Importation of Fresh Immature Inflorescences of Pacaya, 

Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm., from 

El Salvador into the Continental United States

A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment

April 5, 2010

Rev. 01

Agency Contact:

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal Plant Health Inspection Services

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 ii

Executive Summary

In this document we assessed the risk associated with the importation of fresh immature 

inflorescences of pacaya, Chamaedorea tepejilote, from El Salvador into the continental United 

States. Information on pests associated with pacaya in Central American countries that produce it

revealed two quarantine pests that could be introduced into the continental United States via this 

pathway. The quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway are:

Brevipalpus hondurani (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)

Brooksithrips chamaedoreae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Sarasinula plebeia (Systellommatophora: Veronicellidae) 

We qualitatively analyzed these quarantine pests using our Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest 

Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). We examined pest biology in the context of 

Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction, and used these elements to 

estimate the Pest Risk Potential. Based on available information, Brevipalpus hondurani is 

highly unlikely to establish in the continental United States, and the overall risk is negligible. 

The other two pests pose potential phytosanitary risks to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems. We 

determined that the pest risk potential is Medium for Sarasinula plebeia and Low for 

Brooksithrips chamaedoreae. 

Pests assigned a Low Pest Risk Potential typically do not require specific mitigation measures as 

port-of-entry inspection is expected to provide sufficient phytosanitary security. For pests with a 

Medium Pest Risk Potential, specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary and options are 

presented within this document. Final phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk along the 

pacaya pathway will be determined during the development of a separate, detailed pest risk 

management document.
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010

Table of Contents

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... ii

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Commodity information..................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Production information ...................................................................................................... 1

1.3. Standard post-harvest processing measures....................................................................... 2

2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 2

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action...................................................................................... 2

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Pacaya .......................................................................... 2

2.3. Current Import Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions...................................... 3

2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to 

Follow the Pathway ........................................................................................................... 4

2.5. Consequences of Introduction.......................................................................................... 20

2.6. Likelihood of Introduction............................................................................................... 22

2.7. Conclusion: Pest Risk Potential....................................................................................... 26

3. Risk mitigation options........................................................................................................... 26

3.1. Mitigation at the origin .................................................................................................... 27

3.2. Quarantine Treatments..................................................................................................... 27

3.3. Conclusions...................................................................................................................... 27

4. Contributors............................................................................................................................ 28

5. Literature Cited ...................................................................................................................... 28

6. Appendices............................................................................................................................... 37

Appendix A. Standard post-harvest procedures [Original and translation]............................ 37

Appendix B. Interceptions of quarantine pests on Chamaedorea sp. and C. tepejilote from 

1985 to 2008 .................................................................................................................... 39
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 1

1. Introduction 

This risk assessment was prepared by the Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) of the United 

States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) 

in response to a request submitted by the government of El Salvador to examine potential pest 

risks associated with the importation of fresh immature inflorescences of pacaya, Chamaedorea 

tepejilote Liebm., into the continental United States. This pest risk assessment is pathway-initiated 

because it is based on risks associated with the importation of the commodity. This risk assessment 

is qualitative; we expressed risk as High, Medium, and Low, rather than in probabilities or 

frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria are explained in the Guidelines for PathwayInitiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

1.1. Commodity information

The genus Chamaedorea is composed of approximately 100 species. All members of the genus 

originate in the neotropical zones in the Americas and are understory plants that live in a warm, 

humid environment (Mont et al., 1994). Pacaya has a range from Southern Mexico through Central 

America to parts of Colombia and Brazil and is commonly called the pacaya palm (Mont et al., 

1994). It is frequently found in association with other Chamaedorea palms, such as the parlor 

palm, Chamaedorea elegans. 

The immature inflorescence of the pacaya palm has been harvested and consumed in Central 

America, especially Guatemala, since the pre-Colombian era (Mont et al., 1994). This 

inflorescence is called pacaya.

1.2. Production information

El Salvador plans to grow pacaya palms in association with coffee production areas at 400 to 800 

m above sea level on steep slopes. The total area in production is planned to be 200 ha or about 

16,670 plants total. A plant needs at least three years growth to give a commercial viable yield. 

Harvest season is from August to December (MAG, 2005).

The Salvadoran government wishes to export pacaya to the United States to take advantage of 

the expatriate and immigrant Salvadorian community in the United States, marketing pacaya 

especially in New York, Los Angeles, Miami, Houston, San Francisco, Washington D.C., Santa 

Ana, Chicago, Boston, Dallas, and New Orleans (Beatres-Marques et al., 2001; Hernández et al., 

2003). The Salvadoran government estimates annual production of pacaya at 5-10 tons, on 25-30 

ha (Esquivel, 2005). 

Since pacaya has never been an agronomic commodity in El Salvador, little information exists 

about its production and pest problems. Thus, we included information from other countries in the 

growing region in the analysis, particularly Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, 

and Panama. In addition, confusion exists about the taxonomy of pacaya palm, so we included 

information about three other taxa as well: 1) Chamaedorea sp., 2) C. alterans, which has 

frequently been confused with C. tepejilote (Bacon and Bailey, 2006), and 3) C. costaricacannse,

which is sometimes referred to as a pacaya in the literature. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 2

1.3. Standard post-harvest processing measures

Some standard post-harvest treatments were specified in the technical report on the cultivation of 

pacaya (MAG, 2005), and are included in Appendix A. These measures specify that the pacayas 

will be harvested during the months of August through December. The external bracts will be 

removed, and each will have a peduncle of approximately one inch. The pacayas will be immersed 

in vats of chlorinated water (50 ppm) for 10 seconds. They will be subjected to a heat treatment of 

10 second at 62oC and then dried by centrifugation. The pacaya will be packed in two-pound trays 

for export. 

2. Risk Assessment

The Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis (IPPC, 2006: ISPM #2) describe three stages in analysis 

of pest risk associated with specific commodities. This document satisfies the requirements of 

the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Stages 1 (initiation) and 2 (risk assessment), and our 

own guidelines (PPQ, 2000).

We begin this pest risk assessment by identifying the initiating event, conducting a weediness 

potential screening, and discussing past decisions on the commodity. We then identify and 

characterize the pests likely to be associated with pacaya in El Salvador. Finally, we analyze in 

more detail the quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway with the imported commodity. 

In this assessment, we combine five risk elements to assess the risk associated with the 

Consequences of Introduction of pests into the United States. Likewise, we combine six subelements to assess the Likelihood of Introduction into the United States. Together, the 

Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values form an evaluation of 

the Pest Risk Potential. 

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

We conducted this pest risk analysis in response to a request by the Ministry of Agriculture and 

Livestock (MAG) of El Salvador for USDA authorization to allow imports of fresh pacaya. This 

commodity may present a potential plant pest risk, as indicated in MAG letter No.285-2004 

dated 15 October 2004 (MAG, 2005). Importation into the continental United States of fresh 

pacaya grown in El Salvador is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests. Title 7 of 

the Code of Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 (7 CFR § 319.56) provides regulatory authority for 

the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States.

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Pacaya

The results of screening for weed potential for pacaya did not prompt a weed-initiated risk 

assessment (Table 1).
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 3

Table 1. Weed potential of Pacaya

Scientific name: Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm.

Synonyms: Nunnezharia casperiana, Chamaedorea alternans, Stephanostachys 

wendlandiana, Nunnezharia wendlandiana, Chamaedorea wendlandiana, Edanthe 

veraepacis, Chamaedorea sphaerocarpa, Chamaedorea exorrhiza, Chamaedorea 

columbica, Chamaedorea casperiana, Nunnezharia alternans, Stephanostachys 

casperiana, Stephanostachys tepejilote, Nunnezharia tepejilote Edanthe tepejilote, 

Chamaedorea anomospadix (Faucon 2005).

Common Names: Pacaya, Tepejilote palm, Pacaya palm, Boda (Spanish), Bolá (Spanish, 

Panama), Caña verde (Spanish), Cana verde (Spanish), Palmito dulce, Camedórea-pacaia 

(Brazil), Mo xi ge ling long ye zi (Chinese), Ba ka ya ye zi (Chinese) (Barlow, 2003; 

Faucon 2005; PPQ 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008).

Phase 1 Distribution in the United States: Pacaya is not widely distributed in the United 

States. It is not native to the United States and cannot grow outside of southern 

Florida in a natural environment

Phase 2

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Invasive/Weed Potential Status: 

Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1979)

World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1977)

World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al., 1997)

Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds; Exotic 

Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1988)

Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977)

Weed Science Society of America list (WSSA, 2007)

Other (Various literature databases)

Phase 3 Summary and Conclusions: We found no evidence of invasive behavior by this 

plant, and the immature inflorescence is highly unlikely to lead to plant 

establishment. Thus, this pest risk assessment continues.

2.3. Current Import Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions 

2.3.1. Current import status and Decision history

Pacaya can enter the United States as a fresh market commodity from Belize and Mexico into all 

ports. We also found a proposal to import pacaya into the United States from Guatemala. That 

was approved in 1935, but currently Guatemala is not allowed to import pacaya. 

2.3.2. Pest interceptions

Over 19,000 interceptions of quarantine pests associated with Chamaedorea sp. or C. tepejilote

were recorded between 1985 and 2008 (Appendix A). About 10,000 of these interceptions were 

recorded with general cargo, over 2,000 were with permit cargo, and 6,500 were in baggage.
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 4

2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to 

Follow the Pathway

2.4.1. Pest list introduction

We developed a list of pests associated with pacaya or Chamaedorea sp., and present in El 

Salvador and neighboring countries (Table 2). The list identifies (1) the presence or absence of 

the pests in the United States, (2) the references supporting an association between the pest and 

host, (3) the plant parts where the pest can be found where applicable, (4) the United States 

quarantine status of the pests, and (5) if the pest could follow the pathway into the continental 

United States via commercial shipments of pacaya. Although diseases caused by bacteria, 

phytoplasmas, and viruses are reported for other species of palm (Elliott et al., 2004), none were 

reported for Chamaedorea species.

A quarantine pest is defined as “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered 

thereby, but not yet present, or present, but not widely distributed and being officially 

controlled” (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #5). A pest is likely to follow the pathway for pacaya if the pest 

is present in El Salvador, is associated with the immature inflorescence at the time of harvest, 

and remains viable with the immature inflorescence during harvesting, packing, and shipping. 

The possibility that a quarantine pest following the pathway could become established and 

spread throughout the United States depends on the presence of appropriate climatic and 

ecological conditions, including protected areas (such as greenhouses), where the presence of 

primary or alternative hosts and vectors are influential.

A specific issue for this risk analysis is the relative lack of information about infection or 

infestation of immature inflorescences. Such information is more commonly available about 

leaves, stems and fruit. When we found no specific information indicating whether or not the 

pest could affect immature inflorescences, we determined the ability of the pest to follow the 

pathway based on biology and plant part affected. For example, if evidence indicated that an 

insect is associated with leaves but a generalist feeder, then we would deem it reasonably likely 

to follow the pathway of pacaya. If, on the other hand, we found information that a pest is strictly

limited to a plant part other than the inflorescence, or that the pest is biologically unlikely to 

attack the inflorescence (i.e., feeds on mature fruit), then the pest would be classified as unlikely 

to follow the pathway. In contrast, if a pathogen only affects leaves, then it seems highly unlikely 

to follow the pathway. For pathogens especially, the unusual tissue type of the pacaya 

commodity may not provide a suitable infection site.

Note: In the pest list, we only provide information on plant part association and whether or not 

the pest is likely to follow the pathway for quarantine pests, not for non-quarantine pests. Even if 

non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests 

would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States; therefore, 

information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not 

needed for non-quarantine pests.
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 5

Table 2. Plant pests associated with Pacaya or Chamaedorea sp. in El Salvador or Central American 

pacaya-producing countries.

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

ARTHROPODS

Acari: Eriophyidae

Retracrus johnstoni

Keifer

MX, US (TX) (Davis 

et al., 1982), CO 

(Howard et al., 2001), 

CR (Ochoa et al., 

1991)

Davis et al., 

1982; Howard 

et al., 2001; 

Ochoa et al., 

1991

L (Lindquist 

et al., 1996; 

Ochoa et al., 

1991)

[Yes]3 No

Acari: Tarsonemidae

Steneotarsonemus 

furcatus DeLeon

SV (Ochoa et al., 

1991), US (Denmark 

and Nickerson, 1981)

Henley et al., 

n.d.

N/A No N/A

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus 

californicus Banks

GT, HN, SV, NI, CR, 

PA (Maes, 2004a), 

MX, US (CABI, 2007)

Childers et al., 

2003b; Maes, 

2004a; Ochoa 

and Salas, 1989

F, L, S 

(Childers et 

al., 2003a)

No N/A

Brevipalpus hondurani

Evans

HN (Evans et al., 

1998)

Evans et al., 

1998; Ochoa et 

al., 1991; 

L, I, F, S 

(Ochoa and 

Salas, 1989)4

Yes Yes

Brevipalpus ortizi

Ochoa & Salas

CR (Ochoa et al., 

1991)

Ochoa et al., 

1991

L (Ochoa et 

al., 1991)

Yes No

Brevipalpus phoenicis

Geijskes

SV (Berry, 1959b), 

HN (Childers et al., 

2003a), CR (Ochoa 

and Salas, 1989), US 

(CABI, 2007)

Childers et al., 

2003b; Ochoa 

and Salas, 1989

N/A No N/A

Brevipalpus 

trinidadensis Baker

HN, CR, MX (Evans 

et al., 1993)

Evans et al., 

1993

L (Quirós de 

G. et al., 

2007)

Yes No

 

1 BZ = Belize; CO = Colombia; CR = Costa Rica; GT = Guatemala; HN = Honduras; MX = Mexico; NI = Nicaragua; PA = 

Panama; SV = El Salvador; US = United States; AL = Alabama; CA = California; GA = Georgia; FL = Florida; HI = 

Hawaii; TX = Texas (Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species if considered a quarantine pest for the United 

States)

2

Plant Parts: Br=Branch, F=Fruit, I=Inflorescence, L=Leaf, R=Root, and S=Stem. N/A = Not Applicable (see text for more 

detail).

3 Brackets (“[ ]”) indicate that this is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States.

4 We found little information on B. hondurani. Brevipalpus species generally feed on leaves, flowers, fruits, branches, and 

trunks of host plants (Ochoa and Salas, 1989).
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 6

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Tenuipalpus bakeri

McGregor

HN, CR, GT, MX, US 

(Evans et al., 1993; 

Ochoa et al., 1991)

Evans et al.,

1993; Ochoa et 

al., 1991

N/A No N/A

Tenuipalpus 

chamaedoreae Salas 

& Ochoa

CR (Ochoa et al., 

1991; Salas and 

Ochoa, 1985)

CABI, 2007; 

Ochoa et al., 

1991; Salas and 

Ochoa, 1985

L (Ochoa et 

al., 1991; 

Salas and 

Ochoa, 1985)

Yes No

Acari: Tetranychidae

Tetranychus gloveri

Banks

CO, CR, HN, PA 

(Migeon and Dorkeld, 

2008), MX, US 

(Bolland et al., 1998)

Bolland et al., 

1998; Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2008

N/A No N/A

Tetranychus salasi

Baker & Pritchard

CR, NI (Bolland et al., 

1998; Maes, 2004a; 

Migeon and Dorkeld, 

2008; Ochoa et al., 

1991)

Bolland et al., 

1998; Maes, 

2004a; Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2008; Ochoa et 

al., 1991

L (Ochoa, 

Aguilar et al. 

1991)

Yes No

Tetranychus tumidus

Banks

CO, PA (Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2008)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2008

N/A No N/A

Tetranychus urticae

Koch (Syn: T. 

cinnabarinus

Boisduval)

GT, HN, SV, NI, CR, 

PA (Maes, 2004c), US 

(CABI, 2007)

Maes, 2004c; 

Ochoa et al., 

1991

N/A No N/A

INSECTA

Coleoptera: Bruchidae

Caryobruchus 

gleditsiae Johansson 

& Linné

SV, US (Nilsson and 

Johnson, 1993)

Nilsson and 

Johnson, 1993

N/A No N/A

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Calyptocephala 

antennata Spaeth

PA (Meskens et al., 

2008)

Meskens et al., 

2008

L (Meskens 

et al., 2008)

Yes No

Calyptocephala 

brevicornis Boheman

MX, GT, NI, PA, CO 

(Blackwelder, 1946), 

CR (Maes et al., 2009)

Maes et al., 

2009 Meskens 

et al., 2008

L (Meskens 

et al., 2008)

Yes No

Calyptocephala 

gerstaeckeri 

Boheman

CR, GT, MX, NI, PA 

(Borowiec and 

Więtojańska, 2008a)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (CórdovaBallona and 

S., 2008; 

Howard et 

al., 2001)

Yes No
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 7

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Calyptocephala 

marginipennis

Boheman

HN, GT (Sánchez and 

Ortiz, 1998), MX 

(Blackwelder, 1946; 

Oyama and Dirzo, 

1991)

Oyama and 

Dirzo, 1991; 

PestID, 2009; 

Windsor et al., 

1992

L (Howard et 

al., 2001; 

Oyama and 

Dirzo, 1991)

Yes No

Calyptocephala sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (CórdovaBallona and 

S., 2008; 

Howard et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Cephaloleia lata Baly PA (Meskens et al., 

2008), CR (McKenna 

and Farrell, 2005), 

Central America 

(Strong, 1977)5

McKenna and 

Farrell, 2005; 

Meskens et al., 

2008

L (McKenna 

and Farrell, 

2005; 

Meskens et 

al., 2008), I 

Strong, 1977)

Yes No6

Charidotella semiatrata 

Boheman (Syn: 

Coptocycla 

semiatrata Boheman)

MX, CR, GT 

(Borowiec and 

Więtojańska, 2008b)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Howard et 

al., 2001; 

PestID, 

2009)

Yes No

Charidotella 

tuberculata Fabricius 

(Syn: Metriona 

tuberculata Fabricius)

SV (Berry and Salazar 

Vaquero, 1957), MX, 

CO, CR, SV, GT, HN, 

NI (Borowiec and 

Swietojanska, 2002), 

US (Balsbaugh and 

Riley, 1980)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Howard et 

al., 2001)

[Yes] No

Charidotis leprieuri

Boheman

HN (Blackwelder, 

1946), GT (Morton, 

1997)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Howard et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Coptocycla sordida

Boheman

MX, BZ, CR, GT 

(Borowiec and 

Więtojańska, 2008c)

PestID, 2009 L (Flowers 

and Janzen, 

1997)

Yes No

Ischnocodia annulus 

Fabricius (Syn: 

Tapinaspis annulus

Blackwelder)

SV (Berry, 1959b), 

CO, CR, GT, MX, NI, 

PA (Borowiec, 1998)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Howard et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

 

5 Cephaloleia lata has been collected “from Mexico to Panama” (Strong, 1977).

6 Generally known as leaf rollers, some larvae of Cephaloleia sp. feed on the inflorescences of palms (Strong, 1977). As 

external feeders, any C. lata feeding on pacaya are highly likely to be removed via post-harvest treatments of cleaning, 

submersion, and bract removal.
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 8

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Metriona trisignata

Boheman

SV (Berry and Salazar 

Vaquero, 1957), MX 

(Blackwelder, 1946), 

GT (Morton, 1997)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Howard et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Microctenochira 

cumulata Boheman

CR, GT, MX, NI, PA 

(Borowiec and 

Więtojańska, 2008d)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Howard et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Microctenochira 

ferranti Spaeth

SV, CR, GT, MX, NI

(Borowiec and 

Swietojanska, 2002)

PestID, 2009 L (Howard et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Microctenochira 

hieroglyphica 

Boheman

MX, CR, GT, PA 

(Borowiec and 

Więtojańska, 2008e)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Howard et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Prosopodonta dorsata 

Baly

PA (Meskens et al., 

2008)

Meskens et al., 

2008

L (Meskens 

et al., 2008)

Yes No

Tapinaspis wesmaeli

Boheman

SV (Berry, 1959b; 

Borowiec and 

Swietojanska, 2002), 

MX, GT 

(Blackwelder, 1946)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Howard et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Conotrachelus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

I, F, L 

(CABI, 

2007)

Yes Yes

Metamasius hemipterus 

carbonarius

Chevrolat

SV (Giblin-Davis et 

al., 1994)

PestID, 2009 L, S 

(Weissling 

and GiblinDavis, 2007)

Yes No

Metamasius hemipterus

Linnaeus

SV (Giblin-Davis et 

al., 1994; Gonzalez 

Chavez, 2002), BZ, 

CR, SV, GT, HN, NI, 

PA, US (FL) (CABI, 

2007)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L, S 

(Weissling 

and GiblinDavis, 2007)

[Yes] No

Metamasius hemipterus 

sericeus Olivier

SV (Giblin-Davis et 

al., 1994; McGuire and 

Crandall, 1967), US, 

MX, HN, NI, CR, PA, 

CO (Maes and 

O'Brien, 1990), US 

(FL) (CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2009 L, S 

(Weissling 

and GiblinDavis, 2007)

[Yes] No
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 9

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Parisoschoenus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

HN, MX (PestID, 

2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L, S (PestID, 

2009), I7

(Howard et 

al., 2001)

Yes Yes

Phelypera distigma

Boheman

SV (Berry, 1959b), 

MX, GT, NI, PA 

(Maes and O'Brien, 

1990)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Coccotrypes 

dactyliperda

Fabricius

CO, MX, PA, US 

(Wood, 1992)

Wood, 1992 N/A No N/A

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurocerus 

flavomarginatus

Bondar

GT (Evans, 2008) Evans, 2008 L (Walker, 

2009)8

Yes No

Aleurocerus palmae

Russell

BZ, CR, GT, HN, MX, 

NI, PA (Anderson, 

2007), US (FL) 

(Hodges and Evans, 

2005)

Anderson, 

2007; Dooley, 

2009; Evans, 

2007a; Martin, 

2005

L (Walker, 

2009)

[Yes] No

Aleurocerus sp. GT (Evans, 2007a; 

Morton, 1997)

Evans, 2007a; 

Morton, 1997

L (Walker, 

2009)

Yes No

Aleuroglandulus 

magnus Russell

PA (Evans, 2008; 

Mound and Halsey, 

1978), CR (Manzari 

and Quicke, 2006)

Dooley, 2009; 

Evans, 2008; 

Mound and 

Halsey, 1978

L (Nakahara, 

1995)9

Yes No

Aleuroglandulus subtilis

Bondar

CO, CR, SV, GT, HN, 

MX, PA (Evans, 

2008), BZ, NI, US 

(Martin, 2005)

Dooley, 2009; 

Evans, 2008; 

Mound and 

Halsey, 1978; 

PestID, 2009

N/A No N/A

Aleuroplatus cococolus 

Quaintance & Baker

BZ, CO, CR, NI, PA 

(Evans, 2008), GT 

(Morton, 1997)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L 

(Quaintance 

and Baker, 

1917)

Yes No

 

7 Larvae bore into immature florets of palms (Howard et al., 2001).

8 We found little biological information for A. flavomarginatus. Whiteflies usually infest leaves of plants and are rarely found 

on the stems (Nakahara, 1995).

9 We found little biological information for A. magnus. Whiteflies usually infest leaves of plants and are rarely found on the 

stems (Nakahara, 1995).
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 10

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Aleuroplatus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Nakahara, 

1995)10

Yes No

Aleurotrachelus atratus

Hempel

GT (Gerling et al., 

2006), CO, MX 

(Evans, 2007b), US 

(FL, HI) (NAPIS, 

2009)

Dooley, 2009 L (Walker, 

2008)

[Yes] No

Aleurotrachelus sp. GT, MX, SV, US 

(Evans, 2007a)

Evans, 2007a; 

Morton, 1997

L (CABI, 

2007)

[Yes] No

Aleurotrachelus 

trachoides Back

CO, CR, SV, GT, HN, 

MX, NI, PA, US 

(Evans, 2008) NI 

(Maes and Mound, 

1993)

Dooley, 2009; 

Evans, 2008

N/A No N/A

Aleurotulus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Nakahara, 

1995)

Yes No

Paraleurolobus 

chamaedoreae

Russell

BZ, CR, MX, NI 

(Martin, 2005)

Evans, 2008; 

Martin, 2005

L (Russell, 

1994)

Yes No

Paraleurolobus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L, S (PestID, 

2009)

Yes No

Paraleyrodes minei

Iaccarino

BZ, GT, HN, MX, US 

(Evans, 2008)

Dooley, 2009; 

Evans, 2008

N/A No N/A

Singhiella citrifolii

Morgan

CO, CR, GT, HN, 

MX, PA, US (Evans, 

2008)

Evans, 2008 N/A No N/A

Tetraleurodes acaciae

Quaintance 

BZ, CR, SV, GT, MX, 

NI, PA, US (Nakahara, 

1995), CO, HN 

(Evans, 2008)

Dooley, 2009; 

Evans, 2008; 

Nakahara, 1995

N/A No N/A

Tetraleurodes chivela

Nakahara

MX (Oaxaca) 

(Nakahara, 1995), BZ, 

MX (Evans, 2008)

Dooley, 2009; 

Evans, 2008; 

Nakahara, 1995

L (Nakahara, 

1995)

Yes No

Tetralicia sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Nakahara, 

1995)

Yes No

Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae

Asterolecanium 

epidendri Bouché

GT (Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; Howard et al., 

2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; Howard 

et al., 2001

N/A No N/A

 

10 Whiteflies usually infest leaves of plants and are rarely found on the stems (Nakahara, 1995).
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 11

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Palmaspis inlabefacta

Russell (Syn: 

Asterolecanium 

inlabefactum Russell)

MX (Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; Howard et al., 

2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; Howard 

et al., 2001

L, F (Howard 

et al., 2001)

Yes No

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Ceroplastes floridensis

Comstock

MX, BZ, GT, HN, NI, 

US (Maes, 2004c), 

CR, PA, CO, (CABI, 

2007)

Maes, 2004c; 

Morton, 1997; 

Quezada, 1972

N/A No N/A

Coccus hesperidum 

hesperidum Linnaeus

SV (Quezada, 1972), 

CO, MX, PA, SV, US 

(Ben-Dov, 1993), GT, 

HN, SV (Maes, 2004c)

Ben-Dov, 1993; 

CABI, 2007; 

Maes, 2004c

N/A No N/A

Coccus viridis Green MX, GT, BZ, HN, SV, 

NI, CR, PA, CO 

(Maes, 2004c), US 

(FL, HI) (CABI, 2007)

Maes, 2004c F, L, S 

(CABI, 

2007)

[Yes] No

Eucalymnatus 

tessellatus Signoret

SV (Berry and Salazar 

Vaquero, 1957), MX, 

CO, US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2009)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Kilifia americana BenDovMX, US (Ben-Dov, 

1993)

Ben-Dov, 1993 N/A No N/A

Lopholeucaspis 

cockerelli Grandpré 

& Charmoy (Syn: 

Leucaspis cockerelli)

SV (Berry, 1959a), 

SV, MX, US, CO, CR, 

HN, PA (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2009)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2009; Howard 

et al., 2001

N/A No N/A

Vinsonia stellifera 

Westwood

CO, NI (Maes, 2004b), 

US (AL, GA, FL) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2009)

PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

[Yes] No

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Acutaspis albopicta 

Cockerell

MX, CR, GT, HN, PA, 

US (CA, TX) (BenDov et al., 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2009)

[Yes] No

Aonidiella aurantii

Maskell

HN, US (CABI, 2007) Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

N/A No N/A

Aspidiotus destructor

Signoret

SV (Berry, 1959b), 

US, MX, GT, BZ, SV, 

HN, NI, CR, PA, CO 

(Maes, 2004c)

Howard et al., 

2001; Maes, 

2004c; Miller 

and Davidson, 

2005

N/A No N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 12

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Aspidiotus spinosus

Comstock

Central America, US, 

MX, CO (Miller and 

Davidson, 2005)

Miller and 

Davidson, 2005

N/A No N/A

Chrysomphalus 

aonidum Linnaeus

SV (Berry, 1959b; 

Quezada, 1972), MX, 

GT, SV, HN, NI, CR, 

PA (McGuire and 

Crandall, 1967), CO, 

US (Maes, 2004c)

Howard et al., 

2001; Maes, 

2004c; Miller 

and Davidson, 

2005

N/A No N/A

Chrysomphalus 

dictyospermi Morgan

SV (Quezada, 1972), 

CR, GT, HN, NI, PA, 

MX, US (CABI, 1994)

Miller and 

Davidson, 2005

N/A No N/A

Diaspis boisduvalii

Signoret

SV (Berry, 1959a), 

Cosmopolitan 

(Howard et al., 2001)

Gaimari, 2008; 

Howard et al., 

2001; Miller 

and Davidson, 

2005

N/A No N/A

Diaspis sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L, F, S 

(Tenbrink 

and Hara, 

1992)

Yes No

Dinaspis aculeata 

Ferris

GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009), 

CO, PA (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Ferris, 

1973)

Yes No

Fiorinia fioriniae

Targioni Tozzetti

Cosmopolitan 

(Howard et al., 2001)

Howard et al., 

2001

N/A No N/A

Furcaspis sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L, S (PestID, 

2009)

Yes No

Hemiberlesia 

cyanophylli Signoret 

(Syn: Abgrallaspis 

cyanophylli Signoret)

CO, CR, MX, NI, PA, 

US (Watson, 2005)

Maes, 2004c N/A No N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae

Signoret

MX, NI (Maes, 

2004c), GT, PA, US 

(CABI, 1994)

Maes, 2004c; 

Miller and 

Davidson, 2005

N/A No N/A

Ischnaspis longirostris 

Signoret

SV (Berry and Salazar 

Vaquero, 1957), MX, 

HN, SV, NI, CR, PA, 

CO, US (Maes, 2004a)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; Howard 

et al., 2001; 

Maes, 2004a; 

Miller and 

Davidson, 2005

N/A No N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 13

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Malleolaspis mammata 

Ferris

PA (Ben-Dov et al., 

2009)

PestID, 2009 L, S (PestID, 

2009)

Yes No

Malleolaspis sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes No

Pinnaspis buxi Bouché SV (Berry, 1959b), 

MX, BZ, CO, PA, US 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2009)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Pinnaspis strachani

Cooley

SV (Berry, 1959a, 

1959b), CO, MX, US 

(CABI, 2007)

Howard et al., 

2001

N/A No N/A

Pseudischnaspis 

acephala Ferris

MX, SV, NI, PA, CO 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2009; 

Maes, 2004c)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2009; Maes, 

2004c

L (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2009)

Yes No

Pseudoparlatoria 

parlatorioides 

Comstock

CO, HN, PA, MX, US 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2009)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2009; Miller 

and Davidson, 

2005

N/A No N/A

Selenaspidus articulatus

Morgan

SV (Quezada, 1972), 

US (Miller and 

Davidson, 2005)

Miller and 

Davidson, 2005

N/A No N/A

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Icerya sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L, S (CABI, 

2007)

Yes No

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Geococcus coffeae

Green

HN, GT, SV, BZ, CO, 

CR, MX, PA (BenDov, 1994), US (FL) 

(Kuitert and Dekle, 

1966)

Ben-Dov, 1994; 

Howard et al., 

2001

R (Barrera, 

2008; Kuitert 

and Dekle, 

1966)

[Yes] No

Nipaecoccus nipae

Maskell

GT, SV, US, BZ, CO, 

CR, MX, NI, PA (BenDov, 1994)

Ben-Dov, 1994; 

Howard et al., 

2001; Williams 

and Granara de 

Willink, 1992

N/A No N/A

Phenacoccus gregosus

Williams & Granara 

de Willink

MX, Central America 

(Howard et al., 2001) 

CR, MX (Ben-Dov, 

1994; Williams and 

Granara de Willink, 

1992)

Ben-Dov, 1994; 

Howard et al., 

2001; Williams 

and Granara de 

Willink, 1992

L, S (CABI, 

2007)

Yes No
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 14

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Pseudococcus 

longispinus Targioni 

Tozzetti

CO, CR, GT, HN, 

MX, PA, US (BenDov et al., 2009; 

CABI, 2007)

Ben-Dov, 1994; 

Howard et al., 

2001

N/A No N/A

Rhizoecus americanus 

Hambleton

CO, CR, HN, MX, PA 

(Ben-Dov, 1994), US 

(CABI, 2007)

Howard et al., 

2001

N/A No N/A

Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae

Biruga chariclo Fennah MX (Fennah, 1974) Fennah, 1974 L (Fennah, 

1974)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Brassolidae

Opsiphanes sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (Howard et 

al., 2001; 

PestID, 

2009)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae

Carystoides sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes No

Tromba xanthura 

Godman

SV (Chavez, 1985), 

CR (Janzen and 

Hallwachs, 2005), 

MX, HN, PA, CO, BZ 

(Savela, 2007)

Janzen and 

Hallwachs, 

2005

L (Howard et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Copitarsia sp. GT (Morton, 1997), 

MX, CO (PestID, 

2009)

Morton, 1997; 

PestID, 2009

I, F, L, S 

(PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes11

Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae

Brassolis isthmia Bates CR, PA (Young, 

1986), CO (Bristow, 

2008)

Young, 1986 L (Young, 

1986)

Yes No

 

11 Copitarsia sp. was intercepted on Chamaedorea sp. three times, in 1986, 1987, and 1988 (PestID, 2009), and a total of nine 

alive immatures were collected on Chamaedorea leaves, in general cargo, stores, and permit cargo. We found no published 

information that “palm” or Chamaedorea sp. are true hosts of any member of the Copitarsia genus. The three interceptions 

(more than 20 years ago) are insufficient evidence of host status. We concluded that this genus is highly unlikely to follow 

the pathway on pacaya.
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 15

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Lepidoptera: Tineidae

Opogona sacchari

Bojer

Central America 

(EPPO, n.d.)12, HN 

(EPPO, 2006, CABI 

2007) US (FL, HI) 

(CABI 2007)

CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, n.d.; 

Howard et al., 

2001; Robinson 

et al., 2001

I, L, S 

(CABI, 

2007), R 

(Peña et al., 

1990)

[Yes] No13

Orthoptera: Acrididae

Microtylopteryx hebardi

Rehn

CR (Howard et al., 

2001)

Braker, 1989; 

Howard et al., 

2001

L, S (Braker, 

1989)

Yes No

Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae

Idiarthron 

subquadratum

Saussure & Pictet

MX, GT, HN, SV, CR, 

CO (Zavala et al., 

2005)

Barrera, 2008; 

Zavala et al., 

2005

L, F (Barrera, 

2008)

Yes No

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Brooksithrips 

chamaedoreae Retana 

& Mound

CR, BZ, Central 

America (RetanaSalazar and Mound, 

2005)14

Retana-Salazar 

and Mound, 

2005

I (RetanaSalazar and 

Mound, 

2005)

Yes Yes

FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS

Aegerita sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes

Aschersonia sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes

Ascochyta sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes

 

12 Opogona sacchari is generally widespread in Central America (EPPO, n.d.).

13 Opogona larvae typically feed at the base of Chamaedorea palms, where the aerial roots enter the soil (Heppner et al., 

1987). They are highly unlikely to occur in the inflorescences of Chamaedorea palms. Adults are highly mobile and are 

not likely to remain with the commodity through standard post-harvest treatments of washing and immersion

14 Although the authors described specimens from Belize and Costa Rica, B. chamaedoreae is considered widespread in 

Central America (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005).
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 16

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Calonectria kyotensis

Terash.

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

CO, PA, MX, US (Farr

et al., 2009)

Farr et al., 2009 N/A No N/A

Coccostromopsis 

chamaedoreae (Syd.) 

K.D. Hyde & P.F. 

Cannon (Syn: 

Cocodiella 

chamaedoreae (Syd.) 

Hino & Katum) 

(Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

CR (Farr et al., 2009), 

MX (PestID, 2009)

Farr et al., 2009 L (PestID, 

2009; Elliott 

et al., 2004

Yes No15

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides

(Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. 

(Sordariomycetes: 

Incertae sedis)

GT (Chapen, 2007), 

CO, CR, PA, US (Farr

et al., 2009), BZ, GT, 

HN, NI (CABI, 2007)

Chapen, 2007 N/A No N/A

Colletotrichum sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes

Cylindrocadium sp. GT (Chapen, 2007) Chapen, 2007 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes

Ganoderma sp. GU (Chapen, 2007) Chapen, 2007 S, L

(Chapen, 

2007)

Yes Yes

Gliocladium 

vermoesenii

(Biourge) Thom 

(Syn: Nalanthamala 

vermoesenii

(Biourge) Schroers) 

(Sordariomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

MX, GU (SolSánchez, 2007), US 

(Atilano et al., 1980)

Sol-Sánchez, 

2007

N/A No N/A

Macbridella olivacea 

Seaver (Syn. 

Rubrinectria olivacea

Rossman and 

Samuels)

(Dothideomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

MX (Farr et al., 2009) Farr et al., 2009 S (Schroers 

et al., 2005)

Yes No

 

15 This pathogen is only interveinal (Farr et al., 2009), which would prohibit it from infecting the immature inflorescence. 

Thus, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 17

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Mycosphaerella sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes

Pestalotiopsis 

palmarum (Cooke) 

Steyaert 

(Sordariomycetes: 

Xylariales)

MX (PestID, 2009), 

US (Mordue and 

Holliday, 1999), CO, 

SV, PA (Farr et al., 

2009)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Pestalotiopsis sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes

Phoma sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes

Phomopsis sp. 

(Sordariomycetes: 

Diaporthales)

MX (Rehner and 

Uecker, 1994)

Rehner and 

Uecker, 1994

L (Rehner 

and Uecker, 

1994)

Yes Yes

Phytophthora 

palmivora E.J. Butler

(Oomycetes: 

Peronosporales)

MX, GT (Sol-Sánchez, 

2007), CR, GT, HN, 

PA, SV, US (Farr et 

al., 2009)

Sol-Sánchez, 

2007

N/A No N/A

Phyllosticta sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes

Platypeltella 

angustispora M.L. 

Farr & Pollack

(Dothideomycetes: 

Microthyriales)

MX (Farr et al., 2009) Farr et al., 2009 L (Farr et al., 

2009)

Yes No

Pyrenochaeta sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes

Thanatephorus 

cucumeris (A.B. 

Frank) Donk (Syn. 

Rhizoctonia solani 

J.G. Kuhn) 

(Agaricomycetes: 

Cantharellales)

SV (CABI, 2006), CO, 

CR, HN, MX, NI, US 

(Farr et al., 2009)

Farr et al., 2009 N/A No N/A

Zygosporium 

oscheoides Mont. 

(Incertae sedis: 

Incertae sedis)

MX, US (Farr et al., 

2009)

Farr et al., 2009 N/A No N/A

Zygosproium sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 18

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

NEMATODA

Meloidogyne incognita 

(Kofoid & White) 

Chitwood 

CR (Solano et al., 

n.d.), US (Meerow and 

Weissling, 1998; 

Handoo and Ellington, 

2009)

Meerow and 

Weissling, 1998

N/A No No

MOLLUSKA

Calcicuccinea Aff. 

Luteola (Gould) 

(Succinieidae)

MX (PestID, 2009), 

US (Thompson, 2008)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Drymaeus dominicus

(Reeve) 

(Bulimulidae)

MX, US (PestID, 

2009)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Drymaues sp. 

(Bulimulideae)

GT (PestID, 2009), US 

(Deisler, 2005)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Guppya gundlachi

(Pfeifer) 

(Euconulidae)

CR (PestID, 2009), GT 

(Goodrich and Van der 

Schalie, 1937), MX, 

US (Sandoval, 1999)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Helicella virgata 

(Dacosta) 

(Hygromiidae)

MX, US (PestID, 

2009)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Helicina cinctella 

(Shuttleworth) 

(Helicinidae)

MX, US (PestID, 

2009)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Henderson occulta

(Say) (Helicinidae)

MX, US (PestID, 

2009)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Leidyula moreleti 

(Fischer) 

(Verononicellidae) 

MX (PestID, 2009), 

US (Life, 2009)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Oligyra sp. 

(Helicinidae)

MX, US (PestID, 

2009)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Pallifera costaricensis

(Morch) 

(Philomycidae)

GU (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes No

Pallifer sp. 

(Philmycidae)

MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes

Pupisoma dioscoricola 

(C.B. Adams) 

(Vallloniidae)

MX, US (PestID, 

2009)

PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 19

Pest scientific name Distribution1 Host 

association

Plant part(s) 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Sarasinula plebeia 

(Fischer) 

(Veronicellidae)

MX (PestID, 2009), 

GU, SV, HN, BE, NI, 

CR, PA (Barker, 

2002), US (FL) 

(Stange and Deisler, 

2009)

PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009), I 

(Barker, 

2002)

[Yes] Yes

Veronicella sp. 

(Veronicellae)

MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 

2009)

Yes Yes

2.4.2. Pests not likely to follow the pathway

Quarantine plant pests in this assessment which we did not further scrutinize may be detrimental 

to agricultural production systems of the United States or the natural environment. We did not 

analyze pests identified only at the genus level or higher if the group already occurs in the United 

States. This lack of biological information should not be equated with low risk. By necessity, 

pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological and taxonomic 

information is available. Many species may occur within a genus, and we cannot reasonably

assume identical biology for all congeneric organisms. The lack of species identification may

indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, or inadequacy of the life stage or quality of 

the specimen submitted for species identification. If the pests identified in this risk assessment at 

a genus level are intercepted on pacaya from El Salvador in the future, their species specific 

determination should follow. Quarantine action can be taken where appropriate and a reevaluation of their risk may be necessary. 

In the pathway-initiated risk analysis titled “Importation of fresh immature inflorescence of 

pacaya into the Continental United States from El Salvador” dated July 2005, scientists from the 

Center for Phytosanitary Excellence (CEF) included several organisms in the pest list that we 

excluded. Previously, they based host status on interception data for the following arthropods: 

Acanthoscelides guazume Johnson & Kingsolver (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Malacorhinus irregularis Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Metriona crucipennis Boheman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Rhinostomus barbirostris Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Conoderus varians Steinheil (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

Oncometopia clarior (Walker) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis Green (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Planococcus minor Maskell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Each of these organisms was only intercepted on or with Chamaedorea sp. one or two times, 

which we consider insufficient evidence for a pest-host relationship. We found no other 

references to these arthropods occurring on Chamaedorea sp., and therefore we removed them 

from the draft pest list. In addition, we removed the following arthropods because we were 

unable to verify host status from any source:

Deloyala zettersatedti Boheman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
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Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Opsiphanes cassinia Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Brassolidae)

Saissetia coffeae Walker (Hemiptera: Coccidae)

Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Cocodiella chamaedorea has frequently been intercepted, but this pathogen has been reexamined 

and is now Coccostromopsis chamaedoreae. It is one of 31 causal agents of tar spot of palms.

We excluded C. chamaedoreae from further analysis because it is highly unlikely to follow the 

pathway. That is because it infects plants intraveinally, which precludes it infecting immature 

inflorescences.

2.4.3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway but excluded from analysis

We identified three pathogens—Cocodiella chamaedoreae, Phomopsis sp., and Zygosporium 

oscheoides—for which we had no information relating to an actual damaging disease. 

Zygosporium oscheoides did not have defined taxonomy so its pathogenicity, if it was a 

pathogen, had never been described. Likewise, Phomopsis sp. has only been observed in 

molecular assays and has no known associated disease, so its pathogenecity status is unclear. 

Because pathogenecity had never been described, in these cases it was not possible to assess risk.

2.4.4. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and analyzed

We will analyze quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway, i.e., be included in commercial 

shipments of pacaya, in detail in this risk assessment [Steps 5-7 (PPQ, 2000)]. We found three

quarantine pests that may follow the pathway of fresh immature inflorescences: Saransinula 

plebeia, Brevipalpus hondurani, and Brooksithrips chamaedoreae. Although Chamaedorea

species have never been described as hosts of S. plebeia, the frequency with which they were

intercepted suggests that the slug could follow the inflorescences pathway. As a small mite, B. 

hondurani may be found on the inflorescences. Brooksithrips chamaedoreae is an internal feeder 

that may follow the pathway. Brooksithrips chamaedoreae is an internal feeder that may follow 

the pathway.

2.5. Consequences of Introduction

We estimate the Consequences of Introduction using five risk elements: climate-host interaction, 

host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and environmental impact. They assign a Low 

(1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) to each Risk Element and add the Risk Elements 

to produce a Cumulative Risk Rating for each pest analyzed (PPQ, 2000). Table 3 summarizes 

the Consequences of Introduction values.

Brevipalpus hondurani Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Brevipalpus hondurani is only known to occur in Bermuda and the Honduras 

(Evans et al., 1998). This region corresponds to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 12 

and 13 (Magarey et al., 2008), which do not occur in the continental United 

States. The continental United States spans a wide climatic range from zone 1 in 

Fairbanks, Alaska to zone 11 in Miami, Florida (PERAL, 2008). Based on its 

Negligible
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Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 21

Brevipalpus hondurani Risk ratings

distribution, we estimate that B. hondurani would not be able to establish in the 

continental United States. Based on the Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest 

Risk Assessments (PPQ, 2000), the RA for Brevipalpus hondurani STOPS.

Brooksithrips chamaedoreae Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

While Brooksithrips chamaedoreae is apparently widespread in Central America

(Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005), it is not reported anywhere else. This species 

is likely tropical, with a limited ability to survive in the United States. Plant 

hardiness zones present in Central America are zones 11 through 13, with zone 

10 encompassing some higher elevation regions (Magarey et al., 2008). We 

estimate that B. chamaedoreae may establish in the southern portion of Florida, 

within Plant Hardiness Zone 11 and perhaps some of Zone 10. Chamaedorea

spp. is found in Florida (NRCS, 2009).

Low (1)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Brooksithrips chamaedoreae only reproduces in certain Chamaedorea

(Arecaceae) species (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005). 

Low (1)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

We found little information about B. chamaedoreae, which is only recently

described. At some sites, “many thousands” of individuals were present, and all 

life stages were found on the same plant (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005), 

indicating high reproductive capacity. In general, thrips have limited capability

for natural spread, though wind can move them long distances (Vierbergen, 

1995). They are also commonly transported in trade of propagative materials, and 

are one of the most frequently intercepted arthropods (Vierbergen, 1995). Due to 

the limited capabilities of thrips to disperse naturally, we rated the dispersal 

potential of B. chamaedoreae as Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

We found little information on Chamaedorea production in the United States. 

Some Chamaedorea is produced in the United States, by about 23 growers 

(Wilsey and Endress, 2007). Chamaedorea palms are used in the floral industry: 

large volumes of leaves are imported from Central and South America. The act of 

B. chamaedoreae boring into male inflorescences may reduce production of 

Chamaedorea sp. Adults are likely to be involved in the pollination of 

Chamaedorea sp. (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005). Given the limited 

production of Chamaedorea sp. in the United States, we rated the economic 

impact to be Low for this species.

Low (1)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

No Chamaedorea spp. which may be impacted by B. chamaedoreae are listed on 

the Threatened or Endangered species list (USFWS, 2009). We found no 

indication that this pest would cause any significant environmental impacts. 

Thus, we rated Brooksithrips chamaedoreae Low for environmental impact.

Low (1)
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Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 22

Sarasinula plebeia Risk ratings

Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction

In Latin America this slug is limited to tropical and sub-tropical zones (Barker, 

2002). These zones correspond to U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 10 and 11 

(PERAL, 2008). This limited distribution yields a Low rating.

Low (1)

Risk Element 2: Host Range

The host range is large since S. plebeia is polyphagous (Barker, 2002). It is a 

major pest of Fabaceae and Cucurbitaceae (Barker, 2002). Since it can attack 

plants in multiple families, we rated it High.

High (3)

Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential

Sarasinula plebeia has a limited potential for spread since it is non-burrowing 

(Stange and Deisler, 2009). It is oviparous, and produces 1-2 annual clutches of 

approximately 37 eggs each (Barker, 2002). Like many mollusks its larvae and 

eggs can travel in water (Barker, 2002). It also moves in commercial shipments. 

For these reasons, we rated it Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact

Sarasinula plebeia has been described as a “significant” pest of dry beans and 

squash (Barker, 2002), and damages cacao plants, citrus stock, and nursery 

plants (Stange and Deisler, 2009). It may be the most serious threat to harm 

Florida agriculture (Stange and Deisler, 2009). S. plebeia causes severe 

economic damage as both an agricultural pest as well as an intermediate host of 

parasites (Barker, 2002). Additional control measures are necessary in areas 

where S. plebeia is established, thereby increasing costs of production (Barker, 

2002). We rated the economic impact as High.

High (3)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact

Sarasinula plebeia is not known to attack any endangered species and seems to 

be primarily an agronomic pest. Thus, we rated this element Low.

Low (1)

Table 3. Summary of risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction.

Pest Climate/Host 

Interaction

Host 

Range

Dispersal 

Potential

Economic 

Impact

Environ. 

Impact

Cumulative 

Risk Ratinga

Brevipalpus hondurani Negligible N/A N/A N/A N/A Negligible

Brooksithrips 

chamaedoreae

Low (1) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Low (1) Low (6)

Sarasinula plebeia Low (1) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Low (1) Medium (10)

a

Low = 5-8 points; Medium = 9-12 points; High = 13-15 points.

2.6. Likelihood of Introduction

The likelihood of a pest being introduced and establishing a reproductive population is 

dependent on a series of six independent events: 1) the quantity of the commodity imported, 2) 

the ability of the pest to survive post-harvest treatment, 3) the ability of the pest to survive 
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 23

shipment, 4) the probability the pest will not be detected at the port-of-entry, 5) the likelihood 

that it will be moved to a suitable habitat, and 6) the probability that it will come into contact 

with suitable host material (PPQ, 2000). We evaluated these six elements below, and 

summarized them in a cumulative risk rating (Table 4).

2.6.1. Quantity of product imported annually

The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduced depends on the amount of potentially

infested commodity that is imported. For qualitative pest risk assessments, the amount of 

commodity imported is estimated in units of standard 40-foot-long shipping containers.

The market for pacaya in the United States is limited. The primary intended consumers are 

Salvadorian expatriates and recent immigrants. Pacaya could only be marketed in communities 

with sufficient size to justify the costs of shipping and to consume the product fast enough that it 

would not spoil. A small number of areas in the United States meet those criteria (Hernández et 

al., 2003). The quantities exported are likely to be small until these markets are developed, so the 

number of containers is likely less than 10 (Hernández et al., 2003), and the risk associated with 

the quantity being imported is Low.

2.6.2. Survive post-harvest treatment

Post-harvest treatment refers to any industry-standard manipulation, handling, or specific 

phytosanitary treatment to which the commodity is subjected. We summarized these processes 

above (see 1.3), but the most important were removal of the external bracts, immersion in 

chlorinated water (50 ppm) for 10 seconds, a 10 second heat treatment of 62oC, and drying by

centrifugation. 

Brooksithrips chamaedoreae is an internal pest, so the planned treatments are unlikely to fully

mitigate against it. Thus, we rated it High. 

As an external pest, Sarasinula plebeia is unlikely to survive immersion in chlorinated water, 

heat treatment, and drying by centrifuge. Thus, we rated it Low.

2.6.3. Survive shipment

Shipping conditions for pacaya from El Salvador are not known. The most likely method of entry

seems to be by air, and El Salvador is only a short flight (two hours) to Miami. 

Because B. chamaedoreae larvae will be inside in the inflorescence, they are likely to be 

protected during shipment. Thus, we rated it High for this sub-element. 

Most S. plebeia intercepted on Chamaedorea sp. from Mexico and Costa Rica, in cut 

flower/greenery shipments, have been live adults (PestID, 2009). Thus, S. plebeia is likely to 

survive shipment from Central America to the continental United States. If shipped by air, 

conditions seem unlikely to cause significant mortality, especially compared to post-harvest 

treatments. Thus, we rated the risk of surviving the shipment as High.
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Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 24

2.6.4. Not detected at port-of-entry

The likelihood that a pest will not be detected at a port-of-entry depends on several factors, 

including pest size, mobility, and degree of concealment. 

The internal feeder, B. chamaedoreae, is highly unlikely to be detected at the port-of-entry, so 

we rated it High for this sub-element. 

The coloring and small size of slugs can make visual detection more difficult (Barker, 2002). In 

addition, slugs may hide near the stem of the pacaya. Thus, we rated this risk as Medium.

2.6.5. Imported or moved to an area with an environment suitable for survival

The likelihood that a pest will be moved to an area with a suitable environment for survival 

depends on the potential distribution of markets for the host commodity throughout the country. 

Some pacaya is likely to be imported into Miami, and some into more northern ports. 

We estimated above that B. chamaedorea would only be able to establish in southern Florida. 

Thus, we rated this sub-element Low for this pest. 

South Florida is the environment most likely to be a suitable environment for S. plebeia in the 

United States. Since the Salvadoran government has targeted Miami as a market for Salvadoran 

products, pacaya is highly likely to go there (Hernández et al., 2003). Hence, the risk is High for 

this sub-element.

2.6.6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction

Even in environments suitable for pest survival, pests must still come in contact with viable host 

material. This largely depends on two factors, the pest’s dispersal ability and the presence of host 

material in the region. Chamaedorea spp. are not native to the continental United States, and 

typically are only found in greenhouse production and as a garden ornamental.

In general, thrips have a low capability for self-dispersal, though they may move long distances 

with wind currents (Vierbergen, 1995). Still, because B. chamaedoreae is only known to affect 

certain Chamaedorea species, and little Chamaedorea production exists in the United States, this 

pest is highly unlikely to contact a suitable host. Thus, we rated B. chamaedoreae Low. 

Sarasinula plebeia is polyphagous (Barker, 2002), attacking both dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) 

and squash, which are widely grown. Thus, we rated it High.

2.6.7. Cumulative Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction

Both quarantine pests of concern had a Medium cumulative risk rating. 
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Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 26

Table 4. Summary of risk ratings for Likelihood of Introduction.

Pest Quantity 

imported 

annually

Survive 

postharvest 

treatment

Survive 

shipment

Not 

detected at 

port-ofentry

Moved 

to 

suitable 

habitat

Contact 

with 

host 

material

Cumulative risk 

ratinga

Sarasinula

plebeia

Low (1) Low (1) High (3) Medium (2) High (3) High (3) Medium 

(13)

Brooksithrips 

chamaedoreae

Low (1) High (3) High (3) High (3) Low (1) Low (1) Medium 

(12)

a

Low = 6–9 points; Medium = 10–14 points; High = 15–18 points

2.7. Conclusion: Pest Risk Potential 

The overall Pest Risk Potential of a pest incorporates the likelihood of its introduction and 

establishment with the potential economic and environmental consequences that may follow. It is 

a qualitative estimation of risk that is expressed in terms of Low, Medium, or High. We calculate 

Pest Risk Potential by summing the risk element values from those two components of risk 

(PPQ, 2000). Based on available information, it is highly unlikely that Brevipalpus hondurani

would be able to establish in the continental United States, and the overall risk is negligible.

We rated Sarasinula plebeia (Systellommatophora: Veronicellidae) as Medium Pest Risk 

Potential, and Brooksithrips chamaedoreae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) as Low Pest Risk 

Potential (Table 5).

According to our guidelines (PPQ, 2000), port-of-entry inspection provides sufficient 

phytosanitary security for pests assigned Low pest risk potentials, while specific phytosanitary

measures may be necessary for Medium pest risk potentials and are strongly recommended for 

High pest risk potentials. 

Table 5. Pest Risk Potential.

Pest Consequences of 

Introduction

Likelihood of 

Introduction

Cumulative 

Risk Ratinga

Sarasinula plebeia Medium (10) Medium (13) Medium (23)

Brooksithrips chamaedoreae Low (6) Med (12) Low (18)

a

Low =11-18 points; Medium = 19-26 points; High = 27-33 point

3. Risk mitigation options 

The risk assessment of pacaya exported from El Salvador to the continental United States 

determined that Brooksithrips chamaedoreae was a quarantine pest likely to follow the pathway, 

with Low Pest Risk Potential. Given this rating, we have not presented any risk mitigation 

options.
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 27

On the other hand, Sarasinula plebeia had Medium Pest Risk Potential. This may require 

specific phytosanitary measures, so we have presented risk mitigation options here. The 

appropriate level of protection may be achieved through the application of a single phytosanitary

measure, such as inspection or a quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures.

3.1. Mitigation at the origin

Mitigations for these pests may include inspection at the point of origin for culling and hot water 

treatments. As part of post-harvest processing, the open spaces in the inflorescence could be 

inspected along with the bags and boxes before shipment to the United States. Visual inspection 

may be required as a condition of movement, and the exporting country’s National Plant 

Protection Organization (NPPO) is responsible for export certification, inspection, and issuance 

of phytosanitary certificates stating that such inspection was done. The shipping box may be 

labeled with the identity of the production site.

3.2. Quarantine Treatments

No quarantine treatments have been approved for pacaya (PPQ 2008). The treatments below 

would need to be checked for efficacy.

3.2.1. Hot Water

Hot water treatment consists of submerging the fruit in circulating hot water for an extended 

period of time (PPQ, 2008). Eight minutes at 49oC is an acceptable treatment for killing slugs 

and snails, including S. plebeia (USDA, 1993). Some experimentation may required to determine 

if pacaya quality is unaffected by this treatment. Also, some trapping options under development

(Hollingworth, 2007) could help certify that packing areas are and remain free of S. plebeia.

3.2.2. Methyl bromide

Methyl bromide (CH3Br) fumigation is an effective treatment for disinfesting a wide variety of 

plant pests on a wide variety of commodities. Methyl bromide is effective at treating insects (all 

life stages), mites and ticks (all life stages), nematodes (including cysts), snails and slugs, and 

fungi (such as oak wilt fungus) (PPQ, 2008). It is effective in mitigating internal Diptera, 

Lepidoptera, and Pseudococcidae, as well as some surface feeders such as thrips infesting 

various commodities.

3.3. Conclusions

We have identified risk mitigation strategies that may reduce the likelihood of Sarasinula plebeian

establishing in the United States. A single risk mitigation option may not be sufficient to reduce 

pest risk to an acceptable level for all situations. A systems approach with specific mitigations 

targeting this pest may be more appropriate. 

This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the quality of a 

specific program or systems approach. It identifies risks and provides information regarding 

known mitigative measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be 
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 28

present in an operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document. Risk management 

measures will be established in a Risk Management Document.

4. Contributors

Prepared by:

John Rogers, Botanista

Cynthia Landry, Ecologista

Reviewers:

Robert Ahern, Entomologista

Betsy Randel-Shadel, Plant Pathologista

Ashley Jackson, Editorial Assistanta

a USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL

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Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 37

6. Appendices

Appendix A. Standard post-harvest procedures [Original and translation]

(See translation below.)

Communicated by the El Salvador Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Direccion General de 

Sanidad Vegetal y Animal (MAG, 2005).

Datos del informe de Pacaya (Chamaedorea tepejilote):

La Pacaya se cultiva desde los 400 m.s.n.m. hasta los 800 m.s.n.m. En la actualidad, este cultivo 

se encuentra asociado con cultivos de café.

El inicio de la cosecha de este cultivo comienza en agosto y termina en diciembre. Siendo 

aproximadamente 5 meses de producción.

Datos generales:

El distanciamiento por Ha. es de 1.5 por 1.5. Esto da una densidad de 3,334 plantas por ha y una 

planta produce 5 Pacayas por corte. Esto da una producción de 16,670 Pacayas por corte y se 

calcula que son de dos a tres cortes por temporada.

El peso de 5 Pacayas con una bráctea es 0.45 kilogramos Con este peso se calcula 4 toneladas 

por hectárea.

Área aproximada de siembra total a nivel nacional: 200 hectáreas.

La presentación del producto para su exportación puede ser sin bráctea o con una bráctea interna 

ambas con pedúnculo de una pulgada.

El cultivo de pacaya comienza a producir tres años después de la siembra.

El tratamiento poscosecha consiste en:

- Lavado: sumergimiento en tinas por 10 seg. con hipoclorito a 50 ppm.

- Tratamiento térmico: 10 seg. a 62oC.

- Secado por centrifugación

- Empaque en bandejas de 2 libras.

El volumen estimado a exportar es de 20-25 toneladas por año.

Zonas de siembra: Departamentos de: Ahuachapan, San Salvador, Cuscatlan, Santa Ana, 

Sonsonate, La Libertad, La Paz, San Vicente, y Usulutan.

Importancia: con la siembra de una mayor área del cultivo se favorecería la protección del medio 

ambiente y del recurso suelo por ser un cultivo que se siembra en asocio con café y en suelos 

principalmente, con pendientes pronunciadas. Adicionalmente se mejorarían los ingresos de los 

productores (como consecuencia de su grupo familiar) así como la calidad de vida. Se daría una 

diversificación de la agricultura tradicional y se generaría una mayor fuente de trabajo para los 

trabajadores del área rural.
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 38

Communicated by the El Salvador Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Direccion General de 

Sanidad Vegetal y Animal (MAG, 2005).

Information for the Pacaya Report (Chamaedorea tepejilote)

Pacaya is grown between 400 and 800 meters above sea level and usually in association with 

coffee production.

Harvest begins in August and ends in December, which is approximately 5 months of production 

per year.

General Information

The distance is between plants 1.5 m by 1.5 m. This separation gives a density of 3,334 plants 

per hectare and one plant produces 5 Pacayas each cutting. This arrangement results in 16,670 

Pacayas for each cutting and there are three cutting each season. Five Pacayas, with bracts, 

weighs 0.45 Kg which gives a total production of 4 metric tons per hectare per year.

Total area planted nationally is approximately 200 ha.

The export grade Pacaya does not have a bract or is with an internal bract. In either case a 

peduncle the Pacayas are cut with a one inch peduncle or stalk.

Production begins three years after planting.

Post-harvest treatment consists of the following:

-Washing is by submerging the Pacaya in vats containing a solution 50 ppm bleach for 10 

seconds

- Heat treatment of at 62 C for 10 seconds

-Drying by centrifugation

-Package in 2 lbs bags

The estimated export volume is 20-25 metric tons per year.

The production zones are the departments or states of Ahuachapan, Sna Salvador, Cuscatlan, 

Santa Ana, Sonsonate, La Libertad, La Paz, San Vincente, and Usulutan.

Note: Cultivation of Pacaya is principally in areas which need environmental protections and soil 

conservation. In particular, Pacaya is grown in association with coffee production and on steep 

slopes. Also, Pacaya production could improve family income which improves the quality of life 

for many farmers. Additional benefits are diversification of traditional agriculture and increased 

employment in the rural areas.
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 39

Appendix B. Interceptions of quarantine pests on Chamaedorea sp. and C. tepejilote from 

1985 to 2008.

16

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total

General Permit

Abgrallaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 15 219 234

Acalles sp. (Curculionidae) 5 5

Acrolepiidae, species of 1 1

Acutaleyrodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) 3 2 5

Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell) (Diaspididae) 83 146 53 2 284

Acutaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 2 1 3

Agallia modesta Osborn & Ball (Cicadellidae) 1 1

Agriolimacidae, species of 1 1

Agromyzidae, species of 4 2 9 15

Alagoasa sp. (Ahrysomelidae) 6 6

Aleurocanthus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 2 1 3

Aleurocerus palmae (Russell) (Aleyrodidae) 384 294 935 1,614

Aleurocerus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 397 1,791 71 2 2,261

Aleurodicus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 8 9

Aleuroglandulus similis Bondar (Aleyrodidae) 1 1

Aleuroglandulus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 1 2

Aleurolobus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 1

Aleuroplatus cococolus Quaintance & Baker 

(Aleyrodidae)

166 266 28 460

Aleuroplatus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 728 295 29 3 1,060

Aleurothrixus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 1 2

Aleurotrachelus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 42 114 7 163

Aleurotulus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 24 320 4 348

Aleyrodidae, species of 11 8 17 36

Aleyrodinae, species of (Aleyrodidae) 3 4 7

Altica sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Amblyomma sp. (Ixodidae) 1 1

Amorbia sp. (Tortricidae) 1 1

Anasa sp. (Coreidae) 1 1

Anastrepha sp. (Tephritidae) 4 2 6

Anchonus sp. (Curculionidae) 6 6

Anomala sp. (Scarabaeidae) 4 4

Anthonomus sp. (Curculionidae) 3 3

Anthostomella sp. (Xylariaceae) 1 1

Aphididae, species of 7 1 8

Aphis sp. (Aphididae) 1 1

 

16 Source = PestID, 2009. Not shown are three interceptions in mail (Coccodiella chamaedoreae; Helicidae, species 

of; and Pseudococcidae, species of), one interception in quarters (Malleolaspis sp.), and nine interceptions on 

miscellaneous items (Aleurocerus palmae; Aleuroplatus sp. [5 times]; Asteraceae, species of; Hypocryphalus sp. 

(Scolytidae); and Steiarrhinus sp. (Curculionidae)).
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 40

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total

General Permit

Apion sp. (Apionidae) 8 2 10

Apis mellifera (Linnaeus) (Apidae) 1 1

Arctiidae, species of 2 8 1 11

Ascochyta sp. (Coelomycetes) 26 56 1 83

Asphaera sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Asphodelus fistulosus Linnaeus (Asphodelaceae) 1 1

Asteraceae, species of 1 6 1 9

Asterolecaniidae, species of 1 3 4

Asterolecanium inlabefactum Russell 

(Asterolecaniidae)

1,193 564 18 4 1,779

Asterolecanium sp. (Asterolecaniidae) 9 9 20 38

Aulacaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1 1

Aulacoscelis sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Baridinae, species of (Curculionidae) 2 2

Baris sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1

Blapstinus sp. (Tenebrionidae) 16 2 18

Blissus sp. (Blissidae) 1 1

Botryosphaeria sp. (Botryosphaeriaceae) 4 4

Brachybaenus sp. (Gryllacrididae) 1 1

Brachystylus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1

Brassolidae, species of 4 4

Brevipalpus chamaedorea Baker, Tuttle, & Abbatielo 

(Tenuipalpidae)

10 50 13 73

Brevipalpus sp. (Tenuipalpidae) 1 2 1 4

Buprestidae, species of 1 1

Calcisuccinea aff. Luteola (Gould) (Succineidae) 1 1 4 6

Calcisuccinea sp. (Succineidae) 1 1

Calligrapha sp. (Chrysomelidae) 4 4

Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Boheman 

(Chrysomelidae)

1 48 1 50

Calyptocephala marginipennis Boheman 

(Chrysomelidae)

4 240 38 282

Calyptocephala sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 12 13 26

Camirus sp. (Scutelleridae) 2 2

Caryobruchus sp. (Bruchidae) 1 1

Carystoides sp. (Hesperiidae) 2 2 2 6

Cassidinae, species of (Chrysomelidae) 1 11 12

Cassidini, species of (Chrysomelidae) 2 2

Catolethrus longulus Boheman (Curculionidae) 1 1

Catolethrus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 2

Cecidomyiidae, species of 4 4

Cephaloleia sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Ceraspis sp. (Scarabaeidae) 1 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 41

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total

General Permit

Cerataphis sp. (Aphididae) 2 2 4

Cercopidae, species of 1 1

Cercospora sp. (Hyphomycetes) 24 14 34 72

Ceroplastes rubens maskell (Coccidae) 2 2

Ceroplastes sp. (Coccidae) 1 1

Cerotoma sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Chaetocnema sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Chalcodermus sp. (Curculionidae) 2 2

Chalepus sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 2 4 7

Charidotella proxima Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 3 3

Charidotella semiatrata Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 6 6

Charidotella sp. (Chrysomelidae) 5 186 8 199

Charidotella trisignata (Boh.) (Chrysomelidae) 20 8 28

Charidotella tuberculata (Fabricius) (Chrysomelidae) 4 4

Charidotis aurofasciata Erichson (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Charidotis leprieuri Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 4 4

Charidotis seminulum (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 11 5 16

Charidotis sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 4

Chariodotella sexpunctata (Fabricius) 

(Chrysomelidae)

1 1 1 3

Chelymorpha sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Chloropidae, species of 1 1

Cholus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1

Chorizococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 1

Chrysauginae, species of (Pyralidae) 1 1

Chrysomelidae, species of 3 44 15 62

Chrysomelinae, species of (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Cicadellidae, species of 3 10 13

Cladosporium sp. (Hyphomycetes) 1 11 12

Coccidae, species of 13 13 11 3 40

Coccodiella chamaedoreae (Syd.) Hino & Katum. 

(Phyllachoraceae)

332 795 35 1,163

Coccostroma sp. 1 1

Coccotrypes sp. (Scolytidae) 2 7 9

Coccus sp. (Coccidae) 5 3 8

Coccus viridis (Green) (Coccidae) 1 1

Coelomycetes, species of 2 2

Coelonertus nigrirostris Solari (Curculionidae) 1 1

Coelonertus sp. (Curculionidae) 2 2

Colaspis sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 4 1 6

Colletotrichum sp. (Coelomycetes) 5 22 3 30

Coniothyrium sp. (Coelomycetes) 2 4 6
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 42

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total

General Permit

Conoderus rugicollis Champion (Elateridae) 1 1

Conoderus varians (Steinheil) (Elateridae) 1 1

Conotrachelus sp. (Curculionidae) 37 4 41

Contarinia sp. (Cecidomyiidae) 1 1

Cophes sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1

Copitarsia sp. (Noctuidae) 1 1 1 3

Coptocycla dorsoplagiata (Champ.) (Chrysomelidae) 4 4

Coptocycla leprosa Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 2 2

Coptocycla semiatrata (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 4 5

Coptocycla sordida Bakeman (Chrysomelidae) 60 4 64

Coptocycla sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 8 12 21

Coreidae, species of 1 1

Corynespora sp. 1 1

Cosmopterigidae, species of 1 1 2

Crambidae, species of 1 1

Crematogaster sp. (Formicidae) 3 3

Crypticerya rosae Riley & Howard (Margarodidae) 1 1 2

Crypticerya sp. (Margarodidae) 3 2 5

Cryptorhynchinae, species of (Curculionidae) 1 1 2

Cryptorhynchus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 2 3

Ctenochira hieroglyphica (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Ctenuchinae, species of (Arctiidae) 1 1

Curculio sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 2

Curculionidae, species of 2 30 15 47

Curculioninae, species of (Curculionidae) 4 4

Curvularia pallescens Boedijn (Hyphomycetes) 1 1

Curvularia sp. (Hyphomycetes) 1 5 6

Cyclocephala sp. (Scarabaeidae) 11 11

Cyclorrhapha, species of 1 1 1 3

Cydia sp. (Tortricidae) 1 1

Deloyala sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 8 10 20

Deloyala zetterstedti (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Delphacidae, species of 1 1

Demotispa sp. (Chrysomelidae) 10 10

Derelomus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1

Deuterocampta sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Diabrotica sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 2

Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim 

(Chrysomelidae)

1 1

Diaspididae, species of 3 1 2 6

Diaspidiotus sp. (Diaspididae) 2 2

Diaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 38 385 4 427
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 43

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total

General Permit

Didymella sp. (Pleosporaceae) 9 9

Didymosphaeria sp. (Didymosphaeriaceae) 3 3

Dinaspis aculeata Ferris (Diaspididae) 82 422 15 3 522

Diplotaxis sp. (Scarabaeidae) 11 11

Diptera, species of 5 5

Disonycha sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 1 3

Dothiorella sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 1

Dyscinetus sp. (Scarabaeidae) 2 2

Dysmicoccus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 2

Eburia sp. (Cerambycidae) 1 1

Elateridae, species of 2 2

Eleodes sp. (Tenebrionidae) 2 2

Empoasca sp. (Cicadellidae) 1 1

Entiminae, species of (Curculionidae) 1 1

Epicaerus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 12 1 14

Epilachna mexicana (Guerin-Meneville) 

(Coccinellidae)

1 1

Eubulus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1

Eucalandra sp. (Dryophthoridae) 1 1

Eupatorium sp. (Asteraceae) 2 1 3

Exitianus sp. (Cicadellidae) 1 1

Fabaceae, species of 1 1

Ferrisia sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 10 11

Fiorinia sp. (Diaspididae) 3 3

Flatidae, species of 3 1 4

Frankliniella sp. (Thripidae) 5 5

Furcaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 103 164 147 2 416

Fusarium sp. (Hyphomycetes) 147 41 3 191

Fusicoccum sp. (Coelomycetes) 2 4 6

Gelechiidae, species of 6 3 9

Geometridae, species of 1 4 2 7

Gerstaeckeria sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1

Glomerella sp. (Glomerellaceae) 2 25 1 28

Gnathotrichus sp. (Scolytidae) 3 3

Gracillariidae, species of 11 17 5 4 37

Grammodes geometrica orientalis Warren (Noctuidae) 1 1

Gryllacrididae, species of 1 1 2

Gryllidae, species of 1 1

Guignardia sp. (Botryosphaeriaceae) 1 2 3

Gynandrobrotica lepida (Say) (Chrysomelidae) 2 1 3

Gynandrobrotica sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Halysidota sp. (Arctiidae) 1 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 44

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total

General Permit

Heilipus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1

Helicella virgata Dacosta (Hygromiidae) 1 1

Hemiberlesia sp. (Diaspididae) 1 1

Hesperiidae, species of 11 160 57 228

Heteroptera, species of 1 1 2

Hispinae, species of (Chrysomelidae) 2 2

Homoptera, species of 1 2 3

Hoplandrothrips sp. (Phlaeothripidae) 1 1

Hypocryphalus sp. (Scolytidae) 1

Hypothenemus sp. (Scolytidae) 1 1

Icerya montserratensis Riley & Howard 

(Margarodidae)

1 1

Icerya sp. (Margarodidae) 2 3 4 9

Insecta, species of 3 3 6

Isorhinus sp. (Curculionidae) 4 4

Lamiinae, species of (Cerambycidae) 1 1

Laminicoccus pandani (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae) 1 1

Leidyula moreleti (Fischer) (Veronicellidae) 1 1

Lema sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 2

Lepidoptera, species of 4 7 10 21

Leptinotarsa nitidicollis (Stal) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Leptodothiorella sp. 1 1

Leptosphaeria sp. (Leptosphaeriaceae) 2 2 4

Ligyrocoris sp. (Rhyparochromidae) 1 1

Ligyrus sp. (Scarabaeidae) 1 1

Limacidae, species of 1 1

Limacodidae, species of 3 8 11

Linochora sp. 5 1 6

Listroderes sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1

Listronotus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 12 13

Llaveiella sp. (Margarodidae) 1 1

Lobometopon sp. (Tenebrionidae) 1 1

Lophodermium sp. (Rhytismataceae) 8 8

Lycaenidae, species of 1 1

Lygaeidae, species of 1 1 2

Macrodactylus sp. (Scarabaeidae) 1 1

Macrohaltica sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Macrophoma sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 1

Malacorhinus irregularis (Jacoby) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Malleolaspis mammata Ferris (Diaspididae) 15 4 62 81

Malleolaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 493 855 29 1 1,379

Margarodidae, species of 11 61 32 104
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 45

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total

General Permit

Marmara sp. (Gracillariidae) 1 2 3

Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Crambidae) 2 2

Melanaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1 1

Melanconium sp. 1 1

Membracidae, species of 1 1 2 4

Metamasius hemipterus (Linnaeus) (Dryophthoridae) 4 4

Metamasius hemipterus carbonarius (Chevrolat) 

(Dryophthoridae)

19 4 23

Metamasius hemipterus hemipterus (linnaeus) 

(Dryophthoridae)

1 1

Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (Olivier) 

(Dryophthoridae)

12 12

Metamasius sp. (Dryophthoridae) 64 1 65

Metriona crucipennis (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Metriona erratica (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Metriona sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Metriona trisignata Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 14 1 15

Microcentrum sp. (Tettigoniidae) 2 2

Microctenochira cumulata (boheman) 

(Chrysomelidae)

7 4 11

Microctenochira ferranti (Spaeth) (Chrysomelidae) 3 1 4

Microctenochira hieroglyphica (Boheman) 

(Chrysomelidae)

5 2 7

Microctenochira sp. (Chrysomelidae) 3 111 12 126

Microctenochira vivida (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 24 3 27

Microsphaeropsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 7 8

Mikania micrantha Humboldt Bonpland, et Kunth. 

(Asteraceae)

2 2

Mikania sp. (Asteraceae) 1 4 2 7

Miridae, species of 3 7 10

Mollusca, species of 2 2

Monoxia sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Mycosphaerella advena Syd. (Mycosphaerellaceae) 1 2 3

Mycosphaerella palmae Miles (Mycosphaerellaceae) 2 2

Mycosphaerella sp. (Mycosphaerellaceae) 67 137 3 207

Myochrous sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 1 3

Myodocha intermedia Distant (Rhyparochromidae) 1 1

Neoconocephalus sp. (Tettigoniidae) 1 1

Nipaecoccus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 4 4 16 24

Noctuidae, species of 1 2 13 16

Nodonota sp. (Chrysomelidae) 3 1 4

Notodontidae, species of 2 1 3

Notolomus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 2
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 46

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total

General Permit

Nymphulinae, species of (Crambidae) 1 1

Nysius sp. (Lygaeidae) 1 1

Ochlerus sp. (Pentatomidae) 1 1

Octotoma sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Odontota sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Oecophoridae, species of 6 1 7

Ogdoecosta catenulata (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Ogdoecosta sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 2

Omphalia flavida (Cke.) Maubl. & Rangel 

(Tricholomataceae)

1 1

Oncometopia clarior (Walker) (Cicadellidae) 1 1

Ophiodothella sp. (Phyllachoraceae) 13 7 3 23

Opogona sp. (Tineidae) 1 1

Opsiphanes sp. (Brassolidae) 4 15 4 23

Orocharis sp. (Gryllidae) 1 1

Osbornellus sp. (Cicadellidae) 1 1

Ozophora consanguineus (Distant) 

(Rhyparochromidae)

1 1

Pallifera costaricensis (Mörch) (Philomycidae) 4 4 8

Pallifera sp. (Philomycidae) 50 3 53

Palmaspis sp. (Asterolecaniidae) 1 1

Pandeleteius sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1

Paraleurolobus chamaedoreae Russell (Aleyrodidae) 1 2 3

Paraleurolobus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 9 94 1 104

Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi (Aleyrodidae) 2 7 9

Paraleyrodes citri Bondar (Aleyrodidae) 2 2

Paraleyrodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 7 2 10

Parallelia sp. (Noctuidae) 1 1

Paria sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Parisoschoenus flavolimbatus Champion 

(Curculionidae)

2 2

Parisoschoenus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 95 3 99

Parlatoria sp. (Diaspididae) 2 2

Paroecanthus aztecus Saussure (Gryllidae) 1 1

Pelidnota sp. (Scarabaeidae) 4 4

Pentatomidae, species of 6 9 15

Pentatomoidea, species of 2 2

Periconia sp. (Hyphomycetes) 1 1

Peritrechus gracilicornis Puton (Rhyparochromidae) 1 1

Pestalotiopsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 7 7 1 1 16

Phaeoseptoria sp. (Coelomycetes) 65 43 108

Phaeosphaeria palmarum chaudhuri(EcoPort Record) 

& P.N. Rao (Phaeosphaeriaceae)

54 4 2 60
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 47

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total

General Permit

Phaeosphaeria sp. (Phaeosphaeriaceae) 10 47 57

Pheidole punctatissima Mayr (Formicidae) 1 1

Pheidole sp. (Formicidae) 2 2

Phenacoccus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 2 3

Phoma sp. (Coelomycetes) 9 35 5 49

Phomopsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 33 70 4 107

Phoradendron sp. (Santalaceae) 14 57 12 83

Phycitinae, species of (Pyralidae) 1 1

Phyllachora sp. (Phyllachoraceae) 1 1 2

Phyllocnistis sp. (Gracillariidae) 5 4 22 31

Phyllophaga sp. (Scarabaeidae) 1 7 1 9

Phyllosticta sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 1

Phyllotreta sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Physalospora sp. (Hyponectriaceae) 1 1 2

Physonota sp. (Chrysomelidae) 5 2 7

Physorhinus sp. (Elateridae) 1 1

Pieridae, species of 1 1

Pinnaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 3 1 4

Pityophthorus sp. (Scolytidae) 1 1

Plagiometriona sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 2

Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae) 1 1

Planococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 1

Platynota sp. (Tortricidae) 2 2

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) (Diaspididae) 2 2

Pseudocercospora sp. (Hyphomycetes) 2 5 3 10

Pseudococcidae, species of 10 11 21 3 46

Pseudococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 1

Pseudoparlatoria carolilehmanni balachowsky 

(Diaspididae)

2 2

Pseudoparlatoria sp. (Diaspididae) 1 1

Psyllidae, species of 1 1 2

Puccinia cymbopogonis Mass (Pucciniaceae) 1 1

Puccinia tillandsiae Cumm. & Pollack (Pucciniaceae) 1 1

Pulvinaria sp. (Coccidae) 1 1

Pyralidae, species of 1 1

Pyraloidea, species of 2 2

Pyrenochaeta sp. (Coelomycetes) 13 21 34

Raoiella indica hirst (Tenuipalpidae) 1 1

Resseliella sp. (Cecidomyiidae) 1 1

Retracrus johnstoni Keifer (Nalepellidae) 26 26

Reuteroscopus sp. (Miridae) 1 1

Rhabdopterus sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 48

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total

General Permit

Rhinostomus barbirostris (Fabricius) (Dryophthoridae) 1 1

Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton (Poaceae) 1 1

Saccharum sp. (Poaceae) 3 3

Saissetia sp. (Coccidae) 1 1

Santalaceae, species of 2 2

Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer) (Veronicellidae) 12 1 13

Saturniidae, species of 2 2

Scarabaeidae, species of 1 1

Scolytidae, species of 4 4

Scrophulariaceae, species of 1 1

Selenaspidopsis browni Nakahara (Diaspididae) 7 3 2 12

Selenophoma sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 1

Sesiidae, species of 1 1 1 3

Sibine sp. (Limacodidae) 1 1

Sibinia sp. (Curculionidae) 2 2

Sipha sp. (Aphididae) 1 1

Sitona sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1

Sminthuridae, species of 1 1 2

Solanum sp. (Solanaceae) 1 1

Sphaeropsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 2 2

Sphenophorus sp. (Dryophthoridae) 2 2

Stagonospora sp. (Coelomycetes) 3 9 12

Stictolobus minor (Fowler) (Membracidae) 1 1

Stilodes sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 2

Stolas sp. (Chrysomelidae) 4 1 5

Strategus sp. (Scarabaeidae) 2 2

Succinea costaricana Von Martens (Succineidae) 4 4

Succinea horticola Reinhardt (Succineidae) 1 1

Syrphidae, species of 2 2

Tanymecus sp. (Curculionidae) 4 4

Tapinaspis annulus (Fabricius) (Chrysomelidae) 6 2 8

Tapinaspis sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 2

Tapinaspis wesmaeli (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 30 4 34

Tenuipalpus sp. (Tenuipalpidae) 2 2

Tetraleurodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 1

Tetralicia sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1,642 864 117 2,623

Tetranychus sp. (Tetranychidae) 4 2 8 14

Tettigoniidae, species of 1 2 4 7

Theba pisana (Müller) (Helicidae) 1 1

Thysanoptera, species of 1 1

Tingidae, species of 1 1

Tischeriidae, species of 1 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 49

Quarantine pest Baggage Cargo Stores Total

General Permit

Tomolips sp. (Curculionidae) 2 2

Tortricidae, species of 7 9 16

Tortricinae, species of (Tortricidae) 1 1

Tridax procumbens Linnaeus (Asteraceae) 1 1

Triozidae, species of 1 1

Venturia sp. (Venturiaceae) 1 1

Veronicella sp. (Veronicellidae) 2 3 5

Veronicellidae, species of 32 12 44

Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood) (Coccidae) 7 8 1 16

Xenocassis amoena Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 1 1

Xenochalepus sp. (Chrysomelidae) 26 26

Yuccaborus sp. (Dryophthoridae) 1 1

Grand total 6,523 10,343 2,341 30 19,237