035 0.5601 0.7912 1.102 1.513 2.052 2.749 3.642 4.772 0.5802

0.6009 0.6222 0.8183 0.8462 0.8750 1.138 1.175 1.213 1.561 1.610

1.660 2.114 2.178 2.243 2.829 2.911 2.995 3.744 3.848 3.954 4.900 5.031 5.165 0.6442

0.9046 1 253 1.712 2.310 3.081 4.063 5.302 0.6669 0.9352 1.293 1.765 2.379 3.169 4.174 5.442 0.6903

0.7144 0.9666 0.9989 1.335 1.378 1.819 1.875 2.449 2.521 3.259 3.351 4.289 4.406 5.585 5.732 determine s th e value s fo rth e

remainin g thre e properties

. Fo r example , byusin g a slin g psychromete rt o measur e th e we t an d drybul b temperatures , on e ca n determin e th e relativ e humidity , th e absolut e humidity , an d th e specifi c volum e o fth e air

. To predi a th e occurrenc e o fa visibl e stea m plume , bot h th e ambien t ai rcondition s an d th e stac k ga s condition s mus t b e know n o r calculate d an d locate d o n th e psychrometri cchart

. I fan yportio n of th e lin e connectin g th e tw o point s lie s t o th e lef to fth e 10 0 percen t relativ e humidit yline , i ti s a n indicatio n tha t th e chang e ofth e exhaus t ga s fro m th e stac k

stat e condition s t o th e ambien t ai rstat e wil l b e accompanie d byth e condensatio n o fth e wate r vapo rpresen t i n th e exhaus t strea m an d a resultan t visibl e stea m plume

. Obtainin g th e stat e poin t fo rth e ambien t ai rcondition s i s relativel y
. simple ; a s previousl yindicated , th e we t an d drybul b temperatures , whic h wil l determin e a uniqu e stat e point , ca n b e measure d byusin g a slin g psychrometer

. Ofte n th e onl ydat a availabl e fo rdeterminin g th e stat e poin t ofth e stac k

ga s ar e th e drybul b temperatur e ofth e exhaus t ga s strea m an d it s moistur e content. * However , a relationshi p exist s betwee n th e moistur e conten tan d th e humidit yrati o (o rabsolut e humidity) , as show n i n th e followin g equation :

MR=062(MC ) 1 - M C Equatio n 6- 3 wher e H R = humidit yratio , i n poun d ofwate r vapo rpe rpoun d ofdryai r M C =__%

_moistur e content , expresse d 10 0 a s a decimal

. Th e followin g sampl e proble m demonstrate s th e us e ofthi s equation

. Given; Ambien t condition s Drybul b temperatur e = 70° F We t bul b temperatur e = 60° F Barometri cpressur e = 29.9 2 in

. H g Effluen t ga s condition s Dr ybul b temperatur e = 160° F Moistur e conten t =1 6 8 % - 0.16 8

10 0 Find: Ambien t relativ e humidit y Exhaus tga s humidit yrati o Determin e whethe ro rno t condense d wate r(stea m plume ) wil l for m
'Thes e are usuall yobtaine d fro m plan t record s orare estimate d fro m recen t source test data
.P.4 0

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 6

Solution: Plo t ambien t we t bul b an d drybul b temperature s (se e Figur e 6.5)

. Ambien t relativ e humidit y= 55%

. Exhaus t ga s humidit yrati o = H R HR=Q.62(MC ) 1 - M C =0.62(0.168 ) 1 -0.16 8

= 0.12 5 lb/l b dryai r Plo t humidit yrati o an d stac k dr ybul b temperatur e (se e Figur e 6.6)

. Connec t th e ambien t stat e poin t an d stac k ga s stat e poin t wit h a straigh t lin e (se e Figur e 6.5)

. Th e lin e crosse s th e 10 0 percen t relativ e humidit yline ; thus , formatio n o fa visibl e wate rvapo r plum e i s probable

. Whe n th e we t bulb/dr ybul b techniqu e i s use d an d th e barometri c pressur e i s les s tha n 29. 5 in

. Hg , i t i s suggeste d tha t Equatio n 6- 5 b e use d t o calculat e th e moistur e conten t (MC)

. wher e V P = Vapo rpressur e o fH2O usin g Equatio n 6- 6 Pao s = Barometri cpressur e V P = SV P - (3.57x10" 4 ) (P. bl ) (T a -T„ ) ( 1 +"•"» , - 32 ) 157 1 Equatio n 6- 6 Table 6.3 Activity

Matrix for Calculations

wher e SV P = Saturate d vapo rpressur e i n in

. H g a t we t bul b temperatur e (take n fro m Tabl e 6.2 ) T a = Temperatur e o fdrybul b thermometer , ° F T „ = Temperatur e o fwe t bul b thermometer , °F

.

Calculation Acceptance limits Frequency and method of measurement Action if requirements are not mst Average opacity

MC=V ^

. aD s Equatio n 6- 5 Running average opacity Path length through the plume

Predicting

steam plume Data in Fig 6.1 completed

and checked towithin roundoff error

Data in Fig 6.2 completed

end checked No limits have been set

No limits have been set For

eachcompliance test, performindependent check of data form and calculations As above

For eachcompliance test with the slant angle >18°, calculate using Eq. 6-1 Usepsychrometric chart and Equation 6-3 Complete

the data and initial any changes

in calculations


### As above

Performcalculations

Performcalculations

4L 6080100120140160180200220240260280300320 Dry Bulb Temperature. °F
Figure 6.6. Psychrometric chart for problem solution. •- State

Point lor Ambient

Conditions. I I - State

Point for Stack Gas Conditions.P.4 1

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 7

A n audi t is a n independen t assessmen t o

fdata quality
. Independenc e i s achieve d b yusin g observers an d data analyst s othe r tha n th e origina l observer/analyst
. Routin e Q Acheck

s fo rprope r observe rpositionin g an d documentatio n are necessar yto obtai n good qualitydata
. Tabl e 7. 1 at th e en d o

fthi s sectio n summarize s th e QAactivitie s fo rauditing
. Two performanc e audit s ar e recommende d fo rV E readings : 1
. Audi t o

fobserve rb

yhavin g a n experience d observe rmak e independen t readings
. 2
. Audi t o

fdata form s an d calculations
. I n addition , it is recommende d tha t a system s audi t b

e conducte d b

ya n experience d observe rat th e sam e tim e th e performanc e audi t o fvisibl e emission s is conducted
. Th e tw o performanc e audits are describe d i n Subsectio n 7. 1 an d th e system s audi t i s describe d i n Subsectio n 7.2
. 

### 7. 1 Performanc e Audit s Performanc e audit s ar e quantitativ e evaluation s o

fth e qualityo

fvisibl e emissio n data
. 7.1.1 Performance

Audrt of Visible Emissions

- I n thi s audit , a n experience d observe rgoes wit h th e observe rbein g audite d an d bot h observers tak

e th e reading s simulataneousl y(usin g th e sam e tim e piece) an d complete th e data form s as independentl ya

s i s practical
. Th e audi t i s intende d fo robservers i n thei r first yea ran d observers wh o have no t mad e opacit

yobservatio n i n th e fiel d i n ove ra year . Th e difference s betwee n th e tw o reading s serve as a measure o

faccurac

yassumin g th e experience d observe rread s th e "tru e opacity. " Becaus e thi s assumptio n i s no t necessaril ycorrect , th e differenc e betwee n th e tw o reading s i s a combine d measure o

faccuracyo

f bot h observers
. Fora minimu m o fsi x minute s (2 4 readings) , th e averag e o f th e absolute difference s shoul d b e less tha n 1 0 percent , an d n o individua l difference s shoul d excee d 2 0 percent . (Th e value s o

f10 % an d 20 % suggeste d fo rth e limit s ar e th e approximate results o

fcombinin g th e allowabl e errors o

fth e tw o observers ; e.g.,V(7.5) 2 + (7.5r » = 10.6% , an d V15 2 + 15 ' = 21.2%
. Thi s audi t shoul d b e performe d twic e i n a yea rfo rth e 

## 7. 0 Auditin g Procedure s first yea ro

fa n observe ran d wheneve rcondition s ten d t o warran t the m thereafter
. Calculat e %Ausin g Equatio n 7-1
. % A= |V E (observer) - V E (auditor ^ Equatio n 7- 1 wher e V E (observer) = averag e an d in dividua l V E reading(s ) o

fth e observe rbein g audite d V E (auditor) = averag e an d

individua l V E reading(s ) o

fth e auditor
. 7.1.2 Performance

Audit of Data Calculations

- Thi s audi t i s a n independen t chec k

o fal l calculation s performe d fo rth e summaryV E report . Ever ycalculatio n shoul d be checke d withi n round-offerror . Thi s audi t shoul d b e conducte d o n at least 7 percen t o

fth e annua l number s o fV E summaryreports . 

### 7. 2 Syste m Audi t Asyste m audi t provide s a n on-sit e qualitativ e inspectio n an d revie wo f th e tota l inspeaion
. Thi s audi t include s a chec k

o fth e "Recor d o

f Visua l Determinatio n o fOpacity, " Figure 9. 1 o

fSectio n 3.12.8 , an d th e to p portio n o

fth e "Observatio n

Table 7.1. Activity

Matrix for Auditing

Procedures Record, " Figure 9. 2 o fSectio n 3.12.8
. I n addition , th e audito rshoul d asses s th e visibl e emissio n inspectio n techniqu e used b

yth e auditee
. Thi s portio n o

fth e syste m audi t i s bes t handle d i n conjunaio n wit h th e performanc e audi t describe d i n th e previou s Subseaio n 7.1.1
. Therefore , th e frequencyo

fth e syste m audi t shoul d coincid e wit h th e frequencyo f th e performanc e audit s o fvisibl e emissions
. Som e observation s to be mad e b yth e audito rar e liste d i n Figure 7.1
.

Audit Acceptance limits Frequency and method of measurement Action if requirements are not met Performance

audit of visible emissions

Performance

audit of data calculations

System audit Individualobservations within ±20%: average (absolute)

deviation within ±10% Original and Lcheckcalculations agree within round-off error Conductobservations asdescribed in this section of the Handbook At

least two times during the first year;simultaneous

observation

and data recording Seven percent of tests for compliance, performindependent check on all calculations At least two times during the first year; use audit checklist (Fig 7.1) Reviewobservationtechniques

Check andcorrect allcalculated results (averages)
Explain toobserver thedeviations fromrecommended procedures: note thedeviations on Fig 7.1P.4 2

Sectio n 3.12. 7 Apri l 198 3

Name of individual(s)

audited Affiliation

NetU

Y^k SU-U

rfqetctf .Affiliation 'Region

j f £PA Auditor name . Date of audit

_ 

# M J* ers<s 

# £
- <2-2S- 82 Auditor signature

7^ ^

&AA^U~

Yes No Comment Operation 

## J
1/ 

### J S Jj 

### JL J£ 

## s
1 / 

### S jJ. 

### / 

# y ccri-Piclentici/ly rehired

j£ 

# J//A_

j / 7
. Equipment

satisfactory 2. Data forms completed 3. Post-notification

(counesy

obligation)

performed 4. Correct

identification

of point of emissions 5. Plume

associated

with process

generation

point 6. Credentials

okay 7. Observer

acted in professional

and couneous

manner 8. Proper

observer

position 9. Opacity

readings

complete 10. Ancillary

measurements

available 11. Camera

used to validate

sightings/source

identification 12. Facility

personnel

given a copy of raw data 13. Mutiple

sources/plumes/outlets 14. Lighting

conditions

satisfactory 75
. Background

conditions

(raining, etc.)

satisfactory 16. Slant

angle recorded 17. Fugitive

emissions 18- Time of day recorded
19. Recertified

within iast 6 months

General comments: 

# &*>*&', M

of the. / ^ &*d''«3S

«*'* /ess 

# ~ t/l3/f 

# *° 7 

# * in Ooac/'ty

^ro/n

tJf£ <S«^

r 

## ^e.

Figure '/. 1. Method

9 checklist

for auditors.Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 8



### Metho d 9—Visua l Determinatio n o fth e Opacit y o fEmission s fro m Stationar y Source s Man ystationar ysource s discharg e visibl e emission s int o th e atmosphere ; thes e emission s ar e usuall yi n th e shap e o fa plume

. Thi s metho d involve s th e determinatio n o fplum e opacit ybyqualifie d observers

. Th e metho d include s procedure s fo rth e trainin g an d certificatio n o fobservers , an d procedure s t o b e use d i n th e fiel d fo rdeterminatio n o fplum e opacity

. Th e appearanc e o fa plum e a s viewe d bya n observe rdepend s upo n a numbe ro fvariables , som e o fwhic h mayb e controllabl e an d som e o f whic h mayno t b e controllabl e i n th e field

. Variable s whic h ca n b e controlle d t o a n exten tt o whic h the y n o longe rexer ta significan t influenc e upo n plum e appearanc e include : Angl e o fth e observe rwit h respe a t o th e plume ; angl e ofth e observe rwit h respec tt o th e sun ; poin t o f observatio n o fattache d an d detache d stea m plume ; an d angl e o fth e observe rwit h respec t t o a plum e emitte d fro m a rectangula rstac k wit h a larg e lengt h t o widt h ratio

. Th e metho d include s specifi ccriteri a applicabl e t o thes e variables

. Othe rvariable s whic h ma y no tb e controllabl e i n th e fiel d ar e luminescenc e an d colo rcontras t betwee n th e plum e an d th e backgroun d agains twhic h th e plum e i s viewed

. Thes e variable s exer ta n influenc e upo n th e appearanc e o fa plum e a s viewe d bya n observer , an d ca n affec tth e abilit yo fth e observe r t o accuratel yassig n opacit yvalue s t o th e observe d plume

. Studie s o fth e theor yo fplum e opacit yan d fiel d studie s hav e demonstrate d tha ta plum e i s mos tvisibl e an d present s th e greates tapparen topacit ywhe n viewe d agains ta contrastin g background

. I t follow s fro m this , an d i s confirme d byfiel d trials , tha tth e opacit yo fa plume , viewa d unde r condition s wher e a contrastin g backgroun d i s presen tca n b e assigne d wit h th e greates t degre e o f accuracy
. However , th e potentia l fo ra positiv e erro ri s als o th e greates t whe n a plum e i s viewe d unde rsuc h contrastin g conditions

. Unde r condition s presentin g a les s contrastin g background , th e apparen t opacit yo fa plum e i s les s an d 

## 8. 0 Referenc e Method 8 approache s zer o a s th e colo ran d luminescenc e contras tdecreas e towar d zero
. A s a result , significan t negativ e bia s an d negativ e error s ca n b e mad e whe n a plum e i s viewe d unde rles s contrastin g conditions

. A negativ e bia s decrease s rathe rtha n increase s th e possibilit ytha t a plan t operato rwil l b e cite d fo ra violatio n o f opacit ystandard s du e t o observe r error
. Studie s hav e bee n undertake n t o determin e th e magnitud e o fpositiv e error s whic h ca n b e mad e byqualifie d observer s whil e readin g plume s unde r contrastin g condition s an d usin g th e procedure s se tfort h i n thi s method

. Th e result s o fthes e studie s (fiel d trials ) whic h involv e a tota l o f76 9 set s o f2 5 reading s eac h ar e a s follows : (1 ) Fo rblac k

plume s (13 3 set s a ta smok e generator)

. 10 0 percen t o fth e set s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e error ' o fles s tha n 7. 5 percen t opacity ; 9 9 percen t wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r o fles s tha n 5 percen topacity

. (2 ) Fo rwhit e plume s (17 0 set s a ta smok e generator , 16 8 set s a t a coal-fire d powe rplant , 29 8 set s a t a sulfuri caci d plant) , 9 9 percen t o fth e set s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro ro fles s tha n 7. 5 percen t opacity ; 9 5 percen t wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r o fles s tha n 5 percen t opacity

. Th e positiv e observationa l erro r associate d wit h a n averag e o ftwenty
fiv e reading s i s therefor e established

. Th e accurac yo fth e metho d mus tb e take n int o accoun twhe n determinin g possibl e violation s o fapplicabl e opacit ystandards

. 

### 1
. Principl e an d applicability
. 1.1 Principle. Th e opacit yo f emission s fro m stationar ysource s i s determine d visuall ybya qualifie d observer

. 1.2 Applicability. Thi s metho d i s applicabl e fo rth e determinatio n o fth e opacit yo femission s fro m stationar y source s pursuan t t o § 60.11(b ) an d fo r qualifyin g observer s fo rvisuall y determinin g opacit yo femissions

. 'Fo ra set . positive erro r- averag e opacit y determine d b

yobservers ' 2 5 observation s — averag e opacit

ydetermine d fro m transmissometer' s 2 5 recordings
. 

### 2
. Procedures
. Th e observe rqualifie d i n accordanc e wit h paragrap h 3 o fthi s metho d shal l us e th e followin g procedure s fo rvisuall ydeterminin g th e opacit yo femissions : 2.1 Position. Th e qualifie d observe r shal l stan d a t a distanc e sufficien t t o provid e a clea rvie wo fth e emission s wit h th e su n oriente d i n th e 140 ° secto rt o hi s back

. Consisten t wit h maintainin g th e abov e requirement , th e observe rshall , a s muc h a s possible , mak e hi s observation s fro m a positio n suc h tha t hi s lin e o fvisio n i s approximatel yperpendicula rt o th e plum e direction , an d whe n observin g opacit yo femission s fro m rectangula r outlet s (e.g

. roo fmonitors , ope n baghouses , noncircula rstacks) , approximatel yperpendicula rt o th e longe raxi s o fth e outlet

. Th e observer' s lin e o fsigh t shoul d no t includ e mor e tha n on e plum e a t a tim e whe n multipl e stack s ar e involved , an d i n an ycas e th e observe r shoul d mak e hi s observation s wit h hi s lin e o fsigh t perpendicula rt o th e longe raxi s o fsuc h a se t o fmultipl e stack s (e.g

. stub-stack s o n baghouses)

. 2.2 Field records. Th e observe r shal l recor d th e nam e o fth e plant , emissio n location , typ e facility , observer' s nam e an d affiliation , an d th e dat e o n a fiel d dat a shee t (Figur e 9-1)

. Th e time , estimate d distanc e t o th e emissio n location , approximat e win d direction , estimate d win d speed , descriptio n o fth e sk

yconditio n (presenc e an d colo ro fclouds) , an d plum e backgroun d ar e recorde d o n a fiel d dat a shee tat th e tim e opacit y reading s ar e initiate d an d completed

. 2.3 Observations. Opacit y observation s shal l b e mad e at th e poin t o fgreates topacit yi n tha t portio n o f th e plum e wher e condense d wate r vapo ri s no t present

. Th e observe r shal l no t loo k

continuousl ya t th e plume , bu tinstea d shal l observ e th e plum e momentaril ya t 15-secon d intervals

. 2.3.1. Attache d stea m plume s Whe n condense d wate rvapo ri s presen t withi n th e plum e a s i t emerge s fro m th e emissio n outlet , opacit y observation s shal l b e mad e beyon d th e poin t i n th e plum e a t whic hP.4 4

Sectio n 3.12. 8 Apri l 198 3
Company Location Test Number. Date Type Facility

_ Control Device Hours of Observation Observer Observer

Certification

Date Observer

Affiliation Point of Emissions Height of Discharge

Point

ClockTime Observer

Location Distance

to Discharge Direction

from Discharge Height of Observation

Point Background

Description Weather Conditions Wind Direction Wind Speed
Ambient Temperature Sky Conditions

(clear, overcast. %

clouds, etc.) Plume Description Color Distance

Visible
Other Information Initial Final Summary of Average

Opacity Set Number

• Time Start—End Opacity

Sum Average

Readings

ranged from. .to. . % opacity The source was/was

not in compliance

with at the time evaluation

was made.

Figure 9.1 Record

of Visual Determination

of Opacity Page. .ot.
condense d wate rvapo ri s n o longe r visible
. Th e observe rshal l recor d th e approximat e distanc e fro m th e emissio n outle t t o th e poin t i n th e plum e a t whic h th e observation s ar e made
.
2.3.2 Detache d stea m plume
. Whe n wate rvapo ri n th e plum e condense s an d become s visibl e a t a distin a distanc e fro m th e emissio n outlet , th e opacit yofemission s shoul d b e evaluate d a t th e emissio n outle t prio r t o th e condensatio n o fwate rvapo r an d th e formatio n o fth e stea m plume
. 2.4 Recording

observations. Opacit y observation s shal l b e recorde d t o th e neares t 5 percen t a t 15-secon d interval s o n a n observationa l recor d sheet
. (Se e Figur e 9- 2 fo ra n example. ) Aminimu m o f2 4 observation s shal l b e recorded
. Eac h momentar yobservatio n recorde d shal l b e deeme d t o represen t th e averag e opacit yo femission s fo ra 15-secon d period
. 2.5 Data Reduction. Opacit yshal l b e determine d a s a n averag e o f2 4 consecutiv e observation s recorde d a t 15-secon d intervals
. Divid e th e observation s recorde d o n th e recor d shee t int o set s o f2 4 consecutiv e observations
. Ase t i s compose d of an y2 4 consecutiv e observations
. Set s nee d no t b e consecutiv e i n tim e an d i n n o cas e shal l tw o set s overlap
. Fo r eac h se t o f2 4 observations , calculat e th e averag e b ysummin g th e opacit y o fth e 2 4 observation s an d dividin g thi s su m b y24
. I fa n applicabl eP.4 5

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 8
Company Location Test Number Date Observer Type Facility Point of Emissions

Hr. Min.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 SO 5 7 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Seconds 0 IS 30 45 Steam Plume (check if applicable) Attached Detached Comments

Figure 9.2 Observation

Record (FR Doc. 74-26150

Filed 11-11-74;

8:45 am) Page ofP.4 6

Sectio n 3.12. 8 Apri l 198 3

standar d specifie s a n averagin g tim e requirin g mor e tha n 2 4 observations , calculat e th e averag e fo ral l observation s mad e durin g th e specifie d tim e period

. Recor d th e averag e opacit yo n a recor d sheet

. (Se e Figur e 9- 1 fo ra n example. ) 

### 3
. Qualification s an d testing
. 3.1 Certification

requirements. T o receiv e certificatio n a s a qualifie d observer , a candidat e mus tb e teste d an d demonstrat e th e abilit yt o assig n opacit yreading s i n 5 percen t increment s t o 2 5 differen tblac k plume s an d 2 5 differen twhit e plumes , wit h a n erro rno t t o excee d 1 5 percen topacit yo n an yon e readin g an d a n averag e erro rno tt o excee d 7. 5 percen topacit yi n eac h category

. Candidate s shal l b e teste d accordin g t o th e procedure s describe d i n paragrap h 3.2

. Smok e generator s use d pursuan t t o paragrap h 3. 2 shal l b e equippe d wit h a smok e mete rwhic h meet s th e requirement s o fparagrap h 3.3

. Th e certificatio n shal l b e vali d fo ra perio d o f6 months , a t whic h tim e th e qualificatio n procedur e mus tb e repeate d byan yobserve ri n orde rt o retai n certification

. 

### 3. 2 Certificatio n procedure
. Th e certificatio n tes t consist s o f showin g th e candidat e a complet e ru n o f5 0 plumes—2 5 blac k plume s an d 2 5 whit e plumes—generate d b ya smok e generator

. Plume s withi n eac h se to f2 5 blac k

an d 2 5 whit e run s shal l b e presente d i n rando m order

. Th e candidat e assign s a n opacit y valu e t o eac h plum e an d record s hi s observatio n o n a suitabl e form

. A tth e completio n o feac h ru n o f5 0 readings , th e scor e o fth e candidat e i s determined

. I fa candidat e fail s t o qualify , th e complet e ru n o f5 0 reading s mus tb e repeate d i n an y retest

. Th e smok e tes t ma yb e administere d as part o fa smok e schoo l o rtrainin g program , an d ma y b e precede d b ytrainin g o r familiarizatio n run s ofth e smok e generato rdurin g whic h candidate s ar e show n blac k

an d whit e plume s o f know n opacity

. 

### 3. 3 Smok e generato r specifications
. An ysmok e generato ruse d fo rth e purpose s o fparagrap h 3. 2 shal l b e equippe d wit h a smok e mete r installe d t o measur e opacit yacros s th e diamete ro fth e smok e generato r stack

. Th e smok e mete routpu tshal l displa yinstac k

opacit ybase d upo n a pat h lengt h equa l t o th e stac k exi t diameter , o n a ful l 0 t o 10 0 percen t

char t recorde rscale

. Th e smok e mete r optica l desig n an d performanc e shal l mee t th e specification s show n i n Tabl e 9-1

. Th e smok e mete rshal l b e calibrate d a s prescribe d i n paragrap h 3.3. 1 prio rt o th e condu a o feac h smok e readin g test

. A t th e completio n o feac h test , th e zer o an d spa n drif tshal l b e checke d an d i fth e drif texceed s ± 1 percen t opacity , th e condition s shal l b e correcte d prio rt o conductin g an ysubsequen t tes t runs
. Th e smok e mete rshal l b e demonstrated , a tth e tim e o f installation , t o mee t th e specification s liste d i n Tabl e 9-1

. Thi s demonstratio n shal l b e repeate d followin g an y subsequen t repai ro rreplacemen t o f th e photocel l o rassociate d elearoni c circuitr yincludin g th e char t recorde r o routpu t meter , o revery6 months , whicheve roccur s first

. Table 9-1. Smoke

Meter Design and Performance

Specifications Parameter:

Specification a. Light source Incandescent

lamp operated at nominal rated voltage. b. Spectral

Photopic

(daylight response of spectral

response

of photocell. the human eye — reference

4.3). c. Angle of view 15° maximum

total angle. d. Angle of projec- 15° maximum

total tion angle. e. Calibration

error ±3% opacity, maximum 1. Zero and span ±1%opacity. 30 drift. minutes. g. Response

time <5 seconds. 3.3.1 Calibration. Th e smok e mete r i s calibrate d afte rallowin g a minimu m o f3 0 minute s warmu p byalternatel y producin g simulate d opacit yo f0 percen tan d 10 0 percent

. Whe n stabl e respons e a t 0 percen t o r10 0 percen t i s noted , th e smok e mete ri s adjuste d t o produc e a n outpu to f0 percen t o r 10 0 percent , a s appropriate

. Thi s calibratio n shal l b e repeate d unti l stabl e 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen t rpading s ar e produce d withou t adjustment

. Simulate d 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen t opacit yvalue s ma yb e produce d b yalternatel yswitchin g th e powe rt o th e ligh t sourc e o n an d of f whil e th e smok e generato ri s no t producin g smoke

. 3.3.2 Smoke meter evaluation. Th e smok e mete rdesig n an d performanc e ar e t o b e evaluate d a s follows : 3.3.2.1 Ligh t source
. Verif yfro m manufacturer' s dat a an d fro m voltag e measurement s mad e a tth e lamp , a s installed , tha tth e lam p i s operate d withi n ± 5 percen t o fth e nomina l rate d voltage

. 3.3.2.2 Speara l respons e o f photocell

. Verif yfro m manufacturer' s dat a tha t th e photocel l ha s a photopi c response ; i.e. , th e speara l sensitivit y o fth e cel l shal l closel yapproximat e th e standar d spectral-luminosit ycurv e fo rphotopi cvisio n whic h i s reference d i n (b ) o fTabl e 9-1

. 3.3.2.3 Angl e o fview

. Chec k constructio n geometr yt o ensur e tha t th e tota l angl e o fvie wofth e smok e plume , a s see n b yth e photocell , doe s no texcee d 15°

. Th e tota l angl e o f vie wma yb e calculate d from : 8-2 tan" 1 d/2L , wher e 8

= tota l angl e o f view ; d = th e su m o fth e photocel l diamete r•*

•th e diamete rofth e limitin g aperture ; an d L= th e distanc e fro m th e photocel l t o th e limitin g aperture

. Th e limitin g apertur e i s th e poin t i n th e pat h betwee n th e photocel l an d th e smok e plum e wher e th e angl e o f vie wi s mos t restriaed

. I n smok e generato rsmok e meter s thi s i s normall ya n orific e plate

. 3.3.2.4 Angl e o fprojection

. Chec k constructio n geometr yt o ensur e tha t th e tota l angl e o fprojectio n o fth e lam p o n th e smok e plum e doe s no t excee d 15°

. Th e tota l angl e o f projeaio n ma yb e calculate d from : 8 - 2 tan" 1 d/2L , wher e 8

= tota l angl e o f projeaion ; d = th e su m o fth e lengt h o fth e lam p filamen t+ th e diamete rof th e limitin g aperture ; an d L= th e distanc e fro m th e lam p t o th e limitin g aperture

. 3.3.2.5 Calibratio n error
. Usin g neutral-densit yfilter s o fknow n opacity , chec k

th e erro rbetwee n th e actua l respons e an d th e theoretica l linea rrespons e o fth e smok e meter

. Thi s chec k

i s accomplishe d b

yfirs t calibratin g th e smok e mete raccordin g t o 3.3. 1 an d the n insertin g a serie s o f thre e neutral-densit yfilter s o f nomina l opacit yo f20

. 50 , an d 7 5 percen t i n th e smok e mete r pathlength

. Filter s calibrate d withi n ± 2 percen t shal l b e used

. Car e shoul d b e take n whe n insertin g th e filter s t o preven t stra yligh t fro m affectin g th e meter

. Mak e a tota l o ffiv e nonconsecutiv e reading s fo reac h filter

. Th e maximu m erro ro n an yon e readin g shal l b e 3 percen t opacity

. 3.3.2.6 Zer o an d spa n drift

. Determin e th e zer o an d spa n drif t b y calibratin g an d operatin g th e smok eP.4 7

Sectio n 3.12. 8 Apri l 198 3
generato ri n a norma l manne rove ra 1-hou rperiod

. Th e drif t i s measure d bycheckin g th e zer o an d spa n a tth e en d o fthi s period

. 3.3.2.7 Respons e time

. Determin e th e respons e tim e b

yproducin g th e serie s o ffiv e simulate d 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen topacit yvalue s an d observin g th e tim e require d t o reac h stabl e response
. Opacit yvalue s of0 percen tan d 10 0 percen tma yb e simulate d byalternatel yswitchin g th e powe rt o th e ligh t sourc e offan d o n whil e th e smok e generato ri s no t operating

. 

### 4
. References
. 4.1 Ai rPollutio n Contro l Distric t Rule s an d Regulations , Lo s Angele s Count yAi rPollutio n Contro l District , Regulatio n IV , Prohibitions , Rul e 50

. 4.2 Weisburd , Melvi n L

. Fiel d Operation s an d Enforcemen t Manua l fo rAir , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , N.C , APTD-1100 , Augus t 1972 , pp
. 4.1
- 4:36

. 4.3 Condon

. E.U. , an d Odishaw , H. , Handboo k

ofPhysics

. McGraw-Hil l Co. , NY. , NY. , 1958

. Tabl e 3.1 , p
. 6
- 52

.P.4 8

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12. 9



## 9. 0 Reference s an d Bibliograph y

8

.

10

.

1 1 Technica l Assistanc e Document : Qualit yAssuranc e Guidelin e fo r Visibl e Emissio n Trainin g Programs , EPA-600/S4-83-011

. Federal Register, Volum e 39

. No

. 219

. Novembe r12 , 1974

. Metho d 9 - Visua l Determinatio n o fth e Opacit yo f Emission s fro m Stationar y Source s (Appendi xA)

. Conner

. W.D

. Measuremen to f Opacit yb yTransmissomete ran d Smok e Readers

. EP A Memorandu m Report

. 1974

. Conner , W.D. , an d J.R

. Hodkinson

. Optica l Propertie s an d Visua l Effect s o fSmok e Plumes

. U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency

. Offic e o fAi r Programs , Ediso n Electri c Institute , an d Publi cHealt h Service

. 1967

. AP-30

. Coons , J.D. , e tal

. Development , Calibration , an d us e o fa Plum e Evaluatio n Trainin g Unit

. JAPCA 15 : 199-203 , Ma y1965

. Crider , W.L.

. an d J.A

. Tash

. Statu s Report : Stud yo fVisio n Obscuratio n b yNonblac k Plumes

. JAPCA14:161-165 , Ma y1964

. U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency

. Evaluatio n o fEP A Smok e Schoo l Results

. Emissio n Standard s an d Engineerin g Division , Offic e o fAi rGualit y Plannin g an d Standards

. Octobe r 9 , 1974

. Evaluatio n an d Collaborativ e Stud yo fMetho d fo rVisua l Determinatio n o fOpacit yo f Emission s fro m Stationar y Sources

. EPA-650/4-75-009

. Malmberg , K.B

. EP AVisibl e Emissio n Inspectio n Procedures

. U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Washington

. D.C

. Augus t1975

. Osborne , M.C , an d MR

. Midgett

. Surve yo f Transmissomete rUse d i n Conductin g Visibl e Emission s Trainin g Courses

. Environmenta l Monitorin g an d Suppor t Laboratory , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency

. Marc h 1978

. Ringelmann , M

. Metho d o f Estimatin g Smok e Produce d b y Industria l Installations

. Rev

. Technique

. 268 , Jun e 1898

. 12

. Weir , A. , Jr. , D.G

. Jones , an d L.T

. Paypay

. Measuremen to f Particl e Siz e an d Othe rFactor s Influencin g Plum e Opacity

. Pape rpresente d a t th e Internationa l Conferenc e o n Environmenta l Sensin g an d Assessment

. La s Vegas , Nevada , Septembe r14-19 , 1975

. 13

. U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency

. APT I Cours e 43 9 Visibl e Emission s Evaluation

. Studen tManual

. EPA-450/3
- 78-106 , 1978

. 14

. U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency

. APT I Cours e 43 9 Visibl e Emission s Evaluation

. Instructo rManual

. EPA-450/3
- 78-105 , 1978

. 15

. U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency

. Guideline s fo r Evaluatio n o fVisibl e Emissions

. EPA-340/1-75-007 , 1975

. 16

. U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency

. Screenin g Procedure s fo rAmbien tAi rQualit yData

. EPA-450/2-78-037

. Jul y1978

. 17

. Validatio n o fAi rMonitorin g Data

. EPA-600/4-80-030 , Jun e 1980

.P.4 9

Apri l 198 3 1 Sectio n 3.12.1 0

Blan k dat a form s ar e provide d o n th e followin g page s fo rth e convenienc e o fth e Q AHandboo k user
. N o documentatio n i s give n o n thes e form s becaus e i twoul d detrac t fro m thei rusefulness

. Also , th e title s ar e place d a tth e to p o fth e figures , a s i s customar yfo ra dat a form

. Thes e form s ar e no trequire d format , bu tar e intende d a s guide s fo rth e developmen to fa n organizations ' ow n program
. T o relat e th e for m t o th e text , a for m numbe ri s als o indicate d i n th e lowe rright-han d corne r(e.g.

. For m M9-1.1 , whic h implie s tha t th e for m i s Figur e 1.1

. i n Sectio n 3.12. 1 o fth e Metho d 9 Handbook)

. An y futur e revision s o fthi s for m ca n b e documente d b yaddin g A , B , C (e.g. , 1. 1 A , 1.1B)

. Th e dat a form s include d i n thi s sectio n ar e liste d below

.
Form Title 1. 2 Sampl e Certificatio n Tes tFor m 2. 1 Procuremen tLo g 4. 1 Visibl e Emissio n Observer' s Plan tEntr yChecklis t 4. 1 Visibl e Emissio n Observer' s Plan t Entr yChecklis t(Revers e Side ) 4. 2 Visibl e Emissio n Observatio n For m 4. 2 Visibl e Emissio n Observatio n For m (Revers e Side ) 5. 1 Visibl e Emissio n Summar yDat a Shee t 6. 2 Visibl e Emissio n Summar yDat a Shee t(sam e a s Figure

. 5.1 ) 7. 1 Metho d 9 Checklis tfo rAuditor s 

## 10. 0 Dat a Form sSectio n 3.12.1 0
Sample Certification

Test Form Apri l 198 3 P.5 0

Al filiation Course loc. Date
Reading number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ot.nn

nd direction

to stack

0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 IS 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 IS 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 7 5 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 20

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Ni

SI

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 ime

<Y

35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 Sunglasses

SO 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 SO 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 SO 55 60 SO 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 SO 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 50 55 60 65

65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 R

V

70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 un Number

Vind

75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 75 80 85

85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 

### as as 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 Devia Error im ion 

### too too 100 70 0 70 0 inn inn mn inn 100 i nn inn mn mn mn mn mn mn WO mn mn mn mn linn

Reading number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 15 15 15 15 15 15 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 SO SO SO 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 

### ao 80 80 80 

### ao 80 80 80 80 80 80 

### ao 80 80 80 80 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 35 85 

### as 85 85 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 Devia Error mn mn mn mn mn mn mn 100 mn mn tpn mn mn mn ton mn mn 100 70 0 mn mn mn mn 100 too tmn Quality Assurance

Handbook

M9-1.2P.5 1

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12.1 0

Procurement

Log

Item description Quantity Purchase order number Vendor Date Ordered Received Cost Disposition Comments

Quality Assurance

Handbook

M9-2.1P.5 2 |li n •ill ) I I I I !!> •"»' » .
Sectio n 3.12.1 0 Apri l 198 3

Visible Emission

Observer's

Plant Entry Checklist

Source name and address Observer

Agency

Date of VE observation

Previous company

contact

(if applicable)

Title
Purpose of visit

Emission points at which VE observations

to be conducted

Authority for entry (see reverse side)

Plant safety requirements D Hardhat D Safety

glasses D Side shields (on glasses) t J Goggles D Hearing

protection Specify

•Safety

shoes (steel-toed) D Insulated

shoes D Gloves D Coveralls D Dust mask suggested Q Respirator(s) Specify

•Other D Specify

Company

official contacted

(on this visit) Title

Quality Assurance

Handbook

M9-4.1P.5 3

Apri l 198 3 6 Sectio n 3.12.1 0

Visible Emission

Observer's

Plant Checklist

(Continued) Authority for Plant Entry: Clean Air Act. Section

114 (a)(2) the Administrator

or his authorized

representative

upon presentation

of his credentials

• (A) shall have a right of entry to. upon

or through any premises

of such person or in which any records required

to be maintained

under paragraph

(1) of this section are located, and (B) may at reasonable

times have access to. and copy of any records, inspect

any monitoring

equipment

or methods required under paragraph

(1), and

sample any emissions

which such person is required

to sample under paragraph

(1). (b)(1) Each State may develop and submit to the Administrator

a procedure

for carrying out this section in such State If the Administrator

finds the State procedure

is adequate, he

may delegate

to such State any authority

he has to carry out this section. (2) Nothing

in this subsection

shall prohibit the Administrator

from carrying

out this section in a State. (c)Any records, reports

or information

obtained

under subsection

(a) shall be available

to the public except that upon a showing satisfactory

to the Administrator

by any person that records, reports, or

information, or

particular

part thereof, (other

than emission data) to which the Administrator

has access under this section if made public would divulge methods

or processes entitled to protection

as trade secrets of such person, the

Administrator

shall consider

such record, report, or

information

or particular

portion thereof confidential

in accordance

with the purposes

qf Section 1905 of Title 18 of the United States concerned

with carrying

out this Act or when relevant

in any proceeding

under this Act."
Confidential

Information:

Clean Air Act. Section

114 (see above) 41 Federal

Register

36902. September

1. 1976 If you believe that any of the information

required

to be submitted

pursuant

to this request is entitled to be treated as confidential, you

may assert a claim of business

confidentiality, covering all or any part of the information, by

placing on (or attaching to) the information

a cover sheet, stamped

or typed legend, or

other suitable notice, employing

language

such as "trade secret,"

"proprietary."

or "company

confidential."

Allegedly

confidential

portions

of otherwise

nonconfidential information

should be clearly identified. If

you desire confidential

treatment

only until the occurrence

of a certain event; the notice should so state. Information

so covered by a claim will be disclosed

by EPAonly

to the extent, and

through the procedures, set forth at 40 CFR. Part

2. Subpart

B (41 Federal

Register

36902. September

1, 1976.) If no confidentiality

claim accompanies.this

information

when it is received

by EPA. it may be made available

to the public by EPAwithout

further notice to you.
Quality Assurance

Handbook M9-4.1P.5 4

Sectio n 3.12.1 0 Apri l 198 3

Visible Emission

Observa SOURCE

NAME
ADDRESS

CITY PHONE STATE ZIP SOURCE

ID NUMBER PROCESS

EQUIPMENT CONTROLEQUIPMENT OPERATING MODE OPERATING

MODE DESCRIBE

EMISSION

POINT START STOP HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND

LEVEL START STOP DISTANCE

FROM OBSERVER START STOP HEIGHT RELATIVE

TO OBSERVER START STOP DIRECTION

FROM OBSERVER START STOP DESCRIBE

EMISSIONS START STOP EMISSION

COLOR START STOP WATER DROPLETS

PRESENT NO C YESO PLUME TYPE CONTINUOUS

0 FUGITIVE

0 INTERMITTENT

C IF WATER

DROPLET

PLUME ATTACHED^, DETACHED C J POINT IN THE PLUME AT WHICH OPACITY

WAS DETERMINED | START STOP DESCRIBE

BACKGROUND START STOP BACKGROUND

COLOR START STOP WIND SPEED START STOP AMBIENT

TEMP START STOP SKY CONDITIONS START STOP WIND DIRECTION START STOP WET BULB TEMP RH. per

cent

Source Layout Sketch Draw

North Arrow 

# o

Sun-fy Wind .j

. Plume and ~ Stack ^^-^*** 7 Observers Position
^^.-^^ 14U"

">

. Sun Location

Line

COMMENTS

1 HAVE RECEIVED

ACOPY

OF THESE OPACITY

OBSERVATIONS SIGNATURE TITLE DATE ion Form OBSERVATION

OATE \SEC MIN\ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0 7 5 30



### | ! 

## i i

i i 

# j j | | START

TIME

45

AVERAGE

OPACITY

FOR HIGHEST

PERIOD *^EC



### Mlti\ 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
42 0



### .

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 STOP

TIME

15 30



### ; 45

I



### | I I



## I

NUMBER

OF READINGS

ABOVE %WERE RANGE OF OPACITY

READINGS MINIMUM

MAXIMUM OBSERVERS

NAME /PRINT) OBSERVERS

SIGNATURE DATE ORGANIZATION CERTIFIED

BY VERIFIED

BY DATE DATE Quality Assurance

Handbook

M9-4.2P.5 5

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12.1 0

Visible Emission

Observation

Form This form is designed

to be used in conjunction

with EPAMethod

9. "Visual

Determination

of the Opacity of Emissions

from Stationary Sources. " Any

deviations, unusual

conditions, circumstances, difficulties, etc.. not dealt with elsewhere

on the form should be fully noted in the section provided

for comments. Following

are brief descriptions

of the type of information

that -needs to be entered on the form; for a more detailed discussion

of each part of the form, refer

to the "User's Guide to the Visible Emission

Observation

Form." 'Source Name - full company

name, parent

company

or division information, if

necessary. 'Sky Conditions

• indicate cloud cover by percentage

or by description

(clear, scattered, broken, overcast, and coior of clouds).
'Address

• street (not mailing) address

or physical location of facility where VE observation

is being made. Phone • self-explanatory.
Source ID Number

• number from NEDS. CDS. agency

file. etc. 'Process Equipment. Operating Mode • brief description

of process equipment

(include

ID no.) and operating

rate. %capacity

utilization, and/or mode (e.g.. charging, tapping). 'Control Equipment. Operating Mode • specify control device type(s) and %utilization, control

efficiency. 'Describe

Emission

Point • stack or emission

point location, geometry, diameter, color;

for identification

purposes. 'Height Above Ground

Level • stack or emission

point height, from files or engineering

drawings. 'Height Relative

to Observer

• indicate vertical position of observation point relative to stack top.
'Distance From Observer

- distance to stack ±10%: to determine, use rangefinder

or map. 'Direction

From Observer

• direction

to stack; use compass

or map; be accurate

to eight points of compass. 'Describe Emissions

• include plume behavior

and other physical characteristics

(e.g.. looping, lacy, condensing, fumigating, secondary particle formation, distance

plume visible, etc.). 'Emission

Color • gray, brown, white, red. black, etc.
Plume Type: Continuous

• opacity cycle >6 minutes Fugitive • no specifically

designed

outlet Intermittent

- opacity cycle <6 minutes

" ' Water Droplets

Present • determine

by observation

or use wet sling psychrometer;

water droplet plumes are very white, opaque, and billowy in appearance, and

usually dissipate

rapidly. "If Water Droplet Plume: Attached - forms prior to exiting stack Detached

- forms after exiting stack "Point in the Plume at Which Opacity

was Determined

• describe physical location in plume where readings

were made (e.g., 4 in. above stack exit or 10 ft after dissipation

of water plume). 'Describe

Background

• object plume is read against, include atmospheric

conditions

(eg., hazy). 'Background

Color • blue, white, new

leaf green, etc. 'Windspeed • use Beaufort

wind scale or hand-held

anomometer; be accurate

to ±5 mph.

' Wind Direction

• direction

wind is from: use compass;

be accurate to eight points. 'Ambient

Temperature

• in °F or °C. "Wet Bulb Temperature

• the wet bulb temperature

from the sling psychrometer.
"Relative

Humidity

• use sling psychrometer;

use local U.S. Weather Bureau only if nearby. 'Source Layout Sketch • include wind direction, associated stacks, roads, and

other landmarks

to fully identify location

pf emission point and observer

position. Draw North Arrow - point line of sight in direction

of emission point, place

compass

beside circle, and

draw in arrow parallel to compass

needle. Sun Location

Line - point line of sight in direction

of emission point, place

pen upright on sun location line, and

mark location ot sun when pen's shadow crosses the observers

position. "Comments

- factual implications, deviations, altercations, and/or problems

not addressed

elsewhere. Acknowledgment

• signature, title, and

date of company

official acknowledging

receipt of a copy of VE observation

form. 'Observation

Date • date observations

conducted.

'Start Time, Stop

Time - beginning

and end times

of observation period (e.g.. 1635

or 4:35 p.m.). 'Data Set - percent

opacity to nearest 5%: enter from left to right starting in left column.
'Average

Opacity

for Highest

Period • average of highest 24 consecutive

opacityreadingsNumber of Readings

Above (Frequency

Count) count of total number of readings

above a designated

opacity. 'Range of Opacity

Readings: Minimum - lowest

reading Maximum

• highest reading 'Observer's

Name • print infullObserver's

Signature, Date

• sign and date after performing

final calculations.

•Require d b

yReferenc

e Metho d 9 , othe ritem s suggested

. "Require d b

yMetho d 9 onl ywhe n particula r 'acto rcoul d affec

tth e reading

. 'Organization • observer's

employer. 'Certifier, Date

- name of "smoke school" certifying

observer

and date of most recent certification. Verifier, Date

- signature

of person responsible

for verifying observer's

calculations

and date of verification. Quality Assurance

Handbook

M.9-4.2P.5 6

Sectio n 3.12.1 0 Apri l 198 3

Visible Emission

Summary

Data Sheet Company

. Start time .Date

. Location Emission point
Start no. 1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12

• 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Total opacity Average

opacity Start

no. 37 38 39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Total opacity Average

opacity Start

no 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
82 83 84
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 Total opacity Average

opacity Start

no 109 110 111
112 113 114
115 116 117
118 119 120
121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 Total opacity



### • Average

opacity Start

no 145 146 147
148 149 150
151 152 153 154 155 156
157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 Total opacity Average

opacity Start

no 181 182 183 184 J85 186
187 188 189
190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 Total Average opacity opacity

Maximum

average Number of nonoverlapping

averages Calculated

by

_ . % Start number of six minute average

. in excess ot standard Date

. Listing

start number of -Reviewed

by these

Date averages

_ Quality Assurance

Handbook

M9-5.1 and M9-6.2P.5 7

Apri l 198 3 Sectio n 3.12.1 0

Method 9 Checklist

for Auditors
Name of individual(s)

audited Affiliation Auditor name
. Date of audit

_ .Affiliation .Auditor signature

Yes I No Comment Operation
1. Equipment

satisfactory 2. Data forms completed 3. Post-notification

(courtesy

obligation)

performed 4. Correct

identification

of point of emissions 5. Plume

associated

with process generation

point 6. Credentials

okay 7. Observer

acted in professional

and courteous

manner 8. Proper

observer

position 9. Opacity

readings

complete 10. Ancillary

measurements

available 11. Camera

used to validate sightings/source

identification 12. Facility

personnel

given a copy of raw data 13. Mutip/e

sources/plumes/outlets 14. Lighting

conditions

satisfactory 15. Background

conditions

(raining, etc.)

satisfactory 16. Slant angle recorded 17. Fugitive

emissions 18. Time of day recorded
19. Recertified

within last 6 months

General comments:

Quality Assurance

Handbook

M9-7.1