# Patent

## Title
Start-up automatic frequency control (AFC) method and apparatus

## Abstract

A method and apparatus for use in connection with wireless communication to adjust the frequency of an oscillator to synchronize with a received signal by correlating a synchronization code channel with training sequences to estimate relative offsets which are employed to estimate an error, which is then filtered. The filtered output preferably provides a voltage controlling a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The same technique may be employed to control a numeric controlled oscillator (NCO).

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/754,013, filed May 25, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,412,013, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/088,116, filed Mar. 23, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,236,547, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/629,429, filed Jul. 29, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,187,732, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/399,818 filed on Jul. 31, 2002, which are all incorporated by reference as if fully set forth.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to wireless communication and wireless devices. More particularly, the invention relates to initialization of a communication link between a base station (BS) and a user equipment (UE).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
During an initial cell search (ICS) or power-up of a UE, a training sequence of known symbols is used by the receiver to estimate the transmitted signal. In a time division duplex (TDD) signal, for example, the midamble of a TDD frame conventionally contains the training sequence of symbols. The conventional cell search process consists of a Step 1 algorithm which processes a primary synchronization code (PSC) on the primary synchronization code channel (PSCH) for synchronization channel (SCH) location determination. A Step 2 algorithm processes the secondary synchronization codes (SSC) for code group determination and timeslot synchronization, and a Step 3 algorithm performs midamble processing.
Variable control oscillators (VCOs) are commonly used at the end of an automatic frequency control (AFC) process to adjustably control the frequency of the receiver to achieve synchronization between a transmitter and a receiver. The input for the VCO is a control voltage signal, which is typically generated by a control circuit that processes the amplitude and phase of the received symbols. A common problem during an AFC process is the initial fluctuations resulting from a potentially significant frequency offset between the transmitter and the receiver.
SUMMARY
A method and apparatus for use in connection with wireless communication to adjust the frequency of an oscillator to synchronize with a received signal by correlating a synchronization code channel with training sequences to estimate positive and negative offsets which are employed to estimate an error, which is then filtered. The filtered output preferably provides a voltage controlling a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The same technique may be employed to control a numeric controlled oscillator (NCO).



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be understood from the following description and drawings in which like elements are designated by like numerals and, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the phase rotation approach for start-up AFC.
FIGS. 2A and 2B, taken together, comprise a block diagram of the interaction between start-up AFC and algorithm Steps 1, 2 and 3 of cell search.
FIG. 2 shows the manner in which FIGS. 2a and 2b are arranged to create a complete block diagram.
FIG. 3 shows a process diagram for a PI filter.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a start-up adaptive frequency control (AFC) 10 used to reduce the frequency offset between a base station (BS) and user equipment (UE) during initial cell search procedure. Start-up AFC uses a phase rotation approach, which is based on the correlations of two sequences with the primary synchronization code (PSC). The stored PSC sequence 12 is rotated in opposing directions at 14, 14a, 16, 16a to respectively determine correlations with the received sequence 18 at 20 and 22. The absolute values (a and b) are obtained at 24 and 26 and to obtain the value




  
    
      (
      
        
          a
          -
          b
        
        
          
            a
            +
            b
            +
            c
          
          ⁢
          
            
          
        
      
      )
    
    ⁢
    6
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    kHz
  
  ,




from circuit 27, where c is an arbitrary constant provided to prevent division by zero. The phase rotation at −3 kHz alternatively can be replaced by a conjugate of a rotated PSC sequence at 3 kHz since the PSC sequence can only have values of (1+j) and (−1−j).

During start-up AFC process, it is assumed that the PSC location provided is correct. Once Step 1 completes generation of the first outputs, the start-up AFC starts running. The Step 1 process and start-up AFC process run in parallel. Optimally, start-up AFC reduces the frequency offset from 6 kHz to less than 2 kHz in the least number of iterations. Table 1 shows a particular advantage of frequency correction which is an increase in allowable integrations. The number of integrations is limited, however, due to chip slip. The chip-slip upper boundary is 0.5 Tc since the maximum correlation is generated one sample later for a method utilizing twice the chip rate sampling. Table 1 summarizes the allowable number of integrations as frequency offset is reduced. Table 2 provides information on performance degradation for a coherent combining technique in the presence of carrier frequency offset.







TABLE 1







Frequency Offset vs. Number of Integrations Allowed










Slip per



Frequency Offset
frame
Number of integrations allowed












±6 kHz = ±3 ppm
0.1152 Tc
4


±4 kHz = ±2 ppm
0.0768 Tc
6


±2 kHz = ±1 ppm
0.0384 Tc
13


±1 kHz = ±0.5 ppm
0.0192 Tc
26
















TABLE 2







Frequency Offset vs. Code Length for Coherent Combining













Length of






the code




integrated
Carrier frequency Offset



Loss in dB
coherently
Fc = 2 GHz
















2.42
256
±3 ppm
6 kHz



1.04
256
±2 ppm
4 kHz



0.26
256
±1 ppm
2 kHz



0.06
256
±0.5 ppm  
1 kHz



12.62
512
±3 ppm
6 kHz



4.53
512
±2 ppm
4 kHz



1.04
512
±1 ppm
2 kHz



0.26
512
±0.5 ppm  
1 kHz










The start-up AFC procedure includes a mechanism to realign the primary synchronization code (PSC) position that may shift during correction. The Step 1 procedure can be run to eliminate the need for the mechanism while the start-up AFC algorithm is running. The Step 1 procedure updates the peak location every 4th frame.
FIG. 2 depicts the parallel processing relationship among start-up AFC and Steps 1, 2 and 3 of cell searching. Of particular concern is the relationship between Step 1 and start-up AFC. Since Step 1 works in parallel with the startup AFC, there is no need for a code tracker circuit to follow a given path. Each time Step 1 updates an output that is based on the largest detected value, start-up AFC uses the new peak location to estimate the new frequency offset.
The frequency estimator block (FEB) 31 of the start-up AFC comprises a Sequence Locator and Splitter 32, frequency estimators 34-38, a proportional plus integral (PI) filter 42, and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) or numeric controlled oscillator (NCO) 46 coupled to PI filter 42 through the sign flop 44. The input 32a to the Sequence Locator and Splitter 32 includes the PSC peak location chip-offset provided by Step 1. Start up AFC 30 is an open loop gain control block that steps through pre-defined gain levels in order to set proper input power level before digitizing the input. The main input to both Step 1 and the Sequence Locator and Splitter 32 is sampled at twice the chip rate with a length of 76,800 complex elements. Since the chip-offset points to the peak location, the beginning of the PSC is 511 samples before the chip-offset. The outputs of the Sequence Locator and Splitter 32 are generated by the following general equation:

Output=input[i−511]i  Eq. (1)

Accordingly, the three particular outputs of the Sequence Locator and Splitter 32 are represented by the following equations for early (32b), punctual (32c) and late 32(d) estimates:

Early[i]=input[i−511]i=offset−1,offset,offset+1, . . . ,offset+510  Eq. (2)

Punctual[i]=input[i−511]i=offset,offset+1,offset+2, . . . ,offset+511  Eq. (3)

Late[i]=input[i−511]i=offset+1,offset+2,offset+3, . . . ,offset+512  Eq. (4)

Although the Locator and Splitter 32 in the example given in FIG. 2, is a PSC locator, it should be understood the same approach can be used with any received sequences other than PSC.
The input samples to the Sequence Locator and Splitter are taken at twice the chip rate.
The frequency estimators 34, 36 and 38 each receive one of the three inputs provided by Equations (2)-(4). The frequency estimators estimate a different frequency offset, summed at 40, for each input sequence in accordance with FIG. 1. The frequency offset, summed at 40, is the summation of early, punctual and late estimates.
The sum of the estimates is passed through a proportional plus integral (PI) filter 42 with coefficients alpha and beta, respectively as shown in detail in FIG. 3. The PI filter bandwidth has two settings. Initially, alpha and beta are preferably 1⁄2 and 1/256, respectively as shown in detail in FIG. 3. The loop gain k is set at (k=−1.0). During steady state, alpha and beta are set to 1/16 and 1/1024, respectively. FIG. 3 depicts such a PI filter structure 42. The preferable settings for coefficients alpha and beta are summarized in Table 3. However, other filters may be substituted for the PI filter.







TABLE 3







PI Filter Coefficients as a Function of Operating Conditions.











Condition
alpha
beta







initial
1⁄2
 1/256



steady state
 1/16
 1/1024










Steady state condition is established when:
the startup AFC completes at least ten (10) iterations;
while the last eight (8) outputs (inputs to VCO) are put into a buffer of length eight (8); the difference between the absolute value of the average of the first half and that of the second half is within ±1 kHz; and
the current output to the VCO is within ±1 kHz of the absolute value of the average of the second half.
For digital applications, a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) is used in place of the VCO.
The start-up AFC algorithm relies on PSC location update to estimate the carrier frequency offset. Step 1 runs during frequency correction to update the PSC location. As such, it is preferable that start-up AFC is begun immediately following a successful Step 1 process, with Step 1 running in parallel. Step 1 continues to provide updated PSC locations once every N1 frames as per the Step 1 algorithm, where N1 is the maximum number of frames for averaging. Start-up AFC is run in this manner for a duration of L frames, with L=24 as the preferred value. The Step 1 FLAG 61 from controller 60 is set when a sequence is detected. The FEB 31 runs when the controller 60 provides an enable condition to FEB 31 at 62. Since the peak locations shift left or right in time, the Step 1 algorithm is run constantly. At the end of L frames, the start-up AFC reduces the frequency offset to about 2 kHz in many cases, which provides considerable enhancement to the Step 2 performance. The inclusion of L frames contributes to the overall cell search delay budget and hence is chosen conservatively to be L=24.
PSC processing block 66 correlates against the primary synchronization code in (synchronization channel) (SCH) over frames. The SCH location is not known.
SSC extractor block 68 utilizes the SCH location and extracts only the SCH portion, which is then passed to SSC processing block 70.
SSC processing block 70 correlates against the secondary synchronization code in synchronization channel over SCH.
Midamble Extractor block 72 utilizes the SCH location and SSC processing results and extracts the midamble portion to pass to midamble processing block 74.
Midamble processing block 74 correlates against possible midambles given by SSC processing and picks the one with the highest energy.
Periodic Cell Search block 76 performs a process which constantly searches for the best base station for the given period.
Controller 60 coordinates among stages to synchronize to a base station.
Layer 1 Controller 80 coordinates all layer 1 related hardware and software in order to maintain proper operation in the receiver.

## Claims

1. A start-up automatic frequency control method used during initial cell search processing by a receiver, where the initial cell search processing includes processing of a received sequence to facilitate the determination of a frequency location of a received signal, the method comprising:
rotating a phase of a stored sequence to produce a first version of the stored sequence having a rotated phase;
correlating the received sequence with the first version of the stored sequence to produce a first phase correlation;
correlating the received sequence with a second version of the stored sequence that has a different rotated phase than the first version to produce a second phase correlation;
combining the first and second phase correlations to provide a frequency estimate; and
filtering at least one frequency estimate to control the generation of a frequency by an oscillator;

wherein the processing to facilitate the determination of a frequency location of a received signal is repeated every N frames where N is an integer greater than 0.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the stored sequence is a primary synchronization code sequence.

3. The method of claim 1 further comprising repeating the rotating, correlating and combining a given number of times to produce a series of frequency estimates.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the rotating, correlating and combining are preferably repeated twenty-four (24) times.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein a received input power level of the received signal is adjusted prior to the rotating, correlating and combining.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the received signal is digitized after adjustment of the power level.

7. The method of claim 5 wherein the power level is set employing open loop gain control.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the initial cell search processing includes obtaining a primary synchronization code.

9. The method of claim 8 further comprising employing the primary synchronization code to extract a secondary synchronization code from the received signal.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein the primary synchronization code and secondary synchronization code are utilized to extract a midamble portion from the received input.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein a midamble having a highest energy is selected from the extracted midamble portion.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein a periodic cell search is conducted to obtain a best base station during a given period.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein the frequency is numerically controlled.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein the frequency is voltage controlled.

15. A wireless communication device comprising:
an automatic frequency control having an oscillator configured to produce an adjusted frequency during initial cell search and an associated initial cell search processing component configured to process a received sequence to facilitate the determination of a frequency location of a received signal;
the automatic frequency control having a frequency estimator configured to produce at least one frequency estimate and a filtering component configured to produce a signal to adjust the frequency produced by the oscillator; and
the frequency estimator including:
a phase rotation component configured to rotate a phase of a stored sequence to produce a first version of the stored sequence having a rotated phase;
a first phase correlator configured to correlate said received sequence with the first version of the stored sequence to produce a first phase correlation;
a second phase correlator configured to correlate said received sequence with a second version of the stored sequence that has a different rotated phase than the first version to produce a second phase correlation; and
a combining component configured to combine first and second phase correlations produced by the correlators to produce a frequency estimate.

16. The wireless communication device of claim 15 wherein the automatic frequency control includes a sequence locator associated with the initial cell search processing component and configured to selectively produce received signal input for the frequency estimator.

17. The wireless communication device of claim 16 wherein the frequency estimator includes an early frequency estimator component configured to produce a frequency estimate based on an early version of said received sequence, a punctual frequency estimator component configured to produce a frequency estimate based on a punctual version of said received sequence, a late frequency estimator component configured to produce a frequency estimate based on a late early version of said received sequence and a summer configured to sum the frequency estimates produced by the frequency estimator components.

18. The wireless communication device of claim 15 wherein the frequency estimator is configured to use is a primary synchronization code as the received sequence.

19. The wireless communication device of claim 15 wherein the filtering component is configured to selectively integrate frequency estimates responsive to an initial or steady state conditions of a cell search process and the oscillator comprises one of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and numeric controlled oscillator (NCO).

20. The wireless communication device of claim 19 wherein the filtering component is a Proportional integral (PI) filter.

21. The wireless communication device of claim 19 wherein the filtering component is a digital filter having a delay element of 1/(1−z−1).

22. A user equipment comprising the wireless communication device of claim 15.