### Importation of Fresh Immature Inflorescences of Pacaya, **Cham aedorea tepejilote**  **Liebm., from El Salvador into the Continental United States** 

**A Qualitative, Pathway**

**- Initiated Pest Risk**  **Assessment**

**April 5, 2010**

**Rev. 01** 

**Agency Contact:** Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Analysis Laboratory United States Department of Agriculture Animal Plant Health Inspection Services Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity

Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 ii 

### Executive Summary In this document we assessed the risk associated with the importation of fresh immature inflorescences of pacaya, Chamaedorea tepejilote , from El Salvador into the continental United States. In formation on pests associated with pacaya in Central American c ountries that produce it revealed two quarantine pests that could be introduced into the continental United States via this pathway . The quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway

are: Brevipalpus hondurani (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) Brooksithrips chamaedoreae (Thys anoptera: Thripidae) Sarasinula plebeia (Systellommatophora: Veronicellidae) We qualitatively

anal yz ed these quarantine pests using our Guidelines for Pathway

- Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). We examined pest b iology in the context of Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction, and used these elements to estimate the Pest Risk Potential. Based on available information, Brevipalpus hondurani is highl y unlikely to establish in the continental United States, and the overall risk is negligible. The other two pests pose potential phy tosanitary risks to U.S. agriculture or ecos ys tems. We determined that the pest risk potential is **Medium** for Sarasinula plebeia and **Low** for Brooksithrips chamaedoreae

. Pests assigned a Low Pest Risk Potential ty picall y do not require specific mitigation measures as port

- of

- entry inspection is expected to provide sufficient phy tosanitary security . For pests with a Medium Pest Risk Potential, specific phytosanitary measures may

be necessary

and options are presented within this document. Final phy tosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk along the pacaya pathway

will be determined during the development of a separate, d etailed pest risk management document.Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 **Table of Contents**

**Executive Summary**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ......................**  **ii 1. Introduction** 

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...............................**  **1** 1.1. Commodity

information

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 1 1.2. Production information

................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 1 1.3. Standard post

- harvest processing measures

................................ ................................ ....... 2 **2. Risk Assessment**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ........................**  **2** 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ ...................... 2 2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Pacaya

................................ ................................ .......... 2 2.3. Current Import Status, Decision History , and Pest Interceptions

................................ ...... 3 2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likel y to Follow the Pathway

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 4 2.5. Consequences of Introduction

................................ ................................ .......................... 20 2.6. Likelihood of Introduction

................................ ................................ ............................... 22 2.7. Conclusion: Pest Risk Potential

................................ ................................ ....................... 26 **3. Risk mitigation options**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...........**  **26** 3.1. Mitigation at the origin

................................ ................................ ................................ .... 27 3.2. Quarantine Treatments

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 27 3.3. Conclusions

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 27 **4. Contributors**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ............................**  **28 5. Literature Cited** 

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ......................**  **28 6. Appendices** 

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...............................**  **37** Appendix A. Standard post

- harvest procedures [Original and translation]

............................ 37 Appendix B. Interceptions of quarantine pests on Chamaedorea sp. and C. tepejilote from 1985 to 2008

................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 39Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 1 

### 1. Introduction
This risk assessment was prepared b y the Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S) in response to a request submitted by the government of El Salvador to examine potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh immature inflorescences of pacaya, Chamaedorea tepejilote Li ebm., into the continental United States. This pest risk assessment is p athway

- initiated because it is based on risks associated with the importation of the commodity. This risk assessment is qualitative; we expressed risk as High, Medium, and Low, rather than in probabilities or frequencies. The methodology and rating criteri a are explained in the Guidelines for Pathway

Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).
**1.1. Commodity information** The genus Chamaedorea is composed of approximately 100 species. All members of the genus originate in the neotropical zone s in the Americas and are understory plants that live in a warm, humid environment (Mont et al., 1994). Pacaya has a range from Southern Mexico through Central America to parts of Colombia and Brazil and is commonly called the pacaya palm (Mont et al., 199 4). It is frequently

found in association with other Chamaedorea palms, such as the parlor palm, Chamaedorea elegans

. The immature inflorescence of the pacaya palm has been harvested and consumed in Central America, especially

Guatemala, since the pre

- Co lombian era (Mont et al., 1994). This inflorescence is called pacaya.

**1.2. Production information** El Salvador plans to grow pacaya palms in association with coffee production areas at 400 to 800 m above sea level on steep slopes. The total area in produc tion is planned to be 200 ha or about 16,670 plants total. A plant needs at least three years growth to give a commercial viable yi eld. Harvest season is from August to December (MAG , 2005). The Salvadoran government wishes to export pacaya to the United States to take advantage of the expatriate and immigrant Salvadorian community in the United States, marketing pacaya especiall y in New York, Los Angeles, Miami, Houston, San Francisco, Washington D.C., Santa Ana, Chicago, Boston, Dallas, and New Orleans ( Beatres

- Marques et al

. , 2001; Hernández et al

. , 2003). The Salvadoran government estimates annual production of pacaya at 5

- 10 tons, on 25

- 30 ha (Esquivel, 2005). Since pacaya has never been an agronomic commodity in El Salvador, little information exist s about its production and pest problems. Thus, we included information from other countries in the growing region in the analysis, particularl y Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. In addition, confusion exists about the taxonomy of pacaya palm, so we included information about three other taxa as well: 1) Chamaedorea sp., 2) C. alterans , which has frequentl y been confused with C. tepejilote (Bacon and Bailey, 2006) , and 3) C. costaricacannse, which is sometimes referred to as a pacaya in the literature.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 2 **1.3. Standard post**

**- harvest processing measures**  Some standard post

- harvest treatments were specified in the technical report on the cultivation of pacaya (MAG, 2005), and are included in Appendix A . These measures specify that the pacayas will be harvested during the months of August through December. The external bracts will be removed, and each will have a peduncle of approximately one inch. The pacayas will be immersed in vats of chlorinated water (50 ppm) for 10 seconds. They will be subjected to a heat treatment of 10 second at 62oC and then dried b y centrifugation. The pacaya will be packed in two

-pound trays for export.


### 2. Risk **Assessment**
The Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis (IPPC, 2006 : IS PM #2 ) describe three stages in anal ys is of pest risk associated with specific commodities. This document satisfies the requirements of the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Stages 1 (initiation) and 2 (risk assessment), and our own guidelines ( PPQ, 20 00). We begin this pest risk assessment by identifying the initiating event, conducting a weediness potential screening, and discussing past decisions on the commodity . We then identify and characterize the pests likely to be associated with pacaya in El Salvador. Finally , we anal yz e in more detail the quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway

with the imported commodity

. In this assessment, we combine five risk elements to assess the risk associated with the Consequences of Introduction of pests into the United States. Likewise, we combine six sub

elements to assess the Likelihood of Introduction into the United States. Together, the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values form an evaluation of the Pest Risk Potential. **2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action** We conducted this pest risk analysis in response to a request by the Ministry

of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG) of El Salvador for USDA authorization to allow imports of fresh pacaya. This commodity

may present a potential plant pest risk, as indicated in MAG letter No.285

- 2004 dated 15 October 2004 (MAG, 2005). Importation into the continental United States of fresh pacaya grown in El Salvador is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests. Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 (7 CFR § 319.56) provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States. **2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Pacaya** The results of screening for weed potential for pacaya did not prompt a weed

- initiated risk assessment (Table 1).Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 3 **Table 1.** Weed potential of Pacaya **Scientific name** : Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm. **Synonyms:** Nunnezharia casperiana, Chamaedorea alternans, Stephanostachys wendlandiana, Nunnezharia wendlandiana, Chamaedorea wendlandiana, Edanthe veraepacis, Chamaedorea sphaerocarpa, Chamaedorea exorrhiza, Chamaedorea columbica, Chamaedorea casperiana, Nunnezharia alternans, Stephanostachys casperiana, Stephanostachys tepejilote, Nunnezha ria tepejilote Edanthe tepejilote, Chamaedorea anomospadix (Faucon 2005). **Common Names:** Pacaya, Tepejilote palm, Pacaya palm, Boda (Spanish), Bolá (Spanish, Panama), Caña verde (Spanish), Cana verde (Spanish), Palmito dulce, Camedórea

-pacaia (Brazil), Mo xi ge ling long ye zi (Chinese), Ba ka ya yezi (Chinese) (Barlow, 2003; Faucon 2005; PPQ 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008). **Phase 1** Distribution in the United States: Pacaya is not widely distributed in the United States. It is not native to the United States and cannot grow outside of southern Florida in a natural environment **Phase 2** No No No No

No No No Invasive/Weed Potential Status: Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1979) World’s Worst Weeds ( Holm et al

. , 1977) World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution ( Holm et al

. , 1997) Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act ( Gunn and Ritchie, 1988) Economically

Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977) Weed Science Society of America list (WSSA, 2007) Other (Various literature databases) **Phase 3 Summary and Conclusions**  : We found no evidence of invasive behavior by this

plant, and the immature inflorescence is highl y unlikely to lead to plant establishment. Thus, this pest risk assessment continues.

**2.3. Current Import Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions** 2.3.1. Current import status and Decision history Pacaya can enter the United States as a fresh market commodity from Belize and Mexico into all ports. We also found a proposal to import pacaya into the United States from Guatemala. That was approved in 1935, but currentl y Guatemala is not allowed to import pacaya. 2.3.2. Pest interceptions Over 19,000 interceptions of quarantine pests associated with Chamaedorea sp. or C. tepejilote were recorded between 1985 and 2008 (Appendix A). About 10,000 of these interceptions were recorded with general cargo, over 2,000 were with permit cargo, and 6,500 were in baggage.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 4 **2.4. Pest Categorization: Identificati on of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to**  **Follow the Pathway**
2.4.1. Pest list introduction We developed a list of pests associated with pacaya or Chamaedorea sp., and present in El Salvador and neighboring countries (Table 2). The list identif ies (1) the presence or absence of the pests in the United States, (2) the references supporting an association between the pest and host, (3) the plant parts where the pest can be found where applicable, (4) the United States quarantine status of the pest s, and (5) if the pest could follow the pathway into the continental United States via commercial shipments of pacaya. Although diseases caused by bacteria, phy toplasmas, and viruses are reported for other species of palm (Elliott et al., 2004), none were reported for Chamaedorea species. A quarantine pest is defined as “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereb y, but not yet present, or present, but not widely distributed and being officiall y controlled” (IPPC, 2007 : ISPM #5 ). A pest is likely to follow the pathway

for pacaya if the pest is present in El Salvador, is associated with the immature inflorescence at the time of harvest, and remains viable with the immature inflorescence during harvesting, packing, and shipping. The possibility

that a quarantine pest following the pathway could become established and spread throughout the United States depends on the presence of appropriate climatic and ecological conditions, including protected areas (such as greenhouses), where the presence of primary or alternative hosts and vectors are influential. A specific issue for this risk analysis is the relative lack of information about infection or infestation of immature inflorescences. Such information is more commonly available about leaves, stems and fruit. When we found no specific information indicating whether or not the pest could affect immature inflorescences, we determined the ability of the pest to follow the pathway based on biology

and plant part affected. For example, if ev idence indicated that an insect is associated with leaves but a generalist feeder , then we would deem it reasonabl y likel y to follow the pathway

of pacaya. If, on the other hand, we found information that a pest is strictly limited to a plant part other th an the inflorescence, or that the pest is biologically unlikel y to attack the inflorescence (i.e., feeds on mature fruit), then the pest would be classified as unlikel y to follow the pathway . In contrast, if a pathogen only affects leaves, then it seems hi ghl y unlikel y to follow the pathway . For pathogens especiall y, the unusual tissue type of the pacaya commodity

may not provide a suitable infection site.

Note: In the pest list, we only provide information on plant part association and whether or not the pest is likely

to follow the pathway

for quarantine pests, not for non

- quarantine pests. Even if
non - quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phyto sanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States; therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

is not needed for non

- quarantine pe sts.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 5 **Table 2.** Plant pests associated with Pacaya or Chamaedorea sp. in El Salvador or Central American pacaya -producing countries. **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway ARTHROPODS**  **Acari: Eriophyidae** Retracrus johnstoni Keifer MX, US (TX) (Davis

et al., 1982), CO (Howard et al., 2001), CR (Ochoa et al., 1991) Davis et al.,

1982; Howard et al., 2001; Ochoa et al., 1991 L (Lindquist

et al., 1996; Ochoa et al., 1991) [Yes] 3 No

**Acari: Tarsonemidae** Steneotarsonemus furcatus DeLeon SV (Ochoa et al.,

1991), US (Denmark and Nickerson, 1981) Henley et al., n.d. N/A No N/A

**Acari: Tenuipalpidae** Brevipalpus californicus Banks GT, HN, SV, NI, CR,

PA (Maes, 2004a), MX, US (CABI, 2007) Childers et al.,

2003b; Maes, 2004a; Ochoa and Salas, 1989 F, L, S

(Childers et al., 2003a) No N/A

Brevipalpus hondurani Evans HN (Evans et al.,

1998) Evans et al.,

1998; Ochoa et al., 1991; L, I, F, S

(Ochoa and Salas, 1989) 4 Yes Yes

Brevipalpus ortizi Ochoa & Salas CR (Ochoa et al.,

1991) Ochoa et al.,

1991 L (Ochoa et

al., 1991) Yes No Brevipalpus phoenicis Geijskes SV (Berry , 1959b),

HN (Childers et al., 2003a), CR (Ochoa and Salas, 1989), US (CABI, 2007) Childers et al.,

2003b; Ochoa and Salas, 1989 N/A No N/A

Brevipalpus trinidadensis Baker HN, CR, MX (Evans

et al., 1993) Evans et al.,

1993 L (Quirós de

G. et al., 2007) Yes No

1 BZ = Belize; CO = Colombia; CR = Costa Rica; GT = Guatemala; HN = Honduras; MX = Mexico; NI = Nicaragua; PA = Panama; SV = El Salvador; US = United States; AL = Alabama; CA = California; GA = Georgia; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii; TX = Texas (Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species if considered a quarantine pest for the United States) 2 P lant Parts: Br=Branch, F=Fruit, I=Inflorescence, L=Leaf, R=Root, and S=Stem . N/A = Not Applicable (see text for more detail). 3 Brackets (“[ ]”) indicate that this is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States. 4 We found little information on B

. hondurani

. Brevipalpus species generally feed on leaves, flowers, fruits, branches, and trunks of host plants (Ochoa and Salas, 1989).Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 6 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway** Tenuipalpus bakeri McGregor HN, CR, GT, MX, US

(Evans et al., 1993; Ochoa et al., 1991) Evans et al.,

1993; Ochoa et al., 1991 N/A No N/A

Tenuipalpus chamaedoreae Salas & Ochoa CR (Ochoa et al.,

1991; Salas and Ochoa, 1985) CABI, 2007;

Ochoa et al., 1991; Salas and Ochoa, 1985 L (Ochoa et

al., 1991; Salas and Ochoa, 1985) Yes No

**Acari: Tetranychidae** Tetranychus gloveri Banks CO, CR, HN, PA

(Migeon and Dorkeld, 2008), MX, US (Bolland et al., 1998) Bolland et al.,

1998; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2008 N/A No N/A

Tetranychus salasi Baker & Pritchard CR, NI(Bolland et al.,

1998; Maes, 2004a; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2008; Ochoa et al., 1991) Bolland et al.,

1998; Maes, 2004a; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2008; Ochoa et al., 1991 L (Ochoa,

Aguilar et al. 1991) Yes No

Tetranychus tumidus Banks CO, PA (Migeon and

Dorkeld, 2008) Migeon and

Dorkeld, 2008 N/A No N/A
Tetranychus urticae Koch (S yn: T. cinnabarinus Boisduval) GT, HN, SV, NI, CR,

PA (Maes, 2004c), US (CABI, 2007) Maes, 2004c;

Ochoa et al., 1991 N/A No N/A

**INSECTA Coleoptera: Bruchidae**  Caryobruchus gleditsiae Johansson & Linné SV, US (Nilsson and

Johnson, 1993) Nilsson and

Johnson, 1993 N/A No N/A

**Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae** Calyptocephala antennata Spaeth PA (Meskens et al.,

2008) Meskens et al.,

2008 L (Meskens

et al., 2008) Yes No Calyptocephala brevicornis Boheman MX, GT, NI, PA, CO

(Blackwelder, 1946), CR (Maes et al., 2009) Maes et al.,

2009 Meskens et al., 2008 L (Meskens

et al., 2008) Yes No

Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Boheman CR, GT, MX, NI , PA

(Borowiec and Więtojańska, 2008a) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Córdova

Ballona and S., 2008; Howard et al., 2001) Yes NoPest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 7 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway** Calyptocephala marginipennis Boheman HN, GT (Sánchez and

Ortiz, 1998), MX (Blackwelder, 1946; Oyama and Dirzo, 1991) Oyama and

Dirzo, 1991; PestID, 2009; Windsor et al., 1992 L (Howard et

al., 2001; Oyama and Dirzo, 1991) Yes No

Calyptocephala sp. GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Córdova

Ballona and S., 2008; Howard et al., 2001) Yes No

Cephaloleia lata Baly PA (Meskens et al., 2008), CR (McKenna and Farrell, 2005), Central America (Strong, 1977) 5 McKenna and

Farrell, 2005; Meskens et al., 2008 L (McKenna

and Farrell, 2005; Meskens et al., 2008), I Strong, 1977) Yes No 6

Charidotella semiatrata Boheman (Sy

n: Coptocycla semiatrata Boheman) MX, CR, GT

(Borowiec and Więtojańska, 2008b) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Howard et

al., 2001; PestID, 2009) Yes No

Charidotella tuberculata Fabricius (Sy n: Metriona tuberculata Fabricius) SV (Berry and Salazar Vaquero, 1957), MX, CO, CR, SV, GT, HN, NI(Borowiec and Swietojanska, 2002), US (Balsbaugh and Riley , 1980) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Howard et

al., 2001) [Yes] No

Charidotis leprieuri Boheman HN (Blackwelder,

1946), GT (Morton, 1997) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Howard et

al., 2001) Yes No

Coptocycla sordida Boheman MX, BZ, CR, GT

(Borowiec and Więtojańska, 2008c) PestID, 2009 L (Flowers and Janzen, 1997) Yes No

Ischnocodia annulus Fabricius (Sy

n: Tapinaspis annulus Blackwelder) SV (Berry , 1959b),

CO, CR, GT, MX, NI , PA (Borowiec, 1998) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Howard et

al., 2001) Yes No

5 Cephaloleia lata has been collected “from Mexico to Panama” (Strong, 1977). 6 Generally known as leaf rollers, some larvae of Cephaloleia sp . feed on the inflorescences of palms (Strong, 1977). As external feeders, any C. lata feeding on pacaya are highly likely to be removed via post

- harvest treatments of cleaning, submersion, and bract removal.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 8 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway** Metriona trisignata Boheman SV (Berry and Salazar Vaquero, 1957), MX (Blackwelder, 1946), GT (Morton, 1997) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Howard et

al., 2001) Yes No

Microctenochira cumulata Boheman CR, GT, MX, NI , PA

(Borowiec and Więtojańska, 2008d) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Howard et

al., 2001) Yes No

Microctenochira ferranti Spaeth SV, CR, GT, MX, NI

(Borowiec and Swietojanska, 2002) PestID, 2009 L (Howard et al., 2001) Yes No

Microctenochira hieroglyphica Boheman MX, CR, GT, PA

(Borowiec and Więtojańska, 2008e) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Howard et

al., 2001) Yes No

Prosopodonta dorsata Bal y PA (Meskens et al.,

2008) Meskens et al.,

2008 L (Meskens

et al., 2008) Yes No Tapinaspis wesmaeli Boheman SV (Berry , 1959b;

Borowiec and Swietojanska, 2002), MX, GT (Blackwelder, 1946) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Howard et

al., 2001) Yes No

**Coleoptera: Curculionidae** Conotrachelus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 I, F, L

(CABI, 2007) Yes Yes

Metamasius hemipterus carbonarius Chevrolat SV (Giblin

- Davis et

al., 1994) PestID, 2009 L, S (Weissling and Giblin

Davis, 2007) Yes No

Metamasius hemipterus Linnaeus SV (Giblin

- Davis et

al., 1994; Gonzalez Chavez, 2002), BZ, CR, SV, GT, HN, NI, PA, US (FL) (CABI, 2007) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L, S

(Weissling and Giblin

Davis, 2007) [Yes] No

Metamasius hemipterus sericeus Olivier SV (Giblin

- Davis et

al., 1994; McGuire and Crandall, 1967), US, MX, HN, NI, CR, PA, CO (Maes and O'Brien, 1990), US (FL) (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2009 L, S (Weissling and Giblin

Davis, 2007) [Yes] NoPest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 9 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway** Parisoschoenus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), HN, MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L, S (PestID,

2009), I 7 (Howard et al., 2001) Yes Yes

Phelypera distigma Boheman SV (Berry , 1959b),

MX, GT, NI, PA (Maes and O'Brien, 1990) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

**Coleoptera: Scolytidae** Coccotrypes dactyliperda Fabricius CO, MX, PA, US

(Wood, 1992) Wood, 1992 N/A No N/A

**Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae** Aleurocerus flavomarginatus Bondar GT (Evans, 2008) Evans, 2008 L (Walker, 2009) 8 Yes No

Aleurocerus palmae Russell BZ, CR, GT, HN, MX,

NI , PA (Anderson, 2007), US (FL) (Hodges and Evans, 2005) Anderson,

2007; Dooley , 2009; Evans, 2007a; Martin, 2005 L (Walker,

2009) [Yes] No

Aleurocerus sp. GT (Evans, 2007a; Morton, 1997) Evans, 2007a;

Morton, 1997 L (Walker,

2009) Yes No Aleuroglandulus magnus Russell PA (Evans, 2008;

Mound and Halsey , 1978), CR (Manzari and Quicke, 2006) Dooley , 2009;

Evans, 2008; Mound and Halsey , 1978 L (Nakahara,

1995) 9 Yes No

Aleuroglandulus subtilis Bondar CO, CR, SV, GT, HN,

MX, PA (Evans, 2008), BZ, NI, US (Martin, 2005) Dooley , 2009;

Evans, 2008; Mound and Halsey , 1978; PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Aleuroplatus cococolus Quaintance & Baker BZ, CO, CR, NI, PA

(Evans, 2008), GT (Morton, 1997) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L

(Quaintance and Baker, 1917) Yes No

7 Larvae bore into immature florets of palms (H oward et al., 2001). 8 We found little biological information for A

. flavomarginatus

. Whiteflies usually infest leaves of plants and are rarely found on the stems (Nakahara, 1995). 9 We found little biological information for A

. magnus

. Whiteflies usually infest leaves of plants and are rarely found on the stems (Nakahara, 1995).Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 10 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway** Aleuroplatus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Nakahara,

1995) 10 Yes No

Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel GT (Gerling et al.,

2006), CO, MX (Evans, 2007b), US (FL, HI) (NAPI S, 2009) Dooley , 2009 L (Walker, 2008) [Yes] No

Aleurotrachelus sp. GT, MX, SV, US (Evans, 2007a) Evans, 2007a;

Morton, 1997 L (CABI,

2007) [Yes] No

Aleurotrachelus trachoides Back CO, CR, SV, GT, HN,

MX, NI, PA, US (Evans, 2008) NI (Maes and Mound, 1993) Dooley , 2009;

Evans, 2008 N/A No N/A

Aleurotulus sp

. GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Nakahara,

1995) Yes No

Paraleurolobus chamaedoreae Russell BZ, CR, MX, NI

(Martin, 2005) Evans, 2008;

Martin, 2005 L (Russell,

1994) Yes No

Paraleurolobus sp. GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L, S (PestID,

2009) Yes No Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino BZ, GT, HN, MX, US

(Evans, 2008) Dooley , 2009;

Evans, 2008 N/A No N/A
Singhiella citrifolii Morgan CO, CR, GT, HN,

MX, PA, US (Evans, 2008) Evans, 2008 N/A No N/A

Tetraleurodes acaciae Quaintance BZ, CR, SV, GT, MX,

NI , PA, US (Nakahara, 1995), CO, HN (Evans, 2008) Dooley , 2009;

Evans, 2008; Nakahara, 1995 N/A No N/A

Tetraleurodes chivela Nakahara MX (Oaxaca)

(Nakahara, 1995), BZ, MX (Evans, 2008) Dooley , 2009;

Evans, 2008; Nakahara, 1995 L (Nakahara,

1995) Yes No

Tetralicia sp. GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Nakahara,

1995) Yes No
**Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae** Asterolecanium epidendri Bouché GT (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008; Howard et al., 2001) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008; Howard et al., 2001 N/A No N/A

10 Whiteflies usually infest leaves of plants and are rarely found on the stems (Nakahara, 1995).Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 11 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway** Palmaspis inlabefacta Russell (Sy

n: Asterolecanium inlabefactum Russell) MX (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008; Howard et al., 2001) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008; Howard et al., 2001 L, F (Howard

et al., 2001) Yes No

**Hemiptera: Coccidae** Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock MX, BZ, GT, HN, NI,

US (Maes, 2004c), CR, PA, CO, (CABI , 2007) Maes, 2004c;

Morton, 1997; Quezada, 1972 N/A No N/A

Coccus hesperidum hesperidum Linnaeus SV (Quezada, 1972),

CO, MX, PA, SV, US (Ben

- Dov, 1993), GT, HN, SV (Maes, 2004c) Ben

- Dov, 1993;

CABI, 2007; Maes, 2004c N/A No N/A

Coccus viridis Green MX, GT, BZ, HN, SV, NI , CR, PA, CO (Maes, 2004c), US (FL, HI) (CABI, 2007) Maes, 2004c F, L, S (CABI, 2007) [Yes] No

Eucalymnatus tessellatus Signoret SV (Berry and Salazar Vaquero, 1957), MX, CO, US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Kilifia americana Ben

Dov MX, US (Ben

- Dov,

1993) Ben

- Dov, 1993 N/A No N/A
Lopholeucaspis cockerelli Grandpré & Charmo y (S yn: Leucaspis cockerelli) SV (Berry , 1959a),

SV, MX, US, CO, CR, HN, PA (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2009; Howard et al., 2001 N/A No N/A

Vinsonia stellifera Westwood CO, NI(Maes, 2004b),

US (AL , GA, FL) (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) [Yes] No

**Hemiptera: Diaspididae** Acutaspis albopicta Cockerell MX, CR, GT, HN, PA,

US (CA, TX) (Ben

Dov et al., 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Ben

- Dov

et al., 2009) [Yes] No

Aonidiella aurantii Maskell HN, US (CABI, 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 N/A No N/A
Aspidiotus destructor Signoret SV (Berry , 1959b),

US, MX, GT, BZ, SV, HN, NI, CR, PA, CO (Maes, 2004c) Howard et al.,

2001; Maes, 2004c; Miller and Davidson, 2005 N/A No N/APest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 12 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway** Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock Central America, US,

MX, CO (Miller and Davidson, 2005) Miller and

Davidson, 2005 N/A No N/A

Chrysomphalus aonidum Linnaeus SV (Berry , 1959b;

Quezada, 1972), MX, GT, SV, HN, NI, CR, PA (McGuire and Crandall, 1967), CO, US (Maes, 2004c) Howard et al.,

2001; Maes, 2004c; Miller and Davidson, 2005 N/A No N/A

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Morgan SV (Quezada, 1972),

CR, GT, HN, NI, PA, MX, US (CABI, 1994) Miller and

Davidson, 2005 N/A No N/A

Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret SV (Berry , 1959a),

Cosmopolitan (Howard et al., 2001) Gaimari, 2008;

Howard et al., 2001; Miller and Davidson, 2005 N/A No N/A

Diaspis sp. GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L, F, S

(Tenbrink and Hara, 1992) Yes No

Dinaspis aculeata Ferris GT (Morton, 1997),

MX (PestID, 2009), CO, PA (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Ferris,

1973) Yes No

Fiorinia fioriniae Targioni Tozzetti Cosmopolitan

(Howard et al., 2001) Howard et al.,

2001 N/A No N/A
Furcaspis sp. GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L, S (PestID,

2009) Yes No

Hemiberlesia cyanophylli Signoret (Sy n: Abgrallaspis cyanophylli Signoret) CO, CR, MX, NI , PA,

US (Watson, 2005) Maes, 2004c N/A No N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae Signoret MX, NI (Maes,

2004c), GT, PA, US (CABI, 1994) Maes, 2004c;

Miller and Davidson, 2005 N/A No N/A

Ischnaspis longirostris Signoret SV (Berry and Salazar

Vaquero, 1957), MX, HN, SV, NI, CR, PA, CO, US (Maes, 2004a) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008; Howard et al., 2001; Maes, 2004a; Miller and Davidson, 2005 N/A No N/APest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 13 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway** Malleolaspis mammata Ferris PA (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2009) PestID, 2009 L, S (PestID, 2009) Yes No Malleolaspis sp. GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (PestID,

2009) Yes No Pinnaspis buxi Bouché SV (Berry , 1959b), MX, BZ, CO, PA, US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Pinnaspis strachani Cooley SV ( Berry , 1959a,

1959b), CO, MX, US (CABI, 2007) Howard et al.,

2001 N/A No N/A

Pseudischnaspis acephala Ferris MX, SV, NI, PA, CO

(Ben

- Dov et al., 2009; Maes, 2004c) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2009; Maes, 2004c L (Ben

- Dov

et al., 2009) Yes No

Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides Comstock CO, HN, PA, MX, US

(Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2009; Miller and Davidson, 2005 N/A No N/A

Selenaspidus articulatus Morgan SV (Quezada, 1972),

US (Miller and Davidson, 2005) Miller and

Davidson, 2005 N/A No N/A

**Hemiptera: Margarodidae** Icerya sp. GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L, S (CABI,

2007) Yes No
**Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae** Geococcus coffeae Green HN, GT, SV, BZ, CO,

CR, MX, PA (Ben

Dov, 1994), US (FL) (Kuitert and Dekle, 1966) Ben

- Dov, 1994;

Howard et al., 2001 R (Barrera,

2008; Kuitert and Dekle, 1966) [Yes] No

Nipaecoccus nipae Maskell GT, SV, US, BZ, CO,

CR, MX, NI , PA (Ben

Dov, 1994) Ben

- Dov, 1994;

Howard et al., 2001; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 N/A No N/A

Phenacoccus gregosus Williams & Granara de Willink MX, Central America

(Howard et al., 2001) CR, MX (Ben

- Dov, 1994; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992) Ben

- Dov, 1994;

Howard et al., 2001; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 L, S (CABI,

2007) Yes NoPest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 14 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway** Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti CO, CR, GT, HN,

MX, PA, US (Ben

Dov et al., 2009; CABI, 2007) Ben

- Dov, 1994;

Howard et al., 2001 N/A No N/A

Rhizoecus americanus Hambleton CO, CR, HN, MX, PA

(Ben

- Dov, 1994), US (CABI, 2007) Howard et al.,

2001 N/A No N/A

**Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae** Biruga chariclo Fennah MX (Fennah, 1974) Fennah, 1974 L (Fennah, 1974) Yes No
**Lepidoptera: Brassolidae** Opsiphanes sp. GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (Howard et

al., 2001; PestID, 2009) Yes No

**Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae** Carystoides sp. GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 L (PestID,

2009) Yes No

Tromba xanthura Godman SV (Chavez, 1985),

CR (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005), MX, HN, PA, CO, BZ (Savela, 2007) Janzen and

Hallwachs, 2005 L (Howard et

al., 2001) Yes No

**Lepidoptera: Noctuidae** Copitarsia sp. GT (Morton, 1997), MX, CO (PestID, 2009) Morton, 1997;

PestID, 2009 I, F, L, S

(PestID, 2009) Yes Yes 11

**Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae** Brassolis isthmia Bates CR, PA (Young, 1986), CO (Bristow, 2008) Young, 1986 L (Young, 1986) Yes No

11 Copitarsia sp. was intercepted on Chamaedorea sp. three times, in 1986, 1987, and 1988 (PestID, 2009), and a total of nine alive immatures were collected on Chamaedorea leaves, in general cargo, stores, and permit cargo. We found no published information that “palm” or Chamaedorea sp. are true hosts of any member of the Copitarsia genu s. The three interceptions (more than 20 years ago) are insufficient evidence of host status. We concluded that this genus is highly unlikely to follow the pathway on pacaya.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 15 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway Lepidoptera: Tineidae**  Opogona sacchari Bojer Central America

(EPPO, n.d.) 12 , HN (EPPO, 2006, CABI 2007) US (FL, HI) (CABI 2007) CABI, 2007;

EPPO, n.d.; Howard et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2001 I, L, S

(CABI, 2007), R (Peña et al., 1990) [Yes] No 13

**Orthoptera: Acrididae** Microtylopteryx hebardi Rehn CR (Howard et al.,

2001) Braker, 1989;

Howard et al., 2001 L, S (Braker,

1989) Yes No

**Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae** Idiarthron subquadratum Saussure & Pictet MX, GT, HN, SV, CR,

CO (Zavala et al., 2005) Barrera, 2008;

Zavala et al., 2005 L, F (Barrera,

2008) Yes No

**Thysanoptera: Thripidae** Brooksithrips chamaedoreae Retana & Mound CR, BZ, Central

America (Retana

Salazar and Mound, 2005) 14 Retana

- Salazar

and Mound, 2005 I (Retana

Salazar and Mound, 2005) Yes Yes

**FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS** Aegerita sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes Yes

Aschersonia sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes Yes Ascochyta sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes Yes

12 Opogona sacchari is generally widespread in Central America (EPPO, n.d.). 13 Opogona larvae typically feed at the base of Chamaedorea palms, where the aerial roots enter the soil (Heppner et al., 1987). They are highly unlikely to occur in the inflorescences of Chamaedorea palms. Adults are highly mobile and are not likely to remain with the commodity through standard post

- harvest treatments of washing and immersion 14 Although the authors described specimens from Belize and Costa Rica, B

. chamaedoreae is considered widespre ad in Central America (Retana

- Salazar and Mound, 2005).Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 16 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway** Calonectria kyotensis Terash. (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) CO, PA, MX, US (Farr

et al., 2009) Farr et al., 2009 N/A No N/A

Coccostromopsis chamaedoreae (S yd.) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon (Sy

n: Cocodiella chamaedoreae (S yd.) Hino & Katum) (Ascomycet es: Phyllachorales) CR (Farr et al., 2009),

MX (PestID, 2009) Farr et al., 2009 L (PestID, 2009; Elliott et al., 2004 Yes No 15

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. (Sordariomycetes: In certae sedis) GT (Chapen, 2007),

CO, CR, PA, US (Farr et al., 2009), BZ, GT, HN, NI (CABI, 2007) Chapen, 2007 N/A No N/A

Colletotrichum sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes Yes Cylindrocadium sp. GT (Chapen, 2007) Chapen, 2007 L (PestID, 2009) Yes Yes

Ganoderma sp. GU (Chapen, 2007) Chapen, 2007 S, L (Chapen, 2007) Yes Yes

Gliocladium vermoesenii (Biourge) Thom (Sy n : Nalanthamala vermoesenii (Biourge) Schroers ) ( Sordariomycetes: Hy pocreales ) MX, GU (Sol

Sánchez, 2007), US (Atilano et al., 1980) Sol

- Sánchez,

2007 N/A No N/A

Macbridella olivacea Seaver (S yn. Rubrinectria olivacea Rossman and Samuels) **(**Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales **)** MX (Farr et al., 2009) Farr et al., 2009 S (Schroers et al., 2005) Yes No

15 This pathogen is only interv e i nal ( Farr et al., 2009 ) , which wo uld prohibit it from infecting the immature inflorescence. Thus, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 17 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway** Mycosphaerella sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes Yes Pestalotiopsis palmarum (Cooke) Steyaert ( Sordariomycetes: Xylariales ) MX (PestID, 2009),

US (Mordue and Holliday , 1999), CO, SV, PA (Farr et al., 2009) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Pestalotiopsis sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes Yes

Phoma sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes Yes Phomopsis sp. ( Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales ) MX (Rehner and

Uecker, 1994) Rehner and

Uecker, 1994 L (Rehner

and Uecker, 1994) Yes Yes

Phytophthora palmivora E.J. Butler ( Oomycetes: Peronosporales ) MX, GT (Sol

- Sánchez,

2007), CR, GT, HN, PA, SV, US (Farr et al., 2009) Sol

- Sánchez,

2007 N/A No N/A

Phyllosticta sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes Yes Platypeltella angustispora M.L

. Farr & Pollack ( Dothideomycetes: Microthy riales ) MX (Farr et al., 2009) Farr et al., 2009 L (Farr et al., 2009) Yes No

Pyrenochaeta sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes Yes Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk (S yn. Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kuhn) (Agaricomyc etes: Cantharellales) SV (CABI, 2006), CO,

CR, HN, MX, NI, US (Farr et al., 2009) Farr et al., 2009 N/A No N/A

Zygosporium oscheoides Mont. ( Incertae sedis: In certae sedis) MX, US (Farr et al.,

2009) Farr et al., 2009 N/A No N/A

Zygosproium sp. MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes YesPest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 18 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway NEMATODA**  Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood CR (Solano et al.,

n.d.), US (Meerow and Weissling, 1998; Handoo and Ellington, 2009) Meerow and

Weissling, 1998 N/A No No

**MOLLUSKA** Calcicuccinea Aff. Luteola (Gould) (Succinieidae) MX (PestID, 2009),

US (Thompson, 2008) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Drymaeus dominicus (Reeve) (Bulimulidae) MX, US (PestID,

2009) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Drymaues sp. (Bulimulideae) GT (PestID, 2009), US

(Deisler, 2005) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A
Guppya gundlachi (Pfeifer) (Euconulidae) CR (PestID, 2009), GT

(Goodrich and Van der Schalie, 1937), MX, US (Sandoval, 1999) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Helicella virgata (Dacosta) (H ygromiidae) MX, US (PestID,

2009) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Helicina cinctella (Shuttleworth) (Helicinidae) MX, US (PestID,

2009) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Henderson occulta (Say) (Helicinidae) MX, US (PestID,

2009) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A
Leidyula moreleti (Fischer) (Verononicellidae) MX (PestID, 2009),

US (Life, 2009) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A

Oligyra sp. (Helicinidae) MX, US (PestID,

2009) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/A
Pallifera costaricensis (Morch) (Philomycidae) GU (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes No

Pallifer sp. (Philmycidae) MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes Yes Pupisoma dioscoricola (C.B. Adams) (Vallloniidae) MX, US (PestID,

2009) PestID, 2009 N/A No N/APest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 1 9 **Pest scientific name Distribution**  **1 Host**  **association Plant part(s)** 

**affected 2**  **Quaran**

 

** tine pest** **Follow**

**pathway** Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer) (Veronicellidae) MX (PestID, 2009),

GU, SV, HN, BE, NI, CR, PA (Barker, 2002), US (FL) (Stange and Deisler, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) , I (Barker, 2002) [Yes] Yes

Veronicella sp. (Veronicellae) MX (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 L (PestID, 2009) Yes Yes

2.4.2. Pests not likely to follow the pathway Quarantine plant pests in this assessment which we did not further scrutinize may be detrimental to agricultural production sy stems of the United States or the natural environment. We did not anal yz e pests identified only at the genus level or higher if the group already occurs in the United States. This lack of biological information should not be equated with low risk. By necessity , pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological and taxonomic information is available. Many species may

occur within a genus, and we cannot reasonably assume identical biology

for all congeneric organisms. The lack of species identification may indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, or inadequacy of the life stage or quality of the specimen submitted for species identification. If the pests identified in this risk assessment at a genus level are intercepted on pacaya from El Salvador in the future, their species specific determination should follow. Quarantine action can be taken where appropriate and a re

evaluation of their risk may be necessary

. In the pathway

- initiated risk analysis titled “Importation of fresh immature inflorescence of pacaya into the Continental United States from El Salvador” dated July 2005, scientists from the Center for Phytosanitary

Excellence (CEF) included several organisms in the pest list that we excluded. Previously , they based host status on interception data for the following arthropods: Acanthoscelides guazume Johnson & Kingsolver (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Malacorhinus irregularis Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Metriona crucipennis Boheman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Rhinostomus barbirostris Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Conoderus varians Steinheil (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Oncometopia clarior (Walker) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis Green (Hemiptera: D iaspididae) Planococcus minor Maskell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Each of these organisms was only intercepted on or with Chamaedorea sp. one or two times, which we consider insufficient evidence for a pes t

- host relationship. We found no other references to these arthropods occurring on Chamaedorea sp., and therefore we removed them from the draft pest list. In addition, we removed the following arthropods because we were unable to verify

host status from any

source: Deloyala zettersatedti Boheman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 20 Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromy zidae) Opsiphanes cassinia Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Brassolidae) Saissetia coffeae Walker (Hemiptera: Coccidae) Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Cocodiella chamaedorea has frequently been intercepted, but this pathogen has been reexamined and is now Coccostromopsis chamaedoreae . It is one of 31 causal agents of tar spot of palms

. W e excluded C. chamaedoreae from further analysis because it is highl y unlikely to follow the pathway . That is because it infects plants intraveinally , which precludes it infecting immature inflorescences. 2.4.3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway but excluded from analysis W e identified three pathogens

— Cocodiella chamaedoreae, Phomopsis sp., and Zygosporium oscheoides

—for which we had no information relating to an actual damaging disease

. Zygosporium oscheoides did not have defined taxonomy so its pathogenicity , if it was a pathogen, had never been described. Likewise, Phomopsis sp. has only been observed in molecular assays and has no known associated disease, so its pathogenecity status is unclear. Because pathogenecity

had never been described, in these cases it was not possible to assess risk.
2.4.4. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and analyzed We will analy

ze quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway , i.e

. , be included in commercial ship ments of pacaya , in detail in this risk assessment [Steps 5

- 7 (PPQ, 2000)]. We found three quarantine pests that may follow the pathway of fresh immature inflorescences: Saransinula plebeia, Brevipalpus hondurani, and Brooksithrips chamaedoreae

. Although C hamaedorea species have never been described as hosts of S. plebeia , the frequency with which they were intercepted suggests that the slug could follow the inflorescences pathway

. As a small mite, B. hondurani may

be found on the inflorescences. Brooksithrips chamaedoreae is an internal feeder that may follow the pathway

. Brooksithrips chamaedoreae is an internal feeder that may follow the pathway

. **2.5. Consequences of Introduction** We estimate the Consequences of Introduction using five risk elements: climate

- host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and environmental impact. They assign a Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) to each Risk Element and add the Risk Elements to produce a Cumulative Risk Rating for each pest anal yz ed (PPQ, 2000). Table 3 summarizes the Consequences of Introduction values.

**Brevipalpus hondurani Risk ratings**  **Risk Element #1: Climate**

**- Host Interaction**  Brevipalpus hondurani is only known to occur in Bermuda and the Honduras ( Evans et al., 1998). This region corresponds to USDA Plant Hardiness Z ones 12 and 13 (Magarey

et al., 2008), which do not occur in the continental United States. The continental United States spans a wide climatic range from zone 1 in Fairbanks, Alaska to zone 11 in Miami, Florida (PERAL , 2008). Based on its NegligiblePest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 21 **Brevipalpus hondurani Risk ratings**  distribution, we estimate that B. hondurani would not be able to establish in the continental United States. Based on the Guidelines for Pathway

- Initiated Pest Ris k Assessments (PPQ, 2000), the RA for Brevipalpus hondurani **STOPS**

.

**Brooksithrips chamaedoreae Risk ratings**  **Risk Element #1: Climate**

**- Host Interaction**  While Brooksithrips chamaedoreae is apparently widespread in Central America (Retana

- Salazar and Mound, 2005), it is not reported any where else. This species is likely tropical, with a limited ability to survive in the United States. Plant hardiness zones present in Central America are zones 11 through 13, with zone 10 encompassin g some higher elevation regions (Magarey et al., 2008). We estimate that B. chamaedoreae may establish in the southern portion of Florida, within Plant Hardiness Zone 11 and perhaps some of Zone 10. Chamaedorea spp. is found in Florida (NRCS, 2009). Low (1 )

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Brooksithrips chamaedoreae onl y reproduces in certain Chamaedorea (Arecaceae) species (Retana

- Salazar and Mound, 2005). Low (1)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** We found little information about B. chamaedoreae , which i s only recently described. At some sites, “many thousands” of individuals were present, and all life stages were found on the same plant (Retana

- Salazar and Mound, 2005), indicating high reproductive capacity . In general, thrips have limited capability for natural spread, though wind can move them long distances (Vierbergen, 1995). They

are also commonly

transported in trade of propagative materials, and are one of the most frequently intercepted arthropods (Vierbergen, 1995). Due to the limited capabilitie s of thrips to disperse naturally , we rated the dispersal potential of B. chamaedoreae as **Medium**

. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** We found little information on Chamaedorea production in the United States. Some Chamaedorea is produced in the United States, by about 23 growers (Wilsey and Endress, 2007). Chamaedorea palms are used in the floral industry : large volumes of leaves are imported from Central and South America. The act of B. chamaedoreae boring into male inflorescences may reduce prod

uction of Chamaedorea sp. Adults are likel y to be involved in the pollination of Chamaedorea sp. (Retana

- Salazar and Mound, 2005). Given the limited production of Chamaedorea sp. in the United States, we rated the economic impact to be **Low** for this species

. Low (1)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** No Chamaedorea spp. which may be impacted by B. chamaedoreae are listed on the Threatened or Endangered species list (USFWS, 2009). We found no indication that this pest would cause any significant environmental impacts. Thus, we rated Brooksithrips chamaedoreae **Low** for environmental impact. Low (1)Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 22 **Sarasinula plebeia**  **Risk ratings Risk Element 1: Climate** 

**- Host Interaction**  In Latin America this slug is limited to tropical and sub

- tropical zones (Barker, 2002). These zones correspond to U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 10 and 11 (PERAL , 2008). This limited distribution yields a **Low** rating. Low (1)

**Risk Element 2: Host Range** The host range is large since S. plebeia is pol yphagous (Barker, 2002). It is a major pest of Fabaceae and Cucurbitaceae (Bar ker, 2002). Since it can attack plants in multiple families, we rated it **High**

. High (3)

**Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential** Sarasinula plebeia has a limited potential for spread since it is non

- burrowing (Stange and Deisler, 2009). It is oviparous, and produces 1

- 2 annual clutches of approximately

37 eggs each (Barker, 2002). Like many mollusks its larvae and eggs can travel in water (Barker, 20 02). It also moves in commercial shipments. For these reasons, we rated it **Medium**

. Medium (2)

**Risk Element 4: Economic Impact** Sarasinula plebeia has been described as a “significant” pest of dry beans and squash (Barker, 2002), and damages cacao plants, c itrus stock, and nursery plants (Stange and Deisler, 2009). It may be the most serious threat to harm Florida agriculture (Stange and Deisler, 2009). S. plebeia causes severe economic damage as both an agricultural pest as well as an intermediate host of p arasites (Barker, 2002). Additional control measures are necessary in areas where S. plebeia is established, thereby increasing costs of production (Barker, 2002). We rated the economic impact as **High**

. High (3)

**Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact** Sarasin ula plebeia is not known to attack any endangered species and seems to be primaril y an agronomic pest. Thus, we rated this element **Low**

. Low (1)

**Table 3.** Summary

of risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction. **Pest Climate/Host**  **Interaction Host** 

**Range Dispersal** 

**Potential Economic** 

**Impact Environ.** 

**Impact Cumulative** 

**Risk Rating a**  Brevipalpus hondurani Negligible N/A N/A N/A N/A N egligible Brooksithrips chamaedoreae Low (1) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Low (1) Low (6)
Sarasinula plebeia Low (1) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Low (1) Medium (10)

a Lo w = 5

- 8 points; Medium = 9

- 12 points; High = 13

- 15 points.

**2.6. Likelihood of Introduction** The likelihood of a pest being introduced and establishing a reproductive population is dependent on a series of six independent events: 1) the quantity of the commodity

imported, 2) the ability

of the pest to survive post

- harvest treatment, 3) the ability of the pest to survivePest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 23 shipment, 4) the probability the pest will not be detected at the port

- of

- entry , 5) the likelihood that it will be moved to a suitable habitat, and 6) the probability that it will come into contact with suitable host material (PPQ, 2000). We evaluated these six elements below, and summarized them in a cumulative risk rating (Table 4). 2.6.1. Quantity of product imported annually The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduced depends on the amount of potentially infested commo dity

that is imported. For qualitative pest risk assessments, the amount of commodity

imported is estimated in units of standard 40

- foot

- long shipping containers. The market for pacaya in the United States is limited. The primary intended consumers are Salvadorian expatriates and recent immigrants. Pacaya could only be marketed in communities with sufficient size to justify the costs of shipping and to consume the product fast enough that it would not spoil. A small number of areas in the United States meet those criteria (Hernández et al. , 2003). The quantities exported are likel y to be small until these markets are developed, so the number of cont ainers is likely less than 10 (Hernández et al. , 2003), and the risk associated with the quantity

being import ed is **Low**

. 2.6.2. Survive post

- harvest treatment Post

- harvest treatment refers to any industry

- standard manipulation, handling, or specific phy tosanitary treatment to which the commodity is subjected. We summarized these processes above (see 1.3) , but the most important were removal of the external bracts , immers ion in chlorinated water (50 ppm) for 10 seconds , a 10 second heat treatment of 62oC , and drying by centrifugation.
Brooksithrips chamaedoreae is an internal pest, so the planned treatments are unlikely to fully mitigate against it. Thus, we rated it **High**

. As an external pest, Sarasinula plebeia is unlikely to survive immersion in chlorinated water, heat treatment, and drying by centrifuge. Thus, we rated it **Low**

. 2.6.3. Survive shipment Shipping conditions for pacaya from El Salvador are not known. The most likely method of entry seems to be b y air, and El Salvador is only a short flight (two hours) to Miami.

Because B. chamaedoreae larvae will be inside in the inflorescence, they are likely to be protected during shipment. Thus, we rated it **High** for this sub

- element.

Most S. plebeia intercepted on Chamaedorea sp. from Mexico and Costa Rica, in cut flower/greenery

shipments , have been live adults (PestID, 2009) . Thu s , S. plebeia is likely to survive shipment from Central America to the continental United States. If shipped by air, conditions seem unlikely to cause significant mortality , especiall y compared to post

- harvest treatments. Thus, we rated the risk of surviving the shipment as **High**

.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 24 2.6.4. Not detected at port

- of

- entry The likelihood that a pest will not be detected at a port

- of

- entry depends on several factors, including pest size, mobility, and degree of concealment.
The internal feeder, B. chamaedoreae , is highl y unlikely to be detected at the port

- of

- entry , so we rated it **High** for this sub

- element. The coloring and small size of slugs can make visual detection more difficult (Barker, 2002) . In addition, slugs may

hide ne ar the stem of the pacaya . Thus, we rated this risk as **Medium**

. 2.6.5. Imported or moved to an area with an environment suitable for survival The likelihood that a pest will be moved to an area with a suitable environment for survival depends on the potential distribution of markets for the host commodity throughout the country

. Some pacaya is likel y to be imported into Miami, and some into more northern ports.

W e estimated a

bove that B. chamaedorea would only be able to establish in southern Florida. Thus, we rated this sub

- element **Low** for this pest. South Florida is the environment most likely to be a suitable environment for S. plebeia in the United States. Since the Salvadoran government has targeted Miami as a market for Salvadoran products, pacaya is highly likel y to go there (Hernández et al. , 2003) . Hence, the risk is **High** for this sub

- element.
2.6.6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction Even in environments suitable for pest survival, pests must still come in contact with viable host material. This largel y depends on two factors, the pest’s dispersal ability and the presence of host material in the region. Ch amaedorea spp. are not native to the continental United States, and ty picall y are onl y found in greenhouse production and as a garden ornamental. In general, thrips have a low capability for self

- dispersal, though they

may move long distances with wind currents (Vierbergen , 1995). Still, because B. chamaedoreae is only known to affect certain Chamaedorea species, and little Chamaedorea production exists in the United States, this pest is highly

unlikel y to contact a suitable host. Thus, we rated B. chamaed oreae **Low**

. Sarasinula plebeia is polyphagous (Barker, 2002), attacking both dry beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) and squash, which are widely grown. Thus, we rated it **High**

. 2.6.7. Cumulative Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction Both quarantine pests of concern had a **Medium** cumulative risk rating.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 26 **Table 4.** Summary

of risk ratings for Likelihood of Introduction. **Pest Quantity** 

**imported annually**  **Survive**

**post**

  ** harvest** **treatment Survive** 

**shipment Not** 

**detected at port** 

**- of** 

**** **ent ry**  **Moved**

**to suitable**  **habitat Contact** 

**with host** 
**ma terial**  **Cumula**

 

** tive risk** **rating a** 

Sarasinula plebeia Low (1) Low (1) High (3) Medium (2) High (3) High (3) Medium (13) Brooksithrips chamaedoreae Low (1) High (3) High (3) High (3) Low (1) Low (1) Medium (12)

a Lo w = 6

–9 points; Medium = 10

– 14 points; High = 15

– 18 points

**2.7. Conclusion: Pest Risk Potential** The overall Pest Risk Potential of a pest incorporates the likelihood of its introduction and establishment with the potential economic and environmental consequences that may follow. It is a qualitative estimation of risk that is expressed in terms of Low, Medium, or High. We calculate Pest Risk Potential by

summing the risk element values from those two components of risk (PPQ, 2000). Based on available information, it is highl y unlikely that Brevipalpus hondurani would be able to establish in the continental United States, and the overall risk is negligible.
We rated Sarasinula plebeia (Systellommatophora: Veronicellidae) as **Medium** Pest Risk Potential, and Brooksithrips chamaedoreae (Thys anoptera: Thripidae) as **Low** Pest Risk Potential (Table 5). According to our guidelines (PPQ, 2000), port

- of

- entry inspection provides sufficient phy tosanitary security for pests assigned Low pest risk potentials, while specific phytosanitary measures may

be necessary

for Medium pest risk potentials and are strongl y recommended for High pest risk potentials.

**Table 5.** Pest Risk Potential. **Pest Consequences of**  **Introduction Likelihood of** 

**Introduction Cumulative** 

**Risk Rating a**  Sarasinula plebeia Medium (10) Medium (13) Medium (23) Brooksithrips chamaedoreae Low (6) Med (12) Low (18)

a Lo w =11

- 18 points; Medium = 19

- 26 points; High = 27

- 33 point



### 3. Risk **m itigation options**  The risk assessment of pacaya exported from El Salvador to the continental United States determined that Brooksithrips chamaedoreae was a quarantine pest likely to follow the pathway , with **Low** Pest Risk Potential. Given this rating, we have not presented any risk mitigation options.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 27 On the other hand, Sarasinula plebeia had **Medium** Pest Risk Potential. This may require specific phyto sanitary

measures, so we have presented risk mitigation options here. The appropriate level of protection may be achieved through the application of a single phy tosanitary measure, such as inspection or a quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures.
**3.1. Mitigation at the origin** Mitigations for these pests may include inspection at the point of origin for culling and hot water treatments. As part of post

- harvest processing, the open spaces in the inflorescence could be inspected along with the bag s and boxes before shipment to the United States. Visual inspection may be required as a condition of movement, and the exporting country ’s National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) is responsible for export certification, inspection, and issuance of p hy tosanitary certificates stating that such inspection was done. The shipping box may be labeled with the identity

of the production site.
**3.2. Quarantine Treatments** No quarantine treatments have been approved for pacaya (PPQ 2008). The treatments below would need to be checked for efficacy

. 3.2.1. Hot W

ater Hot water treatment consists of submerging the fruit in circulating hot water f or an extended period of time (PPQ , 2008). E ight minutes at 49oC is an acceptable treatment for killing slugs and snails, including S. plebeia (USDA , 1993). Some experimentation may required to determine if pacaya quality

is unaffected by

this treatment. Also, some trapp ing options under development ( Hollingworth , 2007) could help certify that packing areas are and remain free of S. plebeia

. 3.2.2. Methyl bromide Methyl bromide (CH 3 Br) fumigation is an effective treatment for disinfesting a wide variety of plant pests on a wide variety of commoditie s. Methyl bromide is effective at treating insects (all life stages), mites and ticks (all life stages), nematodes (including cysts), snails and slugs, and fungi (such as oak wilt fungus) (PPQ, 2008). It is effective in mitigating internal Diptera, Lepidop tera, and Pseudococcidae, as well as some surface feeders such as thrips infesting various commodities.

**3.3. Conclusions** We have identified risk mitigation strategies that may reduce the likelihood of Sarasinula plebeian establishing in the United States

. A single risk mitigation option may not be sufficient to reduce pest risk to an acceptable level for all situations . A sy stems approach with specific mitigations targeting this pest may

be more appropriate. This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the quality of a specific program or s ys tems approach. Itidentifies risks and provides information regarding known mitigative measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would bePest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 28 present in an operation al work plan, is beyond the scope of this document. Risk management measures will be established in a Risk Management Document.


### 4. Contributors
**Prepared by** : John Rogers, Botanist a Cy nthia Landry , Ecologist a

**Reviewers:** Robert Ahern, Entomologist a Bets y Randel

- Shadel, Plant Pathologist a Ashley Jackson, Editorial Assistant a

a USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ

- CPHST

- PERAL


### 5. Literature Cited 7 CFR § 319. 2008. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 319 (7 CFR § 319

– Foreign Quarantine Notices). Anderson, H. 2007. CSL Pest Risk Analysis for Aleurocerus palmae . Central Science Laboratory (CSL), Sand Hutton, York. 7 pp. Atilano, R. A., W. R. Llewelin, and H. M. Donselman. 1980. Control of Gliocladium of Chamaedorea Palms. Proceeding Journal of the H orticultural Science Society 93:194

- 195. Bacon, C. D., and C. D. Bailey . 2006. Taxonomy and Conservation: A Case Study from Chamaedorea alternans . Annals of Botany 98:755

- 763. Balsbaugh, E. U., and E. G. Riley . 1980. Two Foreign Tortoise Beetles Newly Recorded from the United States (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Coleopterists Bulletin 34(2):175

- 176. Barker, G. M. (ed.). 2002. Molluscs as Crop Pests. CABI Publishing, C ambridge, UK. 115

- 145 pp. Barlow, S. 2003. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database: Sorting Chamaedorea names. University

of Melbourne. http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Chamaedorea.html. Barrera, J. F. 2008. Coffee Pests and Their Management: Long - horned Grasshoppers or Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigonidae). Pages 990

- 991 in J. L . Capinera, (ed.). Encyclopedia of Entomology . Springer. Ben

- Dov, Y. 1993. A s ys tematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the world. (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Cocci dae) : with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Sandhill Crane Press, Inc., Gainesville, Florida. 536 pp. Ben

- Dov, Y. 1994. A s ys tematic catalogue of the mealy bugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Ps eudococcidae and Putoidae) : with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology

and economic importance. Intercept Ltd, Andover, UK. 686 pp. Ben

- Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2008. ScaleNet. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/SCALENET/scalenet.htm. (Archived at PERAL).Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 29 Ben

- Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2009. ScaleNet. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/SCALENET/scalenet.htm. (Archived at PERAL). Berry , P. A. 1959a. Entomologia Economica de El Salvador. Pages 228

- 229 in Boletin Tecnico. Servicio Cooperativo Agrícola Salvadoreño Americano, Santa Tecla, El Salvador. Berry , P. A. 1959b. Segunda Lista de Insectos Clasificados de El Salvador. Pages selected pages in Boletin Tecnico. Servicio Cooperativo Agrícola Salvadoreño Americano~, S anta Tecla, El Salvador, C.A. Berry , P. A., and M. Salazar Vaquero. 1957. Li sta de Insectos Clasificados de El Salvador. in Boletin Tecnico. Servicio Cooperativo Agrícola Salvadoreño Americano, Santa Tecla, El Salvador, C. A. Blackwelder, R. E. 1946. Checklist of the Coleopterous Insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and South America (Part 4). Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Washington. 763 pp. Bolland, H. R., J. Gutierrez, and C. H. W. Flechtmann. 1998. World catalogue of the spider mite family (Acari: Tetranyc hidae). Brill, Leiden

- Boston

- Koln. 392 pp. Borowiec, L. 1998. Review of the Cassidinae of Ecuador, with a description of thirteen new species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Wroclaw, Genus 9(2):155

- 246. Borowiec , L., and J. Swietojanska. 2002. Cassidinae of the world

- an interactive manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland. http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/katalog%20internetowy /index.htm. Borowiec, L., and J. Więtojańska. 2008a. Cassidinae of the world

- an interactive manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Boheman. University of Wroclaw, Przy

byszewskiego, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary

Taxonomy

. http://culex.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/katalog%20internetowy /cal yptocephalagerstaeckeri. htm

. Borowiec, L., and J. Więtojańska. 2008b. Cassidinae of the world

- an interactive manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Charidotella (s. str.) semiatrata

. University of Wroclaw, Przy byszewskiego, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Taxonomy. http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/katalog%20internetowy /charidot ellasemiatrata.htm. Borowiec, L., and J. Więtojańska. 2008c. Cassidinae of the world

- an interactive manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Coptocycla (s. str.) sordida Boheman, 1855. University of Wroclaw, Przy

byszewskiego, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary

Taxonomy

. http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/katalog%20internetowy /coptocyclasordida.htm. Borowiec, L., and J. Więtojańska. 2008d. Cassidinae of the world

- an interactive manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Microctenochira cumulata . Universi ty of Wroclaw, Przy byszewskiego, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Taxonomy. http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/katalog%20internetowy /microctenochiracumulata.h tm. Borowiec, L., and J. Więtojańska. 2008e. Cassidinae of the world

- an interactive manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Microctenochira hieroglyphica . University of Wroclaw, Przy byszewskiego, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Taxonomy. http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/katalog%20internetowy /microctenochirahierogl yphi ca.htm. Braker, H. E. 1989. Oviposition on host plants by a tropical forest grasshopper ( Microtylopteryx hebardi : Acrididae). Ecological Entomology 14(2):141

- 148.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 30 Bristow, C. R. 2008. A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with descripti on of two new taxa (L epidoptera, Ny mphalidae). Zootaxa 1806:47

- 58. CABI. 1994. Distribution Maps of Plant Pests Series A (Agricultural). Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), London. CABI. 2006. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), Wallingford, UK. CABI. 2007. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), Wallingford, UK. Chapen, P. A. O. 2007. Comaparacion Financiera de tres Metodos de Produccion de Xate Col a de Pescado ( Chamaedorea ernesti

- augustii) en los Departmentos de Peten e Izabel, Guatemala, Univeridad de San Carlos de Guatemala, San Carlos, Guatemala. Chavez, O. B. C. 1985. Insectos Determinados del Museo de Historia Natural Metodos de Recoleccion, M ontaje y

Preservacion. La Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador. 42 pp. Childers, C. C., J. V. French, and J. C. V. Rodrigues. 2003a. Brevipalpus californicus, B. obovatus, B. phoenicis , and B. lewisi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae): a review of their biology, feeding injury

and economic importance. Experimental and Applied Acarology 30:5

–28. Childers, C. C., J. C. V. Rodrigues, and W. C. Welbourn. 2003b. Host plants of Brevipalpus californicus , B. obovatus , an d B. phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and their potential involvement in the spread of viral diseases vectored by these mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology

30:29

– 105. Córdova

- Ballona, L., and S.

- S. S. 2008. Datos Bionómicos y Descripción de los Inmad uros de Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Boheman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Plaga de la Palma Aceitera ( Elaeis guineensis J.) y

de la Palma Camedor ( Chamaedorea elegans Mart.) (Arecaceae) en Tabasco, México. Neotropical Entomology 37(6):674

- 680. Davis, R., C. H. W. Flechtmann, J. H. Boczek, and H. E. Barke. 1982. Catalogue of Eriophyid Mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea). Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw. 254 pp. Deisler, J. E. 2005. Tree Snails (of Florida), Drymaeus , Orthalicus , Liguus spp. (Gastropoda: Bulimulidae) (EENY148). University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 6 pp. Denmark, H. A., and J. C. Nickerson. 1981. A tarsonemid mite, Steneotarsonemus furcatus De Leon on Maranta spp. (Acarina: Tarsonemidae) (Entomology Circular N o. 229). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry . 2 pp. Dooley , J. 2009. Whitefly Fauna of the World. United State Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. http://keys.lucidcentral.o rg/keys/v3/whitefl y/Homepage.htm. (Archived at PERAL). EcoPort Record. 2008. Chamaedorea tepejilote . EcoPort. http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=4466&entityT ype=PL &entityDisplayCategory=full. EPPO. 2006. Distribution Maps of Quarantine Pests for Europe: Opogona sacchari . European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). EPPO. n.d. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Opogona sacchari . European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). 4 pp. Evans, G. A. 2007a. Host Plant List of the Whiteflies (Aley rodidae) of the World (Version 070611). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. 290 pp.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 31 Evans, G. A. 2007b. The Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aley rodidae) of the Worl d and Their Host Plants and Natural Enemies (Version 070116). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. 715 pp. Evans, G. A. 2008. The Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aley rodidae) of the Wo rld and Their Host Plants and Natural Enemies (Version 2008

- 09

- 23). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Evans, G. A., H. L. Cromroy , and R. Ochoa. 1993. The Tenuipalpidae of Honduras (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). Florida Entomologist 76(1):126

- 155. Evans, G. A., H. L. Cromroy , and R. Ochoa. 1998. The Famil y Tenuipalpidae in Bermuda (Prostigmata: Acari). The Florida Entomologist 81(2):167

- 170. Farr, D. F., A. Y. Rossman, M. E. Palm, and E. B. McCray . 2009. Fungal Databases. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, S ys tematic Mycology and Microbiology

L aboratory . http://nt.ars

- grin.gov/fungaldatabases/. (Archived at PERAL). Farr, M. L., and F. G. Pollack. 1969. A new species of Palty pelt ella from mexico. Mycologia 1969:191

- 195. Faucon, P. 2005. Desert

- Tropicals: Tepejilote Palm, Pacaya Palm. Last accessed October 28, 2008, http://www.desert

- tropicals.com/Plants/Arecaceae/Chamaedorea_tepejilote.html. Fennah, R. G. 1974. A new Tropiduchid ( Homoptera, Fulgoroidea) infesting Chamaedorea (Palmaceae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 63:673

- 675. Ferris, G. F. 1973. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, Volume IV. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. Flowers, R. W., and D. H. Janzen. 1997. Feeding Records of Costa Rican Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Florida Entomologist 80(3):334

- 366. Gaimari, S. (ed.). 2008. California Plant Pest & Disease Report. California Department of Food & Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, Sacramento, CA. 119 pp. Gerling, D., S. Kyamanywa, and J. L egg. 2006. Some New Whitefly Pests in Africa (Whitefl y Species Forum). European Whitefly Studies Network (EWSN). http://www.whitefly .org/whiteflyforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=70. (Archived at PERAL). Giblin

- Davis, R. M., J. E. Pena, and R. E. Duncan. 1994. Lethal Pitfall Trap for Evaluation of Semiochemical

- Mediated Attraction of Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Florida Entomologist 77(2):247

- 255. Gonzalez Chavez, M. O. 2002. Proyecto Especies Invasoras Marn

- Iabin Informe de Consultoria Sobre: Diagnostico de las Especies Invasoras de Fauna Invertibrada y sus Efectos Sobre Ecosistemas en El Salvador. in . Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, San Salvador. G oodrich, C., and H. Van der Schalie. 1937. Mollusca of Peten and North Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala (Miscellaneous Publications No. 34). University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology . 50 pp. Gunn, C. R., and C. A. Ritchie. 1988. I dentification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Technical Bulletin Number 1719.). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.A. 313 pp. Handoo, Z. A., and D. Ellington. 2009. USDA Nematode Collection. Online database. United States Department of Agriculture. Last accessed July 2, 2009, http://www.nem.barc.usda.gov/.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 32 Henley , R. W., A. R. Chase, and L. S. Osborne. n.d. Chamaedorea Palm Production Guide (CFREC

- A Foliage Plant Research Note RH

- 91

- 10). University of Florida, IFAS Central Florida Research and Education Center. Heppner, J. B., J. E. Pena, and H. Glenn. 1987. The Banana Moth, Opogona sacchari (Bojer) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), in Florida (Entomology Circular No. 293). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry

. 4 pp. Hernández, E. L ., J. E. Alfaro, E. F. Fagoaga, A. M. Vásquez, A. M. Carillo, and D. A. Carballo. 2003. Estudio de Mercado de Productos Etnicos in EE.UU. Ministerio de Economia de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador. Hodge s, G. S., and G. A. Evans. 2005. An Identification Guide to the Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aley rodidae) of the Southeastern United States. Florida Entomologist 88(4):518

- 534. Hollingworth, R. 2007. Methods for excluding slugs and snails on exported agricultural commodities. Holm, L ., J. Doll, E. Holm, J. Rancho, and J. Herberger. 1997. World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 1129 pp. Holm, L . G., J. V. Pancho, J. P. Herberger, and D. L . Plucknett. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Krieger Publishing Company , Malabar, Florida, U.S.A. 391 pp. Holm, L . G., D. L. Plucknett, J. V. Pancho, and J. P. Herberger. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology . Krieger Publishing Company , Malabar, Florida, U.S .A. 69 pp. Howard, F. W., D. Moore, R. M. Giblin

- Davis, and R. G. Abad. 2001. Insects on Palms. CABI Publishing. 400 pp. Janzen, D. H., and W. Hallwachs. 2005. Dy namic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. Costa Rican Hesperiidae checklist: Tromba. http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/dblinks/cklistfd.lasso?herbsp=Tromba. Kuitert, L . C., and G. W. Dekle. 1966. Control of Root Mealy bug, Geococcus coffeae Green. Florida State Horticultural Society :484

- 488. Life, D. 2009. Leidyula moreleti (Crosse and P. Fischer, 1872). University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20o?search=Leidy ula+moreleti&guide=North_American _Invasives

. Lindquist, E. E., M. W. Sabelis, and J. Bruin. 1996. Eriophyoid Mites Their Biology , Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. 790 pp. Maes, J.

- M. 2004a. Insectos Asociados a Algunos Cultivos Tropicales en el Atlantico de Nicaragua. Parte III : Citricos ( Citrus spp., Rutaceae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 64 (Supplemento 1, parte III):1

- 242. Maes, J.

- M. 2004b. Insectos Asociados a Algunos Cultivos Tropicales en el Atlantico de Nicaragua. Parte XII. Marañon ( Anacardium occidentale , Anacardiaceae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 64(Supplemento 1, parte XII):1

- 64. Maes, J.

- M. 2004c. Insectos Asociados a Algunos Cultivos Troplicales en el Atlantico de Nicaragua. Parte IV: Aguacate ( Persea americana , L auraceae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 64(Supplemento 1, parte IV):1

- 262. Maes, J.

- M., and L . Mound

. 1993. Catalogo de los Aley rodidae (Homoptera) de Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 25:37

- 49.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 33 Maes, J.

- M., and C. W. O'Brien. 1990. Li sta Anotada de los Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) de Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 12:1

- 78. Maes, J.

- M., C. L . Staines, E. G. Riley , and R. W. Flowers. 2009. Bio

-Nica: Familia Chrysomelidae. http://www.bionica.info/Ento/Coleo/chry somelidae.htm MAG. 2005. Informe tecnico sobre el cultivo Pacaya ( Chamaedorea tepejilote). Personal communication to C. d. E. Fitosanitaria on from Magarey , R.D., D.M. Borchert, and J.W. Schlegel. 2008. Global Plant Hardiness Zones for Phy tosanitary Risk Analysis. Scientia Agricola (Piracicaba, Brazil). 65: 54

- 59. Manzari, S., and D. L. J. Quicke. 2006. A cladistic anal ysis of whiteflies, subfamily Aley rodinae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyn cha: Aley rodidae). Journal of Natural History 40(44):2423

- 2554. Martin, J. H. 2005. Whiteflies of Belize (Hemiptera: Aley rodidae) Part 2

- a review of the subfamily Aley rodinae Westwood (Zootaxa 1098). Magnolia Press. 116 pp. McGuire, J. U. J., and B. S. Crandall. 1967. Survey of Insect Pests and Plant Diseases of Selected Food Crops of Mexico, Central America, and Panama. Pages 35, 87, 121, 127, 132, 147. USDA. McKenna, D. D., and B. D. Farrel l. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of host plant use in the Neotropical rolled leaf ‘hispine’ beetle genus Cephaloleia (Chevrolat) (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37:117

- 131. Meerow, A. W., and T. J. Weissling . 1998. Pest of palms in Florida and the Caribbean Region. in. University

of Florida

- IFAS, Gainesville, FL. Meskens, C., D. Windsor, and T. Hance. 2008. A comparison of hispine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) associated with three orders of monocot h ost plants in lowland Panama. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 27(3/4):159

- 171. Migeon, A., and F. Dorkeld. 2008. Spider Mites Web. http://www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmweb/index.php. Miller, D. R., and J. A. Davidson. 2005. Armored Scal e Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs. Cornell University . 442 pp. Mordue, J., and P. Holliday

. 1999. Pestalotiopsis palmarum . CABI Bioscience. Morton, N. 1997. Informe de Consultoria a Corto Plazo en Entomologia Agricola. Pages 63, 152, 166

- 168, 252 in Inventario de Plagas Artropodos de Cultivos en Centro America y Una Revision de las Listas Cuarentenarias. PARSA, San Salvador, El Salvador. Mound, L . A., and S. H. Halsey

. 1978. Whitefly of the world: A s ys tematic catalogue of the Aley rodidae (Homoptera) with host plant and natural enemy data. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). 340 pp. Nakahara, S. 1995. Taxonomic Studies of the Genus Tetraleurodes (Homoptera: Aley rodidae). Insecta Mundi 9(1

- 2):105

- 150. NAPI S. 2009. National Agriculture Pest Information System (NAPI S). Center for Environmental & Regulatory

Information Systems. http://napis.ceris.purdue.edu/htbin/homepage.com. (Archived at PERAL). Nilsson, J. A., and C. D. Johnson. 1993. A taxonomic revision of the palm bruchids (Pachym erini) and a description of the world genera Pachy merinae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society Number 41. NRCS. 2009. The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), The National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov. (Archived at PERAL).Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 34 Ochoa, R., H. Aguilar, and C. Vargas. 1991. Acaros Fitofagos de América Central: Guía Ilustrada. Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica. 251 pp. Ochoa, R., and L. A. Salas. 1989. The Genus Brevipalpus in Costa Rica. International Journal of Acarology

15(1):21

- 30. Oyama, K., and R. Dirzo. 1991. Ecological Aspects of the Interaction between Chamaedorea tepejilote , a Dioecious Palm and Calyptocephala marginipenn is , a Herbivorous Beetle, in a Mexican Rain Forest. Principes 35(2):86

- 93. Peña, J. E., R. Duncan, and V. Torres. 1990. Dy namics and Control of the Banana Moth on Foliage Plants. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 103:189

- 192. PERAL . 20 08. Plant Hardiness Zones of the United States: Area and Population Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology , Plant Epidem iology

and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Raleigh, NC. 6 pp. PestID. 2009. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis .usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL). PPQ. 2000. Guidelines for pathway

- initiated pest risk assessments (Version 5.02). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Riv erdale, MD. 30 pp. PPQ. 2007. Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Import Manual. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) , Riverdale, MD . 616 pp. PPQ. 2008. Treatment Manual. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) , Riverdale, MD . 782 pp. Quaintance, A. L., and A. C. Baker. 1917. A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the White Flies of the Subfamily

Aley ro dinae (Aley

rodidae) (No. 2156). United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology

. Quezada, R. 1972. Principales Especies de Insectos Asociados a los Cultivos de Citricos en El Salvador. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, San Salvador, El Salvador. 49 pp. Quirós de G., M., Y. Petit, D. Pacheco, G. Sthormes, and N. Poleo. 2007. Malezas hospederas de ácaros Brevipalpus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) en huerto de Psidium guajava L. (My rtaceae), municipio Miranda, estado Zulia, Venezuela [Weed hosts fo r Brevipalpus mites (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Psidium guajava L. (M yrtaceae) orchard at Miranda municipality, Zulia, Venezuela]. Revista de la Facutad de Agronomia, Universidad del Zulia 24(Supl. 1):380

- 385. Reed, C. F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, D.C. 746 pp. Rehner, S., and F. A. Uecker. 1994. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer phyl ogeny and host diversity

in the coelomycete. Canadian Journal of Botany 72:1666

- 1674. Retana

- Salazar, A. P., and L . A. Mound. 2005. Character state variation in a new genus and species of Thripidae (Insecta: Thys anoptera) associated with Chamaedorea (Arecaceae) inflorescences in Central America. Brenesia 63

- 64:121

- 126.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 35 Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery , I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni, and L. M. Hernandez. 2001. Hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the Oriental Region. Southdene Sdn Bhd & The Natural History Museum, Kuala Lumpur & London. 744 pp. Russell, L

. M. 1994. Notes on the Genus Paraleurolobus: Redescription of the Genus and its Ty pe Species and Description of a New Species (Homoptera, Aley rodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 96(3):537

- 547. Salas, L . A., and R. Ochoa. 1985. Tenuipalpus chamaedorea , una nueva especie de falsa aranita roja (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) en pacaya ( Chamaedorea spp.). Agronomia Costarricense 9(2):171

- 174. Sánchez, S., and C. F. Ortiz. 1998. Oil Palm Pests and Pollinators in Tabasco, Mexico. ASD Costa Ric a. Sandoval, A. C. 1999. Zoogeografía de los gastrópodos terrestres de la región oriental de San Luis Potosí, México. Revista de Biología Tropical 47(3). Savela, M. 2007. Lepidoptera and some other life forms: Tromba xanthura

. http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/hes periinae/tromba/index.html#xanthura

. Schroers, H.

- J., M. M. Geldenhuis, M. J. Wingfield, M. H. Schoeman, Y.

- F. Yen, W.

- C. Shen, and B. D. Wingfield. 2005. Classification of the guava wilt fungus Myxosporium psidii, the palm pathogen Gliocladium vermoesenii and the pers immon wilt fungus Acremonium diospyri in Nalanthamala. Mycologia 97:375

- 395. Sol

- Sánchez, A. 2007. Ecological and economic factors affecting the sustainable production of camedor palm ( Chamaedorea elegans Mart) in Petén, Guatemala and Veracruz, Mexico., Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) Turrialba, Costa Rica. Strong, D. R. 1977. Rolled

- Leaf Hispine Beetles (Chrysomelidae) and their Zingiberales Host Plants in Middle America. Biotropica 9(3):156

- 169. Tenbrink, V. L., and A. H . Hara. 1992. Crop Knowledge Master: Diaspis boisduvalii . University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. Last accessed May 5, 2009, http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Ty pe/d_boisdu.htm. Thompson, F. G. 2008. An Annotated Checklist and Bibliography of the Land and Freshwater Snails of Mexico and Central America. Gainesville, Florida. Last accessed April 28, 2009, http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/malacology /mexico

- central_america_snail_checklist. USDA. 1993. Treatment Schedules. Section 6.1, T200.6.22. United States D epartment of Agriculture (USDA), Washington, D.C. USFWS. 2009. Threatened and Endangered Species Sy stem (TESS). United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/. (Archived at PERAL). Vierbergen, G. 1995. International movem ent, detection and quarantine of Thysanoptera pests. Pages 119

- 131 in B. L. Parker, M. Skinner, and T. L ewis, (eds.). Thrips biology and management. Plenum Press, New York. Walker, K. 2008. Pests and Diseases Image Library : Aleurotrachelus atratus

. http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPest.aspx?id=1102. (Archived at PERAL). Walker, K. 2009. Pests and Diseases Image Library : Aleurocerus whitefl y ( Aleurocerus palmae)

. http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPest.aspx?id=1105. (Archived at PERAL). Watson, G. W. 2005. Arthropods of Economic Importance: Diaspididae of the World. University of Amsterdam, Zoological Museum. http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BI S/diaspididae.php?menuentry=soorten&id=96

.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 36 Weissling, T. J., and R. M. Giblin

- Davis. 2007. Silky Cane Weevil, Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (Oliver) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) (EENY

- 053). University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 6 pp. Willi ams, D. J., and M. C. Granara de Willink. 1992. Meal ybugs of Central and South America. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 635 pp. Wilsey, D. S., and B. A. Endress. 2007. Evaluating the Role of Certification in the Sustainable Harvest of Chamaedorea Le ave s (Working Paper #1). Sustainable Palm Initiative. 16 pp. Windsor, D. M., E. G. Riley , and H. P. Stockwell. 1992. An introduction to the biology and systematics of Panamanian Tortoise Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Pages 372

- 391 in D. Qui ntero and A. Aiello, (eds.). Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica Selected Studies. Oxford Universtiy Press, New York. Wood, S. L . 1992. A catalog of Scol ytidae and Platy podidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index Volume B. Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah. 1553 pp. WSSA (2007). Composite List of Weeds, Weed Science Society of America (WSSA). Young, A. M. 1986. Natural History Notes on Brassolis isthmia Bates (Lepidoptera: Ny mphalidae: Brassolinae) in Northeastern Costa Rica. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 24(4):385

- 392. Zavala, J. A., J. F. Barbera, H. Morales, and M. L. Rojas

- Wiesner. 2005. Design and Evaluation of Traps for Idiarthron subquadratum (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with Farmer Participation in Coffee Plantations in Chiapas, Mexico. J ournal of Economic Entomology 98(3):821

- 835.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 37 

### 6 ** . Appendices**
**Appendix A. Standard post**

**- harvest procedures**  **[Original and translation]** (See translation below.) Communicated by

the El Salvador Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Direccion General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal (MAG, 2005). **Datos del informe de Pacaya ( Chamaedorea tepejilote** **):** La Pacaya se cultiva desde los 400 m.s.n.m. hasta los 800 m.s.n.m. En la actualidad, este cultivo se encuentra asociado con cultivos de café.
El inicio de la cos echa de este cultivo comienza en agosto y termina en diciembre. Siendo aproximadamente 5 meses de producción. **Datos generales:** El distanciamiento por Ha. es de 1.5 por 1.5. Esto da una densidad de 3,334 plantas por ha y una planta produce 5 Pacayas por co rte. Esto da una producción de 16,670 Pacayas por corte y se calcula que son de dos a tres cortes por temporada. El peso de 5 Pacayas con una bráctea es 0.45 kilogramos Con este peso se calcula 4 toneladas por hectárea. Área aproximada de siembra total a nivel nacional: 200 hectáreas. La presentación del producto para su exportación puede ser sin bráctea o con una bráctea interna ambas con pedúnculo de una pulgada. El cultivo de pacaya comienza a producir tres años después de la siembra.
El tratamiento poscosecha consiste en:

- Lavado: sumergimiento en tinas por 10 seg. con hipoclorito a 50 ppm.

- Tratamiento térmico: 10 seg. a 62oC.

- Secado por centrifugación

- Empaque en bandejas de 2 libras. El volumen estimado a exportar es de 20

- 25 toneladas por año. Zonas de siembra: Departamentos de: Ahuachapan, San Salvador, Cuscatlan, Santa Ana, Sonsonate, La Libertad, La Paz, San Vicente, y Usulutan. Importancia: con la siembra de una mayor área del cultivo se favorecería la protección del medio ambiente y del recurso suelo por ser un cultivo que se siembra en asocio con café y en suelos principalmente, con pendientes pronunciadas. Adicionalmente se mejorarían los ingresos de los productores (como consecuencia de su grupo familiar) así como la calidad de vida. Se daría una diversificación de la agricultura tradicional y s e generaría una mayor fuente de trabajo para los trabajadores del área rural.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 38 Communicated by

the El Salvador Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Direccion General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal (MAG, 2005). **Information for the Pacaya Report** ( Chamaedorea tepejilote) Pacaya is grown between 400 and 800 meters above sea level and usuall y i n association with coffee production. Harvest begins in Au gust and ends in December, which is approximately 5 months of production per year.
**General Information** The distance is between plants 1.5 m by 1.5 m. This separation gives a density of 3,334 plants per hectare and one plant produces 5 Pacayas each cutting. This arrangement results in 16,67 0 Pacayas for each cutting and there are three cutting each season. Five Pacayas, with bracts, weighs 0.45 Kg which gives a total production of 4 metric tons per hectare per year. T otal area planted nationally is approximately 200 ha. The export grade Pac aya does not have a bract or is with an internal bract. In either case a peduncle the Pacayas are cut with a one inch peduncle or stalk. Production begins three years after planting.

Post

- harvest treatment consists of the following:

- Washing is by

submerging the P acaya in vats containing a solution 50 ppm bleach for 10 seconds

- Heat treatment of at 62 C for 10 seconds

- Drying by

centrifugation

- Package in 2 lbs bags The estimated export volume is 20

- 25 metric tons per year. The production zones are the departments or states of Ahuachapan, Sna Salvador, Cuscatlan, Sant a Ana, Sonsonate, La Libertad, L a Paz, San Vincente, and Usulutan. Note: Cultivation of Pacaya is principally in areas which need environmental protections and soil conservation. In particular, Pacaya is grown in association with coffee production and on steep slopes. Also, Pacaya production could improve family income which improves the quality of life for many farmers. Additional benefits are diversification o f traditional agriculture and increased employ ment in the rural areas.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 39 **Appendix B**  **. Interceptions of quarantine pests on Chamaedorea**  **sp. and C. tepejilote**  **from 1985 to 2008** 

. 16 **Quarantine pest Baggage**  **Cargo Stores**  **Total General**  **Permit** Abgrallaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 15 219 234 Acalles sp. (Curculionidae) 5 5 Acrolepiidae, species of 1 1 Acutaleyrodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) 3 2 5 Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell) (Diaspididae) 83 146 53 2 284 Acutaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 2 1 3 Agallia modesta Osborn & Ball (Cicadellidae) 1 1 Agriolimacidae, species of 1 1 Agromyzidae, species of 4 2 9 15 Alagoasa sp. (Ahrysomelidae) 6 6 Aleurocanthus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 2 1 3 Aleurocerus palmae (Russell) (Aleyrodidae) 384 294 935 1,614 Aleurocerus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 397 1,791 71 2 2,261 Aleurodicus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 8 9 Aleuroglandulus similis Bondar (Aleyrodidae) 1 1 Aleuroglandulus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 1 2 Aleurolobus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 1 Aleuroplatus cococolus Quaintance & Baker (Aleyrodidae) 166 266 28 460 Aleuroplatus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 728 295 29 3 1,060 Aleurothrixus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 1 2 Aleurotrachelus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 42 114 7 163 Aleurotulus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 24 320 4 348 Aleyrodidae, species of 11 8 17 36 Aleyrodinae, species of (Aleyrodidae) 3 4 7 Altica sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Amblyomma sp. (Ixodidae) 1 1 Amorbia sp. (Tortricidae) 1 1 Anasa sp. (Coreidae) 1 1 Anastrepha sp. (Tephritidae) 4 2 6 Anchonus sp. (Curculionidae) 6 6 Anomala sp. (Scarabaeidae) 4 4 Anthonomus sp. (Curculionidae) 3 3 Anthostomella sp. (Xylariaceae) 1 1 Aphididae, species of 7 1 8 Aphis sp. (Aphididae) 1 1

16 Source = PestID, 2009. Not shown are three interceptions in **mail** ( Coccodiella chamaedoreae ; Helicidae, species of; and Pseudococcidae, species of), one interception in **quarters** ( Malleolaspis sp.), and nine interceptions on **mi scellaneous**  items (

Aleurocerus palmae ; Aleuroplatus sp. [5 times]; Asteraceae, species of; Hypocryphalus sp. (Scolytidae); and Steiarrhinus sp. (Curculionidae))

.Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 40 **Quarantine pest Baggage**  **Cargo Stores**  **Total General**  **Permit** Apion sp. (Apionidae) 8 2 10 Apis mellifera (Linnaeus) (Apidae) 1 1 Arctiidae, species of 2 8 1 11 Ascochyta sp. (Coelomycetes) 26 56 1 83 Asphaera sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Asphodelus fistulosus Linnaeus (Asphodelaceae) 1 1 Asteraceae, species of 1 6 1 9 Asterolecaniidae, species of 1 3 4 Asterolecanium inlabefactum Russell (Asterolecaniidae) 1,193 564 18 4 1,779

Asterolecanium sp. (Asterolecaniidae) 9 9 20 38 Aulacaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1 1 Aulacoscelis sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Baridinae, species of (Curculionidae) 2 2 Baris sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Blapstinus sp. (Tenebrionidae) 16 2 18 Blissus sp. (Blissidae) 1 1 Botryosphaeria sp. (Botryosphaeriaceae) 4 4 Brachybaenus sp. (Gryllacrididae) 1 1 Brachystylus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Brassolidae, species of 4 4 Brevipalpus chamaedorea Baker, Tuttle, & Abbatielo (Tenuipalpidae) 10 50 13 73 Brevipalpus sp. (Tenuipalpidae) 1 2 1 4 Buprestidae, species of 1 1 Calcisuccinea aff. Luteola (Gould) (Succineidae) 1 1 4 6 Calcisuccinea sp. (Succineidae) 1 1 Calligrapha sp. (Chrysomelidae) 4 4 Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 1 48 1 50 Calyptocephala marginipennis Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 4 240 38 282
Calyptocephala sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 12 13 26 Camirus sp. (Scutelleridae) 2 2 Caryobruchus sp. (Bruchidae) 1 1 Carystoides sp. (Hesperiidae) 2 2 2 6 Cassidinae, species of (Chrysomelidae) 1 11 12 Cassidini, species of (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 Catolethrus longulus Boheman (Curculionidae) 1 1 Catolethrus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 2 Cecidomyiidae, species of 4 4 Cephaloleia sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Ceraspis sp. (Scarabaeidae) 1 1Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 41 **Quarantine pest Baggage**  **Cargo Stores**  **Total General**  **Permit** Cerataphis sp. (Aphididae) 2 2 4 Cercopidae, species of 1 1 Cercospora sp. (Hyphomycetes) 24 14 34 72 Ceroplastes rubens maskell (Coccidae) 2 2 Ceroplastes sp. (Coccidae) 1 1 Cerotoma sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Chaetocnema sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Chalcodermus sp. (Curculionidae) 2 2 Chalepus sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 2 4 7 Charidotella proxima Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 3 3 Charidotella semiatrata Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 6 6 Charidotella sp. (Chrysomelidae) 5 186 8 199 Charidotella trisignata (Boh.) (Chrysomelidae) 20 8 28 Charidotella tuberculata (Fabricius) (Chrysomelidae) 4 4 Charidotis aurofasciata Erichson (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Charidotis leprieuri Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 4 4 Charidotis seminulum (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 11 5 16 Charidotis sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 4 Chariodotella sexpunctata (Fabricius) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 1 3 Chelymorpha sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Chloropidae, species of 1 1 Cholus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Chorizococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 Chrysauginae, species of (Pyralidae) 1 1 Chrysomelidae, species of 3 44 15 62 Chrysomelinae, species of (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Cicadellidae, species of 3 10 13 Cladosporium sp. (Hyphomycetes) 1 11 12 Coccidae, species of 13 13 11 3 40 Coccodiella chamaedoreae (Syd.) Hino & Katum. (Phyllachoraceae) 332 795 35 1,163

Coccostroma sp. 1 1 Coccotrypes sp. (Scolytidae) 2 7 9 Coccus sp. (Coccidae) 5 3 8 Coccus viridis (Green) (Coccidae) 1 1 Coelomycetes, species of 2 2 Coelonertus nigrirostris Solari (Curculionidae) 1 1 Coelonertus sp. (Curculionidae) 2 2 Colaspis sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 4 1 6 Colletotrichum sp. (Coelomycetes) 5 22 3 30 Coniothyrium sp. (Coelomycetes) 2 4 6Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 42 **Quarantine pest Baggage**  **Cargo Stores**  **Total General**  **Permit** Conoderus rugicollis Champion (Elateridae) 1 1 Conoderus varians (Steinheil) (Elateridae) 1 1 Conotrachelus sp. (Curculionidae) 37 4 41 Contarinia sp. (Cecidomyiidae) 1 1 Cophes sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Copitarsia sp. (Noctuidae) 1 1 1 3 Coptocycla dorsoplagiata (Champ.) (Chrysomelidae) 4 4 Coptocycla leprosa Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 Coptocycla semiatrata (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 4 5 Coptocycla sordida Bakeman (Chrysomelidae) 60 4 64 Coptocycla sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 8 12 21 Coreidae, species of 1 1 Corynespora sp. 1 1 Cosmopterigidae, species of 1 1 2 Crambidae, species of 1 1 Crematogaster sp. (Formicidae) 3 3 Crypticerya rosae Riley & Howard (Margarodidae) 1 1 2 Crypticerya sp. (Margarodidae) 3 2 5 Cryptorhynchinae, species of (Curculionidae) 1 1 2 Cryptorhynchus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 2 3 Ctenochira hieroglyphica (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Ctenuchinae, species of (Arctiidae) 1 1 Curculio sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 2 Curculionidae, species of 2 30 15 47 Curculioninae, species of (Curculionidae) 4 4 Curvularia pallescens Boedijn (Hyphomycetes) 1 1 Curvularia sp. (Hyphomycetes) 1 5 6 Cyclocephala sp. (Scarabaeidae) 11 11 Cyclorrhapha , species of 1 1 1 3 Cydia sp. (Tortricidae) 1 1 Deloyala sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 8 10 20 Deloyala zetterstedti (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Delphacidae, species of 1 1 Demotispa sp. (Chrysomelidae) 10 10 Derelomus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Deuterocampta sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Diabrotica sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 2 Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim (Chrysomelidae) 1 1
Diaspididae, species of 3 1 2 6 Diaspidiotus sp. (Diaspididae) 2 2 Diaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 38 385 4 427Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 43 **Quarantine pest Baggage**  **Cargo Stores**  **Total General**  **Permit** Didymella sp. (Pleosporaceae) 9 9 Didymosphaeria sp. (Didymosphaeriaceae) 3 3 Dinaspis aculeata Ferris (Diaspididae) 82 422 15 3 522 Diplotaxis sp. (Scarabaeidae) 11 11 Diptera, species of 5 5 Disonycha sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 1 3 Dothiorella sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 1 Dyscinetus sp. (Scarabaeidae) 2 2 Dysmicoccus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 2 Eburia sp. (Cerambycidae) 1 1 Elateridae, species of 2 2 Eleodes sp. (Tenebrionidae) 2 2 Empoasca sp. (Cicadellidae) 1 1 Entiminae, species of (Curculionidae) 1 1 Epicaerus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 12 1 14 Epilachna mexicana (Guerin

- Meneville) (Coccinellidae) 1 1

Eubulus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Eucalandra sp. (Dryophthoridae) 1 1 Eupatorium sp. (Asteraceae) 2 1 3 Exitianus sp. (Cicadellidae) 1 1 Fabaceae, species of 1 1 Ferrisia sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 10 11 Fiorinia sp. (Diaspididae) 3 3 Flatidae, species of 3 1 4 Frankliniella sp. (Thripidae) 5 5 Furcaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 103 164 147 2 416 Fusarium sp. (Hyphomycetes) 147 41 3 191 Fusicoccum sp. (Coelomycetes) 2 4 6 Gelechiidae, species of 6 3 9 Geometridae, species of 1 4 2 7 Gerstaeckeria sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Glomerella sp. (Glomerellaceae) 2 25 1 28 Gnathotrichus sp. (Scolytidae) 3 3 Gracillariidae, species of 11 17 5 4 37 Grammodes geometrica orientalis Warren (Noctuidae) 1 1 Gryllacrididae, species of 1 1 2 Gryllidae, species of 1 1 Guignardia sp. (Botryosphaeriaceae) 1 2 3 Gynandrobrotica lepida (Say) (Chrysomelidae) 2 1 3 Gynandrobrotica sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Halysidota sp. (Arctiidae) 1 1Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 44 **Quarantine pest Baggage**  **Cargo Stores**  **Total General**  **Permit** Heilipus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Helicella virgata Dacosta (Hygromiidae) 1 1 Hemiberlesia sp. (Diaspididae) 1 1 Hesperiidae, species of 11 160 57 228 Heteroptera, species of 1 1 2 Hispinae, species of (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 Homoptera, species of 1 2 3 Hoplandrothrips sp. (Phlaeothripidae) 1 1 Hypocryphalus sp. (Scolytidae) 1 Hypothenemus sp. (Scolytidae) 1 1 Icerya montserratensis Riley & Howard (Margarodidae) 1 1
Icerya sp. (Margarodidae) 2 3 4 9 Insecta, species of 3 3 6 Isorhinus sp. (Curculionidae) 4 4 Lamiinae, species of (Cerambycidae) 1 1 Laminicoccus pandani (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 Leidyula moreleti (Fischer) (Veronicellidae) 1 1 Lema sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 2 Lepidoptera, species of 4 7 10 21 Leptinotarsa nitidicollis (Stal) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Leptodothiorella sp. 1 1 Leptosphaeria sp. (Leptosphaeriaceae) 2 2 4 Ligyrocoris sp. (Rhyparochromidae) 1 1 Ligyrus sp. (Scarabaeidae) 1 1 Limacidae, species of 1 1 Limacodidae, species of 3 8 11 Linochora sp. 5 1 6 Listroderes sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Listronotus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 12 13 Llaveiella sp. (Margarodidae) 1 1 Lobometopon sp. (Tenebrionidae) 1 1 Lophodermium sp. (Rhytismataceae) 8 8 Lycaenidae, species of 1 1 Lygaeidae, species of 1 1 2 Macrodactylus sp. (Scarabaeidae) 1 1 Macrohaltica sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Macrophoma sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 1 Malacorhinus irregularis (Jacoby) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Malleolaspis mammata Ferris (Diaspididae) 15 4 62 81 Malleolaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 493 855 29 1 1,379 Margarodidae, species of 11 61 32 104Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 45 **Quarantine pest Baggage**  **Cargo Stores**  **Total General**  **Permit** Marmara sp. (Gracillariidae) 1 2 3 Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Crambidae) 2 2 Melanaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1 1 Melanconium sp. 1 1 Membracidae, species of 1 1 2 4 Metamasius hemipterus (Linnaeus) (Dryophthoridae) 4 4 Metamasius hemipterus carbonarius (Chevrolat) (Dryophthoridae) 19 4 23
Metamasius hemipterus hemipterus (linnaeus) (Dryophthoridae) 1 1 Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (Olivier) (Dryophthoridae) 12 12

Metamasius sp. (Dryophthoridae) 64 1 65 Metriona crucipennis (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Metriona erratica (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Metriona sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Metriona trisignata Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 14 1 15 Microcentrum sp. (Tettigoniidae) 2 2 Microctenochira cumulata (boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 7 4 11
Microctenochira ferranti (Spaeth) (Chrysomelidae) 3 1 4 Microctenochira hieroglyphica (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 5 2 7

Microctenochira sp. (Chrysomelidae) 3 111 12 126 Microctenochira vivida (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 24 3 27 Microsphaeropsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 7 8 Mikania micrantha Humboldt Bonpland, et Kunth. (Asteraceae) 2 2

Mikania sp. (Asteraceae) 1 4 2 7 Miridae, species of 3 7 10 Mollusca, species of 2 2 Monoxia sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Mycosphaerella advena Syd. (Mycosphaerellaceae) 1 2 3 Mycosphaerella palmae Miles (Mycosphaerellaceae) 2 2 Mycosphaerella sp. (Mycosphaerellaceae) 67 137 3 207 Myochrous sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 1 3 Myodocha intermedia Distant (Rhyparochromidae) 1 1 Neoconocephalus sp. (Tettigoniidae) 1 1 Nipaecoccus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 4 4 16 24 Noctuidae, species of 1 2 13 16 Nodonota sp. (Chrysomelidae) 3 1 4 Notodontidae, species of 2 1 3 Notolomus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 2Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 46 **Quarantine pest Baggage**  **Cargo Stores**  **Total General**  **Permit** Nymphulinae, species of (Crambidae) 1 1 Nysius sp. (Lygaeidae) 1 1 Ochlerus sp. (Pentatomidae) 1 1 Octotoma sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Odontota sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Oecophoridae, species of 6 1 7 Ogdoecosta catenulata (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Ogdoecosta sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 Omphalia flavida (Cke.) Maubl. & Rangel (Tricholomataceae) 1 1
Oncometopia clarior (Walker) (Cicadellidae) 1 1 Ophiodothella sp. (Phyllachoraceae) 13 7 3 23 Opogona sp. (Tineidae) 1 1 Opsiphanes sp. (Brassolidae) 4 15 4 23 Orocharis sp. (Gryllidae) 1 1 Osbornellus sp. (Cicadellidae) 1 1 Ozophora consanguineus (Distant) (Rhyparochromidae) 1 1
Pallifera costaricensis (Mörch) (Philomycidae) 4 4 8 Pallifera sp. (Philomycidae) 50 3 53 Palmaspis sp. (Asterolecaniidae) 1 1 Pandeleteius sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Paraleurolobus chamaedoreae Russell (Aleyrodidae) 1 2 3 Paraleurolobus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 9 94 1 104 Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi (Aleyrodidae) 2 7 9 Paraleyrodes citri Bondar (Aleyrodidae) 2 2 Paraleyrodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 7 2 10 Parallelia sp. (Noctuidae) 1 1 Paria sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Parisoschoenus flavolimbatus Champion (Curculionidae) 2 2

Parisoschoenus sp. (Curculionidae) 1 95 3 99 Parlatoria sp. (Diaspididae) 2 2 Paroecanthus aztecus Saussure (Gryllidae) 1 1 Pelidnota sp. (Scarabaeidae) 4 4 Pentatomidae, species of 6 9 15 Pentatomoidea, species of 2 2 Periconia sp. (Hyphomycetes) 1 1 Peritrechus gracilicornis Puton (Rhyparochromidae) 1 1 Pestalotiopsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 7 7 1 1 16 Phaeoseptoria sp. (Coelomycetes) 65 43 108 Phaeosphaeria palmarum chaudhuri (EcoPort Record) & P.N. Rao (Phaeosphaeriaceae) 54 4 2 60Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 47 **Quarantine pest Baggage**  **Cargo Stores**  **Total General**  **Permit** Phaeosphaeria sp. (Phaeosphaeriaceae) 10 47 57 Pheidole punctatissima Mayr (Formicidae) 1 1 Pheidole sp. (Formicidae) 2 2 Phenacoccus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 2 3 Phoma sp. (Coelomycetes) 9 35 5 49 Phomopsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 33 70 4 107 Phoradendron sp. (Santalaceae) 14 57 12 83 Phycitinae, species of (Pyralidae) 1 1 Phyllachora sp. (Phyllachoraceae) 1 1 2 Phyllocnistis sp. (Gracillariidae) 5 4 22 31 Phyllophaga sp. (Scarabaeidae) 1 7 1 9 Phyllosticta sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 1 Phyllotreta sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Physalospora sp. (Hyponectriaceae) 1 1 2 Physonota sp. (Chrysomelidae) 5 2 7 Physorhinus sp. (Elateridae) 1 1 Pieridae, species of 1 1 Pinnaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 3 1 4 Pityophthorus sp. (Scolytidae) 1 1 Plagiometriona sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 Planococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 Platynota sp. (Tortricidae) 2 2 Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) (Diaspididae) 2 2 Pseudocercospora sp. (Hyphomycetes) 2 5 3 10 Pseudococcidae, species of 10 11 21 3 46 Pseudococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 1 1 Pseudoparlatoria carolilehmanni balachowsky (Diaspididae) 2 2
Pseudoparlatoria sp. (Diaspididae) 1 1 Psyllidae, species of 1 1 2 Puccinia cymbopogonis Mass (Pucciniaceae) 1 1 Puccinia tillandsiae Cumm. & Pollack (Pucciniaceae) 1 1 Pulvinaria sp. (Coccidae) 1 1 Pyralidae, species of 1 1 Pyraloidea, species of 2 2 Pyrenochaeta sp. (Coelomycetes) 13 21 34 Raoiella indica hirst (Tenuipalpidae) 1 1 Resseliella sp. (Cecidomyiidae) 1 1 Retracrus johnstoni Keifer (Nalepellidae) 26 26 Reuteroscopus sp. (Miridae) 1 1 Rhabdopterus sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 48 **Quarantine pest Baggage**  **Cargo Stores**  **Total General**  **Permit** Rhinostomus barbirostris (Fabricius) (Dryophthoridae) 1 1 Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton (Poaceae) 1 1 Saccharum sp. (Poaceae) 3 3 Saissetia sp. (Coccidae) 1 1 Santalaceae, species of 2 2 Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer) (Veronicellidae) 12 1 13 Saturniidae, species of 2 2 Scarabaeidae, species of 1 1 Scolytidae, species of 4 4 Scrophulariaceae, species of 1 1 Selenaspidopsis browni Nakahara (Diaspididae) 7 3 2 12 Selenophoma sp. (Coelomycetes) 1 1 Sesiidae, species of 1 1 1 3 Sibine sp. (Limacodidae) 1 1 Sibinia sp. (Curculionidae) 2 2 Sipha sp. (Aphididae) 1 1 Sitona sp. (Curculionidae) 1 1 Sminthuridae, species of 1 1 2 Solanum sp. (Solanaceae) 1 1 Sphaeropsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 2 2 Sphenophorus sp. (Dryophthoridae) 2 2 Stagonospora sp. (Coelomycetes) 3 9 12 Stictolobus minor (Fowler) (Membracidae) 1 1 Stilodes sp. (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 2 Stolas sp. (Chrysomelidae) 4 1 5 Strategus sp. (Scarabaeidae) 2 2 Succinea costaricana Von Martens (Succineidae) 4 4 Succinea horticola Reinhardt (Succineidae) 1 1 Syrphidae, species of 2 2 Tanymecus sp. (Curculionidae) 4 4 Tapinaspis annulus (Fabricius) (Chrysomelidae) 6 2 8 Tapinaspis sp. (Chrysomelidae) 2 2 Tapinaspis wesmaeli (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae) 30 4 34 Tenuipalpus sp. (Tenuipalpidae) 2 2 Tetraleurodes sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1 1 Tetralicia sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1,642 864 117 2,623 Tetranychus sp. (Tetranychidae) 4 2 8 14 Tettigoniidae, species of 1 2 4 7 Theba pisana (Müller) (Helicidae) 1 1 Thysanoptera, species of 1 1 Tingidae, species of 1 1 Tischeriidae, species of 1 1Pest Risk Assessm ent for Pacaya from El Salvador

Rev. 01 April 5, 2010 49 **Quarantine pest Baggage**  **Cargo Stores**  **Total General**  **Permit** Tomolips sp. (Curculionidae) 2 2 Tortricidae, species of 7 9 16 Tortricinae, species of (Tortricidae) 1 1 Tridax procumbens Linnaeus (Asteraceae) 1 1 Triozidae, species of 1 1 Venturia sp. (Venturiaceae) 1 1 Veronicella sp. (Veronicellidae) 2 3 5 Veronicellidae, species of 32 12 44 Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood) (Coccidae) 7 8 1 16 Xenocassis amoena Boheman (Chrysomelidae) 1 1 Xenochalepus sp. (Chrysomelidae) 26 26 Yuccaborus sp. (Dryophthoridae) 1 1 **Grand total 6,523**  **10,343 2,341**  **30 19,237**