ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 

33SU121, CUYAHOGA VALLEY NATIONAL PARK, 

SUMMIT COUNTY, OHIO

By

Ann C. Bauermeister

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Midwest Archeological Center

Technical Report No. 127
ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 

33SU121, CUYAHOGA VALLEY NATIONAL PARK, 

SUMMIT COUNTY, OHIO

By

Ann C. Bauermeister

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Midwest Archeological Center

Technical Report No. 127

United States Department of the Interior

National Park Service

Midwest Archeological Center

Lincoln, Nebraska

2010
This report has been reviewed against the criteria contained in 43CFR Part 7, Subpart A,

Section 7.18 (a) (1) and, upon recommendation of the Midwest Regional Office

and the Midwest Archeological Center, has been classified as

Available

Making the report available meets the criteria of 43CFR Part 7, Subpart A, Section 7.18 (a) 

(1).
i

ABSTRACT

The Midwest Archeological Center (MWAC) conducted archeological inventory 

and evaluative testing efforts at site 33SU121, in Cuyahoga Valley National Park (CUVA), 

during the 2000, 2001, 2003, and 2006 field seasons. Site 33SU121 is located in Everett 

Village, Boston Township, Summit County, Ohio. The archeological investigations were 

initiated in response to two undertakings proposed by CUVA. The first was a proposed 

land exchange between the National Park Service (NPS) and the Church in the Valley, 

involving the 4.28 acre field north of the Church (Tract 114-81) where 33SU121 was 

originally recorded. The second was for potential ground disturbing activities associated 

with the restoration and rehabilitation of the adjacent historic Schmidt (Tract 114-42) 

and Krimmer (114-44) properties. Results from those investigations are included in this 

report because artifacts attributed to 33SU121 were identified at those properties. 

The purpose of the investigations related to the land exchange was to identify any 

additional archeological resources and refine the site boundary for 33SU121, which was 

originally recorded in 1980 by the Cleveland Museum of Natural History; to evaluate 

resources for their significance and eligibility for the National Register of Historic 

Places (NRHP); and to provide recommendations for site management as related to the 

land exchange. The inventory at the Schmidt and Krimmer properties was undertaken 

to identify archeological resources and to provide data for use in ongoing planning 

efforts associated with the park’s historic property restoration and rehabilitation 

program. Additional evaluative testing was conducted at the Krimmer property in 2003 

and 2006 after specific undertakings associated with the Krimmer House restoration 

were proposed. Project field methods consisted of close-interval shovel testing across 

the field and the grounds at the Krimmer and Schmidt properties followed by test unit 

excavation, geophysical inventory of select portions of the field and Krimmer property, 

and exploratory trenching within the field.

This report documents the combined results of the inventory and evaluative 

testing that MWAC conducted at site 33SU121 between 2000 and 2006. The results 

indicate that portions of site 33SU121 contain sufficient information to warrant the site’s 

inclusion on the NRHP, but no significant archeological resources will be adversely 

impacted by the proposed undertakings.
ii
iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Midwest Archeological Center (MWAC) and I would first like to thank 

Superintendent John Debo and staff at Cuyahoga Valley National Park (CUVA) for 

their continued support of the archeological program. Special thanks are due to 

Management Assistant Dennis Hamm who was our park contact and assisted us 

greatly by coordinating this project between the park and the Church in the Valley. 

Numerous CUVA staff participated on a variety of levels, from the earliest planning 

phases to the final excavations, and their assistance was greatly appreciated. Historic 

Architect Paulette Cossel and former Historian Sam Tamburro provided information 

on the historic structures; and Landscape Architects Darlene Kelbach and Kim Norley, 

and Civil Engineer Janet Popielski were involved with the planning and design and 

also provided assistance as park paraprofessionals during the field excavations. 

Thanks also to Dee Strickland for her paraprofessional assistance and mentoring of 

the Junior Rangers.

Many people contributed to this multi-year endeavor and I would like to express 

my thanks to each and every one. The initial 2000 field team was directed by MWAC 

archeologist Jeffrey Richner, and the crew was composed of myself, Jerry Androy, Naomi 

Rintoul, William Volf, and Phil Wanyerka. The 2001 fieldwork was directed by myself 

and Jeffrey Richner and the field crew included Scott Brannan, Ricci Soto, Gary Akers, 

Robert James, and Monika Zsigmund. We were also fortunate to have participants from 

the Volunteers for Peace program join us in our efforts. Vincent Cantonnet, Gloria Maria 

Rodriguez, Paula Renedo Martos, Tarek Kattan, Nilufer Alkan, Kristina Tribulova, 

Emiliano Venturini, Liesbeth Breesch, Aleix Ingles, Estel Colobran Oriol, and Matthew 

Banton all participated with the investigations. Former MWAC Archeologist William 

Volf contributed substantially to this project with his geophysical expertise. The author 

directed additional inventories at the Krimmer property in 2003 and 2006; both times, 

Interpretive Ranger Pam Machuga and a combined total of about 140 Junior Rangers, 

participated with the excavations. Members of the 2003 field crew were Gary Akers, 

Mike Hammons, Danielle Nordbrock, Monika Zsigmond, and Ben Perry. The 2006 

crew consisted of Erin Dempsey, John Gapp, Mike Hammons, and Jennifer Lahowetz. It 

goes without saying that without the individual contributions of all of these people, the 

project would not have been nearly as successful or half as enjoyable. Thanks, everyone. 

I would like to extend a special thanks to members of the Church in the Valley 

who welcomed us on to their property and took an interest in our work, specifically, Mr. 

Pete Schueler, the late Pastor John Fisk, and the late Mr. Keith Haag. Pastor Fisk and Mr. 

Haag, were friends of Cuyahoga Valley and will be remembered fondly.
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v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract........................................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................iii

Table of Contents............................................................................................................. v

List of Figures.................................................................................................................. vii

List of Tables....................................................................................................................ix

Chapter 1

Introduction.....................................................................................................................1

Chapter 2

Environmental Setting......................................................................................................5

Chapter 3 

Culture History.................................................................................................................7

Paleoindian Tradition................................................................................................7

Archaic Tradition ......................................................................................................8

Woodland Tradition .................................................................................................9

Late Prehistoric Tradition .........................................................................................12

History ....................................................................................................................13

Everett Village.........................................................................................................15

Chapter 4

Archeological Goals and Methods...................................................................................19

Project Goals...........................................................................................................19

Everett Field (Tract 114-81)..............................................................................19

Schmidt Property (Tract 114-42) ......................................................................19

Krimmer Property (Tract 114-44) .....................................................................19

Methods.................................................................................................................20

Phase I Inventory .............................................................................................20

Phase II Evaluative Testing................................................................................21

Everett Field (114-81) ..............................................................................21

Schmidt Property (114-42).......................................................................22

Krimmer Property (114-44)......................................................................22

Project Conditions...................................................................................................23

Laboratory Analysis ................................................................................................23

Storage...................................................................................................................23
vi

Chapter 5

Results of Investigations..................................................................................................25

Everett Field (Tract 114-81)......................................................................................25

Phase I-II Investigations (2000-2001) ...............................................................25

Schmidt Property (Tract 114-42) ..............................................................................29

Phase I-II Investigations (2000, 2003)...............................................................29

Krimmer Property (Tract 114-44) .............................................................................30

Phase I-II Investigations (2000-2001, 2003, 2006) ...........................................30

Chapter 6 

Conclusion and Recommendations .................................................................................35

References Cited...........................................................................................................39

Appendix A: Ohio Archeological Inventory Form...........................................................107
vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. The project area................................................................................................43

Figure 2. Aerial map of targeted properties in Everett......................................................44

Figure 3. National Register of Historic Places Everett Historic District................................44

Figure 4. Construction design for the Church in Valley ....................................................45

Figure 5. Portion of 1994 USGS 7.5’ topographic map, Peninsula 

Quadrangle, showing the location of site 33SU121 within Everett. ...................46

Figure 6. Site map of the Schmidt, Everett field, and Krimmer 

properties, site 33SU121 ..................................................................................47

Figure 7. Overview of eastern half of Everett field, showing 

resistivity survey. ...............................................................................................49

Figure 8. Overview of Everett field, showing backhoe trench excavations ........................49

Figure 9. Site map showing area covered by the 2000-2001, 2003, and 

2006 archeological investigations at the Krimmer property. ..............................50

Figure 10. Projectile points and stone tools recovered from site 33SU121........................51

Figure 11. Feature 1 shown in plan view in Test Unit 11-12N/77-78E...............................52

Figure 12. Profile of Feature 1 shown in the east wall of Test Unit

11-12N/77-78E. ..............................................................................................52

Figure 13. Pottery recovered from site 33SU121..............................................................53

Figure 14. Feature 2 shown in plan view in Test Unit 22-23N/72-73E...............................53

Figure 15. Profile of Feature 2 shown in the south wall of Test 

Unit 23-24N/72-73E........................................................................................54

Figure 16. Profile of Feature 2 shown in the south and west walls of 

Test Unit 23-24N/72-73E. ................................................................................54

Figure 17. Feature 3 shown in the south wall profile of Test Unit 

14-15N/96-97E. ..............................................................................................55

Figure 18. Feature 3 shown in the west wall profile of Test Unit 

14-15N/96-97E. ..............................................................................................55
viii

Figure 19. Contour map of Everett field showing density of debitage 

recovered through shovel testing.....................................................................56

Figure 20. Contour map of Everett field showing density of fire-cracked 

rock recovered through shovel testing .............................................................56

Figure 21. East wall profile of Test Unit 6 at the Krimmer property...................................57

Figure 22. Feature 5 shown in plan view in Test Unit 12 and 15 at the 

Krimmer property. Depth is 23 cm below surface. ...........................................57

Figure 23. Decorated whiteware sherds recovered from site 33SU121.............................58

Figure 24. Personal and miscellaneous artifacts recovered from site 33SU121..................58
ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Artifacts from 33SU121. ...................................................................................59

Table 2. Prehistoric Artifacts from Everett Field ...............................................................84

Table 3. Kitchen/Domestic Artifacts from 33SU121.........................................................93

Table 4. Hardware and Architectural Artifacts from 33SU121. ........................................96

Table 5. Personal Artifacts from 33SU121.......................................................................99

Table 6. Miscellaneous Artifacts from 33SU121 .............................................................100

Table 7. Prehistoric Artifacts from the Schmidt Property.................................................101

Table 8. Prehistoric Artifacts from the Krimmer Property ................................................102
x
1

1. INTRODUCTION

Archeological field investigations were undertaken by the National Park Service’s 

(NPS) Midwest Archeological Center (MWAC) at site 33SU121 during the 2000, 2001, 

2003, and 2006 field seasons at Cuyahoga Valley National Park (CUVA). The site is located 

in the hamlet of Everett in the southwest portion of the park, Boston Township, Summit 

County, Ohio (Figure 1). It is situated on the north side of Everett Road on four of the 

historically-defined properties in Everett: the Church in the Valley (Tract 114-43) and 

associated field (Tract 114-81 of parent Tract 114-72), the Schmidt property (Tract 114-

42), and the Krimmer property (Tract 114-44). With the exception of the field, all of the 

properties are included within the Everett Historic District listed on National Register 

of Historic Places (NR 93001467) (Figure 3). The District is listed for its significance 

under the topic of settlement, for embodying the distinctive characteristics of an 

unincorporated hamlet settlement type, and for historical archeological significance, 

based on the potential to yield information on non-aboriginal cultures in the Cuyahoga 

Valley. At the time of the investigations, all but the Church in the Valley property, which 

is owned by the church, were NPS-owned. 

Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires federal 

agencies to take into account the effects of undertakings on properties included in or 

eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). MWAC advises CUVA on 

the subject of archeological management, interpretation, and research. All archeological 

investigations accomplished within CUVA are coordinated through MWAC, the results 

from which provide data to assist the park in complying with Section 106.

The archeological investigations were initiated in response to two undertakings 

proposed by CUVA: 1) a land exchange involving the transfer of 4.28 acres of NPS 

land (Tract 114-81) to the Church in Valley in return for an historic preservation 

easement, and 2) potential future development at the adjacent Schmidt and Krimmer 

properties associated with CUVA’s historic property restoration and rehabilitation 

program. The targeted properties occur on the same landform and are adjacent to one 

another, though each is discrete by tract boundary. Thus while the investigations were 

conducted separately per project area, the combined results indicate that archeological 

resources at each property are attributed to the same overarching multi-component 

site recorded as 33SU121. This report is organized according to project area, beginning 

with the Church in the Valley field, followed by the Schmidt property, and the Krimmer 

property. Results and recommendations specific to each project area are provided as 

well as a site synthesis based on the cumulative results. 

In 2001, church officials concluded that their existing facilities in Everett were 

insufficient to serve the needs of their growing congregation and determined that an 

expansion of the existing church structure was necessary if they were to remain at that 

location. The church had sufficient land to build the structural addition on their property, 

Tract 114-43, but not enough to provide the needed parking and wastewater handling 

components of the expanded facility. The land exchange was proposed to provide NPS 

land, specifically the 4.28-acre field adjacent to the north, for the development of these 

facilities. In return, the NPS would receive an historic preservation easement on the 

church and place a restrictive covenant on the field. The proposed projects within the 
2

field included the installation of a new wastewater treatment system and placement of 

an asphalt parking lot. 

MWAC Archeologists and the Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) 

were involved throughout the planning process to protect significant cultural resources 

at site 33SU121 from adverse impacts. The construction design was developed during 

the inventory and consultation phase and archeological data were utilized to achieve 

the final construction design for both the wastewater facility and parking lot (Figure 

4). The wastewater treatment system includes an evapo-transpiration field comprising 

two 600 linear foot fields situated in the western portion of the field and installed at 

ground surface. One of the fields is designated a reserve and would likely not be used for 

many years. Additional components include a mounded subsurface sand filter placed 

southwest of the fields, a 5000 gallon septic tank placed in the existing drive southwest 

of the church, and a dosing tank located just west of the septic tank. The connecting 

route runs from the dosing tank north through the previously disturbed driveway area, 

west along the northern edge of previously graded parking area, and north to the sand 

filter. The trenching for the route was restricted to previously disturbed soils. The new 

asphalt parking lot was designed with ninety-nine 9’-x-20’ parking spaces, a 20’-wide 

linear drainage swale in the middle of the lot, and 20’-wide access drives on the west and 

east sides. The parking lot was positioned in the east section of the field. 

Initial fieldwork for the proposed land exchange and associated projects for the 

Church in the Valley field, hereafter referred to as Everett field, took place from July 

20-24 and August 2-4, 2000. These investigations targeted the southeastern portion 

of the field, north of the Krimmer property, and included a shovel test inventory and 

fluxgate gradiometer survey. The shovel test inventory covered an area 25 meters N-S 

by 105 meters W-E; the fluxgate gradiometer survey was conducted over a 3200 square 

meter area and encompassed the area shovel tested. Three 1-x-1-meter test units were 

excavated based on the gradiometer survey results. The second phase of fieldwork was 

conducted from July 9-17, 2001, and expanded upon the previous year’s work to include 

the remaining portion of the field, 15,400 square meters, and focused on areas likely to 

be impacted by the proposed development plans. The investigations included a shovel 

test inventory across the field, followed by a fluxgate gradiometer survey of 9300 square 

meters, and a resistivity survey of 1600 square meters. Hand excavation of twenty-eight 

1-x-1-meter test units and mechanical excavation of five exploratory trenches were 

completed based on the combined results of the geophysical surveys and shovel tests. 

Results from the 2000 and 2001 investigations identified over 1200 prehistoric artifacts, 

including debitage, fire-cracked rock, projectile points, utilized flakes, cores, bifaces, 

and pottery. The majority of the artifacts were recovered from the plow zone, however, 

four intact sub-plow zone features were encountered, two of which yielded radiocarbon 

dates from the Middle Woodland (Feature 1) and Archaic (Feature 2) Traditions, 

respectively. Overall, the site resources are particularly concentrated and have better 

depositional integrity in the eastern half of the field. 

Fieldwork at the Schmidt property took place June 30 and July 5-6, 2000, and July 

18, 2003. Initially a shovel test inventory of the parcel was completed that encompassed 

the entire residential portion, covering approximately 1950 square meters. Next, two 

1-x-2-meter test units were excavated (one in the north yard and one in the south yard) 
3

based on the results from the shovel test inventory. An additional 1-x-1-meter test 

unit was excavated adjacent to the unit in the north yard. Prehistoric materials were 

encountered in 35 percent of the shovel tests and in all three of the test units, though 

all were recovered from disturbed soils in the upper stratum. Among the recovered 

artifacts were debitage and fire-cracked rock; no diagnostic or formal stone tools were 

discovered. An additional shovel test inventory was completed in 2003 in advance of 

anticipated improvements including water and septic systems, which would be required 

for adaptive reuse of the house as temporary employee housing. The inventory focused 

on the south yard. Shovel tests were excavated in the upper part of the front yard, adjacent 

to the house, and also in the lower yard, adjacent to Everett Road. All of the shovel tests 

in the upper yard revealed grossly disturbed soils with heavy, and sometimes compacted, 

gravel. The shovel tests in the lower yard also revealed very disturbed soils with mottled 

clay, sand, and gravel. A small amount of modern debris was found in this area, including 

curved glass, brick, ceramic tile, and concrete. The former route of Everett Road was 

also encountered toward the southern edge of the yard, just underneath the grass. The 

rerouting of Everett Road undoubtedly contributed to the disturbance noted in this 

area. No materials recovered in 2003 were considered archeologically significant since 

they are mostly residential and road debris, further, the materials were found in grossly 

disturbed soils and lacked depositional integrity.

Archeological investigations at the Krimmer property were conducted from June 

18-23, 2000, July 18-23, 2001, July 14-17, 2003, and July 25-27, 2006. The initial fieldwork 

in 2000 included a shovel test inventory that covered 1600 square meters of the property 

to encompass the house, garage, all outbuildings, and the clearing to the north of the 

house. The investigations were undertaken in advance of anticipated projects associated 

with the rehabilitation and restoration of the house, though specific plans had not yet 

been developed. Artifacts recovered from the shovel tests included both prehistoric and 

historic materials. Eleven 1-x-1-meter test units were excavated based on the results from 

the shovel test inventory; 10 yielded additional prehistoric materials and all 11 contained 

historic and modern debris. The 2001 fieldwork included a fluxgate gradiometer survey 

and excavation of four 1-x-1-meter test units in an 800 square-meter area within the 

clearing in the northern yard. Prehistoric materials were recovered from all but one of 

the units and an intact subsurface pit feature (Feature 5) was encountered in a test unit 

located in the eastern half of the clearing Additional evaluative testing was completed 

in 2003 that targeted the south and west yards. Seven 1-x-1-meter test units were 

excavated, all of which revealed disturbed soils and a mix of prehistoric, historic, and 

modern materials. Evaluative testing conducted in 2006 targeted the area between the 

house and the now non-extant garage in the north yard where specific improvements 

for the rehabilitation of the house were proposed. These include: updating the existing 

drive and installing a 3-car parking lot at the northern end of the drive, adding screen 

plantings along the east side of the drive, and constructing a deck off the back of the 

house. Four 1-x-1-meter test units were excavated and yielded additional prehistoric, 

historic, and modern materials. The depositional context is so greatly compromised in 

the 2006 project areas that the resources contained within are not considered significant. 

Based on the results from the combined investigations, archeological site 

33SU121 is a multi-component site with prehistoric components dating from Middle 

Archaic through Late Woodland periods and a twentieth-century historic component 
4

attributed to residential activities at the Krimmer and Schmidt Houses. The prehistoric 

site represents the cumulative result of widely spaced, short-term occupations and use 

episodes that occurred over a long time period. In general, the density of artifacts is 

greater in the northern and eastern portions of the mowed field area with the majority 

of artifacts occurring in the disturbed plow zone. Several intact sub-plow zone features 

were identified and recorded in the eastern portion of the field and in the northern yard 

at the Krimmer House. These features contain data for addressing multiple potential 

research questions. The proposed undertakings involve ground disturbance, however, 

no significant archeological resources will be adversely impacted from the actions. 

Following the process of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, areas 

within the site were identified where the proposed undertakings could take place 

without having an adverse effect on the characteristics of the archeological site that 

would qualify it for the NRHP. The project planning process consistently emphasized 

use of those disturbed areas for development and avoidance or protection of other 

portions of the site where primary context deposits had been recorded.

MWAC Archeologist Jeffrey Richner supervised the field and laboratory work in 

2000; Archeologist Richner and MWAC Archeologist Ann Bauermeister supervised the 

fieldwork in 2001; Archeologist Bauermeister supervised the laboratory work for 2001 

and the fieldwork and laboratory work in 2003 and 2006.
5

2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

Cuyahoga Valley National Park is located in the northeast corner of the state 

of Ohio, between the cities of Akron and Cleveland. The park covers 33,000 acres of a 

glacially sculpted landscape along the banks of the Cuyahoga River in an area that today 

is characterized by river floodplain, steep and gentle valley walls, tributaries and their 

ravines, and upland plateaus. 

CUVA is situated along the western edge of the glaciated Appalachian Plateau 

province in northeast Ohio, an area marked by relatively flat uplands with deeply 

entrenched drainage ravines and valleys that was established following the Wisconsin 

glacial retreat about 14,000 years ago (Brose et al. 1981). This physiographic region is 

comprised of buried north-to-south trending Paleozoic river valleys that are largely 

covered by glacial deposits. The present glacial topography is comparatively smooth, 

but generally follows the contour of the underlying bedrock, which includes Devonian, 

Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian strata (Brose et al. 1981). 

The major valley fill within Cuyahoga consists of deposits from two pro-glacial 

lakes that occupied portions of the valley. Cuyahoga Lake was formed ca. 13,000 B.P. 

from the Wabash Moraine, and covered the area north of Akron to the southern border 

of Cuyahoga County. Later and further north, Lake Independence was formed by the 

Defiance Moraine around 11,800 B.P. As the glaciers retreated from Cuyahoga Valley, 

subsequent drainage of the lakes and down cutting of the Wabash moraine created a 

gradient that permitted the northeasterly flow of the Cuyahoga River into Lake Erie. 

During the latter glacial developments, the Cuyahoga River cut through overlain 

deposits and into the underlying bedrock. Today the elevation of the floodplain near 

the project area is 710’ amsl. Site 33SU121 is situated on the second terrace above the 

modern floodplain of the Cuyahoga River at 770’ amsl; it is located 700 meters to the 

west of the middle stretch of the river (Figure 5). Terraces in the park are the elevated, 

abandoned floodplain segments of the Cuyahoga River or its tributary streams (Finney 

2002). The landform containing the site is a relatively level plateau sloping upward to the 

west. North and east of the terrace is a steep bank formed by an unnamed intermittent 

drainage. The site also faces the Furnace Run floodplain to the south.

The upland soils in the park consist of poorly draining clayey loam while the 

floodplain and terrace soils are highly fertile, well-drained sandy silt loams. The 

floodplain soils developed intermittently over the past 12,000 years and have always 

been considered prime agricultural land (Brose et al. 1981). The soils on the terrace that 

site 33SU121 occupies are classified as Glenford silt loam from the Glenford series, which 

are part of the rough broken land association. These soils are deep and moderately welldrained, were formed in stratified silty materials, and have been used historically for 

crops such as corn, wheat, or hay (USDA 1974). The site setting is a former part of an 

ancient floodplain and it is known that prehistoric archeological sites can be buried in 

such terraces (Finney 2002). 

The middle Cuyahoga Valley has a mild continental interior climate with warm, 

humid summers and cold winters; a climate that has been relatively unchanged since 
6

the end of the Little Ice Age that spanned from ca. A.D. 1350 to 1850 (Fagan 2000). 

Northwesterly to westerly winds blowing off Lake Erie affect temperatures in the 

project area by lowering them in the summer and raising them in winter. Located within 

the Lake Erie snowbelt, the area and can be covered in snow between 60 and 80 days 

annually. The mean minimum temperature in January is 19 degrees Fahrenheit and 

the mean maximum temperature in July in 83 degrees. There is an average of 180-200 

frost free days, which is adequate for most crops on most soils, and 36 inches of annual 

precipitation (USDA 1974).

The region is in the temperate deciduous forest biome that developed following 

deglaciation about 10,000 years ago (Shelford 1963). Maple and beech were the 

predominant tree species, while other varieties included hemlock, chestnut, hickory, red 

oak, and cherry. The forest environment provided habitat for a wide range of animals, 

including white-tailed deer as the dominant large mammal, elk, mountain lion, black 

bear, rabbits, opossum, beaver, raccoon, and muskrat. Avian fauna included wild turkey, 

quail, owls, hawks, and ducks; aquatic animal resources were plentiful with freshwater 

gar, pike, catfish, bass, drum, and other fishes available in rivers and lakes (Noble 1988). 

The natural forest was impacted heavily through deforestation that took place during 

the Euro-American settlement period. According to Brose et al. (1981:17), “...the present 

environmental setting of the region would have provided a large number of seasonally 

available resources for prehistoric and historic exploitation [and] the subsistence 

resources in the site region appear to have been more than adequate to maintain the 

aboriginal population.” 
7

3. CULTURE HISTORY

Several very detailed reports have been prepared on the prehistory and history of 

Cuyahoga Valley. A brief discussion is provided; for more detailed discussion readers are 

directed to Brose et al. (1981) and Finney (2002). 

Paleoindian Tradition

The Paleoindian Tradition began when humans first settled in North America 

by 14,000 B.C. and extends to approximately 10,000 years ago. Human occupation of 

northeastern Ohio became possible once the ice sheets began retreating northward 

around 14,000 B.C. As the glacial front moved out, the region’s pro-glacial lakes 

subsequently drained, and by about 12,000 B.C. the encroaching flora of the cool climate 

consisted of a mixed hardwood-conifer forest, which slowly changed to relatively 

modern flora by about 8000 B.C. (Brose et al. 1981:107-108). In the Ohio Valley, the most 

acceptable evidence for human presence is from this transitional period between 12,000 

and 10,000 B.C. (ibid.).

Paleoindian groups were highly mobile hunters of large game such as mammoth 

and bison, whose adaptation strategies included short-term use of camps, small group 

size, use of high-quality raw materials, and sophisticated stone-working techniques. 

Plant resources would also have been utilized, but not emphasized in the diet (Neusius 

and Gross 2007:127-128). The material culture is characterized by the large, fluted, 

lanceolate projectile points attributed to the early Paleoindian stage (e.g., Clovis, Folsom), 

though Paleoindian assemblages include a variety of other stone tools such as gravers, 

scrapers, knives, and biface blanks; and bone tools (Fagan 1995; Finney 2002; Neusius 

and Gross 2007). Several Early Paleoindian Tradition sequential fluted point types have 

been recognized in the Great Lakes region, which differ from the classic Clovis points 

found west on the Great Plains. These are recognized as representing distinct cultural 

complexes that include Gainey (9000-8600 B.C.), Parkhill (ca. 8600 B.C.), and Crowfield 

(post-8600 B.C.). The Great Lakes regional variant is the Gainey fluted point, described 

as having a Clovis-like morphology but made by a Folsom-like technique (Finney 2002:16 

citing Stoltman 1993). 

The Late Paleoindian period transition is thought to have begun around 

8,800 – 8,400 B.C. with changes in projectile technology and an increasing reliance 

on Pleistocene bison as well as modern species (Lepper 1999). The material culture 

is marked by a dramatic increase in projectile point variation that Finney (2002:16-

17) concludes could be evidence that populations were exploiting additional species 

within smaller territories, reflecting a greater role of collecting and gathering in the 

subsistence pattern. Examples of diagnostic Late Paleoindian, generally referred to 

as the Plano Tradition, point types are Agate Basin, Plainview, Eden, Hell Gap, and 

Scottsbluff (Justice 1987).

Paleoindian sites in Ohio occur most commonly in elevated locations along 

major river valleys, at upland bogs and wetlands, kettle lakes, gravel knolls, lake 

and stream margins, and in wide swampy floodplain bottoms (Finney 2002). These 
8

sites are characterized by small lithic scatters and isolated fluted projectile points. 

An exception is the Paleo Crossing site in Medina County (33ME274) where Early 

Paleoindian campsites have been identified. A particularly noteworthy discovery was 

a series of post molds representing a structure (Brose 1994). Early Paleoindian points 

have been recovered in limited numbers as isolated surface finds from Cuyahoga and 

Summit Counties, and a small number of sites with Paleoindian components have been 

recorded within CUVA. Two sites occur within the vicinity of the project area. The 

Norman P Site, 33SU15, is located 15,000 meters to the northwest. It is on the Furnace 

Run floodplain on a terrace near the north edge of the creek valley. It is at a higher 

elevation than site 33SU121 at 820-830’amsl. The Paleoindian component consists of a 

Dalton point and an intact soil horizon dating to the Late Paleoindian to Early Archaic 

transition (Brose 1975). A Cumberland point was recovered from Everett Knoll, 33SU14, 

which is located immediately south of site 33SU121 in the lower floodplain setting of 

Furnace Run where the elevation ranges from 730-750’ amsl. Site 33SU14 is well known 

for being one of the most significant Middle Woodlands sites within Cuyahoga Valley 

and is listed on the NRHP as a prehistoric district (NR 77000157).

Archaic Tradition

The Archaic period is marked by the onset of the Boreal climatic episode, as 

deciduous forests continued to move north, replacing the conifer-hardwood forest 

and bringing about a more temperate climate (Hunt 1986 citing Wedlund 1978:278). 

This re-establishment of the eastern hardwood forest occurred in northeastern Ohio 

between about 8500 and 8000 B.C., and by 3000 B.C. essentially modern deciduous 

forest conditions were in place (Finney 2002). Another significant change brought 

about during this period that would impact humans was the disappearance of the 

Pleistocene megafauna. 

The Archaic Tradition in northeast Ohio is commonly considered in terms 

of three temporal subdivisions: the Early Archaic from 8000 to 6000 B.C., the Middle 

Archaic from 6000 to 4000 B.C., and the Late Archaic from 4000 to 1000 B.C. (Finney 

2002:18). Prufer has suggested viewing the Tradition more as a continuum, “...a cultural 

unit between [ca.] 7500 and 1000 B.C., during which the archaeological assemblages 

exhibit no more than gradual changes in artifact styles” (Prufer 2001:187).

Early Archaic populations adjusted to the changing environment by developing 

an increasingly diversified hunting and gathering economy characterized by small, 

mobile bands exploiting a wider variety of animal and plant resources within smaller 

areas. Subsistence activities became more seasonally oriented and focused on wellexploited territories. This change in subsistence was closely related to population 

growth, settlement organization and mobility strategies, and as the period progressed, 

populations continued to grow and become more sedentary (Hunt 1986:7; Neusius and 

Gross 2007:520). Such trends continued into the Late Archaic, which also witnessed long 

distance trade, ceremonialism, including mound architecture, utilization of cultigens, 

and increased regional specialization (Brose et al. 1981; Fagan 1995; Finney 2002). 

Archaic adaptive strategies correspond with a changing material cultural, from 

lanceolate spear points to smaller, more diversified notched and stemmed points, 
9

scrapers, knives, drills, and ovoid blades. Also present are woodworking and food 

preparation tools such as axes, adzes, awls, celts, and grinding stones. The Middle 

Archaic is marked by the inclusion of ground and polished stone tools, and atlatl weights. 

Late Archaic stone tool assemblages are noted for the range of stylistic variations for 

functionally similar tool types, particularly illustrated by the diversity of projectile 

points (Brose et al. 1981). 

Archaic manifestations are common for the region and numerous archeological 

sites with Archaic components have been recorded in Cuyahoga Valley (Finney 2002: 

Table 3). Locally and regionally available cherts, including those that occur in glacial 

till, were heavily utilized for tool manufacture. Exotic materials were also used, though 

there is more evidence of this in the earlier phase. Two types of settlements seem to be 

represented in Cuyahoga Valley: large base camps on high ground along the rivers and 

major streams, and small hunting camps in upland settings. Prufer has reconsidered this 

archeological distinction and concluded that all open sites appear to represent small, 

uniform, and probably repeated occupation on suitable high ground near water (Prufer 

2001:188-189). Archaic hilltop sites are often initially recognized from sparse lithic 

scatters with few, if any artifacts; whereupon more intensive investigations yield 

additional artifacts with the majority belonging to the Archaic (Prufer and 

Long 1986:11-12). 

Most Archaic site components within CUVA occur in upland settings as isolated 

finds at later Woodland and Late Prehistoric sites, and most have been recorded in 

Cuyahoga County. Of the sites that have been recorded in Summit County, several 

are in lowland settings and relatively near the project area. The previously mentioned 

Norman P Site, 33SU15, represents the earliest Archaic site in the park. In addition to 

the Paleoindian component, artifacts from all Archaic sequences have been recovered 

there. To the east 1145 meters and on the opposite side of the Cuyahoga River, PointBiro Farm, 33SU440, has yielded artifacts from the Early through Late Archaic and also 

subsequent Woodland deposits (Richner et al. 2001). It is on the first terrace above the 

river’s floodplain at an elevation of 740’ amsl. The Muldowny Site, 33SU31, is located on 

the same landform in an agricultural field 450 meters north-northeast of the Point-Biro 

Farm. It is a multi-component prehistoric site where Archaic points have been recovered 

during surface surveys among other artifacts diagnostic of the Late Woodland and Late 

Prehistoric (Brose et al. 1981; Richner 2000). Further northwest in an upland setting 

more typical of Archaic sites in the valley, is Pittenger Village, site 33SU23. Archeological 

investigations at the site have identified Middle Archaic, Middle Woodland, and Late 

Prehistoric components (Finney 2002). It is 2150 meters northeast of 33SU121 on a hilltop 

830’ amsl. Brown-Bender Field, 33SU112, is south of the project area by 2750 meters. 

The site is situated in the floodplain on the east side of the Cuyahoga River. The site is 

interpreted as a specialized Late Prehistoric occupation with an Archaic component; 

an Ashtabula point was discovered at the base of a gravel knoll toward the south 

end of the field at a slightly higher elevation (Richner 1999). 

Woodland Tradition

The Woodland Tradition is also commonly divided into sub-periods including: 

Early Woodland (1000-100 B.C.), Middle Woodland (100 B.C.-A.D. 450), Late Woodland 
10

(A.D. 450-1000), and Late Prehistoric (A.D. 1000-1600). The distinctions accommodate 

observed changes in material culture and cultural manifestations. Woodland cultural 

traditions arose from a culmination of long-term adaptive and cultural trends that had 

emerged during the Archaic. Three major hallmarks of the Woodland period are pottery 

manufacture, deliberate cultivation of native plants, and interment under earthen 

mounds (Fagan 1995:397). 

During the Early Woodland, Archaic trends in settlement and subsistence 

patterns continued as did general material culture elements. Notable additions include 

pottery, recognized as thick-walled and cordmarked; more finely worked bifacial tools; 

and new projectile point styles, including contracted stemmed, square stemmed, and 

side-notched varieties (Fagan 1995; Neusius and Gross 2007). Subsistence strategies 

focused on hunting, plant food collection, and fishing, supplemented by limited 

horticulture (Finney 2002:23). Sites in the region from this period occur on upland 

bluffs, floodplain terraces, and hilltops with a settlement pattern that appears to 

represent scattered, semi-permanent small villages that were occupied from late spring 

through fall by populations involved in a complex seasonal round of activities (Brose et 

al. 1981:133; Finney 2002:23). In CUVA, Early Woodland sites include possible villages, 

rockshelter camps, isolated caches on upland plateaus, and small artifact scatters that 

may represent temporary special function camps (Brose et al. 1981:133). Ceremonial 

sites consisting of small circular earthworks and burial mounds from this period have 

also been identified in the park (Hunt 1986:8). 

Nearly 20 sites with Early Woodland components have been identified in various 

settings throughout the park. One of the best known and well-documented is at Stanford 

Knoll, site 33SU138, where excavations yielded the oldest type of ceramics in Ohio (Lee 

1986). Sites recorded near the Everett project area include the previously discussed 

Brown-Bender Field (33SU112), Muldowny Village (33SU31), and Point-Biro Farm 

(33SU440). The Point Mound, site 33SU7, is located 200 meters southwest of the PointBiro Farm on a sandy second terrace above the Cuyahoga River. The site setting has an 

elevation of 770’ amsl and is 1275 meters east of site 33SU121. The mound contained two 

burials with a small assemblage of associated artifacts. An early Woodland component 

was also reported from the site. 

Middle Woodland populations appear to have remained semi-sedentary, relying 

heavily on hunting and gathering, though settlements during this time may have been 

more nucleated and there is evidence that horticulture played an increasingly important 

role (Brose et al. 1981:134). Pottery develops into distinctive wares with variable vessel 

shapes and decorative treatments; a set of distinctive projectile point styles also emerges 

(Neusius and Gross 2007). The dominant manifestation in Ohio during this period was 

the Hopewell Culture, characterized by elaborate geometric earthworks associated with 

burial mounds and a diverse assemblage of exotic ceremonial artifacts. Such sites are 

most recognized further south in the Scioto River valley where Hopewell was defined, 

although the influence of Hopewell Culture extended across much of eastern North 

America (Finney 2002:24). The evidence for Hopewellian occupation in northern 

Ohio is more subtle, but certainly present, and a number of Hopewell sites have been 

recorded throughout CUVA. Middle Woodland diagnostic artifacts include projectile 
11

points, blades, and pottery. Most are within riverine environments and characterized as 

[generally] small in size and associated with nearby mound locations (Volf 2000:35). 

Everett Village is actually a focal point of Middle Woodland activity in the 

valley (Finney 2002; Volf 2000). As previously discussed, the Everett Knoll Complex, 

site 33SU14, is located immediately south of the project area and site 33SU121. This 

significant Middle Woodland site is interpreted as representing a Hopewellian 

ceremonial locus (Brose 1974; Richner and Volf 2000). Archeological investigations 

around several houses in Everett Village have identified intact subsurface Middle 

Woodland features and deposits attributed to the Everett Knoll Complex, of which 

the best represented are the Szalay Site, 33SU434, and the Swan House Site, 33SU133. 

Excavations at the Szalay Site yielded numerous Hopewell artifacts and exposed 22 

subsurface features including roasting ovens, a refuse pit, and post molds. Based on 

his research of the site, Volf (2000:79) concluded that it represents a short-term single 

occupation. The site is on the first terrace on the west side of the Cuyahoga River at an 

elevation of 730’ amsl and it is located 300 meters east of the project area. South from 

Szalay about 150 meters, the Swan House Site is a multicomponent site with as many as 

four prehistoric occupations represented with components from the Archaic, Middle 

Woodland, possible early Late Woodland, and Late Prehistoric recorded. Of these, the 

Middle Woodland component is considered the most substantial (Lynott 1998). The 

Swan House Site is 300 meters southeast of the project area on the same landform as the 

Szalay Site. Northeast of Everett at Muldowny Village (33SU31), the Middle Woodland 

component includes diagnostic surface finds and also a sub-plow zone pit feature that 

was exposed during investigations in 2002 (Bauermeister 2002). A radiometric assay on a 

sample of charcoal from the pit feature yielded a date of 1970 +/-50 B.P. (Beta-172508). At 

the Point-Biro Farm (33SU440) a charcoal sample taken from a roasting oven (Feature 1) 

was radiocarbon dated to 1680 +/- 60 (Beta-96182). The subsurface oven feature was only 

associated with fire-cracked rock (Richner et al. 2001).

The beginning of the Late Woodland corresponds with the end of the Hopewell 

phenomena, when the exchange systems and mortuary ceremonialism of the former 

period declined substantially. Subsistence continued to be based upon hunting and 

gathering, while plant domestication appears to be fully established and increasingly 

emphasized; settlement is more fixed, and population increases (Noble 1988:13). Groups 

continue to make and use mounds, but not like the large earthwork complexes of the 

Middle Woodland. The settlement pattern involves limited seasonal movements between 

major river valleys and smaller interior drainages (Finney 2002:26). It appears that smaller 

groups dispersed in the interior valley hunting camps during the cold seasons and larger 

groups occupied summer villages with a mixed economy in the river valleys (Brose et 

al. 1981:135). Late Woodland material culture shows subtle variations in projectile point 

styles and ceramic attributes. Pottery vessels tend to be plain, sometimes cordmarked, 

and thinner-walled with grit temper, and could withstand higher cooking temperatures. 

Formal stone tools of exotic materials are replaced by more expedient tools made from 

local glacially derived cherts. Slate and shale woodworking tools are also reported as are 

numerous notched and un-notched triangular projectile points that coincide with the 

widespread adaptation of the bow and arrow (Neusius and Gross:533-534; Finney 2002). 

The local manifestation of the Late Woodland in the region is the Hale Phase (ca. A.D. 

500-900), characterized by the predominance of grit-tempered Cuyahoga Cordmarked 
12

ceramics and lithic artifacts subjected to late stage heat treatment (Brose et al. 1981:141). 

Within the park, many Late Woodland sites are recorded at locations interpreted to be 

villages, campsites, hunting camps, as well as rockshelters and burial mounds (Brose et 

al. 1981: Table 17). 

The prehistoric site at the Jensen House, 33SU426, contains a Late Woodland or 

Late Prehistoric component based on the recovery of cordmarked pottery and triangular 

points (Bauermeister 2003). Site setting is on the first terrace along the west side of the 

Cuyahoga River at 730’ amsl and it is 1305 meters south of 33SU121. Site 33SU31 is the 

other closest site with a Late Woodland component. 

Late Prehistoric Tradition

The Late Prehistoric Tradition is marked by a continuation of the Late 

Woodland Tradition with significant changes in subsistence economies, as the previous 

hunter-gatherer or intensive collector strategies give way to lifeways that emphasize 

horticultural and agricultural activities (Hunt 1986:10; Finney 2002:27). Major trends 

from this period include: intensification of food production with corn agriculture; 

new technologies used in food production, e.g. shell-tempered pottery and bell-shaped 

storage pits; population growth; and distinct regional complexes (ibid.). In northeastern 

Ohio the culture developed into a distinct cultural complex known as the Whittlesey 

Tradition. The Whittlesey Tradition has been divided into four phases, recently revised 

(see Finney 2002:29), based upon ceramic and lithic tool analysis, including: Riverview 

(A.D. 900-1250), Vaughn (A.D. 1250-1400), Tuttle Hill (A.D. 1400-1500), and South Park 

(A.D. 1550-1650) (Brose 1994:107). 

The Riverview Phase is characterized by a pottery assemblage of grit-tempered 

wares predominated by Fairport Plain ceramics (Noble 1988:14). Chert obtained from 

bedrock sources appears to have been used more than it was formerly (Finney 2002:30). 

The settlement subsistence system was similar to that known for the Late Woodland 

Hale phase, with groups utilizing seasonally based small villages and large campsites 

(Hunt 1986:10). More than 20 sites have been identified within CUVA that have 

Riverview Phase components, including the well-known South Park site, 33SU8, located 

in the northern part of the park in Independence Township. No sites have been recorded 

within the immediate vicinity of Everett; the nearest sites include Brown-Bender 

Field, 33SU112, and Siebert, site 33SU22. Siebert, also known as Whittlesey Fort No. 

9, is located east of site 33SU112 in an upland hillside setting with an elevation of 800’ 

amsl, 2800 meters south of the project area. Recovered Whittlesey artifacts span several 

phases, with most attributed to the period from A.D. 1250-1450 (Finney 2002:190). Site 

33SU2 is 2100 meters northeast from the project area. Also known at Whittlesey Fort No. 

6, it is an earthwork village site situated at 830’ amsl and positioned above the Cuyahoga 

River on the east side.

The Vaughn Phase marks the appearance of shell-tempered pottery in the region. 

They exhibit plain or smoothed treatments that largely replace the previous cordmarked 

varieties. During this phase there is a marked increase in the use of debitage for tools 

at villages (Finney 2002:31). The two types of occupations that occur are similar to 

those from earlier phases and include summer horticultural villages and winter hunting 
13

camps. The warm season villages were large and tended to be placed along secondary 

valleys and lake estuaries, a trend that indicates the emphasis on horticulture and also 

fishing activities (Finney 2002:30-31). Fourteen sites assigned to the Vaughn Phase have 

been recorded in CUVA, none of which is within the immediate vicinity of the project 

area. Several significant sites with components attributed to the Vaughn Phase are 

recorded in Jaite Village, approximately 2.8 kilometers to the north. 

During the Tuttle Hill Phase, the pottery is similar to the preceding phase, 

however the lithic assemblages exhibit much greater variability between winter 

campsites and summer villages (Noble 1988:19). A greater number of projectile points, 

mostly triangular, are present in both settings and quarried chert appears to be favored 

over locally available glacial materials in chipped-stone technology. A continuing trend 

from the previous phase that is specific to summer villages is the use of debitage as tools 

(Finney 2002:31). Ten sites with Tuttle Hill Phase components are recorded in the park, 

although none are located near the project area in Everett. 

The South Park Phase is the terminal phase of the Whittlesey Tradition and it 

lasted until the time of European contact around A.D. 1650. Sites from this period 

provide evidence for agricultural villages, typically palisaded and sometimes containing 

longhouses, that were occupied year-round, with smaller camps used during the 

spring and fall (Brose 1994). There is a decline in pottery variation and very few nonlocal pottery types are represented in the material cultural. There also appears to be 

an increase in the use of quarried Plum Run and Upper Mercer cherts and triangular 

points continue to be the predominate point style (Finney 2002:32). It seems that the 

population was subjected to continued stress throughout this phase, and within CUVA 

no European trade goods have been found as part of any Whittlesey cultural material, 

and there is no archeological evidence for any postcontact aboriginal occupation after 

the South Park Phase (Brose 1994; Hunt 1986:11). South Park components have been 

identified at 15 sites within CUVA, none of which are located near the project area.

History

The following overview is merely a brief summary of the Historic Period in 

the Cuyahoga Valley region, and focuses on some of the more significant changes that 

occurred during this 350 year period, with a particular emphasis on the history of Everett 

Village. The summary follows Noble’s (1988) temporal sequences with information 

drawn primarily from Brose et al. (1981), Finney (2002), Hunt (1986), and Noble; readers 

are referred to these reports for more detailed reviews. Additional information presented 

on Everett Village is abstracted from the Everett Historic District Cultural Landscape 

Report (Winstel 1995) and the National Register of Historic Places Nomination for the 

Everett Historic District (Winstel 1993). 

The Colonial Period lasts from A.D. 1640 to 1796 and during this time very few 

Europeans visited northern Ohio let alone settled there (Noble 1988:15). Cuyahoga 

Valley served primarily as a transportation route connection to the surrounding areas 

and it is not clear what Native groups inhabited the valley during this period (Finney 

2002:33). It seems likely that Iroquoian pressures from the East may have forced local 

aboriginal groups to vacate the entire southern shore of Lake Erie (Noble 1988:15). 
14

French influences had reached this part of the country as exotic goods quickly replaced 

traditional material culture through trading middlemen, and while there were profound 

influences of French and British emigrants, they left little physical evidence within 

Cuyahoga (ibid.:16). Three eighteenth-century American Indian sites have been recorded 

within the park: Flood Fort, site 33CU60, Kurtz, site 3SU25, and Riverbank 1997-1, site 

33SU431. Other sites from this period that are reported, include: the Moravian Indian 

Village of Pilgerruh (1786-1787), Mingo Town (ca. 1743-1753), and two 1786 North West 

Company British trading posts. However, their precise locations have not been verified 

(Finney 2002). 

The Pioneer Period took place from 1796 to 1824 with the early settlement of the 

area that occurred following the Revolutionary War. The beginning of this period is 

marked by the sale of Connecticut’s Western Reserve lands, which included more than 3 

million acres in Ohio, to shareholders in 1796. The following year the Connecticut Land 

Company arranged to have the lands surveyed into 5-mile square townships that were 

then divided into a series of lots. Many shareholders subdivided their holdings and sold 

lots to farmers interested in inhabiting the Western Reserve frontier. The settlement 

pattern in northern Ohio tended to be dispersed, inhabited both by unauthorized 

squatters and legal resident landowners, with families living in relative isolation from 

one another (Finney 2002:43; Noble 1988:16). The local economy was depressed during 

this period and very slow to develop. Because of the scattered settlements, isolation from 

eastern markets, and poorly developed transportation and communication systems, 

this period could be characterized as a frontier settlement (MWAC 2007). An important 

event of the period was that in 1820 plans for a canal were initiated. A few years later 

the path of the Ohio & Erie Canal was selected and construction north of the Portage 

Summit began (Finney 2002:44). It has been reported that unmarked graves of canal 

workers are present in several cemeteries within CUVA. 

The Early Developmental Period begins in 1825 when construction started for 

the Cleveland to Akron segment of the Ohio & Erie Canal. Land speculation increased 

dramatically as people and money necessary for canal construction began to move 

into the region (Noble 1988:16). When this section of canal was completed in 1827, 

the Cuyahoga River Valley benefited substantially from this marked improvement 

in transportation and communication. The canal brought people and goods into the 

valley and served to focus settlement and the local economy began to diversify and 

improve. Towns were established in proximity to the transportation routes and the 

former situation of isolated families and subsistence farming gave way to interdependent 

communities and commercial farming (Noble 1988:16). The canal meant that local 

products could readily be transported out of the valley and exotic goods imported in. It 

is a period of commercial and social transformation that resulted in the development of 

a capitalist economy and a highly stratified social system (Hunt 1986:13). 

The Late Developmental Period begins in 1861 with the onset of the American 

Civil War and ends in 1913 after the Ohio and Erie Canal is abandoned. The success of 

the canal began to diminish around 1840 and the introduction of railroad lines to the 

area in the 1850s contributed to the canal’s decline by drawing business away from it. A 

devastating flood in 1913 caused the already weakened canal system to be abandoned. 

During this period the railroad and other transportation improvements contributed 
15

to the growth of many small crossroad settlements, such as Everett, and the railroad 

also provided a direct connection between the coal fields of east-central Ohio and 

Cleveland’s steel mills (Finney 2002:47). The state’s population also rose and Ohio was 

increasingly integrated into the national scene through telegraphic communication 

(Noble 1988:17).

The Urban-Industrial Period began in 1914 and continues today. Large-scale 

industrialism was developed in the valley to meet the needs created by the advent 

of World War I. Cleveland became an increasingly important Great Lakes port and 

continued its role as a major center of iron and steel, oil refining, chemicals, automobiles, 

and other products, and Akron’s rubber manufacturers enjoyed great success as a result 

of the rising popularity of automobiles (Finney 2002:48; Noble 1988:18). This changed 

with the Great Depression. The effects to the region were similar to what the rest of 

the country was experiencing: slowed industrialism, a depressed economy, and high 

unemployment rates. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was established in 1933 

as a work relief program for young men from unemployed families. Their efforts are well 

recognized in Cuyahoga Valley since their projects helped build the highway, bridges, 

buildings, and recreation facility infrastructure within the area that would become 

CUVA (Finney 2002:49). World War II served to stimulate the economy by again creating 

industrial demands and the industries of Cleveland and Akron renewed high production 

levels. As a result, the Cuyahoga Valley was impacted by urban sprawl, industrial waste, 

interstate highways, and other intrusions (Noble 1988:18). In 1974 Congress created 

Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area as an urban park of the National Park System 

and in 2000 the recreation area became a national park. The 33,000 acre park and all 

of its resources, both cultural and natural, are now protected and preserved under the 

park’s enabling legislation (Public Law 93-555).

Everett Village

Everett Village is located in the southwest portion of the park in the southwestern 

corner of Boston Township and is a listed Historic District (NR 93001467) on the NRHP. 

It is defined as a crossroads community mainly comprising the buildings in proximity 

to the intersection of Everett and Riverview Roads. Everett fronts a wooded valley wall 

and is bordered by river-bottom fields with rich farming soils; the crossroads was, and 

is, surrounded by large parcels of agricultural lands. The Ohio and Erie Canal and later 

Valley Railway transportation systems were important in the development and commerce 

of Everett, with agriculture being the primary focus of the economy throughout most 

of its history. The district is a locally significant example of an unincorporated hamlet 

settlement type and is also listed for its historic archeological significance based on the 

potential to yield important information on non-aboriginal cultures in Cuyahoga Valley. 

The historic period of significance extends from ca. 1830 to 1935 and the boundaries 

include all of the structures (contributing and non-contributing) along Everett and 

Riverview Roads, except the Szalay farmstead property. 
16

Within and adjacent to Everett Historic District are portions of two National 

Register listed linear districts, one listed prehistoric district, and one listed agricultural 

resource. Lock 27, the Johnny Cake Lock, and the associated spillway are located along 

the eastern boundary of Everett Historic District and are listed as part of the Ohio and 

Erie Canal thematic group (NR 02001456). The Valley Railway Historic District (NR 

85001123) runs through Everett and is parallel to Riverview Road on the west side. The 

Everett Knoll Complex, site 33SU14 (NR 77000157), encompasses a large portion of the 

district; it does not extend as far north or west as the historic district. This prehistoric 

district consists of a mound and two village sites that are attributed to the Hopewell 

Culture. The Hunt House (NR 93000080) was listed in the National Register as a 

contributing structure for the Agricultural Resources of Cuyahoga Valley. It is located 

south of the district on Bolanz Road. 

Three phases of development for Everett have been defined: the canal-related 

development (1825-1879), agrarian crossroad (1880-1930), and auto-related hamlet (1931-

1944). The first land transactions in Boston Township, for what would later become 

Everett, date to 1817 for Tracts 10 and 11. Henry Iddings purchased 51 acres from Levi 

Bronson and built the first building, the Swan House on Riverview Road, sometime 

before 1820. 

The first period of development started when the construction of the Ohio and 

Erie Canal began in 1825. The waterway between Cleveland and Akron was completed 

by 1827 and the State of Ohio purchased five acres from Henry Iddings for Lock 27, 

known as the Johnny Cake Lock, and he went on to operate a livery for canal boat mules 

near the lock. Alanson Swan bought the Iddings property soon after the canal opened 

and became one of the major landowners and business operators in the village, known at 

that time as Unionville. His business endeavors focused on canal travelers and included 

stables for the care and exchange of packet boat horses, a grocery store, a warehouse, 

and a tavern; he also enjoyed the most prosperous farming operation in the community. 

Other stores catering to canal traffic were the Swan and Smith Dry Goods Store built in 

1835, and Elihu Chilson’s store that opened near the lock in 1838. By 1839 there were nine 

recorded owners in the Everett area and by 1843 the community included a school house 

located on the south side of Everett Road. Swan remained the dominant property owner 

in 1858 with nearly 70 percent of the property under his name; the other 30 percent was 

owned by William Mather. Everett was largely supported by agricultural economy and 

had the advantage of having a lock and canal that allowed for shipment of goods, such 

as wheat and flour, to market. The packet boat era came to an end in the early 1850s and 

with that the Ohio and Erie Canal began to decline. In 1870, with business impacted by 

the canal’s decline, Alanson Swan sold much of his property to Alexander Swanson. In 

1874, 12 buildings were listed in the community

The next period of development for Everett is marked by the arrival of Valley 

Railway in 1880, which boosted commerce and growth. No longer focusing on the 

canal, the hamlet served to meet the needs of the surrounding farming community. 

The railroad established a depot in the community of Unionville and that same year the 

name was officially changed to Everett, after Treasurer of the railroad, T.S. Everett. In 

1880, Everett had 100 residents, two stores, a schoolhouse, a hotel, a livery stable, and 

a post office. A railway combination station was situated immediately north of Everett 
17

Road and an additional railroad structure was located west of there. By 1884, 150 people 

were living in Everett and the village included a Western Union Telegraph office and 

an American Express office. Everett’s population grew to 200 by 1888, and residents’ 

trades included auctioneering, teaching, carpentry, retail, and the like. A church was 

built in 1895 belonging to the Disciple Church Association. It was destroyed by fire in 

1908 and a new church, the Everett Church of Christ, was built on its footprint later that 

year. Sometime between 1910 and 1920 the school was moved across the street to a new 

building, which is now the Schmidt House. During the 1920s Everett had a post office, 

general store, school, church, cemetery, railroad station, and possibly a gas station at 

Carter’s General Store on the north side of Everett Road. The Carter Store, built in 1885, 

served primarily as a grocery during this time and later became Hamilton’s. The Kepner 

Store was located on the northwest corner of the main intersection and it served as a 

store as well as a post office and social hub. At the southwest corner of the intersection, 

Sager’s Gas Station and Confectionery was built around 1930 and replaced a former 

residence on that lot. Agriculture in the valley declined during the 1920s and 1930s and 

as a result the community of Everett became less agrarian and more recreation based.

The period from 1931 to 1944 in Everett is recognized by the effects brought 

about by the burgeoning automobile culture in the United States. The national political 

movement known as the Good Roads Movement occurred in the United States between 

1880 and 1916, with advocates calling for improved road systems. The local movement 

was driven by the Akron Automobile Club starting in 1906, although it wasn’t until 

1915 that local farmers would support it given the potential for increased property 

taxes, which is what happened to Everett. Everett and Riverview Roads, formerly gravel 

and/or slag, were improved to hard surfaces and Everett Road was also realigned into 

a straighter route in 1929. As a result, property taxes did increase and the community 

also became less insular and more dependent on goods and services beyond what was 

immediately available in Everett. In 1931 the school closed and the railroad station agent 

was transferred to Akron and by 1935 the station was closed. Businesses in Everett began 

selling gasoline, which was offered at Sager’s Gas Station, the Carter General Store, and 

the Kepner Store. 

The National Park Service acquired most of the properties in Everett when 

Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area was established in 1974. NPS was responsible 

for preparing the nomination forms for Everett Historic District as well as the other 

districts and resources listed on the NRHP within and adjacent to Everett and is charged 

with the preservation and protection of the resources within. 

The two residential properties in Everett targeted by the recent archeological 

investigations are the Schmidt and Krimmer properties. Both are included within the 

boundary for Everett Historic District and the southern portion of Krimmer and the 

eastern portion of Schmidt are also included within the boundary for the Everett Knoll 

Prehistoric District. The Everett field was historically used for agriculture and is not 

included in either the historic or prehistoric district. The house at the Schmidt property 

was originally a one-room schoolhouse that Rudolph Schmidt purchased from the Board 

of Education in 1935. Schmidt, a carpenter, remodeled the structure into a four-room 

house in 1936. The current two-story, gable-roofed house has been altered several times 

and no longer resembles a one-room schoolhouse. According to the Cultural Landscape 
18

Report, the grade has been substantially built up in front of the house. The original house 

at the Krimmer parcel was built by Mr. Steffe in the late 1800s. The structure burned in 

the early 1900s and Mr. Steffe built a new house in the early 1900s. He later sold this 

structure to Mr. and Mrs. Corwin in the 1920s. The structure appears to have been a 

one-and-one-half story, eave oriented wood frame house with a side oriel bay window. 

Additions have been added on the south, east, and north elevations, and a large shed 

dormer was added to the front roof slope. The Schmidt House, Krimmer House, and all 

associated outbuildings at the two properties are noncontributing structures in Everett 

Historic District.
19

4. ARCHEOLOGICAL GOALS AND METHODS

Project Goals

Everett Field (Tract 114-81)

The three primary goals of the 2000 and 2001 archeological projects at Everett 

field were to: 1) conduct an inventory of the field to identify any additional resources 

attributed to previously recorded site 33SU121 and to delineate the site’s boundary; 2) 

develop a preliminary evaluation of the conditions, content, and potential significance 

of any archeological resources recorded through survey; and 3) provide data on the 

distribution of subsurface resources to park and church planners to assist them with 

generating construction plans for the developments and upgrades so that they could 

be located in areas that would have the least impact on archeological resources. The 

work was initiated in response to and in advance of the proposed undertakings for a 

parking lot and wastewater handling components to be installed in Everett field to 

serve the forthcoming expanded facility of the Church in the Valley on adjacent Tract 

114-43. CUVA planners, MWAC Archeologists, and the Ohio SHPO were involved 

throughout the planning process for the proposed undertakings. The project was 

accomplished utilizing the compliance-related Phase I inventory and Phase II 

evaluative testing methods.

Schmidt Property (Tract 114-42)

The primary goal of the 2000 and 2003 archeological projects at the Schmidt 

property was to conduct an inventory of all of the grounds adjacent to the extant 

house and to develop a preliminary evaluation of the condition, content, and potential 

significance of any archeological resources recorded through survey. The work was 

initiated in 2000 in advance of anticipated, but non-specific, future rehabilitation 

and restoration actions necessary for adaptive reuse of the house. The additional 

investigations in 2003 were conducted after specific plans for utility upgrades (water 

and septic) were proposed. The goals were accomplished using a combination of Phase 

I inventory and Phase II evaluation methods. 

Krimmer Property (Tract 114-44)

The goal of the 2000 and 2001 archeological investigations at the Krimmer 

property was to conduct an inventory of all of the grounds adjacent to the house and 

develop a preliminary evaluation of the condition, content, and potential significance of 

any archeological resources recorded through survey. The initial work was conducted 

in response to future rehabilitation and restoration actions that were anticipated for 

the restoration and rehabilitation of the house, but that had not been specified, and it 

was accomplished through Phase I and Phase II investigations. The goal of the 2003 and 

2006 archeological investigations was to further evaluate site resources for potential 

significance and to assist CUVA planners in developing site specific plans to ensure 

that proposed ground disturbing activities would not adversely impact significant site 

resources. Specific undertakings were proposed in 2006 and included improving the 
20

drive, installing a 3-car parking space, and adding a deck to the back of the house. The 

archeological work was accomplished through Phase II evaluative testing. 

Methods

 Phase I Inventory

The primary goal of Phase I inventory is to provide a description of the 

archaeological resources within the project area (OHPO 1994). A secondary goal is to 

gather sufficient data to make a preliminary assessment of any identified resource’s 

eligibility for inclusion in the NRHP. The methods of inventory employed at MWAC are 

based upon broad NPS standards defined in the NPS Cultural Resource Management 

Guidelines under Director’s Order 28, and the more specific procedures predicated in 

the MWAC Field Guide. In some cases the MWAC methods may vary somewhat from 

precise state of Ohio guidelines, however, the methods employed at MWAC typically 

meet or exceed state guidelines. The Ohio Archaeological Guidelines require consultants 

to excavate 50-cm tests at a 15-meter interval. Shovel test inventories conducted by 

MWAC at CUVA utilize a very close interval (3-5 meters) for smaller project areas and 

a slightly longer 10-meter interval at larger project areas; the size of the test units is 

30-x-30-cm. Upon encountering a positive shovel test at the 10-meter interval, additional 

radial shovel tests are excavated at five-meter intervals until the extent of the artifact 

concentration is defined; unless consecutive positive tests continue at the 10-meter 

interval. The total soil volume excavated by the latter approach allows for examination of 

a greater quantity of sediments. This sampling strategy has proven particularly effective 

in identifying, and ultimately evaluating, sites that might otherwise have been missed 

by using a wider interval. Shovel testing was used to determine the presence or absence 

of archeological materials at the Everett field, Schmidt, and Krimmer properties and 

geophysical survey was utilized at Everett field and the Krimmer property. These were 

the preferred methods of survey since ground surface visibility was limited to between 

0-5 percent at all of the properties. 

All shovel tests were excavated into sterile subsoil with changes in strata 

measured and recorded as depths below surface (bs). The provenience and content were 

recorded using standard shovel test forms. All sediments removed from the tests were 

screened through 1⁄4 inch hardware cloth to recover any artifacts. Photo documentation 

was completed and site maps were drawn showing the layout of the project areas 

and the locations of the shovel tests. The individual site maps for the 2000 and 2001 

inventories were combined and are presented as a composite in this report (Figure 6). 

All materials were initially collected and bagged by individual shovel test. Materials that 

were then retained included most prehistoric artifacts and any historic materials with 

temporally-diagnostic landmarks. Materials that were recorded, but not retained, 

include fire-cracked rock, modern items (e.g. plastic, aluminum foil), brick fragments, 

coal, and cinder. 

Geophysical survey was also utilized at the Everett field and Krimmer property at 

the Phase I level. Magnetic gradiometer survey was the primary technique applied with 

resistivity used as a supplementary technique. The magnetic surveys were conducted 

with a Geoscan FM36 fluxgate gradiometer using a 1-meter transect and a continuous 
21

recording rate of eight samples per meter. Data were collected in parallel, unidirectional 

(north) transects in an effort to lessen potential magnetic drift. The gradiometer 

utilizes a passive type of geophysical survey in which the amplitude of the Earth’s 

magnetic field is measured by two sensors and recorded as the difference between the 

two measurements. Iron objects as well as soils and rocks rich in iron, and burned or 

fired materials (i.e. prehistoric hearths) can alter the magnetic field. Resistivity survey 

was conducted with a Geoscan RM15 resistance meter operated in the twin-electrode 

mode, with the electrode spacing set at 0.5 meters. Data were collected in a bidirectional 

pattern along N-S transects that were spaced 0.5 meters apart with readings taken every 

0.5 meters (Figure 7). Resistance survey is an active geophysical technique used to detect 

and record subsurface conditions; it introduces an electrical charge into the earth and 

measures how that current travels through the soil. Human impacts to the underlying 

soil that would produce variable measurements of resistance include compaction, 

structural material changes, buried objects, excavations, and habitation (Heimmer 

and DeVore 1995:35). All collected data were processed using Geoplot software. By 

distinguishing the variable measurements in the data sets it becomes possible to detect 

and target subsurface features for interpretation and possible identification. 

Phase II Evaluative Testing

Phase II investigations are designed to sample the archeological resources 

identified during Phase I survey to make a determination of site significance, defined 

as eligibility of the site for listing in the NRHP (OHPO 1994). Evaluative testing was 

completed at the Everett field, Schmidt, and Krimmer properties through the excavation 

of formal 1-x-1-meter tests units located according to the distribution of positive shovel 

tests and, at the Everett field and Krimmer properties, based on geophysical survey 

results. Test units were labeled with site grid coordinates in the Everett field and with 

numeric designations (TU 1, 2, etc.) at the Krimmer at Schmidt properties. Each unit was 

excavated by hand and most were dug in arbitrary 10-cm levels until sterile subsoil was 

reached; the remainder treated the A-horizon soils, or disturbed plow zone, as one level. 

Discrete level forms were completed for each unit that provide a detailed description of 

unit content including soil type and color, and artifact counts. Artifacts were collected 

and bagged by individual unit and level. All prehistoric artifacts were collected 

except fire-cracked rock, which was sampled. Historic materials with identifiable and 

potentially diagnostic landmarks were collected. Modern materials, brick fragments, 

and coal were recorded but not collected. Upon encountering a feature, a supplemental 

feature form was completed along with photo documentation and a plan map. Unit 

profile maps were completed for at least one wall of each unit where the stratigraphic 

profile was unique. This was done once the final depth of excavation was reached. 

Everett Field (114-81)

The 2000 archeological inventory at the Everett field covered the southeastern 

portion of the field, adjacent to the northern edge of the Krimmer and Church and the 

Valley properties. Shovel tests were excavated at 5-m intervals on a north/east-oriented 

grid with a datum (0N/0E) established at a sewer drain situated along the north edge of 
22

the Church in the Valley’s parking lot. Shovel tests were labeled numerically in the order 

in which they were excavated (ST 1-129) and were also later assigned corresponding grid 

coordinates. A total of 125 were excavated; two of the tests (ST 23-24) were not dug due 

to heavy clay content and two (ST 51, 98) were not dug because of their location under 

a compost pile. A magnetic gradiometer survey was then conducted over a 3200 squaremeter area in the same southeastern portion of the field that was shovel tested. Three 

1-x-1-meter test units were excavated based on the geophysical survey results. 

Archeological inventory in 2001 expanded upon previous work to include 

the remaining portion of the Everett field, focusing on areas likely to be impacted by 

development plans proposed by the Church in the Valley. The grid was reestablished, 

transects were laid out across the field, and shovel tests were placed on that grid at 

10-meter intervals to cover the rest of the plateau landform in the inventory. A total 

of 137 shovel tests was excavated; one test (90N/70W) was not dug due to tree roots. A 

magnetic gradiometer survey was conducted over an additional 9300 square meters of 

the field and 1600 square meters of that area was also surveyed using resistivity. Twentyeight 1-x-1-meter test units were excavated based on the results from the shovel test and 

geophysical surveys. Additionally, five linear trenches were excavated with a backhoe 

using a straight-edged bucket (Figure 8). The linear trenches were 1-meter wide and 

varied between 20 and 30 meters in length. The backhoe excavations removed only the 

disturbed A-horizon (plow zone), or top 20 to 30 centimeters, exposing the interface 

of the A and B horizons. The trenches were then skim shoveled and investigated for 

potential sub-plow zone features and the excavated soils checked for artifacts. 

Schmidt Property (114-42)

During the 2000 inventory, shovel tests were excavated at 5-meter intervals on a 

north/east-oriented grid established using the southeast corner of the house as a datum. 

The inventory included all of the grounds adjacent to the Schmidt House and associated 

buildings and a total of 37 shovel tests were excavated. Two 1-x-2-meter test units were 

then excavated (one in the north yard and one in the south yard) based on the results 

from the shovel test inventory. An additional 1-x-1-meter test unit was excavated adjacent 

to the test unit in the north yard. A supplemental shovel test inventory was undertaken in 

2003 that focused on the south yard and was completed in advance of anticipated utility 

upgrades including septic and water. The shovel tests were situated along the west edge 

of the gravel driveway and along two W-E oriented linear transects positioned across 

the lower portion of the front yard. A total of 13 shovel tests was excavated.

Krimmer Property (114-44)

The initial investigations at the Krimmer property were undertaken in 2000 with 

a shovel test inventory. Shovel tests were excavated at 5-meter intervals on a north/eastoriented grid established using the southwest corner of the house as a datum. A total 

of 58 shovel tests was excavated and the tests were labeled numerically in the order of 

excavation (1-59; ST 10 was not excavated). Eleven 1-x-1-meter test units (TUs 1-11) were 

then excavated to evaluate the resources identified through shovel testing. In 2001, a 

magnetic gradiometer survey encompassing 800 square meters of the northern yard was 

conducted and four 1-x-1-meter test units (TUs 12-15) were excavated based on results 
23

from the survey. Additional Phase II evaluative testing was completed in 2003 with the 

excavation of seven 1-x-1-meter test units in the south and east yards (TUs 16-22), and 

in 2006 with the excavation of four 1-x-1-meter test units (TUs 2006-1-2006-4) in the 

northwest yard. The latter two evaluative testing efforts were undertaken specifically 

to assist CUVA in planning for anticipated restoration and rehabilitation projects at the 

property. A site map of the Krimmer property shows the areas targeted by the combined 

investigations (Figure 9). 

Project Conditions

The overall field conditions during all phases of the field investigations were 

good. The weather was typical for northeast Ohio in the summer. Temperatures were 

warm (75-90 degrees) with occasional rain showers. At the time of the investigations, 

the Schmidt and Krimmer properties were maintained by NPS as vacant residential 

structures within the historic district of Everett Village. Since 2004 and 2009, 

respectively, the Schmidt House and Krimmer House have been used a temporary 

housing for employees working in the park. Routine maintenance at the properties 

includes mowing and ensuring no safety hazards are present. The Everett field continues 

to be maintained by the Church as a mowed field and now includes a surface parking lot 

in the eastern portion of the field.

Laboratory Analysis 

All items collected during the Phase I and Phase II investigations were taken 

to the MWAC laboratory in Lincoln, Nebraska, where artifacts were washed, sorted, 

analyzed, cataloged, and curated. The artifacts were initially sorted by provenience and 

then into the primary categories of prehistoric and historic artifacts. Modern twentiethcentury items were not included in the analysis except to note when they are evidence 

of disturbance. Each primary category was further divided into subcategories based on 

specific criteria developed for each category such as object, type, material, and color. 

Historic artifacts were then sorted into groups that reflect functionally similar activities. 

The artifact groups used include: kitchen/domestic, hardware/architectural, personal, 

and miscellaneous. Additional object attributes were recorded and varied according 

to the utility of the information they were capable of yielding. The information was 

compiled in tables that are provided in the back of this report (Tables 1-8). 

Storage

The artifacts and associated documentary records from the projects at site 

33SU121 are being stored at the Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, 

Lincoln, Nebraska. Curation facilities at MWAC meet all NPS standards for housing 

collections and museum property as defined in the Midwest Archeological Center’s 

Laboratory Manual (NPS 2002) and the Museum Handbook, Museum Records, Part 

II (NPS 1984). Collected materials are stored in accordance with the instructions on 

“Packaging and Storage of Collections, Handling of Archeological Collections, and 

Packaging Paper Archives and Photographs” (NPS 2002). Identifying information 

is recorded on acid free provenience cards and maintained with the artifacts. The 

collections have been cataloged in the ANCS+ and are stored in a facility that has 
24

controlled temperature and relative humidity. The collections were accessioned 

separately according to project year. The 2000, 2001, 2003, and 2006 collections were 

assigned corresponding MWAC accession numbers: 911, 945, 1028, and 1144. All items 

related to the project remain the property of the United States Department of Interior, 

National Park Service, Cuyahoga Valley National Park.
25

5. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS

Everett Field (Tract 114-81)

Phase I-II Investigations (2000-2001)

Tables 1-6 list the artifacts recovered from the combined Phase I and II 

investigations conducted at Everett field from 2000-2001, which covered 16,800 square 

meters (4.15 acres) of the 4.28 acre field. A total of 262 shovel tests was excavated and 55 

percent (n=143) were positive for prehistoric materials. The general soil profile across 

the field revealed through shovel testing was a consistently disturbed A-horizon (brown 

silty loam), or plow zone, overlying the sterile B-horizon (yellow silt loam) at 25-30 cm 

below surface. In all, 316 prehistoric artifacts were discovered including 184 pieces of 

fire-cracked rock, 126 pieces of lithic debitage, 3 slate fragments, 1 retouched flake, 

1 pitted stone, and 1 pottery sherd; and all were recovered from the upper A-horizon 

soils. Thirty-one formal 1-x-1-meter test units were excavated for the Phase II evaluative 

testing effort, 29 of which contained prehistoric material. The depth of the A/B-horizon 

interface exposed in the test units varied across the landform from 20 to 30 cm below 

surface with it most often (n=14) occurring between 25 and 28 cm below surface. In total, 

879 prehistoric artifacts were recovered from the test units and nine artifacts classes are 

represented that include: pottery (n=19), projectile point (n=2), biface (n=6), retouched/

utilized flake (n=1), slate (n=7), core (n=4) (Figure 10i), mica (n=2), lithic debitage (n=250), 

and fire-cracked rock (n=588). Four of the test units intersected subsurface and sub-plow 

zone features (Features 1-4), which are discussed in detail below. With the exception 

of the artifacts recovered from those four features, all of the artifacts occurred within 

the disturbed A-horizon soils and most are neither temporally nor culturally diagnostic 

beyond indeterminate prehistoric. 

One nearly complete projectile point (Figure 10c) made from Flint Ridge flint 

was recovered from the A-horizon soils in TU 35-36N/49-50E. It has a short, thinned, 

concave stem, angular shoulders, and a triangular blade. The point has characteristics 

similar to both Morrow Mountain points (ca. 7500-7000 B.P.) and White Springs points 

(ca. 7000-6500 B.P.) found at stratified Archaic sites in Mississippi and distributed 

throughout the southeast; and also to the Savannah River Cluster point type, which is 

a widely recognized point style from the southeast United States that is diagnostic of 

the Late Archaic (Justice 1987:165). Within Cuyahoga Valley, Flint Ridge flint tools and 

debitage are often diagnostic of the Hopewell Culture, though this high-quality material 

was used throughout prehistory. The source for Flint Ridge flint occurs in Licking and 

Muskingum counties in central Ohio, located about 160 km from Everett. 

Feature 1 was encountered in Test Unit 11-12N/77-78E at 25 cm below surface 

(Figures 11-12). The upper stratum in the unit extended to 24 cm below surface and 

contained one chert biface and 20 pieces of fire-cracked rock. The feature was exposed in 

the southeast quadrant of the test unit as a circular stain comprised of dark brown loam 

flecked with charcoal. As excavation continued, the feature emerged as part of a circular 

hearth or roasting feature lined with fire-cracked rock and dug into the B-horizon 

soils to a depth of 57 cm below surface. The portion of the feature that was exposed 
26

has a radius of 80 cm (measured from the southeast corner datum) and appears to be 

the northwest corner of a larger circular hearth that extends beyond the test unit. The 

bottom of the feature is flat and lined with a 3-5-cm thick layer of charcoal. The feature 

contained a total of 242 artifacts, 91 percent of which was fire-cracked rock (n=220). 

Additional artifacts recovered include 2 pieces of chert debitage, 1 slate fragment, and 19 

pottery sherds. The pottery consists of undecorated grit-tempered cordmarked sherds 

(Figure 13) that are comparable to those found at the nearby Szalay House Site, 33SU434 

(Richner and Volf 2000; Volf 2000). Feature 1 has been dated to 1800 +/- 50 B.P. (Beta147192) based on a sample of charcoal taken during excavation. The calibrated date is 

A.D. 100 to 370 at the 2 sigma (95%) confidence interval. This places the feature within a 

Middle Woodland time frame, which is contemporaneous with site 33SU434.

Feature 2 was discovered in Test Unit 23-24N/72-73E beginning at a depth of 

32 cm below surface (Figures 14-16). It is a circular pit or basin filled with fire-cracked 

rock, dark soil fill, and small areas of oxidized soil mottled with flecks and larger pieces 

of charcoal. Approximately half of the feature was exposed in the test unit while the 

other half extends to the south and west. The feature was at its widest at 40 cm below 

surface, measuring 87 cm across along the southern edge of the test unit and extending 

50 cm to the north. The feature extended to a total depth of 68 cm below surface. A 

charcoal sample collected from the feature yielded a radiocarbon date of 3800 +/- 40 

B.P. (Beta 160193). The calibrated date range is B.P. 4250 to 4060 and B.P. 4050 to 3990 

at the 2 sigma (95%) confidence interval. This places the feature in an Archaic context. 

Aside from the 90 pieces of fire-cracked rock, very few artifacts were recovered from 

the feature. Three Upper Mercer chert flakes were discovered as the feature was 

being exposed. Upper Mercer chert can be found in the outcrops of the Upper Mercer 

formation, Lower Pennsylvanian. It occurs naturally as nodules in streambeds and in 

tabular form in its parent limestone and the closest known outcrops are located 30 km 

south of Everett in Stark County (Volf 2000 citing Luedtke 1992 and Brose 1985). Volf 

concluded from his research on Woodland sites within Cuyahoga Valley that Upper 

Mercer chert is considered a locally available chert based upon its high prevalence as the 

dominant material type at Late Woodland sites (Volf 2000:27-28). Additional artifacts 

recovered from the soils surrounding Feature 2 include: two non-diagnostic bifaces and 

three flakes, all made from Upper Mercer chert; seven pieces of chert debitage; and five 

pieces of fire-cracked rock.

Feature 3 is a linear-shaped trench located between 20 and 83 cm below surface 

in Test Unit 14-15N/96-97E (Figure 17). The genesis of the feature is unclear, as very few 

artifacts or cultural materials appear to be associated with the feature. The feature was 

observed in the southwest corner of the unit as distinct from the surrounding matrix 

because it was filled with darker soils and charcoal. A small quantity (n=15) of firecracked rock was found within the feature; however, it occurs as an unconsolidated 

scatter within the fill soil and could be the result of rodent activity. A rodent burrow 

was encountered along the eastern wall of the unit and toward the interior of Feature 

3 indicating that bioturbation could account for the inclusion of artifacts within 

the feature, particularly as deep as 70-80 cm below surface where a chert flake was 

discovered. Additional artifacts, including a biface base, 9 pieces of chert debitage, and 

30 pieces of fire-cracked rock were found within the unit but all were recovered from 

the disturbed plow zone above and surrounding Feature 3. The biface (Figure 10b), 
27

which could be the base of a projectile point or a portion of a different tool, is made 

from an unidentified chert. It has a parallel blade with a flared, or fish tail base, and 

there is no clear distinction between the hafting element and the blade. The biface 

could be a reworked Archaic point or Late Archaic point type (Finney 2008 personal 

communication). Some charcoal was included within the feature and a sample of that 

has been dated to 650 +/- 40 B.P. (Beta-160194) with a calibrated date at the 2 sigma (95%) 

confidence interval of A.D. 1290 to 1410. The feature, however, is most likely the result of 

a natural event. 

Feature 4 appeared as three separate burned areas in the floor of Test Unit 

18-19N/4-5E at 20 cm below surface (Figure 18) and continued to 38 cm below surface. 

The burned areas consisted of oxidized soils and charcoal flecks while soils in the rest 

of the unit were disturbed as evidenced by mixed strata mottled with clay, and a rodent 

burrow first noted at 30 cm below surface in the southwest corner of the unit. Artifacts 

recovered from the test unit and not necessarily associated with the burned areas 

include a piece of curved glass, a chert biface (possible projectile point base fragment), 

seven pieces of debitage (3 Upper Mercer chert and 4 unidentified chert), and 25 pieces 

of fire-cracked rock. As excavation continued, an extensive rodent burrow was revealed 

underneath Feature 4. The main channel of the burrow extended at a northwest diagonal 

across the western half of the unit and there were additional channels that extended into 

the sidewalls. The feature appears to represent an historic, or more likely modern, event 

associated with field clearing or related activities.

The final method of evaluative testing at the Everett field involved the use of a 

backhoe that excavated five 1-meter wide trenches, varying between 20 and 30 meters in 

length. The purpose was to assist in identifying any potential sub-plow zone features in a 

more expedient manner. Four soil stains, assigned Features A through D, were identified 

within the trenches and subjected to further evaluation. Features B and D are most 

likely the result of rodent activity. Feature A is a circular dark stain measuring 18 cm 

in diameter and tapering to a depth of 49 cm below surface. The contents of the feature 

include burnt soil and charcoal. Feature C is a roughly square dark stain measuring 23 

cm in diameter at 28 cm below surface and tapering to 10 cm in diameter at its base at 

37 cm below surface. Charcoal was present throughout the feature. Charcoal samples 

were taken from Features A and C, but they have not been submitted for radiocarbon 

dating. It is not clear whether these two features are cultural in origin or if they are the 

result of tree clearing by means of burning. No artifacts were found associated with any 

of the four features. Artifacts recovered from the excavated back dirt from the trenches 

include two anvil stones, one piece of debitage, and one nearly complete projectile point 

(Figure 10a). The point has an excurvate blade and ovoid cross section and is made from 

an unidentified chert. The base of the point is missing as a result of a hinge fracture along 

the base of the shoulder. The absence of the base does somewhat limit identification, 

although the point blade and shoulder resembles White Springs projectile points 

(Justice 1987:109), which are diagnostic of the Middle Archaic Period and estimated to 

date between 5000 and 4000 B.C. (Justice 1987 citing Walthall 1980 and Cambron and 

Hulse 1969). All of the artifacts, including the point, were derived from the disturbed 

A-horizon soils. 
28

Results from the combined Phase I and Phase II investigations led to several 

conclusions about site 33SU121. First, the Everett field does contain additional 

prehistoric materials that should be considered part of the previously recorded 33SU121 

and these site resources are particularly concentrated in the eastern half of the field. 

Overall, a total of 262 shovel tests was excavated at the field and more than half (n=143 or 

55 percent) were positive for prehistoric material. Based on the shovel test results, very 

few artifacts were recovered from the western portion of the field as compared to the 

eastern half of the field (Figures 19-20), which is true regardless of whether shovel tests 

were dug at 5-meter or 10-meter intervals. East of and including transect 0E, 167 shovel 

tests were excavated and 119 (71 percent) of those contained prehistoric materials. Had 

shovel tests only been excavated at the 10-meter level, the total number of shovel tests 

excavated in the east half of the field would have been 74, with 47 (64 percent) of those 

positive, the difference is 7 percent. The artifact density in the western half of the field 

was considerably less, with just 24 (25 percent) of the 95 shovel tests yielding prehistoric 

material. In a 20-x-50-meter area located in the southwestern part of the field, all of the 

shovel tests (n=14) were negative. This is the portion of the landform where the upward 

slope increases significantly and given these results, the 1000 square meter area from 

10-60N and 80-100W is not included as part of the expanded boundary for 33SU121. 

Second, shovel tests confirmed that the entire field, as well as the subsurface 

artifact scatter it contains, has been previously impacted from cultivation. The soil 

profile consists of an upper 20-30 cm layer of disturbed A-horizon, or plow zone, 

underlain by the sterile B-horizon. All of the artifacts discovered through shovel testing 

were recovered from the disturbed A-horizon soils and therefore lack depositional 

integrity, further most are neither temporally or culturally diagnostic beyond a 

prehistoric designation and offer little interpretive value. 

Third, while artifacts have been displaced from cultivation, the scatter retains 

general horizontal integrity as evidenced by the presence of sub-plow zone features 

within areas where artifact density was greatest. Test units excavated based on the 

combined results of the shovel test inventory and geophysical survey encountered a 

total of four features and all were within the southeast section of the field. This finding 

leads to perhaps the most important result, which is that partially intact prehistoric 

features occur below the disturbed plow zone at Everett field. These features are 

significant because they contain deposits that are in primary depositional context and 

thus provide the best evidence for interpreting site utilization. The geophysical surveys 

proved very effective in identifying the subsurface features at site 33SU121. All of the 

anomalies present in the geophysical data identified as potential features were targeted 

for excavation, including the four recorded features. It is therefore unlikely that any 

substantive features with remaining integrity exist within the field. While additional 

features may be present, they are likely ephemeral and/or disturbed from cultivation.

According to temporally diagnostic projectile points, pottery, and radiocarbon 

dates obtained from the excavations, the portion of site 33SU121 contained within the 

Everett field is multi-component dating from Middle Archaic through Late Woodland. 

The site is considered significant and eligible for the NRHP because it contains 

prehistoric resources in primary depositional context that can inform on prehistoric 

activities in Cuyahoga Valley spanning at least 5000 years. 
29

Schmidt Property (Tract 114-42)

Phase I-II Investigations (2000, 2003)

The archeological inventory of the Schmidt property encompassed approximately 

3365 square meters (.83 acres) of the 1.08-acre parcel. Excavation was limited by extant 

buildings and site improvements including the blacktop and gravel driveways and the 

cisterns. Artifacts recovered from the Phase I and II investigations conducted at the 

property in 2000 and the additional Phase I investigations in 2003 are presented in Tables 

1, 3-7. Of the 50 shovel tests excavated at the Schmidt property, 14, or 28 percent were 

positive for prehistoric materials. Among the recovered artifacts were debitage (n=5) and 

fire-cracked rock (n=38); no diagnostic of formal stone tools were discovered. Ten of the 

shovel tests yielded historic and/or modern materials, including redware, undecorated 

porcelain and whiteware; coins (i.e., 1937 Buffalo nickel, 1939 “Mercury” dime, Lincoln 

penny); stoneware; ferrous metal; milk glass; and a glass ink bottle. All of the artifacts 

were recovered from the context of disturbed A-horizon soils and lack depositional 

integrity and interpretive value.

Three formal test units were excavated based on results from the shovel test 

inventory. Test Unit 1 was a 1-x-2-meter unit located in the north yard, northwest 

of the house and east of the shed; in it, seven pieces of debitage were recovered along 

with 167 pieces of fire-cracked rock. No discernable pattern or associated charcoal was 

identified with the artifacts in this unit. Small amounts of insignificant modern debris 

were interspersed throughout the disturbed soils in the unit; these included: wire nails, 

flat glass, roofing slate, plastic, and a 1982 penny. Test Unit 2 was a 1-x-2-meter unit 

located in the south yard, off of the southwest corner of the house. The unit contained a 

small amount of debitage (n=7) and fire-cracked rock (n=4). The soil profile in Test Unit 

2 included a modern fill of mottled blue and yellow clays with a small amount of modern 

and historic debris (curved glass, .22-caliber cartridge case, undecorated and annulardecorated whiteware). Extensive rodent burrowing was also observed in the unit. Test 

Unit 3 was a 1-x-1-meter extension south from the western half of Test Unit 1. Test Unit 

3 contained 34 pieces of fire-cracked rock and more recent debris including plastic, 

wire nails, and brick fragments. Nine whiteware fragments with annular decoration 

were also recovered among the prehistoric and modern materials. Annular-decorated 

whiteware dates to 1790-1930 (MWAC n.d.). Between 10 and 30 cm below surface, a level 

of compacted limestone and pea gravel was encountered that appears to have been a 

former driveway. 

The shovel tests and test units were all excavated into the sterile B-horizon, 

which occurred between 25 and 30 cm below surface. All of the artifacts were confined 

to the disturbed upper A-horizon soils and no subsurface features were revealed in any 

of the test units. The A-horizon in the north yard is comprised of plow zone, similar 

to that in the field, with the inclusion of artificial gravels. In the south yard, the upper 

stratum in the upper portion of the yard is comprised of grossly disturbed soils with 

heavy, and sometimes compacted, gravel and mottled clay. The shovel tests in the lower 

yard also revealed very disturbed soils with mottled clay, sand, and gravel. The former 

Everett Road was also encountered toward the southern edge of the yard, just below 

the sod layer. The rerouting of Everett Road in 1929 undoubtedly contributed to the 
30

disturbance noted in this area. It was obvious from the shovel tests and the test units that 

the soil profile on this parcel has been substantially altered. At several locations around 

the house and machine shed, surficial concentrations of lithic debris were discovered 

and have been identified as the result of modern, or recent, flint knapping episodes. 

Most of the concentrations consisted of large pieces of flint shatter, though several 

formal stone tools were also discovered among the debris. It is believed that a previous 

resident of the property was both an amateur flint knapper and artifact collector. All of 

the materials were collected and removed from the property so as to avoid any future 

misinterpretation or site contamination. 

Results from the 2000 and 2003 investigations at the Schmidt property verified 

the presence of prehistoric material that is attributed to site 33SU121 and identified a 

small amount of historic material that is likely associated with the extant structure. 

The parcel has been subjected to previous, and rather extensive, disturbance related to 

the residence on the upper part of the parcel as well as from the realignment of Everett 

Road on the lower elevation. The parcel should be considered part of site 33SU121, but 

with deposits that do not contribute to site significance since they occur within a highly 

compromised depositional context. 

Krimmer Property (Tract 114-44)

Phase I-II Investigations (2000-2001, 2003, 2006)

The archeological investigations at the Krimmer property targeted the grounds 

adjacent to the residential component and included the northern extent of the yard, 

which is a clearing just south of Everett field; they did not include the steeply-sloped 

southern and eastern sections of the yard. Approximately 1975 square meters (.49 acres) 

of the .61-acre parcel were included in the inventory. Excavation was prohibited where 

extant buildings, vegetation, and site improvements were located. Artifacts recovered 

from the combined excavations are presented in Tables 1, 3-6, and 8. A total of 58 shovel 

tests were excavated and 41 yielded cultural materials. Thirty-three of the shovel tests 

(57 percent) were positive for a combined total of 78 prehistoric stone artifacts, with 

seven of those identified as formal tools. These are one retouched flake, two bifaces, one 

uniface, one projectile point, one drill (Figure 10j), and one celt fragment. The projectile 

point (Figure 10e) was recovered from Shovel Test 36 located along the northern edge 

of the clearing. It is nearly complete, missing a portion of the base including one of the 

eared corners, and made from an unidentified chert. The point is similar to Brewerton 

Eared-Triangle points that have been attributed to the Late Archaic tradition (Justice 

1987:122k). An additional 35 pieces of debitage and 36 pieces of fire-cracked rock 

comprise the rest of the prehistoric assemblage. Small amounts of insignificant modern 

and possibly historic debris were also discovered in 26 of the shovel tests; these materials 

were generally discarded since they were very fragmentary and lacked functional and 

temporal diagnostic landmarks. Almost half (n=20 or 49 percent) of the positive shovel 

tests yielded both prehistoric and historic and/or modern materials, while 14 shovel tests 

encountered prehistoric materials only and seven shovel tests encountered historic and/

or modern materials only. Four of the stone tools (projectile point, biface, uniface, and 

drill) were recovered from the clearing and three of those (excluding the biface) were 

found in units devoid of historic material, but still within the disturbed upper A-horizon 
31

soils. The soil profile for the clearing is the same as that for Everett field—0-30 cm of 

disturbed plow zone that is the A-horizon (dark brown silty loam) underlain by the 

sterile B-horizon (yellowish-brown clay). The soil profile for the residential grounds was 

more varied and exhibited different types of disturbance, including mixed and mottled 

strata, layers of fill, and inclusions such as gravel, coal, and brick fragments. This was 

further investigated and revealed more clearly during subsequent evaluative testing and 

the results are discussed in the following. 

Twenty-six formal 1-x-1-meter test units were excavated during the Phase 

II investigations. In the southwest corner and along the southern edge of the front 

yard, Test Units 2, 16 and 22 revealed a relatively intact soil profile with the A-horizon 

giving way to the B-horizon between 28 and 30 cm below surface. Mixed historic and 

prehistoric artifacts were present throughout strata in these units. The other seven test 

units excavated in the south yard (Test Units 5, 6, 10, 17, 19-21) revealed a substantial 

amount of historic alteration to the soil profile. The soil profile for this section of the 

property is generally comprised of a very deep historic yellow clay fill, or basement spoil, 

that extends to 55 cm below surface where the original A-horizon was encountered. Any 

potential intact deposits would thus occur below this depth. Test Unit 20 was excavated 

to a depth of 80 cm below surface where the B-horizon was eventually exposed. The 

entire unit, except for the bottommost layer, contained a mix of modern, historic, and 

prehistoric materials. Only prehistoric materials (3 chert flakes) were found in the 70 to 

80 cm level. The soil profile in Test Units 6 and 10 provides a good example of the historic 

fill episodes (Figure 21), further indicating that the original grade for this section of the 

property is quite deeply buried by the basement spoil. The profile in the east yard was 

similar, as revealed in Test Unit 18. Also in the front yard, a concrete and gravel walkway 

(Feature 2003-1) was exposed in Test Unit 17 at 10 cm below surface. The walkway is 

oriented perpendicular to the house and extends 59 cm east from the unit’s west wall. 

The overlying 10 cm of soil consisted of the same disturbed overburden of yellow clay fill 

mottled with gray clay. 

Test excavations north of the house showed further evidence of historic 

disturbance in the form of a twentieth century burn feature in Test Unit 1; ceramic 

drains in Test Units 8, 9, 2006-3, and 2006-4; modern mottled clay fill with a lens of pea 

gravel in Test 3; and mottled clays, coal, and gravel in Test Units 2006-1 and 2006-2. The 

burned feature, Feature 1, is a basin-shaped hearth approximately 1 meter in diameter 

and outlined by oxidized soil at 8 cm below surface. Contents of the feature include 

both prehistoric and historic artifacts, however the presence of burned, painted wood 

and coal indicates the feature is the result twentieth-century activity. The ceramic 

drain appeared just below ground surface and was found in association with modern 

artifacts in all four test units. An exploratory probe in the center of Test Unit 8 

revealed no intact A-horizon and the B-horizon at 40 cm below surface with all of the 

artifacts in disturbed context. 

Test units excavated in the northern clearing matched the soil profile observed 

when shovel testing—a comparatively more intact profile comprised of the 0-30 cm 

A-horizon (plow zone) layer underlain by the B-horizon—yet which is still disturbed 

from cultivation. A mix of prehistoric and historic and/or modern materials occurred 

throughout the A-horizon soils in all of these units. Test Unit 7 had one level from 20 to 
32

30 cm below surface where only a prehistoric artifact (1 chert flake) was present. Test 

Units 12 and 15 did reveal an intact subsurface prehistoric burned feature, Feature 5, at 

23 cm below surface. The feature is a circular hearth dug into the B-horizon soils and 

lined with fire-cracked rock (Figure 22). The location of Feature 5 had been identified as 

a magnetic anomaly from the fluxgate gradiometer survey data. All of the artifacts (firecracked rock) along with numerous charcoal and soil samples were collected from the 

feature. Charcoal samples could be submitted for radiocarbon dating in order to date 

the feature, since it yielded no temporally or culturally diagnostic artifacts. With the 

exception of 139 pieces of fire-cracked rock in Feature 5, all of the remaining prehistoric 

artifacts were found in mixed context with historic artifacts in the A-horizon soils. 

Twenty-three of twenty-six test units were positive for prehistoric materials 

yielding a total of 343 pieces of debitage, 562 pieces of fire-cracked rock, 6 projectile 

points (4 incomplete, 2 fragments), 4 bifaces, 3 retouched flakes, 1 drill (Figure 10k), 3 

cores, 3 worked slate fragments, and 6 pottery sherds. The three test units that did not 

contain any prehistoric materials were Test Unit 8 in the south yard and Test Units 2006-

3 and 2006-4 situated in the north yard between the house and former garage. All of 

the test units contained historic and/or modern debris, much of which was discarded 

because it lacked any interpretive value and was not of archeological interest. The 

only prehistoric artifacts that were found in their primary depositional context were 

the pieces of fire-cracked rock in Feature 5 and the chert flakes in the deeply-buried 

paleosol (70-80 cm bs) in the south yard (in TU 20). All of the other artifacts were found 

in what is at least secondary depositional context, due to the extensively altered soil 

profile at the property, with a few that stand alone as being temporally diagnostic. The 

small pottery assemblage (n=6) consists of very fragmentary sherds with sloughed-off 

surfaces and grit-tempered paste. Because of its diminished condition the pottery is 

not particularly diagnostic but could be associated with Woodland or Late Prehistoric 

Traditions, since much of the pottery in Cuyahoga Valley has been found at sites 

dated to those time periods. The four incomplete projectile points represent the other 

temporally diagnostic artifacts in the assemblage and range in age from Late Archaic 

to Late Woodland. An incomplete triangular point made from an unidentified gray 

chert was found in Test Unit 2 (Figure 10g). The point is similar to the Levenna point 

type, which is a common point type found in the eastern United States that dates to the 

Late Woodland (Justice 1987: 226). A chert stem with a convex base recovered from Test 

Unit 3 (Figure 10h) resembles the Cresap Stemmed point type from the Early Woodland 

Stemmed Cluster. These points are diagnostic of the early Adena culture and have been 

dated to 1000 B.C. to before 500 B.C. (Justice 1987:185-187). The medial and base portion 

of a chert projectile point (Figure 10d) resembling the Brewerton Eared-Notched point 

type was found in Test Unit 4. These points are well documented in the northeastern 

states and are diagnostic of the Late Archaic (Justice 1987:122-123). A projectile made 

from a high-quality, lustrous gray-brown chert, was recovered from Test Unit 6. The 

point is side-notched with a slightly concave base and excurvate blade shape (Figure 

10f). It is very similar to Raccoon Notched points from the Jack’s Reef Cluster, which 

are diagnostic of the early Late Woodland period in the Midwest. Raccoon Notched 

points are associated with the Intrusive Mound Culture of Ohio (Justice 1987:219 

citing Mills 1922 and Ritchie 1937). 
33

 The historic artifact assemblage (Tables 1, 3-6) is predominately common 

household refuse items including ceramic sherds (whiteware, yellowware, redware, 

stoneware) that are mostly undecorated, curved glass (broken bottle glass and jars), bone, 

and an iron stove part. The few pieces of decorated ceramics (Figure 23) include a decaldecorated whiteware sherd dating to 1860-present (MWAC n.d.), an annular-decorated 

whiteware sherd dating to 1790-1930 (ibid.), a whiteware sherd with an unidentified blue 

transfer-print pattern that dates to circa 1790-present (Coysh and Henrywood 1982), a 

floral embossed green and yellow-glazed whiteware sherd, and a leaf-shaped porcelain 

lid. Flat glass and nails were the primary architectural materials recovered from the 

excavations along with fragmentary pieces of brick. A small number of personal items, 

such as pipe stems, buttons, slate pencils, a clock key, and metal pin were also recovered 

(Figure 24). The artifacts were found in no particular concentration or as any type 

of intentional deposit. Rather, they occur as a random unconsolidated sheet scatter 

within disturbed soils and in the same context as modern and prehistoric artifacts. 

Archeological investigations undertaken at the Krimmer property resulted 

in the identification of additional resources attributed to site 33SU121. In total, 1009 

prehistoric artifacts were recovered from 67 percent of the combined excavation units 

(including shovel tests) and were fairly evenly distributed across the property. Because 

the parcel has been subjected to previous and rather substantial ground disturbance, 

including excavation for a basement, nearly all (86 percent) of the materials were found 

in disturbed soils and in mixed context with modern and/or historic materials. The 

exception was Feature 5 in the northern extent of the yard. This fire-cracked rock-lined 

hearth was partially intact and encountered below the disturbed A-horizon. The feature 

did not contain artifacts other than the fire-cracked rock, but soil samples and charcoal 

samples obtained from the feature fill could provide additional information on its age 

and function. Additional age indicators from the site include temporally diagnostic 

projectile points that date from Late Archaic through Late Woodland and grit-tempered 

pottery sherds that are likely Late Woodland or Late Prehistoric in age. 

Overall, the prehistoric site component at Krimmer has poor depositional 

integrity close to the residence, except for the deeply buried paleosol in the south yard, 

with relatively intact artifact deposits occurring in the northern portion of the property. 

The resources are considered part of 33SU121 and should be included within the 

boundary of the larger multi-component site. The portion of the Krimmer component 

with the most potential to yield additional archeological data is in the northern extent of 

the yard where ground disturbance from cultivation is evident, but by comparison, was 

not as extensive as the disturbances nearer the residence. 

The small historic assemblage that was identified at Krimmer is composed 

primarily of common household refuse and structural debris related to twentiethcentury activities. The historic artifacts were more concentrated near the extant house, 

and like the prehistoric materials, were found in disturbed soils and in mixed context 

both with older and more recent materials. The artifacts themselves are very fragmentary 

and offer little interpretive value since very few exhibit any decorative or manufacturing 

elements that could be dated. Given the lack of depositional context and diagnostic 

landmarks, the materials have no potential to contribute additional information about 
34

the historic use of the property, and are therefore not considered to be significant or of 

much archeological interest.
35

6. Conclusion and Recommendations

Archeological site 33SU121 is a multi-component prehistoric site located within 

Everett Village, in Summit County, Ohio, that was originally recorded in 1980 as a 

temporally unaffiliated prehistoric lithic scatter located just north of the Everett Church 

on Tract 114-43. Evaluative testing and site preservation were recommended as a result 

of the initial investigations completed by Dr. David Brose of the Cleveland Museum 

of Natural History (Brose et al. 1981). Midwest Archeological Center archeologists 

returned to site 33SU121 in 2000 and 2001 in advance of proposed developments on Tract 

114-81 for the Church in the Valley and potential future developments associated with 

historic properties to the west (Schmidt House, Tract 114-42) and east (Krimmer House, 

Tract 114-44). Those investigations revealed that site 33SU121 occurs across almost 

the entire landform on which each of these contiguous properties lie, encompassing a 

total of 31,100 square meters, and that portions of the site contain significant deposits, 

including intact buried features in the eastern portion of the field and the clearing 

north of Krimmer. An historic component attributed to twentieth-century activities at 

the Krimmer and Schmidt residences was also recorded and additional investigations 

were completed at those properties in 2003 and 2006. The extensive investigations also 

confirmed that the entire field area has been heavily disturbed by agricultural use and 

the soil profiles at the Schmidt and Krimmer properties have been extensively altered 

from additional ground disturbing activities attributed to twentieth-century residences. 

In all, 370 shovel tests and 60 test units were excavated at the combined properties 

constituting site 33SU121. Fifty-seven percent of the excavation units, including shovel 

tests and test units, were positive for prehistoric materials, however, the overwhelming 

majority of artifacts were confined to the upper 20-30 cms of disturbed A-horizon soils, 

or plow zone, in the field; and in mixed strata at the residential parcels. The historic 

artifacts occur as an ephemeral scatter and were all found in disturbed soils in close 

proximity to the extant structures, which are not considered historically significant. 

Based on the results from the combined excavations the site boundary has been extended 

to encompass most of the landform on which Tracts 114-42, 114-43, 114-44, and 114-81 

are located. While Tract 114-43 was not included in the MWAC investigations, the site is 

known to extend into this area (Brose 1974).

The prehistoric site has components dating from Middle Archaic through Late 

Prehistoric based on radiocarbon dates obtained from the features, ranging from 4250 

B.P. to A.D. 1410; and temporally diagnostic projectile points and pottery recovered from 

the excavated units. The site is interpreted to represent the cumulative effect of widely 

spaced, short-term occupations and use episodes that encompassed a broad expanse 

of time. The ephemeral use of the site, by its nature, would result in the construction 

of very few features. Associations for the Middle Woodland component can be linked 

to the better known nearby sites such as Everett Knoll (33SU14), and the Szalay Site 

(33SU434). The association of the Archaic materials is much less specific and is more at 

the northeastern Ohio level but could be linked to the nearby Swan House Site (33SU133), 

which does have an Archaic component. Other sites with Archaic components are 

recorded in the general vicinity of 33SU121, but occur on different landforms and at 

fairly significant distances from the site.
36

Based on the findings from the 2000-2006 archeological investigations, the 

prehistoric component of site 33SU121 should be considered eligible for the National 

Register of Historic Places under Criterion D because it has the potential to yield 

additional data about prehistoric activities in the Cuyahoga Valley spanning at least 5000 

years. Extensive inventory and evaluative testing has shown that data are limited due to 

the compromised depositional context caused by previous disturbance from cultivation, 

construction, and residential activities, however some studies would be possible. The 

potential for site data to assist further research is largely due to the existing features in 

the eastern portion of the field and the few recovered diagnostic artifacts, and also the 

relatively intact artifact deposits and subsurface feature situated in the northern portion 

of the Krimmer property. Despite obvious limitations, site 33SU121 has the potential to 

yield information relating to Archaic, Middle Woodland, and Late Prehistoric use of 

the area. Data from the site could support research questions addressing such topics as 

the age of Middle Woodland and Archaic occupations as estimated from the features 

and raw material selection based on the few temporally diagnostic stone tools. Other 

areas for potential research include a more detailed analysis of the pottery recovered 

from Feature 1. The pottery could be further analyzed and contrasted to the Szalay Site 

materials to begin to develop a view of the local assemblage. It may also be possible to 

determine through neutron activation analysis if the pottery was locally made. Middle 

Woodland tree use for fuel addressed from Feature 1 macrobotanicals could assist in 

local environmental reconstruction. The site location could also be considered relative 

to existing Middle Woodland settlement models. It is important to note that none 

of these studies would require new excavation of the site as all pertinent samples are 

already on hand. 

The historic component is composed primarily of twentieth-century debris 

attributed to activities at the Schmidt and Krimmer properties that post date the period 

of significance for which Everett is recognized. Both properties are included within the 

Everett Village Historic District (NR 93001467) but none of the extant structures are 

contributing and based on the results from archeological investigations, neither are 

the archeological resources. All of the artifacts occur in soils that have been heavily 

impacted from ground disturbing activities at the residences, including construction, 

basement excavation, utility installation, and at Schmidt, the rerouting of the original 

Everett Road in 1929. The artifacts were found in no particular concentration or as any 

type of intentional deposit. Rather, they occur as a random scatter within mixed soil 

strata. Given the lack of depositional context and diagnostic landmarks, the materials 

have no potential to contribute additional information about the historic use of the 

properties and are not considered significant or of much archeological interest. 

This study was initiated in response to two undertakings proposed by the 

National Park Service:

1) A land exchange involving the transfer of 4.28 acres of NPS land (Tract 

114-81) to the Church in the Valley in return for an historic preservation 

easement; and
37

2) Potential development at the Schmidt and Krimmer properties associated 

with CUVA’s historic property restoration and rehabilitation program.

For the first undertaking, project components requiring ground disturbance 

included the installation of a new wastewater treatment system and of an asphalt parking 

lot; both to be situated in the Everett field on Tract 114-81. In compliance with Section 

106 of the NHPA, archeological investigations were undertaken in advance of the 

projects, and MWAC archeologists and the Ohio SHPO were involved throughout the 

planning process to protect significant cultural resources at site 33SU121 from adverse 

impacts. The construction design was developed during the inventory and consultation 

phase and archeological data were utilized to achieve the final construction design used 

for both the wastewater facility and parking lot. As a result of the planning efforts and 

based on the results from the archeological investigations, it was determined that the 

proposed undertaking would not adversely impact any cultural resources eligible for the 

NRHP and the installations were completed in 2006. The wastewater treatment system 

includes an evapo-transpiration field comprised of two 600 linear foot fields situated in 

the western portion of the field and installed at ground surface, a mounded subsurface 

sand filter placed south of the fields, a septic tank placed in the existing drive southwest 

of the church, and a dosing tank located just west of the septic tank. Ground disturbance 

for the field was confined to the A-horizon, or plow zone, in the western sloping portion 

of the field. This was the preferred location for the fields since very few artifacts occur 

around the area, and those that do are confined to the disturbed plow zone. Further, 

there was no expectation of subsurface features in this area based on the results from 

trenching and geophysical surveys. The related tanks, sand filter, and connecting line 

were all placed in previously disturbed areas, such as the driveway and existing parking 

lot, where no significant archeological resources were located.

The new asphalt parking lot was designed with ninety-nine 9’-x-20’ parking 

spaces, a 20’-wide linear drainage swale in the middle of the lot, and 20’-wide access 

drives on the west and east sides, and was positioned in the eastern section of the field. 

MWAC recommended that no grading take place and that the lot be constructed with 

the most minimal disturbance. Geotechnical fabric, covered by fill, was used and 

serves as a barrier between the modern development and the prehistoric surfaces. This 

technique of intentional site burial has been used successfully at the Boston Store in 

CUVA where known significant archeological deposits occur. The parking lot was 

constructed in a way that it is reversible if future access were necessary and the park has 

ensured that warranted access would be granted to this and all portions of the site in 

the future. Extensive archeological inventory and testing identified this area as having 

a high artifact density as well as fairly intact sub-plow zone features. The success rate of 

identifying subsurface features based on geophysical survey data collected in the field 

made archeologists confident that all substantive features with remaining integrity have 

been located. While more may exist, they are likely ephemeral and/or disturbed due 

to the years of cultivation. Of the known features in the field, only two are obviously 

cultural and the preservation in these soils is very poor. No fauna or macrobotanical 

remains were recovered with the exception of charcoal in a few select features. Soil 

and charcoal samples were collected from all of the features and are on hand for future 

study. Further, the intentional site burial of this portion of the field serves to protect the 
38

remaining archeological resources. MWAC concluded that this portion of the site had 

been thoroughly inventoried and tested and that future testing would provide little, if 

any, additional information that would not be obtainable from existing collections and 

field records. 

For the second undertaking involving developments a the Schmidt and 

Krimmer properties, the initial fieldwork was undertaken in advance of anticipated, 

but unspecified, projects associated with future restoration and rehabilitation efforts. 

Both houses were slated to be used as temporary housing for park employees. Resources 

associated with site 33SU121 were identified at both properties, but none were 

considered significant due to the substantially compromised depositional context in 

which they were found. An additional shovel test inventory was completed in advance 

of water and septic improvements proposed at Schmidt in 2003. The results confirmed 

that the proposed utility placements, in the south yard and along the driveway, were in 

grossly disturbed soils and that such installation would have no adverse effect on any 

significant archeological resources. No additional archeological investigations were 

recommended in advance of the water and septic installations as proposed.

Specific improvements for the rehabilitation of the Krimmer House were 

proposed in 2006 that included: updating the existing drive and installing a three-car 

parking lot at the northern end of the drive, adding screen plantings along the east 

side of the drive, and constructing a deck off the north façade of the house. Evaluative 

testing that year targeted the area between the house and the now non-extant garage 

in the north yard where the improvements, which would require ground disturbance, 

were proposed. Results from the 2006 investigations, combined with previous data, 

indicate that no significant archeological resources are present in any of the areas 

where the grounds improvement projects are proposed. Additional prehistoric, historic, 

and modern materials were encountered, but all occur within substantially disturbed 

soils and therefore lack depositional context and interpretive value. Intact prehistoric 

deposits from site 33SU121 were encountered in the clearing to the north during the 

2000 and 2001 investigations, but they are well east of where the parking lot would be 

situated and would not be impacted by the proposed projects. 

To ensure that no resources are inadvertently impacted in this area, the grubbing 

technique shall be utilized to install the parking lot. Using this technique, only the 

minimal amount of ground disturbance (depth <10”) required for a level grade would 

occur and would be confined to the upper layer (0 to 20-30 cm) of disturbed A-horizon 

soils. Provided the projects are undertaken as proposed, there will be no adverse effect 

on any significant archeological resources at the property. It is particularly important 

that the parking lot construction does not deviate from the plans as currently depicted. 

CUVA planners should consult with MWAC if the plans are altered in any way. As a 

precautionary measure during the construction, it is recommended that vehicular 

access and parking is limited to the driveway whenever possible; if driving on the yard 

is necessary, it should be restricted to the north yard in the area between the house 

and tree row delineating the southern edge of the clearing to the north. Additionally, 

driving, parking, dumping, or stockpiling materials should be prohibited anywhere in 

the clearing.
39

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Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. 

Ludetke, Barbara E.

1992 An Archaeologist’s Guide to Chert and Flint. Archeological Research Tools 7, 

Institute of Archeology, University of California, Los Angeles.

Lynott, Mark J. 

1998 Midwest Archeological Center Programs and Activities for Fiscal Year 1997. 

Copy on file, Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska. 

Midwest Archeological Center (MWAC)

2007 Archeology at the Cuyahoga Valley National Park: History. National Park 

Service, Midwest Archeological Center. http://www.cr.nps.gov/mwac/cuva/

history.htm

n.d. Glossary used for laboratory analysis at the Midwest Archeological Center, 

Lincoln, Nebraska.
41

Mills, William C.

1922 Exploration of the Mound City Group. Ohio Archaeological and Historical 

Quarterly 31(4):423-584.

National Park Service (NPS)

1984 Museum Handbook, Museum Records, Part II. U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Washington, D.C.

2002 Midwest Archeological Center Laboratory Manual. Manuscript on file, 

National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Noble, Vergil E.

1988 Report of an Archeological Survey Along the Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath, 

Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, Summit County, Ohio. Midwest 

Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Neusius, Sarah W., and G. Timothy Gross

2007 Seeking Our Past: An Introduction to North American Archaeology. Oxford 

University Press, New York.

Ohio Historic Preservation Office (OHPO)

1994 Archaeology Guidelines. Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical 

Society, Columbus, Ohio.

Prufer, Olaf H.

2001 The Archaic of Northeastern Ohio. In Archaic Transitions in Ohio and Kentucky 

Prehistory, edited by Olaf H. Prufer, Sara E. Pedde, and Richard S. Meindl, pp. 

183-209. Kent State University Press, Kent.

Prufer, Olaf H. and Dana A. Long

1986 The Archaic of Northeastern Ohio. Kent State Research Papers in Archaeology 

No. 6. Kent State University Press, Kent. 

Richner, Jeffrey J.

1999 Trip to Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, June 15-July 26 and July 

1-August 7, 1999. Memorandum on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National 

Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska. 

2000 Trip to Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, June 5-August 11, 2000. 

Memorandum on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, 

Lincoln, Nebraska. 

Richner, Jeffrey J., and William J. Volf

2000 Front Yard Archeology: Hopewellian Occupation at the Szalay Site. Hopewell 

Archaeology Newsletter 4(1):10-11. Copy on file, Midwest Archeological Center, 

National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska. 
42

Richner, Jeffrey J., William J. Volf, and Ann Bauermeister

2001 Archeological Inventory and Evaluative Test Excavations at the Historic Point 

Farm, Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Boston Township, Summit County, Ohio. 

Draft manuscript version of a Technical Report. Midwest Archeological Center, 

National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska. 

Ritchie, William A. 

1937 Culture Influences from Ohio in New York Archaeology. American Antiquity

2(3):182-94.

Shelford Victor E.

1963 The Ecology of North America. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.

Stoltman, James B. 

1993 Reconsideration of Fluted Point Diversity in Wisconsin. In Archaeology of Eastern 

North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams, edited by J. Stoltman, pp. 

61-72. Archaeological Report No. 25. Mississippi Department of Archives and 

History, Jackson. 

USDA 

1974 Soil Survey, Summit County, Ohio. U.S. Government Printing Office, 

Washington, D.C.

Volf, William J. 

2000 The Szalay Site: Hopewellian Occupation in Northeastern Ohio. Unpublished 

Master’s Thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 

Walthall, John A. 

1980 Prehistoric Indians of the Southeast: Archaeology of Alabama and the Middle 

South. The University of Alabama Press. 

Wendlund, Wayne M.

1978 Holocene Man in North America: The Ecological Setting and Climatic 

Background. Plains Anthropologist 23(82):273-287.

Winstel, Jeffrey

1993 Everett Historic District. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. 

Copy on file, Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska. 

1995 Everett Historic District Cultural Landscape Report, Cuyahoga Valley National 

Recreation Area, Brecksville, Ohio. United States Department of the Interior, 

National Park Service, Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, Brecksville, 

Ohio. 
43

82

77

80

303

271

271

82

80

303

77

0 2 ml.

0 2 km.

Valley View

Tinkers Creek

Brecksville

Peninsula

Akron

Furnace Run

Ohio & Erie Canal

Cuyahoga River

Project 

Area

Lake Erie

Ohio

Cleveland

Akron

CUYAHOGA 

VALLEY N.P.

James A.

Garfield

N.H.S.

80

90

90

77 271

77

77

71

80

Michigan Lake Erie

Indiana

West Virginia

Kentucky

Penn.

CUYAHOGA VALLEY

N.P.

Perry’s Victory

I.P.M.

Cleveland

James A.

Garfield N.H.S.

Akron

Canton

Youngstown

Columbus

Dayton

Cincinnati

OHIO

William Howard

Taft N.H.S.

Mound City

Group N.M.

80

90

90

80

76

76

75

23 71

77

23

Toledo

70

71

Figure 1. The project area.

FIGURES
44

Figure 2. Aerial map of targeted properties in Everett.

Figure 3. National Register of Historic Places Everett Historic District.
45

Figure 4. Construction design for the Church in Valley wastewater facility and parking lot located in Everett field.
46

Figure 5. Portion of 1994 USGS 7.5’ topographic map, Peninsula Quadrangle, showing the location of 

site 33SU121 within Everett.
47

Recent Lithic

Scatter

Church Parking Lot

Outhouse

Shed

Machine

Garage

Trees & Weeds

Drainage Ditch

Road

Everett Road

Old Roadbed

Scatter

Recent Lithic

House

Schmidt

TU-2

Bare Eroded Area

Asphalt Driveway

Church Drive (Asphalt)

(Asphalt)

Church Parking Lot

Cisterns

(Gravel)

TU-1

Gravel

TU-3 Shed

Chicken

Coop

Gravel Drive

Area

Picnic

Trees &

Trench 4

Recent Lithic Scatter

Raised Area

Spruces

Property

the Valley

Church in

F-4

Modern FCR

Slope Up

Slope Up

Trench 3

F-B

F-ATrench 2

F-C

F-D

Trench 1

Trench 5

Modern Fire Pits

Poison Ivy

Positive Shovel Test

Meters

activity

from recent int knapping

Scatter of Flint Ridge int

Vegetation (Shrubs and Trees)

Cutbank

Geophysical Survey Units

Coniferous tree

Deciduous tree

Negative Shovel Test

Test Unit (TU-1, TU-2, etc.)

Site 33SU121 Gravel Driveway

TU-2

Krimmer House

Waterline Trench

TU-5 TU-10

TU-6

0

TU-12

TU-4

TU-14

 Area

Shed

TU-9

of dge E Mow

ed

TU-8 TU-3

Cistern

TU-7

TU-13

TU-11

Shed

Sheds

TU-15

F-5

N

F-1 F-2

F-3

15

Trench 5

Edge of Mowed Area

TU-1

 80 S -

 60 S -

 40 S -

 20 S -

 0 N -

 20 N -

0N/0E

 40 N -

 60 N -

 80 N -

100 N -

140 N -

120 N -

100 W - 80 W - 60 W - 40 W - 20 W - 0 N -

- 80 S

- 60 S

- 40 S

- 20 S

- 0 N

- 20 N

 20 E - 40 E - 60 E - 80 E -100 N -

- 40 N

- 60 N

- 80 N

- 100 N

- 120 N

- 140 N

120 E -140 E -

Figure 6. Site map of the Schmidt, Everett field, and Krimmer properties, site 33SU121, showing the area covered by archeological investigations.
48
49

Figure 7. Overview of eastern half of Everett field, showing resistivity survey. View is east.

Figure 8. Overview of Everett field, showing backhoe trench excavations. View is northeast.
50

Figure 9. Site map showing area covered by the 2000-2001, 2003, and 2006 archeological 

investigations at the Krimmer property.
51

Figure 10. Projectile points and stone tools recovered from site 33SU121.
52

Figure 11. Feature 1 shown in plan view in Test Unit 11-12N/77-78E.

Figure 12. Profile of Feature 1 shown in the east wall of Test 

Unit 11-12N/77-78E.
53

Figure 13. Pottery recovered from site 33SU121.

Figure 14. Feature 2 shown in plan view in Test Unit 22-23N/72-73E.
54

Figure 15. Profile of Feature 2 shown in the south wall of Test Unit 22-23N/72-73E.

CUVA 2001

33SU121

23-24N/72-73E

Feature 2

(23N/72E is SW Corner of Unit)

23N/73E -23N/72E -

South Wall West Wall

24N/72E -

Feature 2

10YR5/4 yellowish brown mottled with 10YR5/3 brown and 10YR4/2 dark grayish brown

10YR5/4 yellowish brown with charcoal and dark zones

10YR5/4 yellowish brown mottled with 10YR5/3 brown and 10YR4/2 dark grayish brown

Unexcavated

80 -

70 -

60 -

10YR4/2 dark grayish brown

10YR5/6 yellowish brown

G

F

E

D

C

Charcoal and Dark Areas

B Horizon: 10YR5/4 yellowish brown

Plow Zone: 10YR5/3 brown

B

A

G

F

E

D

0 -

50 -

40 -

30 -

20 -

10 -

cm bd

A

C

B

Unexcavated

Centimeters Rock

0 20

C B Horizon

Plow

Zone

Figure 16. Profile of Feature 2 shown in the south and west walls of Test Unit 23-24N/72-73E.
55

Figure 17. Feature 3 shown in the south wall profile of Test Unit 14-15N/96-97E.

Figure 18. Feature 4 shown in plan view in Test Unit 18-19N/4-5E.
56

Figure 19. Contour map of Everett field showing density of debitage recovered through shovel 

testing. Contour interval is one.

Figure 20. Contour map of Everett field showing density of fire-cracked rock recovered through 

shovel testing. Contour interval is one.
57

Figure 21. East wall profile of Test Unit 6 at the Krimmer 

property.

Figure 22. Feature 5 shown in plan view in Test Unit 12 and 15 at the Krimmer 

property. Depth is 23 cm below surface.
58

Figure 23. Decorated whiteware sherds recovered from site 33SU121.

Figure 24. Personal and miscellaneous artifacts recovered from site 33SU121.
59

Table 1. Artifacts from 33SU121.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

2000 Everett Field

Shovel Tests

10N/5E (ST 1)

10N/10E (ST 2)

10N/15E (ST 3)

10N/20E (ST 4)

10N/55E (ST 11)

10N/60E (ST 12)

10N/70E (ST 14)

10N/75E (ST 15)

10N/80E (ST 16)

10N/85E (ST 17)

10N/90E (ST 18)

10N/95E (ST 19)

10N/105E (ST 21)

15N/100E (ST 25)

15N/95E (ST 26)

15N/90E (ST 27)

15N/85E (ST 28)

15N/75E (ST 30)

15N/65E (ST 32)

15N/60E (ST 33)

15N/50E (ST 35)

15N/45E (ST 36)

15N/35E (ST 38)

15N/30E (ST 39)

15N/25E (ST 40)

15N/20E (ST 41)

15N/15E (ST 42)

15N/10E (ST 43)

20N/5E (ST 45)

20N/10E (ST 46)

20N/25E (ST 49)

20N/40E (ST 52)

20N/45E (ST 53)

0-42

0-38 

0-42 

0-42 

0-38 

0-37 

0-36 

0-32 

0-32 

0-30 

20-30 

0-38 

0-29 

0-29 

0-33 

0-32 

0-35 

0-33 

0-27 

0-27 

0-36 

0-29 

0-33 

0-33 

0-33 

0-35 

0-34 

0-34 

0-36 

0-30 

0-42 

0-32 

0-28 

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

4

1

2

3

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

debitage

debitage

debitage

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

Flint Ridge flint 

chert

Upper Mercer chert

Flint Ridge flint

Flint Ridge flint

chert

chert

chert

Flint Ridge flint 

Upper Mercer chert

Flint Ridge flint

Flint Ridge flint

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

glacial chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

23239

23239

23240

23241

23242

--

--

--

23243

--

--

23244

23245

--

23246

23246

--

--

23247

23248

23248

--

23249

--

--

--

23250

23251

23252

--

23253

23254

--

--

23255

--

23256

23257

23258

--

23259

--

23260

--

TABLES
60

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

20N/50E (ST 54)

20N/70E (ST 58)

20N/75E (ST 59)

20N/80E (ST 60)

20N/85E (ST 61)

20N/90E (ST 62)

20N/100E (ST 64)

20N/105E (ST 65)

25N/110E (ST 67)

25N/105E (ST 68)

25N/100E (ST 69)

25N/95E (ST 70)

25N/90E (ST 71)

25N/85E (ST 72)

25N/75E (ST 74)

25N/70E (ST 75)

25N/65E (ST 76)

25N/55E (ST 78)

25N/50E (ST 79)

30N/55E (ST 80)

30N/60E (ST 81)

30N/65E (ST 82)

30N/70E (ST 83)

30N/75E (ST 84)

30N/80E (ST 85)

30N/85E (ST 86)

30N/90E (ST 87)

30N/95E (ST 88)

30N/100E (ST 89)

30N/105E (ST 90)

30N/110E (ST 91)

25N/5E (ST 92)

25N/10E (ST 93)

0-34 

0-36 

0-32 

0-34 

0-36 

0-28 

0-29 

0-35 

0-34 

0-30 

0-29 

0-34 

0-30 

0-34 

0-36 

0-37 

0-41 

0-36 

0-37 

0-35 

0-30 

0-34 

0-34 

0-33 

0-36 

0-30 

0-36 

0-30 

0-29 

0-33 

0-27 

0-34 

0-32 

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

12

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

2

2

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

slate fragment

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

slate fragment

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

pottery

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

grit-tempered body 

sherd

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

--

23261

--

23262

--

23263

--

23264

23265

--

23266

--

23267

--

23268

23269

--

--

--

--

23270

23271

--

--

23272

--

23273

--

23274

--

--

23275

--

23276

--

--

23277

--

23278

--

23279

--

--

23280

--
61

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

2001

25N/15E (ST 94)

25N/20E (ST 95)

25N/25E (ST 96)

25N/30E (ST 97)

25N/40E (ST 99)

30N/5E (ST 101)

30N/10E (ST 102)

30N/15E (ST 103)

30N/20E (ST 104)

30N/30E (ST 106)

30N/40E (ST 108)

30N/45E (ST 109)

30N/50E (ST 110)

35N/5E (ST 111)

35N/15E (ST 113)

35N/20E (ST 114)

35N/25E (ST 115)

35N/30E (ST 116)

35N/35E (ST 117)

35N/40E (ST 118)

35N/50E (ST 120)

35N/55E (ST 121)

35N/60E (ST 122)

35N/70E (ST 124)

35N/75E (ST 125)

35N/80E (ST 126)

35N/85E (ST 127)

35N/90E (ST 128)

35N/95E (ST 129)

10N/0E

10N/30W

20N/0E

0-33 

0-30 

0-33 

0-32 

0-32 

0-32 

0-33 

0-31 

0-34 

0-37 

0-36 

0-33 

0-36 

0-36 

0-30 

0-37 

0-37 

0-35 

0-30 

0-35 

0-43 

0-38 

0-40 

0-37 

0-26 

0-33 

0-34 

0-33 

0-27 

0-22 

0-27 

0-24 

6

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

4

3

1

1

3

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

3

1

2

1

2

3

6

1

3

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

debitage

debitage

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

Flint Ridge flint 

Upper Mercer chert

--

23281

--

--

--

23282

--

--

23283

23284

--

23285

--

--

--

23286

23287

--

--

--

23288

--

23289

--

23290

--

23291

--

--

23292

--

23293

--

--

23294

--

23295

--

23297

--

23296

--

21409

21411

21408

21408
62

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

20N/30W

20N/70W

30N/0E

40N/10E

40N/20E

40N/50E

40N/50W

40N/70E

40N/90E

50N/0E

50N/30E

50N/40E

50N/20W

50N/50W

60N/0E

60N/20E

60N/60E

70N/0E

70N/20E

70N/30E

70N/50E

70N/70W

76N/40E

80E/0E

80N/10E

80N/20E

80N/10W

80N/70W

90N/10W

90N/20E

90N/30W

90N/50W

100N/0E

100N/10W

100N/20W

0-32 

0-30 

0-35 

0-29 

0-44 

0-31 

0-43 

0-40 

0-36

0-20 

0-23 

0-35 

0-29

0-32

0-26 

0-32 

0-35 

0-22 

0-32 

0-25 

0-35 

0-34 

0-36 

0-32 

0-33 

0-20 

0-35

0-45 

0-20 

0-22 

0-27

0-35 

0-28

0-32

0-35

1

4

1

3

3

1

1

1

4

1

2

2

1

2

2

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

8

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

curved glass

slate fragment

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

debitage

debitage

curved glass

curved glass

debitage

fire-cracked rock

retouched flake

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

flat glass

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

pitted stone

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

Flint Ridge flint

Flint Ridge flint

Upper Mercer chert

chert

amber

worked slate 

fragment

Flint Ridge flint

Upper Mercer chert

chert

Upper Mercer chert

amber

amber

Flint Ridge flint

Upper Mercer chert

chert

chert

Flint Ridge flint

Upper Mercer chert

chert

chert

1 Flint Ridge flint 

Upper Mercer chert

Flint Ridge flint

chert

chert

Upper Mercer chert

pitted piece of 

sandstone

Flint Ridge flint

Flint Ridge flint

--

21407

--

21406

--

21405

--

21403

21404

21402

--

21398

21398

21398

21397

21400

21401

21391

--

21390

21389

21387

--

21388

21388

21388

21386

--

21385

21385

21396

--

21384

21383

--

21322

--

21399

21313

--

21395

21410

--

--
63

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

2000

100N/60W

100N/70W

130N/20W

140N/20W

140N/30W

140N/40W

110N/0E

110N/10W

110N/20W

110N/30W

110N/60W

110N/70W

120N/10W

120N/60W

Test Units

TU 8-9N/19-20W

TU 11-12N/77-78E

TU 11-12N/77-78E 

Feature 1

0-37

0-41

18-32

0-35

0-20

0-57

0-28

0-36

0-10

0-21

0-50

0-50

0-20

0-52

0-10

10-20

25-35

0-10

28

24-30

30-40

38

38-45

41

40-45

45-50

1

1

1

1

3

1

2

1

5

1

2

1

1

1

9

1

3

2

1

1

8

4

1

6

3

1

3

2

1

6

14

1

2

11

30

1

41

1

19

1

50

43

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

slate fragment

fire-cracked rock

debitage

slate fragment

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

biface fragment

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

pottery

slate fragment

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

chert

Upper Mercer chert

Upper Mercer chert

Flint Ridge flint

Flint Ridge flint

Upper Mercer chert

Upper Mercer chert

sandstone

chert

Flint Ridge flint

Flint Ridge flint

chert

chert

chert

labeled “A”; mag. 

north

chert

labeled “B”; mag. 

north

labeled “C”; mag. 

north

body sherds

21394

--

--

21302

--

21303

--

21393

21392

21392

--

21330

21329

21304

--

21305

--

--

--

21307

--

23298

23299

23300

23301

23302

23303

23304

23310

23309

23311

23320

23313

23314

23316

23323

23595

23324

23596

23597

23317

23318
64

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

2001

TU 17-18N/67-68E

TU 11-12N/53-54E

TU 14-15N/25-26E

TU 14-15N/96-97E

TU 14-15N/96-97E 

Feature 3

TU 14-15N/96-97E 

Feature 3B

TU 18-19N/4-5W

TU 18-19N/4-5W 

Feature 4

TU 18-19N/68-69W

TU 19-20N/53-54E

TU 20-21N/39-40E

TU 20-21N/85-86E

50-57

0-10

10-20

0-10

20-30

0-30

0-10

10-20

20-30

40-50

50-60

30-40

50-60

60-70

70-80

60

20-25

0-20

30

38

41-45

unknown

0-21

0-23

0-21

0-24

42

6

33

4

1

1

1

2

3

5

8

1

1

6

1

9

1

5

1

7

3

4

1

1

1

4

2

11

1

1

3

3

1

7

12

6

4

1

5

2

3

7

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

curved glass

debitage

debitage

curved glass

flat glass

debitage

fire-cracked rock

projectile point

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

quartz

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

biface

debitage

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

biface

debitage

fire-cracked rock

nail fragments

debitage

chert

aqua tinted

chert

1 amber, 1 burned

chert

chert, missing tip

chert

chert

chert

heat altered/cracked

chert, possible point 

base

chert

Upper Mercer chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

corroded

chert

--

23305

23306

23307

21775

21774

21366

21367

21368

21267

--

21261

21260

--

21266

--

21264

21265

21255

21259

--

21258

21268

21257

21256

--

21300

21301

21296

21297

21298

--

--

21299

21254

21308

21309

21865

21864

--

21863

21312
65

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

TU 20-21N/112-

113E

TU 23-24N/72-73E

TU 23-24N/72-73E 

Feature 2

TU 30-31N/29-30E

TU 30-31N/53-54W

TU 33-34N/8-9E

TU 33-34N/9-10E

TU 35-36N/49-50E

TU 35-36N/72-73E

TU 37-38N/87-88E

0-10

10-20

0-10

10-20

20-30

30-35

45-68

0-30

0-30

0-10

10-20

20-30

0-10

10-20

20-30

0-20

0-23

0-10

10-20

9

6

7

1

2

2

1

1

2

1

5

5

3

10

80

19

3

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

3

2

1

4

1

4

15

1

1

1

3

1

3

1

4

2

1

5

19

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

slate fragment

mica

debitage

biface fragment

debitage

debitage

biface fragment

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

core

debitage

slate fragment

curved glass

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

curved glass

debitage

fire-cracked rock

curved glass

fire-cracked rock

curved glass

debitage

fire-cracked rock

lead bullet

debitage

projectile point

debitage

debitage

debitage

utilized flake

debitage

fire-cracked rock

core

debitage

fire-cracked rock

chert

chert

Upper Mercer chert

Upper Mercer chert

Upper Mercer chert

chert

chert

chert

Upper Mercer chert

chert

chert

Flint Ridge flint

chert

quartz

colorless

chert

green

off-white

chert

spent

Upper Mercer chert

Flint Ridge flint

Flint Ridge flint

Upper Mercer chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

--

21273

21274

21275

21277

21373

21372

21371

21371

21772

21773

--

21374

--

21866

21311

--

21288

21287

21289

21286

21291

21291

21290

21292

21293

21295

21294

--

21269

21272

--

21271

21270

21323

21324

21324

21324

21339

21340

--

21326

21325

--
66

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

TU 39-40N/60-61E

TU 40-41N/32-33E

TU 40-41N/35-36E

TU 44-45N/32-33E

TU 52.5-53.5N/31-

32E

TU 59-60N/53-54E

TU 62-63N/23-24E

TU 64-65N/32-33E

20-30

0-26

0-10

10-20

20-30

0-24

0-10

10-20

20-30

0-23

0-10

10-20

0-34

0-32

1

1

3

3

20

2

2

1

1

3

2

1

2

1

2

2

1

1

2

1

14

17

3

1

1

1

3

2

3

21

26

1

5

4

1

3

4

1

1

1

1

core

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

debitage

nail fragments

biface fragment

debitage

debitage

debitage

debitage

nail fragments

core

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

flat glass

bolt

debitage

debitage

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

rose quartz

debitage

debitage

debitage

wire nail

debitage

fire-cracked rock

flat glass

pull tab

wire nail

bipolar, Flint Ridge 

flint

Upper Mercer chert

chert

Flint Ridge flint

Upper Mercer chert

glacial chert

Flint Ridge flint

Upper Mercer chert

glacial chert

corroded

Upper Mercer chert

Flint Ridge flint

Upper Mercer chert

glacial chert

Upper Mercer chert

corroded

chert

chert

2 Flint Ridge flint, 1 

chert

bolt and screw 

assembly

chert

Flint Ridge flint

Upper Mercer chert

chert

chert

chert

Flint Ridge flint

corroded

Upper Mercer chert

aqua tinted

aluminum can pull 

tab

large, corroded wire 

nail

21369

21370

--

21310

--

21282

21282

21282

21283

21285

21285

21285

21284

21281

21279

21279

21279

21280

21278

21343

21344

--

21361

--

21362

21363

21365

21364

21364

21328

--

21327

21331

21332

21342

21341

21333

--

21334

21335

21336
67

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

2000

TU 105-106N/6-7W

Trench 1

Trench 2

Trench 3

Trench 5

Schmidt

Shovel Tests

ST 3

ST 4

ST 5

ST 8

ST 9

ST 11

ST 12

ST 14

ST 15

ST 16

ST 17

ST 18

ST 19

ST 20

ST 23

ST 26

ST 27

ST 31

0-38

backdirt

backdirt

backdirt

backdirt

0-55

0-40

0-40

0-40

0-37

0-24

0-40

0-40

0-30

0-34

0-25

0-41

0-52

0-42

0-10

0-22

0-24

0-40

34

1

7

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

2

6

1

11

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

debitage

worked slate

fire-cracked rock

groundstone

debitage

projectile point

pitted stone

fire-cracked rock

slate fragment

slate fragment

debitage

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

redware 

fragment

fire-cracked rock

debitage

porcelain sherd

whiteware sherd 

hematite

porcelain 

fragment

redware 

fragment

whiteware sherd 

fragment

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

1939 “Mercury” 

dime

fire-cracked rock

1937 Buffalo 

nickel

cartridge case

curved glass

eyelet

Lincoln penny

ferrous metal 

glass ink bottle

stoneware sherd

chert

worked slate 

fragment

Flint Ridge flint

chert

chert

chert

chert

undecorated

undecorated, burned

undecorated

edge molded

.22-caliber, “SUPER”

1 colorless, 1 amber

metal

date unreadable

unidentified fragment

burned

slip glazed

21321

21320

--

21357

21360

21306

21359

21356

21354

21355

21358

23600

23601

23602

23603

23598

23604

23605

23606

23607

23608

23609

23610

23611

23612

23613

23614

23615

23616

23617

23618

23619

23620

23621

23622

23623

23624

23625
68

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

2003

2000

2000

ST 32

ST A1

ST 1

Test Units

TU 1

TU 2

TU 3

Krimmer

Shovel Tests

ST 1

ST 2

ST 4

ST 7

ST 8

ST 9

ST 11

0-37

0-39

0-35

0-10

10-20

20-30

7-15

15-25

0-10

10-20

20-30

0-46

0-53

0-50

0-71

0-53

0-38

0-33

3

2

1

2

2

1

1

1

17

3

6

146

4

2

5

4

4

2

22

7

8

1

13

2

1

5

1

9

1

2

1

6

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

milk glass

cartridge case

whiteware sherd 

debitage

bone fragment

fire-cracked rock

pink quartz

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

whiteware 

sherds 

fire-cracked rock

whiteware 

sherds 

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

yellowware

porcelain 

cut nail

debitage

fire-cracked rock

cut nail

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

celt fragment

whiteware sherd 

fire-cracked rock

cut nail

whiteware 

sherds

retouched flake

debitage

chert

.22-caliber, short

annular decoration

chert

unidentified animal

chert

Flint Ridge flint

chert

annular decoration

annular decoration

chert

undecorated 

fragment

undecorated 

fragment

corroded fragments

chert

corroded 

chert

chert

granitic

undecorated

undecorated 

chert

chert

23626

23627

25399

25398

23630

23631

23628

23629

23632

23633

23634

23644

23635

23636

23637

23638

23639

23640

23641

23642

23643

23326

23329

23327

23328

24769

23330

23331

--

23332

23333

23335

23336

23334

23338

23339

23340

23337

23341
69

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

ST 12

ST 13

ST 14

ST 15

ST 16

ST 19

ST 20

ST 21

ST 22

0-32

0-29

0-50

0-55

0-45

0-30

0-23

0-56

0-31

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

6

1

3

9

1

10

1

1

1

1

6

1

2

1

1

4

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

9

1

1

1

fire-cracked rock

whiteware sherd 

yellowware sherd

flat glass

debitage

whiteware sherd

flat glass

whiteware 

sherds

fire-cracked rock

whiteware 

sherds

whiteware 

sherds

whiteware 

sherds

flat glass

plastic 

1979 Lincoln 

penny

debitage

stoneware sherd

whiteware sherd

whiteware sherd

whiteware sherd

whiteware sherd

curved glass

flat glass

bone fragment

debitage

biface

bone fragment

flat glass

debitage

flat glass

fire-cracked rock

molded glass 

milk glass

copper rod

brick fragments

debitage

biface

whiteware

undecorated

undecorated

chert

undecorated

undecorated

articulating 

sherds with floral 

embossment, yellow 

and green glaze

undecorated 

fragments

floral decal

chert

brown slip glaze

undecorated 

edge molded

yellow glaze

green glaze

colorless

calcined, unidentified 

animal

chert

chert

calcined, unidentified 

animal

chert

fragment

hard, red

chert

chert

floral decal

23342

--

--

--

23343

--

--

--

23346

23345

23344

23344

--

--

--

23347

23348

23349

23349

23349

23349

--

--

23350

23352

23353

23351

--

23354

--

23355

--

--

--

--

23356

23357

23358
70

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

ST 23

ST 24

ST 26

ST 28

ST 29

ST 30

ST 31

ST 34

ST 36

ST 37

ST 38

ST 39

ST 40

ST 41

ST 42

ST 43

ST 44

ST 46

0-44

0-42

0-30

0-28

0-30

0-45

0-39

0-28

0-10

0-14

0-40

0-53

0-40

0-33

0-40

0-30

0-30

0-32

1

10

1

2

1

3

1

2

5

1

1

3

1

1

1

2

2

1

2

2

1

4

1

6

1

1

3

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

16

2

6

milk glass

flat glass

milk glass

brick fragments

debitage

bone fragment

nail

curved glass

flat glass

fire-cracked rock

whiteware sherd

whiteware 

sherds

flat glass

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

debitage

nails

flat glass

drill

flat glass

curved glass

bone fragment

projectile point

cartridge case

fire-cracked rock

bone fragment

debitage

curved glass

debitage

fire-cracked rock

cut nail

curved glass

wire nail

uniface

debitage

tobacco-pipe 

stem

debitage

terra cotta 

curved glass

flat glass

white exterior, pink 

interior

hard, red

chert

unidentified animal

corroded fragment 

colorless

embossed decoration

undecorated

chert

chert

chert

chert

corroded fragments

chert

colorless

unidentified animal

corner missing

.22-caliber, “U”

unidentified animal

chert

green glaze

chert

amber

chert

chalcedony

fragment

chert

flower pot fragments

colorless

23359

--

--

--

23360

23361

--

--

--

23363

23362

--

--

23364

23365

23366

23367

23368

--

--

23369

--

--

23370

23371

23372

23373

23374

23375

--

23376

23377

--

--

--

23378

23379

23380

23381

23382

--

--
71

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

2000

ST 48

ST 49

ST 52

ST 55

ST 56

ST 58

ST 59

Test Units

TU 1

TU 1, F. 1

TU 2

0-28

0-26

0-30

0-30

0-31

0-30

0-26

0-8

8-30

0-19

19-28

28-38

2

1

2

1

2

6

1

2

2

1

4

1

2

12

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

7

31

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

21

35

1

ferrous metal 

debitage

debitage

debitage

curved glass

brick fragments

curved glass

brick fragments

debitage

fire-cracked rock

flat glass

debitage

bone fragment

debitage

debitage

ferrous metal 

cut nails

wire nails

painted board

biface

debitage

fire-cracked rock

whiteware sherd

whiteware sherd

whiteware sherd

wire nail

flat glass

screwdriver

debitage

fire-cracked rock

button

flake

bone fragment

thermometer 

bulb

button

slate

projectile point

debitage

fire-cracked rock

slate

unidentified corroded 

fragments

chert

chert

chert

colorless

hard, red

colorless

hard, red

Upper Mercer chert

chert

unidentified, saw 

marks

chert

chalcedony

corroded fragments

burned

chert

chert

undecorated

embossed decoration

yellow glaze

chert

glass, 4-

hole

edge damage

unidentified animal

plastic

worked slate 

fragment

missing distal end 

and corner

chert

fragment

--

23383

23384

23385

--

--

--

--

23386

23387

--

23388

23389

23390

23390

--

--

--

--

23391

23392

24770

23393

23393

23393

--

--

--

23396

23394

23395

23397

23398

--

--

23399

23400

23401

--
72

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

TU 3

TU 4

TU 5

0-13

13-23

23-33

33-38

0-10

10-20

20-30

0-18

2

1

1

1

6

5

8

2

3

3

2

1

1

18

21

1

1

1

6

3

2

11

1

1

1

6

2

9

7

1

3

4

1

1

2

2

1

1

2

2

curved glass

porcelain

pail

bone

debitage

fire-cracked rock

bone fragment

pressed glass

porcelain doll

curved glass

ferrous metal

projectile point 

stem

projectile point 

stem

debitage

fire-cracked rock

bone fragment

bovine bone 

whiteware sherd

whiteware 

sherds

roofing slate

debitage

fire-cracked rock

projectile point 

core

retouched flake

debitage

fire-cracked rock

debitage

fire-cracked rock

flat glass

debitage

fire-cracked rock

bottle base 

fragment

yellowware

flat glass

fire-cracked rock

shotgun shell cap

hinge

brick fragments

ferrous metal

colorless

undecorated

non-ferrous metal

unidentified animal, 

sawn

chert

unidentified animal

fragments

colorless

corroded fragments

chert

Upper Mercer chert

chert

unidentified animal

fragment

partial maker’s mark

undecorated

Upper Mercer chert

side-notched, missing 

distal end

chert

chert

chert

chert

chert

solarized glass

undecorated

brass

hard, red

unidentified 

fragments

--

--

--

--

23403

23406

23402

23404

23405

--

--

23407

23409

23408

23414

23410

23413

23411

23411

23412

23415

23416

23417

23421

23418

23419

23420

23422

23423

--

23424

23428

23425

23426

23427

23431

23429

23430

--

--
73

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

TU 6

TU 7

TU 8

TU 9

18-29

34

0-58

58-65

0-10

10-20

20-30

0-10

0-10

10-18

1

5

1

2

1

7

4

5

3

1

1

1

1

3

2

2

1

8

1

26

4

1

2

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

3

4

1

1

1

1

nail

flat glass

debitage

fire-cracked rock

projectile point

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

cut nail

whiteware sherd 

porcelain sherd

metal pin badge

drain tile

redware sherds

flat glass

curved glass

debitage

core

fire-cracked rock

debitage

nail

debitage

debitage

stoneware sherd

ferrous metal

flat glass

curved glass

debitage

redware sherd 

lid liner fragment

whiteware 

sherds 

whiteware sherd 

drain tile

bone fragments

bone

plastic

1988 penny

slate roofing tile

drain tile

quartz

clock key

chert

incomplete, missing 

distal end and corner

chert

chert

unid. transfer print

undecorated

non-ferrous metal

ceramic

colorless

chert

chert

chert

chert shatter

chert

brown slip

unidentified fragment 

colorless

chert

milk glass

undecorated

floral decal

ceramic

unidentified animal, 

sawn

unidentified animal, 

sawn

ceramic

non-ferrous metal

--

--

23432

23433

23434

23439

23441

23440

23442

23435

23436

23437

23438

--

--

--

--

23443

23444

23445

23446

--

23448

23449

23447

--

--

--

23450

23451

23452

23453

23453

--

--

--

--

--

--

23456

23457

23458
74

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

ST in TU 9

TU 10

18-25

25-40 

0-33

33-42

42-47

47-68

2

5

39

1

1

1

10

1

1

1

1

2

11

6

1

1

1

2

1

6

1

1

1

3

2

1

1

1

1

1

37

67

2

1

6

bottle base 

fragment

stoneware sherds

glass vase sherds

plastic

ferrous metal

debitage

fire-cracked rock

flatware handle

ferrous metal

brick fragments

debitage

collar button

whiteware sherd

porcelain 

fragment

drain tile

mortar 

fragments

cut nails

wire nail

curved glass

bone

debitage

biface

fire-cracked rock

whiteware sherd

yellowware

bone

debitage

fire-cracked rock

cartridge case

brick fragment

nail fragment

projectile point 

tip

biface 

debitage

fire-cracked rock

slate pencils

tobacco-pipe 

stem

whiteware 

sherds

articulating sherds, 

aqua

slip glazed

yellow-green pressed 

glass; from one vessel

numerous fragments

unidentified 

fragments

chert

non-ferrous metal

unidentified 

fragments

chert

glass

undecorated

ceramic

green

unidentified animal

chert

Flint Ridge flint

undecorated, burned

Rockingham glaze

unidentified animal

chert

hard, red 

chert

chert

incomplete

fragment 

undecorated, several 

burned

23459

--

23461

--

--

23462

23464

23463

--

--

23465

23466

23467

23468

23469

--

--

--

--

--

23470

23474

23475

23471

23473

23472

23478

23480

23476

23477

23479

23481

23482

23483

23487

23484

23485

23486
75

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

2001

TU 11

TU 12

TU 12, F. 5

TU 13

TU 14

TU 15, F. 5

0-10

10-20

20-30

0-20

20-23

23-26

26-28

0-35

0-29

0-20

1

1

1

7

5

1

6

1

3

1

2

1

16

2

1

3

3

2

21

2

9

30

8

138

1

1

1

4

30

2

4

3

1

13

2

1

17

2

1

2

2

debitage

fire-cracked rock

curved glass

plastic

debitage

fire-cracked rock

calcined bone

debitage

fire-cracked rock

whiteware 

sherds

debitage

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

ferrous metal

stoneware sherd

curved glass

drain tile

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

ferrous metal

fire-cracked rock

fire-cracked rock

quartz

fire-cracked rock

biface

slate fragment

core

debitage

nails

whiteware 

sherds

flat glass

curved glass

curved glass

metal rivets

aluminum can 

pull tabs

toy cap gun 

debitage

fire-cracked rock

whiteware sherd

debitage

debitage

chert

colorless

several fragments

chert

unidentified animal

chert

undecorated, burned

Upper Mercer chert

unidentified corroded 

fragments

colorless

ceramic

quartz

unidentified corroded 

fragments

fragments

chert

Flint Ridge flint

chert

corroded fragments

undecorated rim 

sherds

green

colorless

non-ferrous metal

plastic

undecorated

Upper Mercer chert

Flint Ridge flint

23488

23489

--

--

23491

23492

23490

23493

23495

23494

21314

21315

21319

--

21316

21317

21318

--

21263

--

21262

21381

--

21382

21867

21346

21347

21348

21349

21345

21350

21351

21353

21353

21352

--

--

21337

--

21338

21378

21378
76

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

2003 TU 16

TU 17

0-10

10-20

20-30

30-40

0-10

10-20

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

2

3

2

1

1

1

4

2

2

10

15

2

2

2

12

1

3

4

1

1

3

5

2

5

3

4

1

3

1

2

1

3

3

2

4

debitage

slate

fire-cracked rock

curved glass

flat glass

fence stable

tobacco-pipe 

stem

ferrous metal

debitage

bone fragments

porcelain sherd

rifle slug

nail

flat glass

curved glass

styrofoam 

debitage

fire-cracked rock

flat glass

brick fragments

nails

ferrous metal

debitage

pottery sherds

fire-cracked rock

button

flat glass

ferrous metal

brick fragments

fire-cracked rock

brick fragments

debitage

fire-cracked rock

yellowware

curved glass

flat glass

fire-cracked rock

tobacco-pipe 

bowl

stoneware sherds

flat glass

curved glass

nails

chert

fragment

aqua

corroded 

fragment

unidentified corroded 

fragments

chert

unidentified animal

undecorated

.22-caliber

corroded fragment 

colorless, 1 is melted

chert

hard, red

corroded fragments

unidentified corroded 

fragments

chert

metal

unidentified corroded 

fragments

hard, red 

hard, red

chert

colorless

kaolin, fragment

colorless

corroded fragments

21378

21379

--

21375

21380

21376

21377

--

25174

25175

25176

25177

25178

25179

25179

--

25179

25181

25182

25183

25184

25185

25187

25186

25188

25189

25190

25191

25192

25193

--

25194

--

25195

25196

25196

--

25197

25198

25199

25199

25200
77

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

TU 18

ST in TU 18

TU 19

TU 20

0-10

10-64

0-10

10-20

0-10

10-20

3

1

1

2

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

4

4

1

2

3

3

1

1

1

3

2

1

3

3

1

1

1

1

2

1

3

2

brick

pottery sherd 

fire-cracked rock

nails

plastic

drain tile

brick

ferrous metal

debitage

curved glass

wire nails

ferrous metal

porcelain sherd

debitage

fire-cracked rock

bead

whiteware sherd

stoneware sherd

curved glass

nails

brick

debitage

curved glass

nails

styrofoam 

red paint chips

debitage

tobacco-pipe 

stem

barrette

yellowware

curved glass

flat glass

nail

brick

debitage

fire-cracked rock

1903 penny

yellowware

lead cylinder

buttons

milk glass

curved glass

flat glass

fragments

small

corroded fragments

fragments

fragments

fragments

unidentified corroded 

fragment 

chert

colorless

unidentified corroded 

fragment

undecorated

chert

blue glass

undecorated

colorless

corroded fragments

fragments

chert

colorless

corroded fragments

chert

kaolin, fragment

metal, bow shape

colorless

corroded fragment

fragments

chert

Indian head

glass

colorless

--

25202

25203

25201

--

--

--

--

25204

--

--

--

--

25205

--

25206

25207

25208

25209

25210

--

25211

25212

--

--

--

25214

25215

25216

25217

25218

25218

25219

25220

25221

25222

25223

25224

25225

25226

25227

25228

25228
78

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

20-30

30-40

40-50

50-60

8

1

2

4

4

1

2

9

1

4

2

1

2

2

1

1

20

2

3

1

12

10

6

1

5

8

5

2

9

1

5

8

26

ferrous metal

drain tile

paint chips

debitage

fire-cracked rock

nail

ferrous metal

bone

roofing slate

ferrous metal

redware sherds

paint chip 

bone

brick

drain tile

debitage

bone fragment 

whiteware 

sherds

porcelain sherds

stoneware sherds

rifle slug

flat glass

curved glass

nails

ferrous metal

brick

concrete

drain tile

bone fragments

board

debitage

fire-cracked rock

bone fragments

whiteware 

sherds

cartridge case

curved glass

flat glass

nails

unidentified corroded 

fragments

ceramic

chert

large

unidentified corroded 

fragments

unidentified animal, 

burned

unidentified corroded 

fragments

red

unidentified animal, 

burned

fragments

ceramic

chert

unidentified animal 

undecorated

undecorated

colorless, 1 frosted

corroded fragments

unidentified corroded 

fragment

fragments

fragments

ceramic

unidentified animal 

fragment

chert

unidentified animal

undecorated

.22-caliber

colorless

corroded fragments

25229

--

--

25230

25231

25232

25233

--

--

25234

25235

--

--

--

--

25236

25237

25238

25239

25240

25241

25242

25242

25243

25244

--

--

--

--

--

25245

25246

25247

25248

25249

25250

25250

25251
79

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

TU 21

TU 22

60-70

70-80

0-10

10-20

20-30

0-10

10-20

22

14

7

1

1

1

3

1

2

2

1

1

1

3

3

1

4

5

23

1

2

11

4

1

1

1

1

7

3

2

6

9

7

2

1

9

1

17

ferrous metal

brick

debitage

fire-cracked rock

whiteware sherd

curved glass

bone

debitage

fire-cracked rock

bone

stoneware sherds

yellowware

yellowware

1974 Lincoln 

penny

key fragments

cartridge case

curved glass

curved glass

flat glass

nails

ferrous metal

brick

debitage

nails

curved glass

porcelain sherd

button 

flat glass

brick

nail

debitage

fire-cracked rock

bone fragments

stoneware

curved glass

flat glass

cut nails

wire nail

debitage

debitage

fire-cracked rock

unidentified corroded 

fragments

fragments

chert

broken, no glaze

colorless

unidentified animal

chert

unidentified animal

undecorated

Rockingham glaze

metal

.22-caliber

amber

colorless, 1 embossed 

with “LAND”

corroded fragments

unidentified corroded 

fragment

fragments

shatter

corroded fragments

colorless

undecorated

non-ferrous metal 

with shell inlay

fragments

corroded fragment

chert

unidentified animal

colorless

corroded fragment

corroded

chert

quartz

25252

--

25253

25254

25255

25256

--

25257

--

25258

25259

25260

25260

25261

25262

25263

25264

25264

25264

25265

25266

--

25271

25267

25268

25269

25270

--

--

25272

25273

25274

25275

25276

25277

25277

25278

25278

25279

25279

25280
80

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

2006 TU 2006-1

20-30

30-40

0-10

10-20

9

1

15

137

1

3

1

5

2

9

8

1

3

2

1

4

5

4

1

3

8

1

11

1

1

1

14

13

1

4

1

19

28

8

1

19

fire-cracked rock

whiteware sherd

stoneware sherds

flat glass

bottle base

nails

brick

ferrous metal

debitage

pottery sherds

fire-cracked rock

flat glass

nail

debitage

fire-cracked rock

curved glass

debitage

whiteware 

sherds

bone fragments

stoneware sherd

cartridge case

terra cotta sherds

1943 Liberty 

dime

nails

curved glass

plastic tubing

1978 Lincoln 

penny

debitage

bone fragments

tobacco-pipe 

flat glass

stoneware sherd

terra cotta sherds

whiteware 

sherds

whiteware 

sherds

brick

ferrous metal

undecorated

colorless, unmarked

corroded fragments

fragments

unidentified corroded 

fragment

chert

articulating sherds

corroded

chert

colorless

chert

undecorated, crazed

unidentified animal

brown slip, salt 

glazed

“SUPER X” head 

stamp

broken flower pot

corroded fragments

colorless

chert

unidentified animal

incomplete

brown slip, salt 

glazed

broken flower pot

body sherds, 

undecorated

rim sherds, 

undecorated

fragment

unidentified corroded 

fragments

--

25281

25282

25283

25283

25284

--

--

25285

25286

25287

25288

25289

25290

25291

--

27582

27579

27580

27581

27582

27584

--

--

--

--

--

27591

27585

27586

27587

27588

27589

27590

27590

--

--
81

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

TU 2006-2

20-30

0-10

10-20

20-30

11

11

1

1

3

1

14

1

9

1

41

13

1

1

1

9

22

10

10

13

15

6

56

38

19

1

3

15

1

2

6

1

1

51

bone fragments

debitage

drill

fire-cracked rock

bone fragments

slate pencil 

nails

ferrous metal

bone fragments

stoneware sherd

flat glass

nails

bolt

1973 Lincoln 

penny

aluminum can 

pull tab

ferrous metal

plastic fragments

brick

aluminum foil

debitage

bone fragments

whiteware 

sherds

curved glass

flat glass

nails

ferrous metal

brick

debitage

retouched flake

fire-cracked rock

bone fragments

button

stoneware sherds

whiteware 

sherds

tobacco-pipe 

stem

flat glass

cut nails

unidentified animal

chert

chert

unidentified animal

fragment

corroded fragments

unidentified corroded 

fragment

unidentified animal

brown slip, salt 

glazed

corroded fragments

unidentified corroded 

fragments

red, yellow, clear, 

green, blue, white

fragments

fragments

chert

unidentified animal

undecorated

colorless

corroded

unidentified corroded 

fragments

fragments

chert

chert

unidentified animal

glass, fragment

brown slip 

undecorated

corroded

--

27596

27595

27593

27592

27594

--

--

27598

27597

27599

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

27603

27601

27600

--

27602

--

--

--

27607

27610

27608

27612

27604

27605

27606

27609

27611

--
82

Table 1. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

TU 2006-3

TU 2006-4

0-10

10-20

0-10

1

26

3

4

1

1

1

8

2

3

14

2

5

1

13

3

8

1

2

5

1

1

1

22

16

1

2

3

2

1

8

2

pen clip

ferrous metal

brick 

bone fragments

whiteware 

sherds

stoneware sherd

leather fragment

metal gear 

fragment

glass tumbler 

fragments

flat glass

chain links

cut nails

yarn pieces

ferrous metal

1973 Lincoln 

penny 

curved glass

bone fragments

glass tumbler 

fragments

lid

buttons

whiteware 

sherds

leather fragment

cartridge case

curved glass

cut nails

ferrous metal

drain tile

bottle

flat glass

whiteware 

sherds

pressed glass

iron stove part

curved glass

wire nails

unidentified corroded 

fragments

fragments

unidentified animal

undecorated

brown interior, gray 

exterior

punched hole, 

stitching

ferrous metal

colorless, fluted 

ferrous metal

corroded

unidentified corroded 

metal

colorless

unidentified animal

colorless, fluted 

porcelain, molded 

decoration

ceramic

undecorated

5 punched holes

amber

corroded

unidentified corroded 

fragments

ceramic

colorless glass, 

machine-made

undecorated

yellow-green 

colorless

--

--

--

27615

27613

27614

27616

27617

27618

27619

--

--

--

--

--

--

27623

27620

27621

27622

27624

27625

27626

--

--

--

--

27627

27628

27629

27630

27631

--

--
83

Table 1. Concluded.

Year Provenience Depth cm 

bs

n Object Description Catalog no

10-20

34

36

1

1

1

14

1

2

1

18

7

2

cut nails

ferrous metal

washer

brick

aluminum foil

bead

pressed glass

whiteware sherd

whiteware 

sherds

flat glass

curved glass

cut nails

ferrous metal

corroded

unidentified corroded 

fragments

non-ferrous metal

fragment

scrap

blue plastic

yellow-green 

undecorated

rim sherds with gilt 

decoration

colorless

corroded

unidentified corroded 

fragments

--

--

--

--

--

--

27632

27633

27633

27634

--

--

--

 “--” = not collected
84

Table 2. Prehistoric Artifacts from Everett Field (Tract 114-81)

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage Fire- Mica Pitted Pottery Slate Retouched Projectile Core Total

Cracked Stone/ Frag Flake Point

Rock Groundstone

2000 Everett Church

Shovel Tests

(ST 1) 10N/5E 0-42 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

(ST 2) 10N/10E 0-38 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 3) 10N/15E 0-42 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 4) 10N/20E 0-42 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

(ST 11) 10N/55E 0-38 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 12) 10N/60E 0-37 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 14) 10N/70E 0-36 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 15) 10N/75E 0-32 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 16) 10N/80E 0-32 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

(ST 17) 10N/85E 0-30 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 18) 10N/90E 20-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 19) 10N/95E 0-38 -- 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

(ST 21) 10N/105E 0-29 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 25) 15N/100E 0-29 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

(ST 26) 15N/95E 0-33 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 27) 15N/90E 0-32 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 28) 15N/85E 0-35 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 30) 15N/75E 0-33 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 32) 15N/65E 0-27 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

(ST 33) 15N/60E 0-27 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 35) 15N/50E 0-36 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 36) 15N/45E 0-29 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 38) 15N/35E 0-33 -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3(ST 39) 15N/30E 0-33 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 40) 15N/25E 0-33 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1
85

Table 2. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage Fire- Mica Pitted Pottery Slate Retouched Projectile Core Total

Cracked Stone/ Frag Flake Point

Rock Groundstone

(ST 41) 15N/20E 0-35 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

(ST 42) 15N/15E 0-34 -- -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4(ST 43) 15N/10E 0-34 -- 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

(ST 45) 20N/5E 0-36 -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

(ST 46) 20N/10E 0-30 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 49) 20N/25E 0-42 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 52) 20N/40E 0-32 -- 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3(ST 53) 20N/45E 0-28 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 54) 20N/50E 0-34 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

(ST 58) 20N/70E 0-36 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 59) 20N/75E 0-32 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 60) 20N/80E 0-34 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 61) 20N/85E 0-36 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 62) 20N/90E 0-28 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

(ST 64) 20N/100E 0-29 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 65) 20N/105E 0-35 -- 2 12 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 15

(ST 67) 25N/110E 0-34 -- 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

(ST 68) 25N/105E 0-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 69) 25N/100E 0-29 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

(ST 70) 25N/95E 0-34 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 1(ST 71) 25N/90E 0-30 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 72) 25N/85E 0-34 -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3(ST 74) 25N/75E 0-36 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 75) 25N/70E 0-37 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 76) 25N/65E 0-41 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 1(ST 78) 25N/55E 0-36 -- 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3(ST 79) 25N/50E 0-37 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 80) 30N/55E 0-35 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2
86

Table 2. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage Fire- Mica Pitted Pottery Slate Retouched Projectile Core Total

Cracked Stone/ Frag Flake Point

Rock Groundstone

(ST 81) 30N/60E 0-30 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

(ST 82) 30N/65E 0-34 -- 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3(ST 83) 30N/70E 0-34 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 84) 30N/75E 0-33 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 85) 30N/80E 0-36 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 86) 30N/85E 0-30 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 87) 30N/90E 0-36 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 88) 30N/95E 0-30 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

(ST 89) 30N/100E 0-29 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

(ST 90) 30N/105E 0-33 -- 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3(ST 91) 30N/110E 0-27 -- 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

(ST 92) 25N/5E 0-34 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

(ST 93) 25N/10E 0-32 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 94) 25N/15E 0-33 -- -- 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6(ST 95) 25N/20E 0-30 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 96) 25N/25E 0-33 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 97) 25N/30E 0-32 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 99) 25N/40E 0-32 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 101) 30N/5E 0-32 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

(ST 102) 30N/10E 0-33 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 103) 30N/15E 0-31 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 104) 30N/20E 0-34 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 106) 30N/30E 0-37 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 108) 30N/40E 0-36 -- -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4(ST 109) 30N/45E 0-33 -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3(ST 110) 30N/50E 0-36 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

(ST 111) 35N/5E 0-36 -- 1 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

(ST 113) 35N/15E 0-30 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2
87

Table 2. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage Fire- Mica Pitted Pottery Slate Retouched Projectile Core Total

Cracked Stone/ Frag Flake Point

Rock Groundstone

(ST 114) 35N/20E 0-37 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 115) 35N/25E 0-37 -- 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3(ST 116) 35N/30E 0-35 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 117) 35N/35E 0-30 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 118) 35N/40E 0-35 -- 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3(ST 120) 35N/50E 0-43 -- 1 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4(ST 121) 35N/55E 0-38 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1(ST 122) 35N/60E 0-40 -- 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3(ST 124) 35N/70E 0-37 -- 2 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5

(ST 125) 35N/75E 0-26 -- -- 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6(ST 126) 35N/80E 0-33 -- 1 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4(ST 127) 35N/85E 0-34 -- 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3(ST 128) 35N/90E 0-33 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2(ST 129) 35N/95E 0-27 -- 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

2001 ST 10N/0E 0-22 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 10N/30W 0-27 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 20N/0E 0-24 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

ST 20N/30W 0-32 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 20N/70W 0-30 -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

ST 30N/0E 0-35 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 40N/10E 0-29 -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3ST 40N/20E 0-44 -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3ST 40N/50E 0-31 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 40N/50W 0-43 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 40N/70E 0-40 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 50N/0E 0-20 -- -- 2 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 3

ST 50N/30E 0-23 -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5ST 50N/40E 0-35 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2
88

Table 2. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage Fire- Mica Pitted Pottery Slate Retouched Projectile Core Total

Cracked Stone/ Frag Flake Point

Rock Groundstone

ST 60N/0E 0-26 -- 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

ST 60N/20E 0-32 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- 1ST 60N/60E 0-35 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

ST 70N/0E 0-22 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 70N/20E 0-32 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 70N/30E 0-25 -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3ST 70N/50E 0-35 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 70N/70W 0-34 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 76N/40E 0-36 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

ST 80N/0E 0-32 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 80N/10E 0-33 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2ST 80N/20E 0-20 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 80N/70W 0-45 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2ST 90N/10W 0-20 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

ST 90N/20E 0-22 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

ST 90N/30W 0-27 -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 90N/50W 0-35 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 100N/0E 0-28 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 100N/10W 0-32 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2ST 100N/20W 0-35 -- -- 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8ST 100N/60W 0-37 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2ST 100N/70W 0-41 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 130N/20W 18-32 -- 1 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4ST 140N/20W 0-35 -- 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3ST 140N/30W 20 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 140N/40W 0-57 -- 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6

ST 110N/0E 0-28 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

ST 110N/10W 0-36 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2
89

Table 2. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage Fire- Mica Pitted Pottery Slate Retouched Projectile Core Total

Cracked Stone/ Frag Flake Point

Rock Groundstone

ST 110N/20W 0-10 -- 1 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10ST 110N/30W 0-21 -- 1 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4ST 110N/60W 0-50 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2ST 110N/70W 0-50 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 120N/10W 0-20 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 120N/60W 0-52 -- -- 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8

2000 TU 8-9N/ 19-20W 0-10 -- 4 6 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 11

10-20 -- 3 3 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 7

25-35 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

TU 11-12N/ 77-78E 0-24 1 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 21

TU 11-12N/ 77-78E, F1 28 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

24-30 -- 2 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13

30-40 -- -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 30

38 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

38-45 -- -- 41 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 41

41 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

40-45 -- -- 50 -- -- 19 1 -- -- -- 70

45-50 -- -- 43 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 43

50-57 -- -- 42 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 42

TU 17-18N/ 67-68E 0-10 -- 6 33 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 39

10-20 -- -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

2001 TU 11-12N/ 53-54E 20-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 14-15N/ 25-26E 0-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1TU 14-15N/ 96-97E 10-20 -- 1 6 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 8

40-50 -- 1 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6

50-60 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 14-15N/ 96-97E, F3B 60 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 14-15N/ 96-97E, F3 0-10 -- 5 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13
90

Table 2. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage Fire- Mica Pitted Pottery Slate Retouched Projectile Core Total

Cracked Stone/ Frag Flake Point

Rock Groundstone

20-30 -- 1 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10

30-40 -- -- 7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7

50-60 -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

60-70 -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

70-80 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 18-19N/ 4-5W 20-25 -- -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

TU 18-19N/ 4-5W, F4 0-20 -- -- 13 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13

30 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

38 -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

41-45 -- 3 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

unknown -- -- 7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7

TU 18-19N/ 68-69W 0-21 -- 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 12

TU 19-20N/ 53-54E 0-23 -- 6 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10TU 20-21N/ 39-40E 0-21 1 5 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8TU 20-21N/ 85-86E 0-24 -- 7 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 16

TU 20-21N/ 112-113E 0-10 -- 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6

10-20 -- 7 -- 2 -- -- 1 -- -- -- 10

TU 23-24N/ 72-73E 0-10 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

10-20 1 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

20-30 1 5 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 11

TU 23-24N/ 72-73E, F2 30-35 -- 3 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13

45-68 -- -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 80

TU 30-31N/ 29-30E 0-30 -- 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 19

TU 30-31N/53-54W 0-30 -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

TU 33-34N/ 8-9E 0-10 -- 1 -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- 1 4

10-20 -- 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

20-30 -- 3 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5

TU 33-34N/ 9-10E 0-10 -- -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4
91

Table 2. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage Fire- Mica Pitted Pottery Slate Retouched Projectile Core Total

Cracked Stone/ Frag Flake Point

Rock Groundstone

10-20 -- 4 15 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 19

20-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 35-36N/ 49-50E 0-20 -- 7 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 8TU 35-36N/ 72-73E 0-23 -- 4 2 -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- 7TU 37-38N/ 87-88E 0-10 -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 6

10-20 -- -- 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 19

20-30 -- 1 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 5

TU 39-40N/ 60-61E 0-26 -- 3 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 23TU 40-41N/ 32-33E 0-10 -- 5 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6

10-20 -- 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6

20-30 1 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7

TU 40-41N/ 35-36E 0-24 -- 14 17 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 32TU 44-45N/ 32-33E 0-10 -- 3 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

10-20 -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

20-30 -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5

TU 52.5-53.5N/31-32E 0-23 -- 21 26 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 47

TU 59-60N/ 53-54E 0-10 -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5

10-20 -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

TU 62-63N/ 23-24W 0-34 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 64-65N/ 32-33E 0-32 -- 4 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5

TU 105-106N/ 6-7W 0-38 -- 34 7 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 42

Trench 1 Backdirt -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1
92

Table 2. Concluded.

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage Fire- Mica Pitted Pottery Slate Retouched Projectile Core Total

Cracked Stone/ Frag Flake Point

Rock Groundstone

-- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- 1

Trench 2 Backdirt -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 1

-- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1-- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 1

Trench 3 Backdirt -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 1

-- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 1

Trench 5 Backdirt -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

Total 6 379 773 2 3 20 12 2 3 4 1204
93

Table 3. Kitchen/Domestic Artifacts from 33SU121.

Year Provenience Depth Bone Bot- Bottle Curved Milk Porce- Pressed Pull Redware Stone- Stove Tum- Utensil Vase White- Yellow- Terra Cotta

tle Base Glass Glass lain Glass Tab ware Part bler Frag Frag ware ware

Frag

2000 Krimmer

ST 2 0-53 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 2 --

ST 9 0-38 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- --

ST 14 0-50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13 -- --

ST 15 0-55 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 10 -- --

ST 22 0-31 -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

ST 23 0-44 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

ST 35 0-28 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ST 38 0-40 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ST 46 0-32 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 1 0-8 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 2 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- --

10-20 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 3 10-20 8 -- -- -- -- 4 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

20-30 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 -- --

TU 4 20-30 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 --

TU 6 0-58 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

TU 7 10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 8 0-10 4 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- --

TU 9 10-20 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 -- -- -- 39 -- -- --

20-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- --

TU 10 0-33 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

33-42 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 --

47-68 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 -- --

TU 11 0-10 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

20-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- --

SchmidtST 12 0-40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ST 15 0-30 -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --
94

Table 3. Continued.Year Provenience Depth Bone Bot- Bottle Curved Milk Porce- Pressed Pull Redware Stone- Stove Tum- Utensil Vase White- Yellow- Terra Cotta

tle Base Glass Glass lain Glass Tab ware Part bler Frag Frag ware ware

Frag

ST 17 0-25 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ST 18 0-41 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

ST 27 0-24 -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ST 31 0-40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 1 0-10 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

TU 3 10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- --

TU 3 20-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 -- --

2001 Everett Field

TU 33-34N/ 10-20 -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --8-9E

20-30 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 64-65N/ 0-32 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --32-33E

TU 14-15N/ 0-30 -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --25-26E

TU 11-12N/ 0-10 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

53-54E

ST 50N/20W 0-29 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ST 50N/50W 0-32 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ST 40N/90W 0-36 -- -- -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

KrimmerTU 12 0-20 -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 13 0-35 -- -- -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- --

TU 14 0-29 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

TU 15, F.5 0-20 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

2003 Krimmer

TU 16 0-10 2 -- -- 2 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 17 0-10 -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 --

10-20 -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 19 0-10 -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 1 -- --
95

Table 3. Concluded.Year Provenience Depth Bone Bot- Bottle Curved Milk Porce- Pressed Pull Redware Stone- Stove Tum- Utensil Vase White- Yellow- Terra Cotta

tle Base Glass Glass lain Glass Tab ware Part bler Frag Frag ware ware

Frag

10-20 -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 20 0-10 -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 --

10-20 -- -- -- 3 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 --

30-40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

40-50 1 -- -- 10 2 -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- 20 -- --

50-60 2 -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 -- --

60-70 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

TU 21 0-10 2 -- -- 6 -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- 1 --

10-20 -- -- -- 4 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 22 0-10 2 -- -- 9 -- -- -- -- -- 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

10-20 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- 15 -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

SchmidtST 1 0-35 -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

2006 Krimmer

TU 2006-1 0-10 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 5 -- 8

10-20 13 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 36 -- 18

20-30 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 2006-2 0-10 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 13 -- --

10-20 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

20-30 15 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- 6 -- --

TU 2006-3 0-10 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 8 -- -- 4 -- --

10-20 3 -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- 8 -- -- 5 -- --

TU 2006-4 0-10 -- 1 -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 3 -- --

10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- 14 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- --

TOTAL 101 1 1 76 8 12 18 1 22 45 1 16 1 39 175 8 26
96

Table 4. Hardware and Architectural Artifacts from 33SU121.

Year Provenience Depth Bolt Brick Cut Drain Drain Tile Eyelet Fence Flat Glass Gear Frag Hinge Nail Rivet Roofing 

(cmbs) Nail Pipe Frag Frag Frag Staple Frag Slate

2000 Krimmer

ST 2 0-53 -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ST 9 0-38 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 3 20-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

TU 4 20-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- --

TU 5 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- --

TU 6 0-58 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 8 0-10 -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 10 0-33 -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

42-47 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

SchmidtST 27 0-24 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

2001 Everett Field

ST 80N/10W 0-35 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- --

TU14-15N/ 0-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- --25-26E

TU 20-21N/ 0-21 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- --39-40E

TU 40-41N/ 10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- --32-33E

20-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- --

TU 44-45N/ 0-10 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- --32-33E
97

Table 4. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth Bolt Brick Cut Drain Drain Tile Eyelet Fence Flat Glass Gear Frag Hinge Nail Rivet Roofing 

(cmbs) Nail Pipe Frag Frag Frag Staple Frag Slate

TU 64-65N/ 0-32 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- 1 -- --32-33E

TU 63-64N/ 0-34 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- --23-24W

KrimmerTU 13 0-35 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 -- -- 30 1 --

TU 15, F5 0-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- --

2003 Krimmer

TU 16 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 -- -- 1 -- --

10-20 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- 2 -- --

20-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- --

30-40 -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 17 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 -- -- -- -- --

10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- 4 -- --

TU 18 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- --

TU 19 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 -- --

10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- --

TU 20 0-10 -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- 1 -- --

10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- --

20-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

40-50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 12 -- -- 6 -- --

50-60 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 -- -- 26 -- --

TU 21 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 -- -- 23 -- --
98

Table 4. Concluded.

Year Provenience Depth Bolt Brick Cut Drain Drain Tile Eyelet Fence Flat Glass Gear Frag Hinge Nail Rivet Roofing 

(cmbs) Nail Pipe Frag Frag Frag Staple Frag Slate

10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 11 -- --

20-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

TU 22 0-10 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- 7 -- -- 1 -- --

10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 137 -- -- 3 -- --

20-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 -- -- 1 -- --

2006 Krimmer

TU 2006-1 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 -- -- -- -- --

TU 2006-2 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 41 -- -- -- -- --

10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 -- -- -- -- --

20-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- --

TU 2006-3 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 1 -- -- -- --

TU 2006-4 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- --

10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- --

TOTAL 1 11 10 3 2 1 1 266 1 1 132 1 3
99

Table 5. Personal Artifacts from 33SU121.

Year Provenience Depth Bead Button Coin Collar Ink Key Pin Badge Slate Pencil Tobacco Pipe 

(cmbs) Button Bottle Frag Frag

2000 Krimmer

ST 44 0-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 2 10-20 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 6 0-58 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- --

TU 10 0-33 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- --

Lv 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 1

Schmidt

ST 20 0-42 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- --

ST 23 0-10 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- --

ST 27 0-24 -- -- 1 -- 1 -- -- -- --

2001 Krimmer

TU 15, F5 0-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

2003 Krimmer

TU 16 20-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 17 10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 19 0-10 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 20 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

10-20 -- 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- --

TU 21 0-10 -- -- 1 -- -- 1 -- -- --

10-20 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

2006 Krimmer

TU 2006-1 10-20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

20-30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 --

TU 2006-2 20-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 2006-3 10-20 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

TOTAL 1 8 5 1 1 1 1 3 7
100

Table 6. Miscellaneous Artifacts from 33SU121

Provenience Depth 

(cmbs)

Clock 

Key

Leather Tile 

Fragment

Unidentified LeadUnidentified 

Ferrous Metal

Unidentified 

Non-Ferrous 

Metal

Krimmer

TU 9

Schmidt

ST 27

Krimmer

TU 12

TU 12, F5

Krimmer

TU 16

TU 20

TU 21

Krimmer

TU 2006-3

10-20

0-24

0-20

20-23

10-20

20-30

10-20

20-30

30-40

40-50

50-60

0-10

0-10

10-20

1

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

1

1

1

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

1

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

1

2

2

12

3

8

2

4

1

22

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

1

--

--

TOTAL 1 2 1 1 57 1
101

Table 7. Prehistoric Artifacts from the Schmidt Property (Tract 114-42)

Year Provenience Depth Debitage Fire-Cracked 

Rock

Total

2000

2003

2001

Schmidt

ST 3

ST 4

ST 5

ST 8

ST 9

ST 11

ST 12

ST 14

ST 18

ST 19

ST 20

ST 31

ST 32

ST A1

TU 1

TU 2

TU 3

0-55

0-40

0-40

0-40

0-37

0-24

0-40

0-40

0-41

0-52

0-42

0-40

0-37

0-39

0-10

10-20

20-30

7-15

15-25

0-10

10-20

20-30

2

1

--

--

--

--

--

1

--

--

--

--

--

1

1

6

--

2

5

--

--

--

--

--

2

6

1

14

1

--

1

2

1

8

2

--

17

146

4

--

4

4

22

8

2

1

2

6

1

14

1

1

1

2

1

8

2

1

18

152

4

2

9

4

22

8

Total 19 243 262
102

Table 8. Prehistoric Artifacts from the Krimmer Property (Tract 114-44)

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage FCR Pottery Slate Celt Retouched Drill Projectile Uniface Core Total

Frag Frag Flake Point

Krimmer

2001 ST 1 0-46 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

ST 2 0-53 -- -- 13 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13ST 4 0-50 -- 1 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10ST 7 0-71 -- 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3ST 8 0-53 -- 6 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- 7ST 9 0-38 -- -- 1 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 2

ST 11 0-33 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2ST 12 0-32 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2ST 14 0-50 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 15 0-55 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 16 0-45 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3ST 19 0-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 21 0-56 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 22 0-31 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2ST 23 0-44 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 24 0-42 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 26 0-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 28 0-28 -- 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3ST 29 0-30 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2ST 30 0-45 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 31 0-39 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 1ST 36 0-10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- 1ST 37 0-14 -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3ST 39 0-53 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 40 0-40 -- 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3ST 42 0-40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 1ST 43 0-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 44 0-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 48 0-28 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1
103

Table 8. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage FCR Pottery Slate Celt Retouched Drill Projectile Uniface Core Total

Frag Frag Flake Point

ST 49 0-26 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

ST 52 0-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1ST 58 0-30 -- 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3ST 59 0-26 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 1, F1 8-30 -- 13 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13

TU 2 0-19 1 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

19-28 -- 7 31 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 39

28-38 -- 21 35 -- 1 -- -- -- 1 -- -- 58

TU 3 13-23 -- 6 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 11

23-33 -- 18 21 -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- 4133-38 -- 2 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13

TU 4 0-10 -- 6 2 -- -- -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 11

10-20 -- 9 7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1620-30 -- 3 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7

TU 5 0-18 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

18-29 -- 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

TU 6 0-58 -- 11 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 19

34 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- 1

58-65 -- 8 26 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 35

TU 7 0-10 -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

10-20 -- 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 620-30 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 9 18-25 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

(ST in TU 9) 25-40 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 10 33-42 1 2 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9

42-47 -- 3 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 547-68 1 37 67 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- 106

TU 11 0-10 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

10-20 -- 7 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 12

20-30 -- 6 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7
104

Table 8. Continued.

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage FCR Pottery Slate Celt Retouched Drill Projectile Uniface Core Total

Frag Frag Flake Point

2001 TU 12, F5 0-20 -- 1 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 20

20-23 -- -- 23 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2323-26 -- -- 39 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3926-28 -- -- 138 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 138

TU 13 0-35 1 4 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- 1 7

TU 14 0-29 -- 17 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 19

TU 15 0-20 -- 5 11 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 17

2003 TU 16 0-10 -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

10-20 -- 10 15 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 25

20-30 -- 1 4 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8

30-40 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

TU 17 0-10 -- 3 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7

10-20 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

TU 18 0-10 -- -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

10-64 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 19 0-10 -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

10-20 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

TU 20 0-10 -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

10-20 -- 3 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

20-30 -- 4 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 840-50 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 150-60 -- 8 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13

60-70 -- 14 7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2170-80 -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3

TU 21 0-10 -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1

10-20 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

TU 22 0-10 -- 7 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10

10-20 -- 10 26 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3620-30 -- 5 9 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 16

30-40 -- 3 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5
105

Table 8. Concluded.

Year Provenience Depth Biface Debitage FCR Pottery Slate Celt Retouched Drill Projectile Uniface Core Total

Frag Frag Flake Point

2006 TU 2006-1 0-10 -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

10-20 -- 14 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 14

20-30 -- 11 1 -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 13

TU 2006-2 10-20 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10

20-30 -- 19 3 -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 23

6 378 598 6 3 1 4 2 7 1 3 1009

e-Cracked Rock FCR=Fir
106
107

APPENDIX A: 

OHIO ARCHEOLOGICAL INVENTORY FORM
108
109
110
111
112
113
114