THI RD DI VI SI ON

ELLI NGTON, P. J.

, DI LLA RD and M C FA DDEN, JJ.

N O T IC E : M otions for r e c ons i de r a tion m us t be

ph y sic a l ly r e ce iv ed i n our c le r k ’s offic e w ithin te n

da y s of the da te of de c is ion to be de e m ed tim e ly file d.

http://w w w .ga a ppe a l s .us /r ule s

Nov em ber 17, 2015



# I n th e Co u r t o f

A p p eals o f

G eo r g ia

A1 5 A1 48 3 . STATE v . HOLT. J E-0 5 4 C

E LLI N G T O N , Pres i d i n g J ud g e.

Th e St at e o f Geo rg i a ap p eal s t h e tri al co u rt ’ s o rd er g ran t i ng

, i n p art

, J am i e Su e

H o l t ’ s m o ti o n t o s u p p res s ev i den ce d eri v ed fo l l o wi n g her d et en t i o n i n Ch e r o k e e

Co u n t y fo r s u s p i ci o n o f d ri v in g u n d er t h e in fl uen ce o f al co h o l. Fo r t h e reas o n s s et

fo rt h b el o w, we co n c l u d e t h at t h e t ri al co urt erred i n s u p p res s i ng th e ev id en ce an d

rev ers e.

“ [O] n ap p eal fro m a ru l i n g o n a m o t i o n to s u p p res s

, we d efer t o t h e t ri al co urt ’ s

fact ual fi n di n g s an d cred i b il i ty det erm i n at i on s

, b u t rev iew de n o v o t h e co urt ’ s

ap p li cat io n o f th e l aw t o t h e un d i s p u t ed fact s .” (Fo o t n o te om i t t ed .) S t a t e v. Mo s l ey

,

3 2 1 Ga. Ap p

. 2 3 6 (7 3 9 SE2 d 10 6 ) (2 01 3 ). See al s o Hu gh es v. St a t e

, 2 9 6 Ga. 7 4 4

, 7 4 6

( 1 ) ( 7 7 0 S E 2 d 6 3 6 ) (2 0 1 5 ) (“ W h en t h e fact s m at eri al t o a m o t i on t o s u pp res s ar ed i s p u t ed

, i t g en eral l y i s fo r th e t ri al ju d g e to res o lv e t h o s e d i s p u t es an d d et erm i n e t h e

m a t eri al fact s .”). Al t h o ug h w e d efer t o t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s fi n d i n g s o f fact an d i t s

d et erm i n at i o n o f cred i b i l i t y

, “ wh ere co n t ro ll i ng fact s are n o t i n d i s p ut e, s uch as t h o s e

fact s d is cern i b le fro m a v i d eo t ap e, ou r rev i ew i s d e n o v o.” (Ci t at io n

, p u n ct u at i o n

, an d

fo o t n o t e om i tt ed .) Bo

yd v. S t a t e

, 3 1 5 G a. Ap p

. 2 5 6

, 2 57 (1 ) (7 2 6 SE2 d 7 4 6 ) (2 0 1 2 ).

Th e ev id en ce s ho ws th at o n Ap ri l 2 8

, 2 0 14

, a Geo rg i a St at e Pat ro l t ro o p er was

d i s p at ch ed t o i n ves t i gat e an i n ci d en t i n wh i ch a car s i d es wi p ed a v en d i ng m ach i n e at

a K ro g er g as s t at i o n

. A ft er t h e tro o per arri v ed at t he s cen e at 4 : 4 4 p.m

. , a m an t o l d t h e

t ro o p er t h at Ho l t was “ b ei ng a l i t t l e b el l i g eren t, n o t act i n g no rm al

, an d

. . . m i g h t h av e

h ad s o m et h i n g t o d ri n k .” 1 Th e tro o p er ap p ro ach ed Ho l t

, wh o was p u m p in g g as

, an d

as k ed h er i f s h e had b een in v o l v ed i n t h e i n ci d en t

. Th e t ro o p er d et erm i ned t h at Ho l t

was n o t t h e d ri v er o f t h e car t h at h it t h e v en d i n g m ach i n e. Ho wev er, du ri n g t h ei r

c o n v e r s at i o n t h e t ro o p er s m el l ed al co h o l o n H o l t ’ s b reat h

. Th e o ffi cer al so n o t i ced

t h at Ho l t’ s “ s p eech was a l it t l e o ff” an d t h at s h e h ad b l o o d s h o t ey es

, an d s h e ad m i t t ed

t o hav i n g h ad o n e o r t wo g l as s es o f wi n e an d t o d ri v in g t o t h e gas st at io n

. Th e t ro o p er

as k ed Ho l t t o wal k wi t h h i m t o h i s p at ro l car.

1 Al t h o u g h t he o ffi cer was u n der t h e i m pres s i o n t h at t h e m an was a K r o g e r

em pl o y ee, t h e ev i den ce s ho wed , an d t h e t ri al co u rt fo u n d , t h at h e was a cu s t o m er.

2Th e t ro o p er’ s p at ro l car-m o u n t ed v i d eo s h o wed t h e t ro o per an d Ho lt , at 4 : 5 1

p .m

., s t an d i n g i n fro n t o f t h e pat ro l car. Ho l t s u b m i t t ed t o an al co -s en s o r t e s t

, an d,

aft er s ev eral at tem

p t s

, s h e g av e a s u ffi ci en t s am p l e wh i ch t es t ed po s it i ve fo r al co h ol

an d g av e a n u m eri cal res u l t o f “ .1 2 4

, ” wh i ch t h e tro o p er h ad H o l t read al ou d

. Th e

t ro o p er to l d Ho l t th at s h e h ad co n s um ed m o re t h an a g l as s o f wi ne, an d t o “ h an g o ut

ri gh t t h ere” i n fro n t o f t h e pat ro l car. He al s o s ai d t h at h e wo u l d ch eck h er ag ai n

, an d

i n d i cat ed t h at i f t h e t es t res ul t s wen t d o wn

, “ m ay b e we’ l l g et s o m eb od y t o g et y o u a

ri de.”

Th e v i d e o s h o w e d t hat fro m 4 : 5 4 p .m

. t o 5 : 06 p .m

. , t he tro o p er t urn ed h i s

i n v es t i g at i o n t o t h e o t h er d ri v er an d t h e i n ci d en t fo r wh i ch h e h ad b een d i s p at ch ed

.

Ho l t w as s h o wn wal k i n g o n an d o ff t he s c r e e n s ev eral t i m es

, al o n e an d wi t h o ut

res t rai n t s , an d t h e t ro o p er t ol d h er t o rem ai n i n fro nt o f t h e p at ro l car. At 5 : 0 5 p .m

.,

t h e t r o o p er cal l ed o n h i s rad io fo r an o t h er t ro op er. Ap p ro x i m at el y 1 2 m i n u t es aft er

t h e in i t i al al co -s en s o r tes t, t h e t ro o p er ret u rn ed to Ho l t to co n d u ct a s eco n d t es t

. Th e

al co -s en s o r t es t wa s a g ai n po s i t i v e, an d t h e n um eri cal res u l ts w ere t h e s am e. Th e

t ro o p er i n s t ru ct ed Ho lt t o “ han g o u t ri g ht h ere” at t h e p at ro l car, an d h e t ol d Ho l t t h at

,

“ we’ re g o i n g t o d o so m e m o re t es t i n g, bu t fi rs t

, I g o t t a g et t h i s t ak en ca r e o f,

3o k ay [? ] .” Du ri n g t h e co n v ers at i o n Ho l t as k ed t h e t ro o p er, “ W hat ’ s t h e l eg al l i m i t ? ”

an d t h e t ro op er res p o n d ed t h at i t was 0 .0 8

.

Th e seco n d al co -s en s o r t es t was co m p l et ed at 5 : 0 7 p .m

., an d t h e t ro op er, wh i l e

ap p a r e n t l y o n hi s cel l p h o n e, s p o k e w i t h an o t her t ro o per at 5 : 1 0 p .m

. T he t ro o p er

c o u l d b e h eard s ay i n g, “ I’ v e g o t t wo DUIs ; I’ l l g i v e y o u on e o f th em

. On e al co h o l

,

o n e d ru g s.” 2 Th e t ro o per t h en co n t i n u ed h i s i n v es t i g at i o n i n t o t h e d ri v er wh o cras h ed

i n t o th e v en d i n g m ac h i n e

. T h e v i deo s ho wed t h at t h e t ro op er co n d u ct ed a fi el d

s o b ri et y t es t of th e o t h er d ri v er, p l aced h e r u n d e r arres t

, an d t hen read t h e i m p l i ed

co n sen t ri g h t s , al l o f wh ich o ccu rred fro m 5 : 11 p .m

. t h ro ug h 5 : 2 8 p .m acco rd i n g t o

t h e t i m e s t am

p o n t he v i deo . Th e t ro o per co u l d t h en b e h eard d i s cu s s i n g p o s t -arres t

i s su es wi t h t he o th er d ri v er an d

, ap p aren t l y

, h er m o t h er, fo r s ev eral m i n u t es

. Th e

t ro o p er i n fo rm ed Ho l t at 5 : 38 p .m . t h at an o t h er t ro o p er was o n h i s way

.

Th e s eco n d t ro o p er arri v ed at 5 : 3 9 p

. m

., ap p ro x im at el y 5 0 m i n u t es aft er Ho l t

was fi rs t s een o n t h e v i d eo st an d i n g at t h e fi rs t t r o o p e r ’s p o l i ce car. W i t h i n t h ree

m i n u t es o f t h e s eco n d t ro o p er’ s arri v al , t h e fi rs t t ro o p er l eft wi t h t h e o t h er d ri v er in

h i s cu s t o d y

. Ho l t ap p eared o n t h e s eco n d t r o o p e r’ s v i d eo at 5 : 4 3 p .m

. Th e s eco n d

2 Al t h o u g h th e au d i o p o rt i o n o f t h e v i d eo is les s t h an cl ear as t o t h i s

co n vers at i on , t h e t ri al co u rt fo u n d i n i t s o rd er t h at t h is i s wh at t h e t ro o p er s ai d , an d

t h e St at e d oes n o t d i s p u t e t h i s fi n d i ng

.

4t ro o p er co m pl et ed H o lt ’ s fi el d s o b ri et y t es t by 5: 4 8 p .m

., wh en h e to ok H o l t i n t o

cu s t o d y , an d h e read h er t h e i m p l i ed co ns en t n ot i ce at 5 : 5 3 p .m

.

Th e fi rs t t ro o p er t es t i fi ed at t h e m o ti o n -t o -s u p p res s h eari n g th at h e co n d u ct ed

a p ort i o n o f an h o ri zo n t al g aze n y s t ag m us t es t , wh i ch i s a fi el d s o b ri et y ev al u at i o n,

an d t hat h e s aw s u s t ai n ed n y s t ag m u s at m ax i m

u m d ev i at i o n i n Ho l t ’ s ey es

. Th e t ri al

co u rt fo u n d t h at t h e t es t wa s c o n d u c t e d o ff vi ew o f t h e vi d eo “ at s o m e po i n t .” Th e

fi rs t t ro o p er al s o t e s t i fi ed t h at h e t urn ed o ver Ho l t ’ s i n v es t i g at i o n t o t he s eco n d

t ro o p er b ecau s e h e w an t ed t o “ an s wer t h e cal l” fo r wh i ch h e was i n i ti al ly di s p at ch ed

.

Acco rd in g t o t h e fi rs t t ro o per, h e b el i ev ed t h at Ho l t h ad b een d ri n k i n g al co ho l b efo re

d ri v i ng

, b u t h e d i d n o t de t erm i n e wh et h er Ho l t was l es s s afe t o d ri v e. Th e s eco n d

t ro o p er t es t i fi ed t hat Ho l t ’ s p erfo rm an ce o n t h e fi el d s o b ri et y t es ts

, wh i ch i n cl u d ed

t h e ho ri zo n t al g aze n y s t ag m u s t e s t

, t h e wal k -an d -t u rn

, an d t h e on e-l eg st an d

, were

co n si s t en t wi t h s o m eo n e wh o was un d er t h e in fl u en ce o f al co h o l t o t h e ex t en t i t was

l es s s afe t o d ri ve.

Fo l l owi n g h er arres t an d s u b s eq u en t accu sat i o n i n t he St at e Co urt o f Ch ero kee

Co u n t y fo r t h e o ffen s es of d ri v i n g u n d er t h e in fl uen ce i n v i o l at i o n o f OCGA § 4 0 -6

-

3 9 1 (a) (1 ) (l es s safe) an d OCGA § 4 0 -6 -3 9 1 (a) (5 ) (p er se), Ho l t m o v ed t o s u p p res s

fro m ev i d en ce th e res ul t s o f t h e St at e ad m i n i s t ered b reat h t es t, t h e fi el d s o b ri et y t es t s

,

5a s w e l l as an y s t at em en ts sh e m ad e t o t h e t ro op ers

. Th e t ri al co u rt

, a f t e r a n

ev i d en t i ary h eari n g

, g ran t ed Ho l t ’ s m o ti o n i n p art . In i t s o rd er, t h e t ri al co urt fo u n d

t h at Ho l t was un der arres t at 5 : 1 0 p .m

., aft er t h e fi rs t t ro o per to l d t h e seco n d t ro o p er,

“ I ’v e g o t t w o DUIs

, I’ l l g i v e y o u o n e o f t h em ,” b u t t h at t h e fi rs t t ro o p er l ack ed

p ro b ab l e cau se fo r an arres t at t h at t i m e. Al t ern at i vel y

, t h e t ri al co u rt fo u n d

, i f t h ere

was p ro b ab l e cau s e fo r Ho l t ’ s arres t at 5 : 10 p .m

., b ecau s e t h e i m pl i ed co n s en t

warn i n g was g i v en 38 m i n ut es aft er Ho l t ’ s arres t

, t h e res u l t s o f t he t es ts fo l l owi n g t h e

warn i n g m

us t b e s u pp res s ed

. An d

, t h e t ri al co u rt h el d

, fo ll o wi n g Ho lt ’ s arres t at 5 : 1 0

p .m

., t h e q u es ti o n i n g an d i nv es t i g at i o n co n d u c t e d b y t h e s eco n d tro o p er am o u n t ed

t o a cu st o d i al i n t erro g at i on wi t h ou t a p ri o r reci t at io n o f H o l t ’ s Mi r a n da 3 ri g ht s

,

req u i ri n g t h e s u p p res s i o n o f th e res u l t s o f t h e s eco n d t ro o p er’ s i n v es t i gat i o n

. Las t l y

,

t h e t ri al co u rt fo u n d th at t h e l en g t h o f H o l t ’ s d et en ti o n was un reas o n ab l e. Th e t ri al

co u rt s u p p res s ed fro m ev id en ce an y t h i n g l earn ed i n t h e co u rs e o f t h e i n v es t i g at i o n

aft er 5 : 1 0 p .m

. , i n cl u di n g t h e s eco n d t ro o p er’ s o b serv at i on s an d fi el d i n ves t i g at i o n,

Ho l t’ s ag reem en t to i m

p l i ed co n s en t t es t i n g, an d t h e res u l t s o f t h e en s u i n g tes t s

. Th e

St at e ap p eal s fro m

t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s o rd er.

3 See Mi r a n d

a v. Ar i z o n a , 3 8 4 U.S. 4 3 6 (8 6 SCt 1 60 2

, 1 6 LE2 d 6 9 4 ) (1 9 6 6 ).

61

. We fi rs t ad d res s Ho l t ’ s m o t i o n to d i sm i s s t h is ap p eal

. Sh e arg u es t h a t t h e

St at e fai l ed t o co m

p l y wi t h OCGA § 5 -7 -1 (a) (5 ), 4 wh i ch

, i f ap p l icab l e, req u i red t h e

St at e t o fi l e i ts no t i ce o f ap p eal wi t h i n t wo d ay s o f t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s o rd er an d t o cert i fy

t o th e tri al co u rt t h at t h e ap p eal was n o t tak en fo r d el ay an d t h at t h e ev i d en ce was a

s u b s t an t i al p ro o f o f m at eri al fact i n t h e p ro ceed i n g

. Ho lt co nt en d s th at th e ap p eal was

s u b ject t o t h i s req u i rem en t b ecau s e t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s ord er ex cl u des “ o t her ev i d en ce”

fo r p urp os es o f O CGA § 5 -7 -1 (a) (5 ). Ho wev er, t h e St at e’ s ap peal was fro m an o rd er

wh i ch ex cl u ded t h e res u l t s o f t es t s fo r al co h o l an d was p ro p erl y fi l ed u n der OCGA

§ 5 -7 -1 (a) (4 ), wh i ch p ro v i d es :

An ap p eal m ay b e t ak en b y an d o n b eh al f of t h e St at e o f Geo rg ia

. . . i n

cri m i n al cas es

. . . [f] ro m an o rd er, d eci s i o n

, o r ju d g m en t s u p p res s in g o r

4 O CGA § 5 -7 -1 (a) (5 ) p ro v i des t h at an ap p e a l m ay b e t ak en b y th e St at e in

cri m i n al cas es :

Fro m an o rd er, d eci s io n

, o r j u d gm en t ex cl u d in g an y o t h er ev i den ce t o

b e u s ed b y t h e st at e at t ri al on an y m o t i o n fi l ed b y t he s t at e o r d efen d an t

at l eas t 3 0 d ay s p ri o r t o t ri al an d ru l ed o n p ri o r to t h e i m p an el i ng of a

ju ry o r t h e d efen d an t b ei n g p u t i n jeo p ard y

, wh i ch ev er o ccu rs fi rs t

, i f:

(A) No t wi t h s t an d i n g t h e p ro v is i on s o f Co d e Sect i o n 5 -6 -3 8, t he

n o t i ce o f ap p eal fi led p urs u an t t o t h i s p arag rap h i s fi l ed wi t h i n t wo d ay s

o f s u ch o rd er, d eci s i o n , o r ju d g m en t ; an d

(B) Th e p ro s ecu t i n g at t o rn ey cert i fi es t o t h e tri al co u rt t h at s u ch ap peal

i s n o t t ak en fo r pu r

p o s e o f d el ay an d t h at t h e ev i d en ce i s a s u b s tan t i al

p ro o f o f a m at eri al fact i n t h e p ro ceed i n g.

7ex cl ud i n g ev i d en ce i l l eg al l y s ei zed o r excl u d i n g

t h e r es u l t

s o f a n y t es t

f o r a l co h o l o r dru g s in t h e cas e o f m ot i o n s m ad e an d ru l ed up o n p ri o r

t o t h e i m p an el i n g o f a ju ry o r t h e defen d an t b ei n g p u t i n je o p a r dy

,

wh i ch ev er o ccu rs fi rs t [.]

(Em p h a s i s s u p p l i ed .). See S ta t e v. S mi t h

, 32 9 G a. Ap p

. 6 4 6 n

. 5 (7 6 5 SE2 d 7 8 7 )

(2 0 1 4) (p h y s i cal p reced en t o nl y ) (St at e ap p eal ed fro m o rd er s u p p res s in g t h e res u l t s

o f t wo s o b ri et y t es t s u n d er OCGA § 5 -7 -1 (a) (4 )); S t a te v. Mo s l ey

, 3 2 1 Ga. Ap p

. 2 3 6,

2 3 8 n

. 1 (7 3 9 SE2 d 1 06 ) (2 0 1 3 ) (ap p eal fro m g r a n t o f m ot i o n t o s u p p res s fi el d

s o b ri et y -t es t res u l t s an d an y s u b s eq u en t t es t i m o n i al ev i d en ce was au t h o ri zed by

OCGA § 5 -7 -1 (a) (4 )). An ap peal u n d er OCGA § 5 -7 -1 (a) (4 ) i s n ot s u b ject t o t h e

ad d it i o n al req u i rem en ts set fo rt h i n OCGA § 5 -7 -1 (a) (5 ) (A) an d (B). Ho l t ’ s m o t i o n

t o d i s m i s s t h e ap p eal i s d en i ed

.

2

. T he St at e co n t en ds t h at t h e t ri al co u rt erred in ex cl u d i n g ev i d en ce g at h ered

aft er 5 :1 0 p .m

. o n t h e b as i s t h at Ho l t was t hen u n d er arres t an d no p ro b ab l e cau s e fo r

t h e arres t ex i s t ed at t h at t i m e. W e ag ree.

(a) Th ere are t h ree g en eral cl as s es

, o r “ t i ers ,” o f p o l i ce-ci t i zen en co u n t ers : “ (1 )

v erb al co m

m u n i cat i o n s i n v o lv in g n o co erci o n o r d et en t io n ; (2 ) b ri ef st o p s or s ei zu res

t h at req u i re reas o n ab l e s u s p i ci o n ; an d (3 ) arres t s

, wh i ch can o n l y b e s u p p o r t e d b y

p ro b ab l e cau s e.” (Pu n ct u at i on an d fo o t n o t e o m i t ted .) Ba ca l l a o v. S t a t e

, 30 7 Ga. Ap p.

85 3 9

, 5 40 -5 4 1 (7 0 5 SE2 d 3 0 7) (2 01 1 ). Th e t ri al co u rt fo u n d

, an d t h e p art i e s d o n ot

d i s p u t e, t h at t h e p ol i ce-ci t i zen en co u n t er b et w een t h e fi rs t t ro op er an d Ho l t b eg an as

a fi rs t -t ier en co u n ter wh i ch t h en es cal at ed i n t o a s eco n d -t i er en co u n t er b y t h e t i m e t h e

t ro o p er di rect ed Ho l t t o th e fro n t o f h i s p at ro l car an d sh e b l ew i n t o t h e al co -s en s o r.

Ev en ab sen t p ro bab l e cau se, d u ri n g a s eco n d-t i er en co u n t er, “ an o ffi cer m ay s t o p an d

d et ai n a p ers o n b ri efl y wh en t h e o ffi cer h as a p art i cu l ari zed an d o b ject i v e b as i s fo r

s u s p ect i n g t h e p ers o n i s i n vo l v ed in cri m i n al act i v i t y

. ” (Ci t at i o n an d pu n ct u at i o n

o m it t ed .) S t a t e v. Ha mmo n d

, 3 1 3 Ga. Ap p

. 8 8 2

, 8 8 4 (7 2 3 SE2 d 8 9 ) (2 0 1 2). See Ter r y

v. Oh i o

, 3 9 2 U. S. 1 (8 8 SCt 1 8 68

, 2 0 LE2 d 8 89 ) (1 9 6 8 ). H ere, as t h e t ri al co u rt

n o t ed

, t h e fi rs t t ro o p er had an o b ject i v e bas i s fo r s u s p ect i n g Ho l t o f cri m i n al co n d u ct

an d d et ai n ed h er fo r p u rp o s es o f a DUI i n v es t i g at i o n in t h at Ho l t h ad an o d o r o f

al co h o l ab o u t h er pers o n

, s h e ad m i t t ed t o d ri n ki n g

, h er ey es were b lo o d s h o t

, an d s h e

h ad b een d ri v i n g. See, e.g

., Cr o s b y v. S t a te , 2 1 4 Ga. Ap p . 7 5 3

, 7 5 4 -7 5 5 (4 4 9 SE2 d

1 4 7 ) (1 9 9 4 ) (Fi n d i n g t h at t h e o ffi cer was n o t req u i red t o h av e art i cu l ab l e s u s p i ci o n

t o ap p ro ach ap pel l an t’ s s t o p p ed v eh i cl e an d t al k w i th h i m , an d t h at “ o n ce ap p el l an t

ro l l ed d o wn h i s wi n do w an d rev eal ed h i s b l o o d s h o t ey es an d t h e s t ro n g o d o r o f

al co h o l

, [t h e o ffi cer] h ad reas o n ab le g ro u n d s to co n d u ct an i n v es t i g at i v e i n q u i ry to

9d et erm i n e w h et h er ap p el l an t w as en g ag ed i n cri m i n al act i vi t y

, e.g

., dri v i n g u n d er t h e

i n fl u en ce.”).

At i s s u e i s t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s d et erm i n at i o n t h at

, n o twi th s t an d i ng t h at Ho l t was

,

at l eas t in t h e b eg i n n i n g

, lawfu l ly d et ai n ed fo r p u rp os es of an i n v es t ig at o ry d et en t i o n,

h er d et en t i o n was s u b s eq u en t l y el ev at ed t o an arres t at 5 : 1 0 p .m ., at wh i ch t i m e t h e

fi rs t tro o p er l ack ed t h e neces s ary p ro b ab l e cau s e t o arres t Ho lt

. Th e St at e d o es n ot

co n tes t t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s fi n d i ng t h at t h e fi rs t t ro o p er l ack ed p ro b ab le cau se t o arres t

Ho l t; rat h er, t he St at e m ai n t ai n s t h at Ho l t rem ai ned i n an in v es ti g at o ry d et en t i o n u n t i l

s h e was p l aced u n d er arres t b y t h e s eco n d t ro o p er.

Al t h ou g h Ho l t was n o t free t o l eav e aft er t h e o ffi cer to l d h er t o s tay

, “ n o t ev ery

d et en t i o n i s an arres t .” (Ci t at i o n o m i t t ed .) Ha r p er v. S t a te

, 24 3 Ga. Ap p

. 7 0 5, 7 0 7 (1 )

(5 3 4 SE2 d 1 5 7 ) (2 0 0 0 ). Rat h er,

[t ] h e t es t fo r d et erm i n i n g wh et h er a p ers o n h as b een p l aced u nd er

cu s t od ial arres t i s wh et h er t h e i n d i v i d ual w as fo rm al l y arres ted o r

res t rai n ed t o a d e g r e e as s o ci at ed wi t h a fo rm al arres t

, n o t wh et h er th e

p o l i ce h ad p ro b ab l e cau s e t o arres t

. Th e t es t i s w h et h er a reas o n ab l e

p ers on i n t h e s u s p ect ’ s po s i t i o n wo u l d h av e t h o u g h t t h e d et en ti o n w o u l d

n o t b e t em

p o rary

. A t ri al co u rt d eci d i n g wh et her t o ad m i t ev i d en ce m u s t

ap p l y t hi s o bject i v e t es t ; i t i s t h e reas o n ab l e b el i ef o f an o rd i n ary p ers o n

u n d er s u ch ci rcu m s t an ces

, an d n o t t h e s u bject i v e b el i ef o r i n t en t o f th e

o ffi cer, t h at d et erm in es wh et h er an arres t h as b een effect ed

.

10(Ci t at i o n an d p u n ct uat i o n om it t ed .) Lewi s v. St a t e

, 2 9 4 Ga. A p p

. 60 7

, 6 0 8 (1 ) (a) (6 6 9

SE2 d 5 5 8 ) (2 0 0 8). See Ch r i s t y v. S t a t e , 3 1 5 Ga. Ap p

. 6 47

, 65 2 (2 ) (7 2 7 SE2 d 2 6 9 )

(2 0 1 2) (acco rd ); S t a t e v. No r r i s

, 2 8 1 Ga. Ap p

. 1 9 3

, 1 9 5 (6 3 5 SE2 d 8 1 0 ) (2 0 0 6 ) (“ A

t h i rd -t i er arres t i s

. . . a fu l l-b lo w n cu s t o d ial arres t as o p p os ed to a t em p o rary s eco n d

t i er i n v es t i g at i ve d et en t i o n ”). Th e d et erm i n at i o n o f wh et her a d et en t i o n am o u n t s t o

a cu s to d i al arres t “ i s a m ix ed qu es t i o n o f fact an d l aw, [an d ] w e co n s t ru e t h e ev i d en ce

m o st fav o rab ly t o u p h ol d th e t ri al co u rt ’ s fi n d i n g s an d accep t t h o s e fi n d i n g s u n l es s

t h ey are cl earl y erro n eo u s

, b ut we i n d ep en den tl y ap p l y t h e l eg al p ri nci p l es t o t h o s e

fact s.” (Ci t at i o n o m i t t ed .) Pa rker v. S t a te

, 32 6 Ga. Ap p. 17 5

, 1 7 8 (2 ) (7 5 4 SE2 d 4 0 9 )

(2 0 1 4).

In t h i s cas e, t h e fi rs t t ro op er n ev er t o l d Ho l t t h at s h e was un d er arres t

. H o l t was

n o t h an d cu ffed

, n o r p l aced i n t he fi rs t t ro o per’ s pat ro l car. T he t ri al co u rt

, h o wev er,

d i s co u n ted t h e fact t h at t h e fi rs t t ro o p er d i d no t h an d cu ff Ho lt i n as m u ch as t h e t ro o p er

d i d n o t h an d cu ff t he ot her d ri v er wh en h e arres t ed h er. Th e t ri al co u rt n o t ed t h at Ho l t

“ h ad bl o wn o v er t h e l eg al l i m i t t wi ce” b efo re t he t ro op er t o l d h er t o s t a y. A n d

, t h e

t ri al co u rt fo u n d

, w h en at 5: 10 p .m

. t h e fi rs t t ro o p er t o l d t he s eco n d t ro o per, “ I’ v e g ot

t wo DUIs ; I’ l l g iv e y ou o n e o f t h em ,” t h e fi rs t t ro o per h ad “ v oca l i z e d w h a t a

11d et erm i n at i o n o f t he res u l t o f an i n v es t i g at i o n wo ul d b e,” an d t h at “ an o b j e c t i v e

p ers o n fro m [Ho l t ’ s ] v an t ag e p oi n t ” wo u l d h av e co n cl u d ed th at s h e was u nd er arres t

.

In i t s an al y s i s, t h e t ri al co u rt i m p l i ci tl y as s u m es t h at Ho l t was aware o f act i on s

an d co m m en t s t hat were n o t s p eci fi cal l y di rect ed at h er. Fo r ex am p l e, t h e t ri al co u rt

rel i es o n co m

m en ts t h at t h e fi rs t t ro o p er m ak es to t h e s eco n d t ro o p er, ap p aren t l y o n

a cel l p h o n e, an d ev en ts t h at i n v o l ved t h e o t h er d ri v er an d t h e fi rs t t ro o p er. W e t ak e

n o i s s ue wi t h t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s co n cl u s i o n t h at Ho l t wo u l d hav e h eard an d s een t h es e

t h i n g s

, b ut wh at Ho l t h eard an d s aw was co n s i s t en t wi th w h at t h e fi rs t t ro o p er s ai d

t o Ho lt b efo re h e p ro ceed ed t o f o c u s e x c l u si v el y o n t he i n v es t i gat i on o f th e o t h er

d ri v er. Th e fi rs t t ro o p er t o l d Ho l t aft er t h e s eco n d al co -s en s o r t es t t o “ h an g o u t ,” an d

t h at “ we’ re g o i n g t o d o s o m e m o re t es t i n g

, b u t fi rs t

, I g o t t a g et t hi s t ak en care o f,

o k ay [? ] .” An o b

ject i ve p ers o n wo u l d h av e u n d ers t o o d t h at (1 ) s h e was no t free to

l eav e, (2 ) an d t h at t h ere w o u l d b e “ m o re t es ti n g ” i n t h e fu t u re, b u t (3 ) t h at t h e t ro o p er

was g oi n g t o ad d res s an o th er m at ter fi rs t

– i n co nt ex t

, t h e i n v es t i g at io n o f t h e o t h er

d ri v er.

Th e co n vers at io n b et ween t h e fi rs t t ro o per an d t h e s eco nd t ro o p er was n o t

, as

t h e t ri a l c o u r t f

o u n d

, a v o cal i zat i o n o f “ wh at a d et erm i n at i o n o f t h e res u l t o f an

i n v es t i g at i o n wo u l d b e.” T h at o n e l aw en fo rcem en t o ffi cer t o l d an o t h er, wi t h i n t h e

12h eari n g o f Ho l t

, t h at h e h ad “ I’ v e g o t t wo DUIs

, I ’ ll gi v e y o u o n e o f th em ” i s

am bi g uo u s an d co ul d eas i l y m ean

, co n si s t en t wi th o n g o i n g ev en t s

, t h a t t h e fi rs t

t ro o p er h ad two o n g o i n g D UI i n v es t i g at i o n s

. No i nt en t t o arres t w as co m m u n i cat ed

b y t h e f i rs t t ro o p er t o Ho lt

. See S t a t e v. Di xo n

, 2 6 7 G a. Ap p

. 3 2 0, 3 2 1 (5 9 9 SE2 d

2 8 4 ) (2 0 0 4 ) (W h ere t h ere was n o ev i d en ce t h at o ffi cer co m m u n i cat ed t o ap p el l an t h i s

i n t en t t o arres t b ef

o r e a s k i n g ap p el l an t t o t ak e an al co -s en so r t es t

, n o r was h e

h an dcu ffed o r p l aced i n t h e b ack o f t h e p at ro l car, t h e t ri al c o u r t e r r e d i n fi n d i n g

ap p el l an t i n cu s t o d y at t he ti m e o f t h e t es t an d ex cl u di n g h i s p re-arres t p erfo rm an ce

t h ereo n .). In co n t ex t

, an d g i v en wh at t h e fi rs t t ro o p er h ad p r e v i o u s l y t ol d Ho l t

, t h e

p o rt i on o f t h e co n v ers at i o n wh i ch Ho l t o v erh eard wo ul d n o t h av e cau s ed a reas o n ab l e

p ers o n t o co n cl u d e t h at h er s t at u s h ad ch an g ed

. See S ta t e v

. P i e r c e

, 2 6 6 Ga. Ap p.

2 3 3

, 2 3 5 -2 36 (1 ) (5 9 6 SE2 d 7 2 5 ) (2 0 0 4 ) (An o ffi cer’ s co m m en t h e was g o i n g t o s h ut

t h e ap p el l an t ’ s car d o o r befo re “ s o m e o t h er d ru nk ” t o ok t h e do o r o ff, i n co n t ex t wi th

t h e o t h er ci rcu m s tan ces

, was i n s u ffi ci en t t o cau s e a reas o n ab le p ers o n t o b el i ev e h i s

d et en t i o n wo u l d n o t b e t em p o rary .). If, as t h e t ri al co u rt fo u n d

, Ho l t k n e w t h a t t h e

s eco n d d ri v er was n o t h a n d cu ffed wh en s h e was arres t ed

, H o l t wo u l d h av e al s o

k n o wn t h at t h e s eco n d d ri ver u n d erwen t a fi el d s o b ri et y t es t b efo re t h e t ro o p er t o ld

t h e o t h er d ri v er t h at s he w as u n d er arres t

. Th e fi rs t tro o p er di d

, i n res p o n se t o Ho l t ’ s

13s p eci fi c i n q u i ry

, t el l h er t h at t h e “ l eg al l i m i t ” w a s “ .0 8 .” H o wev er, th e fi rs t t ro o p er

d i d n o t t el l Ho l t t h at s h e h ad b een d ri v i n g wh i l e o v er t h e l eg al l i m i t

, rat h er, h e t o ld

h e r t h a t s h e h ad co n s u m ed m o re t h an o n e gl as s of wi n e, an d h e d id n ot co m m en t

ab o ut t h e n u m eri cal read i ng s o n t h e al co -s en so r t es t o th er t han i n d i cat in g th at i f t h ey

wen t d o w n b et ween t h e fi rs t an d s eco n d tes t

, “ m ay b e we’ l l g et so m eb o d y t o g et y o u

a ri d e.”

A f t er th e o ffi cer t u rn ed t o t h e i n v es t i g at i o n o f t h e o t her d ri ver, an d s h e

rem ai n ed d et ai n ed p en d i n g “ m o re tes t i n g ,” Ho l t w as n o t p h y s i cal ly res t rai n ed o r

p l aced i n t h e p at ro l car, an d s he was n o t t o l d th at s h e was g o i n g t o j a i l

. T h u s

, “ a

reas on ab l e p ers o n wo u l d co n cl u d e t h at h i s o r h er freed o m o f act i o n was o n l y

t em p o rari l y cu rt ai l ed an d t h at a fi n al d et erm in at i o n o f h i s o r h er s t at us was m erel y

d el ay ed

. ” S t at e v. Mo sl ey

, 3 2 1 Ga. Ap p

. at 2 3 9 (fi n d i n g t h at ap pel l an t was n o t in

cu s t o d y at t h e ti m e o f h i s fi el d s o b ri et y t es t wh ere, am o ng ot h er t h i ng s

, th e d ep u t y

n ev er pl aced ap p el l an t i n h an d cu ffs o r i n t h e b ack o f t h e p at ro l car); T u n e v

. S t a t e

,

2 8 6 Ga. Ap p

. 3 2

, 3 5 (1 ) (6 4 8 SE2 d 4 2 3 ) (2 0 07 ) (wh ere ap p el l an t k n ew th at s h e was

b ei n g i n v es t i g at ed fo r DUI, an d h ad been t o ld t h at sh e was d ru n k

, b u t was n o t p l aced

i n t h e b ack o f a p a t r o l car n o r h an d cu ffed

, a reas o n ab l e p ers on co u l d co n cl u d e t h at

h er freed om of act i o n was o n l y t em p orari l y cu rt ai l ed ); Ha rp er v. S t a t e

, 2 4 3 Ga. Ap p.

14at 7 0 6 (1 ) (al t h o ug h s u sp ect was d et ai n ed p u rs u an t t o a t raffi c s to p an d w as su s p ect ed

fo r D UI, h e was n o t i n cu s to d y wh en h e was al l o wed to wal k aro u n d

, an d was n ot

p l aced i n t h e back o f a p o l i ce car o r h an d cu ffed ). Th u s

, t h e t ri al co u rt erred in

co n cl u d in g t h at Harp was u n der arres t at 5 :1 0 p .m

.

(b ) Th e tri al co u rt ad di t i o n al l y fo u n d t h at th e l en g th o f Ho l t ’ s d et en t i o n was

unreas o n ab l e, an d t h at th e i nv es t i g at o ry d et en t i o n t herefo re ri p en ed in t o an a r r e st. S e e

Gr a nd b er r y v. St a t e

, 2 89 G a. Ap p

. 5 3 4, 5 3 9 (2 ) (6 5 8 SE2 d 1 6 1 ) (2 0 08 ) (Al t ho u g h t h e

p o l i c e w ere au t ho ri zed t o s t op t h e ap p el l an t fo r p urp o s es of an i n v es t i g at i o n

, t h e

l e n g t h o f h i s d et en t i on

, u n d er t h e ci rcu m s tan ces

, was t o o l o n g t o b e ju s t i fi e d a s

i n v es t i g a t o r y s t o p

, an d co n s t i t u t ed an arres t .). In o rd er t o co m p l y wi t h th e Fo u rt h

Am en d m en t

, an i n v es t i g at iv e d et en t i on “ can n o t be p ro l o n g ed b e yo n d t h e t i m e

reas on ab l y req u i red t o fu l fi l l t h e p u rp o s e o f t he s t o p

. ” (Ci t at i o n an d o m i t t ed .)

La n g s t o n v. S t a t e

, 3 0 2 G a. Ap p

. 5 4 1

, 5 4 3 (6 9 1 SE2 d 3 4 9 ) (2 0 10 ). An d “ [t ] h e Fo u rt h

Am en d m en t p ro t ect s a p ers o n ’ s ri g h t t o b e s ecu re ag ai ns t u n reas o n ab l e s earch es an d

s ei zu res

. Th e to uch s t o n e o f t h e Fo u rt h Am en d m en t i s reas o n ab l en es s

.

Reas o n ab l en es s

, i n t u rn

, i s m eas u red i n o b ject iv e t erm s b y ex am i n i ng t he to t al i ty o f

t h e ci rcu m s t an ces .” (Ci t at io n an d p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed

. ) Id

.

In d et erm in i n g

15wh et h er a d et en t i o n is t o o l o n g i n d u rat i o n to b e ju st i fi ed as an

i n v es t i gat i v e s t o p

, w e co n si d er i t ap p ro p ri at e t o ex am i n e wh et h er th e

p o l i ce d i l i g en tl y pu rs u ed a m ean s o f in v es ti g at i o n t h at wa s l i k el y t o

co n fi rm o r d i s p el t h ei r s u s p i ci o n s q u i ck l y

, d u ri n g wh i ch t i m e i t w as

n eces s ary t o d et ai n t h e d efen d an t

.

(Ci t at i o n s an d p un ct u at i o n o m i t t ed .) Ra n d ol p h v. S ta t e

, 24 6 Ga. Ap p

. 1 4 1

, 1 4 6 (3 ) (b )

(5 3 8 SE2 d 1 3 9 ) (2 00 0). In as s es s i n g t h e l en g t h o f t h e d et en t i on

, “ [n ] o b ri g ht l i n e o r

ri gi d t im e l im i t at i on i s i m p o s e d

, an d t h e n eed t o co n s i d er t h e l aw en fo rcem en t

p u rp os es t o b e s erv ed b y t h e s t o p as wel l as t h e t i m e reas o n ab l y n eed ed t o effect u at e

t h o s e p u rp o s es i s to b e em p has ized .” (Ci t at i o n an d p u n ct u at io n o m i t t ed .) Ma l l a r i n o

v. S t a t e , 1 9 0 Ga. Ap p . 3 9 8, 4 01 (2 ) (3 7 9 SE2 d 2 1 0) (1 98 9 ).

Here, Ho l t w as d et ai ned al m o s t an h ou r fro m t h e t i m e sh e was di rect ed t o t h e

fro n t o f t h e fi rs t t ro o p er’ s p at ro l car t o t h e t i m e t h e s eco n d t r o o p e r c o m pl et ed h i s

i n v es t i g at i o n

. Th e t ri al co urt s p eci fi cal l y p o i n t ed t o an u n ju s t i fi ed 3 0-m in u t e d el ay

b et ween 5 : 1 0 p .m

. , w h en t h e fi rs t t ro o p er s po k e wi t h seco n d tro o p er, an d th e s eco n d

t ro o p er’ s arri val at ap pro x i m at el y 5 : 4 0 p .m

., an d fo u n d t he l en gt h o f Ho l t ’ s d et en t i o n

u n reas o nab l e. T h e ev i d en ce s ho wed t hat th e fi rs t t ro o p er i nv es t i g at ed Ho lt fo r h av i n g

d ri v en u n d er t h e i nfl uen ce t h ro u g h t h e t i m e h e g av e h er t he s eco n d al co -s en s o r t es t

,

b u t t h at hi s i n v es t i g at i o n was fo cu sed o n t h e ot h er d ri v er t h ereaft er. Th u s

, d u ri n g t h e

16t h i rt y -m i n u t e p eri o d id en t i fi ed b y t h e tri al co u rt

, t he fi rs t t ro o p er wa s n o t

i n v es t i g at i n g Ho l t, an d h er i n v es t i g at i o n res u m ed o nl y u p o n t h e arri v al of t h e s eco n d

t ro o p er. Ho wev er, n ei t her t h e t h i rt y -m i nu t e d el ay cau s ed b y t h e w ai t fo r a s eco n d l aw

en fo rcem en t o ffi cer, no r t h e t o t al det en t i o n peri o d o f al m o s t on e ho u r, wo ul d

, at l eas t

ab s en t o t h er co n s id erat i o n s

, h av e cau s ed Ho l t’ s i nv es t i g at ory d et en t i o n t o ri p en i n to

a cu s t o d i al arres t

. See Di

Ma u r o v. S t a te

, 3 1 0 Ga. Ap p

. 5 2 6

, 5 2 9 (1 ) (7 1 4 SE2 d 1 0 5 )

(2 0 1 1) (d el ay o f 2 0 m i n u t es c a u s ed b y n eed t o s u m m o n s eco n d o ffi cer d i d n ot

t r a n s f o rm i n ves t i gat i v e det en t io n i n t o a cu s t o di al arres t); Th o ma s v. St a te

, 2 9 4 Ga.

Ap p

. 1 0 8

, 1 10 (1 ) (6 6 8 SE2 d 5 4 0 ) (2 0 0 8 ) ( Wh e r e e v i d en ce s h o w ed wai t fo r

a s s i s t an ce fro m o t h er o ffi cer l as t ed b et ween a “ few m i n u t es ” an d “ p ro b ab l y 4 0

m i n u t es ,” t h e d el ay b y i t s el f d i d n o t co n v ert i n v e s t i g at i o n i n t o cu s t o di al s i t u at i o n );

Ha r per

, 24 3 Ga. Ap p

. at 7 06 (1 ) (d el ay o f u p t o an h o u r b efo re t h e DUI t as k fo rce

o ffi cer arri v ed di d n o t cau s e i n v es ti g at o ry det en t i o n to ri p en i n t o an arres t ); Al d r i d g e

v. S t a t e

, 2 3 7 Ga. Ap p

. 2 0 9

, 2 1 3 ( 3 ) (5 1 5 SE2 d 3 9 7 ) (1 9 9 9 ) (a d el ay o f 4 5 t o 5 0

m i n u t e s

, wh erei n d ep ut i es h ad t o wai t fo r an o t h er d ep u t y t o arri v e wi th an al co

s en s o r, an d t h en s p en t t i m e l oo k i n g fo r co n s en t to s earch fo rm s

, d i d no t ex ceed

b o u n d s o f i n v es ti g at i v e d et en t i o n ).

17Th e fi rs t t ro o per t es ti fi ed at t h e m o t io n -t o -s u pp res s h eari n g t h at h e w as “ al m o s t

p o s i t i ve” t h at i t wo u l d h av e been fas t er “ o v e r a l l ” f o r hi m t o hav e co n d u ct ed t h e

i n v es t i g at i o n s o f b o t h d ri v ers rat h er t h an h av i n g t u rn ed o n e of t h em o ver t o t h e o t h er

t ro o p er. An d

, Ho l t arg ues

, t he t ri al co urt ’ s g ran t o f t h e m o ti o n t o s u p p res s s h o u l d b e

affi rm ed b ecau s e t h e fi rs t t ro o p er h ad t h e ex p eri e n c e a n d cap ab il i t y t o h an d l e b o th

i n v es t i g at i o n s

. Ho wev er, accep t i n g t h at th e fi rs t t ro op er co u l d h av e co n d u ct ed b o th

i n v es t i g at i o n s t o co m

p l et i o n

, an d t h at d o i n g s o wo u l d h av e b ee n f a s t er, at l eas t fo r

Ho l t

, t h is d o es n ot ren d er t h e l en g t h o f Ho l t ’ s d et en t i on u n reas o n ab l e. An y

co n si d erat io n o f t h e t o t al i ty o f t h e ci rcu m s t an ces m u s t tak e i nt o acco u n t th at t h e fi rs t

t r o o p er was

, wi t h o u t a s eco n d l aw en fo rcem en t o ffi cer pres en t

, faced wi t h t w o

s u s p ect s an d t wo u n rel at ed i n v es t i gat i o n s

. Th e o ffi cer el ect ed t o p u rs u e t h e

i n v es t i g at i o n o f t he o t her d ri v er aft er Ho lt ’ s s eco nd al co -s en s o r tes t

, b ut h e d i d s o

k n o wi n g t h at an o t h e r t ro o p er wo u l d b e co nd u ct in g Ho l t ’ s i n v es t i gat i on

. Th e fi rs t

t ro o p er’ s v id eo s h o ws t h at

, aft er Ho l t ’ s s eco n d al co -s en s o r t es t

, h e was i nv o l v ed wi th

t h e i n v es t i gat i o n

, arres t

, an d po s t -arres t o f th e ot her d ri v er t h ro u g h t h e arri v al o f t h e

s eco n d t ro o p er, w h o co m

p l et ed Ho l t ’ s i n v es t i g at i on i n an ex p ed i t io u s m an n er. Un d er

t h e ci rcu m s t an ces

, i t was reas o n ab l e fo r t h e fi rs t t ro o p er t o cal l i n t h e s eco nd t ro o p er

t o co n d u ct Ho l t ’ s i n v es t i g at i on wh i l e h e p u rs u ed t h e un rel at ed i n v es t i g at i o n o f t h e

18o t h er d ri v er, an d t h e l en gt h o f Ho l t ’ s d et en t i o n was n o t s o l o ng as to b e bey o n d t h e

s co p e of a p er m i s s i bl e i n v es t i g at o ry d et en t i o n. See, e.g

., Al d r id g e v. S ta t e

, 2 3 7 Ga.

Ap p

. at 2 1 3 (3 ) (4 5 to 5 0 m i n u t e d et en t i on ); Ha r p er

, 24 3 G a. Ap p

. at 7 0 6 (1 )

(d et en t i o n o f u p t o an h o u r).

Th e recen t deci s io n o f t h e Un i t ed St at es Su p rem e Co u rt i n Ro dr i g uez v. Un i t ed

S t a t es

,

_ _ U. S.

_ _ (1 3 5 SCt 1 6 0 9

, 1 9 1 LE2 d 4 9 2) (2 0 1 5 ), rel i ed o n b y Ho l t

, i s

d i s t i n gu i sh ab l e. In co n t ras t t o Ro d r i g u ez

, Ho lt was no t d et ai n ed fo r an ad d i t i o n al

p eri o d o f t i m e aft er t h e i n v es t i g at i o n i n to t h e i n it i al reas o n fo r h er d et en t i o n h ad b een

co n cl u d ed

. Rat h er, t h e o ri g i n al p u rp o s e o f t h e d et en t i o n

, to co n fi rm or d i s p el wh et h er

Ho l t h ad un l awfu l l y d ri v en wh i l e u n d er t h e i nf lue nc e of a l co h o l, rem ai n ed u nres o l v ed

u n t i l aft er t h e arri val o f t h e s eco n d t ro o p er.

Fo r t h e fo reg oi n g reas o n s

, t h e t ri al co u rt erred i n ex cl u d in g ev i d en ce g at h ered

aft er 5: 1 0 p .m

. on t h e b as i s t h at Ho l t was t hen u n der arres t w i t h o u t t h e n eces s ary

p ro b ab l e cau s e, an d b ecau s e t h e l en g t h o f h er d et en t i o n was u nreas on a b l e

. Rat h er,

Ho l t was p l aced u n der arres t b y t h e s eco n d t ro o p er fo l lo wi n g co m p l et i o n o f h er fi el d

s o b ri et y t es t

.

3

. (a) Th e St at e fu rt h er co n t en d s t h at t h e t ri al co u rt erred i n fi n d i ng t h a t t h e

ev i d en ce g at h ered aft er 5: 1 0 p .m

. m u s t be ex cl ud ed b ecau s e t h e fu rt h er q u es t i o n i n g

19an d i n v es t i g at io n b y t h e s eco n d t ro o p er am o u n t ed t o cu s t o d i al i n v es t i g at io n

, wh i ch

req u i red a reci t at i o n o f h er Mi ra n d a ri g h t s p ri o r t o t he in v es ti g at i o n

. W e ag ree. “ As

a g en eral ru l e, Mi r a n da warn in g s are n o t req u ired w h i l e an i n v es t i g at i n g o ffi c e r

co n du ct s p rel i m i n ary q u es t i o ni n g o r fi el d so b ri et y t es t s ; h o wev er, a f t er a DUI s u s p ect

i s arres ted

, Mi r a n d

a warn i n g s m

u s t p reced e fu rt h er fi el d s ob ri et y t es t s i n o rd er fo r

ev i d en ce o f t h e res u l t s t o b e ad m i s s i b l e.” (Ci tat i on s o m i t t ed .) Po l iz zo t t o v. S t a t e

, 2 4 8

Ga. Ap p

. 8 1 4

, 8 1 6 (1 ) (5 47 SE2 d 3 9 0 ) (2 00 1 ). As Ho l t w as n o t arres t ed u n t i l aft er t h e

s eco n d t ro o p er had co m

p l et ed t h e fi el d s ob ri e t y t e s t s

, s ee Di v i s io n 2

, s u p ra, t h e

p ro t ect i o n s o f Mi r a nd

a were n o t i m

pl i cat ed b efo re t hat t i m e.

(b ) Las t l y t h e St at e co n t en d s t h at t h e t ri al co u rt erred in fi n d i n g t h at

, b ecau s e

t h e im pl i ed co n s en t ri g h t s were read t o Ho l t 3 8 m i n u tes aft er her arres t at 5 : 1 0 p .m

.,

wi t h o u t a v al i d reas on fo r t h e del ay

, t h e res u l t s o f an y s t at e-ad m i n i s t ered t es t m u s t b e

ex cl u d ed

. See H

o ug h v. S t a te

, 2 7 9 Ga. 71 1

, 7 16 (2 ) (6 2 0 SE2 d 3 8 0 ) (2 00 5 ) (Fi n d i n g

t h at “ a s u s p ect wh o i s n o t i n v o l v ed i n a traffi c acci d en t res u l t i n g i n s eri o u s i n ju ri es

o r fat al i t i es m

u s t b e u n d er arres t b efo re i m p li ed co n s en t ri g h t s are read t o [h er] ,” an d

“ wh ere i m

p l ied co n s en t ri g ht s are no t read at t h e t i m e o f arres t

, or at a t im e as cl o s e

i n p ro x im i t y t o t h e in st an t o f arres t as t h e ci rcu m s t an ces o f th e i nd i v i d u al cas e m i g ht

warran t

, t h e res u l t s o f t h e s t at e-ad m i n i s t ered t es t wi ll n o t b e ad m i s s ib l e at t ri al [.] ”)

20(ci t at i o n an d p u n ct u at i o n o m i t ted ). See OCGA § 40 -5 -5 5 (a). As H o l t was no t u n d er

arres t at 5 : 10 p .m

., t h ere was n o req u i rem en t t h at t h e i m p l i ed co n sen t n ot i ce t h en b e

read

. See Ho u g h v. S t a t e

, 2 7 9 Ga. at 7 1 6 (2 ) (a) (“ [I] m p l ied co n s en t is t ri g g ered at t h e

p o i n t t h at t h e s us p ect i s n o t free t o l eav e an d a reas on ab l e p ers o n i n h i s p o s i t i o n

w o u l d n o t b el i ev e t h at t h e d et en t i o n is tem po rary

, reg ard l es s o f wh et h er a ‘ fo rm al

arres t ’ has o ccu rred .”). Acco rd i n g l y

, t h e tri al co u rt erred in su p p res s i n g t h e res u l t s o f

an y s t at e-ad m i n is t ered t es t o n th e g ro u n d t hat Ho l t ’ s i m p l i ed co n s en t warn in g s were

n o t read t o h er at t h e t i m e o f h er arres t.

Ju d g men t r ever sed . Di l l a r d

a n d McFa d

d en , JJ., co n cu r

.

21