CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................ ii

LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................... ii

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1

OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................... 1

STUDY AREA AND ITINERARY............................................................................................. 2

MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................. 3

Oceanography ............................................................................................................................. 3

Net Tows...................................................................................................................................... 4

Acoustic Backscatter.................................................................................................................... 4

Seabirds....................................................................................................................................... 5

Contour Plots............................................................................................................................... 5

RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Oceanography ............................................................................................................................. 5

Net Tows...................................................................................................................................... 6

Acoustic Backscatter.................................................................................................................... 6

Seabirds....................................................................................................................................... 6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... 6

LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................................ 7

APPENDIX A: SEABIRD SURVEY INSTRUCTION MANUAL ........................................ 26

APPENDIX B: Four-letter species codes used for the seabird survey................................... 39

APPENDIX C: SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL........................................................................... 50

i 
LIST OF TABLES 

Table 1. Summary of environmental data collected during the 2001 ORCAWALE survey aboard 

the NOAA Ships David Starr Jordan and McArthur ...................................................... 8 

Table 2. Jordan 2001 CTD cast summary: station number, date, time, location, depth of cast 

(m), and numbers of samples for phytoplankton pigments (chl), primary production 

(prod), nutrients and salinity............................................................................................ 8 

Table 3. McArthur 2001 CTD cast summary: station number, date, time, location, depth of cast 

(m), and number of samples for phytoplankton pigments (chl), primary production 

(prod), nutrients and salinity.......................................................................................... 10 

Table 4. Data recorded during the seabird strip transect survey.................................................. 11 

Table 5. Identity and numbers of seabirds recorded during ORCAWALE 2001........................ 12 

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Cruise tracks, Jordan (—) and McArthur (─), 30 July - 8 December 2001................. 16 

Figure 2. CTD stations, Jordan (○) and McArthur (x), 30 July - 8 December 2001 ................... 17 

Figure 3. XBT deployments, Jordan (○) and McArthur (x), 30 July - 8 December 2001........... 18 

Figure 4. Sea surface temperature (°C) from CTD and XBT profiles (+), 30 July - 

8 December 2001 ......................................................................................................... 19 

Figure 5. Thermocline depth (m, depth of maximum temperature gradient over an interval of 

30 m) from CTD and XBT profiles (+), 30 July - 8 December 2001 .......................... 20 

Figure 6. Sea surface temperature (°C, left) and salinity (PSU, right) from thermosalinograph 

data, 30 July - 8 December 2001.................................................................................. 21 

Figure 7. Surface chlorophyll concentration (mg m-3), from CTD casts and underway samples 

(+), 30 July - 8 December 2001. .................................................................................. 22 

Figure 8. Primary productivity (mg C m-2 d-1) in the euphotic zone, from morning CTD casts 

(+), 30 July - 8 December 2001 ................................................................................... 23 

Figure 9. Integrated volume backscattering coefficients (NASC) thought to be associated 

with fish, Jordan, 30 July – 10 November 2001.......................................................... 24 

Figure 10. Integrated volume backscattering coefficients (NASC) thought to be associated 

with zooplankton, Jordan, 30 July - 10 November 2001 .......................................... 25 

ii 
1 

REPORT OF ECOSYSTEM STUDIES CONDUCTED DURING THE 2001 OREGON, 

CALIFORNIA, AND WASHINGTON (ORCAWALE) MARINE MAMMAL SURVEY 

ON THE RESEARCH VESSELS DAVID STARR JORDAN AND McARTHUR

 Valerie A. Philbrick, Paul C. Fiedler, Lisa T. Ballance, and David A. Demer 

INTRODUCTION 

In 2001, the Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) conducted a survey to 

estimate the absolute abundance of dolphin and whale populations in U.S. west coast waters, out 

to a distance of approximately 300 nautical miles. A similar survey was conducted by the 

SWFSC in 1996 (Von Saunder 1999). 

Two research vessels were used for this survey: the NOAA ships David Starr Jordan

(hereafter referred to as the Jordan) and McArthur. The Jordan conducted research from July 30 

to November 10, while the McArthur completed the last three weeks, concluding on December 8, 

2001. Approximately the same area and time period were surveyed in 1996. 

This report describes the types of ecosystem data collected and sampling techniques used, 

and summarizes the data collected aboard the Jordan and McArthur during the 2001 Oregon, 

California and Washington line-transect expedition (ORCAWALE) survey. The marine 

mammal data for this cruise, as well as the ecosystem data from the 1996 survey, will be 

reported in a separate technical memorandum. The 1996 marine mammal data have been 

published in a preliminary report by Barlow (1997).

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this survey was to estimate the abundance, and understand the 

distribution, of dolphins and whales that are commonly found off of the west coast of the United 

States. The secondary objective was to collect physical and biological oceanographic data to 

better characterize their environment. Other objectives include estimation of prey abundance by 

acoustic sampling, and definition of stocks by biopsy sampling and photo-identification. 

Oceanographic and other environmental variables, including chlorophyll a, nutrients, 

temperature, salinity, zooplankton biomass and the occurrence of seabirds and other animals, are 

sampled concurrently with the mammal sighting survey. Studying oceanographic patterns and 

variability concurrently with the fauna can help explain year-to-year environmental effects on 

estimated abundance. Ecosystem data may also help understand the biological basis of dolphin 

and whale distribution and abundance. 
2 

STUDY AREA AND ITINERARY 

The principal study area included the U.S. West Coast Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): 

Washington, Oregon, and California waters out to a distance of approximately 300 nautical miles. 

 The ships followed a grid of predetermined tracklines (Figure 1) to uniformly cover this area. 

The cruise was conducted in six legs: five on the Jordan and one on the McArthur. The 

Jordan departed San Diego, California on 30 July 2001, and returned to San Diego on 10 

November 2001. The Jordan was plagued with many mechanical breakdowns, which modified 

the original port schedule (see actual itinerary below). The McArthur finished the survey’s final 

leg, from November 15 – December 8, 2001. 

The itinerary for each ship was as follows: 

Jordan McArthur

Leg Ia

Departure San Diego, California 

 30 July 

Arrival Astoria, Oregon 

 09 August 

Leg Ib

Departure Astoria, Oregon 

 12 August 

Arrival Newport, Oregon 

 17 August 

Leg II

Departure Portland, Oregon 

 30 August 

Arrival Eureka, California 

 16 September 

Leg III

Departure Eureka, California 

 19 September 

Arrival San Diego, California 

 05 October 

Leg IV

Departure San Diego, California 

 08 October 

Arrival Astoria, Oregon 

 27 October 

Leg V

Departure Astoria, Oregon 

 01 November 

Arrival San Diego, California 

 10 November 

Leg VI

Departure San Francisco, California 

 15 November 

Arrival San Diego, California 

 08 December 
3 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Oceanography

Temperature and salinity of surface water were measured continuously and recorded in 

digital form. Seawater was sampled from an intake 3 meters below the surface by a Sea-Bird 

Electronics (SBE) thermosalinograph (Model SBE-21). A Windows® (Microsoft Corporation) 

data acquisition program (WinDACS; Holland 1993) recorded the data on a laptop computer 

with a serial connection to a Sea-Bird junction box. GPS position information was appended to 

the data stream through the box’s NMEA 0183 input port. The ships’ Scientific Computing 

System (SCS) also collected these data, as well as information from other navigational and 

weather sensors. Discrete bucket temperatures and salinity samples were collected at regular 

intervals to verify thermosalinograph readings. 

Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) drops, to 760 meters depth, were made daily at 

0900, 1200, 1500 hours (local ship time), and after sunset. Surface chlorophyll samples were 

taken after each drop. On the McArthur, the Shipboard Environmental (data) Acquisition System 

(SEAS), developed by NOAA, collected data from the Sippican Deep Blue probes. Low 

resolution, unprocessed XBT data were transmitted in real-time over the Global Telecommunications System after acquisition by the SEAS. The Jordan used Sippican software to acquire 

data, and conversion to the SEAS format was not possible at sea. The XBT data presented here 

were processed after the cruise according to guidelines presented in Bailey et al. (1994). 

Conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) casts were made each morning before sunrise 

using a Sea-Bird Electronics 911plus CTD and General Oceanics rosette system on the Jordan. 

The McArthur’s CTD and rosette were both from Sea-Bird Electronics. The CTD was lowered 

to 1000 meters and sensors connected to shipboard computers measured conductivity (salinity), 

temperature and pressure (depth). Water samples were collected from variable depths on all 

CTD casts for 14C-uptake incubations, salinity calibration, and nutrient and phytoplankton 

pigment analysis. 

CTD cast data were processed using Sea-Bird Electronics’ Data Processing software, 

version 5.27a for Windows1

. Standard processing following the manufacturers instructions were 

used with the pre-cruise calibration coefficients and post-cruise calibration adjustments. 

Hydrochloric acid (2%) and Micro7-washed General Oceanics Niskin bottles (1.7-liter on 

the Jordan and 5-liter on the McArthur) were retrofitted with silicone rubber o-rings in the 

valves and endcaps. Silicone rubber tubing was used as the closing mechanism. Niskin bottles 

numbered 1 (surface) to 9 were tripped at 7 variable light depths and 2 additional depths less 

than 200 m as determined by the "ZEPRED01” program (see below). Two additional bottles 

were tripped at 500 m and 1000 m (or bottom) for salinity calibration samples. 

Ten samples from ≤ 200 m were collected for chlorophyll a (275 ml each) and eleven 

from ≤ 500 m for nutrient (15 ml each) analysis at each station. Chlorophyll a and phaeophytin 

were determined by the fluorometric technique (Holm-Hansen et al. 1965) using a Turner 

Designs Model 10-AU fluorometer calibrated with chlorophyll a standards (Turner Designs). 

These data were entered at sea and processed at the SWFSC following the cruise. Nutrient 
4 

samples were collected and immediately frozen for analysis following the cruise. Two 150 ml 

salinity samples per CTD cast (or 6 on every fourth cast) were also collected and analyzed on a 

Guildline Instruments AutoSal7 salinometer (Model 8400) calibrated during each run with 

IAPSO1

 standard seawater. These data were used at sea to monitor the accuracy of CTD and 

thermosalinograph conductivity cells. 

Water samples for determination of dissolved inorganic carbon uptake were collected 

from standard light depths. These are depths at which irradiance of PAR (photosynthetically 

active radiation) is estimated to be a standard fraction (100, 50, 30, 15, 5, 1 and 0.1%) of 

irradiance just below the sea surface. A program, ZEPRED01, calculated an initial estimate of 

euphotic zone depth (1% light level) from pigment profiles observed on previous marine mammal 

cruises (1991, 1993, 1996) according to the spectral model of attenuation by Morel (1988). 

Primary productivity samples were drawn into conditioned screw cap "Vitro" glass 150 

ml bottles (Wheaton Corporation) rinsed twice with sample water. Radioactively labeled sodium 

carbonate (NaH14CO3) was added to each sample bottle (10 μCi). The bottles were then 

incubated in nickel screens (Perforated Products) in an on-deck seawater-cooled Plexiglas7

incubator for 24 hours with natural sunlight as the light source. The screens act as neutral density 

filters, reducing the light intensity to the same level as that occurring at the depth from which the 

sample was collected. Two extra samples at the 100% and 0.1% light levels were inoculated with 

radioactive tracer and filtered immediately without incubation to determine abiotic particulate 14C 

incorporation (Chavez and Barber 1987). For determination of particulate carbon fixation, the 

water was filtered onto Whatman GF/F filters at <10 psi of vacuum. The filter was acidified with 

0.5 N HCl for 12 hours then immersed in 10 mls of scintillation cocktail (CytoScint ES). These 

vials were counted on a liquid scintillation counter (Beckman LS6000) following the end of the 

cruise. The total inorganic carbon activity was determined by adding 1.0 ml of incubated sample 

water (from the 100% and 30% light levels) to a scintillation vial containing 1 ml of β-phenylethylamine in 20 mls of scintillation cocktail. An average of these two values was used as the 

total amount of added activity for each station in the calculation of carbon uptake for each 

sample. Primary productivity data were processed after the cruise at the SWFSC. 

Net Tows

 

On each ship, a Bongo net was towed obliquely from 200 meters depth for 15 minutes, 

starting a minimum of 1 hour after sunset. This is a paired zooplankton net frame with two 505-

micrometer (μm) mesh nets, fitted with a flowmeter in the outboard side. A sample was 

collected only from the outboard net, preserved in 5% buffered formalin, then labeled and stored 

for post-cruise analysis. 

Acoustic Backscatter

On the Jordan, acoustic volume backscatter coefficients (sv) were logged continuously 

from the Simrad EK500 echosounder operating at 38, 120, and 200 kHz. The sv at each 

frequency were logged for each ping (2 Hz repetition rate) from the surface to 500 m using 

SonarData’s EchoLog_EK software. The multifrequency data were post-processed using 

 

1 The International Association for Physical Science of the Ocean (IAPSO) Standard Seawater is manufactured by Ocean Scientific International. 
5 

SonarData’s EchoView software. To identify backscatter from fish versus zooplankton, 

differences in mean volume backscatter strengths (Sv200 kHz – Sv38 kHz ; where Sv=10log(sv)) 

were used to mask the echograms. The Sv-difference bins for each taxa were determined 

empirically and confirmed theoretically using physics-based scattering models for fish and 

euphausiids. The sv from each taxa were integrated from 10 to 500 m and averaged over 1 n.mi. 

distances (nautical area scattering coefficient or NASC) and plotted as distribution maps (Figures 

9 and 10). These NASC are thought to be roughly proportional to the biomass of each taxa. The 

data collection and processing were similar to the methods described in Hewitt and Demer 

(1993) and Hewitt et al. (2002). 

On the McArthur, an acoustic data acquisition system (ADA) collected 38 kHz and 200 

kHz acoustic backscatter data from the Simrad EQ50 echosounder. Backscatter was digitized 

and integrated in 5-meter intervals between the surface and a depth of 500 meters (actually 5 m 

below the transducer, or about 9 m, and 504 m). Nominal ping interval was 5 seconds. 

Seabirds

A seabird census was conducted using standard 300-meter strip-transect methods 

(Appendix A). Bird observers stood shifts of approximately two hours on the flying bridge 

throughout daylight hours when the ship was underway, weather permitting. Only a single 

observer was on watch at any time. Actual distance within 300 meters, species identification, 

number, and behavior of birds were recorded, as well as associations with marine mammals, fish, 

or flotsam (see Table 4 for a complete list of variables recorded). Distance was estimated with a 

fixed-interval range finder (Heinemann 1981). Hand-held binoculars were used to confirm 

species identification. 

Contour plots

 Data were gridded and contoured using Surfer®(v.7, Golden Software). Gridding was by 

a kriging algorithm with parameters chosen based on the variogram of the observed data. In 

general, the data were gridded at 0.5-deg intervals with smoothing scales of 2-5 degrees and an 

alongshore-offshore anisotropy of 2. Surface chlorophyll, integrated primary productivity, and 

volume backscatter data (Figures 7 - 10) were log-transformed before gridding. 

RESULTS 

Oceanography

Figure 1 illustrates cruise tracks for the Jordan and McArthur. The total number of 

oceanographic casts, net tows, and samples collected on the Jordan and McArthur are presented 

in Table 1. 

Figure 2 shows the locations of the 49 Jordan and 17 McArthur CTD casts. Tables 2 and 

3 are CTD cast summaries for each ship, including the number of samples taken and analyzed 

per station (chlorophyll, productivity, nutrient, and salinity). Stations where samples were not 

collected due to equipment malfunction or lack of processing time are blank. In general, the 

CTD water sample salinities on both ships agreed with the CTD sensor values to within ±0.006 
6 

PSU (practical salinity units). 

Figure 3 shows XBT deployment locations (338 total drops) for both ships. 

 Sea surface temperature (Figure 4) and thermocline depth (Figure 5) are plotted from 

both CTD and XBT data. Surface temperature and salinity data from the thermosalinograph are 

presented in Figure 6. 

Surface chlorophyll concentrations from the Jordan and McArthur are shown in Figure 7. 

 

Nutrient samples (714 total) are in frozen storage, to be analyzed for nitrate, nitrite, 

silicate and phosphate at a later time. 

Primary productivity estimates (integrated over the euphotic zone) are shown in Figure 8. 

 All CTD, XBT and water sample data (chlorophyll, productivity) will be submitted to 

NOAA/National Oceanographic Data Center following this publication. 

Net Tows

A total of 71 Bongo tows was completed: 54 on the Jordan and 17 on the McArthur. 

Samples have not been processed at the time of this publication. Results will be presented in a 

separate technical memorandum. 

Acoustic Backscatter

The EK500 acoustic backscatter provided effective observational ranges in excess of 500 

m at 38 kHz, 225 m at 120 kHz and 175 m at 200 kHz. The location of the fish and zooplankton 

appear to be strongly associated with shallower bathymetry. Highest densities of each taxa were 

mapped shoreward of the 4000 m contour. Both fish and zooplankton were highest in the 

Southern California Bight, and in the coastal areas of northern California and Oregon. A diel 

pattern showing higher NASC during nighttime hours was stronger for fish than zooplankton 

(analysis not shown). At night, the observed fish occupy the whole water column; during the day 

they stay closer to the sea-surface. 

The EQ50 data processing is incomplete. Results will be presented in another publication. 

Seabirds

A total of 88 days was spent on effort for the seabird survey, with the remaining sea days 

lost to mechanical breakdowns or weather. During this time, a minimum of 55 species was 

recorded. Total numbers recorded for the entire cruise, and on a per-leg basis are reported in 

Table 5. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

The authors wish to thank the officers and crews of the research vessels Jordan and 

McArthur for their considerable time and skilled efforts in making this cruise a success. Special 
7 

thanks go to oceanographer Candice Hall, McArthur Chief Survey Technician Lacey O’Neal, 

electronics technicians and other scientists who collected these data at sea. We are grateful to 

NOAA Corps officers LT Anne Lynch and LTJG Jason Appler for their invaluable logistical 

assistance. Additional thanks to Claire Debever (Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie 

Industrielles, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France) who processed the EK500 data, and to 

Robert Holland, who provided several data processing programs and plots for this report. 

Funding for oceanographic and seabird sampling were provided, in part, by the U.S. Navy. We 

also thank Dr. Steve Reilly and Dr. Jay Barlow for reviewing this manuscript. 

LITERATURE CITED 

Bailey, R., A. Gronell, H. Phillips, E. Tanner, and G. Meyers. 1994. Quality control cookbook 

for XBT data (expendable bathythermograph data): Version 1.1. Report. Marine 

Laboratories. CSIRO Australia. 221: 84 p. 

Barlow, J. 1997. Preliminary estimates of cetacean abundance off California, Oregon, and 

Washington based on a 1996 ship survey and comparisons of passing and closing modes. 

Admin. Rep., La Jolla, LJ-97-11, 25 p. 

Chavez, F. P. and R. T. Barber. 1987. An estimate of new production in the equatorial Pacific. 

Deep-Sea Res. 34: 1229-1243. 

Fiedler, P. C., J. Barlow, and T. Gerrodette. 1998. Dolphin prey abundance determined from 

acoustic backscatter data in eastern Pacific surveys. Fish. Bull., U.S. 96: 237-247. 

Heinemann, D. 1981. A range finder for pelagic bird censusing. Journal of Wildlife 

Management. 45(2): 489-493. 

Holland, R. C. 1992. A program for the Microsoft7 WindowsJ environment to collect analog-todigital and serial communication data on a personal computer based system. U.S. Dep. 

Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo., NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-170, 11 p. 

Holm-Hansen, O., C. J. Lorenzen, R. W. Holmes, and J. D. Strickland. 1965. Fluorometric 

determination of chlorophyll. J. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer, 30: 3-15. 

Hewitt, R.P. and D. A. Demer. 1993. Dispersion and abundance of krill in the vicinity of 

Elephant Island in the 1992 austral summer. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 99: 29-39. 

Hewitt, R. P., et al. 2002. Setting a precautionary catch limit for Antarctic krill. Oceanography. 

15(3): 26-33. 

Morel, A. 1988. Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to its biogenous matter content 

(Case I waters). J. Geophys. Res. 93: 10,749-10,768. 

Von Saunder, A. and J. Barlow. 1999. A report of the Oregon, California, and Washington linetransect experiment (ORCAWALE) conducted in west coast waters during summer/fall 

1996. NOAA Tech. Memo., NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-264, 49 p. 
8 

Table 1. Summary of environmental data collected during the 2001 ORCAWALE survey aboard 

the NOAA Ships David Starr Jordan (legs 1-5) and McArthur (leg 6 only). 

 

LEG 1 LEG 2 LEG 3 LEG 4 LEG 5 LEG 6 TOTALS

CTD casts 11 11 10 14 3 17 66 

CTD chlorophyll samples 110 110 101 140 30 158 649 

Surface chlorophyll samples 47 53 54 63 30 88 335 

Primary productivity samples 70 70 63 91 21 117 432 

Nutrient samples 121 121 111 155 33 173 714 

Salinity samples 47 52 64 62 10 72 307 

XBT drops 48 56 51 63 28 92 338 

Bongo Tows 12 11 14 13 4 17 71 

Table 2. Jordan 2001 CTD cast summary: station number, date, time, location, depth of cast 

(m), and numbers of samples for phytoplankton pigments (chl), primary production 

(prod), nutrients and salinity. Station dates and times are in Greenwich Mean Time. 

Negative longitude values indicate western (W) positions. 

Station 

number Date Time Latitude Longitude Depth Chl. Prod. Nutrients Salinity 

1 7/31 1150 32.63 -119.53 604 10 11 7 

2 8/01 1151 33.27 -122.55 1012 10 7 11 2 

3 8/02 1207 33.73 -124.57 1020 10 7 11 6 

4 8/03 1216 34.25 -126.99 1014 10 7 11 2 

5 8/04 1206 35.77 -126.99 1020 10 7 11 6 

6 8/05 1206 38.34 -126.16 1016 10 7 11 2 

7 8/06 1150 40.40 -125.42 1018 10 7 11 6 

8 8/13 1209 47.20 -126.26 1016 10 7 11 2 

9 8/14 1135 46.37 -129.88 1016 10 7 11 6 

10 8/15 1205 44.30 -130.65 1020 10 7 11 2 

11 8/16 1205 45.05 -128.70 1012 10 7 11 6 

12 8/31 1214 45.87 -125.12 1022 10 7 11 2 

13 9/01 1223 44.57 -126.23 1022 10 7 11 6 

14 9/02 1233 45.19 -128.62 1014 10 7 11 2 

15 9/04 1230 47.71 -126.88 1020 10 7 11 6 

16 9/05 1217 47.56 -126.15 1014 10 7 11 2 

17 9/10 1250 44.01 -129.08 1020 10 7 11 6 

18 9/11 1248 42.09 -129.76 1018 10 7 11 2 

19 9/12 1249 40.86 -130.20 1020 10 7 11 6 

20 9/13 1249 39.32 -129.74 1008 10 7 11 2 
Table 2. (Jordan 2001 CTD cast summary) continued. 

Station 

number 

Date Time Latitude Longitude Depth Chl. Prod. Nutrients Salinity

21 9/14 1252 38.87 -127.58 1010 10 7 11 6

22 9/15 1252 41.66 -126.64 1022 10 11 12

25 9/23 1252 44.15 -125.76 1020 10 7 11 12

26 9/24 1248 42.05 -126.50 1022 10 7 11 6

27 9/25 1252 40.71 -127.42 1012 10 7 11 2

28 9/26 1247 39.81 -124.90 1018 10 7 11 6

29 9/27 1245 38.24 -124.50 1016 10 7 11 2

30 9/28 1247 38.39 -127.75 1010 10 7 11 6

31 9/29 1257 35.96 -127.90 1022 10 7 11 2

32 10/01 1233 34.64 -121.92 1016 10 7 11 6

33 10/02 1252 33.83 -118.43 204 10 7 11 11

34 10/03 1237 33.47 -117.91 516 10 11 11

35 10/09 1231 32.29 -118.21 832 10 7 11 2

36 10/10 1235 32.97 -121.23 1016 10 7 11 6

37 10/11 1247 33.39 -123.23 1012 10 7 11 2

38 10/12 1309 34.01 -125.92 1012 10 7 11 6

39 10/14 1307 37.15 -126.50 1014 10 7 11 2

40 10/15 1321 37.52 -128.04 1016 10 7 11 6

41 10/16 1321 38.74 -129.29 1012 10 7 11 2

42 10/19 1332 43.18 -130.93 476 10 7 11 6

43 10/20 1334 43.73 -129.61 1014 10 7 11 2

44 10/21 1330 41.90 -128.17 1032 10 7 11 6

45 10/22 1334 40.90 -130.20 1010 10 7 11 2

46 10/24 1333 41.67 -128.28 1020 10 7 11 6

47 10/25 1328 43.84 -127.53 1014 10 7 11 2

48 10/26 1336 44.40 -125.42 1018 10 11 12

49 11/03 1334 41.57 -128.33 1020 10 7 11 2

50 11/04 1336 39.11 -128.40 1020 10 7 11 6

51 11/05 1321 38.54 -126.04 1012 10 7 11 2

9 
10 

Table 3. McArthur 2001 CTD cast summary: station number, date, time, location, depth of cast 

(m), and number of samples for phytoplankton pigments (chl), primary production 

(prod), nutrients and salinity. Station dates and times are in Greenwich Mean Time. 

Negative longitude values indicate western (W) positions. 

Station 

number Date Time Latitude Longitude Depth Chl. Prod. Nutrients Salinity 

52 11/16 1402 38.07 -123.68 1012 10 7 11 11 

53 11/17 1359 36.14 -125.22 1002 10 7 11 2 

54 11/18 1336 34.01 -125.91 1010 10 7 11 6 

55 11/19 1331 32.45 -125.61 1010 10 7 11 2 

56 11/20 1319 31.93 -123.31 1010 10 7 11 6 

57 11/21 1314 31.44 -121.26 1012 10 7 11 2 

58 11/22 1305 31.61 -120.05 1012 10 7 11 6 

59 11/23 1321 33.45 -121.08 1014 10 7 11 2 

60 11/24 1335 34.74 -122.33 1012 10 7 11 6 

61 11/25 1334 36.05 -121.76 760 10 7 11 2 

62 11/26 1349 37.70 -125.98 1010 10 7 11 6 

63 11/27 1350 36.97 -125.53 1012 10 7 11 2 

64 11/30 1339 34.02 -122.61 1016 10 7 11 2 

65 12/01 1336 34.25 -124.09 1014 10 7 11 2 

66 12/02 1335 32.03 -123.32 1010 10 7 11 2 

67 12/03 1335 30.66 -124.28 1018 9 6 10 2 

68 12/07 1327 31.28 -118.42 508 11 
11 

Table 4. Data recorded during the seabird strip transect survey. 

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 

 VARIABLE NAME COLUMNS IN DATA FILE

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Cruise Number 1 - 4 

 Greenwich Date (YYMMDD) 6 - 11 

 Local Date (YYMMDD) 13 - 18 

 Latitude (decimal degrees) 20 - 26 

 Longitude (decimal degrees) 28 - 35 

 Beaufort Sea State 37 

 Ship's Course 39 - 41 

 Observation Conditions 43 

 Side of Ship From Which Observations Made 45 

 Observer Code 47 - 48 

 Event Code 50 

 Greenwich Mean Time (HHMMSS) 52 - 57 

 Local Mean Time (HHMMSS) 59 - 64 

 Species Identification 66 - 69 

 Species Number 71 - 74 

 Distance from Ship 76 

 Association with Other Birds 78 

 Behavior 80 

 (Sitting, Ship-following, Feeding, Piracy, Directional/Non-directional flight) 

 Flight Direction 82 - 84 

 Age (adult, juvenile, unknown) 86 

 Sex (male, female, unknown) 88 

 Comments 90 

 GMT offset (+ hours) 92 - 93 

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 
12 

Common Name Latin Name Leg 1 Leg 2 Leg 3 Leg 4 L

Unidentified storm petrel Oceanodroma spp. 7 0 1 3 0 

Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus 1631 120 333 1210 1Leach’s Storm Petrel (white-rumped) Oceanodroma leucorhoa 574 451 518 332 1

Common Murre Uria aalge 425 251 354 180 1California Gull Larus californicus 432 211 518 117 1Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius 366 107 140 77 2Unidentified gull Larus spp. 73 219 158 46 7

Northern Fulmar (phase unidentified) Fulmarus glacialis 29 0 0 15 0 

Western Gull Larus occidentalis 73 5 856 44 1Terrestrial non-passerines 1 57 22 12 6Cassin’s Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus 5 11 182 52 4Pink-footed Shearwater Puffinus creatopus 107 56 196 4 2Unidentified phalarope Phalaropus spp. 400 1 0 0 0 

Northern Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus 178 194 8 0 0 

Black-footed Albatross Diomedea nigripes 68 66 65 75 3Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis 0 118 181 1 5 Northern Fulmar (dark phase) Fulmarus glacialis 35 20 10 121 7

Fork-tailed Storm Petrel Oceanodroma furcata 285 10 5 22 5 

Table 5. Identity and numbers of seabirds recorded during ORCAWALE 2001. Numbers include some birds rec

300 m and some off-effort sightings. 
Slender-billed/Sooty Shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris/griseus 3 1 0 207 1 

Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata 9 23 31 39 3Heermann’s Gull Larus heermanni 2 0 135 5 6 

New Zealand Shearwater Puffinus bulleri 46 26 41 11 1Shorebirds 9 16 102 21 1 Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus 56 33 13 5 4 Herring Gull Larus argentatus 8 0 2 20 3

Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens 3 4 2 10 4Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus 3 14 27 15 1

Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus 15 11 41 8 7 Pacific Loon Gavia pacifica 0 1 3 7 9 Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata 0 0 0 7 5Black-vented Shearwater Puffinus opisthomelas 0 0 65 0 1 Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea 28 16 22 1 0 

Xantus’s Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleuca 10 6 28 10 7 Passerines 3 0 47 2 1 Sabine’s Gull Larus sabini 7 24 14 4 0 Brandt’s Cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus 0 0 10 10 3 Northern Fulmar (intermediate phase) Fulmarus glacialis 7 1 1 11 1

Bonaparte’s Gull Larus philadelphia 0 0 0 11 5 Laysan Albatross Diomedea immutabilis 0 0 0 7 8 Xantus’s/Craveri’s Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleuca/craveri 1 6 12 0 5 

13 
South Polar Skua Catharacta maccormicki 6 9 10 3 1 

Slender-billed Shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris 0 1 0 14 7 Common Tern Sterna hirundo 3 0 19 0 0 Tufted Puffin Fratercula cirrhata 17 0 1 1 0 

Leach’s Storm Petrel (intermediate-rumped) Oceanodroma leucorhoa 12 2 1 2 0 

Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla 0 1 0 4 5 Black Storm Petrel Oceanodroma melania 14 0 1 2 0 Cook’s Petrel Pterodroma cookii 9 0 0 2 0 Northern Fulmar (light phase) Fulmarus glacialis 2 1 0 5 3 

Ashy Storm Petrel Oceanodroma homochroa 1 1 2 0 1 

Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda 0 0 2 1 0 Unidentified jaeger Stercorarius spp. 1 4 3 1 1 Leach’s Storm Petrel (unidentified rump color) Oceanodroma leucorhoa 7 2 0 0 0 

Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes 0 0 0 1 3 Arctic/Common Tern Sterna paradisaea/hirundo 0 8 0 0 0 Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus 0 0 0 8 0 Leach’s Storm Petrel (dark-rumped) Oceanodroma leucorhoa 4 0 0 2 0 

Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus 2 0 1 1 1 Least Storm Petrel Oceanodroma microsoma 2 0 1 0 0 Unidentified loon Gavia spp. 0 0 0 1 0 Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis 0 1 0 1 2 

14 
Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus 2 0 2 0 0 

Thayer’s Gull Larus thayeri 0 0 0 0 1 

Common Loon Gavia immer 0 2 0 1 0 Dark-rumped Petrel Pterodroma sandwichensis 1 1 0 0 1 Unidentified Cookillaria Petrel 0 0 1 1 0 Least Tern Sterna antillarum 1 0 2 0 0 Elegant Tern Sterna elegans 0 0 3 0 0 Raptors 1 2 0 0 0 Parasitic/Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus/longicauda 1 0 0 1 0 Mew Gull Larus canus 0 0 0 1 1 

Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus 0 0 0 2 0 Craveri’s Murrelet Synthliboramphus craveri 0 0 0 0 0 Unidentified alcid 0 0 0 0 0 Unidentified shearwater Puffinus spp. 0 0 1 0 0 Wilson’s Storm Petrel Oceanites oceanicus 0 0 0 0 0 Unidentified dark-rumped storm petrel Oceanodroma spp. 0 0 1 0 0 Pelagic Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus 0 1 0 0 0 Unidentified tern Sterna spp. 0 0 1 0 0 TOTAL 4985 2115 4195 2777 2

15 
16 

Figure 1. Cruise tracks, Jordan (—) and McArthur (─), 30 July - 8 December 2001.

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30

35

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45
17 

Figure 2. CTD stations, Jordan (○) and McArthur (x), 30 July - 8 December 2001.

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Jordan

McArthur
18 

Figure 3. XBT deployments, Jordan (○) and McArthur (x), 30 July - 8 December 2001.

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Figure 4. Sea surface temperature (°C) from CTD and XBT profiles (+), 30 July - 8 December 

2001.

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19 
Figure 5. Thermocline depth (m, depth of maximum temperature gradient over an interval of 

30 m) from CTD and XBT profiles (+), 30 July - 8 December 2001. 

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35

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20 
 Figure 6. Sea surface temperature (°C, left) and salinity (PSU, right) from thermosalinograph data, 30 July - 8 

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30354045

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30354045

21 
Figure 7. Surface chlorophyll concentration (mg m-3), from CTD casts and underway samples 

(+), 30 July - 8 December 2001.

urface chlorophyll concentration (mg m-3), from CTD casts and underway samples 

(+), 30 July - 8 December 2001.

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Figure 8. Primary productivity (mg C m-2 d-1) in the euphotic zone, from morning CTD casts (+), 

30 July - 8 December 2001.

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23 
Figure 9. Integrated volume backscattering coefficients (NASC) in m2

/nmi

2

, thought to be 

associated with fish, Jordan, 30 July – 10 November 2001.

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24 
Figure 10. Integrated volume backscattering coefficients (NASC) in m2

/nmi

2

, thought to be 

 associated with zooplankton, Jordan, 30 July - 10 November 2001. 

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35

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25 
APPENDIX A 

SEABIRD SURVEY INSTRUCTION MANUAL, ORCAWALE 2001

INTRODUCTION 

This manual provides complete instructions on data collection procedures in the field for the seabird 

abundance and distribution surveys conducted by the Ecology Program of Southwest Fisheries Science 

Center, NOAA, NMFS. If you have any questions after having read this manual, please contact Lisa T. 

Ballance, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037; 858-546-

7173 phone; 858-546-7003 fax; lisa.ballance@noaa.gov 

NOTES ON DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES

Equipment, Data Collection, General Procedures 

Data are collected from a station on the flying bridge. There will be a designated chair for the seabird 

observer to sit in and a makeshift table for the laptop computer, bird books, binoculars, etc. We will 

provide one copy of each of the two Harrison seabird guides: that with painted plates (1983), and that 

with photographic plates (1987), pencils, paper, and assorted notebooks. There will be binoculars 

available for general use on the flying bridge, but you should bring your own for use during seabird 

observations.

A large "Igloo" ice chest will be designated for seabird survey use and should be left on the flying bridge

permanently. Use it to store the identification books, pencils, notebooks, and personal items such as sun 

lotion, etc. during the day. It is water resistant but not waterproof. Because of this, make sure you bring 

water-sensitive equipment below with you every night. 

There will be 6 or more marine mammal observers on the ship with you, along with several other 

scientists, depending upon the particular project needs: oceanographers, photo-identification specialists, 

etc. Of these, the mammal observers will work on the flying bridge as well. 

Seabird data are recorded in two forms. 1) The data from the regular survey will be recorded on a small 

laptop computer on the flying bridge. 2) Any detailed comments you have pertaining to this regular 

survey will be hand written into a green record book. 

Generally we collect data from just after sunrise to just before sundown. We have found that the best way

to work is to rotate the responsibility for data collection so that you collect data for 2 hours and then have 

a 2 hour break while the second bird observer collects data; it is difficult to maintain concentration for 

more than 2 hours at a time. The mammal observers will generally follow this same schedule. 

There will be occasions when you will be unable to observe because of bad weather. Generally, when the 

mammal observers are unable to work (above Beaufort 5), you should also consider taking some time off. 

 However, because we observe an area of 300 meters alongside the ship as opposed to several km for the 

26 
mammal observers, it will be possible to collect good bird data under conditions which preclude mammal 

observations. We have found that bird observations are possible in seas up to (and, sometimes, including) 

Beaufort 6, in fog, and in light rain. Of course, the final call is up to you. The bottom line is that we 

would rather have no data than unreliable data. 

Strip Transect Methods 

We will be using a standardized survey method known as the 300 meter strip transect technique. The 

method requires recording all objects of interest (birds, in this case) that are found within a certain strip 

width as one proceeds along a pre-determined track. Once this is complete, a density of birds within the 

sampled area can be calculated, and this density can be applied to that area of ocean that was not sampled. 

For our survey, the strip width is 300 m, which means that you should monitor that area of ocean on one 

side of the ship (that side with the best viewing conditions), that stretches from the bow to the beam, and 

out to 300 m. You record all birds that you see within this area. 

There is one crucial assumption in strip transect methods. The assumption is that you can detect ALL

birds within your sampling zone (within 300 meters of the ship in a 90 degree arc, from the bow to the 

beam, on one side of the ship) at any particular time. It is VERY IMPORTANT that this assumption be 

met. Accordingly, you must focus your attention on this piece of ocean so that you will be able to detect 

all birds which should come into this area. We generally try to use one side preferentially over another 

but should glare or wind become a problem, you should not hesitate to switch your effort to the other side 

of the ship until viewing conditions improve. 

The data from each day will be recorded in the form of "transects". A transect is a period of effort during 

which all observation conditions are constant. Each time the conditions change, you should end the 

previous transect and begin a new one. Therefore, there will be many transects each day. You should end 

the current transect and begin a new one each time one of the following events occurs: 

--a shift in seabird observers (this will occur every 2 hours or so) 

--a change in the course of the ship with the exception of minor course corrections of less than 10 

 degrees (at the beginning of the survey, you should make sure the officer on watch will inform 

 you each time this occurs; the mammal observers will need to have this information as well). 

--a change in any one of the sighting conditions: sea state, side of ship on which you are viewing, 

"observation conditions" (see below) 

You will only record data using the strip transect method when the ship is "on effort", that is when it is 

following the pre-determined track which was plotted back in San Diego. During this time the mammal 

observers will be in their normal search mode. When one of the mammal observers makes a sighting, the 

ship will either continue on the pre-plotted course for an additional period of time, or the ship will divert 

to investigate the sighting. You should end your transect when the ship diverts from it's course for this 

purpose. It will require a period of time ranging from a few minutes to an hour or more for the ship to 

approach the mammal school close enough for the observers to verify species identity, make school size 

estimates, and conduct any other data collection procedures (collection of biopsy samples or photos, for 

example). Once finished with the sighting, the ship will return to the pre-plotted cruise track and you 

should begin a new transect. The mammal observers will return to their normal search mode at this time 

also. (NOTE: if there were birds aggregated above the mammal school, you should wait to begin the next

transect until the ship is out of this aggregation. A few minutes are generally sufficient.) 

27 
Range Finders 

Estimating how much of the ocean in front of you is within 300 meters of the ship is one of the most 

difficult parts of the 300 meter strip transect method, YET ONE OF THE MOST CRUCIAL. We solve 

this problem with a "range finder," which you will make before the first sailing day. (See Heinemann 

1981 for details.) Brief instructions summarizing range finders follow. 

Our range finder is a pencil with marks along the length which correspond to distances of 100, 200 and 

300 m from the ship. To use the range finder, stand with arm completely extended horizontally, and hold 

the pencil in your hand so that it is oriented vertically. Close one eye and line up the top of the pencil so 

that it is even with the horizon. In this position, you can use the marks on the pencil to indicate the 

location of various distances from the ship. 

How do you know where to place the marks on the pencil so that they correspond to 100, 200 and 300 m

away? You calculate where to place them by using equations based on your height above the water 

surface, the distance to the horizon at this height, and the distance from your eye to the upper end of the 

pencil. The equations are given in Heinemann (1981). For an observer between the heights of 5'6" and 

5'11" standing aboard the NOAA research vessels David Starr Jordan or McArthur, the relevant values 

are: 

Height of Observer Standing on Flying Bridge 34 ft = 10.36 m

Distance to Horizon at Flying Bridge Height 5.6 n m = 10,371.2 m

Distance Between Observer's Eye to Pencil Top 0.63 m

Distance from Pencil Top to Mark Corresponding To: 300 m = 2.11 cm

 200 m = 3.20 cm

 100 m = 6.46 cm

Because the distance to the horizon and the height of the flying bridge are both so much greater than any

differences between height of observers, or distance from the eye to the end of the pencil, we have found 

that a single range finder can be used by all persons between the heights of 5'6" and 5'11". If your height 

is very much different from this, you should recalculate values for distance between the pencil top to 

marks corresponding to 300, 200 and 100 m from the ship to check how different they are from the values 

given above. 

Practice with this range finder at the beginning of the cruise and periodically throughout to verify your

distance estimates. You should always have the range finder with you (and you should make a spare in 

case you lose the first). 

Some Miscellaneous Comments About Procedures 

While you are collecting bird data you will occasionally see an individual or group of marine mammals 

that are not detected by the mammal observers. Before the cruise begins, you should check with the 

cruise leader to see how these undetected sightings should be handled. 

Most likely, you will occasionally find a wayward terrestrial bird that has been blown onto the ship, and 

died. These specimens should be placed into a plastic bag with a label noting the date and position, and 

frozen. If you are in international waters, or those of a country other than the United States, check with 

the Cruise Leader to see that they can be legally brought into the country. 

28 
Should you have any personal problems, problems with the other scientists, or with any of the crew, take 

them to the cruise leader. One of the main responsibilities of the cruise leader is to be available should 

such situations arise and to act as a liaison between yourself and other persons on the ship, or on shore. 

All of the data collected on the ship are the official property of Southwest Fisheries Science Center. 

Should you wish to access any part of them for analysis or use of any kind, you will need to discuss your 

intentions with Lisa Ballance. 

TYPES OF DATA AND DATA CODES

We will be collecting two types of data which we refer to as "effort data" and "sighting data". The effort 

data contain information on the conditions prevailing when the data are recorded: how windy is it?; which 

side of the ship are you recording data from?; etc. The sighting data contain information on the seabirds 

themselves: which species and how many individuals do you see?; what are the birds doing?; etc. 

EFFORT DATA

CRUISE NUMBER : ("CRUISE #") 

This is a 4-digit number which identifies this vessel and particular cruise. The number is the same for 

seabird, mammal, and oceanographic portions of the project. It will be assigned at the beginning of the 

survey and will remain the same throughout the entire cruise. 

For the 2001 survey, the cruise number for the David Starr Jordan is 1617; for the McArthur 1619. 

DATE : (“GM DATE" AND “LM DATE”) 

We record the date as a 6-digit number: the last two digits of the year, followed by two digits 

representing the month, followed by two digits representing the day. For example, March 28, 1997 would 

be entered as 970328. 

The data file will contain two separate dates, one corresponding to local and the other to Greenwich date. 

 Both will automatically be entered by the computer using its internal calendar and a link to the ship’s 

Global Position System (GPS). 

POSITION : (“LATITUDE” and “LONGITUDE”) 

Latitude and longitude will automatically be entered by the computer using a link to the ship’s GPS. The 

units are decimal degrees and are recorded to the nearest 1000th of a degree. Southern latitudes and 

western longitudes will be recorded as negative numbers. 

SEA STATE : ("BEAUFORT") 

29 
This is a 1-digit number by which you will estimate the wind velocity based on the visual appearance of 

the sea. We use the Beaufort scale for this. The mammal observers record this during their survey as 

well. For the first few weeks of the cruise, or until you become familiar with the Beaufort scale, use their 

estimate to verify yours. 

SHIP'S COURSE : ("SHIP COURSE") 

The ship’s course will be calculated by the ship’s GPS and automatically recorded onto the computer. 

This course will represent the course made good, not the ship’s heading, although the difference between 

these two should be relatively minor. The course will be updated automatically and frequently. 

Therefore, there could be several minor course changes while on a single transect. For any major course 

change (> 10 degrees), end the current transect and begin a new one. 

OBSERVATION CONDITIONS : ("OBSERVER CONDITION") 

This is a 1-digit number which combines all environmental conditions (glare, wind velocity and direction,

relative measure of whitecaps, etc.) into a single value. This value is used as an overall assessment of the 

visibility conditions during which data were collected. 

Unavoidably, the assignment of an observation condition will be somewhat subjective but you should try 

to be consistent, at least within your own observations from day to day. Rather than use a set of 

conditions themselves to define each value, we have developed a scale that is based upon species and 

distance from the ship. Use the following as a guideline: 

1 - Conditions extremely bad 

--Storm-Petrels and Phalaropes cannot reliably be detected to 100 m 

--All individuals of all other species cannot reliably be detected to 200 m

2 - Conditions poor 

--All Storm-Petrels and Phalaropes visible to 100 m

--All individuals of all other species visible to 200 m

3 - Conditions fair 

--All Storm-Petrels and Phalaropes visible to 200 m

--All individuals of all other species visible to 300 m

4 - Conditions good 

--All individuals of all species visible out to 300 m

5 - Conditions excellent 

--All individuals of all species visible out to 300 m + 

Remember that the first, and most important, assumption of strip transect methodology is that you are 

recording ALL of the seabirds that are in your survey strip. Although we use a 300 m wide strip as a 

default value, the Observation Condition code essentially allows us to vary the strip widths for different 

bird taxa as the visibility conditions vary. So, for example, if your data were recorded with an 

30 
Observation Condition of "3", we would use a strip width of 200 m to calculate density for storm-petrels 

and phalaropes, and a strip width of 300 m for all other taxa. 

Accordingly, your choice of Observation Conditions for each transect is an extremely important one. The 

best rule of thumb to use when assigning an observation condition to a transect is to ask yourself "How 

far away from the ship am I able to detect ALL of the storm-petrels?" 

Another important note regarding Observation Condition concerns the distance at which you record birds 

(see below). When using codes 4 and 5, you will want to record all species out to 300 m. However, when 

using code 3, you will not want to enter Storm-Petrels and Phalaropes until they come within 200 m of 

the ship, even if you detect them farther out than this. This is because we will be using a strip width of 

200 m to calculate densities for these species and those entered at a distance of 300 m will not be used in 

our calculations. Similar procedures should be used for Observation Conditions 2 and 1. It is extremely 

important for our analyses that this procedure be followed. Please keep this in mind when you are on 

effort. 

OBSERVATION SIDE : ("OBSERVATION SIDE")

This is a 1-digit number which indicates the side of the ship used for surveying. A "1" indicates that you 

surveyed the area on the port side of the ship. A "2" indicates the survey took place on the starboard side 

of the ship. 

OBSERVER #1 CODE : ("OBSERVER CODE #1") 

This is a 2-digit number which identifies the individual currently on effort and recording data on the 

computer. Use the following codes: 

 01 – Bob Pitman 

 17 – Lisa Ballance 

 21 – Mike Force 

 31 – Cornelia Oedekoven 

 99 – Other 

You should not need to use this last code. But should it become necessary, for any reason, to use an 

alternate observer, record "99" as the observer code and be sure to record the identity of this observer in 

the green record book.

SIGHTING DATA 

EVENT CODE : ("EVENT CODE") 

An event code is used to indicate the reason for entering the current line of data. There are 6 codes: 

0 - Automatic Time/Position Update 

This code will automatically be entered by the computer approximately every 10 minutes and a 

time and position stamp will follow. 

31 
1 - Begin Transect 

Use this code to indicate the beginning of an on-effort transect. As already noted, you will need 

to begin a new transect when any of the environmental conditions change, when you change 

observers, or when the ship makes a major course change for any reason. The data entry program

will not allow you to record sightings or change effort data until you enter this “Begin Effort” 

line. 

2 - On Effort Sighting 

Use this code to indicate a sighting of any type during the transect. A sighting will include birds, 

bird flocks, mammals, fish, turtles and flotsam.

3 - End Transect 

Use this code to indicate the end of a transect. The most common reasons for ending the effort 

period will be a major course change for any reason, a change of observers, a change in 

environmental conditions, deviation from the track to pursue a marine mammal school, or the end 

of the day. The data entry program will not allow you to resume effort, or exit the program, until 

the current transect has been ended. 

4 - Cumulative Total 

You may encounter a situation when the bird abundance is so high that it becomes impossible to 

count and enter individual birds at the time you sight them. In these situations, it will be 

necessary to count birds in blocks (as groups of 10's for example) and enter these numbers 

periodically, at regular intervals (every 5 minutes for example). 

Should such a situation arise, you will be recording data only on species identification and species 

number for each time period. The distance code you record should always be a 3 (you should not 

count any birds if they are farther than 300 meters from the ship); the behavior code will always

be a 6 (this is the code for "other", and you should note in the green record book that for this 

situation you are using this code to indicate that no data on behavior were recorded); the 

association, age, and sex codes will all be the codes for "unknown" (3, 1, and 1, respectively); and 

the flight direction code will be 1 to indicate that no flight direction data were recorded. 

Because our project will generally be designed to survey birds in pelagic areas (i.e. where bird 

densities are relatively low) you should rarely need to use this code. 

5 - Off-Effort Sighting 

As is the case for an on-effort sighting, you should use this code to indicate a sighting of birds,

bird flocks, mammals, fish, turtles and flotsam. The difference is that an event code of "5" 

signifies that you were not on regular transect effort when the sighting was made. In general, we 

do not have much use for off effort sightings. There are only a few situations in which you will 

need to record them: 

a) when you see a "rare" bird (in other words, one not yet recorded during that day's 

effort) 

b) when you see a pinniped or turtle 

c) when you see any other animal or object that is unusual 

In general, an off effort sighting allows us to record data for "significant" events, even though we 

32 
are not on effort. All off effort sightings, by definition, will occur between the end of one 

transect and the beginning of another one. 

Note that if you are on effort and wish to record birds, or any other unusual events that occur 

outside the 300 m strip transect, the proper event code is a 2, not a 5, and the distance code is a 

4 (see below). 

TIME : (“GM TIME" and “LM TIME”) 

Time corresponds to the time at which the event, recorded in the previous field, occurred. The time will 

be recorded as a 6-digit number: 2 digits representing the hour, 2 digits representing the minute, and two 

digits representing the seconds. 

Time will be automatically entered by the program using the computer clock. This clock will read 

according to local time, although each line in the data file will contain both LMT (Local Mean Time) and 

GMT (Greenwich Mean Time). All times will be based on the 24-hour system (i.e. 3:00 p.m. = 15:00). 

Time will be automatically synchronized to the ship’s GPS time stamp every time you start the data entry

program. Upon starting, the program will prompt you for the local hour. When you enter this, the 

program will automatically synchronize this hour with the minutes and seconds read from the ship’s GPS 

unit to re-set the computer’s internal clock. The program will also automatically calculate the GMT 

offset. This automatic synchronization process will also be performed with mammal and oceanographic 

data; in this way, all data sets will correspond to the same time, and it will no longer be necessary to 

periodically check each computer clock for synchronization. 

IMPORTANT - Please make sure the daylight savings time option in the computer’s control panel is 

NOT checked. 

SPECIES CODE : ("SPECIES CODE")

This is a 4-letter code which represents the identity of the species you are recording. The list in Appendix 

2 gives the codes for all of the birds you will see, as well as codes for mammals, turtles and fish, which 

you should also record. 

You will memorize these codes over time. As a general rule of thumb, the first two letters of the code 

represent the common name of the taxon at the family level (i.e. "BO" for boobies, "GU" for gulls), while 

the second two letters represent the specific identity (i.e. "BOBR" for Brown Booby, "GUWE" for 

Western Gull). However, note that there are many exceptions to this, so have the species code sheet 

easily accessible until you have learned all of the codes. 

There will be occasions when you will see more than one species simultaneously. In this case you will 

need to record the code for the first species along with the remaining sighting data on one line. Then, 

using the same time as was recorded for this line of data (see below), record the code for the second 

species, along with the remaining sighting data, on the next line. 

SPECIES NUMBER : ("SPECIES NUMBER") 

This number represents the number of individuals for the species you are recording and should be entered 

for all sightings. There will be certain cases when you will not know the number of individuals, or be 

able to estimate that number. These cases are detailed elsewhere in this manual – in these instances, you 

33 
should enter a “9999" in this field, which will indicate that the species was present, but no number 

information is available. 

DISTANCE : ("DISTANCE") 

This single digit number represents the distance from the ship to the bird when you first sight it (or when 

it first enters your survey strip). Use the following codes: 

1 -- 0 - 100 m from the ship 

2 -- 100 - 200 m " " " 

3 -- 200 - 300 m " " " 

4 -- outside of this area 

Note that a code of "4" applies to a bird closer than 300 m to the ship, when it is on the opposite side from

your survey side. 

It is important that you NOT count birds that are flushed into your survey area by the ship. As closely as 

possible, we want to sample the area of ocean, as though we were not present. Thus, if the ship flushes a 

bird so that it moves into the survey area (distance codes 1, 2, or 3), you should not count it, as, 

presumably, it would not have been there had the ship not flushed it into the area. When in doubt, follow 

the general rule: act as though the ship were not there. 

Distance code 4 is included primarily so you can record rare birds, even when they do not enter our 300 m 

strip. At times, this rare bird information will come from the few mammal observers who are experienced 

birders and who detect these species with the high-powered binoculars. Although it may be tempting, be 

careful not to spend too much time scanning for birds in zone 4 – because you may miss birds in the 300 

m strip. (Remember, these are “On Effort” sightings if YOU are currently on effort.) 

ASSOCIATION : ("ASSOCIATION")

This single digit number represents the kind of association (if any) between individuals sighted at the 

same time. Use the following codes: 

1 -- Individual(s) not associated with others at the time the sighting is recorded. This code will be 

used for a solitary bird. 

2 -- Individual(s) associated with other individuals at this same time. This code will be used for 

birds flying together, sitting in a group on the water, or any other aggregation in which the 

species involved are "associating" (individuals responding to the same stimulus or to each 

other). 

3 -- Association unknown 

BEHAVIOR : ("BEHAVIOR") 

This single digit number represents the behavior of the individual(s) at the time of the sighting. Use the 

following codes: 

34 
1 -- Sitting 

3 -- Following the ship (see below) 

4 -- Feeding 

5 -- Piracy

6 -- Other 

( to explain the meaning of this code each time you use it by writing the 

explanation in the green record book) 

Be sure

7 -- Unknown 

8 -- Directional flight (over 1 km or more) 

9 -- Non-directional flight

It may happen that you will see several birds at the same time engaged in more than one type of behavior. 

 In this case you should record the code for the species, the number of individuals engaged in the first 

category of behavior, and the code for this behavior on one line. Then, using the same time as the 

previous sighting, record the species code, the number of individuals engaged in the second category of

behavior, and the code for this behavior on the next line. 

Ship Following 

Ship following is a special type of behavior that is important to note. Birds of certain taxa almost always

divert their course to approach and follow a ship every time they see one. Such birds are called "ship 

followers." These are usually, but not always, scavenging species. Classic ship following groups are 

albatrosses, some petrels and shearwaters, boobies (especially juvenile Red-footed and Brown), and 

tropicbirds. It is important to note ship following because these birds must be treated differently in 

density calculations. Because a ship follower will come over to the boat, you will record an artificially

high number of these types of birds in the 300 m strip. If we were to use this number in density 

calculations, the density value would be inflated. Typically, some sort of correction factor is applied to 

ship followers to account for this artificially high number. 

A ship follower is fairly easy to identify, as it will usually circle at least several times before it leaves. 

Some birds will stay with the ship for several hours, some all day long. It is important to count these 

individuals only ONCE -- and this is not always easy. Noticing some individual plumage mark or pattern 

is one way in which you can learn to recognize a particular bird so that it is not counted twice. (Our 

protocol is to start with a clean slate every morning, even though this means that if a bird stays with the 

ship all night, it will have been counted once yesterday, and once today.) 

Flight Behavior 

We record flight behavior, among other reasons, in order to be able to calculate abundance. For this 

purpose, it is important to distinguish between directional and non- directional flight. It is usually easy to 

make this distinction. A few notes will help: 

1) A behavior code indicating directional flight means that the bird was flying in one direction for a 

distance of 1 km or more. 

2) Many shearwaters and petrels use the wind as an energy source while in flight. Their flight behavior 

consists of a series of banking movements up and down, left and right of their overall flight direction. 

Even though they progress in a zigzag direction, this is considered directional flight because their “course 

made good” is in a single direction. 

35 
FLIGHT DIRECTION : ("FLIGHT DIRECTION")

This is a 3-digit number which represents the flight direction of the bird relative to the ship's heading. 

Record the direction in which the bird is flying in degrees. So, for example, if the bird is flying in the 

same direction as the ship is traveling, flight direction is 000 (or just 0). If the bird is flying perpendicular 

to the ship, flight direction is 90 if the bird is flying to the right, 270 if to the left . And if the bird is 

flying in the opposite direction as the ship's course, flight direction is 180. 

We use angle boards to quantify direction. An angle board is a circular surface (made from a board) that 

is clamped onto the rail in front of you. It is marked with 360 degree ticks around the outside. A 

movable pointer is attached to the center. When you see a bird in directional flight, keep your eye on it 

and simply move the pointer in the direction in which that bird is flying. When you begin to enter data 

for that bird, simply look at the direction of the pointer; this is the 3-digit number you should enter for 

flight direction. 

You will only need to record flight information if the Behavior code is “8,” that is, if the bird is in 

directional flight. Otherwise, the computer will automatically enter “999" which is the code indicating 

that flight direction information is not applicable to this sighting. 

AGE : ("AGE") 

This single digit number represents the estimated age class of the sighted individual. Use the following 

codes: 

1 -- age unknown 

 2 -- juvenile 

 3 -- adult 

Should you see birds at the same time which comprise 2 or 3 of these age categories, enter the data for 

each age class on a separate line and record the same time (that of the initial sighting) for each line. 

SEX : ("SEX") 

This single digit number represents the sex of the sighted individual. Use the following codes: 

1 -- sex unknown 

 2 -- female 

 3 -- male

Should you see birds at the same time which comprise 2 or 3 of these sex categories, enter the data for 

each sex on a separate line and record the same time (that of the initial sighting) for each line. 

COMMENTS : ("COMMENTS") 

This is a 1 digit number which indicates whether further comments on the sighting have been recorded. 

Use the following codes: 

1 -- No Comment 

36 
You should enter this value when you have no comment regarding the current line of data. 

2 -- Comment

Use this code any time you observe an event which you feel deserves some written 

comments. For example, if you see a bird which is not expected to be in the general area 

we are surveying, you might want to record details specifying how you arrived at your 

species identification. If you see a bird involved in an unusual behavior, you may want to 

record details of this behavior. The computer will not allow entry of text into the data 

base file, so, if you have a comment, you should write it in the green record book along 

with the date and time corresponding to the line of data displayed by the computer. 

GENERAL COMMENTS

It is extremely important that you do not change existing codes or initiate any new ones. The codes on 

the previous pages should be adequate to record all events. Should a novel situation arise that you believe

requires a change in a code or procedure, be sure to contact us. 

SPECIAL TYPES OF DATA

Rare Birds 

Not infrequently, the mammal observers (which use 25 power binoculars) will see one or more species 

which do not fly into the 300 m survey strip. In these cases, we want to have them in the database to 

show that they were present in the area for a particular day. The best way to accomplish this is to ask the 

mammal observers (only the accomplished birders) to let you know when they see a bird not yet recorded. 

 When this happens, you should enter a line of data that records that species at a particular time in zone 4 

(outside of the survey strip). Although it is tempting, be careful not to spend so much time scanning for 

rare birds outside the 300 m strip that you will run the risk of missing those within the strip. Remember 

that these are “On Effort” sightings, if YOU are on effort, and “Off Effort” sightings if you are off 

effort. 

Pinniped Data 

On this survey, the seabird observers will conduct a dedicated pinniped survey, simultaneous with the 

seabird survey. We use the same 300 meter strip transect methods, and record all pinnipeds which come

into the zone in the same way that seabirds are recorded. 

Five behavior codes are specific to pinnipeds and should be used as follows: 

A = FINNING (restricted to Otariids) 

B = JUG-HANDLING (specific type of finning restricted to fur seals) 

C = BOBBING (vertically; will primarily be used for Phocids, but valid for Otariids too ) 

D = SLOW SWIMMING 

E = PORPOISING 

37 
Some seabird behavior codes are also applicable here (codes 3, 4, 6 and 7). 

REFERENCES

Harrison, P. 1983. Seabirds. An identification guide. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

Harrison, P. 1987. A field guide to seabirds of the world. The Stephen Greene Press, 

Lexington, Massachusetts. 

Heinemann, D. 1981. A range finder for pelagic bird censusing. Journal of Wildlife Management 

45(2): 489-493. 

38 
APPENDIX B: Four-letter species codes used for the seabird survey. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 

------SPECIES CODES------ COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

 (NUMERIC) (ALPHA) 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 

 1100 PNSP UNID. PENGUIN 

 1101 PNEM EMPEROR PENGUIN APTENODYTES FORSTERI 

1102 PNKI KING PENGUIN APTENODYTES 

 PATAGONICUS

 1110 PNAD ADELIE PENGUIN PYGOSCELIS ADELIAE

1111 PNCS CHINSTRAP PENGUIN PYGOSCELIS ANTARCTICA 

 1112 PNGE GENTOO PENGUIN PYGOSCELIS PAPUA 

1120 PNMC MACARONI PENGUIN EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHUS 

 1121 PNRH ROCKHOPPER PENGUIN EUDYPTES CHRYSOCOME

 1122 PNFC FJORDLAND CRESTED PENGUIN EUDYPTES PACHYRHYNCHUS

 1123 PNSC SNARES ISLAND PENGUIN EUDYPTES ROBUSTUS 

 1124 PNRO ROYAL PENGUIN EUDYPTES SCHLEGELI 

 1125 PNEC ERECT-CRESTED PENGUIN EUDYPTES SCLATERI

 1130 PNYE YELLOW-EYED PENGUIN MEGADYPTES ANTIPODES 

 1140 PNWF WHITE-FLIPPERED PENGUIN EUDYPTULA ALBOSIGNATA 

 1141 PNLB LITTLE BLUE PENGUIN EUDYPTULA MINOR 

1150 PNJA CAPE PENGUIN SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS

1151 PNHU HUMBOLDT PENGUIN SPHENISCUS HUMBOLDTI 

 1152 PNMG MAGELLANIC PENGUIN SPHENISCUS MAGELLANICUS 

 1153 PNGA GALAPAGOS PENGUIN SPHENISCUS MENDICULUS 

2000 LOON UNID. LOON GAVIA SP. 

 2001 LORT RED-THROATED LOON GAVIA STELLATA 

2002 LOAR ARCTIC LOON GAVIA ARCTICA 

 2003 LOCO COMMON LOON GAVIA IMMER 

 2004 LOYB YELLOW-BILLED LOON GAVIA ADAMSII 

 2005 LOPA PACIFIC LOON GAVIA PACIFICA

3000 GREB UNID. GREBE PODICIPEDIFORM SP. 

 4100 ALSP UNID. ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA SP. 

 4101 ALST SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA ALBATRUS

 4102 ALBU BULLER'S ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA BULLERI

 4103 ALSH SHY ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA CAUTA SSP?

 4104 ALYN YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA 

 CHLORORHYNCHOS 

 4105 ALGH GRAY-HEADED ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA CHRYSOSTOMA 

 4106 ALRO ROYAL ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA EPOMOPHORA 

 4107 ALWN WANDERING ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA EXULANS 

 4108 ALLA LAYSAN ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA IMMUTABILIS 

 4109 ALWA WAVED ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA IRRORATA 

 4110 ALBB BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA MELANOPHRIS 

 4111 ALBF BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA NIGRIPES 

 4112 ALAM AMSTERDAM ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA 

 AMSTERDAMENSIS

 4113 ALWC WHITE-CAPPED ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA CAUTA CAUTA 

 4114 ALSA SALVIN'S ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA CAUTA SALVINI 

39 
 4115 ALCI CHATHAM ISLAND ALBATROSS DIOMEDEA CAUTA EREMITA 

 4120 ALSO SOOTY ALBATROSS PHOEBETRIA FUSCA 

 4121 ALLS LIGHT-MANTLED ALBATROSS PHOEBETRIA PALPEBRATA 

 4201 PEGI UNID. GIANT PETREL MACRONECTES SP. 

 4202 PENG NORTHERN GIANT PETREL MACRONECTES HALLI 

 4203 PESG SOUTHERN GIANT PETREL MACRONECTES GIGANTEUS 

 PESL SOUTHERN GIANT PETREL (LIGHT PHASE)

 PESD SOUGHERN GIANT PETREL (DARK PHASE)

4204 FUNO NORTHERN FULMAR FULMARUS GLACIALIS 

 FUND NORTHERN FULMAR DARK MORPH 

 FUNI NORTHERN FULMAR INTERMEDIATE MORPH 

 FUNL NORTHERN FULMAR LIGHT MORPH 

 4205 FUSO SOUTHERN FULMAR FULMARUS GLACIALOIDES 

 4206 CAPE CAPE (PINTADO) PETREL DAPTION CAPENSE 

4208 PEBL BLUE PETREL HALOBAENA CAERULEA 

 4210 PRSP UNID. PRION PACHYPTILA SP. 

 4211 PRSB SLENDER-BILLED PRION PACHYPTILA BELCHERI

 4212 PRFU FULMAR PRION PACHYPTILA CRASSIROSTRIS 

4213 PRDO DOVE PRION PACHYPTILA DESOLATA 

 4214 PRSA SALVIN'S PRION PACHYPTILA SALVINI 

4215 PRFA FAIRY PRION PACHYPTILA TURTUR 

4216 PRBB BROAD-BILLED PRION PACHYPTILA VITTATA 

 4221 PEAN ANTARCTIC PETREL THALASSOICA ANTARCTICA

4223 PEDI GRAY PETREL PROCELLARIA CINEREA 

 4224 SHOE WHITE-CHINNED PETREL PROCELLARIA 

 AEQUINOCTIALIS 

 (SHOEMAKER)

 4225 PEPA PARKINSON'S PETREL PROCELLARIA PARKINSONI 

4226 PEWE WESTLAND PETREL PROCELLARIA WESTLANDICA 

 4227 PEPS PARKINSON'S PETREL/SHOEMAKER 

 4228 PROC UNID. BLACK PROCELLARIA PROCELLARIA SP. 

 4230 SHSP UNID. SHEARWATER PUFFINUS SP. 

 4231 SHLI LITTLE SHEARWATER PUFFINUS ASSIMILIS 

 4232 SHTO TOWNSEND'S SHEARWATER PUFFINUS AURICULARIS 

 4233 SHNZ BULLER’S SHEARWATER PUFFINUS BULLERI 

 (NEW ZEALAND SHEARWATER) 

 4234 SHFF FLESH-FOOTED SHEARWATER PUFFINUS CARNEIPES 

 4235 SHPF PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER PUFFINUS CREATOPUS 

 4236 SHCO CORY'S SHEARWATER CALONECTRIS DIOMEDEA 

 4237 SHFL FLUTTERING SHEARWATER PUFFINUS GAVIA 

 4238 SHGR GREATER SHEARWATER PUFFINUS GRAVIS 

 4239 SHSO SOOTY SHEARWATER PUFFINUS GRISEUS 

 4240 SHHE HEINROTH'S SHEARWATER PUFFINUS HEINROTHI 

 4241 SHHU HUTTON'S SHEARWATER PUFFINUS HUTTONI 

 4242 SHBL BALEARIC/LEVANTINE SHWTR. P. 

 MAURETANICUS/YELKOUAN 

 4243 SHST STREAKED SHEARWATER CALONECTRIS LEUCOMELAS

 4244 SHAU AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER PUFFINUS LHERMINIERI 

 4245 SHCH CHRISTMAS ISLAND SHWTR. PUFFINUS NATIVITATUS 

 4246 SHBV BLACK-VENTED SHWTR. PUFFINUS OPISTHOMELAS 

 4247 SHWT WEDGE-TAILED SHWTR. PUFFINUS PACIFICUS 

 4248 SHNE NEWELL'S SHEARWATER PUFFINUS NEWELLI 

 SHTN TOWNSEND’S/NEWELL’S SHEARWATER 

4249 SHMA MANX SHEARWATER PUFFINUS PUFFINUS

 4250 SHSB SLENDER-BILLED SHWTR. PUFFINUS TENUIROSTRIS 

40 
 4251 SHWD DARK MORPH W-T SHWTR. PUFFINUS PACIFICUS 

 4252 SHWW LIGHT MORPH W-T SHWTR. PUFFINUS PACIFICUS 

 SHWI INT. MORPH W-T SHWTR.

 4254 SHMT "MANX-TYPE" SHEARWATER PUFFINUS SP. 

 4255 SHSS SOOTY/SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER

 SHPE PERSIAN SHEARWATER PUFFINUS PERSECUS

 4256 PESM SOLANDER'S/MURPHY'S PETREL 

 4257 PESC STEJNEGERS/COOK'S PETREL 

 4258 PESW STEJNEGER'S/WHITE-WINGED PETREL 

 4259 PEKH KERMADEC/HERALD PETREL 

 4260 PTSP UNID. PTERODROMA PTERODROMA SP. 

4261 PEPH PHOENIX PETREL PTERODROMA ALBA 

4262 PETR TRINIDADE PETREL PTERODROMA 

 ARMINJONIANA

 4263 PEMS MASCARENE BLACK PETREL PTERODROMA ATERRIMA 

 4264 PECI CHATHAM ISLAND PETREL PTERODROMA AXILLARIS 

4265 PEBK BECK'S PETREL PTERODROMA BECKI 

 4266 PECL COLLARED PETREL PTERODROMA BREVIPES 

 4267 PEKR KERGUELEN PETREL PTERODROMA BREVIROSTRIS 

4268 PECA BERMUDA PETREL PTERODROMA CAHOW

 4269 PEWN WHITE-NECKED PETREL P. EXTERNA CERVICALIS 

 4270 PECO COOK'S PETREL PTERODROMA COOKII 

 4271 PEJF JUAN FERNANDEZ PETREL PTERODROMA EXTERNA 

 4272 PEBC BLACK-CAPPED PETREL PTERODROMA HASITATA 

 4273 PEHE HERALD PETREL PTERODROMA HERALDICA 

 PEHN HENDERSON PETREL PTERODROMA ATRATA

4274 PEBO BONIN PETREL PTERODROMA HYPOLEUCA 

 4275 PEAT ATLANTIC PETREL PTERODROMA INCERTA 

 4276 PEMO MOTTLED PETREL PTERODROMA INEXPECTATA 

 4277 PEWH WHITE-HEADED PETREL PTERODROMA LESSONII 

 4278 PEWW WHITE-WINGED PETREL PTERODROMA LEUCOPTERA 

 PECW COLLARED/WHITE-WINGED PETREL 

 4279 PEST STEJNEGER'S PETREL PTERODROMA LONGIROSTRIS 

 4280 PEGW GREAT-WINGED PETREL PTERODROMA MACROPTERA 

 4281 PEBA BARAU'S PETREL PTERODROMA BARAUI 

 4282 PESP SOFT-PLUMAGED PETREL PTERODROMA MOLLIS 

 4283 PEBW BLACK-WINGED PETREL PTERODROMA NIGRIPENNIS 

 4285 PEDR DARK-RUMPED PETREL PTERODROMA 

 PHAEOPYGIA/SANWICHENSIS

4286 PEKE KERMADEC PETREL PTERODROMA NEGLECTA 

 PEKI KERMADEC PETREL, INTERMEDIATE PHASE 

 PEKD KERMADEC PETREL, DARK PHASE 

 4287 PEPY PYCROFT'S PETREL PTERODROMA PYCROFTI 

 PECP COOK’S/PYCROFT’S PETREL 

4288 PETA TAHITI PETREL PSEUDOBULWERIA 

 ROSTRATA

 4289 PESO SOLANDER'S PETREL PTERODROMA SOLANDRI 

 4290 PEMU MURPHY'S PETREL PTERODROMA ULTIMA

 4292 PEJW JUAN FERNANDEZ/WHITE-NECKED PETREL 

 4293 COOK UNID. COOKILARIA PTERODROMA SP. 

 4294 PETP TAHITI/PHOENIX PETREL PTERODROMA 

 ROSTRATA/ALBA

 JFWT JUAN FERNANDEZ PETREL/W-T SHEARWATER 

4295 PESN SNOW PETREL PAGODROMA NIVEA 

 4296 BUSP BULWERIA SP. 

4297 PEBU BULWER'S PETREL BULWERIA BULWERII 

41 
 4298 PEJO JOUANIN'S PETREL BULWERIA FALLAX

 BUSP BULWERIA SPECIES BULWERIA SP. 

 4299 PEMA MACGILLIVRAY'S PETREL BULWERIA MACGILLIVRAYI 

 PEDE DEFILIPPE'S PETREL PTERODROMA DEFILIPPIANA

 PEMG MAGENTA PETREL PTERODROMA MAGENTAE

 4300 SPSP UNID. STORM-PETREL OCEANODROMA SP. 

 4305 SPWR WHITE-RUMPED STORM PETREL 

 4306 SPDR DARK-RUMPED STORM PETREL 

 4310 SPWI WILSON'S STORM PETREL OCEANITES OCEANICUS 

 4311 SPWV WHITE-VENTED STORM PETREL OCEANITES GRACILIS 

 4320 SPWF WHITE-FACED STORM PETREL PELAGODROMA MARINA

 4330 SPWB WHITE-BELLIED STORM PETREL FREGETTA GRALLARIA 

 4332 SPBB BLACK-BELLIED STORM PETREL FREGETTA TROPICA 

 4333 SPFR BLACK-BELLIED/WHITE-BELLIED S-P 

 4340 SPWT WHITE-THROATED STORM PETREL NESOFREGETTA 

 ALBIGULARIS

 4350 SPGB GREY-BACKED STORM PETREL GARRODIA NEREIS 

 4360 SPBR BRITISH STORM PETREL HYDROBATES PELAGICUS 

 4370 SPGA WEDGE-RUMPED STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA TETHYS

 (GALAPAGOS STORM PETREL) 

 4371 SPHA HARCOURT'S STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA CASTRO

 4372 SPLE LEACH'S STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA 

 4373 SPGU GUADALUPE STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA 

 MACRODACTYLA

 4374 SPMA MARKHAM'S STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA MARKHAMI 

 4375 SPSW SWINHOE'S STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA MONORHIS 

 4376 SPTR TRISTRAM'S STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA TRISTRAMI 

 4377 SPAS ASHY STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA HOMOCHROA 

 4378 SPMT MATSUDAIRA'S STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA 

 MATSUDAIRAE

 4379 SPHO HORNBY'S STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA HORNBYI 

 4380 SPFT FORK-TAILED STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA FURCATA 

 4381 SPBL BLACK STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA MELANIA 

 4390 SPLS LEAST STORM PETREL OCEANODROMA MICROSOMA 

 4391 SPLW WHITE-RUMPED LEACH'S S-P OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA 

 4392 SPLD DARK-RUMPED LEACH'S S-P OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA 

 SPLI INTERMEDIATE-RUMPED LEACH’S S-POCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA 

 4393 SPBM BLACK/MARKHAM'S STORM PETREL 

 4394 SPLH LEACH'S/HARCOURT'S STORM PETREL 

 4395 SPWW WILSON'S/WHITE-VENTED STORM PETREL 

 4400 DPSP UNID. DIVING PETREL PELECANOIDES SP. 

 4401 DPPE PERUVIAN DIVING PETREL PELECANOIDES GARNOTI 

 4402 DPMA MAGELLANIC DIVING PETREL PELECANOIDES MAGELLANI 

 4403 DPGE GEORGIAN DIVING PETREL PELECANOIDES GEORGICUS 

 4404 DPCO COMMON DIVING PETREL PELECANOIDES URINATRIX 

 5100 TROP UNID. TROPICBIRD PHAETHON SP. 

 5101 TBRB RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD PHAETHON AETHEREUS 

 5102 TBRT RED-TAILED TROPICBIRD PHAETHON RUBRICAUDA

 5103 TBWT WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD PHAETHON LEPTURUS

 5200 PEBC BROWN/CHILEAN PELICAN PELECANUS 

 OCCIDENTALIS/THAGUS 

 5201 PEBR BROWN PELICAN PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS 

42 
5202 PECH CHILEAN PELICAN PELECANUS THAGUS 

5303 BOOB BOOBY SP. SULA SP. 

5301 GANO NORTHERNGANNET SULA BASSANUS 

5302 GACA CAPE GANNET SULA CAPENSIS 

 5303 GAAU AUSTRALIAN GANNET SULA SERRATOR 

 5310 BOBF BLUE-FOOTED BOOBY SULA NEBOUXII 

 5311 BOPE PERUVIAN BOOBY SULA VARIEGATA 

 5312 BOMA MASKED/NAZCA BOOBY SULA DACTYLATRA/GRANTI 

 5313 BORF RED-FOOTED BOOBY SULA SULA 

 5314 BOBR BROWN BOOBY SULA LEUCOGASTER 

 5315 BOAB ABBOT'S BOOBY SULA ABBOTTI 

5316 BOMO NAZCA BOOBY SULA GRANTI 

 5317 BOMY MASKED BOOBY SULA DACTYLATRA

 5400 CORM UNID. CORMORANT PHALACROCORAX SP. 

 5401 CODC DOUBLE-CRESTED CORM. PHALACROCORAX AURITUS 

 5402 COOL OLIVACEOUS CORMORANT PHALACROCORAX 

 OLIVACEUS

 5410 COBR BRANDT'S CORMORANT PHALACROCORAX 

 PENICILLATUS

 5412 COPE PELAGIC CORMORANT PHALACROCORAX 

 PELAGICUS

 5413 CORF RED-FACED CORMORANT PHALACROCORAX URILE 

 5415 COGU GUANAY CORMORANT PHALACROCORAX 

 BOUGAINVILLII 

 5416 COSO SOCOTRA CORMORANT PHALACROCORAX 

 NIGROGULARIS

 5422 CORL RED-LEGGED CORMORANT PHALACROCORAX GAIMARDI 

 5600 FRIG UNID. FRIGATEBIRD FREGATA SP. 

 5601 FRAS ASCENSION FRIGATEBIRD FREGATA AQUILA 

 5602 FRCH CHRISTMAS ISLAND F-BIRD FREGATA ANDREWSI 

 5603 FRMA MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD FREGATA MAGNIFICENS 

5604 FRGR GREAT FRIGATEBIRD FREGATA MINOR 

 5605 FRLE LESSER FRIGATEBIRD FREGATA ARIEL 

6000 DUCK UNID. DUCK ANSERIFORM SP. 

 7100 PHAL UNID. PHALAROPE PHALAROPUS

 FULICARIUS/LOBATUS

7101 PHRE RED PHALAROPE PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS

 7102 PHWI WILSON'S PHALAROPE STEGANOPUS TRICOLOR

 7103 PHNO RED-NECKED PHALAROPE PHALAROPUS LOBATUS 

 (NORTHERN PHALAROPE) 

7200 SKUA UNID. SKUA CATHARACTA SP. 

 7201 SKSP SOUTH POLAR SKUA CATHARACTA MACCORMICKI

 7202 SKAN ANTARCTIC SKUA CATHARACTA ANTARCTICA 

7203 SKGR GREAT SKUA CATHARACTA SKUA

7204 SKCH CHILEAN SKUA CATHARACTA CHILENSIS 

7210 JAEG UNID. JAEGER STERCORARIUS SP. 

 7211 JAPO POMARINE JAEGER STERCORARIUS POMARINUS 

 7212 JAPA PARASITIC JAEGER STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS 

 7213 JALT LONG-TAILED JAEGER STERCORARIUS LONGICAUDUS 

 7214 JAPL PARASITIC/LONG-TAILED JAEGER 

43 
7300 GULL UNID. GULL LARUS SP. 

7301 GUPA PACIFIC GULL LARUS PACIFICUS 

 7302 GUDO DOLPHIN GULL LARUS SCORESBII 

7303 GUIV IVORY GULL PAGOPHILA EBURNEA 

7304 GULV LAVA GULL LARUS FULIGINOSUS 

7305 GUGR GRAY GULL LARUS MODESTUS 

 7306 GUHE HEERMANN'S GULL LARUS HEERMANNI 

 7307 GUWH WHITE-EYED GULL LARUS LEUCOPHTHALMUS 

7308 GUSO SOOTY GULL LARUS HEMPRICHII 

 7309 GUBT BAND-TAILED GULL LARUS BELCHERI

 7310 GUBL BLACK-TAILED GULL LARUS CRASSIROSTRIS 

7311 GUAU AUDOUIN'S GULL LARUS AUDOUINII 

 7312 GURB RING-BILLED GULL LARUS DELAWARENSIS 

7313 GUME MEW GULL LARUS CANUS 

 7314 GUHR HERRING GULL LARUS ARGENTATUS

 7315 GUTH THAYER'S GULL LARUS THAYERI 

 7316 GUYL YELLOW-LEGGED GULL LARUS CACHINNANS 

 7317 GULB LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL LARUS FUSCUS 

 7318 GUCA CALIFORNIA GULL LARUS CALIFORNICUS 

 7319 GUWE WESTERN GULL LARUS OCCIDENTALIS 

7320 GUKE KELP GULL LARUS DOMINICANUS 

 7321 GUSB SLATY-BACKED GULL LARUS SCHISTISAGUS 

 7322 GUGB GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL LARUS MARINUS 

 7323 GUGW GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL LARUS GLAUCESCENS 

7324 GUGL GLAUCOUS GULL LARUS HYPERBOREUS

 7325 GUIC ICELAND GULL LARUS GLAUCOIDES 

 7326 GUGT GREAT BLACK-HEADED GULL LARUS ICHTHYAETUS

7327 GULA LAUGHING GULL LARUS ATRICILLA 

 7328 GUBH BROWN-HEADED GULL LARUS BRUNNICEPHALUS 

 7329 GUGH GRAY-HEADED GULL LARUS CIRROCEPHALUS

7330 GUAN ANDEAN GULL LARUS SERRANUS 

7331 GUFR FRANKLIN'S GULL LARUS PIPIXCAN 

7332 GUSI SILVER GULL LARUS NOVAEHOLLANDIAE 

 7333 GUMD MEDITERRANEAN GULL LARUS MELANOCEPHALUS 

 7334 GUBB BLACK-BILLED GULL LARUS BULLERI 

 7335 GUBR BROWN-HOODED GULL LARUS MACULIPENNIS 

 7336 GUBD BLACK-HEADED GULL LARUS RIDIBUNDUS 

 7337 GUSL SLENDER-BILLED GULL LARUS GENEI 

 7338 GUBO BONAPARTE'S GULL LARUS PHILADELPHIA 

7339 GULI LITTLE GULL LARUS MINUTUS 

 7340 GUSU SAUNDER'S GULL LARUS SAUNDERSI 

 7341 GUHA HARTLAUB'S GULL LARUS HARTLAUBI 

7342 GURO ROSS' GULL RHODOSTETHIA ROSEA 

 7343 KIBL BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE RISSA TRIDACTYLA 

 7344 KIRL RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE RISSA BREVIROSTRIS 

 7345 GUST SWALLOW-TAILED GULL LARUS FURCATUS 

 7346 GUSA SABINE'S GULL LARUS SABINI 

 7347 GUHT HERRING/THAYER'S GULL LARUS 

 ARGENTATUS/THAYERI

 7348 GUYF YELLOW-FOOTED GULL LARUS LIVENS 

 7350 TERN UNID. TERN STERNA (?) SP. 

7351 TEWK WHISKERED TERN CHLIDONIAS HYBRIDUS 

 7352 TEWW WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN CHLIDONIAS LEUCOPTERUS 

7353 TEBL BLACK TERN CHLIDONIAS NIGER 

7354 TELB LARGE-BILLED TERN PHAETUSA SIMPLEX 

44 
 7355 TEGU GULL-BILLED TERN STERNA NILOTICA 

7356 TECA CASPIAN TERN STERNA CASPIA 

 7357 TEIR INDIAN RIVER TERN STERNA AURANTIA 

 7358 TESA SOUTH AMERICAN TERN STERNA HIRUNDINACEA

 7359 TECO COMMON TERN STERNA HIRUNDO 

7360 TEAR ARCTIC TERN STERNA PARADISAEA 

 7361 TEAN ANTARCTIC TERN STERNA VITTATA 

 7362 TEKE KERGUELEN TERN STERNA VIRGATA 

7363 TEFO FORSTER'S TERN STERNA FORSTERI

7364 TETR TRUDEAU'S TERN STERNA TRUDEAUI 

 7365 TERS ROSEATE TERN STERNA DOUGALLII 

 7366 TEWF WHITE-FRONTED TERN STERNA STRIATA 

 7367 TEWC WHITE-CHEEKED TERN STERNA REPRESSA 

7368 TEBN BLACK-NAPED TERN STERNA SUMATRANA 

7369 TEBB BLACK-BELLIED TERN STERNA MELANOGASTRA 

7370 TEAL ALEUTIAN TERN STERNA ALEUTICA 

7371 TEGB GRAY-BACKED TERN STERNA LUNATA 

7372 TEBR BRIDLED TERN STERNA ANAETHETUS 

7373 TESO SOOTY TERN STERNA FUSCATA 

 TESB SOOTY/BRIDLED TERN 

 7374 TEFA AUSTRALIAN FAIRY TERN STERNA NEREIS 

 7375 TEBF BLACK-FRONTED TERN STERNA ALBISTRIATA 

7376 TEAM AMAZON TERN STERNA SUPERCILIARIS 

 7377 TEDA DAMARA TERN STERNA BALAENARUM

 7378 TEPE PERUVIAN TERN STERNA LORATA 

7379 TELE LEAST TERN STERNA ANTILLARUM 

 7380 TECR CRESTED TERN STERNA BERGII 

 7381 TELC LESSER CRESTED TERN STERNA BENGALENSIS 

 7382 TECC CHINESE CRESTED TERN STERNA BERNSTEINI 

7383 TERO ROYAL TERN STERNA MAXIMA 

7384 TECY CAYENNE TERN STERNA EURYGNATHA 

7385 TEEL ELEGANT TERN STERNA ELEGANS 

7386 TESN SANDWICH TERN STERNA SANDVICENSIS 

7387 TEIN INCA TERN LAROSTERNA INCA 

7388 NOBG BLUE-GRAY NODDY PROCELSTERNA CERULEA 

 7389 NOBR BROWN NODDY ANOUS STOLIDUS

 7390 NOBL BLACK NODDY ANOUS MINUTUS 

 7391 NOLE LESSER NODDY ANOUS TENUIROSTRIS 

7392 TEWH WHITE TERN GYGIS ALBA

 7393 NOSP UNID. NODDY TERN ANOUS SP. 

 7394 TEAC ARCTIC/COMMON TERN STERNA 

 PARADISAEA/HIRUNDO

7395 TELI LITTLE TERN STERNA ALBIFRONS 

 7396 TESL SAUNDER'S TERN STERNA SAUNDERSI 

 7401 SKBL BLACK SKIMMER RYNCHOPS NIGRA 

 7402 SKAF AFRICAN SKIMMER RYNCHOPS FLAVIROSTRIS 

7403 SKIN INDIAN SKIMMER RYNCHOPS ALBICOLLIS 

7500 ALCD UNID. ALCID ALCIDAE SP.

7501 DOVE DOVEKIE ALLE ALLE 

7502 RAZR RAZORBILL ALCA TORDA 

 7504 MUTB THICK-BILLED MURRE URIA LOMVIA 

 7505 MUCO COMMON MURRE URIA AALGE

 7510 GUBL BLACK GUILLEMOT CEPPHUS GRYLLE 

 7511 GUPI PIGEON GUILLEMOT CEPPHUS COLUMBA 

 7512 GUSP SPECTACLED GUILLEMOT CEPPHUS CARBO 

45 
 7514 MULB LONG-BILLED MURRELET BRACHYRAMPHUS PERDIX 

 7515 MUMA MARBLED MURRELET BRACHYRAMPHUS 

 MARMORATUS

 7516 MUKI KITTLITZ'S MURRELET BRACHYRAMPHUS 

 BREVIROSTRIS

 7517 MUXA XANTUS' MURRELET SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS 

 HYPOLEUCA

 7518 MUCR CRAVERI'S MURRELET SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS 

 CRAVERI

 7519 MUXC XANTUS'/CRAVERI'S MURRELET 

 7520 MUAN ANCIENT MURRELET SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS 

 ANTIQUUS

 7521 MUJA JAPANESE MURRELET SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS 

 WUMIZUSUME

 7525 AUCA CASSIN'S AUKLET PTYCHORAMPHUS 

 ALEUTICUS

7530 AUPA PARAKEET AUKLET CYCLORRHYNCHUS 

 PSITTACULA

 7535 AUCR CRESTED AUKLET AETHIA CRISTATELLA 

 7536 AULE LEAST AUKLET AETHIA PUSILLA 

7537 AUWH WHISKERED AUKLET AETHIA PYGMAEA 

 7540 AURH RHINOCEROS AUKLET CERORHINCA MONOCERATA 

 7545 PUAT COMMON PUFFIN FRATERCULA ARCTICA 

7546 PUHO HORNED PUFFIN FRATERCULA CORNICULATA 

 7547 PUTU TUFTED PUFFIN FRATERCULA CIRRHATA

 9100 NPSS UNID. BIRD (NON-MARINE AND NON-PASSERINE) 

 9101 UNID UNID. BIRD 

 9102 SHOR SHORE BIRD

 9103 RAPT RAPTOR

 9200 PASS PASSERINES 

46 
Marine Mammal Species Codes 

Cetaceans

Balaenoptera sp. BASP 

 B. acutorostrata BAAC 

 B. borealis BABO 

 B. borealis/edeni BABE 

 B. edeni BAED

 B. musculus BAMU

 B. physalus BAPH

 Delphinus sp. DESP 

 D. delphis DEDE 

 D. capensis DECA

 D. tropicalis DETR

 Feresa attenuata FEAT 

 Globicephala sp. GLSP 

 Globicephala macrorhynchus GLMA 

 Globicephala melas GLME

 Grampus griseus GRGR 

 Hyperoodon planifrons HYPL 

 Kogia breviceps KOBR

 Kogia simus KOSI

 Kogia simus/breviceps KOSP 

 Lagenodelphis hosei LAHO 

 Lagenorhynchus obliquidens LAOB 

 L. cruciger LACR

 Lissodelphus borealis LIBO

 Megaptera novaeangliae MENO 

 Mesoplodon carlhubbsi MECA

 M. densirostris MEDE

 M. gingkodens MEGI

 M. grayi MEGR

 M. layardii MELA

 M. stejnegeri MEST 

 M. sp. MESP 

 Neophocoena phocoenoides NEPH 

 Orcinus orca OROR 

 Peponocephala electra PEEL 

 Peponocephala/Feresa PEFE 

 Physeter macrocephalus PHMA 

 Pseudorca crassidens PSCR 

47 
 Sousa chinensis SOCH

 Stenella attenuata STAT 

 S. coeruleoalba STCO

 S. longirostris STLO 

 S. species STSP 

 Steno bredanensis STBR 

 Tursiops truncatus TUTR 

 Ziphiid ZISP 

 Ziphius cavirostris ZICA

Unid. dolphin or porpoise UNDO 

 Unid. odontocete UNOD 

 Unid. cetacean UNCE 

 Unid. large whale UNLW 

 Unid. small whale UNSW 

 Unid. whale UNWH 

Pinnipeds

Arctocephalus townsendi ARTO GUADALUPE FUR SEAL

Callorhinus ursinus CAUR NORTHERN FUR SEAL 

 FSSP UNIDENTIFIED FUR SEAL 

Eumetopias jubatus EUJU STELLER SEA LION 

Zalophus californicus ZACA CALIFORNIA SEA LION 

 OTSP UNIDENTIFIED OTARIID 

Mirounga angustirostris MIAN NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL 

Phoca vitulina PHVI HARBOR SEAL 

 PHSP UNIDENTIFIED PHOCID

 PINN UNIDENTIFIED PINNIPED 

48 
Fish/Squid Species Codes

Flyingfish

FFUN UNID. EXOCOETID 

 FODI FODIATOR SP. 

 EXOC EXOCOETUS SP. 

FFFW UNID. FOUR-WING 

FFST UNID. STRIPE-WING 

 FFRW RED WING 

 HIRU HIRUNDICHTHYS SP. 

 HISP HIRUNDICHTHYS SPEC. 

Predatory Fish

 FISH UNID. FISH 

 TUNA UNID. TUNA FAMILY SCOMBRIDAE

 TUSM SMALL TUNA 

 TUYS YELLOW-FIN/SKIPJACK TUNA 

 WAHO WAHOO ACANTHOCYBIUM 

SOLANDRI 

TUBU BULLET TUNA (FRIGATE MACKERAL) AUXIS THAZARD 

 TUSJ SKIPJACK TUNA KATSUWONUS PELAMIS 

 TUBS BLACK SKIPJACK EUTHYNNUS AFFINIS 

 TUYF YELLOW-FIN TUNA THUNNUS ALBACARES 

 TUBE BIG-EYE TUNA THUNNUS OBESUS 

 MAHI MAHI MAHI CORYPHAENA HIPPURUS 

(OR SP.) 

MOLA OCEAN SUNFISH 

Squid

 SQID UNID. SQUID 

Marine Turtle Species Codes

 TURT UNID. SEA TURTLE 

TULE LEATHERBACK SEA TURTLE DERMOCHELYS CORIACEA 

 TUGR GREEN SEA TURTLE CHELONIA MYDAS 

 TUHA HAWKSBILL SEA TURTLE ERETMOCHELYS IMBRICATA 

 TULO LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLECARETTA CARETTA 

TUKR KEMP'S RIDLEY SEA TURTLE LEPIDOCHELYS KEMPII 

TUOR OLIVE RIDLEY SEA TURTLE LEPIDOCHELYS OLIVACEA 

49 
APPENDIX C 

SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL 

Cruise Leaders Ship (Leg #s)

Jay Barlow, SWFSC (Chief scientist) D.S. Jordan (1)

Lisa Ballance, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (2)

Barb Taylor, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (3)

Sarah Mesnick, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (4)

Robert Pitman, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (5)

James Carretta, SWFSC McArthur (6) 

Marine Mammal Identification Specialists

James Cotton, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (1-3,5) McArthur (6) 

Richard Rowlett, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (1-5) McArthur (6) 

Juan Carlos Salinas, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (4)

Marine Mammal Observers

Erin LaBrecque, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (1-5) McArthur (6) 

Laura Morse, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (1-5) McArthur (6) 

Juan Carlos Salinas, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (1-3,5) McArthur (6) 

Leigh Torres, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (1-5) 

Christina Fahey, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (4)

Shannon Rankin, SWFSC McArthur (6) 

Photo Identification Specialists

Annie Douglas, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (1,2) McArthur (6) 

Todd Chandler, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (3,4) 

Paula Olson, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (5)

Bird Observers

Michael Force, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (1-5) McArthur (6) 

Cornelia Oedekoven, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (1-5) McArthur (6) 

Oceanographers

Valerie Philbrick, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (1)

Candice Hall, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (1-5) 

Pierre Malan, SWFSC McArthur (6) 

Acoustic Technicians

Shannon Rankin, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (1-5) 

Megan Ferguson, Scripps Institute of Oceanography D.S. Jordan (1) 

Julie Oswald, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (2,3) 

Tony Martinez, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (4)

Jessica Burtenshaw, Scripps Institute of Oceanography D.S. Jordan (5) 

Visiting Scientist

Josh Fluty, SWFSC D.S. Jordan (2)

50