COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 2-05-350-CV

MARGARET YOUNG, INDIVIDUALLY AND APPELLANT

AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF

WILLIAM R. YOUNG

V.

VENKATESWARLU THOTA, M.D. AND APPELLEES

NORTH TEXAS CARDIOLOGY CENTER

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FROM THE 30TH DISTRICT COURT OF WICHITA COUNTY

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OPINION

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Appellant Margaret Young, individually and on behalf of the estate of her

deceased husband, William R. (“Ronnie”) Young, appeals from an adverse jury

verdict on her medical malpractice claim against Venkateswarlu Thota, M.D.

and his employer, North Texas Cardiology Center (NTCC), in connection with
2

their treatment during Ronnie’s cardiac catheterization. We reverse and remand

for a new trial.

Factual Background

Appellant is Ronnie’s widow. Ronnie died on March 10, 2005. Ronnie

had suffered from a blood disorder called Polycythemia Vera (PV) and coronary

artery disease, including hypertension and angina. His cardiologist, Dr. Thota,

with NTCC (collectively “appellees”), recommended that Ronnie undergo a

cardiac catheterization to evaluate his heart condition. The catheterization was

scheduled for March 4, 2002 at United Regional Health Care System in Wichita

Falls, Texas. Dr. Thota performed the procedure that morning, and Ronnie was

discharged that afternoon. At the time, Ronnie was fifty-five years of age.

After Ronnie began feeling poorly at home and fell from his chair around

11:45 p.m., appellant called 911, and Ronnie returned to the hospital’s

emergency room around 1:15 a.m. Olyn Walker, M.D. ultimately operated on

Ronnie that night to repair a tear in his iliac artery and the resulting internal

bleeding allegedly caused by the catheterization procedure. During the

emergency surgery, Dr. Walker discovered a large hematoma from severe

bleeding in the peritoneal cavity. After the surgery, Ronnie was placed on a

ventilator, suffered acute renal failure that required dialysis, received multiple

blood transfusions, underwent a splenectomy, and underwent surgery to
1... NTCC’s alleged liability was based solely on respondeat superior. 

3

remove his gallbladder once it became gangrenous due to ischemia caused by

the bleed. He ultimately lost vision in one eye and suffered numerous strokes

and blood clots, all allegedly as a result of the negligent catheterization. Ronnie

stayed in the hospital in Wichita Falls for two months and later transferred to

Baylor University Medical Center (BUMC) in Dallas, Texas, on May 2, 2002.

While at BUMC, he was diagnosed with and treated for thrombocytosis, sepsis,

respiratory failure, depression, malnourishment, gout, deep vein thrombosis, and

portal vein thrombosis. When he left BUMC, he went to Baylor Specialty

Hospital for rehabilitation for an additional two months. Ronnie died on March

10, 2005, about three years after the original procedure, at the age of fiftyeight.

After Ronnie died, appellant brought suit individually and on behalf of his

estate against Dr. Thota and NTCC. Appellant alleged appellees were negligent

1

in failing to obtain an accurate medical history on Ronnie, in failing to take into

consideration any of Ronnie’s pre-existing conditions that might have

exacerbated potential complications, in failing to properly locate the femoral

artery and lacerating the right iliac artery instead during the catheterization, in
2... The trial court gave the jury an inferential rebuttal instruction on new

and independent cause and unavoidable accident as to Dr. Thota but only gave

Ronnie an inferential rebuttal instruction on unavoidable accident.

4

failing to discover the laceration before discharging Ronnie, and in failing to

properly diagnose and treat the tear. 

In response, appellees contended that Ronnie’s injuries were the result of

an unavoidable accident; in other words, they were no one’s fault.

Alternatively, they contended that his injuries were the result of a new and

independent cause or the result of pre-existing conditions or subsequent

conditions. Appellees also contended that the occurrence was the result of

Ronnie’s comparative negligence under chapter 33 of the civil practices and

remedies code and asserted a counterclaim against Ronnie for contribution and

for his alleged failure to mitigate his damages. Appellees’ defenses and

counterclaims generally focused on their claims that Ronnie’s injuries were a

result of his pre-existing conditions, as well as Ronnie’s failure to follow his

discharge instructions.

The trial court submitted issues on appellees’ negligence and Ronnie’s

contributory negligence and further gave the jury inferential rebuttal instructions

on new and independent cause and unavoidable accident. In a ten to two

2
5

verdict, the jury found that only Ronnie was negligent and awarded neither

Ronnie’s estate nor appellant any damages. 

Issues on Appeal

In four issues, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to

support the jury’s answers to Question One, complains that the trial court erred

by submitting Ronnie’s contributory negligence to the jury within this question,

and contends that the trial court erred by submitting jury instructions on

unavoidable accident and new and independent cause.

Claimed Jury Charge Error

First, we address those issues claiming jury charge error. We address the

propriety of the trial court’s charge regarding Ronnie’s contributory negligence

first because that issue is potentially dispositive of the appeal and could give

appellant the greatest relief. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; see generally

VanDevender v. Woods, 222 S.W.3d 430, 433 n.9 (Tex. 2007); West v.

Robinson,180 S.W.3d 575, 576–77 (Tex. 2005); Profitlive P’ship v. Surber,

248 S.W.3d 259, 262 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.); id. at 263

(Walker, J., concurring and dissenting).

Standard of Review

Rule 277 requires a trial court, whenever feasible, to submit a cause in

broad-form questions. Tex. R. Civ. P. 277. Rule 278 requires a court to submit
6

instructions and definitions to the jury as are necessary to enable the jury to

render a verdict. Tex. R. Civ. P. 278; Goose Creek Consol. ISD v. Jarrar’s

Plumbing, Inc., 74 S.W.3d 486, 499 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pets.

denied). Inferential rebuttal questions are not to be submitted to a jury; only

instructions and definitions may be given. Tex. R. Civ. P. 277. We review

claimed jury charge error for an abuse of discretion. In re V.L.K., 24 S.W.3d

338, 341 (Tex. 2000); Goose Creek, 74 S.W.3d at 499; see also Tex. Dep’t

of Human Servs. v. E.B., 802 S.W.2d 647, 649 (Tex. 1990). If the pleadings

and evidence raise the issue, a party is entitled to a jury question, instruction,

or definition on the matter. Tex. R. Civ. P. 278; Union Pac. R.R. Co. v.

Williams, 85 S.W.3d 162, 166 (Tex. 2002).

The Charge

In her issues, appellant focuses on charge error that she claims occurred

in the first jury question and the challenged definitions. Question One asked,

as to both appellee, Dr. Thota, and Ronnie:

Did the negligence, if any, of those named below,

proximately cause the injury in question, if any?

“Negligence,” when used with respect to the conduct of

Venkat Thota, M.D., means failure to use ordinary care, that is,

failing to do that which a cardiologist of ordinary prudence would

have done under the same or similar circumstances or doing that

which a cardiologist of ordinary prudence would not have done

under the same or similar circumstances.
7

“Ordinary care,” when used with respect to the conduct of

Venkat Thota, M.D., means that degree of care that a cardiologist

of ordinary prudence would use under the same or similar

circumstances.

“Proximate Cause” when used with respect to the conduct

of Venkat Thota, M.D., means that cause which, in a natural and

continuous sequence unbroken by any new and independent cause,

produces an event, and without which cause such event would not

have occurred. In order to be a proximate cause, the act or

omission complained of must be such that a cardiologist using

ordinary care would have foreseen that the event, or some similar

event, might reasonably result therefrom. There may be more than

one proximate cause of an event.

“New and independent cause,” when used with respect to

the conduct of Venkat Thota, M.D., means the act or omission of

a separate and independent agency, not reasonably foreseeable by

a cardiologist exercising ordinary care, that destroys the causal

connection, if any, between the act or omission inquired about and

the injury in question and thereby becomes the immediate cause of

such injury.

“Negligence,” when used with respect to the conduct of

[Ronnie] Young means failure to use ordinary care, that is, failing

to do that which a person of ordinary prudence would have done

under the same or similar circumstances or doing that which a

person of ordinary prudence would not have done under the same

or similar circumstances.

“Ordinary care,” when used with respect to the conduct of

[Ronnie] Young means that degree of care that a person of ordinary

prudence would use under the same or similar circumstances.

“Proximate cause,” when used with respect to the conduct

of [Ronnie] Young means that cause which, in a natural and

continuous sequence, produces an event, and without which cause

such event would not have occurred. In order to be a proximate

cause, the act or omission complained of must be such that a
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person using ordinary care would have foreseen that the event, or

some similar event, might reasonably result therefrom. There may

be more than one proximate cause of an event.

An injury may be an “unavoidable accident,” that is, an event

not proximately caused by the negligence of any party to it.

Answer “Yes” or “No”.

Venkat Thota, M.D.: [NO] 

[Ronnie] Young: [YES] 

[Emphasis added.]

The next jury question conditionally asked about Dr. Thota’s and Ronnie’s

comparative (percentage) negligence but was not answered because of the

jury’s answer to the first question.

Contributory Negligence versus Mitigation of Damages

In part of her second issue, appellant complains of charge error in the

submission of Ronnie’s claimed contributory negligence instead of an instruction

on Ronnie’s duty to mitigate his damages. When considering the propriety of

submitting a plaintiff’s contributory negligence as opposed to a plaintiff’s failure

to mitigate his or her damages, we are to consider whether the alleged

negligence “merely increases or adds to the extent of the loss or injury

occasioned by another’s negligence,” in which case submission of an

instruction on mitigation of damages would be appropriate as opposed to a
9

contributory negligence question. Elbaor v. Smith, 845 S.W.2d 240, 245 (Tex.

1992) (citing Kerby v. Abilene Christian Coll., 503 S.W.2d 526, 528 (Tex.

1973)).

The mitigation of damages doctrine requires an injured party to “exercise

reasonable care to minimize its damages if damages can be avoided with only

slight expense and reasonable effort.” Cotten v. Weatherford Bancshares, Inc.,

187 S.W.3d 687, 708 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. denied). As noted

by the Texas Supreme Court in Moulton v. Alamo Ambulance Serv., Inc., the

injured person’s failure 

to care for and treat his injuries as a reasonable prudent person

would under the same or similar circumstances was ‘a branch of

the doctrine of contributory negligence[’] . . . only in the sense that

damages resulting from such failure are ultimately not proximately

caused by the wrongdoer’s acts or omissions, but by the injured

person’s own subsequent negligence.

414 S.W.2d 444, 449 (Tex. 1967) (emphasis added) (quoting Gulf, C. & S.F.

Ry. Co. v. Mannewitz, 70 Tex. 73, 8 S.W. 66, 67 (1888)). In Moulton, the

court noted that the plaintiff’s failure to follow competent medical advice

aggravated the injuries he sustained in a collision and thus allowed submission

of an instruction on failure to mitigate damages as opposed to one on

contributory negligence. Id. at 448–49.

“Contributory negligence goes to the proximate cause of the original

incident.” Hygeia Dairy Co. v. Gonzalez, 994 S.W.2d 220, 226 (Tex.
10

App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.). “Mitigation of damages, on the other hand,

arises from [the injured party’s] separate duty to act reasonably in reducing his

damages.” Id.; see also Harris County v. Smoker, 934 S.W.2d 714, 721 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, writ denied) (summarizing Moulton’s holding

that an instruction on mitigation of damages is appropriate when there is

evidence of negligence on the part of the plaintiff in failing to consult a doctor,

in doing so untimely, in failing to follow a doctor’s advice, or in not caring for

and treating injuries that do not require a doctor’s attention).

The party that asserts the injured party’s failure to mitigate has the

burden of proving the failure to mitigate and must show the extent to which the

damages were increased by the failure to mitigate. Cotten, 187 S.W.3d at

708; U.S. Rest. Props. Operating L.P. v. Motel Enters., Inc., 104 S.W.3d 284,

293 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2003, pet. denied).

In Kerby, the plaintiff driver suffered injuries when the defendant’s school

bus ran a red light and struck him. 503 S.W.2d at 527. The plaintiff, driving

a linen van, was thrown from his van through its open sliding door when it was

struck. Id. The van landed on him, and he suffered injuries. Id. At trial, the

court submitted questions to the jury inquiring of the plaintiff’s potential

contributory negligence in leaving his van door open. Id. The jury answered

affirmatively, finding the plaintiff thirty-five percent negligent in causing the
3... When Kerby was tried in June 1973, our current system of inquiring

into the comparative fault of the parties had not yet been created; a finding of

contributory negligence on the part of a plaintiff constituted a bar to a plaintiff’s

recovery, unlike an affirmative finding on a mitigation question. See Tex. R.

Civ. P. 277, 493-494 S.W.2d (Tex. Cases) xxxii–iii (1973, amended 1987); see

also Tex. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n v. Garcia, 893 S.W.2d 504, 529 (Tex.

1995); cf. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 33.001–.017 (Vernon 2008).

11

accident. Id. The trial court entered judgment in the plaintiff’s favor on the

jury’s verdict but reduced the amount of damages it found by the percentage

of negligence attributable to the plaintiff. Id. The appeals court reversed the

trial court’s judgment and rendered judgment solely in favor of the defendant,

concluding that the special issues inquiring of plaintiff’s negligence in leaving

the van door open constituted findings of contributory negligence and proximate

cause, requiring a complete defense verdict. Id. The supreme court reversed 3

both the trial court’s judgment and the court of appeals’s judgment and

rendered judgment for the plaintiff for the entire amount of damages assessed

by the jury, unreduced by the percentage of negligence it attributed to the

plaintiff. Id. at 529. The supreme court held, “Even if there were proof that

the particular injury suffered would not have been suffered had Kerby avoided

being thrown from his truck, it would not support the jury’s finding of

percentage contribution.” Id. The court noted, “Negligence which merely

increases or adds to the extent of the loss or injury occasioned by another’s

negligence is not such contributory negligence as would defeat recovery.” Id.
12

at 526. Thus, the supreme court held that the trial court erroneously included

an issue on the plaintiff’s alleged contributory negligence instead of a mitigation

instruction. Id. at 528.

Alternatively, in Elbaor, plaintiff Smith, who had also been injured in an

automobile accident, went to a hospital for treatment for her multiple injuries,

including a bleeding, compound ankle fracture. 845 S.W.2d at 241–42. She

underwent emergency surgery to stop the bleeding, and she remained under the

admitting doctor’s care for the first week. Id. at 242. She transferred to a

different hospital and was then under the care of James E. Elbaor, M.D., an

orthopedic surgeon, among others, including an infectious disease specialist,

who put her on intravenous antibiotics. Id. While there, she also underwent

two wound debridements in an effort to stop any infection in her ankle. Id. A

few weeks later, she was transferred to another hospital where her then

physician removed a two-inch section of bone from her ankle. Id. Despite

continued treatment over the next three years, her ankle ultimately became

fused. Id.

While settling with some of the providers, she went to trial against Dr.

Elbaor and Dr. Syrquin, one of her other treating physicians, and the jury

returned a substantial verdict in her favor, allocating eighty-eight percent of the

liability to Dr. Elbaor and twelve percent to Dr. Syrquin. Id. Whether Smith’s
4... The trial court refused Dr. Elbaor’s requested question on Smith’s

contributory negligence and instead instructed the jury “to exclude from its

verdict any damages attributable to Ms. Smith’s negligence. This instruction

contained no definition of negligence upon which the jury could have based its

decision.” Elbaor, 845 S.W.2d at 245. The instruction read, 

Do not include any amount for any condition resulting from the

failure, if any, of Carole Mercer Smith to have acted as a person of

ordinary prudence would have under the same or similar

circumstances in caring for herself and cooperating in the treatment

of her injuries, if any, that resulted from the medical care made the

basis of the lawsuit.

Id. at 245 n.8.

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ankle was infected was hotly contested at trial, but evidence showed that she

had been uncooperative and had refused to follow some of her doctors’

instructions concerning her antibiotic medications and traction. Id. The trial

court refused to submit Dr. Elbaor’s requested question on Smith’s contributory

negligence, finding the evidence insufficient to support the submission of the

issue and, instead, instructed the jury on its right to consider Smith’s failure to

mitigate damages. Id. at 245. On appeal, Dr. Elbaor challenged, among other 4

things, the trial court’s failure to submit his requested issue on Smith’s

contributory negligence. Id. at 244. The appellate court agreed with the trial

court and affirmed its decision to instruct only on mitigation based on Kerby.

Id. at 244–45. The Texas Supreme Court reversed, however, concluding that

the facts in Elbaor were distinguishable from Kerby and required the submission
14

of the plaintiff’s contributory negligence as opposed to only an instruction

addressing her failure to mitigate her damages. Id. at 245. The Texas Supreme

Court pointed to the distinction exemplified in Kerby: we look to whether the

plaintiff’s conduct contributed to the accident or occurrence or only increased

the injuries suffered. Id. “Contributory negligence must have the causal

connection with the accident that but for the conduct the accident would not

have happened.” Kerby, 503 S.W.2d at 528.

In reviewing rules 277 and 278, the court in Elbaor noted that trial courts

are required to submit requested questions if the evidence supports them. 845

S.W.2d at 243. First, the court considered whether any evidence existed

showing that Smith’s refusal to take antibiotics preceded the onset of infection

to her ankle. Id. Finding such evidence to exist, the court next noted some of

the factual distinctions between the Elbaor case and the Kerby case. Id. For

example, it observed that driving with a van door open was not “intrinsically

harmful” or a “breach of a legal duty” as opposed to the doctor-patient

relationship in Elbaor that presupposes a “duty of cooperation which patients

owe treating physicians who assume the duty to care for them.” Id. at 245.

Perhaps more importantly, the Kerby court noted that having the van door open

did not actually contribute to the vehicular accident, the basis for the suit,

“rather, it only increased the injuries suffered in the accident.” Id. Conversely,
15

in the Elbaor case, the “accident” or “occurrence” at issue in the suit was

Smith’s infected ankle (as opposed to the original vehicular accident that

caused her original compound ankle fracture), and her conduct contributed to

or even resulted in the infection. Id. While the “accident” or “occurrence” in

Kerby would have happened with or without the van door being left open, the

“infected ankle” that Smith claimed Elbaor’s malpractice caused might not have

occurred had Smith simply followed her doctor’s instructions. Id. Therefore,

the supreme court held that the trial court’s submission of an instruction on

mitigation of damages instead of a question on Smith’s alleged contributory

negligence was error and reversed and remanded for a new trial. Id. at 241.

In Ronnie’s case, the “injury,” “accident,” or “occurrence” was the tear

in the artery and the damages were the resulting peritoneal bleed. The issue

was what or who caused the tear. Appellant’s theory was that Dr. Thota made

the catheterization incision too high so that sufficient clotting at the site never

occurred. Appellant contended that the bleeding into Ronnie’s abdomen would

not have occurred if Dr. Thota’s incision had been made at or below the

inguinal ligament. Specifically, Appellant argued that if the puncture site had

been properly placed, the bleeding, if any, would have occurred at the puncture

site, which would have been immediately apparent, likely before Ronnie was

even discharged. Conversely, Dr. Thota theorized that the catheterization
5... Appellees also placed significant blame on appellant for her failure to

assist or insure that Ronnie returned to the hospital timely; however, appellees

did not request a charge on appellant’s alleged contributory negligence.

Because it was not submitted to the jury, we do not consider appellant’s

alleged negligence in our analysis. See Barker v. Eckman, 213 S.W.3d 306,

313 (Tex. 2006); Moore v. Kitsmiller, 201 S.W.3d 147, 153 (Tex. App.—Tyler

2006, pet. denied).

16

incision site was proper, that hemostasis had occurred before Ronnie was

discharged, that a spontaneous blood clot or tear occurred later in the day, that

Ronnie’s retroperitoneal bleed was the result of his failure to timely return to the

hospital as directed in the discharge instructions, and that Ronnie would have

never suffered such massive bleeding if he had timely returned to the hospital.

As to appellees’ theory of Ronnie’s alleged contributory negligence, they

assert that Ronnie had a duty to follow Dr. Thota’s instructions, which included

a duty “to return for evaluation and possible treatment if complications arose

post-discharge.” Dr. Thota requested the submission of Ronnie’s negligence,

despite the fact that Dr. Thota specifically testified that he did not blame

Ronnie for what had happened. According to Dr. Thota, Ronnie’s massive 5

bleed was the result of a natural blood clot event or tear that worsened only

because of Ronnie’s delay in returning to the hospital. Dr. Thota provides no

evidence of Ronnie’s contributory negligence in causing the tear. Regardless,

Dr. Thota’s premise is based upon Ronnie’s alleged negligence occurring after

the tear, not Ronnie’s negligence in causing the tear. The evidence supporting
17

Dr. Thota’s theory of Ronnie’s contributory negligence blames Ronnie only for

his breach of duty in failing to follow Dr. Thota’s discharge instructions, which

he contends resulted in the increased bleeding. Indeed, a review of the

evidence shows that Dr. Thota’s theory was that no party was responsible for

a new or naturally formed blood clot and tear but that all of Ronnie’s damages

were a result of Ronnie’s failure to timely return to the hospital. Again,

contributory negligence goes to the proximate cause of the original incident,

and mitigation arises from an injured party’s duty to act reasonably in reducing

his damages. See Hygeia Dairy Co., 994 S.W.2d at 226. Thus, Dr. Thota

points only to Ronnie’s subsequent negligence that might have increased his

damages as opposed to Dr. Thota’s original negligence. Therefore, we

conclude that Ronnie’s negligence, if any, only increased the damages he

suffered after the catheterization or tear, as opposed to causing the “injury,”

“accident,” or “occurrence” itself. See Moulton, 414 S.W.2d at 448–49;

Hygeia Dairy Co., 994 S.W.2d at 225. 

Response to Dissent

The dissent first contends that we have erroneously described Ronnie’s

injury as being the tear in his right external iliac artery. Instead, the dissent

contends that the injury was the extensive bleeding from the puncture site.

This contention stands the whole trial on its head by allowing a defensive
18

issue—the plaintiff’s alleged failure to mitigate his damages—to trump the

plaintiff’s entire theory of the case—the defendant’s negligence in placing the

catheterization stick too high. The extensive bleeding and the resulting

“cascade of complications” are first the result of the negligent injury; the

plaintiff’s alleged failure to timely return and seek medical intervention only

increased the damages the plaintiff suffered as opposed to causing them.

When the dissent says that the “‘tear’ was relevant only because Dr. Walker’s

report stated that he repaired a ‘tear’ in Young’s artery after Young returned to

the hospital,” it totally undermines the sole theory of the plaintiff’s case and the

case that was tried to this jury. An appellate court cannot decide a case on a

theory different from the one that was pled and tried to the jury. Loera v.

Interstate Inv. Corp., 93 S.W.3d 224, 228 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2002, pet. denied). 

In support of the majority’s position on what injury the plaintiff was

actually suing for we note the following. A review of Paragraph 4.4 of

Plaintiff’s Fourth Amended Petition states quite clearly, “Unfortunately,

Defendant Thota had torn the right iliac artery during the cardiac

catheterization, and had discharged Mr. Young from the hospital while he was

still bleeding internally.” And in paragraph 5.1 it states, “Dr. Walker operated

on Mr. Young to repair a bleed from the iliac artery which had been lacerated
19

and torn by Defendant Thota during the catheterization . . . .” And in paragraph

VI it states that Defendants Thota and NTCC were negligent in their treatment

in that they

c. negligently lacerated the right iliac artery during the

catheterization;

d. failed to make a puncture at the correct location in the

femoral artery; [and]

e. failed to discover the tear in the artery prior to

discharging him from the hospital.

Furthermore, the term “injury” was not given a special definition in the

charge. The only general direction regarding the use of terms and words in the

charge was in paragraph seven which said, “When words are used in this

charge in a sense that varies from the meaning commonly understood, you are

given a proper legal definition, which you are bound to accept in place of any

other meaning.” See Kroger Co. v. Brown, No. 14-06-00510-CV, 2008 WL

2841615, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] July 24, 2008, no pet.).

Because the word “injury” was the word used in the charge and because it was

not given a special meaning within the charge, we are to use its common

meaning in light of the case that was tried. The case the appellant tried was

limited to one theory: the alleged negligence of Dr. Thota in placing the

catheterization stick too high; this was the injury the plaintiff alleged, and the

bleeding was the result of that injury.
20

The focus of the trial was on what caused the tear. Again, the dissent

boldly says, “There [is] no evidence that Dr. Thota caused the tear or that its

existence was a causal factor in any of Young’s bleeding or subsequent

complications.” The actual record, and all the experts, even Dr. Thota, agree

and concede that wherever the tear was, that was the puncture site; that the

tear location and the puncture site were one and the same; and that it was the

site of the bleed. Ronnie’s entire claim revolved around whether the stick was

too high.

The dissent says the tear or stick cannot be the “injury.” Instead, it says

the “injury” is the extensive bleeding from the puncture site into Ronnie’s

retroperitoneal cavity. While it is true this happened, the extensive bleeding is

more in the nature of the resultant damage; the “tear” is the “injury” and the

“bleed” is the resultant damage. But for the tear, there would have been no

bleed and therefore no damages. Again, “negligence that merely increases or

adds to the extent of the loss or injury occasioned by another’s negligence is

not such contributory negligence as will defeat recovery” but is in the nature

of negligence that contributes to the damages sustained instead. Kerby, 503

S.W.2d at 528. Importantly, Dr. Thota’s only theory of liability asserted

against Ronnie is his failure to timely seek medical advice; Dr. Thota concedes

the tear was at the puncture site, that Ronnie did not cause the tear, and that
21

Ronnie’s only misdeed was his failure to return to the hospital or to call Dr.

Thota. Even if we, as the majority, concede that as to Dr. Thota’s defensive

theory the only injury is the bleed, this concession that the injury as to Ronnie

was the tear and the injury as to Dr. Thota was the extensive bleed would

prove only that there were two different theories of liability tried. 

The dissent says this case is more closely analogous to Elbaor. Again, we

disagree as shown by our discussion above. In Elbaor, but for the patient’s

refusal to take antibiotics, she would more likely than not have ever gotten an

infection, which occurred and caused her further injuries weeks, months, and

years after her initial car accident. 845 S.W.2d at 242. Here, the “injury” (or

if one prefers to call it the “accident” or “occurrence”) is the tear; it occurred

that morning during the catheterization procedure, and the bleed occurred

within hours of Ronnie’s dismissal. The bleed would have occurred with or

without Ronnie’s delay in seeking medical advice; he would have required

surgery to repair the tear regardless. Dr. Thota never claimed that Ronnie

caused the tear; there was only a claim that his damages would have been far

less significant had he sought medical intervention sooner.

In Elbaor, the patient had undergone a surgical procedure on her ankle,

two post-surgery wound debridements and several hospital transfers. 845

S.W.2d at 242. The evidence at trial showed that she had been uncooperative
22

and noncompliant in taking the prescribed antibiotics and that she had been free

of infection post operatively. Id. Her conduct contributed directly to her new

injury—her infected ankle. Id. But for her refusal to take the medicine, there

may have been no infection. Id. Conversely, in Ronnie’s case, his failure to

timely seek medical intervention was the basis for the increased bleeding, but

it did not even cause the bleeding. It was the tear that caused the bleeding.

And the bleeding is the sole basis of Dr. Thota’s claim back against Ronnie; it

quite simply is in the nature of Ronnie’s failure to mitigate.

The dissent also contends that there is ample evidence of Ronnie’s

contributory negligence due to his failure to return to the hospital sooner. While

we acknowledge that patients owe a duty of cooperation to treating physicians

who assume a duty of care for them and that such a duty includes a duty to

return for evaluation and treatment, that duty does not justify the submission

of Ronnie’s negligence in contributing to the injury; it merely justifies a question

on his failure to mitigate his damages. See Jackson v. Axelrad, 221 S.W.3d

650, 654 (Tex. 2007); Gross v. Burt, 149 S.W.3d 213, 225–27 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied). Again, Ronnie’s failure to return did not

cause the tear, which was Ronnie’s theory of Dr. Thota’s negligence. Ronnie’s

failure to return to the hospital only increased his bleeding and therefore his

damages. See Kerby, 503 S.W. 2d at 528 (stating, “Negligence that merely
23

increases or adds to the extent of the loss or injury occasioned by another’s

negligence is not such contributory negligence as will defeat recovery”).

Additionally, the dissent makes note of our interchange of the terms,

“injury,” “accident,” or “occurrence.” This is a red herring that makes no

difference. We clearly acknowledge that the charge controls, and it used the

term “injury.” We have used the other terms only when citing other cases that

used “accident” or “occurrence” in their charges.

The dissent also boldly states, “Young did not die from the complications

and systems failures that followed cardiac catheterization by Dr. Thota,” as if

his failure to die absolved the defendants from liability for the survival action

that appellant brought; she was pursuing a survival action on behalf of her

husband’s estate for the torturous life he endured from the time of Dr. Thota’s

catheterization until he died. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §71.021

(Vernon 2008); Pack v. Crossroads, Inc., 53 S.W.3d 492, 515–16 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. denied).

For all of these reasons, we conclude and hold that the trial court abused

its discretion by submitting Ronnie’s alleged contributory negligence to the jury

instead of giving the jury an instruction on Ronnie’s duty to mitigate his

damages. We therefore sustain the part of appellant’s second issue challenging

the submission of Ronnie’s contributory negligence.
24

Now we must conduct a harm analysis on the erroneous submission of

the jury question on Ronnie’s contributory negligence.

Harm Analysis

Generally, the rules of appellate procedure provide two bases for

reversing an error of law. Tex. R. App. P. 41.1, 61.1; Harris County v. Smith,

96 S.W.3d 230, 234 (Tex. 2002). The error must be one which “probably

caused the rendition of an improper judgment”—44.1(a) and 61.1(a)—or the

error must be one which “probably prevented the petitioner [appellant] from

properly presenting the case to the appellate courts”—41.1(b) and 61.1(b).

Tex. R. App. P. 41.1, 61.1. Casteel’s “presumed harm” charge analysis has

been limited to charge error in which erroneous theories of liability or damages

were mixed with valid theories and the reviewing court was unable to determine

whether the improperly submitted theories formed the sole bases of the jury’s

verdict or damages. Harris County, 96 S.W.3d at 235–36; Crown Life Ins. Co.

v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378, 389 (Tex. 2000). However, when the error simply

involves erroneous submission of inferential rebuttal instructions, Urista tells us

that we must show that the error caused rendition of an improper judgment.

Bed, Bath and Beyond v. Urista, 211 S.W.3d 753, 757 (Tex. 2006); see also

Torres v. Tessier, 231 S.W.3d 60, 63 n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2007, no pet.).
25

Here, there were two competing theories of liability submitted within one

broad-form liability question that asked of the two primary actors’ potential

liability: one was valid and the other invalid. Thus, Casteel’s presumed harm

analysis applies. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d at 388–89. The jury’s answers, finding

no negligence attributable to Dr. Thota and all the negligence attributable to

Ronnie, commingled valid and invalid theories of liability because there was no

evidence of Ronnie’s negligence in causing the tear and no claim by Dr. Thota

that Ronnie’s negligence caused the tear. While one might argue that we, as

the appellate court, can still affirm the jury’s verdict because it might have

found that Dr. Thota was not negligent, when looking at the jury charge in its

entirety as we must, we cannot know if the jury truly found Dr. Thota not

negligent or whether the jury excused any negligence attributable to Dr. Thota

because of properly submitted inferential rebuttal instructions. Therefore, to

answer this question, we must also evaluate the propriety of the challenged

inferential rebuttal instructions; if the inferential rebuttal instructions were

erroneously submitted as well, then the jury’s no liability finding could also have

been based on an incorrect theory. See id. at 389 (stating, “It is essential that

the theories submitted be authorized and supported by the law governing the

case . . . [and i]f they are not, the appellate court must, at a minimum, be able
26

to determine whether properly submitted theories constituted the basis of the

jury’s verdict”).

Unavoidable Accident

The court gave this defensive instruction as to both Dr. Thota’s and

Ronnie’s potential negligence. “An unavoidable accident is ‘an event not

proximately caused by the negligence of any party to it.’” Reinhart v. Young,

906 S.W.2d 471, 472 (Tex. 1995); TXI Transp. Co. v. Hughes, 224 S.W.3d

870, 905 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, pet. granted) (quoting Dallas Ry. &

Terminal Co. v. Bailey, 151 Tex. 359, 250 S.W.2d 379, 385 (1952)). Usually,

this instruction is included when there is a question of some physical condition

or circumstance that might obviate the necessity of finding that some party is

negligent. Reinhart, 906 S.W.2d at 472. This instruction is also given when

the evidence shows that the event was caused by some “nonhuman condition

and not by the negligence of any party to the event.” Hill v. Winn Dixie Tex.,

Inc., 849 S.W.2d 802, 803 (Tex. 1992). Typically, it is used when some

environmental condition such as fog, snow, sleet, wet or slick pavement, or

some obstruction of view is involved. Id. Courts have also previously approved

of an instruction in situations of “unexpected catastrophe” or some “peculiar

circumstance” other than the negligence of the parties. Id. “Courts should

refrain from submitting an unavoidable accident instruction in other
27

circumstances due to the risk that the jury will be misled or confused by the

perception that the instruction represents a separate issue distinct from general

principles of negligence.” Id.

While historically permitted in the medical malpractice arena, Texas courts

have required a defendant to “first present evidence that the event was caused

by some condition other than the negligence of the parties.” Crawford v. Hope,

898 S.W.2d 937, 941 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1995, writ denied). Only if the

defendant comes forward with such evidence would a court be required to

submit this inferential rebuttal question in its charge. Id. A trial court does not

abuse its discretion by submitting the instruction if there is any evidence to

support it. Kerr v. Brown, No. 07-05-00043-CV, 2007 WL 613847, at *2

(Tex. App.—Amarillo Feb. 28, 2007, pet. denied).

In this case, Dr. Thota presented some evidence that the tear in Ronnie’s

artery could have been a natural result of some of Ronnie’s diseases or could

have come from a blood clot that formed and broke away from the puncture

site. The trial court could have determined that this was an unexpected

catastrophe or event, and although a human condition, not a human condition

caused by the negligence of either one of the parties. Therefore, we conclude

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by submitting the unavoidable

accident instruction as to both Dr. Thota and Ronnie and that this instruction
28

would have no effect on our harm analysis regarding the erroneous submission

of Ronnie’s contributory negligence. See generally Dillard v. Tex. Elec. Co-op.,

157 S.W.3d 429 (Tex. 2005).

New and Independent Cause

Only Dr. Thota received the benefit of a new and independent cause

inferential rebuttal instruction. This instruction is required only when the

evidence shows that “an act or omission of a separate and independent agency

which destroys the causal connection between the negligent act or omission of

the defendant and the injury complained of, and thereby becomes in itself, the

immediate cause of such injury” has occurred. Hall v. Huff, 957 S.W.2d 90,

95 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997, pet. denied). It is not an affirmative defense

but is a factor to be considered by the jury in determining whether proximate

cause exists. James v. Kloos, 75 S.W.3d 153, 161 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2002, no pet.). In connection with an instruction on new and independent

cause, a defendant must show that the intervening cause destroys the causal

connection between the defendant’s alleged negligence and the resultant injury.

Kloos, 75 S.W.3d at 161; Huff, 957 S.W.2d at 95.

In Kloos, we stated that 

Texas courts distinguish between a new and independent cause

and a concurrent act. A concurrent act cooperates with the

original act in bringing about the injury and does not cut off the

liability of the original actor. A new and independent cause,
29

sometimes referred to as a superseding cause, however, is an act

or omission of a separate and independent agency that destroys the

causal connection between the negligent act or omission of the

defendant and the injury complained of . . . . An intervening cause

that is reasonably foreseeable by the defendant, though, is not a

new and independent cause that breaks the chain of causation.

75 S.W.3d at 161 (citations omitted) (emphasis added). Because a new and

independent cause “extinguishes the liability of a party[, it] cannot arise out of

an affirmative act of negligence by either the plaintiff or the defendant.” Biaggi

v. Patrizio Rest., Inc., 149 S.W.3d 300, 305 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet.

denied). It is also clear that “merely guessing at possible causes” is

insufficient; medical expert testimony that goes “no further than to testify that

certain intervening events could have caused” an injury is “equivocal testimony”

that is insufficient to warrant an instruction on new and independent cause.

Hersh v. Hendley, 626 S.W.2d 151, 157 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1981, no

writ) (emphasis added).

Here, the trial court instructed the jury, as to Dr. Thota only, that a new

and independent cause may be the “act or omission of a separate and

independent agency, not reasonably forseeable by a cardiologist . . . that

destroys the causal connection . . . and thereby becomes the immediate cause

of such injury.” All parties agreed to the standard of care for a cardiologist

performing a catheterization: to insert the needle and catheter into the right

femoral artery, as opposed to the right external iliac artery. The issue here was
30

not what the appropriate standard of care was but whether Dr. Thota breached

that standard and whether that breach was what caused Ronnie’s

retroperitoneal bleed. The evidence, including the evidence provided by the

surgeon who repaired the bleed, was that the arterial tear and hematoma

occurred at the puncture site in the external iliac artery. This evidence was

corroborated by Dr. Sudarshan, Dr. Thota’s partner who helped care for Ronnie

that night, and by Dr. Doherty, appellant’s expert witness.

Moreover, Dr. Thota specifically agreed that the bleeder site had to be at

the original puncture site; he simply claims that the tear was a result of a

dislodged clot and that the extensive bleeding was the result of Ronnie’s failure

to return. While Dr. Doherty concedes that it is a possibility that a clot over the

site could have dislodged, there is no evidence that this was what actually

happened; a possibility is not enough. See id. at 157.

Regardless, both subsequent dislocation of a clot over the puncture site

and bleeding from the puncture site are foreseeable risks in a catheterization

procedure. Thus, neither is a new and independent cause but rather a potential

concurring cause. Therefore, we hold that it was error to submit an instruction

on new and independent cause on either of these theories as to Dr. Thota.

Appellees also argue that the claimed failure of both Ronnie and appellant

to timely seek medical intervention after the procedure constituted a new and
31

independent cause. However, as noted above, we may not look to or consider

appellant’s claimed negligence in not assisting her husband with timely seeking

medical help after the procedure, and we may not consider Ronnie’s claimed

negligence because his negligence would not be that of a nonparty or a third

person. Moreover, we cannot say that a patient’s failure to follow discharge

instructions is a new and independent cause because such a failure is also

reasonably foreseeable. See Knoll v. Neblett, 966 S.W.2d 622, 634 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. denied). Therefore, we conclude and

hold that the trial court abused its discretion by submitting an instruction on

new and independent cause in connection with Dr. Thota’s alleged negligence.

We now return to our harm analysis.

Our question now becomes, what is the effect of an improperly submitted

contributory negligence question with a properly submitted negligence question

in conjunction with a properly submitted unavoidable accident instruction and

an improperly submitted new and independent cause instruction? In other

words, which harm analysis do we apply when we have hybrid charge error?

Are we to apply the presumed harm test of Casteel to the improperly submitted

jury question on Ronnie’s contributory negligence yet apply the traditional harm

analysis of Urista to the incorrectly submitted instruction on new and

independent cause? Urista, 211 S.W.3d at 756–57; Casteel, 22 S.W.3d at
32

389. We believe the answer can be found in the supreme court’s own words,

“[A]lthough harm can be presumed when meaningful appellate review is

precluded because valid and invalid theories or damage elements are

commingled [Casteel], we are not persuaded that harm must likewise be

presumed when proper jury questions are submitted along with improper

inferential rebuttal instructions.” Urista, 211 S.W.3d at 757 (emphasis added).

The Urista court’s use of the words, “proper jury questions,” is key to the

analysis here; in Urista the sole negligence theory—that of the defendant’s

negligence—was properly submitted. Id. Thus in Urista, there was only one

negligence theory submitted and it was proper, so the erroneous submission of

the inferential rebuttal instruction was easily determined to be harmless in light

of the entire state of the evidence and the charge. Id. Here, however, the jury

was not only given an erroneous defensive instruction on new and independent

cause that benefitted only Dr. Thota but also an erroneous jury question on

liability—Ronnie’s contributory negligence—a theory not supported by the

evidence. So, we should not be limited to Urista’s traditional harm analysis

when trying to determine the impact of the improperly submitted instruction on

new and independent cause when combined with the improperly submitted

question of Ronnie’s contributory negligence. We simply cannot determine, on

this evidence, whether the jury properly found Dr. Thota not negligent, properly
33

found that his negligence was excused based upon the unavoidable accident

instruction, or improperly found that his negligence was excused based upon

the new and independent cause instruction alone or combined with its improper

finding of Ronnie’s negligence. 

Response to Dissent’s Critique of Our Harm Analysis

Now, in response to many of the claims made by the dissent, we do not

agree that the jury “separately” and clearly found “no” as to whether any

negligence of Dr. Thota was a proximate cause of Ronnie’s injury. It was a

broad-form liability submission question that erroneously submitted one proper

liability question (Dr. Thota’s) and one improper liability question (Ronnie’s) and

obscured the effect of such an erroneous question with the submission of at

least one erroneous defensive instruction that was completely at odds with the

facts of the case, the evidence submitted, and the battle fought by the experts

in the case. More importantly, the submission fails to track the pleadings of the

case and the evidence and theories that were actually pursued during the trial

of the case.

The dissent says that the majority has sua sponte incorrectly applied

Casteel’s “presumed harm” analysis even if we assume the trial court erred in

submitting the question of Ronnie’s contributory negligence and giving Dr.

Thota an inferential rebuttal instruction on new and independent cause.
34

However, it is not just that combination that requires us to presume harm but

the incorrect submission of one correct theory of liability—Dr. Thota’s

negligence—with one incorrect theory of liability—Ronnie’s alleged contributory

negligence—which, according to Casteel, when submitted in one broad-form

liability instruction requires us to presume harm. 22 S.W.3d at 389. Because

Ronnie’s theory of negligence against Dr. Thota is based upon the tear and

because Dr. Thota’s theory of negligence against Ronnie is based upon Ronnie’s

failure to timely seek medical help, it is quite clear that Ronnie’s alleged

contributory negligence could not have avoided Dr. Thota’s initial negligence;

it could only have reduced the damages Ronnie suffered. 

The dissent also contends that we are reversing on unassigned error

apparently just because appellant’s brief does not specifically cite to Casteel.

Her brief does, however, cite Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Johnson, 106 S.W.3d

718, 723 (Tex. 2003) and quite plainly focuses on its primary point on appeal:

[B]ecause this instruction (unavoidable accident) was premised on

a different ‘injury’ (an alleged clot breaking loose) than were the

‘contributory negligence’ question and ‘new and independent

cause’ instruction, it is a near certainty that it served to confuse

the jury such that it led to the rendition of an improper judgment.

Appellant also noted in her original briefing, “The submission of this instruction

probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment,” also citing Wal-Mart.
35

Thus, we believe the issue of the correct harm analysis to apply to properly

preserved charge error is properly before us.

Next, the dissent also contends that solely because contributory

negligence is an affirmative defense it is not its own theory of liability and that

we are wrong when we hold that the first jury question combines a proper

liability question (Thota’s negligence) and an improper liability question

(Ronnie’s contributory negligence). Remarkably, the dissent itself bases its

theory of Ronnie’s negligence on his breach of a duty to timely return to the

hospital and that this is the proximate cause of Ronnie’s bleeding, which the

dissent says is the “injury” instead of the damages. But according to Axelrad,

“The rules which determine the contributory negligence of a plaintiff are . . . the

same as those which determine the negligence of the defendant.” 221 S.W.3d

at 657 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 289 cmt. a, 464). “[D]uty

is an element of contributory negligence.” Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of

Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 955 S.W.2d 120, 136 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997), aff’d, 205 S.W.3d 692 (2000).

Contributory negligence is and always has been negligence on the part of a

plaintiff that is a breach of a duty, owed to oneself, that supersedes the

causation of damages to oneself. Id. Just because it is raised as an affirmative

defense does not mean it is not its own theory of liability that does not have to
36

be proved by the defense. Although Dr, Thota testified that he did not blame

Ronnie, his defensive theory was that Ronnie did not follow Dr. Thota’s

discharge instructions and that Ronnie should have called Dr. Thota or returned

to the emergency room earlier in the evening; that, if he had, he would not have

bled as much. Dr. Thota never said that Ronnie would have never received the

tear in his right iliac artery. In fact, he acknowledged that there was a tear. He

even admitted it was at the puncture site, i.e., where he inserted the catheter.

He just denied where that insertion was and its cause. Importantly, his theory

of liability against Ronnie, however, was based solely upon Ronnie’s failure to

timely seek medical intervention; he says this is the cause of the extensiveness

of the bleed, which is the basis of his allegation of Ronnie’s negligence.

By arguing that only one theory of liability was submitted in jury question

number one, albeit in two subparts, the dissent attempts to force the defense’s

theory of liability for injury onto Ronnie’s theory of liability against Dr. Thota.

In other words, the dissent attempts to force the defense’s theory of injury (the

extensive bleeding) on to Ronnie’s theory of injury (the tear). Because these

two theories of negligence were commingled in one broad-form question, one

incorrect and one correct, there was harm. See Casteel, 22 S.W.3d at

388–89. Moreover, the incorrect submission of Ronnie’s alleged contributory

negligence was exacerbated by the additional incorrect instruction on new and
37

independent cause that Dr. Thota received. It is the combination of these two

incorrect theories that prevents us from being able to determine whether the

jury’s finding of no liability as to Dr. Thota was a finding of no negligence on

his part, an erroneous finding of contributory negligence on Ronnie’s part, or an

erroneous finding of new and independent cause.

Importantly, we are not trying to extend Casteel’s presumed harm

analysis to defensive theories; we are applying it to a single broad-form

question that erroneously includes two different theories of liability. This error

is only exacerbated by the erroneous defensive instruction of new and

independent cause.

Conclusion

“[A] litigant today has a right to a fair trial before a jury properly

instructed on the issues ‘authorized and supported by the law governing the

case.’” Harris County, 96 S.W.3d at 234 (quoting Casteel, 22 S.W.3d at 389).

We therefore conclude that the trial court erred by overruling appellant’s

objections to the charge regarding submission of Ronnie’s contributory

negligence and the new and independent cause instruction. Because these

instructions likely caused rendition of an improper judgment or, at least,

prevented appellant from properly presenting her case on appeal, we conclude
38

that such error was harmful. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1. We therefore reverse

and remand for a new trial.

Because we have found trial court error in the charge sufficient to cause

harm requiring reversal, we need not reach appellant’s other issues on appeal.

See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. We reverse the judgment of the trial court and

remand the cause to the trial court for a new trial. Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(d).

TERRIE LIVINGSTON

JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, GARDNER, and MCCOY, JJ.

GARDNER, J. filed a dissenting opinion.

DELIVERED: November 20, 2008
COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 2-05-350-CV

MARGARET YOUNG, INDIVIDUALLY AND APPELLANT

AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF 

WILLIAM R. YOUNG

V.

VENKATESWARLU THOTA, M.D. AND APPELLEES

NORTH TEXAS CARDIOLOGY CENTER

------------

FROM THE 30TH DISTRICT COURT OF WICHITA COUNTY

------------

DISSENTING OPINION

------------

I think the trial court got the jury charge right. But even assuming error

in submission of both contributory negligence and the new and independent

cause instruction, I disagree that the “presumed harm” analysis of Casteel

applies. The jury separately found “no” as to whether any negligence of Dr.

Thota was a proximate cause of William R. (“Ronnie”) Young’s injury.

Examination of the entire record shows that the jury was faced with a “battle
2

of experts” as to Dr. Thota’s negligence. It is probable that the jury resolved

the conflicts in testimony in favor of Dr. Thota in refusing to find that he was

negligent. There is no clear indication that the jury was influenced by the new

and independent cause instruction. I would hold that even if there was error

in the charge, it probably did not result in an improper judgment. Therefore, I

must dissent.

I. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

It was undisputed that Ronnie had extensive pre-existing medical

conditions including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiac disease

with hypertension, and a completely occluded right coronary artery diagnosed

in 1992 when he had a previous cardiac catheterization. As the majority notes,

he had also been diagnosed with polycythemia vera (“PV”), a rare, incurable

bone marrow disorder resulting in overproduction of blood cells, for which he

had been treated with bi-monthly phlebotomy and numerous medications,

including interferon.

Ronnie presented to Dr. Thota with complaints of severe angina. Dr.

Thota recommended the second diagnostic cardiac catheterization in February

2002 to determine if a new blockage had developed. That Dr. Thota’s

recommendation was reasonable and appropriate was undisputed. Preoperative

laboratory studies were acceptable for Ronnie to undergo the procedure.
3

According to Dr. Cooper, Ronnie’s treating hematologist before and after the

procedure performed by Dr. Thota, any person with PV will have an increased

risk of both bleeding and clotting complications even if everything is optimally

controlled.

Ronnie did not die from the complications and systems failures that

followed the cardiac catheterization by Dr. Thota. PV is a form of cancer; if a

person lives long enough with it, they will develop leukemia, as Ronnie did.

Ronnie was diagnosed with leukemia in October 2004 and died from that

disease on March 10, 2005. His widow prosecuted this suit as a survival

action on behalf of his estate.

II. CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE WAS PROPERLY SUBMITTED.

A. The “injury” was not the “tear” in the artery.

As a preliminary matter, I disagree that the “injury” to Ronnie that was

the basis for liability sought against Dr. Thota was the “tear” in Ronnie’s artery.

There was no evidence that Dr. Thota caused the tear or that its existence was

a causal factor in any of Ronnie’s bleeding or subsequent complications.

Appellant’s theory of liability was that Dr. Thota incorrectly placed the puncture

site for the catheterization. The “injury” was extensive bleeding from the

puncture site into Ronnie’s retroperitoneal cavity and the cascade of

complications he suffered thereafter. The “tear” was relevant only because Dr.
4

Walker’s report stated that he repaired a “tear” in Ronnie’s artery after Ronnie

returned to the hospital, from which the expert witnesses sought to determine

the location of the puncture site.

This distinction is important. Dr. Thota’s theory of Ronnie’s contributory

negligence was that Ronnie failed to follow his instructions to call him or to

return to the hospital when he began to suffer severe pain. The majority says

this conduct merely increased his injuries as opposed to causing the “accident”

or “occurrence.” In so doing, the majority focuses on the word “tear” to try to

pinpoint the “accident” or “occurrence.”

B. The jury was not asked about an “accident” or “occurrence.”

Despite its protestations otherwise, I believe the majority confuses

“injury” with “accident” or “occurrence” in analogizing this case to Moulton v.

Alamo Ambulance Serv., Inc., 414 S.W.2d 444, 449 (Tex. 1967) (holding

exclusionary instruction on mitigation rather than contributory negligence

question proper based on plaintiff’s failure to follow medical advice that merely

aggravated damages received in auto accident), and Kerby v. Abilene Christian

College, 503 S.W.2d 526, 528 (Tex. 1973) (holding trial court erroneously

submitted contributory negligence instead of mitigation instruction where

plaintiff’s negligence in leaving van door open did not contribute to cause

collision but, at most, could only have increased or added to extent of loss or
5

damage). Jury Question No. One on liability (as well as the conditioned and

unanswered questions as to apportionment of responsibility and damages) did

not ask about any “accident” or “occurrence” but expressly inquired as to

whether negligence of Dr. Thota or Ronnie proximately caused Ronnie’s

“injury.”

C. Contributory negligence that contributed to the “injury” was

properly submitted.

 

This case more closely resembles Elbaor v. Smith, 845 S.W.2d 240, 245

(Tex. 1992). Unlike the facts in Moulton and Kerby, the supreme court in

Elbaor emphasized that the “accident” in Elbaor “equates to the medical

problem complained of: Ms. Smith’s infected ankle. Her conduct [refusing to

take antibiotics as ordered] arguably did contribute to the infection. . . . [T]here

might have been no infection, and thus no claim for medical malpractice, had

Ms. Smith followed her doctor’s instructions.” 845 S.W.2d at 245. Because

Dr. Elbaor pleaded that Ms. Smith was contributorily negligent in refusing to

take her antibiotics and because there was evidence supporting his assertion

that her refusal contributed to her injury, the court held that a contributory

negligence question should have been submitted, rather than an instruction on

mitigation of damages. Id.
6... Appellant’s brief on appeal opens with an acknowledgment that the

jury charge was not based on the “tear” to the external iliac artery, but on the

damages that resulted from the injury, the shock that resulted from the bleed,

and the multiple problems that arose as the result. Appellant now complains

that the charge was based on the wrong foundation and led to an improper

judgment. IWe disagree for the reasons stated above. Moreover, any

complaint on this ground was waived by Appellant’s failure to object to the

term “injury” in Jury Question No,. One.

6

Like the infection of Ms. Smith’s ankle in Elbaor, any “accident” here

equated to Ronnie’s injury, the retroperitoneal bleeding and subsequent

complications, not the “tear.” Ronnie’s conduct arguably did contribute to his

injury, i.e., the bleeding and subsequent consequences, like Ms. Smith’s

conduct in Elbaor and unlike that in Moulton and Kerby.

The trial court correctly followed the current Pattern Jury Charge standard

questions for negligence and contributory negligence, using “injury,” rather than

“occurrence” or “accident” in this case. The jury question recommended by 6

the Pattern Jury Charge provides for alternatives of “occurrence,” “injury,” or

“occurrence or injury” in the form for submitting contributory negligence when

there is evidence of a plaintiff’s negligence that is injury-causing or injuryenhancing but not occurrence-causing. Comm. on Pattern Jury Charges, State

Bar of Texas, Texas Pattern Jury Charges: General Negligence & Intentional

Personal Torts PJC 4.1 & cmt. (2006); see also Comm. on Pattern Jury
7... See also Russell H. McMains, Contribution and Indemnity Problems in

Texas Multi-Party Litigation, 17 ST. MARY’S L.J. 653, 676 - 77 (1986) (noting

that the supreme court treated injury-causing contributory negligence and

occurrence-causing contributory negligence identically in Duncan v. Cessna

Aircraft Co., 665 S.W.2d 414, 429 (Tex. 1984), incorporating within the

concept of traditional contributory negligence the negligent failure of a plaintiff

to mitigate damages).

7

Charges, State Bar of Texas, Texas Pattern Jury Charges: Medical Malpractice

PJC 51.1 & cmt. (2006). The PJC Committee’s comments state that

use of ‘occurrence’ or ‘injury’. . . could affect a case in which there

is evidence of the plaintiff’s negligence that is ‘injury-causing’. . .

but not ‘occurrence-causing’: for example, carrying gasoline in an

unprotected container which exploded in the crash. . . or failing to

follow doctor’s orders during recovery, thereby aggravating the

injuries (post-accident negligence). In such a case the jury should

not consider this negligence in answering the [liability and

proportionate responsibility questions] if ‘occurrence’ is used, while

it should consider the negligence if ‘injury’ is used.

PJC 4.1 cmt. (emphasis added). The PJC comments also state that, if the 7

liability question for negligence and contributory negligence is submitted with

the term “injury,” rather than “occurrence” or “accident,” the exclusionary

instruction for mitigation of damages should not be submitted. PJC 4.1, 8.9

cmt; see also PJC 51.1, 80.9 cmt. Under the evidence in this case, the issue

was whose negligence, if any, caused or contributed to the “injury,” not who

or what caused an “accident” or “occurrence.”

D. Ample evidence supported the submission and finding of

contributory negligence.
8

In Elbaor, the supreme court recognized a duty of cooperation that

patients owe treating physicians who assume the duty to care for them. 845

S.W.2d at 245. The court held that evidence of the patient’s failure to take the

antibiotics prescribed for her required submission of a question on contributory

negligence. Id. The duty to cooperate also includes the duty to return for

evaluation and possible treatment if complications arise post-discharge. See

Jones v. Lurie, 32 S.W.3d 737, 743 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000,

no pet.) (holding evidence plaintiff ignored physician’s orders to remain in

psychological treatment centers and hospitals factually sufficient to support

100 percent contributory negligence finding); Eoff v. Hal & Charlie Peterson

Found., 811 S.W.2d 187, 191 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1991, no writ)

(holding evidence factually sufficient to support 100 percent contributory

negligence finding based on evidence plaintiff voluntarily left hospital before

receiving emergency treatment, ignored advice of physician to return to ER, and

failed to obtain medical care for seven hours after leaving hospital).

Ronnie had previously undergone a cardiac catheterization and was aware

of normal postprocedure discomforts. He was given written discharge

instructions to return if he had any of several listed symptoms, including “pain”

or “any problems.” In his deposition, Ronnie admitted he experienced a severe
9

pain in his groin at 6:00 p.m., so severe he had to bend over and hold himself,

and that it was obvious to his eleven-year-old son, who reported to his mother

that Ronnie “went down.” He testified that shortly afterwards, he felt worse

and experienced backache and nausea.

Those symptoms were different from what Ronnie had experienced after

his first catheterization. By 9:00 p.m., he was hurting so much in his back and

stomach that he could not get out of his recliner when his wife got home. The

pain worsened until he fell out of the recliner in “excruciating pain” at about

11:00 p.m., screamed to his wife, and lay in a fetal position. Despite the

progression of symptoms, Ronnie did not call Dr. Thota or seek help and, even

at 11:00 p.m., refused his wife’s pleas to call a neighbor or 9-1-1. According

to the ambulance records, it was 12:43 a.m. when they received the call to

respond.

Dr. Thota testified that, with the knowledge Ronnie possessed about his

condition as well as from his prior cardiac catheterization, he should have called

for help by 6:00 p.m. Dr. Doherty agreed that, with the problems of nausea

and backache Ronnie was experiencing, sometimes referred to as “flank pain,”

Ronnie should have called for help at 6:00 p.m. or at least by 9:00 p.m. Dr.

Doherty further testified on cross-examination that, based upon his review of
10

the cath log notes, Dr. Thota’s notes, and those of the nurses who cared for

Ronnie after the procedure, there was a ninety-nine percent chance that Ronnie

was not bleeding when he was discharged at 2:40 p.m. Dr. Doherty believed

the bleeding started at about 9:00 p.m. and stated Ronnie had lost three units

of blood by the time he got to the operating room. If Ronnie had gone to the

hospital, sought medical care, or called Dr. Thota at 6:00 p.m., or even by 9:00

p.m., Dr. Doherty said, he likely would have avoided or lessened all of the

serious complications, including the shock leading to the coagulopathic state

that led to the additional problems, including Ronnie’s gangrenous gallbladder,

which required five months of hospitalization and recovery.

Dr. McCracken, Appellant’s causation expert, also acknowledged that

Ronnie probably would not have experienced any of the complications if the

bleeding had been recognized earlier and treated. Moreover, Dr. Doherty agreed

that if Ronnie had gone to the hospital at 6:00 p.m., he could have had the

“bleeder” repaired as it was or intravascularly with a stent, for which Dr. Thota

had the necessary training.

I would hold that the trial court correctly submitted the PJC’s standard

jury question on negligence and contributory negligence in Jury Question No.

One, rather than an exclusionary instruction on mitigation of damages, that
8... Appellant has not complained that the submission of contributory

negligence or the instruction improperly commingled theories or prevented him

from properly presenting his case on appeal, and neither party has briefed the

possible application of Casteel to this case. In effect, the majority is reversing

on unassigned error, issues not raised by the appeal. See Pat Baker Co. v.

Wilson, 971 S.W.2d 447, 450 (Tex. 1998) (holding it is “axiomatic that an

appellate court cannot reverse . . . absent properly assigned error”).

11

there was ample evidence that Ronnie’s failure to follow Dr. Thota’s

instructions to call or to return to the hospital if he had any problems or pain

supported the submission of contributory negligence, and that Ronnie’s

contributory negligence was a proximate cause of his injury.

III. HARM ANALYSIS

A. Casteel “presumed error” analysis does not apply.

Even if the trial court erred by submitting both the jury question on

contributory negligence and the instruction on new and independent cause, I

disagree with the majority’s sua sponte application of the “presumed harm”

analysis adopted in Crown Life Ins. Co. v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378 (Tex.

2000).8 In Casteel, the supreme court held that “[w]hen a single broad-form

liability question erroneously commingles valid and invalid liability theories and

the appellant’s objection is timely and specific, the error is harmful when it

cannot be determined whether the improperly submitted theories formed the

sole basis for the jury’s finding” because the appellant is thereby prevented
12

from properly demonstrating the consequences of the erroneous submission on

appeal. Id. at 389; see also Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(b); 61.1(b). 

In Harris County v. Smith, the court extended Casteel to a broad-form

question that improperly commingled damage elements when one of those

elements was supported by no evidence. 96 S.W.3d 230, 235 (Tex. 2002).

In Romero v. KPH Consol., Inc., the court further extended Casteel to a single

broad-form question that included a theory of liability supported by no evidence.

166 S.W.3d 212, 227–28 (Tex. 2005).

The majority says we cannot determine whether the jury truly found Dr.

Thota not negligent or improperly relied on the contributory negligence

submission. I disagree. The theories of negligence and contributory negligence

here were not improperly “commingled.” There were two separate answer lines

provided to the jury to answer “yes” or “no” as to Dr. Thota and “yes” or “no”

as to Ronnie. The jury answered “no” as to Dr. Thota and “yes” as to Ronnie.

In contrast, in Casteel, the jury question instructed the jury on thirteen

independent grounds of liability but requested only a single answer. 22 S.W.3d

at 387. Similarly, in Harris County, the damages question complained of

instructed the jury that it could consider various elements of damages, including

an element supported by no evidence, in awarding a single amount of damages.
9... In Harris County, the court noted that the Comments to the Pattern

Jury Charge have long recommended that damage elements be submitted

“separately” if there is a substantial doubt as to whether there is evidence to

support an element. 96 S.W.3d at 235; see PJC 8.02 cmt. (suggesting “use

of a separate answer line for each element of damages might avoid the need for

a new trial if the appellate court finds that one or more, but not all, of the

elements lack legal or evidentiary support.”) (emphasis added). Thus, surely

“separately” may mean either separate jury questions or separate answer lines

within the same question.

13

96 S.W.3d at 231. Likewise, in Romero, the jury was improperly allowed to

apportion responsibility among the defendants in a single answer based upon

either an unchallenged finding of ordinary negligence or an affirmative finding

on a theory of malicious credentialing for which there was no evidence. 166

S.W.3d at 215. The jury’s single answer in each of those cases is what made

it impossible to determine whether the verdict was based upon the improperly

submitted theory or element of damages.

Here, the negligence of Dr. Thota and that of Ronnie were submitted

“separately,” albeit in the same question. We are thus able to determine that

the jury’s finding as to Dr. Thota was not based on an improper submission of

contributory negligence because there are two separate answers. Combining

two questions into one with separate answer lines simply does not constitute

a commingling that triggers the “presumed harm” analysis.9
14

I also cannot agree that the jury question here submitted two competing

“theories of liability.” Contributory negligence is not a theory of liability; it is

an affirmative defense. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 94. The jury question in this case

was a universally used, standard broad-form submission of only one theory of

liability—the negligence of Dr. Thota—along with the defense of contributory

negligence, as recommended by the PJC. Comm. on Pattern Jury Charges,

State Bar of Texas, Texas Pattern Jury Charges: Medical Malpractice PJC 51.3

(2006). The supreme court has never extended Casteel to defensive theories.

In Bed, Bath & Beyond v. Urista, 211 S.W.3d 753, 757 (Tex. 2006), the

supreme court noted that it had limited its holdings in Casteel and Harris County

to “multiple theories of liability or multiple damage elements” and that it had

“never extended a presumed harm rule to instructions on defensive theories”

and refused to extend Casteel to the “defensive theory” of unavoidable

accident, stating: “[U]navoidable accident is not an alternative theory of liability

but is ‘an inferential rebuttal issue. . . .”

As to the inferential rebuttal instruction on new and independent cause,

the majority recognizes that Urista held that improper submission of an

inferential rebuttal instruction is not subject to the “presumed error” analysis

under Casteel. But it then concludes that we must nevertheless presume harm
15

here because we cannot determine whether the jury improperly relied on the

new and independent cause instruction alone or combined with the contributory

negligence submission. I believe the majority opinion conflicts with both

Casteel and Urista in applying a “presumed harm” analysis based on some

hybrid theory. Even assuming that contributory negligence and new and

independent cause were both improperly submitted, two errors that do not

trigger a “presumed harm” analysis do not equal one that does. I think we

must apply the traditional harm analysis. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a). Under

that analysis, error in the jury charge requires reversal only if, after considering

the record as a whole, including the pleadings, the evidence, and the charge in

its entirety, we conclude that the error probably resulted in an improper verdict.

See Island Recreational Dev. Corp. v. Republic of Tex. Sav. Ass’n, 710 S.W.2d

551, 555 (Tex. 1986); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Redding, 56 S.W.3d 141, 149

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied).

B. The traditional harm analysis applies to the jury question.

Under Casteel, it is still the law that when questions are submitted in a

manner that does allow the appellate court to determine that the verdict was

actually based on a valid liability theory, which is the case here, the error may

be harmless under the traditional harm analysis. 22 S.W.3d at 389.
16

“Submisssion of an improper jury question can be harmless error if the jury’s

answers to other questions render the improper question immaterial.” City of

Brownsville v. Alvarado, 897 S.W.2d 750, 752 (Tex. 1995). A jury question

is immaterial when its answer cannot alter the effect of the verdict. Id. (holding

any error in submitting deceased’s negligence in jury charge was harmless; once

jury found defendant not negligent, its finding that deceased was negligent

could not have altered effect of verdict); see also Boatland of Houston, Inc. v.

Bailey, 609 S.W.2d 743, 749–50 (Tex. 1980) (holding potentially improper

submission of defensive issues harmless when jury found for defendant on

independent grounds); Hernandez v. Atieh, No. 14-06-00582-CV, 2008 WL

2133193, at *3, 4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 20, 2008, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (holding—when finding of no liability of defendant supported by

evidence—once jury found defendant not negligent, submission of additional

person as responsible third party in negligence question harmless); Hutchison

v. Pharris, 158 S.W.3d 554, 567–68 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.)

(holding finding of claimants’ contributory negligence harmless when jury’s

failure to find defendants’ negligence was proximate cause of injury was

supported by evidence).

C. The traditional harm analysis applies to jury instruction.
17

Likewise, to determine whether submission of an instruction probably

caused an improper judgment and was, therefore, harmful error, we must

examine the entire record. Urista, 211 S.W.3d at 757 (citing Timberwalk

Apartments Partners, Inc. v. Cain, 972 S.W.2d 749, 756 (Tex. 1998));

Quantum Chem. Corp. v. Toennies, 47 S.W.3d 473, 480 (Tex. 2001); see also

Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a). Specifically, when the record provides “no clear

indication” that the jury relied upon an improper inferential rebuttal instruction,

Urista instructs us that we must ordinarily conclude the error is harmless. 211

S.W.3d at 758–59. When, as in this case, the jury makes a negative finding

as to liability and, under the evidence, could reasonably have concluded that the

plaintiff failed to carry its burden to establish defendant’s negligence rather than

relying upon such an instruction, submission of an improper inferential rebuttal

instruction is ordinarily harmless error. Id. at 757–59 (holding unavoidable

accident submission harmless when cross-examination discredited plaintiff’s

claims and evidence failed to indicate result would have been different absent

instruction); Reinhart v. Young, 906 S.W.2d 471, 473 (Tex. 1995) (holding

unavoidable accident instruction harmless when ample evidence supported

finding of no negligence by defendant, witnesses did not refer to term, counsel

made little mention of it in closing, sudden emergency was also submitted
18

without objection, and verdict was unanimous); Torres v. Tessier, 231 S.W.3d

60, 64 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (holding sudden

emergency instruction harmless when jury could reasonably have failed to find

causation or damages based on credibility determinations regarding evidence

without regard to instruction); see also Eoff, 811 S.W.2d at 193 (holding new

and independent cause instruction harmless when jury found plaintiff 100

percent contributorily negligent).

D. Any charge error was harmless in light of evidence supporting

jury’s finding of “no” as to negligence of Dr. Thota and in light of

the entirety of the record.

There was evidence from the medical records as well as the testimony of

Dr. Thota, with which Dr. Doherty agreed, that good “hemostatis” was most

likely obtained—meaning the initial bleeding from the catheterization stick had

been stopped by applied pressure and a blood clot had formed, that Ronnie had

no pain and a good pulse, indicating that Ronnie was stable by the time he left

the hospital at 2:40 p.m., and that the “injury” complained of—extensive

bleeding, shock, and multi-organ failure—did not begin until several hours after

he left the hospital. Dr. Thota testified that the extensive bleeding caused by

the clot being dislodged was a complication he could not predict at the

puncture site where the clot had formed earlier. Dr. Doherty agreed that there
19

was an “event” that caught Ronnie’s attention at 6:00 p.m. and a progressive

deterioration after that time.

When Ronnie returned to the hospital’s emergency room at

approximately 1:15 a.m., he was seen by Dr. Thota’s partner, Dr. Sudarshan.

A CT scan was done, described by Dr. Sudarshan in his report as showing

apparent bleeding from an external iliac artery puncture site but with a finding

that the site was at “about” the iliac ligament. The operative report of Dr.

Walker, who operated on Ronnie that night, described a “high tear” of the right

external iliac artery that had bled into the retroperitoneal cavity, forming a large

hematoma. Neither Dr. Sudarshan nor Dr. Walker testified. The experts who

did testify based their opinions largely on their respective interpretations of Dr.

Sudarshan’s and Dr. Walker’s written reports.

The testimony of those experts conflicted. Dr. Doherty testified on behalf

of Appellant that the standard of care for the cardiac catheterization was to

insert the needle and catheter into the right femoral artery below the inguinal

ligament. In Dr. Doherty’s opinion, Dr. Thota made the puncture for the cardiac

catheterization in the wrong location, above the inguinal ligament into the right

external iliac artery, rather than below that ligament into the femoral artery. Dr.

Doherty supported his opinion by the fact of the bleeding into the
20

retroperitoneal area, which could occur with a puncture that is too high, rather

than into the groin, where the bleeding could have been discovered quickly and

corrected.

Dr. Thota testified on his own behalf that he met the standard of care,

that he did not and could not make a stick into the external iliac artery because

he would not feel the pulse at that point. See Hersch v. Hendley, 626 S.W.2d

151, 155 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1981, no writ) (holding defendant physician’s

own testimony may establish standard of care). He further testified that a

retroperitoneal bleed can happen with a femoral artery stick as well as an iliac

artery stick. He pointed out that Dr. Sudashan’s finding that the puncture site

was at “about the inguinal ligament” would indicate that the puncture site was

correct, and further testified that Dr. Walker’s report was ambiguous in

reference to what he repaired and where, referring to the inguinal “area”—a

vast area that covers the groin—rather than “ligament.” Dr. Thota further

pointed out that Dr. Walker’s operative report did not describe the “tear” or

how he repaired it. Dr. Doherty also admitted that Dr. Walker’s operative report

stated that he had to divide the inguinal ligament before he could actually see

the site of the tear in the artery. Dr. Thota testified that, based on that location
21

of the site of the bleeding, i.e., under the inguinal ligament, the puncture site

for the cathetrization was in the correct area.

Both Dr. Thota and Dr. Doherty testified that, if there had been an

improper high stick preventing adequate hemostasis, Ronnie would likely have

developed signs of bleeding before discharge. But Ronnie remained stable and

experienced no pain or signs of bleeding after the procedure and for several

hours after his discharge. Dr. Thota testified, and even Dr. Doherty

acknowledged, that the objective evidence in the records indicated that Ronnie

was not bleeding at the time he was discharged, from which the jury could

reasonably infer that the puncture location was not improper.

As in many medical malpractice cases, the record consists of conflicting

opinions of experts. See, e.g., Cruz ex rel. Cruz v. Paso Del Norte Health

Found., 44 S.W.3d 622, 646 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2001, pet. denied) (holding

failure to find nurse negligent not against overwhelming weight of evidence

when opinions of experts for both parties conflicted); Magee v. Ulrey, 993

S.W.2d 332, 336 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (holding

failure to find physician negligent not against overwhelming weight of evidence

when jury could have believed defense expert); Crawford v. Hope, 898 S.W.2d

937, 942–43 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1995, writ denied) (noting “battle of
22

experts” in suit against physician and holding weight of evidence was for jury

to evaluate and jury’s failure to find proximate cause not against overwhelming

weight of evidence). In a battle of competing experts, it is the sole prerogative

of the jury to determine the credibility and weight of the witnesses. Cruz, 44

S.W.3d at 646.

Because of (1) the ambiguity of Dr. Walker’s report, (2) the fact that Dr.

Doherty’s opinions were based primarily on that report, and (3) the conflicting

testimony of Dr. Thota and Dr. Doherty based on their respective interpretations

of the report as to whether Dr. Thota did or did not place the needle and

catheter in the wrong location, the jury could reasonably have resolved the

credibility issues by disbelieving Dr. Doherty’s opinions and by believing Dr.

Thota’s and could reasonably have found that Appellant failed to carry her

burden of proof on establishing the negligence of Dr. Thota. Once the jury

answered “no” that any negligence of Dr. Thota proximately caused Ronnie’s

injury, he was exonerated, and neither a “yes” nor a “no” answer as to the

contributory negligence of Ronnie could have altered the verdict. See Alvarado,

897 S.W.2d at 752–53.

Moreover, nothing in the record “clearly indicates” that the jury relied

upon the new and independent cause instruction. The jury was free to
23

disbelieve the expert testimony of Dr. Doherty, to accept that of Dr. Thota, and

to conclude that Dr. Thota did not incorrectly place the puncture site for the

catheterization. We presume that the jury decided all questions of credibility

and conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict if reasonable jurors could

have done so. Torres, 231 S.W.3d at 63–64 (citing City of Keller v. Wilson,

168 S.W.3d 802, 819 (Tex. 2005)). The jury could reasonably have found Dr.

Thota not negligent without reaching the issue of proximate cause, in which

event the jury would not have relied on the new and independent cause

instruction because that instruction relates only to proximate cause. See

Arguelles v. Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 222 S.W.3d 714, 727 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (noting “new and independent

cause” is component of proximate cause). Additionally, the jury’s answer of

“yes” as to Ronnie’s contributory negligence as a proximate cause negates any

reliance by the jury on the instruction. See Eoff, 811 S.W.2d at 193 (holding

new and independent cause instruction contemplates independent force rather

than negligence of parties was responsible for injuries). Finally, counsel for Dr.

Thota never even mentioned the instruction in his closing argument. I would

hold there is no indication, much less any “clear indication,” that the jury relied

on that instruction in reaching its verdict. See Urista, 211 S.W.3d at 758–59.
24

Thus, even if there was charge error, under the proper harm analysis I would

hold that the record fails to establish that any such error probably resulted in

an improper judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a). I would affirm the

judgment of the trial court.

ANNE GARDNER

JUSTICE 

DELIVERED: November 20, 2008