Agriculture Handbook No. 53

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Forestry for 4-H Clubs

By Wilbur R. Mattoon, seniorforester^ Forest Service

and

Erwin H. Shinn, senior agriculturist^ Extension Service

CONTENTS

Page

Forestry and farming 1

Sources of information 1

Illustrative material 3

Community survey 3

The project 3

Forest trees and forest types 5

Growth of trees and forests 9

Forest reproduction 11

Forest planting 15

Improving woodlands by cutting trees 17

Protecting woodlands 19

Protective effects of woodland 21

Location and extent of farm woodlands 24

Products from the home woodlands 25

Measuring and estimating timber 28

Using farm timber. 31

Marketing forest products , 33

Supplement 35

Issued May 1953

Agriculture Handbook No. 53

Slight revision of Miscellaneous Publication No. 395

United States Government Printing Office

Washington : 1953

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office

Washington 25, D. C. - Price 2ö cents

III
This publication furnishes information that should be useful to 4-H Club

leaders and members and other young people. It is intended to supplement

subject-matter material published by the various States and other agencies. The

text emphasizes getting acquainted with forest trees and forest stands and learning their different values to their owners and their place in the economy of the

farm and the community. Practical phases of managing the farm home woodlands properly are also given important consideration. The topic outlines should

serve as a guide and an aid in working out club projects, programs, and demonstrations that will have real educational value and also prove financially profitable to many young people on farms.

ON COVER

S-14757C.

Top.—4—H Club boys in Connecticut planting young pines on worn-out and idle land.

3-128690.

Center.—4—H Club boy thinning and pruning young trees to develop clear and more valuable

lumber (New Hampshire).

S-Î7834C.

Bottom.—4—H Club members preparing wood specimens for exhibit.
Forestry and Farming

Much attention is being given to forest trees and woodlands in planning for the

best use of all farm lands. On many farms timber and other forest products are

an important income crop.

The uses and commercial value of different kinds of trees, the management of a

tract of woods, and the action of trees in checking soil erosion and modifying

climate should be common knowledge. If the subject of forestry is properly

understood, the interest of rural young people and their parents can be aroused

in the farm woodlands which in the aggregate constitute a considerable part of our

forests. Much can be accomplished in getting the general public to recognize the

importance and value of farm woodlands through 4-H Club work.

Forestry has a definite and valuable relation to farming (fig. 1).

Timber is required on the farm for building and repairing, as well as wood for

fuel. Trees are needed on farms to protect the soil against erosion, to shelter

livestock and crops against dry winds of summer and cold winds of winter, to

beautify the farmstead, to furnish homes for game animals and birds, and in general to contribute to man*s comfort.

A knowledge of farm forestry, applied along simple lines, should make farming

more profitable. The outlines (pp. 5 to 34) are designed to furnish 4-H Club

members and other rural young people with a guide for study ofsome of the fundamental facts concerning farm-forest lands. They present the subject of farm

forestry with respect to the important local forest trees and their uses, the proper

location of woodlands on the farm and their economic value to the farm, protecting and improving woodlands, planting young trees, the different farm-timber

products, measuring and marketing timber, and utilizing timber rightly on the

farm.

Sources of Information

The best use can be made of a publication of this kind only when accurate

references are available. Almost every State agricultural college has one or more

bulletins on some phase of forestry, and, when available, they may be obtained by

writing to the county extension agent or the dean of the agricultural college.

Farmers' bulletins and other publications of the United States Department of

Agriculture to which reference is made in this publication cover many of the topics

to be studied. As long as the supply lasts Farmers' Bulletins will be sent free to

any resident of the United States. Application should be made to the Office of

Information, Department of Agriculture, Washington 25, D, C, or to your

Senator, Representative, or Delegate in Congress. Because of the limited supply, applicants should select only those publications which are of special interest

and order but one copy of each. These bulletins may also be obtained from the

Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25,

D. C.j at a nominal price.

Publications on various phases of forestry may be obtained directly from the

Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Textbooks on forestry

may be procured from book companies, or consulted in some libraries.
MISC. PUBLICATION 395, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1.—A 4-H Club boy in pines on his project acre. Young stands should be properly thinned.
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 3

Illustrative Material

The proper use of illustrative material will arouse interest in the subject being

discussed and greatly aid in presenting the information. A good collection of

illustrative material should be provided and kept available for use. Illustrations

can sometimes be obtained from bulletins, books, and other publications. Pictures that show the relation in size of crown and trunk of a typical tree growing

in the open and a tree growing in a close stand illustrate important facts.

Drawings of the cross section of a tree trunk showing how the tree increases in

size by a new ring of growth each year stimulate interest. Four-H Club members

may collect leaf specimens of trees of the district and mount them on cardboard

after pressing and drying the leaves. Samples of different kinds of wood obtained

locally from trees of uniform size may be mounted on boards or in frames or racks.

The various specimens of woods may be classified and mounted by groups, such

as hardwoods, softwoods, or oaks, maples, and pines. Charts showing the relative importance and uses of the most abundant woods should be made.

Slidefilms showing important facts about forestry should be used in connection

with certain topics. Information about available slidefilms can be obtained from

your State extension service or The Extension Service, United States Department

of Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C.

Community Survey

The best way to judge the interest of the local people in forestry is through a

community survey in which 4-H Club members may assist in assembling important information about woodlands and forests in the locality. This first-hand

knowledge of the community's interest should be valuable in the local study of

farm woodlands. The survey should be educational and planned to determine

the kind of woodland, whether hardwood, conifer, or mixed type, and the important species of trees in the forest or woodlands. It is important to make records

of their abundance, their use and commercial value, the leading rough timber

products that have been sold, and the prices received.

On a map of the township, perhaps one drawn by the 4-H Club members, the

homes and farms of the different families should be indicated. The acreage of

each farm, the number and location of the buildings, and a sketch of the woodlands should be included.

The Project

The project method of study has gained wide recognition in recent years. There

can be no doubt that the intelligent use of the project aids in motivation. An advantage claimed for the project method is that it gives a better understanding of

subject matter and develops a better plan of reasoning.

It is generally agreed that instruction in agriculture should follow certain

definite lines: (1) It should be seasonal. (2) It should be local in its interests and

development. (3) It should meet the interest of the young people. (4) It should

be practical. The project plan affords the best means of meeting these conditious,

especially the practical. Through the 4-H Forestry or some other project the club

member works out for himself the principles and theories he has been taught.

The term "project** has been generally applied to instruction in agriculture

below the college level. It includes each of the following requisites: (1) A plan for

work at home covering a season more or less extended. (2) A problem more or less
new to the individual. (3) Agreement by the parents and club member to the plan.

(4) A competent leader to supervise the work. (5) Detailed records of time,

method, cost, and income honestly kept. (6) A written report based on the

record to be submitted to the leader when the project is completed. The final

FIGURE 2.—White oak leaf, flower, fruit, and winter bud: ¿z. Pistillate or female flower; ^, staminate

or male flower; r, winter bud.

report may be in the form of a booklet. The term project or demonstration is

also used extensively in 4-H Club work.

Type offorestry project.—A project in forestry must, of necessity, be different

from one in farm crops or animal production. The slow growth of forest trees,
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 5

covering more than one season, and other factors involved make it so. However,

forest projects for a short period can be conducted and made of much value to the

4-H Club members and the community. Among the forestry projects that can be

carried out, the following are suggested: (1) The renovation of a farm woodland,

(2) replanting of a woodland and subsequent care of the young trees, (3) planting

of forest trees on eroding lands or other waste ground on the farm, (4) mapping

and finding the area of a forest tract, (5) cutting and marketing farm forest

products, (6) giving especial attention to proper cutting of trees and to removal of

the parts of the trees not marketed, and (7) a study and survey of forest fires,

insect enemies, and the diseases of the common forest trees.

The suggestions which follow will be helpful in developing such projects or

others which the local situation may offer.

Forest Trees and Forest Types

Aim.—To learn how to recognize at sight the chief forest trees of the locality.

Sources of information.—Bulletins of the State departments of forestry and

State colleges of agriculture on forest trees. Your State forester and the Forest

Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C, are

ready to identify leaves, fruit, buds, and woods that are puzzling.

Illustrative material.—^The best illustrative material on forest trees and types is

to be found in the woods, where the different species may be seen and their characteristics studied. If it is impossible to go to the woods for material, pictures of

typical trees may be used. Sketches showing the forms of different trees are easily

made and should be used.

Guides to study.—Get acquainted with the important kinds of forest trees in

your locality. Learn their various common names and other names. A few

trees are known widely by the same common name, but many are called by different names in various sections of the country. Consider the importance of botanical

names for certain identification. Distinguish the different kinds or species of trees

by some well-marked characteristics of leaf, bark, fruit, seed, buds, or twig

arrangement.

Conifers: These include trees bearing cones, such as the pines, spruces, firs,

hemlocks, cedars, junipers, larches, and cypress. How do baldcypress and the

larches differ from the others.'' Become familiar with distinguishing characteristics of each group or genus, and learn something about its different members or

species, particularly those that occur locally.

Hardwoods: These include trees most of which have wood harder than the

wood of the conifers and broad leaves that are usually deciduous, or are shed in

the fall. Learn the kinds of hardwood trees which are evergreen. Classify the

hardwood trees by general groups, such as the oaks, maples, elms, and others,

and identify as many different species of each as possible.

Study kinds of trees which are associated in different forest types, such as the

ridge type, slope or cove type, bottomland type, and swamp type. Observe

locally the trees that are associated to make (1) coniferous forest type, (2) pure

hardwood type, and (3) mixed hardwood and conifer type.

Practical things to do.—Gather leaves and fruit of the important local forest

trees, press in wrapping paper, fold and label with place and date (fig. 2).

Study the shape and size of leaves; tmce a leaf of each of the important kinds

of trees, and label with name, place where found, and date.

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6 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 95, U. S. DEPT. OF AGEICULTUBE

FIGURE 3.—Leaf outlines of a few important species or kinds of hardwood trees. (Reduced and not

to uniform scale.)

Group trees by kinds of fruit borne—nuts, keys, berries, cones, etc.

Collect samples of winter buds from important local species, labeling with

name of tree, place of collection, and date.
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 7

Make a study of winter buds, with drawings of buds and the twig arrangements.

Collect blossoms from red and silver maples, willows, catalpa, American elm,

oak, flowering dogwood, yellowpoplar or tuliptree, American basswood or linden,

buckeye, and magnolia.

Field study.^-—^ow to the woods, that you may come into personal touch with

the forest trees of your own neighborhood.

Leaves: The leaf is the trade-mark of the trees. Gather the leaves, study

and compare them to gain a first-hand knowledge of the trees as individuals,

then as groups. The yellowpoplar writes its name plainly upon its square-cut

leaf, but the boxelder has a leaf somewhat resembling that of the ash, though its

seed is similar to the maple key (fig. 3). Wherein does the ash leaf dififer from

that of the locust or the hickory.'' The oaks are divided into the red and the

white oaks. What is a typical leaf of each class?

You will probably begin this study in the autumn, so before the leaves fall

and your memory of them fails, press sample leaves and either mount them or

place them in paper folders, and label with name, place where found, and date

(fig. 4).

If the foliage of the black túpelo is reddening, that of the sweetgum will soon

begin to change, and presently all the woods will be brilliantly colored. The

autumn colors will help to identify your trees and beautify your herbarium. A

few of the broadleaf trees and all the conifers except the larches and baldcypress

are evergreen. Separate the conifers into the pines, spruces, cedars, or other cone

bearers of your woods, and divide into as may species as you find. Make a table,

and under the two heads—broadleaf trees and conifers—group the trees that you

identify, with a short description of each.

Fruit: While gathering leaves, bring in any fruit or seed found—the pulpy

fruit, nuts, berries, pods, winged seed, and tufted seed of the broadleaf trees and

the cones of the conifers, and add to your herbarium.

Buds: As the leaves fall, gather the bare branches and study the winter buds

that hold next year's leaves and flowers, from the big bud that tips the horsechestnut to the long, sharp bud of the beech. Label them as you did the leaves.

Bark: The American sycamore or plane tree bark tells its own story, but do you

know the bark of the elm from that of the ash ? Contrast the glove-fitting bark of

the American beech with the rough-and-ready coat of the shagbark hickory, and

note the difi^erence in barks of other kinds of trees.

Branches: Each tree has its own way of branching, though its form is not always

so definite as the red cedar spire. What is typical of the white oak bough.? The

leaves of the scarlet and pin oak are considerably alike, but what is the character

of each tree ? Draw a leafless elm.

Flowers: When spring comes and the buds are bursting, do not forget the

flowers of the forest trees. They provide a "clock dial" for the advancing year.

As they bloom in succession, bring in the blossoms of the willow, the maple, the

American elm, and the eastern cottonwood, until you have gathered the last

flower of June and seed are on the wing.

While you are getting acquainted with your trees, you will learn that they prefer

certain localities; you will find the willow by the stream, the yellowpoplar or tulip^

tree in the valley, the red oak on the higher ground, for one needs much moisture

in its soil while another will grow in a drier situation. You will discover that certain trees "hobnob" together because of similar requirements of soil, mositure,

and light. In this way you will learn to group your trees into forest types when

you begin your practical work as the forester of your home woodland.

^ The sections on field study in the sections on Forest Trees and Forest Types and Protective

Effects of Woods were contributed by Miss Lucy Kellerhouse, formerly of the U. S. Forest Service.
8 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 9 5, XT. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE

S-i;«35-C S-M758-C

FliïURE 4.—//, Forestry club members mounting specimens of leaves of forest trees. Ä, Collection

of wood specimens made by a New England 4-H Club boy.

Sketch the different types of trees in the district; make drawings or tracings of

the different shaped leaves. Mount these drawings and file with other illustrative

material.
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 9

Growth of Trees and Forests

Aim.—To find out how trees and forests grow.

Sources of information.—Farmers' Bulletins 1256, 1671, and 1989; Charts

D~4 and D-8.

Illustrative material.—Potted seedlings, pots or boxes, and seeds of trees. A

chart showing roots, stems, and leaves of a tree. A chart, or better an actual

cross section of a tree stem, showing different parts such as annual rings, heartwood, sapwood, bark, and cambium (fig. 5). Leaves mounted so that their

structure can be studied. Branches showing bud and twig arrangement. Drawings showing shapes of crowns or tops of trees grown in the open and of those

grown in close stands.

F-370129

FIGURE 5.—How the tree trunk grows. All growth takes place in the cambium (¿z), lying between

the inner bark and sapwood. This is a very thin layer of living cells, which divide and subdivide,

forming on the outside bark and on the inside wood. The inner bark (¿), or last tissue, is soft and

moist. Its function is to carry the food prepared in the leaves to all growing parts of the tree.

By a gradual change the inner bark passes into outer bark (i-), a corky layer composed of dry, dead

cells. This serves to protect the living stem against evaporation and mechanical injury. The

woody growth during one season is called an annual ring. In the spring the newly formed cells

are thin-walled and spongy, while in midsummer and fall the walls of the cells become thicker and

denser. This difference can be distinguished in many kinds of trees as light-colored spring wood

and darker colored summer wood. Sapwood {d) is the lighter colored band of wood beneath the

bark, often from I to 2 inches thick. It carries the sap from the roots to the leaves. Heartwood

(<?) is the result of a gradual change in the sapwood by which it becomes darker, heavier, and often

more lasting. Most of the trees, but not all, form heartwood. Pith {f) is the soft tissue on the

innermost part of the stem, about which the first woody growth takes place in thie newly formed

twig. From it extend the pith rays {g). These are flat vertical bands of tissue which connect the

pith with the various layers of wood and the inner bark. They transfer and store up food.
10 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 9 5, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 6.—À, Trees which grow in close stands form clear trunks that make the best grades of

products. This tree was left in clearing the land. B, By counting the annual rings of growth

the age of a tree can be determined. The number of years it took the seedling to reach the point

of the count should be added.
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 11

Guides to study.—The life of a tree and why it is necessary to know something

about how trees live.

The leaves, trunk, and roots, and function of each in the tree's existence. How

the tree breathes and gets its food from the soil and air; what travels upward and

what downward in the branches and stems. Structure of the leaf and different

parts of the trunk.

How the branches lengthen and the tree trunk increases in diameter; the

location, color, and structure of the living tissue or cambium layer. What are

annual rings, heartwood, and sapwood.''

Requirements for growth: Air, light, moisture, heat, and food. How to find

the age of trees by counting the annual rings (fig. 6).

Trees in association—a stand. Influence of trees upon each other. Difference,

if any, between shape of crowns of open-grown trees and those grown in closed

stands. Influence of different light and soil-moisture supply.

Effect of tree density (number of trees in a given area) upon growth of the

individual tree. Natural death of trees in closed stands with advancing age.

Understocked, well-stocked, and overstocked stands and the production of (a)

saw timber and (b) cordwood per acre under each condition.

Practical things to do,—Make the following tests to show requirements for

growth: Place a potted forest-tree seedling in the dark for a few days; withdraw

moisture from one and supply moderate amounts of moisture and excess moisture

to other seedlings; subject plants, if possible, to different degrees of heat. Note

results. Erect a pole or 1- by 2-inch timber strip close beside a young, thrifty

sapling pine or hardwood. At regular intervals of a week or month, mark on

it the total height of the growing tree. Keep a record also of the dates and

measured heights.

Forest Reproduction

Aim,—To find out how trees reproduce themselves.

Source of information,—Farmers' Bulletin 1989.

Illustrative material.—Make a collection of seed specimens of the kinds indicated under Guides to Study. Mount these seeds on cardboard or put them in

wide-mouthed bottles. Clip pictures of young forest growth.

Guides to study.—Seeds: Learn the various devices of nature for dispersing the

seed widely. Tree fruits (a) with wings, plumes, etc.; (b) pulpy fruits with hard

seeds sought by birds; (c) rich nut kernels liked by rodents and birds, and often

buried or otherwise stored away; (d) light seeds which float on the surface or

heavy seeds which roll along the bottom of streams. Species of trees whose

seeds are carried by (a) wind (fig. 7), (b) water, or (c) birds and animals (fig. 8).

Sprouts:; Different species of trees which reproduce themselves by means of

sprouts from stumps. From what part or parts of the stump do sprouts arise.?

Species which sprout from surface or lateral roots. Influence of the season of

the year when cutting is done upon the vigor and growth of sprouts. Influence

of age of parent tree upon success of sprounting.

Natural forest reproduction: Young growth (figs. 9 and 10). Conditions

under which young growth starts in woodlands. A forest without young growth

is like a community without children—it will die out. Need for large numbers

of young trees for perpetuation of the forest. Competition and shading out of

the weaker seedlings and saplings.

Age groups of young growth: {a) Seedling, {b) small sapling, {c) large sapling,

{d) small pole.
12 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 95, U, S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

C0f/0/7lV00(l

Syca/77ore

FIGURE 7.—How the forest travels: By wind.
FOEESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 13

BY ANIMALS

^/ckory

OaJ<

/ioney/ocusf

BY BIRDS

/Feacec/ar

C/?er/y

BY WATER

Cypress

7ûpe/ocum,

Cö^/'onivooä

ly/V/opvs

Mop/es

efc

FIGURE 8.—How the forest travels: By animals; by birds; by water.

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14 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 9 5, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 9.—Woods with plenty of young growth to take the place of the larger trees when cut.

FIGURE 10.—When protected from fire and cut rightly, as here, southern pines reproduce themselves

freely in openings with plenty of overhead light.
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 15

Forest Plantin'g

Aim.—To learn how to reforest land by direct seeding or planting seedlings.

Sources of information.—'Pa.TmtT& Bulletins 1256, 1405, 1671, 1813, 1989, and

1994; Leaflet 159.

Illustrative material.—Obtain pictures showing different methods of planting

seedlings in a farm forest or woodland; also pictures of important local trees and

specimens of leaves; also fruit and bark, and keep available for study.

Guides to study.—How to start a young forest by direct seeding or by transplanting nursery-grown seedlings. Best results to be expected from seed collected

locally. Sowing the seed in the place where the trees are wanted. Kinds of trees

started this way; usually the species difficult to transplant on account of large,

deep taproots, such as hickories, walnuts, some of the oaks, and some pines.

Collecting the seed. Storing the seed over winter. Sections of the country

(North) where seed sowing is best done in the spring and (South) where it may be

done in the fall or early winter. Preparation of the soil and method of planting

seed of different kinds. Care of growing seedlings.

FIGURE 11.—4-H Club boys in Mississippi planting black locust seedlings on farm to grow a supply

of durable fence posts.

Planting seedlings grown in nursery beds. Preparation of nursery beds and

sowing of seeds. Kinds of trees commonly raised in nursery beds. Age of seedlings fit for planting. Need for transplanting seedlings in nursery prior to planting

out in the woods or fields. Season of year for successful planting and method of

planting. Injury or loss and how to avoid them.

Regions where forest plantations are needed and commonly started. Purposes

for which plantations are set out. Kinds of trees profitable in plantations. Pure

and mixed plantations, and advantages of each.

Planting steep slopes and eroding soils with forest trees to check soil wastage

and land destruction. Kinds of trees suitable for taking hold quickly and multiplying on dry banks.
16 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 9 5, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

F-356747 F-313010

FIGURE 12.—A, 4-H Club boy in southern Georgia and his trip-winning forest planting acre. B,

An 8-year-old planted stand of pines in southern Georgia; trees 18 to 25 feet in height and growing

now at the rate of nearly 2 cords per acre yearly.

Filling up large openings in the woods and improving existing woodlands by

planting desirable species of trees.

Utilizing poor soils and so-called waste places about the farm by planting

quick-growing, useful kinds of trees—black locust for fence posts, pine and other

species for use as treated fence posts (fig. 11).
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 17

Trees about the farm and farmstead for shade, nut production, and ornamental

purposes.

Practical things to do.—Visit if possible a nearby section where forest trees are

being planted. Talk with local farmers or foresters about the best methods to use

in caring for young forests. Study the habits of growth of young trees of the

community (fig. 12 A and B). Make a list of the kinds of forest trees observed

on the field trip, and classify the trees in order of their commercial importance.

Learn to identify different local trees.

Improving U^oodlands by Cutting Trees

Aim.—^To find out how to improve woodlands by cutting.

Sources of information.—Farmers' Bulletins 1256, 1671, 1989, and 2027; State

foresters' publications.

Illustrative material.—Charts or illustrations showing results of overcrowding

and of proper thinning of forest trees. Pictures showing results of careless felling

of trees. If possible, visit a forest where these results can be actually shown by

FIGURE 13.—Improving growth and value of young forests: 4-H Club boys thinning out the defective

or crooked trees in an improvement cutting. (Florida.)

observing rings on stumps or cutting into trees that have been thinned several

years previously. In an even-aged group, note different sizes of trees of the same

age as a result of differences in growing space.

Guides to study.—How to cut the individual tree properly; why as little as

possible of the tree's stump should be left in the woods; careful felling of trees.

What is likely to happen to trees injured by falling of others.
18 MISO. PUBLICATION 395, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 14.—^The growth and value of timber stands are increased by repeated thinning. The trees

removed can generally be used or sold profitably for firewood, treated fence posts, or small timber:

A^ Before thinning pines. Fifteen overcrowded trees. 5, Trees to be cut in thinning a stand of

northern hardwoods (shaded trees to be cut).
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 19

Advantages of thinning overcrowded stands of forest trees. How fewer and

fewer trees can grow on an acre as the trees increase in size. Available light

supply for growth. Purpose of thinning to utilize timber that would otherwise

die and go to waste. Also to stimulate the remaining trees to increased growth,

which means increased value. How and why prune trees; advantages in doing so.

Improvement of the woods by proper cutting, taking out (1) the mature trees,

(2) broken, crooked, diseased trees, and (3) the slow growing and less valuable

species (figs. 13 and 14). Most woodlands have many such trees crowding out

the young, promising trees of the better kinds. Making woodlands yield a profit

on the investment and increasing farm income and the selling value of the farm.

Practical things to do.—^The facts brought out in this study should be verified

by actual observation in trips to forests. Study first-hand the results of cutting

practices. Locate a good project that shows the improvement of a forest plot by

proper thinning, including the removal of diseased, defective, overcrowded, and

dead trees, and undesirable species.

The group may construct the charts mentioned under Illustrative material.

Make drawings of trees showing development under adverse conditions and of

others under proper conditions.

Make a survey and write a report on the general practice of home forest improvement in the district.

Make a district or county map locating the farm forest areas and designating

those under improvement. Draw an outline map of the State locating the farmforest ares.

Protecting Woodlands

Aim.—To learn how to determine causes and extent of injury to trees and

methods of prevention.

Sources of information.—Farmers' Bulletins 1643, 1887, and 1989; Leaflet 86;

State publications. The United States Department of Agriculture and the State

agricultural colleges will be glad to give assistance by identifying and turnishinginformation concerning various forest insects.

Illustrative material.—Pictures of forest fires, burnt-over woodlands, forest

rangers and their camps and equipment will make excellent illustrative material.

Pictures of trees damaged by grazing, insects or fungi, samples of damaged wood,;

and samples of insecticides and materials used to prevent insects from damaging

trees should also be used.

Guides to study.—Fire, the arch enemy of the forest: It kills large numbers of

the smaller trees and kills or weakens the vitality of the older trees; the humus

layers over the ground are destroyed. The homes of animals and other wildlife

are often ruined and their food destroyed. The loss of the protective covering

exerts a marked effect in causing the soil to dry out and become hard, as a result

of which the rain is shed rapidly following dry weather, much as when it falls on

a house roof. Trees in farm woodlands and city parks are often seen dying at

the tops from this cause.

Forest rangers employed by the State and Federal Governments for the adminis*-

tration and protection of the State and national forests. Private timberland

owners protecting their lands in cooperative effort with the State and Federal

Governments. What type of men are required for forest rangers, whose duties

require them to live out of doors and ride or work in all kinds of weather.? Each

national forest divided into districts in charge of rangers. Fire-protection plans
20 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 9 5, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

m^^

237474 S-13544-C

FIGURE 15.—It is good forest practice to keep livestock out of the woods (except in parts of the South) and to

prevent fires. Trees, like other crops, require protection. j4, grazed woodlot contrasted with an untrampied

and unbrowsed thrifty farm woods. 5, 4-H Club boys establishing a firebreak on a club project.

worked out in great detail for preventing, detecting, and fighting fires as soon as

possible after they start. Fire-fighting equipment, such as lookout towers,

telephone lines, and fire-fighting tool boxes at convenient points over the forest.

Cleared and burned lines as firebreaks (fig. IS). Use of airplanes and radio.

Protection for State forest lands by similarly organized methods. Federal

cooperation with the various States, authorized by the Weeks Law, for the protection of headwaters of navigable streams against fire.
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 21

The grazing of livestock: This practice has much the same effect in removing

the protective covering and packing the ground hard as fire has. Cattle and

horses browse off the tender young seedlings and tramp down the upper soil

layers (fig. 15). Sheep and goats, particularly when closely herded, are very

destructive to young seedlings. Hogs feed upon most kind of acorns and nuts,

although by rooting up the leaf litter they sometimes favorably expose the mineral

soil for the quick germination of tree seeds. Hogs are very destructive to the

seed or mast of the longleaf pine, and the young seedlings are killed in large

numbers by animals stripping off the thick, sweet, spongy bark from the roots.

Damage by insects: Leaf and inner bark-eating, twig cutting, bark- and woodboring insects. Methods of checking spread of insect infestation by right methods

of cutting.

Fungi in forest trees as a source of the injury and death of many trees: Some

trees less subject to attack than others. Importance of keeping woods in a healthy

growing condition and rightly cut in order to combat the spread of fungous

diseases.

Practical things to do.—Make a trip through the district to see what damages

occur in farm woodlands and what forest protection is practiced. Look for any

disease or insect which is attacking any special group of trees. Find out by

observation if farm woodlands are being grazed and make a note of any damage

that is being done by livestock.

Protective Effects of Woodland

Jim.—To find out how the forest or woods conserve soil moisture, check soil

erosion, and modify temperature.

Sources of information.—Farmers' Bulletins 1405 and 1813; Agriculture Information Bulletin 71.

Illustrative material.—^The best illustrative material will be found in a trip to

the woods and fields. Actual examples of the efipect of the trees or woods can be

pointed out. If a field trip is not practicable, illustrations may be clipped from

papers and magazines showing erosion on unprotected hillsides and the use of

trees as shelters in pastures and about farm buildings.

Guides to study.—With an acquaintance formed with the different species of

trees, it will be worth while to learn their value both individually and when

associated in woodlands.

Timber or wood products: Trees grouped according to their value for wood or

timber. (This is expanded in Products from the Home Woodlands, p. 25).

How a forest cover conserves the water from rainfall or melting snow (fig. 16).

Flow of streams from open and from forested land; seepage and springs. Protecting watersheds of city reservoirs and headwaters of large streams from erosion

and floods. State and municipal forests. The 176,000,000 acres of Government

national forests held for protection of watersheds and streams and for a permanent

timber supply. Private owners hold four-fifths of the total standing timber in

the United States.

How trees protect the soil against erosion and the formation of gullies on steep

slopes (fig. 17). Examples of local hillsides and regions of the United States

Woods as shelter against hot and dry or cold winds, for grain and fruit crops,

livestock, and for protecting the farm home. The difference in temperature of

the air in midsummer out in the open road or field and in the shade of a single tree

or of woods. The difference in the same situations on a cold windy day in winter.

Field study.—In an excursion to the hills and the fields boys and girls can learn,

by actual observation, the bond between the forest and the river.

249601 O - 53 - 4
22 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 9 5, V. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Upon leaving the open and entering the cool shade of the woods they will note

the forest floor—the undergrowth of young trees and shrubs, the ferns and moss,

and the litter of fallen leaves. With a jackknife, or a trowel, they can dig beneath

this cover into the mold of many years' fallen leaves. The soil will be spongy and

moist. What happens when rain falls or snow melts? Under the forest canopy

it sinks into the spongy earth (fig. 16).

What becomes of the rain and snow that the forest has soaked up like a sponge.?

Find a spring. This is where the stored water is seeping out to feed the streams.

The rainfall that has been held back in the hidden reservoir of the forest is here

transformed into a steady supply of water for the pasture, the farm, the mill,

and the city.

F 34411

FIGURE 16.—The forest floor: Dense growth of seedling and sapling trees covering and protecting the

soil; leaves and twig litter on the ground beneath the trees; spongy layer of decomposed vegetable

matter or humus, and the lower layer of soil interlaced with tree roots and rootlets; and the clay

subsoil.

Return to the open and dig into the soil on the unwooded slope. It will be

found dry and hard. What happens when the rain falls or the snow melts on the

open hillside.' It is not held back and absorbed but rushes down the slope. In

a heavy rain the streams rise rapidly. Perhaps the group will find a place where

a bridge has been carried away in a freshet. Someone may tell of the destruction

of a log bridge on the farm. What happens when the winter snow melts upon

the unprotected mountain slopes and the spring rains swell the rivers? (Figs. 17

and 18.)

On the open hillside, places will be found where the soil, which has no roots to

bind it, has been washed away by the rain, and on some steep slope there will be

deep gullies dug into the ground. Where does the soil go that is washed down the

slope? Into the stream. Perhaps the stream carries the silt into the water supply

of a city. If there is a river near, a sand bar may be found that has resulted from
FORESTRY POR 4-H CLUBS 23

FIGURE 17.—-Effect of deforestation: Washing of soil and devastation of valuable farm lands at the

heads of streams.

FIGURE 18.—Effect of deforestation: Sand bars in the stream channels. Millions of dollars are spent

yearly in dredging our rivers to keep them navigable.
24 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 95, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

sediment washed down from the hill country. What do muddy rivers mean to

harbors near the coast? Who has seen the dredge at work scooping up the silt

to keep the channel free? This means a vast expense to the country (fig. 16).

The boy or girl who has noted these facts about woodland, soil, and stream

will begin to see the relation which the forests of the country bear to the land.

The examples of soil protection and clear streams, of erosion and flood damage that

he or she finds in his own neighborhood, are intimations of the larger meaning

of the Nation's forests to farm land and industry and commerce. The home

woodland is a part of Nature's plan to aid man and his enterprise.

Location and Extent of Farm Woodlands

Aim.—^To learn how to determine the location and area of land on the farm

on which trees should be grown as a crop.

Source of information.—Soil Conservation District supervisor.

Guides to study.—Timber is a poor-land crop. Observe places about the farm

which should be kept in forest trees and woods. Places where forest trees are

profitable: (1) Poor soils. (2) Steep slopes. (3) Eroding soils. (4) Rocky land.

(5) W^et land. (8) Unused corners or waste places.

FIGURE 19.—Rough, steep, and poor lands, and inaccessible parts of the farm may be used to increase

farm income by growing trees in permanent woodlands.

Extent of woodlands in the locality: Proportion of cropland and woodland.

The total acres of woods on 10 to 20 representative farms in a locality.

Practical things to do.—From the data gathered in the survey construct a chart

showing the proportion of cropland and woodland, the total crop acreage, and the
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 25

total woodland acreage. Study the places where trees are growing and list such

locations. List the kinds of trees commonly growing in each of these localities.

Note farms that could profitably plant forest trees, and the kinds of trees that

should be planted.

Draw a map of a farm or of the school district, locating the poor soils, steep

slopes, eroding soils, rocky land, wet land, unused corners or wasteland, and mark

on this map the names of the trees that grow on these places or that could be

profitably grown thereon (fig. 19).

Write a report showing the advantages of using the poor soils and wastelands for

tree planting, giving examples from the farms of the district if possible.

Products From the Home Woodlands

Aim,—To learn what products from the home forest to use for home and for the

market.

Sources of information.—Farmers Bulletins 1210, 1366, 1459, 1756, and 1989.

Illustrative material.—Prepare a wall chart showing in tabulated form the various wood products. In each product column write the name of the tree or, better

still, place a sample of the wood that furnished that product. Prepare another

chart showing in like manner other forest products such as nuts, roots, bark, gum,

and edible fruits, listing the trees from which the products are obtained. Any of

the products from root, bark, gum, etc., will also make interesting and useful

illustrative material.

Guides to study.—Wood, in a rough state, is the principal farm-timber product.

What kinds of wood are used for the following rough products: (1) Sawlogs; (2)

poles and piling; (3) fence posts; (4) bolts, blocks, or billets for {a) cooperage, (^)

implement handles, {c) wagon and automobile spokes, (d) pulpwood; (5) cross ties;

and (6) fuel wood .^ The sizes and other requirements for each of these various wood

products, including the species which are best suited for them and bring highest

prices on the market (fig. 20).

Forest trees which produce nuts of commercial value, roots, bark, sugar, edible

fruit, and crude turpentine.

Lumber is manufactured from the woodland sawlogs. (How to measure

sawed lumber is treated in the section on Measuring and Estimating Timber.)

That work is ordinarily done by the sawmill man rather than by the farmer.

Practical things to /i'o.—Make a study to determine the chief use of wood in

the district. What other forest products are made or used here? What trees

Help Prevent Woods Fires

BE SURE your match is out before throwing it away.

DON'T throw away burning tobacco.

CHOOSE a safe place and make your campfire small.

PUT OUT your fire with water and then cover it with mineral earth.

DONT make large brush heaps. Choose a still day for burning and plow furrows

to protect nearby woods.

Be Careful With Fire
26 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 95, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

F-219590 F-17U62 395002

FIGURE 20.—Some products from farm woodlands are: /I, logs; B, posts; C, poles.
FORESTRY FOB 4-H CLUBS 27

F-2«m¡S 356760

FIGURE 21.—More products from farm woodlands. J, cross ties; and 5, logs and pulpwood.

furnish the greatest amount of wood? What kind of lumber is sawed in the district? What becomes of this lumber?

If there are any wood-product factories in the district, arrange for a trip to

study the various processes from the rough wood to the finished products.

Make a list of the forest products under various headings and indicate what

they are used for commercially.

On the basis of local study determine what timber in the district is most

valuable.

An interesting study to make is the part forest products play in the construction of machinery, transportation lines, airplanes, etc.

Make a list of animals, birds, and other wildlife inhabiting the local tarm

woodlands.
28 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 9 5, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Measuring and Estimating Timber

Aim.—To find out how to measure and estimate timber.

Sources of information.—Farmers' Bulletin 1210; publications of colleges of

agriculture or State foresters; rules for scaling logs on page 37.

FIGURE 22.—4-H Club member measuring the diameter of a white oak tree (outside the bark and

at breast height) with a tape converted to read diameters in inches.
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 29

Illustrative material.—Procure any good pictures showing how saw timber is

measured and estimated. Tables for scaling logs.

Guides to study.—Measuring sawlogs; show how the diameter at the small end

is found by measuring inside the bark along an average line or averaging two

measurements at right angles. The diameter and length found, the approximate lumber contents is found by referring to a copy of some log rule. Probably

FIGURE 23.—Showing a 4-H Club boy how to measure the height of a tree or the number of 16-foot

cuts with a cruiser's, Biltmore, or tree scale stick.

the most common rule in use is the Doyle, although for small logs under 16 to 20

inches it is very inaccurate, because from one-third to one-half more lumber is

usually sawed out than is indicated by the rule. The International log rule (for

}^-inch saw kerf) gives more nearly what small mills cut from logs. (See p. 37).
30 MISC. PUBLICATION 39 5, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Practical things to do.—Write an account of a method of scaling logs. Dq^ermine scale and estimate the number of feet in a given sawlog. Determine now

bolts and billets are measured. What constitutes a standard cord of wopd?

Look up information about allowances made for defects in sawlogs, boltSj or

blocks, and in other material.

r-|7013Z

FIGURE 24.—Estimating the saw timber in a tree by the use of a tree scale or cruiser's stick: yf, If

the stick is held horizontally against the trunk of the tree at a specified distance from the eyij the

observer is able to read directly the diamter of the tree outside the bark. The standard is called

the breast-high diameter, and is taken at a height of 4^ feet above the average level of the ground.

J5, The stick is graduated so that, when held a specified distance from the eye of the observée^ who

stands a specified distance from the tree, the observer can read the number of 16-foot-log lengths

of the tree. The principle is that of two similar triangles.

Estimate the timber in standing trees: Find approximately the contents in

cords or board feet of lumber by measuring the diameter at breast height (4}^ feet

above the ground), estimating or measuring the number of 16-foot log cuts in the

tree, and by using the information given in Farmers' Bulletin 1210 (figs. 22^ 23,

and 24). Estimate the timber in a whole tract. Apply the same method to all

the trees on a measured one-tenth or one-quarter acre, thereby estimating the

contents per acre. Record the measurements by different species on a sifpple

blank form ruled in squares in two directions.
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS

Using Farm Timber

31

Aim.—To learn how to make the best use of farm timber.

Sources of information.—Farmers' Bulletins 1210, 1756, 1989, and 2049; Leaflet

277; Miscellaneous Publication 358; publications of State foresters and colleges

of agriculture.

Illustrative material.—Again a field trip will furnish the best illustrative material.

Note the height of the stumps where timber Has been cut, the careless felling of

trees causing injury to young trees, the tops and large limbs left in the forest.

If field trips are not possible, pictures may be used to illustrate the points mentioned.

FIGURE 25.—Wasteful cutting of pine trees for pulpwood: The clearest and best timber has been left

to decay. It would have paid for the cutting of the trees. Two or three of the trees should have

been left to grow and reseed the land.

Guides to study.—The right use of timber on the farm should begin at the time

the tree is cut. Waste of good timber in the woods is entirely too common nowadays when wood is high priced and getting scarcer.

High stumps mean usually that the best timber in the tree is wasted (fig. 25).

Often the timber left in high stumps would cover the costs of logging. Sawlogs

can now be taken profitably from the tops which had to be left only a few years

ago. Wherever possible the tops should be worked up into crossties, mine props,

or firewood. By careless felling of trees much promising young timber is broken

and destroyed.

High grade and valuable timber should not be used in places about the farm

where less valuable woods will answer the purpose. Sometimes choice white oak,

worth $40 a thousand feet in the loe for veneers, is split into fence posts, or black

walnut is used for farm gates, rni^;---» ir neighbors should be able to suggest

satisfactory substitutes for these purposes.
32 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 9 5, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Small and young timber cut in making improvement thinnings in overcrowded

stands can often be sold or used on the farm for posts, poles, or firewood, instead

of being allowed to decay in the woods (fig. 26).

Treating fence posts: Short-lived woods when soaked in hot and then cold

creosote last from 10 to 20 years as fence posts. As the supply of long-lived

woods, such as black locust, osage-orange, eastern red cedar, American chestnut,

mulberry, and catalpa becomes less, treated fence posts are being increasingly

used. Almost all farms grow some common woods which take coal-tar creosote

readily.

Practical things to do.—In a field trip to the farm forests note what care is taken

in felling trees, the disposition of limbs and tops, and the height of the stumps.

Note examples of use of expensive wood where a cheaper wood might do. Note

the high-priced timber in the district. Determine the common method of treating

F-39260-A

FIGURE 26.—Small pine logs from thinnings made to improve the growth and quality of the stand.

fence posts in the neighborhood. Examine telephone and telegraph poles to see

how they are treated. Make a list of good and bad examples of the use of farm

timber.

Make a report on the methods of cutting and handling timber on the farm,

with especial reference to disposing of waste timber. Write a short account of

the best methods for preserving timber used in posts, railroad ties, and other

lumber.

Measure the height of stumps in a tract of cut-over timber and calculate the

amount of lumber wasted. If one hundred 7-foot walnut fence posts, averaging

5 inches square, can be replaced by 100 locust or red cedar posts of the same size,

calculate, on the basis of local prices, the amount saved by the substitution. If

treating a softwood post with creosote costs 15 cents, but will make it last three

times as long as one not treated, assuming average present local prices for labor

in replacements and cost of untreated posts, what will be saved in 20 years in

fencing a quarter section of land with posts spaced 12 feet apart.'
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 33

Marketing Forest Products

Aim.—To learn where and how to market farm-forest products.

Sources of information.—^Armtrs Bulletins 1210, 1459, and 1989; bulletins of

the State colleges of agriculture and State foresters.

FIGURE 27.—Poles and piling are bringing woodland owners more money per tree than most other

products. Poles are in good demand. Those on the car are 4 to 5 inches top diameters and 16

feet in length.

FIGURE 28.—The best timber brings high prices and can usually be shipped for veneer or choic

lumber. Several owners can join in marketing a carload or truckload.
34 MISO. PUBLICATION 395, U. S. DEFT. OF AGKICULTUEE

Illustrative material.—Timber price lists. Addresses of firms dealing in timber.

Local prices for cordwood, posts, cross ties, and piling.

Guides to study.—Finding the best markets: Before timber is cut its approximate size and amount by species and its disposal should be determined as definitely

as possible. How to find buyers of cut-timber products. How are logs, bolts or

billets, piling, posts, cross ties, and firewood generally sold.' .'advertising in the

newspapers, consulting neighbors who have recently sold timber, consulting State

foresters and reliable experienced men.

^P"^^

FIGURE 29.—Illustrates what is happening nowadays in the woods. 4—H Club boys in increasing

numbers are learning about growing timber as a crop and completing forestry projects.

The owner should protect himself by a simple form of written contract; much

loss comes to sellers of timber products by failure to observe this precaution and

to have the agreement in proper written form.

Selling standing timber: Selling for a stated sum by the acre, or a lump sum

for the whole tract or "boundary."

What to cut and what timber to keep growing in the woods; what timber to

sell and what to use at home. Poles are in strong demand for telephone and

transmission lines (fig. 27). Choice logs of certain woods bring high prices and

can be profitably shipped long distances by rail or water (fig. 26).

Cooperative marketing of farm timber: Carload lots of logs, etc., the least

amount that can profitably be shipped. Many wood manufacturing concerns

buy direct from producers in carload lots. A farmer may not have sufficient

white oak sawlogs or hickory spoke blocks to make shipment profitable.

Practical things to do.—Time might well be spent trying to find out what

timber is being sold from the local farm woodlands; who is buying it; what standing timber is sold; what cooperative shipping of timber is being done (fig. 29).
SUPPLEMENT

Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture Relating to Forestry

- on Farm Woodlands

Directions for Requesting These Publications

Of the following list of publications, some are available free upon application; others can be had

only by purchase. Changes in these lists occur almost daily. Therefore the best way is to write

to the Office of Information, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C, for

those you wish to get. The free publications will be sent to you, and you will be informed of those

that are favailable only by purchase. Upon receipt of this information application should be made

to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing OfBce, Washington 25, D. C, enclosing

the remittance preferably in the form of postal or express money order. Currency may be sent at

the sender's risk. Stamps will not be accepted.

Farmers' Bulletins

1210. Measuring and Marketing Farm Timber. 15 cents.

1256. Slash Pine. 20 cents.

1405. The Windbreak as a Farm Asset. 10 cents.

1459. Selling Black Walnut Timber. 10 cents.

1501. Nut-Tree Propagation. 15 cents.

1526. Clearing Land of Brush and Stumps. 15 cents.

1567. Propagation of Trees and Shrubs. 15 cents,

1582. Protection of Log Cabins, etc., from Injurious Insects. 10 cents.

1643. Fire Safeguards for the Farm. 15 cents.

1671. Shortleaf Pine. 10 cents,

1756. Selection of Lumber for Farm and Home Building. 15 cents.

1813. Prevention and Control of Gullies. 25 cents. *

1887. Reducing Losses from Tree Diseases in Eastern Forests and Farm Woodlands. 10 cents.

1892. Pruning Southern Pines. 15 cents1989. Managing the Small Forest. 20 cents. •

1994. Tree Planting in the Central, Piedmont^ and Sputhern Appalachian Regions. 15 cents.

2027. Cutting for Profit in Southern Pine Woodlands. 15 cents.

2049. Preservative Treatment of Fence Posts and Farm Timbers. 15 cents.

Leaflets

84. Planting Black Walnut. 5 cents.

86. Protect Hardwood Stands from Grazirig. 5 cents.

156. Harvesting and Selling Seed of Southern Pines. 5 cents.

159. Planting Southern Pines. 5 cents.

276. Windbreaks and Sheltefbelts for the Plains States. 5 cents.

277. Does Farm Timber Growing Pay in the South? 5 cents.

Agriculture Informatioii Bulletins

71. Water and Our Forests. 10 cents.

91. The Work of the U. S. Forest Service. 10 cents.

Miscellaneous Publication

358. Use and Abuse of Wood in House Construction. 15 cents.

Charts

D-4, How a Tree Grows (Forest Service).

D-8. The Tree and the Soil (Forest Service and Soil Conservation Service).

35
36 MISC. PUBLICATION 395, U. S. DEPT. OF AGKICULTURE

American Woods Series

Nomenclature, Distribution and Growth, Supply, Production, Properties, Principal Uses, Maps of

Botanical Range of Different Species (Forest Service). State the species wanted.

State Forestry Departments

The 48 States have departments of forestry or equivalent State organizations, ail of which publish

more or less material on varied phases of forestry. Applications should be addressed to the State

foresters at the following places:

Alabama, Department of Conservation, Montgomery 4.

Arizona, State Land Commission, Phoenix.

Arkansas, Arkansas Resources and Development Commission, Little Rock.

Cahfornia, Department of Natural Resources, Sacramento 14.

Colorado, State Board of Forestry, Denver 2.

Connecticut, State Park and Forest Commission, Hartford.

Delaware , State Forestry Commission, Dover.

Florida, Florida Board of Forestry and Parks, Tallahassee.

Georgia, Georgia Forestry Commission, Atlanta 3.

Idaho, State Board ofLand Commissioners, Boise.

Illinois, Department ofConservation, Springfield.

Indiana, Department of Conservation, Indianapolis.

Iowa, Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines 9.

Kansas, Kansas State College, Manhattan.

Kentucky, Conservation Department, Frankfort.

Louisiana, Louisiana Forestry Commission, Baton Rouge.

Maine, Maine Forest Service, Augusta.

Maryland, Maryland Department of State Forests and Parks, Annapolis.

Massachusetts, Department of Conservation, Boston.

Michigan, Department of Conservation, Lansing.

Minnesota, Department of Conservation, St. Paul.

Mississippi» Mississippi Forest and Park Service, Jackson 105.

Missouri, Missouri Conservation Commission, Jefferson City.

Montana, State Forest Department, Missoula.

Nebraska, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Nevada, State of Nevada, Carson City.

New Hampshire, Forestry and Recreation Department, Concord.

New Jersey, Department of Conservation and Economic Development, Trenton.

New Mexico, State Land Commissioner, Santa Fe.

New York, New York Conservation Department, Albany.

North Carohna, Department of Conservation and Development, Raleigh.

North Dakota, State School of Forestry, Bottineau.

Ohio, Department of Natural Resources, Columbus.

Oklahoma, Oklahoma Planning and Resources Board, Oklahoma City 5.

Oregon, State Board of Forestry, Salem.

Pennsylvania, Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg.

Rhode Island, State Department of Agriculture and Conservation, Providence.

South Carolina, State Department of Forestry, Columbia 1.

South Dakota, Commission of School and Public Lands and Department of Game, Fish, and

Parks, Pierre.

Tennessee, Department of Conservation, Nashville 3.

Texas, Texas Forest Service, College Station 5.

Utah, Utah State Department of Agriculture, Logan.

Vermont, Board of Forests and Forest Parks, Montpelier.

Virginia, Department of Conservation and Development, Charlottesville.

Washington, Department of Conservation and Development, Olympia.

West Virginia, Conservation Commission, Charleston.

Wisconsin, Wisconsin Conservation Department, Madison.

Wyoming, University of Wyoming, Laramie.
FORESTRY FOR á-H CLUBS 37

Rules for Scaling Logs

TABLE 1.—The contents of logs, in board feet, scaled by the International log rule {using saw cutting

one-fourth-inch kerf).

Diam- Length of log in feet

eter at

top end

of log 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

inside

bark

(inches) Contents of log in board feet

6 10 10 15 15 20 25 25

7 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 15 20 25 35 40 45 50

9 20 30 35 45 50 60 70

10 30 35 45 55 65 75 85

11 35 45 55 70 80 95 105

12 45 55 70 85 95 110 125

13 55 70 85 100 115 135 150

14 65 80 100 115 135 155 175

15 75 95 115 135 160 180 205

16 85 110 130 155 180 205 235

17 95 125 150 180 205 235 265

18 110 140 170 200 230 265 300

19 125 155 190 225 260 300 335

20 135 175 210 250 290 330 370

21 155 195 235 280 320 365 410

22 170 215 260 305 355 405 455

23 185 235 285 335 390 445 495

24 205 255 310 370 425 485 545

25 220 280 340 400 460 525 590

TABLE 2.—The contents of logs, in board feet, scaled by the Doyle log rule.

Diam- Length of log in feet

eter at

top end 1

of log 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

inside

bark

(inches) Contents of log in board feet

6 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

7 4 5 7 8 9 10 11

8 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

9 12 16 19 22 25 28 31

10 18 22 27 31 36 40 45

11 24 31 37 43 49 55 61

12 32 40 48 66 64 72 80

13 40 51 61 71 81 91 101

14 50 62 75 87 100 112 125

15 60 76 91 106 121 136 151

16 72 90 108 126 144 162 180

17 84 106 127 148 169 190 211

18 98 122 147 171 196 220 245

19 112 141 169 197 225 253 281

20 128 160 192 224 256 288 320

21 144 181 217 253 289 325 361

22 162 202 243 283 324 364 405

23 180 226 271 316 361 406 451

24 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Key to Common Kind of Trees 2

The following key is intended only as a guide in the identification of the more

common kinds of trees. It is based on prominent, distinctive characteristics

which can be readily observed by those who have no special training in botany.

Most of the terms used require no explanation.

To use the key, decide first, by an examination of the leaf, in which of the

following seven sections your tree belongs; then turn to that section, and from

the descriptions there given determine what kind of tree it is.

Section

Trees with needles or scalelike leaves, mostly evergreens, bearing cones i

Trees with broad leaves:

Leaves simple—

Alternately attached to twigs—

With toothed edges n

Edges neither toothed nor notched m

opposite on twigs—

With toothed edges iv

Edges neither toothed nor notched v

Leaves compound—

Alternately attached to twigs vi

Opposite on twigs vil

THE CONIFEROUS ^ TREES

L Trees with needle or scalelike leaves^ mostly evergreen^ bearing cones,

A. Leaves needle-shaped :

(1) Leaves clustered—

{a) Leaves long, from 1 to 18 inches, 2 to 5 in a cluster. Cones

large, with many thick, woody scales (Pinus) Pine.

{b) Leaves short (less than 2 inches long) in brushlike clusters

of 12 to 40, falling off in late autumn or early winter.

Cones very small, with thin scales, remaining on tree for

one or more seasons (Larix) Larch.*

(2) Leaves single—

{a) Leaves scattered around twigs; falling oflF when dry or dead.

Cones elongated with thin scales. Twigs roughened by

leaf-scars.

{x) Leaves stifiF, often sharp pointed and more or less

foursided (Picea) Spruce.

(y) Leaves soft, flat, rounded or notched at ends,

the bases abruptly contracted into threadlike

stems (Tsuga) Hemlock.

2 This key and the following tree descriptions are by William H. Lamb, formerly Scientific assistant

in dendrology. Forest Service.

8 Cone-bearing.

* The larches are peculiar in having single, scattered leaves on the new or terminal twigs produced

each season. These should not be mistaken for the "single" leaves borne throughout by other kinds

ofevergreens.

39
40 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 95, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A. Leaves needle-shaped—Continued.

(2) Leaves single—Continued.

{b) Leaves in two distinct rows, one on each side of the twig;

falling off in late autumn or early winter. Cones small,

ball-like (Taxodium) Bald cypress.

{c) Leaves often in two rows on the sides of the twigs of lower

branches and mostly flat, those on upper branches stouter

and arranged on the sides and tops of the twigs. Cones

long, erect, produced only on upper side of topmost

branches; the scales falling off in autumn, leaving spikelike central axes of the cones attached (Abies) Fir.

B. Leaves scalelike, pointed, overlapping, closely forming flat or four-sided twigs.

(1) Twigs four-sided. Cones spherical or ball-like, with small, thick

scales armed with a spurlike point; seed with very narrow, hard

wings (Cupressus) Cypress.

(2) Twigs flattened.

{a) Cones elongated, with only a few thin scales; bent back on

branches (Thuja) Arborvitse.

{b) Cones spherical, very small, berrylike, with thin scales

armed with a tiny point; seeds with a broad, thin wing

on two sides (Chameaecyparis) Cedar.

{c) Cones berrylike (showing indistinct outlines of, but no

separation into, scaly parts). Leaves either short, scalelike, and sharp jointed, or much longer, needlelike, standing out loosely, and attached in pairs or in threes on the

twigs (Juniperus) Juniper.

THE BROADLEAF TREES

IL Leaves simple, alternate, lobed, and with toothed edges, or only with smooth

or coarsely toothed edges

A. Leaves deeply lobed, or with large notches.

(1) Leaves as wide as they are long. Fruit, a swinging ball, 1 to 1}^ inches

in diameter.

{a) Leaves with finely toothed margins; star-shaped, the divisions pointed. Fruit, burlike balls, from which, when ripe,

small, winged seeds may be shaken. Bark rough.

(Liquidambar) Sweetgum.

{h) Leaves with smooth margins, 3 to 5 inches long, pointed

lobes, the space between the lobes rounded. Fruit, a

rough ball, easily broken when ripe; composed of closely

packed long, narrow seeds which have haiflike bristles at

their lower ends and are attached to a bulletlike central

part. Old bark of trunks and large limbs peeling off in thin,

curled pieces, leaving pale inner bark showing in irregular

patches. (Platanus) American Sycamore or plane.

(2) Leaves longer than wide.

{a) Leaves large, with deep, roundtopped, or with pointed

bristle tipped lobes, or only with coarse marginal teeth.

Fruit, an acorn, resting in a separate cup.

(Quercus) Oak.

iß) Leaves small, with little sharp teeth on margin. Twigs

bearing sharp thorns. Fruit small (like a little apple),

spherical, with bony seeds (Crataegus) Hawthorn.
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS 41

B. Leaves one-sided (one side of leaf shorter at base than the other side).

(1) Leaves large, oval, 5 to 10 inches long, heart-shaped. Fruit, a cluster

of small, woody balls ji to V2 inch in diameter, banging from a narrow, leaflike blade. (Tilia) American Basswood or linden.

(2) Leaves 3-veined at base, with long tapering points, which generally

turn to one side; edges smooth, or with small teeth of uniform size.

Fruit, a small berry about ji inch in diameter.

(Celtis) Hackberry.

(3) leaves with straight lateral veins, oval; edges double toothed (little teeth on the larger ones). Fruit in clusters, dry, flat, with

papery wings all around the seeds (Ulmus) American elm.

C. Leaves even sided (both sides of leaf the same length).

(1) Leaves oval, evergreen, thick, with short needlelike teeth. Fruit, a

bright red berry (Ilex) American holly.

(2) Leaves more or less elongated, deciduous, with one tooth at the end

of each side vein.

(a) Trees with smooth, bluish-gray bark, and long, pointed,

chestnut-brown buds. Fruit, a small, three-cornered nut,

in a spiny husk which splits open at the top into three

parts (Fagus) American beech.

(¿f) Trees with ridged, grayish-brown bark. Fruit, large,

spherical, covered with dense, needlelike spines; splits

open from the top into 3 or 4 divisions, and containing

several thin-shelled, chestnut-brown nuts.

(Castanea) American chestnut.

(3) Leaves very narrow, long, pointed, finely toothed. Small branches

slender, usually tough. Fruit, a long cluster of little pods filled

with "cotton" (seeds) (Salix) Willow.

(4) Leaves somewhat triangular in outline, broad at base, pointed,

toothed. Buds of some species coated with aromatic gum. Branches coarse. Fruit, a long cluster of little pods filled with **cotton"

(seeds) (Populus) Poplar.

(5) Leaves oval, pointed, with sawlike teeth.

(a) Fruit a tiny scaly cone.

(x) Bark of trunk and branches peeling off in thin

papery sheets. Leaves double-toothed (little

teeth on the large ones.) Fruit ("cones")

borne singly, pendulous, scaly, falling apart

when ripe, seeds with gauzelike wings on two

sides (Betula) Birch.

(y) Bark smooth or broken, but not peeling. Leaves

with small teeth. "Cones" several in a cluster

on stiff, upright stems, hard, woody, not falling

apart; seed with narrow wings on two sides.

(Alnus) Alder.

(è) Fruit, a berry; fleshy, edible.

(x) Leaves large, 3-veined at base, often irregularly,

deeply lobed; containing milky juice. Fruit

similar in appearance to a blackberry.

(Morus) Mulberry.
42 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 95, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

C. Leaves even sided—Continued.

(5) Leaves oval—Continued.

(b) Fruit, a berry—Continued.

iy) Leaves small- or medium-sized, feather-veined;

containing green juice; fruit (cherry or plum)

with one hard-shelled, flattened or spherical seed.

(/) Seed ("stone") flattened. Fruit large

and short-stemmed.... (Prunus) Plum.

{ii) Seed spherical. Fruit small and longstemmed (Prunus) Cherry.

///. Leaves simple, alternate, regularly or irregularly lobed, edge neither toothed

nor notched

A. Leaves with deep lobes.

(1) Leaves with blunt ends (appearing as if cut oflF), and with two

pointed, side lobes. Flowers tuliplike. Fruit conelike, pointed,

upright, composed of long, thin, overlapping, winged seeds.

Bruised twigs have a peppery odor.

(Liriodendron) Yellow poplar (tuliptree).

(2) Leaves with rounded ends; oval, often with a lobe on one side,

making the leaf mitten-shaped, or sometimes with a lobe on each

side. Bruised twigs and inner bark of trunk sweet-smelling.

(Sassafras) Sassafras.

B. Leaves without lobes.

(1) Bruised twigs with peppery odor.

{a) Leaves oval (evergreen in one species) or elongated, pointed,

large. Flowers large, at ends of branches. Fruit conelike, with a bright red seed in each division.

(Magnolia) Magnolia.

(2) Bruised twigs without peppery odor.

{a) Leaves broader at top than at the base, 8 to 12 inches

long, with very short leafstalk. Fruit fleshy, edible,

elongated, 3 to 4 inches long, with thick, yellowish,

smooth skin when ripe, and large, bony, flat seeds.

Buds brown and hairy (Asimina) Papaw.

(b) Leaves broadest at middle, oval, 3 to 10 inches long.

(x) Fruit short-stalked, spherical, 1 to 1)^ inches in

diameter; when ripe pale orange color, surrounded at base with old flower-cup; very bitter,

but edible after frost. . . (Diospyros) Persimmon.

(^) Fruit long-stalked, elongated or spherical, solitary

or in pairs, with thin flesh and a ridged stone

or seed... . (Nyssa) Tupelo (known also as gum),

(¿r) Leaves rounded or heart-shaped, 3 to 5 inches across.

Flowers pealike, pink, appearing before the leaves.

Fruit, a dry flat pod, V/i to 3)^ inches long; in dense

clusters on sides of branches; seeds, hard, small, oblong,

% inch long (Cercis) Redbud.

(3) Bruised or cut twigs and leaves with milky juice.

(a) Leaves with narrow points. Twigs bearing thorns. Fruit

large, orangelike, with smooth, uneven surface, 4 to 6

inches in diameter (Toxylon) Osageorange.
FORESTKY TOR 4-H CLUBS 43

IV. Leaves simple^ opposite^ with lobe-toothed edges

A. Leaves with large (often lobelike) teeth. Fruit in pairs, each part with a

conspicuous, flat, very thin wing. Fruit matures in spring or in autumn,

when it becomes dry and yellowish-brown (Acer) Maple.

F. Leaves simple^ opposite^ edges neither toothed nor notched

A. Leaves very large, heart-shaped long-pointed. Flowers showy, trumpetlike, in large upright clusters. Fruit, a long, cylindrical pod, 8 to 14 inches

long, containing closely packed, flat, dry seeds, with fringed wings at each

end (Catalpa) Catalpa.

B. Leaves rather small, oval, tapering at base and point. Flowers conspicuous,

white (occasionally rosy), appearing with the expanding leaves. Fruit,

a small cluster of two-seeded berries, turning red in autumn.

(Cornus) Flowering dogwood.

VL Leaves compound^ alternately attached to twigs

A. Leaflets small, many, attached along two sides of a main stem. Fruit, a

flat, bean, dry or fleshy pod.

(1) Leaflets with small wavy teeth. Pods flat, broad, long, often twisted,

thin-skinned, with thick, cheesy, sweetish pulp about seeds.

Trees with long, keen, branched thorns on the trunk.

(Gleditsia) Honeylocust.

(2) Leaflets not toothed.

{a) Twigs with pairs of short, keen thorns. Leaflets oblong,

rounded at ends. Flowers showy white, in large clusters.

Pods small, flat, thin, dry, with small seeds.

(Robinia) Black locust.

{b) Twigs stout, thornless. Leaflets oval, pointed. Flowers

greenish, with violet odor. Pods large, flat, thick, with

greenish jellylike pulp (poisonous) around the large,

black-brown seeds (Gymnocladus) CofFeetree

B. Leaflets large. Fruit, spherical, with a separable or inseparable husk, containing a hard-shelled nut.

(1) Leaflets narrow at base becoming larger at outer end. Nut lightcolored, smooth, in a husk which separates more or less completely

into four parts when ripe (Hicoria) Hickory.

(2) Leaflets broader at base, becoming narrower at outer end. Nut

dark, rough, in a fleshy husk which is inseparable by natural

divisions and turns black when old. Pith of twigs forms numerous cross-partitions (Juglans) Walnut

VIII, Leaves compound^ opposite on twigs

A. Leaflets arranged along two sides of a main leafstalk, with a leaflet at the

end.

(1) Leaflets generally 3 (sometimes 5), toothed only near the ends.

Fruit, a cluster of dry, winged seeds, arranged in pairs like those

of maple (Acer) Boxelder.^

(2) Leaflets generally more than 3 (3 to 11), and either not toothed

or with small teeth. Fruit, a cluster of single-winged, dry, oarshaped" seeds" (Fraxinus) Ash.

B. Leaflets (5 to 9) clustered at end of a main leaf-stem. Fruit, with a thick,

warty or prickly husk, which separates into several parts containing a

shinybrown nut fyEsculus) Buckeye.

5 Boxelder, a true maple, difîers from the others in having compound leaves.
44 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 9 5, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUKE

One Hundred Eastern Forest Trees ^

Name Distribution Characteristics

1. Eastern white pine {Pinus

strobus).

2. Jack pine {Pinus bankstand).

3. Red pine {Pinus resinosa). .

4. Pitch pine {Pinus rígida). .

5. Loblolly pine {Pinus tceda).

6. Shortleaf pine {Pinus echinatd).

7. Spruce pine {Pinus glabra),

8. Virginia pine (Scrub pine)

{Pinus Virginiana).

9. Pond pine {Pinus rigida

serótina).

10. Slash pine {Pinus caribaea).

11. Longleaf pine {Pinus palustris).

12. Tamarack or Eastern Larch

{Larix laricina).

13. White spruce {Picea glauca)

14. Black spruce {Picea mariana).

15. Red spruce {Picea rubra).

16. Eastern hemlock {Tsuga

canadensis).

17. Bülácy^irc^ss {Taxodium distichum).

18. Balsam fir {Abies balsamea)

Northeastern and Lake

States and Appalachian

Mountains.

Northern tree, best growth

north of Lake Superior.

Northern tree, associated

with white pine.

Northeastern and middle

Atlantic States.

Southeastern United

States—Coastal plain.

New Jersey to Texas.

Middle Atlanric and Southern States, with hardwood trees. Piedmont

uplands, New Jersey to

Texas.

Southeastern States

Middle Atlantic States to

Indiana.

Southeastern States in

Coastal Plain. Scattered.

Southeastern and Gulf

States, in poorly drained

soils; uplands in Georgia,

associated with longleaf

pine.

South Atlantic and Gulf

States.

Northeastern and Lake

States and in Canada to

Alaska; best growth in

Canada.

Northeastern and Lake

States and Canada.

Northeastern and Lake

States and in Canada to

Alaska.

Northeastern States, Canada, and Appalachian

Mountains.

Northern and Eastern

States and in mountains

to Georgia.

South Atlantic and Gulf

States; in swamps.

Northeastern and Lake

States to southwest Virginia.

Fine timber tree; leaves in clusters of

5, 3 to 5 inches long.

Common on sandy soil; leaves in

clusters of 2, ^ to 1^ inches long.

Leaves in clusters of 2, 5 to 6 inches

long.

Leaves in clusters of 3, 3 to 5 inches

long. ^

Leaves in clusters of 3, 6 to 9 inches

long. Cone, 2 to 3 inches in

diameter.

Leaves in clusters of 2 and sometimes

3, 3 to 5 inches long. Cone small,

1 to 2 inches in diameter.

Leaves in clusters of 2, \}/2 to 3 inches

long.

Do.

Leaves 6 to 8 inches long, tree similar to pitch pine but cones remain

closed for several years. Cone

egg-shaped.

Leaves in clusters of 2, sometimes 3,

8 to 12 inches long. Important

turpentine tree.

Leaves in clusters of 3, 8 to 18 inches

long. Important turpentine tree.

Leaves needle-shape, ^ to IK inches

long, in dense, brush-like clusters;

falling off in winter.

Leaves M to ^ inch long, arranged

singly around the smooth twigs;

whitish.

Similar to white spruce, but twigs

are minutely hairy; cones strongly

attached.

Similar to black spruce, but cones

begin to fall when ripe.

Leaves 3^ to 3i inch long, attached

by tiny leafstalks; cones }4 to %

inch long.

Leaves H to M inch long, falling off

in winter; cones ball-like.

Leaves M to IJ^ inches long; cones

upright, falling to pieces when ripe.

ÖEastern half of United States. Most of these are important as commercial timber trees; a few

however, are small sized and included because of their botanical importance and wide occurrence in

mixture with timber trees, particularly in second-growth forests.

Additional information about individual species of trees is given in the American Woods Series,

issued by the U. S. Forest Service. (See p. 36.)
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS

One Hundred Eastern Forest Trees—Continued

45

Name Distribution Characteristics

19. Fraser fir {Abiesfrazeri). .

20. Northern whitecedar

(Thuja occidentalis).

21. Atlantic white-cedar {Chamaecyparis thyoides).

11. Eastern redcedar {Juniperus Virginiana).

23. Sweetgum {Liquidambar

styraciflud).

24. American Sycamore; plane

{Platanus occidentalis).

IS. White oak {^uercus alba).

16. Bur oak {^uercus macrocarpd).

11. Overcup oak {^uercus lyrata).

28. Post oak {^uercus stellata),

29. Chestnut oak {^uercus

montana).

30. Northern red oak {^uercus

borealis).

31. Black oak {^uercus velutina).

32. Pin oak {^uercus palustris).

33, Southern red oak {^uercus

rubra).

34. Water oak {^uercus nigra)

35. Willow oak {^uercus phellos).

High southern Appalachian

Mountains.

Northeastern and Lake

States and eastern Canada,

Swamps of eastern and Gulf

Coast States.

Eastern United States

Central and Southeastern

United States.

Eastern United States ,

.do.

Central and Northeastern

United States to the Dakotas, Nebraska, and

Texas.

Southeastern United States.

Eastern United States

Northeastern United States

and Appalachian Mountains Common on ridges.

Eastern United States. . . . .

.do.

.do.

Central and Southeastern

States.

Southeastern United States.

Eastern United States.

Similar to balsam fir, except that the

cones are covered with protruding

scaly bracts.

Leaves scale-like; cones Hto}4 inch

long, bent backward on twigs,

which are flat.

Cones ball-like; leaves somewhat resembling arborvitae.

Leaves scale-like, those on young

shoots and seedlings awl-shaped

and spreading; young cones

changed into a firm berry.

Leaves star-shape; fruit a bur-like

ball suspended by a long stalk.

Leaves broad and coarsely toothed;

base of leafstalk inclosing a winter

bud in peculiar manner; fruit a

hard-surfaced, long-stalked ball.

Leaves deeply lobed, not bristletipped; acorns ripening in one

season.

A white oak with fringe-edged acorn

and larger leaves more deeply

lobed.

A white oak with acorns completely

or almost covered by the thin cup.

A white oak with leaves cut deeply

above and below the middle lobes,

suggesting a Maltese cross.

A white oak with leaves resembling

those of the chestnut, and with

long, large, shallow-cupped acorns.

Leaves deeply cut, with bristle-tipped points; acorns ripening in 2

seasons; large, with very shallow

cups.

An oak with thicker, large, glossy

leaves which are more or less

minutely woolly beneath; acorns

with small cups, as deep or deeper

than wide.

A red oak with smaller leaves and

smaller and shallower cupped

striped acorns.

A red oak with leaves very deeply

cut, the upper central portion

being very narrow and sometimes slightly curved, and with

dense, tawny-yellow wool beneath.

A red oak; leaves not toothed, small,

tapering from broad top-end to the

base; sometimes 3-lobed. Small

acorns with shallow cup. Much

planted as street trees throughout

South.

A red oak with leaves resembling a

smooth-edged willow or peach leaf.

Much planted as street shade tree

in Middle Atlantic and Southern

States.
46 iVLISC. PUBLICATION 3 9 5, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

One Hundred Eastern Forest Trees—Continued

Name Distribution Characteristics

36. Live oak {^uercus virginiana).

37. American basswood; American linden {Tilia glabra)

38. White basswood; Bee tree

linden {Tiliaheterophylla).

39. Hackberry {Celtis occidentalis).

40. American elm {Ulmus

americana).

41. Slippery elm (C7/wz«j/«/t;ö),

42. Rock elm {Ulmus thomasii)

43. American holly {Ilex opaca).

44. American beech {Fagus

grandifolia).

45. American chestnut {Castanea dentata).

46. Chinquapin {Castanea pumila).

47. Black willow {Salix nigra).

48. Balsam poplar {Populus

halsàmifera).

49. Eastern cottonwood {Populus deltoides).

50. Swamp cottonwood {Populus heterophylla).

South Atlantic and Gulf

States.

Northeastern United States,

Middle and South Atlantic

States.

Middle Atlantic States to

the Dakotas, Kansas,

and Missouri.

Eastern United States

.do.

Northeastern United States

Eastern United States.

.do.

Northeastern and Middle

Atlantic States.

Middle and Southern States.

Eastern United States.

Northern United States.

Northeastern United States.

South Atlantic and Gulf

States.

An evergreen oak with narrow,

smooth-bordered leaves which are

turned under on the edge and palewoolly beneath and glossy above;

small, pointed acorns with long

stalks.

Leaves smooth, broadly heart-shaped

with finely toothed edge; fruit a

cluster of little woody balls suspended from the middle of a long

narrow leaf-like bract.

Similar to basswood except that the

leaves are whitish (or minutely

woolly) beneath.

Leaves finely toothed, long pointed;

fruit a long-stalked, single-seeded

berry with very thin, sweetish

flesh.

Leaves sharply toothed; fruit iiat,

papery, about }^ inch long,

fringed around with tiny hairs.

Long leaves, very rough on the upper

side; inner bark is slippery when

chewed, and the flat fruits have a

smooth edge.

Difi^ering from other elms in having

fruit minutely hairy all over,

and twigs with conspicuous, corky

ridges.

Evergreen tree, the leaves having

spiny teeth, and fruit a bright

red berry, remaining attached

through the winter.

Leaves with saw-tooth edge; fruit a

light brown spine-covered bur containing a 3-cornered brown nut.

Long narrow leaves with sharp, forward-pointing teeth; fruit a spherical, spiny bur containing several

brown nuts. Trees mostly killed

by blight disease.

Leaves smaller than chestnut and

finely woolly beneath; but one

nut in the spiny husk. Mostly

known as a shrub, but reaches

tree size.

Leaves slender, long-pointed, and

finely toothed. The largest of our

eastern willows, difficult to distinguish from other willows.

Large leaves, very broad at base,

toothed, whitish beneath, with

round leafstalk.

Leaves triangular, long-pointed,

toothed, smooth, with flattened

leafstalk.

Heart-shaped leaves with roundleafstalk, minutely woolly on underside when young; smooth later.
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS

One Hundred Eastern Forest Trees—Continued

47

Name Distribution Characteristics

51. Quaking aspen {Populus

iremuloides.)

52. Bigtooth aspen {Populus

grandidentatd),

53. Paper birch {Betula papyri fera).

54. Sweet birch {Betula lenta).

55. Yellow birch {Betula luted). .

56. Red mulberry {Morus rubra).

SI. American plum {Prunus

americana).

58. Pin cherry (Wild red cherry)

{Prunus Pennsylvaniea).

59. Common Choke cherry

{Prunus virginiana).

60. Black cherry {Prunus serótina).

61. Yellowpoplar; tu lip tree

Liriodendron tulipifera).

62. Sassafras {Sassafras varüfolium).

63. Black túpelo {Nyssa sylvatica). (Known also as

black gum.)

64. Swamp túpelo {Nyssa biflora). (Known also as

swamp black gum.)

65. Water túpelo {Nyssa aquatica). (Known also as túpelo gum).

(>(). Ogeche túpelo {Nyssa ogeche). (Known also as

ogeche gum.)

67. Sweet bay {Magnolia virginiana). (Known also

as sweet magnolia.)

68. Cucumbertree {Magnolia

acuminata).

Northern and Western

United States.

Northeastern United States.

Northern United States. ...,

Northeastern United States.

Eastern United States

do

Eastern United States and

Rocky Mountain region

to Utah and New Mexico.

Eastern United States across

northern United States,

south in Appalachian

Mountains.

....do

Eastern United States

....do

....do

.do

Southern States.

Swamps of Southeastern

Coastal States.

Swamps, South Carolina to

Florida.

Coastal swamps. Southeastern and GulfStates.

Eastern United States......

Leaves broad, finely toothed, leafstalks flat, longer than blades.

Leaves broad, coarsely toothed, with

flattened leafstalks.

Leaves broad at base, finely toothed,

fruit a papery cone which falls

apart when ripe; white bark peeling oflF in thin sheets.

Bark dark brown, hard and close,

not peehng off in sheets; tiny

scales of cones smooth, not minutely hairy along edges as in

yellow birch.

Bark yellow-gray; tiny scales of the

cones minutely hairy along edges.

Leaves large, heart-shaped, sharply

toothed; fruit red or black, blackberrylike.

Leaves conspiculously veiny, pointed

finely toothed; fruit red or yellow

with short stalks; branches with

spinelike twigs. Small tree.

Smooth red-brown bark; leaves resemble those of the peach; fruit

bright red when ripe, long-stalked

in clusters of 3 to 5.

Fruit in a long cluster, ripe berries

glossy black, bitterish, producing a

puckering sensation in the mouth.

Fruit resembles common chokecherry, but smaller and thinfleshed.

Leaves large, blunt or with deep

notch at end; flowers large yellow;

tuliplike; fruit a woody, upright

cone.

Leaves oval with one lobe like a

"mitten," or with a lobe on each

side. Twigs and inner bark fragrant.

Large tree; leaves oval with smooth

edge. Fruit an elongated black

berry with seed but little flattened

and scarcely ridged.

Small tree; resembling black túpelo,

but fruit, which also grows in

pairs, has a flattened and ridged

stone.

Large tree; fruits produced singly,

with a stalk longer than the fruit;

stone of fruit sharp-edged or

winged.

Small tree; resembling water túpelo

but fruits with stalks shorter than

the fruit itself.

Small flowers, white, fragrant.

Leaves silky-white beneath.

Leaves large, oval, smooth-bordered,

pointed; flowers greenish yellow;

fruit slender.
48 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 95, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

One Hundred Eastern Forest Trees—Continued

Name Distribution Characteristics

69. Fraser magnolia {Magnolia

fraseri).

70. Bigleaf magnolia {Magnolia

macrophylld).

71. Common persimmon {J)iospyros virginiana).

72. Eastern redbud {Cercis

canadensis).

73. OB^.%eoT2LngQ {Toxylon pomiferum).

74. Sugar maple {Acer saccharum).

75. Silver maple {Acer saccharinum).

76. Red maple {Acer rubrum).

11, Boxelder {Acer negundo, including 6 varietal forms).

78. Northern catalpa {Catalpa

spedosa).

79. Flowering dogwood {Cornusflorida).

80. Pagoda dogwood {Cornus

alternifolid).

81. Honeylocust {Gleditsia triacanthos).

82. Black locust {Robinia

pseudacacia).

Eastern United States,

except northern portion.

Eastern United States (south

and west ofNew York.)

Native to Arkansas, eastern

Oklahoma, and Texas,

but widely planted

throughout eastern United

States.

Eastern United States to

Kansas and Oklahoma.

Eastern United States.

.do.

Throughout United States..

South Central States, widely

cultivated elsewhere.

Eastern United States.

Northeastern States and

Appalachian Mountains.

Central States and Minnesota to Texas. Widely

cultivated elsewhere.

Appalachian region, widely

cultivated and naturalized all over United

States.

Flowers white; leaves deeply lobed at

base, forming "ears."

Flowers large, white; leaves very

large, with "ears" at base, and

white beneath. Largest leaved

tree in North America (20 to 30

inches long).

Leaves oval, smooth, with smooth

margin; fruit orange colored, 1 to

lyi. inches in diameter, edible in

late fall after frost.

Leaves heart-shaped, smooth margin: fruit a pealike pod in clusters

of 4 to 8; flowers resembling a

small rose-colored sweet pea.

Glossy leaves with smooth edges;

fruit a heavy ball, resembling an

orange, 4 to 5 inches in diameter,

milky juice.

Leaves 3 to 5 lobed with large

rounded teeth; fruit a pair of keys

ripening in autumn. Yields

maple sugar.

Leaves deeply 5-lobed, with sharp

irregular teeth; fruit ripening in

spring before appearance of leaves.

Yields maple sugar.

Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, finely toothed;

reddish fruit ripening n spring or

early summer. Yields maple

sugar.

Leaves compound, the leaflets toothed; fruit ripening in early summer

and remaining on trees during

winter.

Leaves large, heart-shaped; fruit a

long "pod" filled with flat seeds

which are tufted at each end. A

better shaped tree than common

catalpa {Catalpa bignonioides).

Leaves mostly clustered at ends of

branches, with slightly wavy margins; flowers white with four large

bracts resembling petals. Leaves

opposite.

Leaves resembling those of flowering

dogwood, but alternate in arrangement; white flowers without the

four large petallike bracts.

Leaves doubly-compound, the leaflets with slightly wavy margins;

fruit a flat pod a foot or more in

length, twisted when dry. Trees

with large branching thorns.

Leaves compound, leaflets with

smooth margins; fruit a pod 3 to 4

inches long. Trees with pairs of

short thorns at the base of leaves

and twigs. Wood heavy and

durable in the ground.
rORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS

One Hundred Eastern Forest Trees—Continued

49

Name Distribution Characteristics

83. Kentucky cofFeetree {Gymnocladus dioicus).

84. Pecan {Hicoria pecan).

85. Bitternut hickory {Hicoria

cordiformis).

86. Water hickory {Hicoria

aquatica).

87. Shagbark hickory {Hicoria

ovata).

88. Shellbark hickory {Hicoria

laciniosd).

89. Mockernut hickory {Hicoria alba), (Known also

as bigbud or white

hickory.)

90. Pignut hickory {Hicoria

glabra).

91. Black walnut {Juglans

nigra).

92. Butternut {Juglans cinérea)

93. White ash {Fraxinus americana).

94. Red ash {Fraxinus Pennsylvaniea).

95. Green ash {Fraxinus Pennsylvaniea lanceolata).

Mainly in Ohio and Mississippi Valley.

Mississippi Valley.

Eastern United States.

Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley.

Eastern United States exclusive of southern coastal region.

Eastern United States, exclusive of New England.

Eastern United States

.do.

.do.

.do.

.do.

.do.

Eastern United States; west

in the Rocky Mountain

region.

Leaves doubly compound, the

pointed leaflets with entire margins; fruit a large, woody, wide

pod, 6 to 10 inches long, V/t to 2

inches wide containing a greenish

jelly, which is poisonous. Trees

without thorns.

Bud scales few, shell of nut thin,

husk wing-ridged, with large cavities; nuts elongated with sweet

kernel.

Nut broader than long, without

angles, very thin shelled; bitter

kernel, husk thin.

Nut broad, with bitter kernel.

Buds with many scales (all of the

preceding hickories have buds with

few scales); bark loosening from

trees in shaggy strips.

Leaves large; large, angled, thickshelled nuts with thick husks splitting to the base; bark shaggy.

Leaves large, hairy; buds large, budscales mahy; bark closely furrowed, not separating from the

trunk. Nut with thick husk,

large, angled, thick-shelled.

Leaves small, smooth; fruit abruptly

tapering at base to thick stem

(resembling a small fig); husk

barely splitting at top end and

usually retaining the nut.

Leaves compound with toothed

edges; spherical fruit growing

singly or in pairs; bark brown,

furrowed.

Leaves compound, with toothed

edges; fruit in hanging clusters of

3 to 5, pointed and elongated, with

viscid hairs when young. Velvety

cushion just above leaf-scar; bark

gray and smooth on young trees.

Smooth twigs, opposite; leaves compound, leaflets toothed or wavy on

the margins and paler beneath;

seed with a plump, well-rounded

body and a wing extending almost

entirely from the end and borne

in dense clusters. High-ground

tree.

Differs from white ash in having

young twigs and leaflets (beneath)

velvety; and wing of seed extending down along sides of seed body,

which is narrow. A low-ground

tree.

Like the preceding, except twigs are

smooth, leaflets sharply toothed;

body of seed and pointed wing

very narrow. Low-ground tree.
50 MISC. PUBLICATION 3 9 5, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

One Hundred Eastern Forest Trees—Continued

Name Distribution Characteristics

96. Pumpkin ash {Fraxinus Scattered, mostly east of Resembling red ash, but seeds are

profunda). the Mississippi River. very much larger, sometimes twice

the size. Swamp tree.

97. Black ash {Fraxinus nigra). Northern and Lake States. . Leaflets stemless, finely toothed, 7

to 11; seeds with a flat, wide wing,

which extends conspicuously down

the sides of the seed body and is

blunt. Swamp tree.

98. Carohna ash {Fraxinus Southeastern States Leaflets oval-elongated, barely pointcaroliniana). ed; seeds with a very broad, shortpointed wing. Swamp tree, often

on inundated river swamps.

99. Ohio buckeye {Aesculus Ohio and Mississippi Leaves palmately compound like

glabra). Valleys. horsechestnut; fruit knobby, prickly, spherical. Small tree.

lor. Yellow buckeye {Aesculus

octandra).

do . Leaves resembling the preceding,

but fruit smooth. Large tree (90

feet high).

Fifty-four Western Forest Trees ^

Name Distribution Characteristics

1. Western white pine {Pinus

moniicola).

2. Sugar pine {Pinus lambertiana).

3. Limber pine {Pinusflexilis).

4. Ponderosa pine {Pinus

ponderosa).

5, Jeffrey pine {Pinus Jeffreyi).

6. Digger pine {Pinus sabiniana).

7. Knobcone pine {Pinus atténuâta).

Northern Rocky Mountain

and Pacific coast regions.

Western and central Oregon,

in mountains of California nearly to Mexico.

Rocky Mountains, Canada

to Mexico. Mountains in

California.

Mountai nsofwestern United

States. Forms extensive

pure stands in southern

Rockies.

Southern Oregon and south

through California.

California coastal mountains and Sierra Nevada

foothills.

California and southwestern Oregon.

Needles 5 in a cluster, blue green,

2 to 4 inches long. Cone slender,

5 to 12 inches long. Important

timber tree.

Needles 5 in a cluster, 3 to 4 inches

long. Important timber tree;

largest of the pines. Used for

lumber and millwork.

Needles 5 in a cluster, 2 to 3H inches

long. Cone stout, 3 to 6 inches

long. Wood used for rough construction.

Needles 3 or 2 and 3 in a cluster,

stout, 4 to 7 inches long. Cones

short-stalked, 3 to 6 inches long,

with prickles. Most important

western pine.

Needles 3 in a cluster, blue green,

stout, 5 to 10 inches long. Cones

short-stalked, 5 to 10 inches long,

with prickles. Lumber sold as

ponderosa pine.

Needles 3 in a cluster, pale blue

green, drooping, 8 to 12 inches

long. Cones large, spiny, with

edible seeds. Used for fuel, shelterbelts.

Needles 3 in a cluster, pale green,

3 to 7 inches long. Cones usually

clustered and 1-sided. Used for

fuel, shelterbelts.

^ In the list of eastern trees beginning on page 44, the following trees occur also in the western half

of the United States: Nos. 13, 26, 39, 48, 53, 77, and 95.
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS

Fifty-four Western Forest Trees-—Continued

51

Name Distribution Characteristics

8. Lodgepole pine {Pinus contortd).

9. Pinyon {Pinus edulis).

10. Singleîeaf pinyon {Pinus

monophylla).

11. Western larch {Larix occidentalis).

12. Pacific yew {Taxus brevifolia).

13. Western hemlock {Tsuga

heterophyllci).

14. Mountain hemlock {Tsuga

mertensia).

15. Engelmann spruce {Picea

engelmanni).

16. Blue spruce {Picea pungens).

17. Sitka spruce {Picea sitchensis).

18. Douglas-fir {Pseudotsuga

taxifolia)

19. White fir {Abies concolor).

20. Alpine fir {Abies lasocarpa)

MountainsofwesternUnited

States.

Southern Rocky Mountain

region.

Utah, Nevada, northern

Arizona, central and

southern California.

Mountains of northwestern

United States.

Pacific coast and northern

Rocky Mountain regions.

Pacific coast and northern

Rocky Mountains.

High altitudes. Pacific coast

and northern Rocky

Mountain regions.

High altitudes, Rocky

Mountain and Pacific

coast regions.

Central and southern Rocky

Mountains.

Pacific coast.

Pacific coast and Rocky

Mountain regions.

Rocky Mountains, Oregon,

and California. Of all

firs, it grows in warmest

and dryest climate.

High altitudes in Rocky

Mountains and Pacific

Northwest.

Needles 2 in a cluster, stout, yellow

green, 1 to 3 inches long. Cones

up to 2 inches long, staying closed

on tree many years. Used for

rough construction, pulpwood.

Needles 2 or 3 in a cluster, dark

green, % to 1^4 inches long. Cones

egg-shaped, 1^ to 2 inches long,

with large edible seeds, called

pinyon nuts.

Needles 1 in a sheath, 1 to 2 inches

long. Cones egg-shaped, 2 to 2H

inches long. Large edible seeds.

Sprawling tree.

Needles many in a cluster, about

1 inch long, shedding in fall.

Cones upright, 1 to IH inches

long. Used for building construction and ties.

Needles in 2 rows, flat, ^ to 1 inch

long. Seed nearly enclosed in

thick cup. Used for poles, bows,

canoe paddles.

Needles H to H inch long, flat,

shiny. Cone 1 inch long. Important timber tree, used for

lumber, flooring, pulpwood.

Needles H to 1 inch long, blue green,

rounded or angled, curved. Cones

1 to 3 inches long, usually purplish. Used as an ornamental.

Needles 4-angled, fi to 1^ inches

long. Cones IH to 2J4 inches long.

Used for lumber, pulpwood.

Needles 4-angled, H to Ui inches

long, blue green. Cones 2H to 4

inches long. Used as an ornamental and in shelterbelts.

Needles flat, H to 1 inch long, dark

green. Cones 2 to 3H inches long,

with long, stiff scales, rounded

and irregularly toothed. Used as

lumber for many purposes, and as

pulpwood.

Needles flat, % to IH inches long,

dark green. Cones 2 to 4 inches

long, with long 3-toothed bracts

extending between scales. Ranks

first in lumber and plywood production.

Needles flat, 1^ to 2H inches long,

pale blue green. Cones upright,

3 to 5 inches long. Used for

lumber and pulpwood.

Needles flat, 1 to IH inches long,

blue green. Cones upright, 2H to

4 inches long, purple. Used for

lumber and pulpwood.
52 MISC. PUBLICATION 395, U. S. DEFT. OF AGKIOULTURE

Fifty-four Western Forest Trees-—Continued

Name Distribution Characteristics

21. Pacific silver fir {Abies amabilis)

11, Grand fir {Abies grandis)..

23. Noble fir {Abies procera)..

24. California red fir {Abies

magnifica)

25. Redwood {Sequoia sempervirens)

16. Giant sequoia {Sequoia gigantea)

27. Incense-cedar {Libocedrus

decurrens)

28. Western redcedar {Thuja

plicata)

19. Port-Orford-cedar {Chamaecyparis ¡awsoniana)

30. Alaska-cedar {Chamaecyparis nootkatensis)

31. Arizona-cypress {Cupressus

arizonica)

Northern coast of Oregon

and Washington, Cascade

Mountains.

Northern Rocky Mountain

and Pacific coast regions.

Cascade Mountains and

coast mountains, Washington to California.

Sierra Nevada Mountains

of California, Cascade

Mountains in southern

Oregon.

Coast of California and

southern Oregon.

Sierra Nevada Mountains

in California.

Mountains of California

and western Oregon.

Pacific coast and northern

Rocky Mountain regions.

Coast of southern Oregon

and northern California.

Western Oregon and Washington.

Mountains of Arizona and

New Mexico.

Needles flat, H to 1% inches long,

dark green abovcj silvery white beneath. Cones upright, 3 to 6

inches long, purple, with broad

scales. Used for lumber and pulpwood.

Needles flat, 1 to 2 inches long, dark

green above, silvery white beneath.

Cones upright, 2 to 4 inches long,

green. Used for lumber and pulpwood.

Needles of lower branches flat, and

of top branches 4-angled, 1 to IH

inches long, blue green. Cones

upright, 4 to 6 inches long, with

long bracts covering the scales.

Used for finish lumber, millwork,

pulpwood.

Needles 4-angled, % to 1^ inches

long, blue green. Cones upright,

6 to 9 inches long, purplish brown.

Used for lumber, pulpwood.

Leaves both scalelike and needlelike,

unequal in length, H to H inch

long, spreading in 2 rows. Cones

H to 1 inch long. Tree up to 370

feet tall and 25 feet in diameter.

Used for heavy construction,

planing-mill products, tanks.

Leaves scalelike, H to H inch long.

Cones 1% to IH inches long. Tree

up to 320 feet tall and 35 feet in

diameter at swollen base. Largest

trees preserved in national parks

and national forests.

Scale leaves H« to H inch long with

bases extending down the twigs.

Cones % to 1 inch long. The

leading wood for pencils. Also

used for blinds, posts, ties.

Leaves scalelike. He to H inch long,

dark green. Cones H inch long.

Used for shingles, siding, poles,

posts.

Leaves Ha to H inch long. Cones

about H inch in diameter. Bark

thick. Used for storage battery

separators, blinds, lumber.

Leaves H to H inch long, dark green.

Cones nearly H inch in diameter.

Used'for interior finish, cabinets,

small boats.

Leaves scalelike. Ha inch long, pale

blue green. Cones H to 1H inches

in diameter, on short stout stalks.

Used for fence posts, shelterbelts,

and ornamental.
FORESTRY FOR 4-H CLUBS

Fifty-four Western Forest Trees—Continued

53

Name Distribution Characteristics

32. Rocky Mountain juniper

{Juniperus scopulorum)

33. Alligator juniper {Juniperus deppeana).

34. Utah juniper {Juniperus

osteosperma).

35. Western juniper (/tt»i/>^r«j

occidentalis).

36. Pacific dogwood {Cornus

nuttalH),

37. Bigleaf maple {Acer macrophyllum).

38. Oregon ash {Fraxinus orégano).

39. California-laurel {Umbellularia calijornica). Also

called Oregon-myrtle.

40. Plains cottonwood {Populus sargenta).

41. Black cottonwood (Po/>«/«j

trichocarpa).

42. Red alder {Alnus rubra). ..

43. Cascara buckthorn {Rhamnus purshiana).

Rocky Mountain region.

Southwestern United States.

Great Basin and Rocky

Mountain regions.

Pacific coast region.

Pacific coast region.

Pacific coast region.

Pacific coast region.

California and southwestern

Oregon.

Great Plains and Rocky

Mountain foothills.

Northern Rocky Mountain

and Pacific coast regions.

Pacific coast.

Northern California, western Oregon and Washington, northern Rocky

Mountain region.

Leaves scalelike, He inch long, usually gray green. "Berry" H inch

in diameter, bright blue. Used

for fence posts, fuel, and shelterbelts.

Leaves scalelike, H« inch long.

"Berry" % inch in diameter, containing 4 seeds. Used for fuel and

fence posts.

Leaves H« or more in length, yellow

green. "Berry" \i to M inch in

diameter, with 1 or 2 seeds. Used

for fence posts, fuel, interior

finish.

Leaves scalelike. Ho inch or more in

length. "Berry" H inch in diameter, bluish black, with 2 or 3

seeds. Used for fence posts, fuel,

pencils.

Leaves paired, 3 to S inches long,

edges appearing smooth. Flower

head enclosed by showy white

bracts. Used for shuttles and

ornamental.

Leaves paired, heart-shaped, deeply

3- or 5-lobed, 6 to 12 inches in

diameter. Used for veneer, furniture, woodenware.

Leaves paired, and subdivided into

5 to 9 leaflets, each 2 to 5 inches

long, short-pointed, light green.

Used for handles, cooper^e,

furniture.

Leaves alternate, elliptical or lanceshaped, 2 to 5 inches long,

leathery, evergreen. Fruits

rounded^ 1 inch in diameter, in

clusters. Used for veneer, cabinets, novelties, woodenware.

Leaves alternate, often wider than

length (3 to 4 inches), longpointed, coarsely toothed. Used

for fuel and shelterbelts.

Leaves alternate, broadly oval or

heart-shaped, 3 to 7 inches long,

short- or long-pointed, finely

toothed. The tallest western

broadleaf tree. Used for box

lumber, pulpwood, excelsior.

Leaves oval or elliptical, 3 to 6

inches long, short-pointed, both

coarsely and finely toothed, dark

green above. Cones H to 1 inch

long. Used for furniture.

Leaves elliptical, 2 to 6 inches long,

blunt-pointed or rounded, finely

toothed. Fruits berrylike, purplish black. The drug cascara

sagrada is made from the bark,

fence posts from the trunk.
54 Mise, PUBLICATION 395, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Fifty-four Western Forest Trees—Continued

Name Distribution Characteristics

44. Pacific madrone {Arbutus

menziesii).

45. Golden chinquapin {Castanopis chrysophylla).

46. Tanoak {Lithocarpus densiflorus).

47. California black oak {Quercus keîloggi).

48. California live oak {Quercus

agrifolio).

49. Emory oak {Quercus

emoryi).

50. Canyon live oak {Quercus

ckrysolepis).

51. Blue oak {Quercus doughsit).

52. Oregon white oak {Quercus

garryana).

53. California white oak {Quercus lohata).

54. Gambel oak {Quercus gambelii).

Pacific coast region.

Pacific coast region.

California and southwestern

Oregon.

California and western Oregon.

Coast of California, Bay

section and southward.

Arizona, New Mexico, and

west Texas,

Pacific coast and Southwestern regions.

California.

California northward from

Bay section; western Oregon and Washington.

California.

Central and southern

Rocky Mountain region.

Bark of limbs and twigs red, smooth,

and peeling off. Leaves evergreen, thick and leathery. Used

for fuel, shuttles.

Leaves evergreen, oblong to lanceshaped, tapering at both ends,

leathery. Fruits golden spiny

burs. Used for furniture.

Leaves evergreen, oblong, 3 to 5

inches long, short-pointed,

toothed. Acorns % to IH inches

long, rounded, with shallow cup.

Bark is used for tannin, wood for

fuel, furniture, timbers.

Leaves 4 to 10 inches long, usually

7-lobed about halfway to middle,

each lobe with a few pointed teeth.

Acorns 1 to lli inches long,

rounded, with deep cup. Used for

fuel.

Leaves evergreen, elliptical, % to 3

inches long, spiny-toothed, thick.

Acorns long, pointed, with deep

cup. Used for fuel, shade tree,

and ornamental.

Leaves evergreen, roughly lanceshaped, with a few short teeth,

thick and leathery. Acorns H to

H inch long, rounded, edible.

Used for fuel.

Leaves evergreen, elliptical or oval,

1 to 3 inches long, with edges

spiny-toothed or smooth. Large

broad acorn with thick leathery

cup. Used for vehicle parts and

farm implements.

Leaves oblong, 1 to 3 inches long,

edges coarsely toothed, shallowly

lobed, or smooth, pale blue green

above. Acorns H to IH inches

long, with shallow cup. Used for

fuel.

Leaves oblong, 3 to 6 inches long,

5- to 9-lobed halfway or more to

middle. Acorns 1 to IH inches

long. Used as lumber for many

purposes.

Leaves oblong, IH to 4 inches long,

broad, 7- to 11-lobed more than

halfway to middle. Acorns IH to

lYi inches long, slender and

pointed. Used for shade trees and

fuel.

Leaves oblong, 4 to 8 inches long,

7- to 11-lobed halfway or more to

middle. Broad acorns, H to H

inch long, with deep cup. Used

for fence posts and fuel.

lîr U. 5. GOVERNMENT PRINTINO OFFICE:! 953 O—249601
Repeat after me

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