# Patent

## Title
Drip emitter

## Abstract

A drip emitter is described herein that is advantageously configured to allow large grit to pass through the drip emitter when in use. The drip emitter includes a housing containing a flow path extending between a water inlet and a water outlet, a pressure-reducing segment, such as a tortuous path, of the flow path downstream of the inlet and upstream of the outlet, and a dynamic pressure regulator downstream of the water inlet and upstream of the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path. The dynamic pressure regulator is configured such that a decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path causes the dynamic pressure regulator to adjust to maintain a generally constant rate of flow through the water inlet as compared to the rate of flow when there is no decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path.

## Background
FIELD
A drip emitter suitable for use in irrigation systems is provided and, in particular, a drip emitter configured for tolerating larger grit sizes.
BACKGROUND
One configuration of drip emitters is to have a tortuous path upstream of a pressure regulation zone. The tortuous path is configured to reduce pressure upstream of the pressure regulation zone. The pressure regulation zone, such as a metering groove, is configured to maintain a generally constant pressure when the drip emitter is in use. However, such a configuration can disadvantageously prevent large grit from passing through the drip emitter when in use due to the reduced cross section of the flow path needed to reduce pressure in the tortuous path.
SUMMARY
A drip emitter is described herein that is advantageously configured to allow large grit to pass through the drip emitter when in use. The drip emitter includes a housing containing a flow path extending between a water inlet and a water outlet, a pressure-reducing segment, such as a tortuous path, of the flow path downstream of the inlet and upstream of the outlet, and a dynamic pressure regulator downstream of the water inlet and upstream of the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path. The dynamic pressure regulator is configured such that a decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path causes the dynamic pressure regulator to adjust to maintain a generally constant rate of flow through the water inlet as compared to the rate of flow when there is no decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path.
When large grit is partially blocking the water inlet, thereby potentially decreasing the rate of flow of water through the drip emitter, the dynamic pressure regulator can advantageously adjust to allow for the rate of water flow to remain generally constant. Moreover, the dynamic pressure regular can further adjust to allow for large grit to pass through the drip emitter, such as if there is a pressure surge at an end of an irrigation cycle or if there is a large built up of grit in the water inlet. The flow path through the drip emitter can have a minimum size greater than the minimum size of drip emitters having tortuous paths upstream of a pressure regulation zone, thereby advantageously allowing for larger grit to pass through the drip emitter and improving the overall grit tolerance of the drip emitter.
In one aspect of the drip emitter, the dynamic pressure regulator includes a first portion and a second portion. The first portion is moveable toward the water inlet in response to increased pressure acting on the second segment when there is a higher pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path and is moveable away from the water inlet in response to relatively decreased pressure acting on the second segment when there is a lower pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path. The second segment of the dynamic pressure regulator can have a diaphragm having one side facing the flow path and an opposite side exposed to the environment external to the housing.
In another aspect, the drip emitter can include check valve for substantially or completely blocking the flow path upstream of the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path and downstream of the water inlet in response to the pressure on the one side of the diaphragm facing the flow path being less than the pressure on the opposite side of the diaphragm that is exposed to the environment external to the housing. The check valve can be formed between the diaphragm and a portion of the housing. The diaphragm can be moveable toward the portion of the housing when the pressure on the one side of the diaphragm facing the flow path is less than the pressure on the opposite side of the diaphragm that is exposed to the environment external to the housing and moveable away from the portion of the housing when the pressure on the one side of the diaphragm facing the flow path is greater than the pressure on the opposite side of the diaphragm that is exposed to the environment external to the housing.
In another aspect, the housing of the drip emitter can have a lower portion and an upper portion. The pressure reducing segment of the flow path, such as a tortuous path, can be defined at least in part between the lower portion and the upper portion of the housing. The lower portion of the housing can include the water inlet and the upper portion can include the water outlet.
In yet another aspect, the drip emitter can have a pressure regulation zone defined as a gap between the water inlet and the first portion of the dynamic pressure regulator. The dynamic pressure regulator can be configured such that a decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path causes the dynamic pressure regulator to adjust to maintain a generally constant rate of flow through the water inlet by increasing the size of the gap of the pressure regulation zone as compared to the size of the gap when there is no decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path. Thus, when grit is partially blocking the water inlet, the gap of the pressure regulation zone can increase so the flow rate remains generally constant as compared to before the grit was partially blocking the water inlet.
In another aspect of the drip emitter, the lower portion of the housing has a diaphragm chamber in which the diaphragm is seated. The diaphragm divides the diaphragm chamber into a portion facing the flow path and a portion facing at least one port in communication with the environment external to the housing.
In yet another aspect of the drip emitter, the dynamic pressure regulator can be a flexible member, such as a unitary flexible member.
In another aspect of the drip emitter, the lower portion of the housing can have a barbed member with a flow path therethrough and in fluid communication with and upstream of the water inlet. An entrance to the tortuous path can be in the upper portion of the housing and an exit from the tortuous path can also be in the upper portion of the housing. The water outlet can include a flow path through a barbed member of the upper portion of the housing.
The drip emitters described herein can be attached to a length of drip irrigation tubing. The barbed member of the lower portion of the housing can extend into an interior of the length of drip irrigation tubing so that a flow path from the interior of the length of drip irrigation tubing into the drip emitter is provided. The barbed member of the upper portion of the housing can be disposed outside of the interior of the drip irrigation tubing.
The drip emitters described herein can also be part of an irrigation system having a water source, a control zone valve or a plurality of such valves, and a length of drip irrigation tubing downstream of the valve, or multiple such lengths if multiple valves. The drip irrigation tubing can be in fluid communication with a plurality of the drip emitters for discharging fluid from the water source through the drip emitters when the control zone valve is open.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a drip emitter having a dynamic pressure regulator upstream of a pressure reducing segment of a flow path through the drip emitter;
FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the drip emitter of FIG. 1, showing a housing comprising an upper portion and a lower portion with a dynamic pressure regulator therebetween;
FIG. 3 is a rear elevation view of the drip emitter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a front elevation view of the drip emitter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a right side elevation view of the drip emitter of FIG. 1, the left side elevation view being the mirror image thereof;
FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the drip emitter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 is a bottom plan view of the drip emitter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 8 is a bottom plan view of the top portion of the housing of the drip emitter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 9 is a top plan view of the bottom portion of the housing of the drip emitter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 10 is a top perspective view of the bottom portion of the housing of the drip emitter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 11 is a bottom perspective view of the top portion of the housing of the drip emitter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the dynamic pressure regulator of the drip emitter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 13 is a cross sectional view of the dynamic pressure regulator taken along line 13-13 of FIG. 14;
FIG. 14 is a top plan view of the dynamic pressure regulator of FIG. 12;
FIG. 15 is a bottom plan view of the dynamic pressure regulator of FIG. 12;
FIG. 16 is a cross section view of the drip emitter taken along line 16-16 of FIG. 6 and showing a check valve closed to block flow through the drip emitter;
FIG. 17 is a cross section view of the drip emitter similar to that of FIG. 16, but showing the check valve open to permit flow through the drip emitter;
FIG. 18 is a cross section view of the drip emitter taken along line 18-18 of FIG. 5 and showing the pressure reducing segment of the flow path through the drip emitter; and
FIG. 19 is a diagram of an irrigation system incorporating a plurality of drip emitters of FIG. 1.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
An exemplary embodiment of a drip emitter is described herein and depicted in FIGS. 1-18 and shown as part of a system in FIG. 19, where the drip emitter is advantageously configured to allow large grit to pass through the drip emitter when in use. This is accomplished in part by having relatively larger minimum cross sectional flow areas in a flow path extending between a water inlet and a water outlet as compared to prior drip emitters. For instance, in an exemplary embodiment there is no fixed cross section smaller than 0.04 inches. This can allow larger sized grit to pass through, e.g., grit of 0.02 inches in diameter or size 30 mesh particles. The relatively larger minimum cross sectional flow areas are achieved in part by having a pressure-reducing segment of the flow path, such as a tortuous path, downstream of the inlet and upstream of the outlet, and providing a dynamic pressure regulator downstream of the water inlet and upstream of the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path. The dynamic pressure regulator operates to cause the dynamic pressure regulator to adjust to maintain a generally constant rate of flow through the water inlet, even when grit partially blocks flow through the inlet. The dynamic pressure regulator can also adjust to a degree sufficient to allow for grit to pass through the remainder of the flow path. The dynamic pressure regulator can optionally be configured as part of a check valve for blocking or substantially blocking flow through the drip emitter when water pressure applied to the water inlet is below a certain threshold.
The drip emitter 10 has a housing 12 formed of an upper portion 14 and a lower portion 16, as shown in FIGS. 1-5. The upper portion 14 of the housing 12 has a barbed outlet port 18. At least part of the water outlet 20 extends through the outlet port 18, as shown in FIGS. 16 and 17. The lower portion 16 of the housing 12 has a barbed inlet port 22 with an internal fluid path 24 in fluid communication with the water inlet 26, also as shown in FIGS. 16 and 17. The barbed inlet port 22 is optionally configured to pierce a sidewall of a length of flexible irrigation tubing for establishing fluid communication with the interior thereof.
A dynamic pressure regulator 28 is disposed in an interior cavity 30 between the upper and lower portions 14 and 16 of the housing 12, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 16-18. The dynamic pressure regulator 28 has two main functions. First, the pressure regulator 28 modulates the size of a gap of a pressure regulation zone disposed between the water inlet 26 and an arcuate span 32 of the regulator 28 in order to maintain a generally constant flow rate through the drip emitter 10, as will be described in further detail below. Second, the pressure regulator 28 is part of a check valve that blocks or substantially blocks flow into the downstream pressure reducing segment of the flow path when the pressure at the water inlet 26 is below a predetermined threshold amount or range, as will also be described in further detail below.
The bottom portion 16 of the housing of the drip emitter 10 has an inner cavity 34 with a bottom wall 36 and a surrounding upstanding peripheral wall 38, as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. The bottom wall 36 has a plurality of upstanding baffles 40 about the perimeter and adjacent to the peripheral wall. The baffles 40 are part of the tortuous path, as will be described in greater detail herein. The bottom wall 36 has an annular depression 42 that forms a diaphragm chamber 44, as will be described in greater detail herein. The diaphragm chamber 44 has a bottom wall 46 of its own with a plurality of ports 48 through which ambient air from the environment outside the housing 12 can communicate with the diaphragm chamber 44 for purposes that will be described in further detail. Adjacent the diagram chamber 44 is a raised arcuate hump 50 of the bottom wall 36. The water inlet 26 extends through the arcuate hump 50 and is in fluid communication with the internal fluid path 24 of the barbed inlet port 22, as is shown in FIGS. 16 and 17. Disposed on an opposite side of the hump 50 is a recess 52 in the bottom wall 36 for receiving a portion of the dynamic pressure regulator 28.
The top portion 14 of the housing 12 of the drip emitter 10 has a cap 52 with a depending, closed wall 54, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 11. The cap 52 is designed to enclose the inner cavity 34 of the bottom portion 16 of the housing 12 of the drip emitter 10. Disposed on the underside of the cap 52 and adjacent the closed wall 54 are multiple baffles 56. These baffles 56 are part of the tortuous path, as will be described in greater detail herein. Within the closed wall 54 is an arcuate depression 58. A depending, rectangular peg 60 extends away from the cap 52 and in the same direction as the closed wall 54. A valve seat 62 is formed on a raised block 64 within the closed wall 54. The valve seat 62 communicates with an entrance 66 to the exterior of the closed wall 54 via an internal path 68 within the raised block 64, as shown in FIG. 18. A barrier 70 projects outwardly from the closed wall 54. An exit opening 72 in fluid communication with the water outlet 20 partially via an internal path 74 within the raised block 64 is disposed on an opposite side of the barrier 70 from the entrance 66.
When assembled, the upper and lower portions 14 and 16 of the housing 12 cooperate to define the tortuous path 76. More specifically, the cap 52 of the upper portion 14 of the housing 12 seats on the peripheral wall 38 of the lower portion 16 of the housing 12 and, when so seated, the closed wall 54 of the upper portion 14 of the housing 12 is inwardly spaced from and forms a channel between the peripheral wall 38 of the lower portion 16 of the housing 12, as shown in FIG. 18. Fluid can enter the tortuous path 76 via the valve seat and the entrance 66, pass between the baffles 40 and 56 arranged in an alternating pattern, and then exit via the exit opening 72 and flow to the water outlet 20, as is shown by the flow-indicating arrows in FIG. 18. The barrier 70 functions to prevent the flow of water from taking a short path between the entrance and exit openings 66 and 72.
Turning now to details of the dynamic pressure regulator 28, shown in FIGS. 2 and 12-15, the regulator 28 has the arcute span 32 with a retention flap 78 at one end and a diaphragm 80 at the opposite end. The regulator 28 is made of a unitary, flexible material, such as liquid molded silicon.
When assembled, the retention flap 78 of the regulator sits within the recess 52 in the bottom wall 34 of the bottom portion 16 of the housing 12. The peg 60 of the upper portion 14 of the housing 12 is sized to extend into the recess 52 so as to pinch the retention flap 78 therebetween to secure that end of the regulator 28 relative to the housing. The arcuate span 32 is positioned directly over the hump 50 extending upward from the bottom wall 34 of the bottom portion of the housing 12 and, in particular, directly over the water inlet 26. The arcuate span 32 generally corresponds to and is partially positioned in the arcuate recess 58 in cap of the top portion 14 of the housing 12. The diaphragm 80 is seated in the diaphragm chamber 44 of the housing 12 and divides the chamber 44 into a portion within the flow path internal to the housing and an ambient portion that is disposed between the diaphragm 80 and the bottom wall 46 of the diaphragm chamber 44.
Having described the structure of the drip emitter 10, the multiple modes of operation of the drip emitter 10 will now be described. In particular, the drip emitter 10 has an unpressurized mode that corresponds to little or no pressure at the water inlet 26, or a pressure below a certain threshold or range, and a pressurized mode. In the unpressurized mode, shown in FIG. 16, the check valve of the drip emitter 10 is closed or substantially closed to block fluid flow through the emitter 10. While there is little or no pressure, such as 0.5 psi or less, residual water in a supply line can be stopped from seeping out of the drip emitter 10. In the pressurized mode, shown in FIG. 17, the pressure at the water inlet 26 is above a certain threshold or range, such as 3.5 or 5 psi, and the check valve is open to allow fluid to flow through the drip emitter 10 and for downstream irrigation.
The check valve is formed between the regulator 28, e.g., the diaphragm 80 thereof, and the valve seat 62. When the two are engaged, as shown in FIG. 16, flow of water past the valve seat 62 is blocked. Conversely, when the two are not engaged, as shown in FIG. 17, water can flow through the drip emitter 10. The movement of the diaphragm 80 either against or away from the valve seat 62 is a function of the differential between the pressure acting on the side of the diaphragm 80 facing the flow path and the pressure acting on the side of the diaphragm 80 facing the ambient portion of the diaphragm chamber 44. When the pressure on the side of the diaphragm 80 facing the ambient portion of the diaphragm chamber 44 is greater, such as when there is little or no flow to the water inlet 26, the diaphragm 80 will shift to block flow through the valve seat 62. When the pressure on the side of the diaphragm 80 facing the flow path is greater, such as when pressurized water is supplied to the water inlet 26, the diaphragm 80 will move away from the valve seat 62 to allow flow therethrough.
As mentioned above, one of the functions of the dynamic pressure regulator 28 is to regulate the pressure at a location upstream of the tortuous path 76 and downstream of the water inlet 26. This is accomplished using movement of the regulator 28. More specifically, a pressure regulation zone or point is defined by a gap between the water inlet 26 and a portion of the arcuate span 32 of the regulator 28. The water exiting the water inlet 26 will deflect laterally upon impact with the arcuate span 32 and then flow toward the tortuous path 76. When the drip emitter 10 is in the pressurized mode, shown in FIG. 17, the size of the gap varies in response to the pressure within the flow path between the water inlet 26 and the water outlet 20. In the pressurized mode, the fluid pressure on the side of the diaphragm 80 facing the flow path is greater than the pressure in the ambient portion of the diaphragm chamber 44 on the opposite side of the diaphragm 80. This pressure differential causes the diaphragm 80 to move toward the bottom wall 46 of the diaphragm chamber 44, thereby pulling the arcuate segment closer to the hump 50 and the water inlet 26. During normal operation, for example, the size of the gap can be about 0.003 inches. If the water inlet 26 is partially blocked, or there is an upstream partial blockage, then the fluid pressure on the side of the diaphragm 80 facing the flow path can decrease, thereby causing less pulling of the arcuate span 32 toward the hump 50 and water inlet 26. Less pulling or tensioning of the arcuate span 32 means that the size of the gap can increase, thereby facilitating a return to or toward the original pressure before the partial blockage. The blockage can be due to large grit, for example. If the blockage increases to a sufficient extent, the size of the gap can increase an amount sufficient to allow the grit to pass through the water inlet 26, into the tortuous path 76, and through the water outlet 20. Such blockage can increase, for example, if more grit accumulates. Another way that the grit can pass is if there is a surge or pressure spike at the water inlet 26, such as may occur upon ceasing to supply pressurized water to the irrigation tubing to which the drip emitter 10 is connected.
As shown in FIG. 19, a plurality of the drip emitters of the type described herein can be attached in fluid communication emitter tubing as part of an irrigation system. The emitter tubing can be in turn attached to a control zone valve, as well as a filter and/or pressure regulator. The control zone valves can be supplied via supply pipe with water from a pressure source. The control zone valves can be electronically controlled using an irrigation controller.
While the foregoing description is with respect to specific examples, those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are numerous variations of the above that fall within the scope of the concepts described herein and the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A drip emitter comprising a housing containing a flow path extending between a water inlet and a water outlet, a pressure-reducing segment of the flow path downstream of the inlet and upstream of the outlet, and a dynamic pressure regulator downstream of the water inlet and upstream of the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path, the dynamic pressure regulator being configured such that a decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path causes the dynamic pressure regulator to adjust to maintain a generally constant rate of flow through the water inlet as compared to the rate of flow when there is no decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path, and the dynamic pressure regulator being configured to substantially or completely block the flow path upstream of the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path and, as part of a check valve, both downstream and spaced from the water inlet.

2. A drip emitter comprising a housing containing a flow path extending between a water inlet and a water outlet, a pressure-reducing segment of the flow path downstream of the inlet and upstream of the outlet, and a dynamic pressure regulator downstream of the water inlet and upstream of the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path, the dynamic pressure regulator being configured such that a decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path causes the dynamic pressure regulator to adjust to maintain a generally constant rate of flow through the water inlet as compared to the rate of flow when there is no decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path, wherein the dynamic pressure regulator comprises a first portion and a second portion, the first portion being moveable toward the water inlet in response to increased pressure acting on the second portion when there is a higher pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path and moveable away from the water inlet in response to relatively decreased pressure acting on the second portion when there is a lower pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path.

3. The drip emitter of claim 2, wherein the second portion of the dynamic pressure regulator comprises a diaphragm having one side facing the flow path and an opposite side exposed to the environment external to the housing.

4. The drip emitter of claim 3, further comprising a check valve for substantially or completely blocking the flow path upstream of the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path and downstream of the water inlet in response to the pressure on the one side of the diaphragm facing the flow path being less than the pressure on the opposite side of the diaphragm that is exposed to the environment external to the housing.

5. The drip emitter of claim 4, wherein the check valve is formed between the diaphragm and a portion of the housing, the diaphragm being moveable toward the portion of the housing when the pressure on the one side of the diaphragm facing the flow path is less than the pressure on the opposite side of the diaphragm that is exposed to the environment external to the housing and moveable away from the portion of the housing when the pressure on the one side of the diaphragm facing the flow path is greater than the pressure on the opposite side of the diaphragm that is exposed to the environment external to the housing.

6. The drip emitter of claim 5, wherein the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path is a tortuous path.

7. The drip emitter of claim 6, wherein the housing comprises a lower portion and an upper portion, and the tortuous path is defined between the lower portion and the upper portion.

8. The drip emitter of claim 7, wherein the lower portion includes the water inlet and the upper portion includes the water outlet.

9. The drip emitter of claim 8, wherein there is a pressure regulation zone defined as a gap between the water inlet and the first portion of the dynamic pressure regulator, the dynamic pressure regulator being configured such that a decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path causes the dynamic pressure regulator to adjust to maintain a generally constant rate of flow through the water inlet by increasing the size of the gap of the pressure regulation zone as compared to the size of the gap when there is no decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path.

10. The drip emitter of claim 9, wherein the lower portion of the housing has a diaphragm chamber in which the diaphragm is seated, the diaphragm dividing the diaphragm chamber into a portion facing the flow path and a portion facing at least one port in communication with the environment external to the housing.

11. The drip emitter of claim 10, wherein the dynamic pressure regulator is a flexible member.

12. The drip emitter of claim 11, wherein the lower portion of the housing has a barbed member with a flow path therethrough and in fluid communication with and upstream of the water inlet.

13. The drip emitter of claim 12, wherein an entrance to the tortuous path is in the upper portion of the housing and an exit from the tortuous path is in the upper portion of the housing.

14. The drip emitter of claim 13, wherein the water outlet comprises a flow path through a barbed member of the upper portion of the housing.

15. The drip emitter of claim 14, in combination with a length of drip irrigation tubing, the barbed member of the lower portion of the housing extends into an interior of the length of drip irrigation tubing so that a flow path from the interior of the length of drip irrigation tubing into the drip emitter is provided, and the barbed member of the upper portion of the housing is disposed outside of the interior of the drip irrigation tubing.

16. An irrigation system comprising:
a water source;
a control zone valve; and
a length of drip irrigation tubing downstream of the valve, the drip irrigation tubing in fluid communication with a plurality of drip emitters in accordance with claim 2 for discharging fluid from the water source through the drip emitters when the control zone valve is open.

17. A drip emitter comprising a housing containing a flow path extending between a water inlet and a water outlet, a pressure-reducing segment of the flow path downstream of the inlet and upstream of the outlet, and a dynamic pressure regulator downstream of the water inlet and upstream of the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path, the dynamic pressure regulator being configured such that a decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path causes the dynamic pressure regulator to adjust to maintain a generally constant rate of flow through the water inlet as compared to the rate of flow when there is no decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path, wherein there is a pressure regulation zone defined as a gap between the water inlet and an adjacent portion of the dynamic pressure regulator, the dynamic pressure regulator being configured such that a decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path causes the dynamic pressure regulator to adjust to maintain a generally constant rate of flow through the water inlet by increasing the size of the gap of the pressure regulation zone as compared to the size of the gap when there is no decrease in pressure in the pressure-reducing segment of the flow path.

18. The drip emitter of claim 17, wherein the dynamic pressure regulator includes a diaphragm portion, the diaphragm portion being configured to move the portion of the dynamic pressure regulator adjacent the inlet toward the inlet to decrease the gap therebetween.

19. The drip emitter of claim 18, wherein the diaphragm portion has a side facing the flow path and another side exposed to ambient pressure external to the housing.

20. The drip emitter of claim 1, wherein a portion of the dynamic pressure regulator is exposed to ambient pressure external to the housing.