LEONARD P. SCHULT The Taxonomic Status

of the Controversial

Genera and Species

Wof Parrotfishes

with a Descriptive List

Family Scaridae)

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1969 NUMBER 17
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ZOOLOGY

NUMBER 17

Leonard P. Schuitz Th e Taxonomi c Status

of the Controversial

Genera and Species

of Parrotfishes

with a Descriptive List

(Family Scaridae)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

CITY OF WASHINGTON

1969
ABSTRACT

Schultz, Leonard P. The Taxonomic Status of the Controversial Genera and Species

of Parrotfishes with a Descriptive List (Family Scaridae). Smithsonian Contributions

to Zoology, 17:1-49, 2 figures, 8 color plates. 1969.—This, the second major paper

on scarid fishes by the author, discusses several difficult-to-identify species and brings

together under one taxon certain males and females, previously thought to represent

two or more species. Taxonomically controversial genera and species in the late Dr.

J. L. B. Smith's two major papers (1956, 1958) on parrotfishes are correlated with

conclusions reached in this report.

Included is a current descriptive list (with 38 color illustrations) of 11 genera, 5

subgenera, 68 species, and 5 subspecies. Important taxonomic changes: Scarus fehlmanni, new species from the Red Sea, is placed in the subgenus Xenoscarops Schultz

along with Scarus perrico (Jordan and Gilbert). The genus Scarus Forskal is divided

into three subgenera: Scarus Forskal, Xenoscarops Schultz, and Callyodon Scopoli.

Sparisoma Swainson is divided into two subgenera: Callyodontichthys Bleeker and

Sparisoma Swainson. Scarops Schultz is monotypic. Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins,

Callyodon africanus Smith, and Scarus paluca Gosline and Brock are synonyms of

Scarops rubroviolaceous (Bleeker). Bolbometopon Smith, with Cetoscarus Smith as a

synonym, has two species: JB. muricatus Cuvier and Valenciennes and B. bicolor (Rtippell). Scarus pulchellus Riippell is the adult female of B. bicolor. Ypsiscarus Schultz

has two species, Y. ovifrons (Temminck and Schlegel) and Y. oedema Snyder. Scarus

harid Forskal has three subspecies: hand Forskal, longiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes,

and vexillus (Smith). Hipposcarus schultzi Smith is a synonym of S. h. longiceps.

Scarus microrhinos Bleeker and S. strongylocephalus Bleeker are synonyms of S. gibbus

Ruppell.

Neotypes were established for Scarus psittacus Forskal, Scarus forsteri Cuvier and

Valenciennes, and S. sordidus Forskal. A lectotype was selected for Scarus quoyi Cuvier

and Valenciennes. Also lectotypes were selected for Scarus baliensis Bleeker, S. bataviensis Bleeker, S. quoyi Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in

the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.

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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25 (paper cover)
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

Family SCARIDAE 2

Subfamily SCARINAE 2

Genus Scarops Schultz 2

Species S. rubroviolaceus (Bleeker) 2

Genus Bolbometopon Smith 3

Species B. muricatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 3

Species B. bicolor (Riippell) 4

Genus Ypsiscarus Schultz 4

Species Y. ovifrons (Temminck and Schlegel) 4

Species Y. oedema (Snyder) 5

Genus Scarus Forskal 5

Subgenus Scarus Forskal 5

Species S. hand Forskal 5

Subspecies S. h. harid Forskal 9

Subspecies S. h. vexillus (Smith) 9

Subspecies S. h. longiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes 10

Species S. gibbus Riippell 10

Species S. javanicus Bleeker 13

Species S. flavipectoralis Schultz 13

Species S. dubius Bennett 14

Species S. lunula (Snyder) 14

Species S.formosus Cuvier and Valenciennes 14

Species S. lauia Jordan and Evermann 15

Species S. perspicillatus Steindachner 15

Species S. venosus Cuvier and Valenciennes 15

Species S. taeniurus Cuvier and Valenciennes 15

Species S.forsteri Cuvier and Valenciennes 17

Species S. enneacanthus Lacepede 18

Species S. rhoduropterus (Bleeker) 18

Species S. sordidus Forskal 19

Species S. troscheli Bleeker 21

Species S. bowersi (Snyder) 22

Species S. jonesi (Streets) 22

Species S. capistratoides Bleeker 22

Subgenus Xenoscarops Schultz 23

Species S. perrico (Jordan and Gilbert) 23

Species S. fehlmanni, new species 24

Subgenus Callyodon Scopoli 24

Species S. dimidiatus Bleeker 24

Species S. globiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes 25

Species S. chlorodon Jenyns 26

Species S. rubrqfasciatus (Smith) 26
IV

Family SCARIDAE—Continued

Subfamily SCARINAE—Continued

Genus Scarus Forskal—Continued

Subgenus Callyodon Scopoli—Continued

 p<*g'

Species S. caudofasciatus (Gunther) 27

Species S. lepidus Jenyns 27

Species S.fasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes 27

Species S. frenatus L&cepkde 27

Species S. janthochir Bleeker 28

Species S. ghobban Forskal 29

Species S. marshalli Schultz 30

Species 5". compressus (Osburn and Nichols) 30

Species S. scaber Cuvier and Valenciennes 30

Species S. oviceps Cuvier and Valenciennes 31

Species S. niger Forskal 31

Species S. cyanognathus Bleeker 32

Species S. madagascariensis (Steindachner) 32

Species S. mus (Smith) 32

Species S. blochi Cuvier and Valenciennes 33

Species S. aeruginosus Cuvier and Valenciennes 33

Species S. croicensis Bloch 34

Species S. taeniopterus Desmarest 34

Species S. guacamaia Cuvier 34

Species S1. vetula Bloch and Schneider 35

Species S. coelestinus Cuvier and Valenciennes 35

Species S. coeruleus Bloch 35

Species S. hoefleri (Steindachner) 35

Subfamily SPARISOMATINAE 36

Genus Scaridea Jenkins 36

Species S. zonarcha Jenkins 36

Genus Sparisoma Swainson 36

Subgenus Callyodontichthys Bleeker 36

Species S. radians (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 36

Species S. atomarium (Poey) 36

Subgenus Sparisoma Swainson 36

Species S. axillare (Steindachner) 36

Species S. chrysopterum (Bloch and Schneider) 37

Species 5". viride (Bonnaterre) 37

Species S. aurqfrenatum (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 38

Genus Calotomus Gilbert 38

Species C. spinidens (Quoy and Gaimard) 38

Species C.japonicus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 38

Genus Leptoscarus Swainson 39

Species L. vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard) 39

Genus Cryptotomus Cope 40

Species C. roseus Cope 40

Genus Nickolsina Fowler 40

Subspecies N. u. ustus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 40

Subspecies N. u. collettei Schultz 40

Species N. denticulatus (Evermann and Radcliffe) 40
Family SCARIDAE—Continued

Subfamily SPARISOMATINAE—Continued Page

Genus Euscarus Jordan and Evermann 41

Species E. cretensis (Linnaeus) 41

Species E. strigatus (Giinther) 41

Literature Cited 41

Plates facing page 50

Leonard P. Schultz The Taxonomic Status

of the Controversial

Genera and Species

of Parrotfishes

with a Descriptive List

(Family Scaridae)

Introduction

One of the most perplexing problems in parrotfish

taxonomy is the identification of species described by

early authors; for example, Forskal (1775), Bloch

(1786-1791), Ruppell (1828, 1835), and Cuvier and

Valenciennes (1839). Most of the earlier descriptions

lack details of color pattern and diagnostic anatomical

features at the generic and specific levels. In addition,

some types still in museums have lost most of their

essential characteristics of color pattern or are otherwise so poorly preserved that verification of their identity is rendered doubtful. Certain species illustrated

by published color plates are inaccurate and do not

show the important details of the species they were

intended to represent; nevertheless, the identification

of taxonomically important type-species and holotypes

should be given careful consideration before they are

rejected as unidentifiable.

The purposes of this study are: (1) to present information on certain difficult-to-identify species, (2)

to correlate Dr. J. L. B. Smith's (1956, 1959) conclusions with those of Schultz (1958) concerning taxonomically controversial genera and species, and (3) to

give a descriptive list of genera and species currently

recognized.

Schultz (1958, pp. 11-12) listed 34 nominal species

that he considered unidentifiable, among which

the following have since been identified:

Leonard P. Schultz, Department of Vertebrate Zoology,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Scarus enneacanthus Cuvier and Valenciennes is a valid

species; Scarus flavescens Bloch and Schneider and Callyodon

flavescens Cuvier and Valenciennes (erroneously listed as

Scarus flavescens) are synonyms of Sparisoma chrypsopterum;

Scarus nigricans Cuvier and Valenciennes was misspelled "nigrans"; Scarus prasiognathos Cuvier and Valenciennes is a

synonym of S. aeruginosus Cuvier and Valenciennes; Scarus

quadrispinosus Cuvier and Valenciennes is a synonym of S.

vetula; Scarus sexvittatus Ruppell is a synonym of S. frenatus;

Scarus toshi Whitley is a synonym of S. harid longiceps.

Since 1958 the following nominal species have been

found that were not included in Schultz (1958) and

are now considered unidentifiable:

Pseudoscarus dumerilli Castelnau, 1875 (p. 41)

P. flavipinnis De Vis, 1885 (p. 886)

P. flavolineatus Alleyne and Macleay, 1877 (p. 346)

P. fuscus De Vis, 1885 (p. 887)

P. modestus Castelnau, 1875 (p. 41)

P. nudirostris Alleyne and Macleay, 1877 (p. 346)

P. obscurus Castelnau, 1875 (p. 41)

P. richardsoni Castelnau, 1875 (p. 41)

P. strigipinnis De Vis, 1885 (p. 886)

P. viridescens Castelnau, 1875 (p. 42)

Possibly an examination of the types on which these

nominal species were based might enable an identification; however, I have not had the opportunity to see

them.

In this paper nominal species are placed as synonyms

of valid species on the basis of (1) examination of

types and other material, (2) interpretation of descriptions, and (3) study of illustrations of the species.

Whenever a nominal species is not recognized, it is

referred to the list of unidentifiable species. The latter

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

may be validated by further research when the typespecimens become available for study.

My contributions and those of Smith indicate the

great need for further study of many complex and confusing problems: for example, sexual dichromatism,

sex reversal, color change with age and sex, and problems of subspecies or population differences, especially

for widely ranging species. Many of these problems are

being worked out by investigators (e.g., Dr. John Randall, J. Howard Choat, Dr. Richard H. Rosenblatt,

and Edmund S. Hobson) who are studying local living

populations and freshly caught specimens before the

colors have disappeared.

The synonymy given for genera and species by

Schultz (1958) is not repeated in this paper unless

changes, additions, or corrections have been made.

Bauchot and Guibe (1960, pp. 290-300; 1961, p.

259) published a list of types in the Paris Museum.

The only types listed in this paper are those not mentioned in Schultz (1958).

My thanks are given to Dr. John Randall, Bishop

Museum, Honolulu, and to Dr. Richard H. Rosenblatt,

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, for their kindness in reading and commenting

on the manuscript. Also, I wish to compliment Mr.

Albert Ruffin, a senior editor, Smithsonian Institution

Press, for his expertise in preparing my manuscript for

the printer.

Finally I wish to here record a special debt of gratitude to Dr. Herbert R. Axelrod, president of T.F.H.

Publications, Jersey City, N.J., who not only financed

completely the expensive color plates but also printed

them in his own plant at a cost of much valuable time

and attention from his personnel. Such kind generosity

and technical skill has resulted in color plates of a

quality so exceptional as not to have been otherwise

possible.

Family SCARIDAE

Subfamily SCARINAE

Genus Scarops Schultz

Scar ops Schultz, 1958, p. 18.

I have placed the subgenus Xenoscarops Schultz in

the genus Scarus on the basis of a rudimentary row

of teeth (in juveniles) next to the main row on the

upper pharyngeals in combination with 5 to 7 median

predorsal scales and only 2 rows of scales on the cheek.

This change results from the discovery in the Red Sea

of a new species with certain characteristics similar to

those of Xenoscarops perrico of the eastern Pacific

Ocean.

RANGE.—Eastern, central, and western Pacific

Ocean, and Indian Ocean.

Scarops rubroviolaceus (Bleeker)

PLATE 1A, B

Scarus rubroviolaceus Bleeker, 1849, p. 52.

Callyodon rubroviolaceus.—Smith, 1956, p. 11, pi. 43j.

Scarops rubroviolaceus.—Schultz, 1958, p. 21, pis. 3D, 6A.—

Munro, 1967, p. 437, fig. 830 [New Guinea].

Callyodon (Scarops) rubroviolaceus.—Smith, 1959, pp. 270,

278, pi. 43j.

Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins, 1900, p. 63, fig. 21.

Scarops jordani.—Schultz, 1958, p. 21, fig. 2, pis. 2c, 6B.—

Hobson, 1965, p. 295.—Munro, 1967, p. 437, fig. 831

[New Guinea].

Callyodon africanus Smith, 1955, p. 19, fig. 26, pi. 3: fig. 26.

Margaritodon africanus.—Smith, 1956, p. 15, pi. 42A.

Callyodon {Margaritodon) africanus.—Smith, 1959, pp. 272,

280, pi. 42A.

Scarus africanus.—Schultz, 1958, p. 75, pis. 18E, 19E.

Scarus paluca Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 237 [Hawaiian

Islands].

See Schultz (1958, p. 21) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having 5 to 7 predorsal scales, 3

rows of scales on cheek, with 2 scales in ventral row,

ii,13 pectoral rays, teeth white in young and females,

blue or green in adult males; upper pharyngeal with

a single enlarged row of teeth, rarely with a rudimentary row present.

Coloration of adult males: Edge of upper lip orange

or red extending to below eye, then blue or green

shading into brown above; edge of lower lip blue or

green, thence a red or orange cross band, followed posteriorly by a blue or green cross band; lower part of

head orange, usually with another blue or green blotch;

edge of pelvic green; dorsal edge of pectoral green, and

upper half purplish brown; distal edge of dorsal blue

or green, remaining four-fifths of dorsal orange; distal

half of anal blue or green, basal half orange or pink;

outer edges of caudal fin green or blue; dorsal part

of body orange to purplish, ventrally green or blue.

Coloration of adult females: Bright purplish red or

dark brownish red, fins red, except pectoral, which is

bluish with red streak dorsally, and dorsal fin is margined with dark blue distally. Nearly each scale dorsolaterally has one or more short blackish or brownish
NUMBER 17

lengthwise streaks that remain visible on scales after

many years of alcoholic preservation.

Juveniles reddish brown.

Margaritodon africanusSmith, 1956 (p. 15, pi. 42A),

has an almost identical color pattern with that of the

following specimens: USNM 202638 and 202641

(IIOE, FT-5, 20 November 1964, Latham Island, SE

of Zanzibar, 2 spec., 400-490 mm). An examination of

the upper pharyngeals of one of these specimens has

revealed a single enlarged row of teeth as in Scarops.

A comparison of the color pattern of Smith's Plate

42A with the description of a mature male of jordani

furnished by Dr. Rosenblatt in Schultz (1958, p. 22)

indicates almost identical color patterns. Tentatively,

in the absence of a description of the upper pharyngeals of africanus by Smith, I consider africanus as a

junior synonym of jordani.

Briggs (1964, p. 707) reports Scarops rubroviolaceus from Cocos Island in the eastern Pacific, and

Schultz (1958, p. 22) recorded S. jordani from Cocos

Island also, as well as from Socorra Island and Roqueto Island. Schultz reports S. rubroviolaceus from

the Hawaiian Islands, central and western Pacific

Ocean, and Smith (1956, 1959) records it from the

western Indian Ocean. The range, habitat, color patterns, and pharyngeal teeth indicate that only one

species should be recognized and that rubroviolaceus

is the female and jordani the mature male.

Mr. Howard Choat independently reached this same

conclusion, which he stated in a letter to me dated

6 December 1965. Dr. John Randall, University of

Hawaii, expressed the same opinion during a recent

visit with me.

RANGE.—Hawaiian Islands, eastern, central, and

western Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean.

Genus Bolbometopon Smith

Bolbometopon J. L. B. Smith, 1956, p. 8 [type-species:

Scarus muricatus Cuvier and Valenciennes]; 1959, p. 269.

Cetoscarus J. L. B. Smith, 1956, p. 16 [type-species: Scarus

pulchellus Ruppell] 1959, p. 274.

Smith (1959, p. 272) has shown that I incorrectly

identified Scarus gibbus Ruppell, 1828, type-species of

Chlorurus Swainson, 1839, from the Red Sea. It is

S. microrhinos Bleeker. This important discovery places

the genus Chlorurus as a synonym of the genus Scarus,

which left two species of parrotfishes (Scarus muricatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, and Scarus bicolor

Ruppell=Scarus pulchellus Ruppell) that formed a

natural group without a generic name. Smith (1956,

pp. 8, 16) established two new generic names,

Bolbometopon and Cetoscarus, for them and, in 1959,

he again recognized both genera as valid.

An analysis of the characters that Smith used to

distinguish the two genera shows that the number of

predorsal scales overlap as follows: muricatus has 4

or 5, bicolor 5 to 7; muricatus has ii,13 or ii,14 (usually ii,14) pectoral fin rays, whereas bicolor usually

has ii,12 rarely ii,13 pectoral fin rays. These species

have 3 series of scales on the cheek and according to

Smith the ventral row in bicolor varies from 1 to 6,

normally 3 to 6, whereas my counts range from 2 to 8

and that for muricatus 2 or 3.

Since the three characters (i.e., the number of predorsal scales, the pectoral fin rays, and the cheek scales)

overlap, much like that for several species in the genus

Scarus, I do not consider them as valid characters to

distinguish genera; however, the pharyngeal mill (not

mentioned by Smith, 1956 or 1959) distinguishes the

two species in this relationship from all other species

of parrotfishes as follows:

The upper pharyngeal bones bear 3 rows of teeth

on each side: 2 inner rows of large teeth and an outer

row of rudimentary teeth next to middle row; the

lower pharyngeal plate has a concave dental surface

as broad as long or a little longer than broad. No other

parrotfish in the subfamily Scarinae has 3 rows of

teeth; instead, they have only 1 or 2 rows of teeth on

the upper pharyngeals, whereas all species of parrotfishes in the subfamily Sparisomatinae have 3 rows

of teeth. I conclude, therefore, that Bolbometopon,

with page priority, should be recognized as the valid

genus for this relationship, and that Cetoscarus is a

junior synonym.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian

Ocean, and Red Sea.

Bolbometopon muricatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Scarus muricatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 208, pi.

402.

Pseudoscarus muricatus.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 26, pi. 7: fig. 3.

Bolbometopon muricatus.—Smith, 1956, p. 8, pis. 42H,

45A-D; 1959, pp. 269, 278, pis. 42H, 45.—Munro, 1967,

p. 437, fig. 829 [New Guinea].

Pseudoscarus frontalis [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].—Macleay, 1883, p. 590.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Callyodon macleayi Jordan and Seale, 1906, p. 331.

Callyodon shimoniensis Smith, 1953, p. 622, pis. 15, 16.

Cklorurus gibbus [not Riippell].—Schultz, 1958, p. 26, pis.

lA,7.

Characterized by having 4 or 5 median predorsal

scales, 3 rows of scales on cheek, with 1 or 2 scales in

ventral row; ii,14 pectoral fin rays, occasionally ii,13;

lips not covering white teeth; snout with a nearly

straight dorsal profile that bends abruptly over eyes;

snout longer than postorbital length of head.

Coloration: Uniform brown; young and half-grown

specimens with several white scales on sides; large

adults have a fleshy knob on forehead over eyes.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.

Bolbometopon bicolor (Riippell)

PLATE lc, D

Scarus bicolor Riippell, 1828, p. 82, pi. 21.

Pseudoscarus bicolor.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 33, pi. 14.—Gohar

and Latif, 1961, pp. 127-146 [Red Sea].

Cetoscarus bicolor.—Smith, 1956, p. 17, pi. 44 C,D,E; 1959,

pp. 274, 275, 280, pi. 44C,D,E.

Chlorurus bicolor.—Schultz, 1958, p. 27, pis. 1B, 8A-C; 1960,

p. 242, pis. 108B, 109B.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 3, pi. 1:

fig. 3 [Japan].

Callyodon bicolor.—Marshall, 1965, p. 323.

Scarus pulchellus Ruppell, 1835, p. 25, pi. 8: fig. 3.

Pseudoscarus pulchellus.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 34, pi. 10: fig. 3.

Cetoscarus pulchellus.—Smith, 1956, p. 17, pi. 43E; 1959,

pp. 274, 280, pi. 43E.—Munro, 1967, p. 441, fig. 843

[New Guinea].

Chlorurus pulchellus.—Schultz, 1958, p. 28, pis. lc, 6c; 1960,

p. 242.—Woodland and Slack-Smith, 1963, p. 46 [Heron

Island].

Callyodon pulchellus.—Marshall, 1965, p. 322.

Scarus ocellatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 278.

?Scams acroptilus Richardson, 1846, p. 69.

Callyodon scriptus (Gronow) Gray, 1854, p. 85.

Pseudoscarus nigripinnis Playfair and Giinther, 1866, p. 105,

pi. 15: fig. 2.

Chlorurus nigripinnis.—Schultz, 1958, p. 29, pi. 6D.

Scarus ophthalmistius Herre, 1933, p. 21.

Characterized by having 5 to 7 median predorsal

scales, 3 rows of scales on cheek, with ventral row usually having 3 to 6 (range 1 to 8), pectoral fin rays

usually ii,12; lips mostly covering white teeth. Coloration of young show a dark ocellate spot at front of

dorsal fin and larger fishes have black spots on scales

on lower half of body.

Coloration of adult females: Bright green to

purplish green with red spots on head and anterior

part of body; red or orange streak extends from corner

of mouth and pectoral base, thence to anal fin origin,

below which is a broad, green band. Under side of

head and belly, orange. I found the types of Pseudoscarus nigripinnis Playfair and Giinther, 1866 (p. 105,

pi. 15; fig. 2), in the British Museum (Catalog no.

1865.2.27.80, standard length 151 mm; no. 1866.1.-

19.16, standard length 172 mm) with 2 scales in ventral row on both sides of each type. The color pattern

was typically that of bicolor, and I accept Smith's

opinion that nigripinnis is a synonym of bicolor.

Randall (1963, pp. 225-227) has shown that S.

pulchellus Ruppell is the adult female of S. bicolor

Ruppell.

Recently collected specimen: USNM 202695, Te

Vega Sta. TV-247, 11 March 1965, Solomon Islands,

1 spec.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.

Genus Ypsiscarus Schultz

Ypsiscarus Schultz, 1958, p. 47 [type-species: Callyodon

oedema Snyder].

Characterized by having 3 median predorsal scales, 2

or 3 scale rows on cheek, ii,13 pectoral rays, teeth white.

Schultz (1958, p. 47) proposed Ypsiscarus as a subgenus under Scarus. Now that two species have been

found with 3 predorsal scales and gibbus snouts, I believe they represent a distinct phyletic line that should

be assigned full generic rank.

Ypsiscarus ovifrons (Temminck and Schlegel)

PLATE 1E

Scarus ovifrons Temminck and Schlegel, 1846, p. 173, pi.

88.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 16 [Japan].

Caliyodon viridifucatus Smith, 1956, p. 12, pi. 42 B, I.

Callyodon (Ypsiscarus) viridifucatus.—Smith, 1959, pp. 270,

278, pi. 42 B, i.

Characterized by having 3 rows of scales on cheek, with

1 to 3 scales in ventral row.

The plate of Scarus ovifrons Temminck and

Schlegel, 1846 (pi. 88), shows 2 scales in the 3rd or

ventral row on the cheek, which agrees with Smith's

(1959, p. 270) observation of 2 or 3 scales on the preopercular flange of Callyodon (Ypsiscarus) viridifucatus Smith. Smith made two important changes in the

description of C. viridifucatus between 1956 (p. 12)
NUMBER 1 7

and 1959 (p. 270) by altering "4 to 6 predorsal scales"

to "3 median scales and pectoral fin rays from ii,12 to

ii,13."

Among the color drawings from the Albatross expedition in 1910 is a beautiful painting, Plate IE

(original No. A1596), of Ypsiscarus ovifrons with a

projecting gibbus snout, cheek scales in three rows,

7-7-1, and ii,13 pectoral fin rays, collected 29 January

1910 at Hokeido, Formosa. I have not located this

specimen. It must have been larger than the holotype

(450 mm) of Y. oedema Snyder, USNM 62951, and

longer (355 mm) than USNM 112224 and 112232 on

which Plate 80 in Schultz (1958) was based.

The color pattern of drawing A1596 shows paired

and median fins orange, with narrow blue distal edges;

body posteriorly dark grayish green becoming purple

forward toward tip of depressed pectorals and ventrally below pectoral purple forward to isthmus. The

body above depressed pectoral is bright orange, forward to eye and nape; gibbus snout green with a

yellow cross band; cheek greenish; opercle blue; edge

upper lip yellow; corner of mouth dark blue; edge

lower lip bluish, then posteriorly a yellow cross bar.

The color pattern of preserved specimens available

furnish no information on how to distinguish one or

more species; however, Ypsiscarus oedema (Snyder)

has 2 rows of scales on the cheek, and Y. ovifrons (Temminck and Schlegel) has 1 to 3 scales on "preopercular

flange," making 3 rows on the cheek. Callyodon viridifucatus Smith, 1956 (p. 12) is a junior synonym of Y.

ovifrons.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.

Ypsiscarus oedema (Snyder)

PLATE 2A

Callyodon oedema Snyder, 1909, p. 603.

Scarus oedema—Schultz, 1958, p. 48, pis. ID, 8D.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 7, pi. 1: fig. 4.

Characterized by having 2 rows of scales on the cheek;

otherwise, this species is very close to Y. ovifrons.

None of the following twelve specimens has a scale

representing the third row on the cheek: USNM

112232 (1) and USNM 157033 (4) from Celebes Sea;

USNM 112224 (1), 147251 (1), and 160088 (1) from

the Philippines; USNM 147300 (1) and 147305 (1)

from Dutch East Indies; USNM 62451 (1) from

Okinawa; and USNM 202696 (1) from Tahiti. The

latter, collected by Dr. Randall, is 360 mm in standard length. Large series of specimens are needed to

adequately define the species in this relationship, which

have 3 median predorsal scales, clearly seen in radiographs, and usually with a pair of overlapping scales

in front of the third median predorsal scale.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean.

Genus Scarus Forskal

Scarus Forskal, 1775, p. 25.—Linnaeus, 1789, p. 1280.

Subgenus Scarus Forskal

Chlorurus Swainson, 1839, p. 227.

Petronason Swainson, 1839, p. 226.

Pseudoscarus Bleeker, 1861, p. 230.

Xanothon Smith, 1956, p. 4.

Margaritodon Smith, 1956, p. 15.

Hipposcarus Smith, 1956, p. 17.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales

and 2 or 3 rows of scales on cheek.

RANGE.—Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and

Red Sea.

Scarus harid Forskal

Scarus harid Forskal, 1775, pp. x, 30.

Scarus psittacus Forskal, 1775, pp. x, 29.

For additional synonyms, see each subspecies of

Scarus harid.

The identity of Scarus psittacus Forskal (typespecies of the genus Scarus Forskal) : Dr. Smith (1959,

pp. 265-282) made a major contribution toward an

understanding of the identity of the widely ranging species of parrotfish, Scarid harid Forskal of the Western

tropical Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea,

when he differentiated three forms that comprise the

/mnrf-complex of species. Jordan and Gilbert (1882,

p. 938) designated Scarus psittacus Forskal as the typespecies of the genus Scarus Forskal; however, Smith

(loc. cit.) rejected Schultz's interpretation of S. psittacus, which he (1958 p. 29) accepted as being the

same species on S. harid on the basis of Forskal's description. With this difference of opinion prevailing,

fhe problem of the identity of S. psittacus is given further consideration.

Smith (1956, pp. 4, 17) established the new genus

Hipposcarus, with Scarus harid Forskal as its typespecies, thus rejecting Scarus, which had been accepted

and in use for over a century and a half (Block and
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Schneider, 1801, p. 294; Ruppell, 1828; Bennett, 1828,

p. 37; Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839).

Since the holotype of Scarus psittacus Forskal is no

longer in existence, I have translated the Latin description by Forskal (1775, p. 29) as follows:

[Diagnosis] Green; golden yellow lines; fins marked by

borders, band ventrally; characteristic blue head.

Description. Maxillary of two parts, separated at middle,

crenulate; on both sides above three teeth project; the lower

[jaw] both sides, one. They are blue, the margins of both

lips. Curved line extends from upper lip to below eye; a line

transverses each side of each lower lip. A median longitudinal

line on lower part of head, longitudinal line to lower [posterior]

border of opercle. Opercle completely covered with large

scales. Fins mostly crimson, borders blue, pectorals only

marked above, ventrally opposite the dorsal. Caudal forked,

fin blue spotted, middle truncate, both marginal angles produced. Scales striate. Lateral line with little branches, double,

first straight, near back, ending under end of dorsal fin, the

other located below [behind] in middle of body and extends

straight to middle caudal. Base caudal fin on both sides with

3 large scales. In dorsal fin first 9 rays simple, nonridged, not

pungent. Eye small, free. From Djiddah [Red Sea].

Smith (1959, pp. 275-276) described Scarus harid

Forskal as follows:

In our work in the W. Indian Ocean we got large numbers of

"hand." From the beginning I was puzzled by certain constant

differences in markings from the descriptions of Ruppell and

Klunzinger (and Ruppell 1828, pi. 21, figs. 1, 2); both

state Red Sea fishes have a yellow line from rictus to operculum: several lines of blue spots along mid-side above

anus, and the body of the caudal uniform; the only recent account of harid from the Red Sea is one of a few lines by

Roux-Esteve (1956:94), he mentions this yellow line on

the cheek, and the uniform dark violet caudal.

Smith (1959, pp. 276, 280) gives the following diagnosis of Hipposcarus harid harid (Forskal): ". . . yellow line from rictus to operculum; lines of blue spots on

mid-side above anus; body of caudal uniform." Forskal's diagnosis of "golden yellow lines" and his "Description" of a median longitudinal line on lower part

of head, "Longitudinal line to lower [posterior] border of operculum," appears to be the same as Smith's

"yellow line from rictus to operculum."

Forskal (1775, p. 29), Ruppell (1828, pi. 21: figs. 1,

2), Klunzinger (1871, p. 561), Roux-Esteve (1956,

p. 94), and Smith (1959, p. 276) mention or illustrate a

Red Sea parrotfish ("harid") with a yellow line across

the lower side of the head from the corner of the

mouth to the rear of the opercle, and since no other

species of parrotfish with such a golden line has been

described, it is concluded that Scarus psittacus Forskal is the same species that Smith recognized as Scarus

harid Forskal. Actually, Forskal's description is more

diagnostic for S. psittacus than his description is for

that of S. harid. I conclude that the identification of S.

psittacus (not Linnaeus) Forskal is not in doubt and

should be accepted.

As the logotype for Petronason Swainson, Jordan

(1919, p. 199) gave Coryphaena psittacus Linnaeus

(=Xyrichthys psittacus Linnaeus), confusing that

labrid with the scarid Labrus psittacus Linnaeus

( = Scarus psittacus Forskal). Although S. psittacus

Forskal is available for the scarid with the golden yellow line across the cheek, I prefer to continue, as first

reviser (1958, p. 50), the long-time use of Scarus harid

Forskal, because of the considerable confusion of the

name Labrus psittacus Linnaeus, a labrid, with Cory

phaena psittacus Linnaeus, a scarid.

The remnants of the type-specimen of Scarus harid

Forskal was illustrated by Smith (1959, p. 275, fig. 6)

and Klausewitz and Nielsen (1965, p. 14, pi. 3: fig. 7).

It no longer retains any important identifying characteristics; the identity of harid must be determined

on the basis of Forskal's descriptions and later descriptions of harid by Ruppell and by Klunzinger, both

of whom may have seen the type of Scarus harid when

it was in better condition. For the sake of stability of

nomenclature, I accept the identity of harid as defined

by Smith (1959) and redefined in this paper.

Klausewitz and Nielsen (1965, p. 12) did not find

the type of Scarus psittacus Forskal. Dr. Jergen Nielsen in a leter dated 21 May 1960, sent four photographs to me that represented all of the existing types

of Forskal's species of Scarus as follows: "Scarus harid,

Scarus niger, Scarus siganus, and Scans gallus." The

last two are not parrotfishes. Dr. Nielsen made the

following comments:

A few days ago I received the photographs of the types of

Scarus from the collection of Forskal. They are all enclosed

in this letter.

Unfortunately, nearly all of the 72 Forskil fishes have only

the skin preserved. A few specimens also have some ribs and

headbones left, but none of the four species of Scarus has the

faintest trace of pharyngeals. So I am afraid I can help you

only with photographs.

In order to stabilize the nomenclature of the family
NUMBER 17

Scaridae (in case the identity of the genotype Scarus

psittacus Forskal is still in some doubt), because no

type-specimen exists, and because this paper is a continuation of my revision (1958, pp. 29, 50-52), I herewith select a neotype for Scarus psittacus Forskal:

USNM 201805, a specimen from the Red Sea, 182

mm in standard length, with characteristics as denned

in this paper for S. h. hand Forskal. This action is

based on Article 75 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1961, pp. 81-82).

Among the forms composing the Scarus harid complex, Smith (1959, pp. 174-288) recognized harid

(Red Sea), vexillus (Western Indian Ocean), and

schultzi (tropical western Pacific Ocean). Smith distinguished harid and vexillus from longiceps (=

schultzi) by the fact that the width of the patch of

cheek scales are less than the width of the interorbital

in harid-vexillus and wider than the interorbital for

longiceps ( = schultzi). I have measured both characters to the nearest tenth of a millimeter, divided the

maximum width of the patch of cheek-scales into the

width of the fleshy interorbital, and obtained the ratio

for each specimen correlated with its standard length

(Table 1). This table shows that the ratio decreases

with increased size of the specimens and that the

ranges of the ratios overlap for the three forms, with

the result that this character alone cannot be used for

the separation of the species.

I have made a comparison of certain body dimensions for the three subspecies of S. harid (Table 2).

This table shows that the greatest width of the patch

of cheek scales averages a little wider (75 to 99 thousandths of standard length) in S. h. longiceps compared

with that (55 to 89) in the other two subspecies. It is,

however, the only character measured that showed a

significant difference. Although S. h. vexillus has a

greater number of cheek scales than S. h. longiceps,

the cheek scale patch is narrower in the latter.

Another character used by Smith for distinguishing

the species in the harid-complex is the number of

scales on the cheek (Table 3). This table reveals that

vexillus has 22 to 31 scales on the cheek whereas harid

and longiceps range from 15 to 22, the range overlapping at 22. Without doubt, S. h. vexillus may be

distinguished from the other two by the number of

scales in the patch on the cheek of adults.

TABLE 1.—Ratio of maximum width of patch of cheek scales into width of fleshy interorbital space correlated with the standard

length of each specimen (h=harid, 1=longiceps, v=vexillus)

Width of patch of

cheek scales into

interorbital width

1.80-1.89

1.70-1.79

1.60-1.69

1.50-1.59

1.40-1.49

1.30-1.39

1.20-1.29

1.10-1.19

1.00-1.09

.90- .99

.80- .89

60

69

1

V

70 80

79 89

v h

w

h

90 100

99 109

h

h

h

h

1

Standard length in millimeters

110 120 130 140 150 160 170

119 129 139 149 159 169 179

V

h v

vh h

1 1

180

189

V

hh

h

1

190 200 210 220 230 240

199 209 219 229 239 249

w h

h h h

h 11

1 1
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 2.—A comparison of frequency distributions of certain body dimensions for three subspecies of Scarus harid (in

thousandths of standard length)

Species

Depth of body

340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420

349 359 369 379 389 399 409 419 429

Least depth caudal peduncle

100 110 120 130 140 150

109 119 129 139 149 159

Length of snout

120 130 140 150 160 170

129 139 149 159 169 179

harid

vexillus

longiceps

1 3 6 4

2 2 4

1 3 3

1 1 1 1 11

4 4

2 4

Species

Greatest width of patch of cheek scales

55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

59 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99

Width of interorbital

75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115

79 84 89 94 99 104 109 114 119

Greatest width naked

preopercular flange

20 25 30 35 40

24 29 34 39 44

harid

vexillus

longiceps

4

4

6

4

4

1

1

1

2 2 3 1

1

2

4

3

1

5

1

3

3

4

2

2

2

1

1 3

1 3

3 2

5 6 2

4 2

2 2

Species Least width preorbital

65

69

70

74

75

79

80

84

85

89

90

94

95 100 105 110 115

99 104 109 114 119

Least width of naked

area between orbit and

cheek scales

10

14

15

19

20

24

25

29

harid

vexillus

longiceps

10 6

6 4

6 1

TABLE 3.—Frequency distribution of the number of scales in each row in the patch of cheek scales of subspecies of Scarus harid

Subspecies

harid

longiceps

vexillus

6

2

15

Subspecies

harid

longiceps

vexillus

dorsal row

7 8

12 5

14 1

2 7

9

2

10

5 6

2 4

2 15

2

15 16

3

1 6

second row

7 8

9 4

9 5

6 7

17 18

4 5

3 3

Number of scales in each row

9 10

1

3 1

third row

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4 6 7 2

3 16 13 1

1 3 2 3 2 5 3

ventral row

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1

3 5

Total number of cheek scales

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

1 6 1 1

2 4 3 1 3

1 4 2 1 2

28 29 30 31

1 3 1
NUMBER 1 7

Key to the Subspecies of Scarus harid

la. Golden yellow line from rear corner of mouth across middle of side of head to rear of opercle;

blue spots occur on mature males on mid-side above anal fin to opposite the depressed pclvics;

total number of scales in patch on cheek 16 to 22; usually 3 rows of scales on the cheek (Red Sea)

harid

1 b. No golden yellow line on side of head; no blue spots on lower side as in la, tips of outer rays of

caudal fin dusky.

2a. Total number of scales in cheek patch 22 to 29; usually 4 rows of scales on the cheek

(western Indian Ocean) vexillus

2b. Total number of scales in cheek patch 16 to 19; 3 rows of scales on the cheek (western

tropical Pacific Ocean) longiceps

Scarus harid harid Forskal

Scarus psittacus Forskal, 1775, pp. x, 29 [type-locality: Red

Sea; =Labrus psittacus Linnaeus, 1789, p. 1285; not

Coryphaena psittacus Linnaeus, 1789, p. 1194, which has

been confused with Scarus psittacus (not Linnaeus) Forskal; neotype USNM 201805, a specimen 182 mm standard length from Red Sea (see p. 7) ].

Scarus harid Forskal, 1775, pp. x, 29 [type-locality: Red

Sea].—Linnaeus, 1789, p. 1282 [Arabia].—Ruppell, 1828,

p. 80, pi. 21: fig. 1 [Red Sea].—Cuvier and Valenciennes,

1839, pp. 249-250, pi. 404 [Djidda, Red Sea].—Schultz,

1958, p. 50.

Hipposcarus harid harid.—Smith, 1959, p. 280.

Pseudoscarus harid.—Gohar and Latif, 1961, pp. 97-126,

figs. 1-10 [Red Sea; anatomy of alimentary tract]; 1961,

pp. 127-146.

Scarus mastax Ruppell, 1828, p. 80, pi. 21: fig. 2 [Red Sea].

Pseudoscarus harid var. mastax.—Klunzinger, 1871, p. 562

[Red Sea].

IScarus collana Ruppell, 1835, p. 25, pi. 8: fig. 2 [typelocality: Red Sea].

Scarus cyanurus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 261.—

Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 293 [syntypes 1724 and 1725].

Scarus collaris Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 265 [typelocality: Red Sea].

Scarus latus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 245 [typelocality: Red Sea].

Scarus ruppeli Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 259 [typelocality: Red Sea].

The specimen that I have designated as the neotype

for Scarus psittacus Forskal, USNM 201805, was sent

to me by Dr. Steinetz, Hebrew University: serial no.

BT 100, Sherm a Shekh, Red Sea, 182 mm standard

length. The streak from rictus to opercle (golden yellow line) on this specimen followed the same course

as shown by Ruppell (1828, pi. 21: fig. 2). It has cheek

scales 9-7-3-6 on right side, and 8-7-6 on left side.

Another specimen (serial no. E62-597a, Nocra, Red

Sea, 48 mm) is nearly identical in color pattern to

Smith's (1959, p. 280, fig. 9) illustration.

The number of pectoral fin rays is given in Table 4.

TABLE 4.—Frequency distribution of number of pectoral Jin

rays for Scarus gibbus and Scarus harid

Species and subspecies

gibbus

Red Sea

Central and western Pacific

Ocean

gibbus*

microrhinos*

strongylocephalus *

microcfuilus*

harid harid

h. longiceps

h. vexillus

Number of pectoral rays

1

1 33

1 61

21

6

62 6

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

Type-specimens.

Additional specimens recently collected by the HOE

in the Red Sea: USNM 202290, Sta. HA-36, 7 January 1965, 4 spec, 183-210 mm; USNM 202289, Sta.

HA-38, 10 January 1965, 3 spec, 96-245 mm; USNM

202274, Sta. HA-26, 30 December 1964, 1 spec, 94

mm; USNM 202288 Sta. HA-34, 5 January 1965,

4 spec, 137-197 mm; USNM 202273, Sta. HA-30,

2 January 1965,1 spec, 146 mm.

RANGE.—Red Sea.

Scarus harid vexillus (Smith)

Hipposcarus harid vexillus Smith, 1959, p. 277, fig. 9, pi.

44A, B [type-locality: Shimoni].

Pseudoscarus mastax [not Ruppell] Bleeker, 1862, p. 35,

pi. 10: fig. 2 [Java; Smith, 1959, p. 275, found this specimen, 495 mm long, with 29 scales in 4 rows on the cheek

and thinks it is a synonym of his S. vexillus].

Hipposcarus harid.—Smith, 1956, p. 17, pi. 44A, B [Western

Indian Ocean southward along East African coast to latitude 21 "30'S].
10

The following specimens were collected by the Anton

Bruun, Cruise 9, IIOE: USNM 202296, Sta. RS41KA, 8 December 1964, Amirantes Island, 1 spec,

134 mm; USNM 202293 Sta. HA-9, 24 December

1964, Comoro Islands, 1 spec., 205 mm; USNM

202292, Sta. HA-19, 8 December 1964, Amirantes

Island, 7 spec, 65 to 183 mm; USNM 202294 Sta.

RS-37, 6 December 1964, Fraquhar Islands, 1 spec,

203 mm.

Scants harid longiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes

PLATE 2B

Scants longiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 241.-—

Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 295 [holotype no. 2479 in

Paris Museum].

Hippo scar us longiceps.—Munro, 1967, p. 441, fig. 844 [New

Guinea].

Scarus macrocheilos Bleeker, 1854, p. 60 [type-locality: Halmaheira; type examined in British Museum, Catalog no.

1864.5.15.31, standard length 88 mm, total length 111 mm];

1862, p. 38, pi. 15: fig. 1 [Halmaheira].

Scarus pinguirostratus Fowler, 1904, p. 541, pi. 21: upper

figure [type-locality: Padang, Sumatra].

Scarus harid [not Forskal].—Schultz, 1958, p. 50, pi. 9B;

1960, p. 243 [Marshall and Marianas Islands].—Kamohara,

1963, p. 8, pi. 2: fig. 2 [Japan].—Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1967, p. 14 [Ishigakijima].

Hipposcarus schultzi Smith, 1959, p. 277, fig. 8 [type-locality:

Philippines].

Callyodon toshi Whitley, 1966, p. 239, fig. 3.

Smith (1959, p. 277) described Hipposcarus harid

schultzi and considered that it represented the species

of parrotfish from the Philippines and adjacent Pacific

Ocean that Schultz (1958, p. 50) recognized as a wideranging species under the name Scarus harid. Since

other names predate that of Smith, however, each

name is herewith considered in regard to its possible

identity with that of S. h. schultzi.

Fowler (1904, p. 541, pi. 21: upper fig.) was the

most recent author to name this species, S. pinguirostratus, from Sumatra. Two other names are still older.

The next name available that might replace Scarus

schultzi Smith is Scarus macrocheilos Bleeker, 1854

(p. 50), from Halmahera, situated in the East Indies,

just north of the equator at about 129°E longitude. I

have examined Bleeker's type of that species in the

British Museum (Catalog no. 1864.5.15.31, standard

length 88 mm). It has the following characteristics:

predorsal scales 4, scales on cheek in 3 rows, 6 scales

next to orbit, 6 in middle row, and 4 in ventral row,

pectoral rays ii,13. When I saw the type in 1953, I

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

identified it without any doubt as harid. Although

Smith rejected the name macrocheilos because he

thought the type was too small (88 mm standard

length, "111 mm. in length") for positive identification, I do not agree with him because I have identified

several specimens in the "harid" complex, without

doubt as to species, that were much smaller in size than

the type of macrocheilos. Bleeker's type has the typical

juvenile color pattern (1862, pi. 15: fig. 1).

Schultz (1958, p. 50) placed Scarus longiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839 (pp. 14, 24), as a junior

synonym of Scarus harid Forskal. Bauchot and Guibe

(1960, p. 295) found the holotype of S. longiceps

(Catalog no. 2479) in the Paris Museum and also

placed it as a synonym of S. harid. I conclude that

S. longiceps is the oldest available name and that

H. schultzi Smith, S. pinguirostratus Fowler, and S.

macrocheilos Bleeker are junior synonyms of S. harid

longiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Recently collected specimens: USNM 202298,

IIOE, Cruise I, Patong, Phukot, Thailand, 22 March

1963, 1 spec, 49 mm; USNM 202295, Society Islands,

Tikahou Atoll, 15 April 1957, 2 spec, 57-201 mm.

Dr. V. G. Springer collected the following at One

Tree Island off Queensland: Sta. VGS66-13, 30 November 1966, 11 spec, 42-116 mm; Sta. VGS66-19,

11 December 1966,2 spec, 134-166 mm.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean.

Scarus gibbus Ruppell

PLATE 2C

Scarus gibbus Ruppell, 1828, p. 81, pi. 20: fig. 2.

Chlorurus gibbus.—Smith, 1959, p. 280, fig. 5.

Scarus microrhinos Bleeker, 1854, p. 200.—Schultz, 1958, p.

48, fig. 4, pi. 9A; 1960, p. 243.—Kamohara and Yamakawa,

1967, p. 13 [Okinawa].

Pseudoscarus microrhinos.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 22, pi. 3.

Chlorurus microrhinos.—Smith, 1956, p. 16; 1959, pp. 272-

274, 260, fig. 4.—Munro, 1967, p. 442, fig. 846 [New

Guinea].

Scarus strongylocephalus Bleeker, 1854, p. 439; 1862, p. 23,

pi. 4: fig. 3.

Chlorurus strongylocephalus.—Smith, 1956, p. 16, pi. 42c, F;

1959, pp. 272-274, 280, pis. 42c, F, 44o.—Munro, 1967,

p. 441, fig. 845 [New Guinea].

Pseudoscarus microcheilos Bleeker, 1861, p. 231; 1862, p. 24,

pi. 4: fig. 2.

Chlorurus microcheilus.—Smith, 1956, p. 16, pi. 44o.

Callyodon microcheilus.—Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 188 [NossiBe].

Callyodon ultramarinus Jordan and Scale, 1906b, p. 63, fig.

16; 1906a, p. 332, fig. 64.
NUMBER 17

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 3

rows of scales on cheek, with 3 to 7 scales in ventral

row, ii,14 (occasionally ii,13 and ii,15) pectoral fin

rays; lips not covering white teeth, which become blue

or green in adults. For a detailed color description, see

Schultz( 1958, pp. 49-50).

Chlorurus Swainson (a junior synonym of Scarus

Forskal): Dr. J. L. B. Smith (1959, pp. 272-274)

recognized the genus Chlorurus Swainson, with Scarus

gibbus Riippell as its type. Since that species has a single

main row of teeth and a rudimentary one beside it on

each upper pharyngeal bone, it is referable to the subfamily Scarinae. In this subfamily a large group of

species is distinguished from all others by having 4

median predorsal scales, to which S. gibbus and S. harid

(type-species of the genus Scarus) belong.

The genus Chlorurus is defined by Smith (loc. cit.)

as having ii, 14- or ii,15 pectoral fin rays, 3 rows of

scales on the cheek, and small circular nostrils. Each

of these characters is evaluated below on the basis of

observations made on numerous species in this group.

The number of pectoral fin rays vary in number

from ii,ll to ii,15 in the Scarinae and for most of the

species in this relationship in which many specimens

have been studied, the pectoral rays usually vary

about 3 in number. Scarus gibbus with a range of ii,13

to ii,15, usually ii, 14, pectoral fin rays overlaps that for

S. harid, which has ii,12 to ii,14, usually ii,13 (see

Table 4). Also, S. sordidus, S. jonesi, S. chlorodon, S.

marshalli, S. guacamaia, and S. collestinus, may have

ii,14 pectoral fin rays. In my opinion, the number of

pectoral fin rays in this subfamily is of considerable

value in distinguishing species but is of little or no

importance at the generic level.

Smith's next character, 3 rows of scales on the cheek

of S. gibbus is not unique since S. harid (type of the

genus Scarus) has at least 3 rows and there are five

other species (javanicus, formosus, lunula, lauia, and

flavipectoralis) (Schultz, 1958, p. 31) in this subgenus

with 3 rows of scales on the cheek. In addition, among

44 specimens examined of S. dubius Bennett (Schultz,

loc. cit.) one-half had 2 rows and the other half, 3

rows. Because of the variability described above, I

conclude that the number of rows of scales on the

cheek is of considerable value in distinguishing species

but it is of lesser importance at the generic level in

the genus Scarus.

The size and shape of the nasal openings are also

variable, especially with increase in size, with the result

350-270 O—89 2

11

that this character too is of limited value at the generic

level but of possible importance at the specific level.

Because of the variability and overlap of the characters used by Smith to distinguish Chlorurus from

Scarus in this group and because I am unable to find

any additional character that always distinguishes

Chlorurus from Scarus, I conclude that Chlorurus is a

junior synonym of Scarus.

Scarus microrhinos Bleeker and S. strongylocephalus

Bleeker (junior synonyms of Scarus gibbus Riippell):

Another problem needing consideration is the number of valid species centering around Scarus gibbus.

Smith (1959, p. 273) recognized three (gibbus, microrhinos, and strongylocephalus) as nominal species. He

distinguished gibbus and strongylocephalus by "forehead not above snout" as contrasted with "forehead in

large males to almost over snout" in microrhinos.

The numerous specimens of S. gibbus that I have

studied from the Indo-Pacific-Red Sea areas have

a highly variable snout profile, especially in the presumed males, in the largest specimens of which it

becomes nearly vertical. I have measured the angle

between the snout profile and a line extending from

the midcaudal fin base forward through the upper edge

of the pectoral fin base and have recorded these data

as a correlation with the standard length (Table 5).

My data show that the angle of the snout profile becomes greater with increased length.

Four specimens of S. gibbus from the Red Sea may

be located in Table 5 by the footnote symbol. The

largest (probably a female) is 355 mm in standard

length, with a snout profile angle of 45° whereas the

smaller ones, 166 and 200 mm, have angles of 40° and

50°, respectively. I do not have enough large specimens available to establish a more exact relationship

between snout profile and standard length; however, it

is amply clear from the table that the angle becomes

greater with increase in length and that the Red Sea

specimens have angles of snout profile within the limits

of variation of specimens from the Pacific Ocean.

Adult mature males of other species of parrotfishes

develop a strong elevated snout profile, even knoblike;

for example, Bolbometopon muricatus and Scarops ovifrons, a condition undoubtedly occurring in S. gibbus.

Because of the variability of the angle of the snout

profile, I conclude that it is of doubtful significance

in distinguishing supposed species centering around S.

gibbus.
12

Another character used by Smith (loc. cit.) to distinguish three supposed species in this complex was

color pattern. I have tabulated for comparison the

chief color pattern characteristics recorded by RtipSMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

pell (1828), Bleeker (1862), Smith (1956, 1959),

Schultz (1958) with color photographs and color

drawings in the files of the Division of Fishes at the

United States National Museum (Table 6).

Angle of

snout profile

in degrees

80-84

75-79

70-74

65-69

60-64

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

TABLE

80 100

99 119

1

1 1

5.—Correlation between angle of snout profile and standard length of Scar us gibbus

120 140 160

139 159 179

1

1

2 1

1*

180

199

1

2

1

200

219

3

1

1*

1?

Standard length in

220 240 260

239 259 279

1

1

1

1

1

millimeters

280 300 320

299 319 339

1

1 1

340 360 380 400 420 440 460

359 379 399 419 439 459 479

29 •

•Red Sea specimens.

TABLE 6.—A comparison of color patterns of supposed parrotfish species centering around Scarus gibbus

Location of patterns

Spots or bars on chin

Pelvics edged with:

Lips edged with:

Green streak from

rictus to opercle on

adults

Head dorsally

Cheek below green

bar (if present)

Scales

Caudal fin base

Immature

gibbus

Riippell Smith

purple, green, 2 red spots

or red

green blue

green

no bar, lower

part of head

green

purple purple

blue

strongylocephalus

Smith

blue o* or green

bars on 9

o" blue

& blue

9 blue-green

o" blue-green

Bleeker

blue

blue

blue

blue bar to

below eye then eye and

to opercle

9 absent

cf purple

9 green

cf yellow green

9 light blue

cf red or green

spotted

9 red

cf blue or green

9 yellow

red-brown

behind

purple brown

yellowish

red spotted

blue to pink

microrhinos

Bleeker

green

green

pink and then

green

green to opposite pectoral

base

greenish purple

pink

red spotted

pink scales

light blue

Philippine Islands

and Marshall

Islands

red and blue bars

blue or green

with purple

center

red and green

blue or green

green straight

back to base

pectoral

purple-brown

yellowish pink or

green

red and green

spotted

green with

purplish-brown

redish-brown
NUMBER 17 13

The living colors of parrotfishes are subject to considerable variation and change, especially between blue

and green, and red, pink, or yellow. Thus, whenever

the edge of a fin is described as blue or green, such a

difference lacks significance in parrotfishes. Table 6

shows that no significant differences occur in the following characters: spots or bars on the chin; color of

edge of pelvics, lips, head, scales, caudal fin, lower part

of cheek; and color in immature specimens.

The green streak from rictus to opercle on large

adults, undoubtedly the males, begins to appear at

about a length of 100 to 200 mm in standard length. I

do not find any significant difference in color pattern

in the three nominal species (Table 6) except between

adult males and females and juveniles.

I have recorded the number of pectoral fin rays and

number of scales in each row on the cheek (see Tables

4, 7), and these data do not show any significant differences between the Red Sea and the western and central

Pacific Ocean, or for the types of the nominal species,

5. gibbus, S. microrhinos, and S. strongylocephalus.

Therefore, only a single species, S. gibbus, can be

distinguished, which has a range from the Red Sea and

the tropical Indian Ocean to the central and western

tropical Pacific Ocean.

Scarus gibbus is represented by three specimens, 169

to 360 mm in standard length, recently collected in the

Red Sea, two by the IIOE: USNM 202381, Sta. HA38,

10 January 1965; and USNM 202414, Sta. HA36,

7 January 1965.

Two others are on loan from Dr. Steinetz. Dr. V. G.

Springer collected one specimen at 255 mm from One

Tree Island, off Queensland, 1 December 1966.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian

Ocean, and Red Sea.

Scarus javanicus Bleeker

PLATE 2D

Scarus javanicus Bleeker, 1854, p. 198.

See Schultz (1958, p. 52) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,

3 rows of scales on cheek with 1 or 2 scales in ventral

row, ii,12 pectoral rays, lips not fully covering white

or yellowish teeth, black spot at upper base of pectoral

fin. Body abruptly paler behind a vertical line at or

near anal origin; pale crossbar may occur on chin;

basal two-thirds to three-fourths of anal fin dusky, distal

one-third blue when alive; red streaks radiate from eye,

some across interorbital space.

Xanothon fowleri Smith, 1956 (p. 5, pi. 42o), is

transferred from this species to S. taeniurus.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.

Scarus flavipectoralis Schultz

PLATE 2E

Scarus frenatus [not Lacepede] Bleeker, 1852, p. 770.

Pseudoscarus frenatus [not Lacepede].—Bleeker, 1862, p. 40,

pi. 16: fig. 2.

Scarus flavipectoralis Schultz, 1958, p. 52, pi. 9D.

Callyodon flavipectoralis.—Munro, 1967, p. 438, fig. 834

[New Guinea].

TABLE 7.—Frequency distribution of number of scales in each row in patch of cheek scales for Scarus gibbus

Locality

Red Sea

Western and central

Pacific

Types of:

gibbus

microrhinos

stronglyocephalus

microcheilus

dorsal row

4 5

2 20

1

6

4

41

1

1

2

2

Number of scales on cheek

7

2

3

middle row

6 7 8

3 3

26 24 6

1

2

2

2

ventral row

3 4

2

8

1

5

3

15

1

1

6

11

1

1

7

1

23

2

Total scales in cheek patch

13 14 15 16 17

2

1 1 2 7

2

18

8

1

1

19

3

8

1

20

1

2

21 22

4 1

2
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,

3 rows of scales on cheek with 1 scale in ventral row,

ii,12 pectoral fin rays; and lips not quite covering the

white teeth, canines present at corner of mouth; dorsal

edge of pectoral fin base with black spot. Anterior half

of body dark (brownish green when alive), posterior

half of body pale (light green when alive); middle of

caudal peduncle yellow; pectoral fin yellow with a blue

base; caudal fin orange with blue outer edges; anal fin

blue with a dark red band basally; dorsal fin with blue

distal edge, then submarginally an orange streak, middle of fin green; green streak from snout past lower

edge of eye.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean.

Scarus dubius Bennett

PLATE 3A

Scarus dubius Bennett, 1828, p. 37.—Schultz, 1958, p. 54,

pi. 10A.—Kamohara, 1960, p. 26; 1963, p. 8, pi. 2: fig. 3

[Japan].—Woodland and Slack-Smith, 1963, p. 45 [Heron

Island].—Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 237 [Hawaiian

Islands].

Callyodon dubius.—Marshall, 1965, p. 323.—Munro, 1967,

p. 438, fig. 833 [New Guinea].

See Schultz (1958, p. 54) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,

3 rows of scales on at least one side of cheek, the ventral

row consisting of 1 scale, or it may be lacking; ii,12

pectoral fin rays; lips not quite covering white teeth;

dorsal edge of pectoral fin base with a small black

spot; coloration brownish, median fins pale, caudal

and dorsal fins yellowish when alive, caudal peduncle

yellowish; 3 light streaks, 1 on each scale, on abdomen;

dorsal and anal fins narrowly edged with blue distally.

RANGE.—Hawaiian Islands and Western Pacific

Ocean.

Scarus lunula (Snyder)

PLATE 3B

Callyodon lunula Snyder, 1908, p. 99; 1912, p. 509, pi. 66:

fig. 2.

Margaritodon verweyi Smith, 1956, p. 15, pi. 43D, F.

Scarus lunula.—Schultz, 1958, p. 54, fig. 6, pi. 10B; 1960,

p. 244.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 9, pi. 2: fig. 4 [Japan].

Callyodon (Margaritodon) lunula.—Smith, 1959, p. 272, pi.

43D, F.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales

with a pair in front overlapping that might be counted

(incorrectly) as a total of 5; 3 rows of scales on cheek

with 2 or 3 scales in ventral row; ii,12 pectoral rays;

lips not quite covering white teeth; 2 or 3 canines in

corner of mouth; 3 color streaks in both dorsal and

anal fins, the middle one red, outer edge blue or green,

base greenish; edge of upper lip green, then pink, then

a green streak from snout past lower edge of eye;

especially important: distal edge of operculum red in

front of pectoral base; 1 or 2 green streaks connecting

eyes across interorbital space. All adults observed have

the area of head in front of orbits enlarged, and in

largest specimens this area is in the form of a hump.

Schultz (1958, p. 54) referred Pseudoscarus rostratus [not Poey and not Seale] Gunther, 1909 (p. 315,

pi. 154), to the synonymy of S. lunula, but I now observe 5 or 6 predorsal scales and the color pattern suggests S. ghobban.

Schultz (1958, p. 54) referred with doubt Callyodon

viridifucatus Smith, 1956 (p. 12, pi. 42B, I), to the

synonymy of S. lunula; however, Smith (1959, p. 270)

states that his C. viridifurcatus has only 3 median predorsal scales instead of "4 to 6" as originally described

and in 1959 he believed it was related to Callyodon

oedema Snyder. I, however, have referred it to Ypsiscarus ovifrons on page 5.

A specimen, USNM 202623, was collected by the

Te Vega, Station 104, off Pulo Siburu, Mentawei Islands, 30 November 1963.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean and

Indian Ocean.

Scarus formosus Cuvier and Valenciennes

PLATE 3C

Scarus formosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 283.—

Schultz, 1958, p. 56; 1960, p. 244.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 9

[Okinawa].

Callyodon formosus.—Smith, 1959, p. 279 [Mauritius].—

Munro, 1967, p. 438, fig. 832 [New Guinea].

See Schultz (1958, p. 56) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,

3 rows of scales on cheek with 1 or 2 scales in ventral

row; ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips not quite covering

white teeth, large adults have forehead enlarged. Dorsal and anal fins crossed with 3 streaks, distal one blue,

center orange, basally green; 3 blue spots on midventral line anterior to pelvic bases.

RANGE.—Hawaiian Islands, central and western

Pacific Ocean, and western Indian Ocean.
NUMBER 17 15

Scarus lauia Jordan and Evermann

PLATE 3D

Scarus lauia Jordan and Evermann, 1903, p. 196; 1905, p.

355, pi. 43.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 3

rows of scales on cheek, with 2 scales in ventral row;

ii,12 or ii,13 pectoral fin rays; lips nearly covering

white teeth. Margin of both lips blue, blue streak from

snout tip to below eye; dorsal and anal fins broadly

green edged; center of fin orange; bases with green

spots.

RANGE.—Hawaiian Islands.

Scarus perspicillatus Steindachner

PLATE 3E

Scarus perspicillatus Steindachner, 1879, p. 16, pi. 4: fig. I.—

Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 238 [Hawaiian Islands].

See Schultz (1958, p. 57) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,

2 rows of scales on cheek, with only 0 to 3 scales in 2nd

row (all other species in this genus have 5 to 8 scales

in 2nd row), ii,13 pectoral fin rays; lips not covering

white teeth. See Schultz (1958, p. 58, fig. 21) for a

description of the color pattern.

The United States Coast Guard has sent to me one

specimen, USNM 201173, taken at Kure Atoll, Hawaiian Islands.

RANGE.—Hawaiian Islands.

Scarus venosus Cuvier and Valenciennes

PLATE 4A

Scarus venosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 212.—•

Schultz, 1958, p. 60, fig. 22.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 11, pi. 3:

fig. 3 [Okinawa].

Xanothon venosus.—Smith, 1959, p. 268, 278, pi. 44H.—

Munro, 1967, p. 435, fig. 823 [New Guinea].

Pseudoscarus pentazona Bleeker, 1861, p. 241.

Xanothon pentazona.—Smith, 1956, p. 7, pi. 44H.

Pseudoscarus schlegeli Bleeker, 1861, p. 242.

Scarus schlegeli.—Schultz, 1958, p. 59, pi. 10D; 1960, p.

245.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 11, pi. 3: fig. 4 [Japan].

Scarus cypho Seale, 1901, p. 95.

Pseudoscarus collana var. eques Steindachner, 1907, p. 151.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 2

rows of scales on cheek, ii,12 pectoral fin rays, lips

almost covering white teeth; black spot at dorsal edge

of pectoral base; immature and females with 5 vertical

dark bars on side of body separated by yellow coloration; canines at corner of mouth of adult males, latter

with 2 pale bars (yellowish when alive) below dorsal

fin, separated by a brownish bar, sometimes anterior

pale bar expanded to cover dorsal half of head; dorsal

and anal fins edged with a dusky streak (green when

alive) ; background coloration purplish red, each scale

marked with a green bar; center of dorsal and anal

fins pinkish except for streaks formed by green spots.

Mr. J. Howard Choat in a letter dated 6 December

1965 suggested that S. venosus and S. schlegeli represented female and male, respectively. My recent

study of this problem tends to confirm his opinion.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.

Scarus taeniurus Cuvier and Valenciennes

Scarus ghobban [not Forskal] Ruppell, 1828, p. 78 [Catalog

no. 1860.11.9.98 in British Museum].—Smith, 1959, p. 268.

Scarus taeniurus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 257

[lectotype: Catalog no. 554 in Paris Museum].—Schultz,

1958, p. 61, fig. 8; 1960, p. 245.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 12,

pi. 4: fig. 2 [Japan].

Scarus baliensis Bleeker, 1849, p. 8 [lectotype: Catalog no.

1861.2.28.48 in British Museum].

Pseudoscarus baliensis [in part].—Bleeker, 1862, p. 39 [not pi.

16: fig. 3].

Scarus bataviensis Bleeker, 1857, p. 342.

Pseudoscarus bataviensis.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 48, pi. 12: fig. 3.

Pseudoscarus forskalii var. fuscopurpureus Klunzinger, 1871,

p. 567 [lectotype: Catalog no. 1871.7.15.13 in British

Museum].

Xanothon carifanus Smith, 1956, p. 6, pi. 42D; 1959, pp. 268,

278, pi. 42D.

Pseudoscarus oktodon Bleeker, 1861, p. 235; 1862, p. 33, pi.

13: fig. 2.

Callyodon oktodon Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 187 [Nossi-be].

Xanothon oktodon.—Smith, 1956, p. 7, pi. 51K; 1959, p. 278,

pi. 41K.—Munro, 1967, p. 436, fig. 825 [New Guinea].

Xanothon frenatus [not Lacepede] Smith, 1956, p. 5, pi. 42o.

Xanothon fowleri Smith, 1956, p. 5, pi. 42o; 1959, p. 268,

pi. 42o.

See Schultz (1958, p. 61) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,

2 rows of scales on cheek; pectoral rays ii,12; lips covering white teeth; black spot at upper base of pectoral

fin.

Coloration of adult male in alcohol: Rear half of

body pale (light green when alive) from below base

of dorsal spines VII or VIII to just in front of anus,

then anteriorly body dark (brownish green when

alive); edges of both lips pale (green when alive);

when alive, a red or green band to corner of mouth;

behind crossband on chin a green band connecting

with a green streak along midventral line to base of

pelvics; lower side of head with a green blotch; on

snout, dorsal to red (2nd) band a green band extend-
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 8.—A comparison of certain features of the color pattern of Scarus forsteri and S. taeniurus

Characters

Dark spot between dorsal spines I and II in

juveniles and immature adults

Distal margin of caudal fin with:

Caudal fin with dark vertical bars or crossbars

Caudal fin with lengthwise dark streaks

Color pattern of snout and edges of upper lips

of adults

forsteri

absent

dusky band with a submarginal dark

line

absent

present

green, forming a band that extends to

the eye; no red interspace in green

band across snout

taeniurus

present

pale or very narrow white edge; no

submarginal dark line

present

absent

very narrow green margin, then a pale

interspace (red when alive) separating the broad band across snout

that extends to eye

ing to below eye, thence to rear of operculum; distal

edges of anal and of dorsal green, bounded submarginally by a black line; center of anal crossed by a narrow

dusky streak; outer edges of caudal lobes green with a

submarginal black line. Center of cheek pale, bright

yellow when alive.

This species occurs abundantly in collections made

in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.

Among the species of Scarus with 4 predorsal scales,

2 rows of scales on cheek, ii,12 pectoral rays, and with

lips mostly covering white teeth, great confusion exists

as to how many species should be recognized.

Smith (1959, p. 278) recognized the following species in this relationship: S. fowleri (Smith), S. bataviensis Bleeker, S. carifanus (Smith), S. venosus

Cuvier and Valenciennes, S. oktodon (Bleeker), and

S. margaritus Cartier.

Scarus venosus with 4 vertical dark bars on the side

was recognized by Schultz (1958, p. 60) as a valid

species. Scarus margaritus, with the dark spot in the

center of a pale caudal peduncular area, I reaffirm is

a synonym of Scarus sordidus, which has ii,13 or less

frequently ii,12 pectoral fin rays (Table 8). This leaves

four of Smith's nominal species that I refer to the

taeniurus-forsteri complex.

Fortunately the IIOE and other recent expeditions

have collected specimens that make it possible for me

to re-examine this complex problem. In general, two

clearly defined species can be distinguished. They share

certain characteristics such as a black spot at the dorsal

base of the pectoral fin; and a dark submarginal line

bordering the inner edge of the distinctly blue-edged

dorsal and anal fins on the half-grown specimens and

adults. Table 8 lists the significant differences between

the two species.

Smith (1959, pi. 42G) illustrates a parrotfish of this

relationship as S. fowleri Smith 1956, and among the

newly collected specimens is one, 275 mm standard

length, on loan from Dr. Steinitz, from the Red Sea,

and another, 220 mm, collected by the IIOE from the

Indian Ocean. Both have color patterns as shown on

Smith's Plate 42G (1959). Since both specimens have

dark vertical color bars in the caudal fin, the distal

blue edges of both dorsal and anal fins have black submarginal lines, a black spot at the upper edge of the

pectoral base, exactly as shown in the illustration of

S. fowleri (Smith), I conclude that the latter nominal

species is probably the male of S. taeniurus Cuvier and

Valenciennes. Smith seems to have been confused

about the black pectoral spot because he states (1956,

p. 5): "There is a black mark in the pectoral

axil," but later (1959, p. 268) he says: "No dark spot

on pectoral base." Scarus fowleri, however, does have

the black spot at the upper edge of the pectoral base.

Schultz (1958, p. 52) incorrectly referred fowleri

Smith to the synonymy of Scarus javanicus Bleeker; the

latter differs by having 3 rows of scales on the cheek

instead of 2 as in S. fowleri.

Scarus carifanus (Smith) (1956, p. 6, pi. 42D; 1959,

p. 268, pi. 42D) also appears to be S. taeniurus. Smith

(1959, p. 268) states: "I am inclined to suspect that

carifanus Smith, 1956, is the female [of fowleri\"

Scarus baliensis Bleeker, 1849 (p. 8), presents confusion; the two types examined by me in the British

Museum belong to different species. The one from Bali

(Catalog No. 1861.2.28.48, standard length 98 mm,
NUMBER 17 17

with 4 predorsal scales, 2 rows of scales on the cheek,

ii,12 pectoral rays, and dorsal edge of pectoral base

with a black spot) is the same as S. taeniurus Cuvier

and Valenciennes. I select this specimen as lectotype.

The other specimen in the British Museum (Catalog

no. 1864.5.15.23, with 3 rows of scales on the cheek)

appears to be S. formosus Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Schultz (1958, p. 61) referred Pseudoscarus baliensis

Bleeker [not Bleeker, 1849], 1862 (pi. 16: fig. 3), to

S. taeniurus, but a reexamination of this plate shows 6

or 7 predorsal scales and 3 rows of scales on the cheek.

Possibly the artist made an error in number of predorsal scales when he drew specimen number 1864.5.-

15.23 since this type-specimen has only 4 predorsal

scales. That plate is not positively identifiable.

An examination of the type of Scarus bataviensis

Bleeker, 1857 (p. 342) (British Museum Catalog no.

1864.5.15.45, standard length 280 mm), reveals

that the type has the same coloration as shown by

Bleeker (1862, pi. 12: fig. 3). This type is selected as

lectotype. Scarus bataviensis Bleeker therefore becomes a junior synonym of S. taeniurus Cuvier and

Valenciennes.

Scarus scaber [in part] Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839

(p. 14), is represented by two types in the Paris Museum, one of which (Catalog no. 588) was selected as

lectotype by Schultz (1958, p. 92). The other (Catalog

no. 1733) with 4 predorsal scales, 2 rows of scales on

the cheek, ii,12 pectoral rays, black spot upper edge

of pectoral base, and a brown spot between dorsal

spines I and II is S. taeniurus.

The following are from the Chagas Archipelago,

Diego Garcia Atoll, collected by the IIOE in 1967:

Sta. HA67-3, 12 June, 5 spec, 39-69 mm; Sta. HA67-6, 14 June, 3 spec, 107-149 mm; Sta. HA67-38,

9 July, 3 spec, 91-122 mm; Sta HA67-51, 23 July,

8 spec, 56-126 mm.

Dr. V. G. Springer collected the following in 1966

from One Tree Island off Queensland: Sta. VGS-66-

13, 30 November, 1 spec, 102 mm; Sta. VGS-66-14, 1

December, 3 spec, 67-134 mm; Sta. VGS-66-19, 11

December, 6 spec, 58-100 mm.

Recently collected specimens: USNM 202519, NossiBe, 1 spec.; USNM 202520,1 from entrance Port Kilindini, 4°5'12"S, 39°40'45" E; USNM 202522, 1 from

Comoro Islands; USNM 202521, 1 from Fiji; USNM

202523, 1 from Mentawei Islands, Indonesia; USNM

202524, 2 from Tulear Harbor, Madagascar; USNM

202525, 7 from Fiji; USNM 202574,1 from near Aden;

USNM 202575, 6 from Red Sea; USNM 202577, 3

from Nossi-Be USNM 202579 and 202604, 23 from

Amirantes Islands; USNM 202580, 1 from Comoro

Islands; USNM 202595, 2 from Mauritius; USNM

202601 and 202603, 4 from North Island, Farquhar

Islands; USNM 202605, 19 from Guam; USNM

202606, 1 from Bora Bora Island.

RANGE.—Hawaiian Islands, central and western

Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.

Scarus forsteri Cuvier and Valenciennes

Scarus forsteri Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 275 [neotype: USNM 202607 from Tahiti].—Schultz, 1958, p. 64,

figs. 2, 23; 1960, p. 246.

Scarus quoyi [in part] Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 273,

[only type no. A9292].

Pseudoscarus forskalii [in part] Klunzinger, 1871, p. 566 [type

no. 71.7.15.4, in British Museum, seen by Smith, 1959,

p. 268), and identified as S. bataviensis Bleeker].

Pseudoscarus filholi Sauvage, 1879, p. 225.

Scarus gilberti Jenkins, 1900, p. 59, fig. 17.

Scarus jenkinsi Jordan and Evermann, 1903, p. 195.

Xanothon bataviensis [not Bleeker] Smith, 1956, p. 6, pi.

41A; 1959, p. 268, pi. 41A.—Munro, 1967, p. 435, fig. 824

[New Guinea].

Xanothon parvidens Smith, 1956, p. 7, pi. 45E.

Schultz (1958, p. 64, figs. 9, 23) characterized this species as having 4 median predorsal scales, 2 rows of scales

on cheeck, ii,12 pectoral rays, lips nearly covering

white teeth, black spot at upper base of pectoral fin, and

both lips green edged, the green on upper lip forming a

green band from snout to below eye, blackish submarginal line bordering blue distal edges of median fins,

including caudal fin, latter with dark lengthwise streaks

and rays red.

The validity of Scarus forsteri Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839 (p. 275), as recognized by Schultz (1958,

p. 64) was rejected by Smith (1956; 1959, p. 268) as

unidentifiable. Unfortunately, Schultz (1958, pp. 64-

66) did not give reasons for his identification and recognition of the earliest name, S. forsteri.

Following is a comparison of my translation of Cuvier and Valenciennes' description with that of Smith

(1956, pi. 41A) (the latter description in brackets):

. . . green with red spots on the scales [blue-green with red

margins on scales]; ventrally blue with 2 series of green spots

[belly blue with 3 lengthwise purple streaks]; head green

with blue lips [head blue-green with blue lips]; lower part of

breast purple [this area green]; dorsal red with rays green

[dorsal red], border blue [border blue]; anal with same color

as dorsal [anal red, rays blue]; caudal crescent shaped [same]

with its borders blue, and rays red [borders blue, rays red].
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Since the type of S. forsteri Cuvier and Valenciennes

has been lost (Smith, 1959, p. 268), however, and

confusion may exist as to its identity, I herewith select

a neotype, USNM 202607, from its type-locality, Tahiti, collected by Dr. John Randall 21 April 1957. This

specimen is 220 mm in standard length and exhibits

all the characteristics listed above for the species.

Smith (1959) rejected Scarus forsteri and accepted

Xanothon bataviensis Bleeker, 1857 (p. 342), as the

valid name for this species; however, an examination of the type in the British Museum (Catalog no.

1864.5.15.45) reveals it is S. taeniurus and not this

species.

The color illustration by Smith (1956, pi. 41A;

1959, pi. 41A) of Xanothon bataviensis has the characteristics of S. forsteri in regard to the blue distal edge

of the caudal fin, the lengthwise red streaks on the

caudal fin, the broad green band from the upper lip

to the eye, and the absence of pale (red) edges on both

lips. It appears that S. forsteri was not distinguished

from S. taeniurus by Smith and this may explain some

of the confusion in regard to the for ester i-taeniurus

complex.

Smith (1959) and I agree that the following names

are junior synonyms of S. forsteri: Pseudoscarus forskalii Klunzinger, 1871 (p. 566), and Xanothon parvidens Smith, 1956 (p. 7, pi. 45E).

Another available name is Scarus quoyi Cuvier and

Valenciennes, 1839 (p. 273). This name, however, introduces some confusion because the two types in the

Paris Museum represent two different species. Dr.

Smith and I have examined these types and agree on

their identification. One (Catalog no. A9292) is Scarus

forsteri. The other (no. 579) is a junior synonym of

Scarus blochi Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839 (p. 219),

and, for the purpose of greater stability in nomenclature, I select specimen number 579 as lectotype for

Scarus quoyi Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Recently the following specimens were collected by

the Anton Bruun (IIOE): USNM 202578, Sta. RS41, KA39, 12 February 1968, Seychelles, 4 spec; uncataloged, Sta. HA67-51, 23 July 1967, Diego Garcia

Atoll, 2 spec, 140-141 mm.

RANGE.—Hawaiian Islands, central and western

Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean.

Scarus enneacanthus Lacepede

Scarus enneacanthus Lacepede, 1802, p. 6 [He de France,

holotye no.- 2476 in Paris Museum; also a syntype of

S. capitaneous Cuvier and Valenciennes].—Bauchot and

Guibe, I960, p. 293.

Scarus cyanescens Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 254.—

Schultz, 1958, p. 66, pi. 11A.

Scarus capitaneous Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 228,

pi. 403.—Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 292 [syntypes 2473,

2475, 2476, B. 2040 and B. 2039].

Xanothon capitaneous.—Smith, 1956, p. 5, pi. 41 F; 1959,

pp. 268, 278, pi. 41F.

Callyodon capitaneous.—Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 185 [Anjouan

Island].

IPseudoscarus chloromelas Playfair and Gunther, 1866, p.

109, pi. 15: fig. 1.—Smith, 1956, p. 6; 1959, p. 278.

Xanothon chloromelas.—Smith, 1959, p. 278.

?'Xanothon cyanotaenia Smith [not Bleeker], 1956, p. 5, pi.

42E; 1959, pi. 42E [not identified in legend].

Callyodon cyanotaenia.—Marshall, 1965, p. 322.

Characterized by having 4 predorsal scales, 2 rows of

scales on cheek, ii,13 pectoral rays; no black spot on

base of pectoral; edges of all median fins and pelvics

sharply margined with white, probably blue when alive,

body brown in alcohol, head with a frontal swelling.

The syntype (no. 2476) of S. capitaneus Cuvier and

Valenciennes, in the Paris Museum, is a dried skin

without any coloration remaining. It has 4 predorsal

scales, 2 rows of scales on the cheek; ii,13 pectoral

rays and not ii,12 as recorded by Smith (1959, p.

268). Smith's Plate 41 F (X. capitaneus) looks very

much like Plate 403 (S. capitaneus) in Cuvier and

Valenciennes (1839). Beauchot and Guibe (1960, p.

292) have identified S. capitaneus Cuvier and

Valenciennes as the same as S. enneacanthus Lacepede, and I have identified S. cyanescens Cuvier and

Valenciennes (type no. 586) as the same as S. capitaneus. Since the holotype (no. 2476) of S. enneacanthus is also a syntype of S. capitaneus, the latter species

is an objective synonym of S. enneacanthus Lacepede.

RANGE.—Western Indian Ocean.

Scarus rhoduropterus (Bleeker)

PLATE 4B

Pseudoscarus rhoduropterus Bleeker, 1861, p. 233; 1862, p.

27, pi. 4: fig. 1.

Xanothon rhoduropterus.—Smith, 1956, p. 6, pi. 44K; 1959,

p. 278, pi. 44K.

Scarus rhoduropterus.—Schultz, 1958, p. 67, pi. 11B.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 2

rows of scales on cheek, ii,13 pectoral rays, lips not

covering bluish-gray to white teeth; base pectoral same

color as body, latter reddish brown; 4 or 5 vertical

dark bars on side.
NUMBER 17 19

I have studied three specimens, 141—185 mm,

USNM 202383, recently collected by the IIOE in the

Indian Ocean, and 24 others. 74-190 mm, USNM

202276, 202352, 202353, and 202620, collected by the

Te Vega Expeditions in the tropical western Pacific

Ocean. The IIOE also collected one specimen, USNM

202386, in the Red Sea and two, 103-124 mm, from

the Chagas Archipelago, Diego Garcia Atoll, Sta.

HA67-6, 14 July 1967.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean and

western Indian Ocean.

Scarus sordidus Forskal

PLATE 4C

Scarus sordidus Forskal, 1775, pp. x, 80 [neotype: USNM

202297; Red Sea].—Schultz, 1958, p. 68, fig. 11, pi. 12A,

B; 1960, p. 246.—Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 238

[Hawaiian Islands].—Kamohara, 1963, p. 60, pi. 3: fig. 1

[Japan].—Woodland and Slack-Smith, 1963, p. 46 [Heron

Island].

Callyodon sordidus.—Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 187 [Nossi-Be].

Xanothon sordidus.—Munro, 1967, p. 437, fig. 827 [New

Guinea].

Scarus purpureus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 277.

Callyodon purpureus.—Jordan and Seale, 1906, p. 316, fig. 57.

Callyodon bipallidus Smith, 1955, p. 936.

Xanothon bipallidus.—Smith, 1956, p. 5, pi. 41D; 1959, pp.

266, 268, 278, pi. 41D.

Xanothon margaritus Smith, 1956, p. 7, pi. 45G; 1959, pp.

269, 278.

Xanothon erythrodon Smith, 1956, p. 7, pi. 45F; 1959, pp.

269, 278.—Munro, 1967, p. 436, fig. 826 [New Guinea].

See Schultz (1958, pp. 68-69) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,

2 rows of scales on cheek, pectoral rays ii,13, occasionally ii,12; lips not covering white teeth, which become

greenish in adult males. Juveniles brown to reddish

brown with a pale (pink) caudal area that has a

round, dark blotch at base of caudal fin. See Schultz

(1958, pp. 69—71) for color description of adults.

In 1956 J. L. B. Smith established the new species

Xanothon bipallidus with this comment: "Recorded

by many workers as sordidus Forskal, 1775, but it is not

possible to be certain of Forskal's species. This name is

assigned until it can be settled which has valid priority."

Schultz (1958, p. 131) accepted Scarus bipallidus

(Smith) as distinct from the species that he recognized

as Scarus sordidus from the western tropical Pacific

Ocean. Because Schultz did not have enough adult

specimens of the Red Sea sordidus nor the Indian

Ocean bipallidus, he was unable to evaluate the sordidus complex. Since then the International Indian

Ocean Expeditions collected excellent series of specimens of sordidus from the Red Sea and the Indian

Ocean.

Fortunately, this excellent series of specimens, along

with additional material from the western Pacific listed

by Schultz (1958, pp. 71-72) has made it possible to

compare the populations of the S. sordidus complex in

the Red Sea and in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

Scarus sordidus is one of the most abundant parrotfishes in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It occurs more

often and in greater numbers in the collections I have

studied than any other species.

I counted the number of fin rays and scales (Table

9) and observed that no significant differences occur

in counts among the three localities.

I compared the color patterns of juveniles, females,

and of adults in the green color phase from the Red

TABLE 9.—Frequency distribution of number of Jin rays and cheek scales for Scarus sordidus

Locality

Red Sea

tndian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Number of cheek scales

dorsal row

5 6 7 average

8 21 1 5.77

8 12 5.60

21 39 3 5.71

ventral row

5 6 7 8 average

7 17 4 5.89

1 9 10 1 6.52

4 30 24 1 6.37

total

10 11 12 13 14 average

2 11 15 3 11.61

4 11 3 1 12.05

12 9 6 2 11.66

Number of

pectoral rays

ii, ii, ii, aver12 13 14 age

13 57 4 12.89

6 45 12.88

6 131 4 12.98

Total pectoral rays

and cheek scales

36 37 38 39 40 average

5 11 10 4 1 37.74

1 6 8 4 1 37.97

1 12 10 4 2 37.90
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Sea, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean directly by use

of preserved specimens, color slides, color drawings,

and color illustrations in the literature from all three

areas.

The most characteristic color pattern for juveniles

(preserved in alcohol) between 12 and 60 mm is the

striped color phase described by Schultz (1958, p. 70).

The description needs no changes because of the additional specimens examined from the Red Sea, Indian,

and Pacific Oceans.

The reddish-brown color phase is found on specimens from 50 to 200 mm and my description (Schultz

1958, p. 70) needs little change. It applies to specimens

from all three areas except that I have not found

juveniles or immature specimens with a few silvery

scales as occasionally has occurred in the large series

examined from the Marshall Islands and Philippine

Islands and illustrated by Schultz (1958, pi. 12A).

The dark caudal spot in the center of the light caudal

area may disappear as this color phase passes into the

adult green color phase (probably males).

The pale caudal peduncle begins at a line connecting the rear basal edges of the dorsal and anal fins

and appears to be of similar extent in specimens from

the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean

(Table 10).

I compared the color markings of the head and find

considerable variability around a basic pattern (Plate

4c). I did not observe any consistent differences in

color patterns for the populations of S. sordidus in the

three seas.

The width of the two color bands of the anal fin

were measured at the midlength of the base of the anal

fin, and the width of the distal band was calculated as

a percentage of the length of the middle anal ray.

These data, recorded in Table 11, show a possibility of

TABL E 10.—Frequency distribution of the length of the pale

portion of the caudal peduncle of Scarus sordidus (in

thousandths of standard length)

TABLE 11.—Frequency distribution of the width of the distal

color band of the anal Jin of Scarus sordidus (in percentages of the length of the middle soft anal ray)

Locality

Red Sea

Indian

Ocean

Pacific

Ocean

131

140

2

141

150

2

151

160

2

161

170

1

2

3

171

180

1

181

190

2

1

191

200

1

2

201

210

1

211

220

1

Locality

Red Sea

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

36

40

1

41

45

1

46

50

1

51

55

2

1

56

60

1

2

2

61

65

1

66

70

5

71

75

2

being wider in the western Pacific than in the Indian

Ocean and Red Sea. The variability, however, is so

great that I conclude a subspecies should not be

recognized until a larger series of adult specimens are

studied to determine if a significant difference exists.

The only other character that might indicate a population difference is the occasional occurrence of light

scales (Schultz 1958, pi. 12A) on the immature stage.

This, too, needs further study before a population is

recognized subspecifically.

I have shown in this study that the Red Sea and

Indian Ocean populations of S. sordidus are identical.

It must be concluded, therefore, that X. bipallidus

Smith is a junior synonym of Scarus sordidus Forskal.

NEOTYPE.—The identity of Scarus sordidus Forskal

has not been universally accepted. In order to bring

greater nomenclatural stability to the Scaridae since

the type material of S. sordidus Forskal no longer exists

(Klausewitz and Nielson, 1965, p. 12), I herewith

select a neotype for Scarus sordidus Forskal: USNM

202297, adult male, 210 mm standard length, collected

by IIOE, Red Sea off Hurghada, Egypt, Sta. HA-36.

The following collections from the Red Sea were

loaned for study by Dr. H. Steinit*- E62-3676-C-1,

6 April 1962, Um Aabak, 1 spec., 49 mm; E-62-3676-

G, 18 March 1962, Nacra, 2 spec, 46-90 mm; E62-

3342, 4 April 1962, Entedebir, 1 spec, 138 mm;

E62-518, 23 March 1962, Um Aabak, 1 spec, 47 mm.

The following specimens were collected by the IIOE

in the Red Sea: USNM 202388, Sta. HA-26, 30

December 1964, Strait of Jubal, 4 spec, 44-105 mm;

USNM 202382, Sta. HA-29, 1 January 1965, 12 spec,

38 to 69 mm; USNM 202393, Sta. HA-30, 2 January

1965, 1 spec, 48 mm; USNM 202397, Sta. HA-31, 3

January 1965, 5 spec. 32 to 57 mm; USNM 202481,

Sta. HA-32, 4 January 1965, 1 spec; USNM 202405,

Sta. HA-34, 5 January 1965, 3 spec, 36 to 57 mm;
NUMBER 17 21

uncataloged, Sta. HA-35, 6 January 1965, 4 spec,

33-59 mm; USNM 202297, and 202391, Sta.

HA-36, 7 January 1965,19 spec. 37 to 210 mm (photo

of 210-mm specimen neg. no. 283); USNM 202402,

Sta. HA-38, 10 January 1965, 1 spec, 57 mm.

The following specimens were collected by the IIOE

in the Indian Ocean: From Nossi-Be, Madagascar:

USNM 202410, Sta. JR-72,14 February 1964, 1 spec,

150 mm; USNM 202404, Sta. JR-76, 18 February

1964, 1 spec, 69 mm; USNM 202411, Cruise 6, 12

June 1964, reef off Port Louis Harbor, 1 spec, 115

mm. From the Comoro Islands: USNM 202395, Sta.

HA-9, 24 November 1964, 2 spec, 37-38 mm; USNM

202412, Sta. HA-12, 26 November 1964, 2 spec, 164-

180 mm; USNM 202359, FT-12, 26 November 1964,

1 spec, 225 mm. From Aldabra Island: USNM

202392, Sta. HA-16, 3 December 1964, 11 spec, 23 to

57 mm; USNM 202361, Sta. HA-17, 4 December

1964, 6 spec, 22-210 mm; USNM 202360, Sta. RS37, 6 December 1964, Farquhar Islands, 10°07'S,

51°10'E, 35 spec. 61-190 mm. From Amirantes Islands: USNM 202408, Sta. HA-19, 8 December 1964,

27 spec, 28 to 82 mm; USNM 202362, Sta. RS-41

KA-39, 8 December 1964, 23 spec, 65-180 mm;

USNM 202358, FT-26, 21 December 1964, Gold

Mohur Bay, Aden, 1 spec, 225 mm.

The following specimens were collected by the Te

Vega Expeditions in the western Pacific Ocean: From

off Thailand, uncataloged, Sta. 56, 3 November 1963,

1 spec, 79 mm, and USNM 202406, Sta. 78, 3 November 1963, 5 spec; USNM 202407, Sta. 104, 30 November 1963, off Pulo Siburu, Mentawei Islands,

Indonesia 4 spec, 33-109 mm; USNM 202396, Sta.

112, 6 December 1963, Pulo Stupai, Sanding Island,

Mentawei Islands, 2 spec, 63-68 mm; USNM 202400,

Sta. 213, 1 February 1965, Pulau Gaya, Darvel Bay,

Borneo; USNM 202409 and 202625, Sta. 216, 2 February 1965, Pulav Bohidulong east end Borneo, 6 spec,

22-122 mm; USNM 202399, Sta. 234, 25 February

1965, Keraward Island, St. George's Channel, 3 spec,

13-46 mm; USNM 202363, Sta. 247, 11 March 1965,

Solomon Islands, Tautsina Island, Bougainville, 7 spec,

36 to 185 mm; USNM 202413 and 202482, Sta. 259,

16 April 1965, Vanikoro Island, Peu Bay, 4 spec,

40-120 mm; USNM 202394, Sta. 278, 8 May 1965,

Great Astrolabe Reef, north of Vuro Island, 7 spec,

35-35 mm; USNM 202398, Sta. 295, 26 May 1965,

Wailangilala Island, Fiji, 1 spec, 55 mm. Uncataloged: From Tutuila Island: Sta. 21, 19 August 1963,

8 spec, 29-73 mm; Sta. 35, 3 September 1963, 1 spec,

23 mm.

The following specimens were collected by Dr. John

Randall: USNM 202401, Maiai Island, Takahau

Atoll, Tuomotu Islands, 14 April 1957,1 spec, 23 mm;

USNM 202364, Takahau Atoll, Matite Island, 15 April

1957, 39 spec, 23-195 mm; USNM 202366, Papeete,

Tahiti, Market, 18-21 April 1957, 205-230 mm.

Dr. V. G. Springer collected 8 lots, totaling 27 specimens, 28-200 mm, at One Tree Island off Queensland

during November and December 1966.

The IIOE collected the following specimens during 1967 from the Chagas Archipelogo, Diego Garcia

Atoll: Sta. HA3, 12 June, 4 spec, 48-187 mm; Sta.

HA7, 15 June, 14 spec, 59-147 mm; Sta. HA8, 16

June, 2 spec, 49-66 mm; Sta. HAH, 18 June, 1 spec,

72 mm; Sta. HAH, 21 June, 2 spec, 109-124 mm;

Sta. HA16, 22 June, 4 spec, 69-178 mm; Sta. HA36,

7 July, 11 spec, 55-97 mm; Sta. HA38, 9 July, 7 spec,

117-175 mm; Sta. HA45, 16 July, 1 spec 210 mm;

Sta. HA49,12 spec, 25-52 mm.

RANGE.—Hawaiian Islands, central and western

Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.

Scarus troscheli Bleeker

Scarus troscheli Bleeker, 1853, p. 498.—Schultz, 1958, p. 67,

fig. 10.

Pseudoscarus troschelli.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 25, pi. 7: fig. 2.

Scarus quoyi [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].—Bleeker, 1853,

p. 607.

Pseudoscarus quoyi [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].—Bleeker,

1862, p. 29, pi. 6: fig. 3.

Callyodon bleekeri Weber and de Beaufort, 1940, p. 318.

Scarus bleekeri.—Schultz, 1958, p. 68, pi. 1 lc.

Xanothon bleekeri.—Munro, 1967, p. 436, fig. 827 [New

Guinea].

Characterized by 4 median predorsal scales, 2 rows of

scales on cheek, ii,13 pectoral rays; lips not covering

yellowish teeth. Color when alive: a yellowish rectangular blotch on side of head bordered by a green

streak from corner of mouth past lower edge of eye,

thence curving backward and downward toward upper

pectoral base, sometimes meeting green streak that extends from corner of mouth across opercle toward

lower edge of pectoral base; edge of both lips green;

green anal fin crossed at its middle by an oblique reddish or green streak; no dusky edge or streak along

distal edge of anal fin; green dorsal fin is crossed by 2

red streaks; caudal fin green with a red streak in outer
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

part of each caudal lobe. No dark spot on pectoral

base.

Specimens: USNM 202691, Te Vega Cruise 6, Sta.

TV-247, 11 March 1965, Solomon Islands, Tautsina

Island, 8 spec, 172-245 mm.

I believe that Callyodon bleekeri Weber and de

Beaufort (=Pseudoscarus quoyi [not Cuvier and Valenciennes] Bleeker) is the same species as S. troscheli

Bleeker. This opinion is based on identical counts for

fin rays and scales, identical color pattern in anal and

dorsal fin, especially the anal with an oblique streak

across middle of fin in combination with the absence

of a dusky edge distally on margin of fin. The color

markings of the cheek area are sufficiently similar to

be within the range of variability for a species of

parrotfish.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean.

Scar us bower si (Snyder)

FIGURE 1, PLATE 4D

Callyodon bowersi Snyder, 1909, p. 602; 1912, pi. 46: fig. 2.

Scarus bowersi.—Schultz, 1958, p. 72, pi. 11D.—Kamohara,

1963, p. 10, pi. 3: fig. 2 [Japan].

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 2

rows of scales on cheek; ii,13 pectoral rays; white

FIGURE 1.—Scarus bowersi, a specimen from Tahiti, 305

mm, collected by Dr. Randall, 21 April 1957.

teeth; a purplish or brownish blotch on dorsal surface

of snout, a red or orange area behind eye that extends

from level of eye to behind head a distance about

equal to postorbital length of head thence ventrally to

pectoral fin base, a red streak across base of anal fin

and no dusky margin distally on anal fine; outer twothirds of anal green; red or green streaks across interorbital space.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean.

Scarus jonesi (Streets)

Pseudoscarus jonesi Streets, 1877, p. 80.

Scarus jonesi.—Schultz, 1958, p. 72, fig. 12, pi. 13A; 1960,

p. 247.

See Schlutz (1958, p. 72) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,

2 rows of scales on cheek, ii, 13 pectoral rays, lips not

covering yellowish teeth. In the young, background

brownish with center of each scale brownish; distal

margin of caudal fin white, pectoral fin pale. In green

color phase, scales green with centers orange; membranes between rays of median fins greenish; dorsal

and ventral edges of caudal fin green; outer edge of

pelvics green; 2 green streaks extending behind orbit

separated by orange coloration; dorsal edge of pectoral

green; green blotches on head separated by orange;

eye orange. Upper lip edged with red or green.

RANGE.—Central Pacific Ocean.

Scarus capistratoid.es Bleeker

PLATE 4E

Scarus capistratoides Bleeker, 1849, p. 50.—Schultz, 1958, p.

74, pi. 12c, D.

Xanothon capistratoides.—Smith, 1956, p. 6, pi. 43A, B; 1959,

p. 268, pi. 43A, B.

Scarus cyanotaenia Bleeker, 1854 p. 197 [type: Catalog no.

1864.5.15.28 British Museum, has ii, 3 pectoral rays].

Pseudoscarus cyanotaenia.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 28, pi. 6: fig. 1.

PXanothon erythrodon [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].—

Smith, 1956, p. 7, pi. 45E.

See Schultz (1958, p. 74) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,

2 rows of scales on cheek; ii,13 pectoral fin rays, and

lips not covering white teeth; edges of dorsal and anal

fins blue or green, middle red, base blue or green;

caudal region with red spots, one on each scale; distal

part of caudal fin green, basally red; cheek pink;

edges of upper and lower lips red, then a green cross-
NUMBER 1 7 23

band, one on snout extends to below eye, thence to

rear of opercle; distal margin of operculum red.

A male has the dorsal part of the head dark back to

about the base of dorsal spine IV, thence ventrally to

the origin of the anal fin; posterior to this dark oblique

bar, the body is abruptly pale.

Schultz (1958) referred Scarus cyanotaenia Bleeker,

1854 (p. 197), to the synonymy of S. forsteri, and Smith

(1959, p. 268) identified it as "unquestionable" Scarus

capistratoides Bleeker, 1849 (p. 50). Both of us have

examined the type in the British Museum (Catalog no.

1864.5.15.28). I made the following notes on the type

in 1953: ". . . median predorsal scales 4: rows of

scales on cheek, both sides, are 6-7-0 and 6-6-0;

pectoral rays ii,13-ii,13. Distal edges of both dorsal

and anal fins narrowly dusky; dorsal with median dusky

streak; rest of fin lighter; anal pale with barely discernable median dusky streak; Weber and de Beaufort

mention a dark spot at upper base of pectoral (redviolet spot mentioned by Bleeker) which certainly

is not now visible on the type." Without the dark spot

and ii,13 pectoral rays I accept Smith's opinion.

Schultz (1958, p. 74) referred Smith (1956, pi. 43B)

to the synonymy of Scarus forsteri, which probably was

an error since that plate represents this species.

Among the reddish-brown parrotfishes reaching up

to 9 inches in standard length and having 4 median

predorsal scales, 2 rows of scales on the cheek, ii,13

pectoral rays, white teeth, and no black spot at dorsal

edge of pectoral base, I find the following nominal

species with the above listed characters: Scarus enneacanthus Lacepede (=S. cyanescenes Cuvier and

Valenciennes=S. capitaneus Cuvier and Valenciennes) ; S. rhoduropterus Bleeker; S. troscheli Bleeker

( = C. bleekeri Weber and de Beaufort) ; S. sordidus

Forskal; S. bowersi (Snyder) ; S. jonesi (Streets); S.

capistratoides Bleeker.

The following species listed above may be distinguished from the plain reddish-brown ones by certain

characteristic color marks: S. enneacanthus has the

distal margins of the median fins narrowly margined

with blue, and a green body; S. rhoduropterus has 4

or 5 dark vertical bars on the side of the body; S. troscheli has a dusky streak across the middle of the anal

fin, distinctive color marks on the side of the head

(Schultz, 1958, p. 38, fig. 10) and a distinctive yellow

blotch on cheek bordered by a narrow green band;

S. sordidus has a pale peduncular region with a dark

spot at base of caudal fin; S. bowersi and S. jonesi

both have a distinctive coloration as shown by Schultz

(1958, p. 72, figs. 12, 13A; pi. 12D).

Scarus capistratoides is known only from adults with

the green color pattern, in which the edges of both

lips are red. Smith (1956, 1959) recognized Xanothon

erythrodon (not Cuvier and Valenciennes) Smith as

occurring in vast shoals in the western Indian Ocean;

however, my examination of the type of S. erythrodon

Cuvier and Valenciennes (Catalog no. 575), with

ii,12-ii,13 pectoral rays, revealed it to be S. sordidus, a

species the young of which occur in vast schools on the

reefs.

Newly collected specimens from the Indian Ocean

up to 225 mm in standard length are certainly the

same species as X. erythrodon (not Cuvier and Valenciennes), Smith 1956 (pi. 45F). In the largest of my

specimens the edges of the lips are pale (probably red

when alive) as in S. capistratoides. I am unable to determine the sex for these specimens. I suggest that these

may be the immature stage of S. capistratoides, a problem that can best be studied in the field on living

specimens—possibly by injection of testosterone.

A recently collected specimen: USNM 202622, Te

Vega Sta. TV-247, 11 March 1965, Bougainville,

Tautsina Island.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.

Subgenus Xenoscarops Schultz

Xenoscarops Schultz, 1958, p. 23.

Xenoscarops Schultz is placed as a subgenus of Scarus

because in X. perrico (Jordan and Gilbert) juveniles

have a few rudimentary teeth next to the main row on

the upper pharyngeals. Also, discovery in the Red Sea

of a new species with five median predorsal scales and

two rows of scales on the cheek, similar to X. perrico,

with a rudimentary row of teeth next to the main row

on the upper pharyngeals, indicates a relationship to

genus Scarus. This new arrangement, however, is open

to question since X. perrico has 9-13 + 21-28 gill rakers

and S. fehlmanni, new species, has 25 + 33 gill rakers

on the first arch.

RANGE.—Eastern Pacific Ocean and Red Sea.

Scarus perrico Jordan and Gilbert

Scarus perrico Jordan and Gilbert, 1881, p. 357.

Scarops perrico.—Schultz, 1958, p. 23, fig. 3, pi. 2A,B.—

Briggs, 1964, p. 708.—Hobson, 1965, p. 295 [behavior].

See Schultz (1958, p. 23) for other synonyms.
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Characterized by having 5 median predorsal scales,

2 rows of scales on cheek; pectoral rays ii,12, rarely

ii,13; lips not quite covering green teeth (white in

juveniles); coloration plain dark olive green, young

with 2 or 3 brown crossbars on underside of head, and

sides of young indistinctly barred. Median fins dark

blue-green, paired fins green; blue lines scattered

around and radiating from eye; snout with hump in

adults; caudal fin rounded in young becoming truncate,

then with pointed lobes in largest adults.

RANGE.—Eastern Pacific Ocean.

Scarus fehlmanni, new species

FIGURE 2

Holotype, USNM 202419, from the Red Sea, Strait

of Jubal, 27°16'40" N, 33°46'50" E, collected by

H. A. Fehlmann and Hussein K. Badawi, IIOE Sta.

HA-34, 5 January 1965, 0-15 ft; standard length 248

mm, total length 295 mm, immature male.

FIGURE 2.—Diagramatic sketch, by author, of Scarus fehlmanni, new species, based on holotype, USNM 202419,

and a paratype, USNM 202415.

Paratypes collected by IIOE, Red Sea: USNM

202415, Sta. HA-29, 1 January 1965, 27°16'46" N,

33°46'25" E, 8 ft, 1 spec, 173 mm; USNM 202417,

Sta. HA-35, 6 January 1965, 27°16'15" N, 33°47'30"

E, 0-10 ft, 1 spec, 97 mm; USNM 202418, Sta.

HA-38, 10 January 1965, 27°18'5O" N, 33°47'35" E,

0-15 ft, 1 spec, 96.5 mm; USNM 202416, Sta. HA-34,

5 January 1965, 27°16'40" N, 33°46'50" E, 0-15 ft,

2 spec 99-104 mm.

The following counts made on the holotype and 5

paratypes were constant: dorsal rays IX,10; anal, III,

9; pectoral ii,13 on both sides; pelvic 1,5; branched

caudal 6 + 5; pores in lateral line 18 + 5; median

predorsal scales 6, scales in 2 rows on check.

The scales on the cheek varied from 5 to 6 in both

rows. No specimen had a scale that formed a third

row of cheek scales. The holotype has 25 + 33 = 58 gill

rakers on the first arch.

Upper pharyngeals with one main row of teeth and

a rudimentary outer row beside the main row. Lips not

quite covering white teeth. Gill membranes attached

far forward with a free fold across isthmus. Interorbital

area strongly convex.

Measurements made on the holotype and five paratypes are recorded in thousandths of the standard

length (Table 12).

Color in alcohol: Head and body light brown, straw

colored ventrally, including caudal peduncle; side of

body with 3 dusky vertical bars, 1st below bases of

dorsal spines 4 to 8, 2nd below bases of soft dorsal

rays 1 to 3, and 3rd below soft dorsal rays 6 to 8.

Dorsal edge of pectoral dark and outer edges of pelvic

fins dusky. Distal edges of dorsal and anal fins with a

dark band. Possibly a narrow band along base on anal.

Edge of lower lip pale, behind which appears a dusky

crossbar. Dorsal part of head dusky with a trace of

dark band extending from snout to just below eye.

Coloration has faded in preservation so much that no

additional color pattern can be detected.

This new species of parrotfish combines 6 predorsal

scales with only 2 rows of scales on the cheek. All

species in the subgenus Callyodon have 5 to 8 predorsal

scales and 3 or 4 rows on the cheek. It differs from S.

perrico in having 25 + 44 gill rakers instead of 9 to

13 + 21 to 28, and ii,13 pectoral rays instead of ii,12

as in S. perrico.

The species is named in honor of my colleague, Dr.

H. Adair Fehlmann, of the Smithsonian Institution,

who made a special effort to collect parrotfishes in

the Red Sea for my studies. I gratefully acknowledge

his full cooperation.

RANGE.—Red Sea.

Subgenus Callyodon Scopoli

Callyodon [on Gronow] Scopoli, 1777, p. 449.

Calliodon.—Walbaum, 1792, p. 649.

Hemistoma Swainson, 1839, p. 226.—Schultz, 1958, p. 74.

Erychthys Swainson, 1839, p. 226.

Loro Jordan and Evermann, 1896 [1895], p. 418.

Characterized by having 5 to 8 median predorsal scales

and 3 or 4 rows of scales on cheek.

RANGE.—Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.

Scarus dimidiatus Bleeker

PLATE 5A

Scarus dimidiatus Bleeker, 1859, p. 17.—Schultz, 1958, p. 74,

pi. 14A, B.
NUMBER 17 25

TABLE 12.—Measurements made on Scarus (Xenoscarops) fehlmanni, new species (in thousandths of the standard length)

Standard length

Length of head

Greatest depth

Snout length

Eye diameter

Preorbital width

Least fleshy interorbital width

Postorbital length head

Least depth caudal peduncle

Length caudal peduncle

Longest fin rays

Spine of dorsal

Soft dorsal

Spine of anal

Soft anal

Pectoral

Pelvic

Caudal

Length shortest caudal ray

Holotype

202419

248

344

362

147

58

78

113

164

128

141

145

121

115

117

214

182

238

185

USNM

202415

173

370

358

144

61

75

107

166

139

165

142

130

116

113

211

162

234

222

USNM

202416

104

340

355

128

71

63

108

163

134

153

125

123

109

102

214

192

241

232

Paratypes

USNM

202416

99

354

352

131

73

67

104

170

136

127

134

136

105

115

222

195

252

252

USNM

202417

97

361

356

134

72

65

113

168

141

139

149

124

115

115

215

186

241

—

USNM

202418

96.5

352

361

125

71

66

107

170

145

145

150

142

108

118

212

178

223

218

Characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal

scales; 3 rows of scales on cheek, with 2 to 4 scales

in ventral row; ii,12 pectoral rays, and lips not covering white teeth. Coloration consists of a conspicious

arch-shaped light (green when alive) band from below

corner of mouth to just under orbit, thence toward

pectoral fin base; this band is bordered above behind

eye by a broad dark brown band that curves downward to upper pectoral base; anterior half of body

pale, posteriorly abruptly darker, beginning below,

dorsal spines VI or VII; middorsal part of snout in

front of eyes with a large squarish dark blotch; upper lip with a broad pale band; distal four-fifths of

anal fins green when alive and basal one-fourth red;

distal edge of dorsal fin dark, then submarginally a

pale streak, the basal three-fourths darker.

Synonymy unchanged from Schultz (1958, p. 74).

Specimens: USNM 202518, Te Vega Expedition,

Sta. 216, Darval Bay, Borneo, 2 February 1965, 3

spec., 116-137 mm.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean.

Scarus globiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes

Scarus globiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 242.—

Schultz, 1958, p. 75, pi. 14c; I960, p. 247.—Kamohara,

1963, p. 13 [Japan].—Woodland and Slack-Smith, 1963,

p. 45 [Heron Island].

Pseudoscarus spilonotus Kner, 1868, p. 352, pi. 9: fig. 26.—

Ladiges, 1958, p. 169 [location of type].

Scarus pronus Fowler, 1899, p. 490, pi. 18: lower fig. 3.

Callyodon globiceps.—Smith, 1956, p. 14, pi. 44L; 1959, p.

279, pi. 44L.—Marshall, 1965, p. 323.

Characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal

scales, 3 rows on cheek with 2 or 3 scales in ventral

row; ii,12 pectoral rays; lips almost covering white

teeth, green in large adults; coloration of body of adults

generally bluish green, center of scales green on posteroventral sides of body, anterodorsally scales with few

to several small green spots; lower half of head below

eye green; pale streak from middle of snout to eye

separates green streak above from the green snout

below pale streak; base of pectoral purplish black;

black ocellate spot near bases of dorsal spines III or

IV, in the drab color phase may be absent in large

adults; outer third of anal fin dusky (green when

alive), center pale (red when alive) and base with

dusky (green) spots between rays, dorsal fin of similar

coloration.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean and

Indian Ocean.
26

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Scarus chlorodon Jenyns

PLATE 5B

Scarus chlorodon Jenyns, 1842, p. 105, pi. 21.—Schultz,

1958, p. 86, fig. 15, pi. 17B, c; 1960, p. 249.—Kamohara

and Yamakawa, 1967, p. 14 [Ishigakijima].

Callyodon chlorodon.—Mumo, 1967, p. 439, fig. 835 [New

Guinea].

Scarus singaporensis Bleeker, 1852, p. 69.

Pseudoscarus singaporensis.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 31, pi. 13: fig.

1.

Callyodon singaporensis.—Smith, 1956, p. 12; 1959, pp. 272,

279.

Scarus xanthopleura Bleeker, 1853, p. 499.

Pseudoscarus xanthopleura.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 24, pi. 7: fig.

1.

Pseudoscarus altipinnis Steindachner, 1879, p. 18.—Giinther,

1909, p. 326, pi. 160.

Callyodon waitei Seale, 1906, p. 60, fig. 15.

Pseudoscarus godeffroyi Gunther, 1909, p. 326, pi. 159.

Pseudoscarus brevifilis Gunther, 1909, p. 327, pi. 161.

Scarus brevifilis.—Schultz, 1958, p. 76, pi. 13B-D; 1960, p.

248.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 14.

Callyodon improvisus Smith, 1956, p. 12, pi. 41E; 1959, pp.

272, 279, pi. 41E.

Callyodon aeruginosus [not Cuvier and Valenciennes; in part

C. pindae].—Smith, 1959, p. 279.

Callyodon pindae Smith, 1956, p. 11, pi. 45i; 1959, p. 272.

Callyodon ovifrons [not Temminck and Schlegel].—Masuda

and Tanaka, 1962, p. 91, figs. 40, 41 [young from Japan].

Characterized by having 5 to 7 medium predorsal

scales, 3 rows of scales on cheek, with 1 to 3 scales in

ventral row; ii, 13 pectoral rays; lips not covering green

teeth. Large adults with a characteristically elongate

dorsal fin ray near middle of length of that fin. Coloration of immature brownish violet or greenish violet;

numerous scales with a white spot, a few white spots

as large as pupil; some white on pectoral base; greenish spots may occur on head; lips dark red; distal edge

of dorsal and anal fins violet or brownish violet.

Coloration of large adult males dark greenish with

lighter green spots on scales, mostly posteriorly; head

marked with orange bars, brightest around mouth;

eye orange; dorsal and anal fins edged with dark green

or blue, then yellowish submarginally, green elongate

blotches near rays; central area of anal fin orange

basally green; caudal fin green, except that distal margin orange, basally there is mixture of orange and

brownish-green blotches.

Lower part of head behind mouth with characteristically V-shaped or double V-shaped green blotches,

sometimes joined so as to cover most of underside of

head.

Schultz (1958, p. 96) placed Callyodon pindae

Smith as a synonym of S. aeruginosus Cuvier and

Valenciennes; however, a restudy indicates it is the

juvenile of S. singaporensis Bleeker. The young of

S. aeruginosus do not have a white caudal peduncle

or a white caudal fin.

A study of recently collected specimens from the

Indian Ocean indicates that the white spots on the

side of the body of this species are variable in number

and position, making it quite impossible to distinguish

two distinct color patterns; the specimens have the

same general number of scales and pectoral fin rays.

Therefore, it is probable that S. brevifilis is the central

Pacific population of S. singaporensis. This problem

needs a field study made on freshly caught specimens.

Until this is done, the two species tentatively are considered as one.

Dr. Randall has suggested that S. chlorodon Jenyns

is the large adult male, an opinion with which I concur.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean and

Indian Ocean.

Scarus rubrofasciatus (Smith)

Callyodon rubrofasciatus Smith, 1955, p. 934; 1956, p. 10,

pl.43i;1959,p. 279, pi. 43i.

Scarus rubrofasciatus.—Schultz, 1958, p. 79, pi. 14E.

Pseudoscarus caudofasciatus [not Gunther, 1862].—Gunther,

1909, pi. 153A.

Characterized by having 6 or 7 predorsal scales, 3 series

of scales on cheek, 2 to 4 scales in lower row, and ii, 13

pectoral rays; lips not covering white teeth. Anterior

half of body dark, with 3 vertical dark bars posteriorly;

Smith's Plate 43i shows the dark areas as brown and

light areas red.

The IIOE collected 4 specimens, USNM 202667

(Sta. 34A, near Nossi-Be, Madagascar, 13°24'23"S,

and 48°12'12"E, 16 January 1964). They vary in

standard length from 155 to 245 mm, and are characterized by 6 or 7 predorsal scales, 3 rows of scales on

cheek with 1 or 2 scales in ventral row, and ii,13 pectoral rays. Coloration in life was a plain reddish brown,

distal margins of dorsal and anal fins are edged with

a light brown (in alcohol), and at base of each of these

fins is a narrow dark streak. In all four specimens, the

scale just posterior to lower edge of pectoral base is

blackish and another scale in same position at upper

edge of pectoral fin base is dusky in alcohol. Caudal

lobes are slightly produced except in smallest

specimens.
NUMBER 17 27

Their identification is tentative depending on a

study of a large series of specimens in the field.

RANGE.—Western Indian Ocean.

Scar us caudofasciatus (Giinther)

PLATE 5C

Pseudoscarus caudofasciatus Giinther, 1862, p. 238.—Playfair

and Giinther, 1866, p. 108.

Callyodon caudofasciatus.—Smith, 1956, p. 10; 1959, pp.

271, 279.

Scarus atropectoralis Schultz, 1958, p. 79, pi. 15A.

Characterized by having 6 median predorsal scales, 3

rows of scales on cheek, with 2 scales in ventral row,

ii,13 pectoral fin rays, lips not covering white teeth;

pectoral fin base black, general coloration reddish

brown, overlaid with 5 dusky vertical bars on side of

body extending to midventral line of body; distal edges

of median fins same coloration as rest of fin.

Dr. H. Steinitz sent one specimen, 149 mm in standard length, from the Red Sea, which has helped to confirm the opinion of Smith (1958, p. 271) that S.

atropectoralis Schultz is a synonym of this species.

Other specimens: IIOE Sta. RS-40, FT-19, 8

December 1964, Amirantes, 1 spec, 121 mm; IIOE

Sta. RS-41, KA39, 8 December 1964, Amirantes, 2

spec, 101-139 mm; IIOE Sta. JR-75, 17 February

1964, Madagascar 1 spec, 69 mm.

The above-listed specimens, ranging from 69 to 139

mm in standard length, do not show the vertical dark

bars but appear to belong to this species. The base of

the pectoral is blackish and the edges of the scales on

the side of the body are brown, giving a netlike appearance much like the 149-mm specimen from the Red

Sea.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean, western Indian

Ocean, and Red Sea.

Scarus lepidus Jenyns

PLATE 5D, E

Scarus lepidus Jenyns, 1842, p. 108.—Schultz, 1958, p. 81,

pis. 3c, 15B, C.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 13, pi. 4: fig. 3

[Japan].

Callyodon lepidus. —Smith, 1959, p. 279, pi. 41 j .

Callyodon forsteni.—Kamohara, 1960, p. 26.

See Schultz (1958, p. 81) for other synonyms.

Characterized by 5 to 7 median predorsal scales, 3

rows of scales on cheek with 2 to 6 (usually 3 or 4)

scales in 3rd or ventral row; pectoral rays ii,12, very

350-270 O—69 3

rarely ii,13; lips not covering pink or white teeth.

Color in alcohol: body brownish or blackish above

level of lower edge of pectoral base, lower part of

head and lower side pale; pectoral base dark brown.

When alive, a brilliant blue area extending posteriorly

from gill opening lengthwise along body, ending just

beyond tip of depressed pectoral fin; throat, chin, and

upper and lower lips pink; dorsal and caudal fins

orange; anal pink.

I have examined from the Te Vega expeditions recently collected specimens as follows: USNM 202737,

Guam, Tumon Bay, 2 spec. 85-136 mm; Solomons, 4

spec, 131-180 mm; Moorea, 3 spec, 43-135 mm;

Tuomotu, 12 spec, 34-83 mm; USNM 202692,

Papeete Market, 1 spec, 275 mm.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean, and

Indian Ocean.

Scarus fasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes

PLATE 6A

Scarus fasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes 1839, p. 222.—

Schultz, 1958, p. 82, pi. 15D.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 14,

pi. 4: fig. 4 [Japan].—Woodland and Slack-Smith, 1963,

p. 45 [Heron Island].—Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1967,

p. 14 [Ishigakijima].

Callyodon fasciatus.—Marshall, 1965, p. 322.—Munro, 1967,

p. 440, fig. 840 [New Guinea].

Scarus rivulatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 223.—

Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 297 [holotype no. 1738 in

Paris Musuem].

Characterized by having 6 or 7 median predorsal scales,

3 rows of scales on cheek, with 2 or 3 scales in ventral

row; ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips nearly covering white

teeth; base of pectoral fin dusky; anal with blue or

green edges, basal three-fourths of anal reddish brown;

middle of dorsal fin with green spots, the edge blue or

green, then submarginally orange, then basally reddish brown, base narrowly green; head reticulated with

narrow red and green streaks, those on lower jaws

bluish; edges of pectoral and pelvics blue, then a red

streak on pelvics, remainder of fin greenish; caudal

fin may have large spots.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean.

Scarus frenatus Lacepede

PLATE 6B

Scarus frenatus Lacepede, 1802, pp. 3, 12, pi. 1: fig. 1.—

Schultz, 1958, p. 83, fig. 13.—Randall, 1963, p. 226, pi.

ID, E.
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Callyodon frenatus.—Smith, 1959, pp. 271, 279, pi. 41c—

Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 187 [Nossi-Bi].

Scarus sexvittatus Ruppell, 1835, p. 26.—Randall, 1963, pi.

ID, E.

Callyodon sexvittatus.—Smith, 1959, pp. 270, 279, fig. 2,

pi. 41 H, i.

Callyodon vermiculatus Fowler and Bean, 1928, p. 472, pi. 49

[holotype USNM 89978].—Smith, 1956, p. 11, pi. 41c.

Scarus vermiculatus.—Schultz, 1958, p. 82, pi. 16A.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 14, pi. 5: fig. 1 [Japan].—Woodland and

Slack-Smith, 1963, p. 46 [Heron Island].

Callyodon upolensis [not Jordan and Seale] Smith, 1956, p.

ll.pl. 41H, i.

Scarus rand alii Schultz, 1958, p. 97, fig. 20, pis. 19c, 27A.

Characterized by having 6 or 7 median predorsal scales,

3 rows on cheek with 2 or 3 scales in ventral row, ii,

12 pectoral rays, rarely ii,13; lips not covering teeth,

white in young and females, green in adult males.

Color pattern of adult males and females strikingly different: juveniles and adult females reddish brown, 5

dark lengthwise streaks alternating with light yellowish brown interspaces; all fins red; caudal peduncle

and basal portion of caudal fin abruptly light yellowish

or whitish. Mature males bright green, spotted with

orange dorsally above lower edge of eye, below which

head is green (pale in alcohol) with red markings;

scales with vermiculations on lower sides. Caudal peduncle and caudal fin bright green (pale in alcohol),

with an orange new-moon-shaped mark occupying

basal part of that fin; anal and dorsal orange margined

with blue; edges of both lips narrowly red then submarginally green.

Smith (1959, pp. 270,279, fig. 2, pi. 41 H, I) has correctly referred S. randalli Schultz to the synonymy of

this species and Randall (1963, p. 226) has shown that

S. frenatus Lacepede is the adult male and S. sexvittatus is the female and immature stages.

Through an oversight, Pseudoscarus frenatus (not

Lacepede) Bleeker, 1862 (p. 40, pi. 16: fig. 2), was not

removed by Schultz (1958, p. 83) from the synonymy

of S. frenatus Lacepede to that of S. flavipectoralis

Schultz, 1958 (p. 52), where it belongs.

Callyodon pectoralis [not Cuvier and Valenciennes]

Smith, 1956 (p. 15, pi. 42j), has been found to be

an illustration of S. cyanognatus Bleeker, to which it

is assigned in this paper.

I have studied recently collected specimens as follows: Dr. Steinitz loaned one 290-mm specimen from

the Red Sea; two 96- and 210-mm specimens were collected by the IIOE in the Aldabra Islands; USNM

202666 was collected by the IIOE at the Comoro Islands; one specimen from Sta. HA67-5, Diego Garcia

Atoll, 13 June 1967, is 290 mm in length. Dr. Randall

collected three, 255-295 mm, at Papeete, USNM

202693 and 202694.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian

Ocean, and Red Sea.

Scarus janthochir Bleeker

PLATE 6C

Scarus janthochir Bleeker, 1853, p. 139.—Schultz, 1958, p.

83, pi. 16B.

Pseudoscarcus janthochir.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 30, pi. 5.

Callyodon janthochir.—Smith, 1956, p. 14; 1959, p. 279.

Pseudoscarus falcipinnis Playfair, 1867, p. 865, fig. 3.

Callyodon falcipinnis.—Smith, 1956, p. 12, pi. 44i [Xanothon falcipinnis on pi. 44]; 1959, p. 279, pi. 44i.

Characterized by having 6 median predorsal scales, 3

rows of scales on cheek with 1 or 2 scales in ventral

row, pectoral fin rays ii, 13, and green teeth. Coloration

green or blue-green, with dorsal half of head reddish or

light brownish, contrasting sharply with bright green

side of head below a line from middle of snout past

lower edge of eye toward pectoral base; upper and

lower lips set off by a wide red band (nearly equal to

eye diameter) that may continue to eye; wide green

band extending forward from eye across middle of

snout, above which head is reddish brown. Edges of

dorsal and anal fins blue, centers of these fins yellowish

brown to reddish with green blotches on interradial

membranes; pectoral fin dark blue. Center of anal fin

crossed with red stripe; middle rays of caudal fin

green, lobes with red streak, and edges blue.

Smith (1956, p. 12; 1959, p. 279) recognized S.

falcipinnis as a valid species. A study of additional

specimens indicates that S. falcipinnis should be removed from the synonymy of S. globiceps where

Schultz (1958, p. 75) placed it; however, there are

ii,12 pectoral rays in globiceps and ii, 13 in falcipinnis.

The type of S. falcipinnis (Playfair) in the British

Museum (no. 820) is 350 mm in standard length and

has predorsal scales 6; cheek scales dorsal row 5 and

6; middle row 7 and 6, and ventral row 1 and 1; pectoral rays ii, 13—ii, 13; green teeth; base of pectoral

brown; anal fin with a single pale streak through

middle of fin; no ocellate spot in spiny dorsal fin. These

characters are the same as found in S. janthochir, to

which falcipinnis is referred as a synonym.

Recently the following specimens were collected on

the Te Vega Cruise 6: USNM 202669, Sta. 216, 2
NUMBER 17 29

February 1965, Borneo, 2 spec., 116-180 mm; Sta.

TV-247, 11 March 1965, Tautsina Island, Bougainville, Solomon Islands, 2 spec, 133-183 mm. Specimens 116-183 mm in standard length are plain dark

chocolate brown, including all fins; teeth green; no

color marks in any fins.

One specimen was collected by the Anton Bruun,

16 October 1964, Sta. 408F, Chesterfield Island,

16°21' S, 43°59' E.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.

Scarus ghobban Forskal

PLATE 6D

Scarus ghobban Forskal, 1775, p. 28.—Schultz, 1958, p. 84,

pi. 16c, D; 1960, p. 248.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 15 [Japan].—

Woodland and Slack-Smith, 1963, p. 45 [Heron Island].

Callyodon ghobban.—Smith, 1959, p. 279, pi. 43H.—Kamohara, 1960, p. 26.—Munro, 1967, p. 439, fig. 836 [New

Guinea].

Pseudoscarus ghobban.—Gohar and Latif, 1961, pp. 97-126,

figs. 1-10 [Red Sea; anatomy of alimentary tract]; 1961, pp.

127-146.

Scarus guttatus Bloch and Schneider, 1801, p. 294.—Schultz,

1958, p. 85, fig. 14, pi. 17A.

Callyodon guttatus.—Smith, 1949, p. 296, pi. 62: fig. 824.—

Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 186, fig. 30 [Mozambique Channel].

Scarus maculosus Lacepede, 1802, pp. 5, 21, pi. 1: fig. 3.—

Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 295 [holotype no. 2478 in

Paris Museum].

Scarus psittacus [not Forskal] Riippell, 1828, pi. 20: fig. 1.

Scarus pepo Bennett, 1834, p. 28, fig. 28.

Scarus dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 252.—

Schultz, 1958, p. 100, pi. 20B.

Scarus scabriculus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 271.

Scarus her tit Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 215.

Scarus reticulata Swainson, 1839, p. 226.

Scarus haridoides Bleeker, 1853, p. 344.

Scarus pyrrostethus Richardson, 1846 [1845], p. 262.

Pseudoscarus cantori Bleeker, 1862, p. 43, pi. 9: fig. 2.

Pseudoscarus californiensis Pellegrin, 1901, p. 163.

Scarus noyesi Heller and Snodgrass, 1903, p. 206, pi. 9.—

Schultz, 1958, p. 91, fig. 18.

Pseudoscarus natalensis Gilchrist and Thompson, 1909, p.

259.

Pseudoscarus rostratus [not Poey, not Seale] Gunther, 1909,

p. 315, pi. 154.

Scarus garretti Gunther, 1909, p. 306, pi. 153c.

Scarus pyrrostethus australianus Paradice, 1927, p. 103.

Scarus azureus Meek and Hildebrand, 1928, p. 742, pi. 72:

fig. 1.—Schultz, 1958, p. 89, fig. 16.

Callyodon apridentatus Smith, 1956, pp. 10, 14, 19, pi. 44F;

1959, pp. 270, 278, 279, pi. 44F [large male of S. ghobban].

Callyodon pyrrhostethus.—Marshall, 1965, p. 323.

Characterized by 5 or 6 median predorsal scales, 3

rows of scales on cheek, with 1 to 3 scales in ventral

row, ii,13 pectoral rays, rarely ii,12; lips not quite

covering white teeth; background coloration light orange to yellowish, centers of scales marked with bright

blue spots that are arranged to form 5 vertical bars

separated by 1 to 3 yellow-orange or pale interspaces;

vertical blue bars not always present. Dorsal and anal

fins edged with narrow blue band and center of fins

orange; anal with basal blue streak; blue streak from

corner of mouth past lower edge of eye; edge of upper

lip orange, that of lower lip green.

Schultz (1958) recognized two species of parrotfishes that are closely related, S. ghobban and S. dussumieri. There is full agreement between Smith (1959)

and Schultz (1958) on the identity of ghobban. The

latter recognized S. dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes as distinct, and since the types of S. dussumieri

have ii,13, rarely ii,12 pectoral fin rays, I agree with

Smith (1959) that S. dussumieri is a synonym of ghobban, whereas S. dussumieri [not Cuvier and Valenciennes] Schultz, 1958 (p. 100, pi. 20A) is actually S.

mus (Smith).

USNM 202642, a specimen 270 mm in standard

length from the Mombasa fish market, Kenya (IIOE,

Sta. FT-2,15 November 1964), appears to be an example of Scarus apridentatus Smith, 1956 (also 1958, pi.

42 F) . Since this specimen is a male and is very close

to S. ghobban in all respects except the vertical blue

bars, I agree that S. apridentatus is the adult male of

S. ghobban as suggested by Smith (1959). Schultz

(1958, p. 51) referred S. apridentatus to the synonymy

of S. hand because Smith's illustration appeared to

have only 4 median predorsal scales.

A recent examination of Plate 154 {Pseudoscarus

rostratus Gunther, 1909, p. 315) indicates 5 or 6 median predorsal scales, which removes this species from

the synonomy of S. lunula, where Schultz (1958, p. 54)

placed it. The color pattern suggests it is S. ghobban.

Since no specimen of S. guttatus Bloch and Schneider has been collected to establish the validity of this

species, I tentatively follow Smith (1956) and refer

it to S. ghobban as a synonym.

The following specimens were recently collected by

the Anton Brunn (IIOE): From Mombasa Market,

Kenya: Sta. FT-2, 16 November 1964, 2 spec., 235-

270 mm; USNM 202665 and 202689, Sta. FT-2, 16

November 1964,2 spec., 235-420 mm. From Amirantes

Island: USNM 202662, Sta. RS-41, KA-39, 8 December 1964, 1 spec, 205 mm; Sta. HA-19, 8 December

1964, 1 spec, 71 mm; USNM 202664, Sta. HA-16,
30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

3 December 1964, Aldabra Island, 14 spec, 35-177

mm; Sta. FT-11, 30 Novembeer 1964, Dar-es-Salaam

Market, 1 spec, 49 mm. Uncataloged from Diego

Garcia Atoll; Sta. HA-67-16, 22 June 1967, 1 spec,

167 mm; Sta. HA-67-17, 23 June 1967, 1 spec. 290

mm.

The Te Vega collected the following: Sta. 21, at

Tutuila Island, 19 August 1963, 2 spec, 75 and 86

mm; Sta. 57, at Halmahera, off Teluk Kau village,

26 September 1963, 1 spec. 159 mm.

RANGE.—Eastern, central and western Pacific Ocean,

Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.

Scarus marshalli Schultz

Scarus marshalli Schultz 1958, p. 88, fig. 24.

Callyodon marshalli.—Smith, 1959, p. 280, fig. 10.

The following counts were made on specimens from

IIOE (Sta. HA-36, 7 January 1969, Red Sea, 27°

17'23" N, 33°48/ 52" E, 6 spec, 173-323 mm standard

length) : predorsal scales 6 in each specimen, pectoral

rays ii,13 in 12 counts and ii,14 in one. Cheek scales:

dorsal row, 5 in 1, 6 in 11 counts; middle row, 5 in

4 counts, and 6 in 8 counts; ventral row, 1 scale in 2

counts, 2 in 5, 3 in 4 and 4 in 1 count; lips not covering

the green teeth.

Dr. Steinitz loaned a 370-mm specimen from the

Red Sea, which has 3 indistinct broad vertical bars

and the posterior part of the body with lengthwise

dark streaks on each scale row.

Six specimens from the Red Sea confirm the validity

of this species: USNM 202663 and 202668 (collected by IIOE, Sta. HA36, 7 January 1965). The

color pattern shows 3 vertical bars on side below

dorsal fin instead of one as illustrated by Schultz (1958,

fig. 24). Two Kodachrome slides show caudal peduncle

and caudal fin to be yellow, anal fins orange, soft dorsal

fin yellow on one and green for the other. There is no

yellow bar at base of pectoral fin.

RANGE.—Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea.

Scarus compressus (Osburn and Nichols)

Callyodon compressus Osburn and Nichols, 1916, p. 171,

fig. 13).

Scarus californiensis [not Pellegrin] Schultz, 1958, p. 91,

fig. 18.—Hobson, 1965, p. 294 [behavior].

Characterized by having 6 median predorsal scales, 3

rows of scales on the cheek, usually 1 scale in 3rd row

(rarely 2 or 0 on one side); ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips

usually not covering green teeth of adults; caudal fin

truncate; body 2.0 to 2.4 times in length.

Coloration (by permission from Rosenblatt and

Hobson, in ms.) bright green or blue, centers of scales

green, margins orange, caudal peduncle becoming

plain green; head pink, with green streaks radiating

from eye; band from eye to mouth, thence across

snout; bar across chin; distal margin of pectoral pale;

dorsal with base and distal edge blue, center orange;

anal blue or green, with pink streaks along interadial

membranes.

RANGE.—Eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

Scarus scaber Cuvier and Valenciennes

Scarus scaber [in part] Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 239

[lectotype selected by Schultz (1958, p. 92) at Paris Museum, Catalog no. 588; the other specimen, Catalog no.

1733, is S. taeniurus Cuvier and Valenciennes].—Schultz,

1958, p. 92, pis. 3c, 18A.

Callyodon mutabilis Gray, 1854, p. 86.—Marshall, 1965,

p. 322.

Pseudoscarus flavomaculatus Bliss, 1883, p. 57.

Callyodon zonularis Jordan and Seale, 1906, p. 321, fig. 60.

Pseudoscarus caudofasciatus var. zonularis.—Gunther, 1909,

p. 312, pi. 153B [not pi. 153A, which is S. rubrofasciatus].

Callyodon fuscocuneus Fowler, 1935, p. 158, fig. 28.

Callyodon scaber.—Smith, 1956, p. 10, pi. 41o; 1959, p. 279,

pi. 41o.

Characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal scales,

3 rows of scales on cheek, with 2 or 3 scales in ventral

row, ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips covering white teeth.

Coloration consists of 4 or 5 dark bars, mostly on

upper sides, separated by pale (yellowish when alive)

interspaces; no black spot at dorsal edge of pectoral

base; median fins pink; pelvics pink; pectoral with

upper half pink.

Schultz incorrectly included Pseudoscarus caudofasciatus Gunther, 1862 (p. 238), Playfair and Gunther, 1866 (p. 108), and Callyodon caudofasciatus

Smith, 1956 (p. 10), as a synonym of S. Scaber.

Scarus caudofasciatus is a valid species.

I have examined 19 specimens, 20 to 162 mm,

USNM 202377, 202379, and 202385, recently collected

by the Te Vega Expedition in the Solomon Islands

and Indonesia.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean and

Indian Ocean.
NUMBER 1 7 31

Scarus oviceps Cuvier and Valenciennes

Scarus oviceps Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 244.—

Schultz, 1958, p. 93, pi. 18B.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 17,

pi. 5: fig. 3 [Japan].—Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1967,

p. 14 [Isigakijima].

Callyodon oviceps.—Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 185 [Nosy

Iranja].—Munro, 1967, p. 439, fig. 837 [New Guinea].

Scarus pectoralis Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 269.—

Schultz, 1958, p. 99, fig. 25, pi. 19D.—Kamohara, 1963,

p. 9, pi. 6: fig. 2 [Japan].—Kamohara and Yamakawa,

1967, p. 14 [Isigakijima].

Pseudoscarus pectoralis.—Giinther, 1909, p. 324, pi. 158.

Pseudoscarus zonatus Macleay, 1883, p. 591.

Pseudoscarus knerii Steindachner, 1887, 96, p. 64, pi. 4:

fig. 1.

Callyodon lazulinus Jordan and Seale, 1906, p. 333, fig. 65.—

Smith, 1956, 13, pi. 42K.

Callyodon elerae Jordan and Seale, 1907, p. 31, fig. 11.

Callyodon cyanognathus.—Smith, 1959, p. 271, pi. 42K.

Characterized by having 6 or 7 median predorsal scales,

3 rows of scales on cheek with 3 or 4 scales in ventral

row; ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips nearly covering white

teeth, blue in adult males. Color pattern of probable

females: head dark dorsally, abruptly pale below a

line from snout past lower edge of orbit to above dorsal edge of pectoral fin base near angle of opercle;

dark back broken by 2, rarely 3, light yellowish bars

that slant ventrally as they extend anteriorly.

Male: A blue streak extends from middle of snout

past lower edge of eye to rear of opercle, separating

the dark dorso-anterior coloration from the yellowish

color below blue streak; body abruptly pale behind

dorsal spines VII or VIII; anal fin broadly blue distally, pink basally, dorsal fin with similar color pattern;

teeth blue. No yellowish bars along back.

Randall (1963, p. 226) has suggested that Scarus

pectoralis Cuvier and Valenciennes is the adult male

of Scarus oviceps Cuvier and Valenciennes. This suggestion by Dr. Randall, although probably correct,

needs further confirmation in the field.

Schultz confused Scarus cyanognathus Bleeker,

1849, with this species; Smith (1959, p. 271) thinks

S. cyanognathus is a valid species. The anal fin of

"pectoralis" has a very wide color band distally, and

a narrower one basally, whereas S. cyanognathos as illustrated by Bleeker has 3 bands.

I have studied the following specimens recently collected by John Randall: USNM 202390, Papeete Market, Tahiti, 21 April 1963, 4 spec, 195-230 mm;

USNM 202378, Matiti Island, Takahou Atoll, Tuomotu Islands, 15 April 1957, 3 spec. 205-225 mm.

Other specimens: Te Vega Expedition: USNM

202380, Cruise 6, Sta. 216, 2 February 1965, Borneo,

1 spec., 178 mm; USNM 202384 and 202387, Cruise

7, Sta. 259, 16 April 1965, Pen Bay, Vanikoro Island,

4 spec, 87-205 mm; USNM 202389, Sta. 104, 30 November 1963, Mentawei Island, Indonesia, 4 spec,

124-166 mm.

The IIOE collected one specimen at Diego Garcia

Atoll, Sta. HA-67-7,15 June 1967, 200 mm.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean, the

Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea.

Scarus niger Forskal

PLATE 6E

Scarus niger Forskal, 1775, pp. x, 28.—Schultz, 1958, p. 93,

fig. 19, pis. 18c, 27B.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 19.

Callyodon niger.—Smith, 1959, p. 279, pi. 43c, o.—Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 184, fig. 129 [Comoro Islands].—Munro,

1967, p. 439, fig. 838 [New Guinea].

Scarus nuchipunctatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p.

271.—Bauchot and Guibe, 1961, p. 259 [holotype no. 2470

in Paris Museum].

Scarus limbatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 271.—

Bauchot and Guibe, 1961, p. 259 [holotype no. 2472 in

Paris Museum].

Characterized by having 6 to 8 median predorsal scales,

3 rows of scales on cheek with 3 to 5 scales in ventral

row, ii,ll to ii,12 (rarely ii,ll), pectoral fin rays; lips

partly cover green teeth. Coloration generally dark

brown, with pale (blue when alive) distal margins in

dorsal and anal fins contrasting sharply (in alcohol)

with dark brown basal four-fifths of those fins, inner

edge of this distal pale band bordered by a dark line;

distal margin of caudal fin narrowly white (in alcohol) ; edges of both lips pale, upper one broadly so,

lower with a narrow line; a dark bar (greenish when

alive) may run from the corner of mouth to the eye,

thence beyond; pale streaks (pink when alive) may

extend forward and aft of the eye; usually a pale spot

occuring on a lateral line scale at upper edge of gill

opening; some specimens black, except pale edges of

median fins.

Dr. Steinitz kindly loaned two specimens from the

Red Sea, and the IIOE caught the following: USNM

202269, Amirantes Island, 2 spec, 260-280 mm;

202275, Red Sea, 1 spec, 245 mm. I have examined

ten other specimens, 134 to 280 mm standard length,

USNM 202271 and 202291, from off Borneo and near

Bougainville recently caught by the Te Vega Expeditions.
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Dr. V. G. Springer collected the following at One

Tree Island off Queensland: Sta. VGS 66-14, 1

December 1966, 1 spec, 133 mm; Sta. VGS 66-19,

11 December 1966, 2 spec, 145-163 mm.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian

Ocean, and Red Sea.

Scarus cyanognathus Bleeker

PLATE 7A

Scarus cyanognathos Bleeker, 1849, p. 63.

Pseudoscarus cyanognathos.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 32, pi. 11:

fig. 2.

Callyodon cyanognathos.—Smith, 1959, p. 279, pi. 42K.—

Munro, 1967, p. 441, fig. 842 [New Guinea].

Callyodon pectoralis [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].—Smith,

1956, p. 15, pi. 42j.

Callyodon urbanus Smith, 1959, p. 272, pi. 42j.

Characterized by 6 or 7 predorsal scales, 3 rows of

scales on cheek with 3 or 5 scales in ventral row, and

ii,12 pectoral rays; green or blue teeth when adult;

dorsal fin with blue edge, the broad center orange,

sometimes a green streak at middle, and base narrowly

blue; anal with color pattern same as the dorsal fin.

Blue streak from snout past lower edge of eye; upper

lip pink, lower with blue edge; middle of pectoral

fin purple, upper edge blue or green; underside of

head with two blue bars behind blue lip, separated

by yellow.

I examined Bleeker's type of S. cyanognathus in the

British Museum (Catalog no. 1862.2.28.4, standard

length 182 mm) and found 6 predorsal scales, ii,12

pectoral rays, and the upper row of cheek scales numbered 7 and 7, middle row 7 and 8, and ventral row

4 and 5, upper lip pale, with a darker streak from

snout past lower edge of eye as shown in Bleeker (1862,

pi. 11: fig. 2). Scarus cyanognathos Bleeker, 1849 (p.

63; also 1862, pi. 11: fig. 2), appears to be valid and

is not a synonym of S. pectoralis=S. oviceps as indicated by Schultz (1958, p. 100).

Randall (1963, pp. 225-237) has shown that Scarus

pectoralis Cuvier and Valenciennes is the female of

S. oviceps; and an examination of the type of

Callyodon lazulinus Jordan and Seale and that of C.

elerae Jordan and Seale has revealed that these

nominal species are junior synonyms of S. oviceps.

Callyodon lazulinus Smith, 1956 (pi. 42K) ( = C.

cyanognathus Smith, 1959, pi. 42K), is Scarus

oviceps. Callyodon urbanus Smith, 1959 (p. 272, pi.

42j), appears to be the same as S. cyanognathos

Bleeker. Smith's figure shows a yellow bar at base of

pectoral. Obviously the species involved here needs a

further investigation.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean and Indian

Ocean.

Scarus madagascariensis (Steindachner)

Pseudoscarus madagascariensis Steindachner, 1887, p. 61, pi.

2: fig. 1.

Callyodon madagascariensis.—Smith, 1956, p. 11, pi. 44J;

1959, p. 29, pi. 44j.—Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 186 [Nossi-Be].

Characterized by 7 median predorsal scales; 3 rows

of scales on cheek with 3 to 5 scales in ventral row;

pectoral rays ii,12, occasionally ii,13, green or blue

teeth; coloration dark brown (reddish brown when

alive) with numerous horizontal or lengthwise violet

brown streaks on sides; lower posterior side of head with

numerous green spots when alive; edge of upper lip

red, then a blue or green band; lower lip red, below

is a green or blue band; second green bar on chin extends to corner of mouth, thence to lower edge of eye;

dorsal and anal fins with blue-green edge.

I have examined the following recently collected

specimens: USNM 202347, IIOE, Sta. HA-36, Red

Sea, 7 January, 1965, 6 spec, 108-210 mm; USNM

202268 Te Vega, Sta. 104, Indonesia, 30 November,

1963, 1 spec, 147 mm; USNM 202272 Te Vega, Sta.

78, Thailand, 3 November, 1963, 2 spec, 143-160 mm;

USNM 202596, Rabaul, 1 spec

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and

Red Sea.

Scarus mus (Smith)

PLATE 7B

Pseudoscarus dussumieri [not Cuvier and Valenciennes]

Bleeker, 1862, pi. 8: fig. 1.

Scarus dussumieri [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].—Schultz,

1958, p. 100, pi. 20A.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 18, pi. 5: fig.

4.

Callyodon mus Smith, 1956, p. 13, pi. 41B.

Callyodon speigleri Smith, 1956, p. 14 [on Bleeker, 1862, pi8: fig. 1].

Characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal scales,

3 rows of scales on cheek with 1 to 4 (usually 1 to 3) in

ventral row, ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips not covering

white teeth. Dorsal fin distally edged with blue or green

and a blue or green base, the central four-fifths plain
NUMBER 17 33

pink; anal fin with similar coloration but the central

pink portion occupies one-half to two-thirds of anal

fin.

I agree with Smith (1959) that S. dussumieri

Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839 (p. 252), is a synonym

of S. ghobban Forskal. Smith (1956, p. 14) proposed

Callyodon speigleri as a new species based on Pseudoscarus dussumieri Bleeker [not Cuvier and Valenciennes], 1862 (pi. 8: fig. 1). Smith (1956,p. 14) describes

C. speigleri as having 5 or 6 predorsal scales; 3 rows of

scales on cheek with 1 or 2 in ventral row and ii,12

pectoral rays. I have carefully examined Bleeker's

figure, and the pectoral fin (his pi. 3: fig. 1) does have

ii,12 pectoral fin rays. This count agrees very well with

counts made by Schultz (1958, p. 100) and reported

upon as S. dussumieri; however, Smith (1959, p. 271)

after examining Bleeker's supposed "types" changed

the pectoral fin ray count to ii,13. Bleeker (1862, p.

46) gives ii.,13 in the description, but in the diagnosis

he says it has ii,12 pectoral rays. Undoubtedly Bleeker

was confused and probably was mixing two species.

Smith (1959, p. 271) reports on two of Bleeker's specimens as follows: "In Leiden are 2 specimens labelled

Pseudoscarus dussumieri Bleeker, No. 6664, of length

390 mm., 6 median scales pre D, 2 rows on cheek, 2

scales on flange, P 2, 13 .. . exactly as in Bleeker

1862, pi. 8, f 1." With ii,13 pectoral rays, however, I

seriously doubt that these are the same as Plate 8:

figure 1. Further, since Bleeker was not describing a

new species, these are not "types," only ordinary specimens. The specimen used by the artist for the illustration does not appear to have been seen by Smith.

Schultz (1958, pi. 20A) shows an illustration

(USNM 112229) of S. dussumieri [not Cuvier and

Valenciennes] that is identical in color pattern to

Bleeker (1862, pi. 8: fig. 1) and to that of Smith (1956,

pi. 41B), which represents Callyodon mus Smith. The

pectoral fin rays of this species number ii,12, and the

ventral row of scales on the cheek may vary from 1

to 4.

Smith (1956, p. 13; 1959, p. 270) described Callyodon mus as having 4 scales in the 3rd or ventral row

on the cheek. Apparently this row occasionally has 4

scales. A color drawing of USNM 157103 in the Philippine Albatross collection has 4 scales in the ventral row.

I conclude, therefore, from the material so far

studied, that Scarus mus Smith (1956, p. 13) appears

to be a valid species with the junior synonyms, Callyodon speigleri Smith, 1956 (p. 14), Pseudoscarus dussumieri [not Cuvier and Valenciennes] Bleeker, 1862,

(pi. 8: fig. 1), Scarus dussumieri [not Cuvier and

Valenciennes] Schultz, 1958 (p. 100, pi. 20A) .

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean and western Indian

Ocean.

Scarus blochi Cuvier and Valenciennes

PLATE 7C

Scarus blochi Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 219.—

Schultz, 1958, p. 95, pi. 19A.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 18,

pi. 6: fig. 1.

Callyodon blochi.—Munro, 1967, p. 440, fig. 841 [New

Guinea].

Characterized by having 6 median predorsal scales, 3

rows of scales on cheek, with 2 or 3 scales in ventral row,

ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips not covering white to yellowish teeth.

Coloration of body greenish red dorsally, brownish

red ventrally, peduncular area green; edges of dorsal

and anal fins blue, basal three-fourths of anal reddish brown, basal four-fifths of dorsal orange; outer

edges of paired fins blue, with a red stripe submarginally on pectoral fin; green or blue upper lip continues

to below eye; 2 or 3 short blue streaks behind eye, one

forward; lower lip blue; under side of head orange

with narrow, characteristically reticulated blue

streaks; outer edges of caudal blue, yellow green

posteriorly, base blue.

RANGE.—Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.

Scarus aeruginosus Cuvier and Valenciennes

PLATE 7D

Scarus aeruginosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 257.—

Schultz, 1958, p. 96, pis. 3A, 19B; 1960, p. 249, pi. 108B.—

Kamohara, 1963, p. 15 [Japan].—Bauchot and Guibe,

1960, p. 291 [holotype no. 2487 in the Paris Museum].

Pseudoscrus aeruginosus.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 40, pi. 17: fig. 2.

Callyodon aeruginosus.—Kamohara, 1959, p. 4; 1960, p.

26.—Munro, 1967, p. 440, fig. 839 [New Guinea].

Scarus prasiognathos Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p.

272.—Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 295 [holotype no. 561

in Paris Museum].

Scarus lacerta Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 217.— Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 294 [syntype nos. 578 and 1742

in Paris Museum].

Scarus dubius [not Bennett].—Weber and de Beaufort, 1940,

p. 300.
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Callyodon dubius.—Smith, 1956, p. 12, pi. 45j ; 1964, p. 297

[off Durban].

Callyodon malindiensis Smith, 1956, p. 13, pi. 45H.

Characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal

scales; 3 rows of scales on cheek, with 1 to 3 scales in

ventral row; ii,12 (occasionally ii, 13) pectoral rays;

lips almost covering white teeth; canine teeth occurring at corner of mouth on specimens 100 to 150 mm

in length and longer.

Coloration plain brown or grayish (reddish brown

when alive), usually with 3 pale streaks, 1 on each

scale row of belly; no black spot on pectoral base; fins

tinged with red when alive; edges of dorsal and anal

fins very dark; iris yellow.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian

Ocean, and Red Sea.

Scarus croicensis Bloch

Scarus croicensis Bloch, 1790, p. 27, pi. 221.—Schultz, 1958,

p. 106, pis. 21c, 27c.—Winn and Bardach, 1959, p. 296.—

Randall, 1963, pp. 228-230, fig. 1, pi. 2A, B.—Randall

and Randall, 1963, pp. 53-54.—Caldwell, 1963, p. 7

[Costa Rica].—Cervigon, 1966, p. 633, fig. 273.—Stark

and Davis, 1966, p. 338 [night habits].

Scarus alternans Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 200.—

Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 291 [syntypes nos. 2468 and

2469 in the Paris Museum].

Scarus punctulatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 195.—

Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 296 [holotype no. 2466 in

Paris Museum].

Characterized by having 6 to 8 median predorsal

scales; 3 rows of scales on cheek and usually 2 or 3

in ventral row; 5 to 7 (usually 6) scales in the dorsal

row on cheek; ii,12, rarely ii,ll or ii, 13, pectoral rays;

lips almost covering white teeth.

Females and small males characterized by having

distinct light and dark stripes on upper half of body;

caudal fin uniform whitish to light dusky without any

dark on upper and lower edges of caudal fin; upper

pale streak on body not extending to eye but ending

slightly above and behind eye.

Adult male: Snout yellowish; underside of head

pink; area over pectoral pink, with streak extending

forward on head above orbit; caudal fin with upper

and lower edges blue, center of fin with alternating

yellow and blue streaks parallel with rays; edges of

dorsal and anal fins blue, center yellow with blue markings. Bright yellow spot just above pectoral base.

RANGE.—Central and western Atlantic Ocean.

Scarus taeniopterus Desmarest

Scarus taeniopterus Desmarest in Cuvier and Valenciennes,

1839, p. 195.—Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 298 [holotype

no. 1750 in the Paris Museum].—Randall, 1963, pp. 228-

230, fig. 1, pi. 2c, D.—Cervigon, 1966, p. 635.—Stark and

Davis, 1966, p. 338 [night habits].

Characterized by having 6 to 8 median predorsal scales;

3 rows of scales on cheek and usually 2 or 3 in ventral

row; 6 to 8 scales (usually 7) in the dorsal row just

below eye; ii,12 pectoral rays; lips almost covering

white teeth.

Females and small males characterized by having

distinct light and dark stripes on upper half of body;

caudal fin uniform light blue with upper and lower

edges yellowish; upper pale streak on body extending

forward to dorsal part of eye.

Adult male: snout white and light blue, underside

of head light blue; area over pectoral white, this light

color extending forward on cheek below eye; caudal

fin with dorsal and ventral edges yellow, center of

fin uniform blue; edges of dorsal and anal fins blue,

center yellow, largely without blue marks; no bright

yellow spot over pectoral base.

I examined the type of Scarus taeniopterus Cuvier

and Valenciennes in the Paris Museum (Catalog no.

1750) and found predorsal scales 6, check scales 6-6

in dorsal row, 6-7 in middle row and 4-4 in ventral

row, ii,12 pectoral fin rays. Color pattern was greatly

faded; however, 6-6 scales in the dorsal row of cheek

scales fits Dr. Randall's discovery that taeniopterus

usually has 6 scales in the dorsal row on cheek whereas

there usually are 7 scales for croicensis.

RANGE.—Western Atlantic Ocean.

Scarus guacamaia Cuvier

Scarus guacamaia Cuvier, 1829, p. 265.—Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 178.—Schultz, 1958, p. 104, fig. 27, pi.

20D.—Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 294 [holotype no. 1734

in Paris Museum].—Winn, Salmon, and Roberts, 1962,

p. 180 [behavior].—Randall, 1963, pp. 230, 234, fig. 2-3.—

Cervigon, 1966, p. 630, fig. 271.—Stark and Davis, 1966,

p. 338 [night habits].

Scarus turchesius Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 181.—

Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 298 [holotype no. 2460 in

Paris Museum].

Characterized by having 6 median predorsal scales,

3 rows of scales on cheek, usually 1, more frequently

2 in ventral row; ii,14 pectoral fin rays; lips not cover-
NUMBER 17 35

ing green teeth of adults; canines present at corner of

mouth but fewer than for coelestinus.

Coloration of large adults orange and green and on

largest adults green becoming progressively restricted

to caudal peduncle, and on body at base of anal and

dorsal fins. Smaller fish having scales with green centers and borders orange; scaled part of head bright

orange, with green streaks around eye, largest one to

snout tip; unsealed part and thorax of dull orange;

fins dull orange, with margins blue.

RANGE.—Central and western Atlantic Ocean.

Scarus vetula Bloch and Schneider

PLATE 7E

Scarus vetula Bloch and Schneider, 1801, p. 289.—Winn and

Bardach, 1957, p. 885.—Schultz, 1958, p. 103, fig. 26, pi.

20c—Winn and Bardach, 1960, pp. 29-34, pi. 1.—

Cervigon, 1966, p. 628.—Stark and Davis, 1966, p. 337

[night habits].

Scarus quadrispinosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p.

197.—Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 296 [holotype no. 2467

in Paris Musuem].

Characterized by having 7 median predorsal scales, 4

rows of scales on cheek, with 3 or 4 scales in ventral

row (4th); ii,12, occasionally ii,13 pectoral rays; lips

not covering teeth; canine teeth occuring at corner of

mouth of adults.

Coloration of head and body of small specimens and

females brown above mid-lengthwise axis of body, with

pale streak just below lateral line; area below eye pale,

then extending as pale streak along side of body.

Those slightly longer than 180 mm in standard

length have a broad pale band posteriorly on the sides

below which is a brown streak.

Mature males grayish with distal half of anal green,

basal half pink; dorsal fin similar; middle rays of

caudal fin green, upper and lower margins of caudal

fin pink; pectoral and pelvics pink, lower lip with

narrow pink edge, submarginally green streak extending to below eye, then pink; broad green band across

ventral part of head.

RANGE.—Central and western Atlantic Ocean.

Scarus coelestinus Cuvier and Valenciennes

Scarus coelestinus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 180.—

Schultz, 1958, p. 105, pi. 21B.—Bauchot and Guibe, 1960,

p. 293 [holotype no. 2459 in the Paris Museum].—Winn,

Salmon, and Roberts, 1962, p. 180 [behavior].—Randall,

1963, pp. 230-234, figs. 2-3.—Cervigon, 1966, p. 629, fig.

270.—Stark and Davis, 1966, p. 338 [night habits].

See Schultz (1958, p. 105) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal

scales; 3 rows of scales on cheek, with usually 1, occasionally 2, in ventral row; ii,13 or ii,14 pectoral fin

rays; canines present in adults at corner of mouth;

lips not covering blue-green teeth of adults.

Coloration of adults: edges of scales blackish, centers

bright blue; scaled portion of head blackish except for

blue band across interorbital and blue centers to median

predoxsal scales; cheek (except for scales), chin, and

region of snout adjacent to mouth bright blue except

for blackish area at rictus and dark cross band on chin;

fins bluish black with bright blue margins of dorsal and

anal.

RANGE.—Central and western Atlantic Ocean.

Scarus coeruleus (Bloch)

PLATE 8A

Corphyaena coerulea Bloch, 1786, p. 148, pi. 176.

Scarus coeruleus.—Schultz, 1958, p. 106, pis. 21A, 22A.—

Cervigon, 1966, p. 632, fig. 272.—Stark and Davis, 1966,

p. 337 [night habits].

Characterized by having 6 or 7 median predorsal scales,

3 rows of scales on cheek with 1 or 2 scales in ventral

row; ii,13 pectoral rays, rarely ii,12; lips nearly covering white teeth.

Coloration generally a uniform robin's-egg blue,

washed with yellowish on occiput; inconspicuous

stripes may be present; adults with a big humped snout

bulging outward even on immature.

Immature with light and dark bars.

RANGE.—Western Atlantic Ocean.

Scarus hoe fieri (Steindachner)

Pseudoscarus hoefl'eri Steindachner, 1881, p. 46, pi. 6: fig. 2.

Scarus hoefleri.—Schultz, 1958, p. 109, pi. 21D.—Bauchot

and Blanc, 1961, p. 61 [off Sierra Leone].

Characterized by having 7 median predorsal scales;

3 rows of scales on cheek, with 2 or 3 scales in ventral

row; ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips almost covering green

teeth of adults (white in young fish).

Coloration in alcohol brownish with dusky margins

on dorsal and anal fins; body posterioventrally pale.

RANGE.—Eastern Atlantic Ocean.
36

Subfamily SPARISOMATINAE

Characterized by having 4 or 5 median predorsal

scales; 1 row of scales on cheek with 2 to 5 scales; front

edge of dental plate of upper jaw included within that

of lower jaw when mouth closed or edges of both jaws

meeting; pectoral fin rays normally ii,ll; upper

pharyngeal bones each with 3 rows of teeth; gill rakers

2 or 3 + 1+6 to 12 on 1st arch; abdominal vertebrae

9, caudal 16.

Genus Scaridea Jenkins

Scaridea Jenkins, 1903, p. 468.

Characterized by having pungent dorsal fin spines; gill

membranes broadly joined to isthmus, without free

fold; free, imbricate, incisor-like teeth externally on

both jaws.

RANGE.—Hawaiian Islands.

Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins

Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins, 1903, p. 468, fig. 26.—Schultz,

1958, p. 109, pi. 22B.—Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 236

[Hawaiian Islands].

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales;

dorsal spines pungent; gill membranes broadly joined

to isthmus without free fold across isthmus; free, imbricate, incisor-like teeth present externally on both

jaws.

RANGE.—Hawaiian Islands.

Genus Sparisoma Swainson

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 1

row of scales on cheek; gill membranes broadly joined

to isthmus without free fold; dorsal spines pungent;

teeth of lower jaw closing over those of upper jaw.

Subgenus CaUyodontichthys Bleeker

Callyodontichthys Bleeker, 1861, pp. 5, 15 [no species listed].—

Steindachner, 1863, p. 1111 [type-species: Callyodontichthys bleekeri Steindachner=--5<raru5 radians Cuvier and

Valenciennes.]

Characterized by having ridge on upper dental plate

bearing canine teeth, posteriormost canine appearing

at small size of 25 mm standard length; at length of

60 mm usually 4 outwardly projecting canines. Size

rarely exceeding 160 mm in standard length.

RANGE.—Central and western Atlantic Ocean.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Sparisoma radians (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Scarus radians Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 206.

Sparisoma radians—Schultz, 1958, p. 113, pi. 22C,D.—Winn

and Bardach, 1959, pp. 296-298.—Randall, 1965, pp. 1-9,

figs. 1, 3a.—Cervigon, 1966, p. 617, fig. 263.

Characterized by having 2 median scales between bases

of pelvic fins; total gill rakers on 1st arch 10 to 13.

RANGE.—Central and western Atlantic Ocean.

Sparisoma atomarium (Poey)

Scarus atomarius Poey, 1861, p. 423.

Sparisoma atomarium.—Randall, 1965, pp. 1-9, figs. 2, 3B.

Characterized by having single median scale between

pelvic bases; total gill rakers on 1st arch 12 to 16.

Dr. Randall has clearly differentiated this specier

from S. radians. Both S. radians and S. atomarium

show sexual dichromatism.

The Oregon collected on 8 June 1964, one specimen,

USNM 258316-F1, off eastern Honduras, 15°46/N,

81°37'W.

RANGE.—Western Atlantic Ocean.

Subgenus Sparisoma Swainson

No ridge on upper dental plate bearing canine teeth;

size greater than 160 mm in standard length.

Sparisoma axillare (Steindachner)

Scarus (Scarus) axillaris Steindachner, 1878, p. 6, pi. 3:

fig. 1.

Sparisoma axillare.—Schultz, 1958, p. 117, pi. 23A.—Randall, 1963, pp. 234-235, pi. 3D.

Scarus rubripinnis Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 199.

Sparisoma rubripinne.—Schultz, 1958, p. 118, pi. 23c, D.—

Bauchot and Blanc, 1961, p. 61 [St. Thomas Island, eastern

Atlantic].—Caldwell, 1963, p. 7 [Costa Rica].—Cervigon,

1966, p. 621, fig. 266.—Stark and Davis, 1966, p. 339

[night habits].

Scarus virens Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 203.—

Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 299 [syntypes nos. 1768 and

8228 in Paris Museum].

Characterized by having a convex interorbital space,

multifid cirri distally on flap of anterior nostril; membraneous tip of dorsal spines with a few cirri; on large

males numerous small canine teeth variously placed

externally on upper dental plate, those at median

suture may overlap.

Dr. Randall (1963, pp. 234-235) gives the following color description:
NUMBER 17 37

Adult males (axillare) are characterized by dull blue-green

coloration dorsally, lighter ventrally, with centers of scales

purplish shading through olive to blue-green on edges, unsealed part of head olive; upper lip and chin turquoise, throat

white; caudal fin olive, lobes purplish blue, with an orange

crescent distally; dorsal and anal fins yellowish to orange

brown; black spot on dorsal half of pectoral base; teeth

light blue.

Immature and females (rubripinne) light grayish

brown, nearly white ventrally; edges of scales dark;

chin with 2 dark crossbars; caudal peduncle and caudal

fin yellow; dorsal yellow; anal and pelvic fins red.

Dr. Randall (loc. cit.) has shown that S. rubripinne

is the female and immature of S. axillare.

RANGE.—Eastern, central, and western Atlantic

Ocean.

Sparisoma chrysopterum (Bloch and Schneider)

PLATE 8B

Status chrysopterum Bloch and Schneider, 1801, p. 286,

pi. 57.

Sparisoma chrysopterum.—Schultz, 1958, p. 120, pi. 4B,

23B.—Winn and Bardach, 1959, pp. 296-298.—Cervigon,

1966, p. 625, fig. 269.—Stark and Davis, 1966, p. 339

[night habits].

Scarus flavescens Bloch and Schneider, 1801, p. 290.—Randall, 1963, pp. 235-237, fig. 4.

See Schultz (1958, p. 120) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having a slightly concave to flattish (slightly convex in young) interorbital space; pectoral base with black spot dorsally; anterior nostril

with ribbon-like dermal flap bearing 0 to 4 cirri;

membranes at rear of tips of dorsal spines without or

with 1 to 2 feeble cirri (tip of dorsal spine usually ending in cirrus); caudal fin strongly forked in adults;

several canine teeth may occur on sides of dental plates

of upper jaw, some of which may interlock at median

suture.

Dr. Randall (1963, pp. 235-237) has shown that

S. flavescens Bloch and Schneider is a synonym of S.

chrysopterum. He gave the following description of

coloration of males and females:

Centers of scales (males) purplish blue, edges olivaceous

green on upper part of body, abruptly turquoise on lower

third of body; area under pectoral blue, becoming turquoise

ventrally; with a streak of yellowish green extending forward

from blue-green part of body at level of anus; caudal lobes

green, outer edges black, middle pink, basally orange next

green, distal margin white.

Coloration (females) olivaceous tan dorsally, basal part

of scales brownish red, and sides and ventrally paler, basal

part of scales bright red, rear half yellowish; 2 broad red cross

bars on chin; head with numerous light spots on snout, and

interorbital space, fewer light spots on scaled part of head;

median fins mottled brownish red; lower half of pectoral base,

axillary region, dorsally and forward to edge of gill opening

just above pectoral base bright red.

RANGE.—Central and western Atlantic Ocean.

Sparisoma viride (Bonnaterre)

PLATE 8C

Scarus viridis Bonnaterre, 1788, p. 96, pi. 50: fig. 193.

Sparisoma viride.—Schultz, 1958, p. 114, fig. 28.—Winn and

Bardach, 1960, pp. 31-33, fig. 2B [males].—Randall and

Randall, 1963, p. 54.—Cervigon, 1966, p. 623, figs. 267-

268.—Stark and Davis, 1966, p. 339 [night habits].

Sparus abildgaardi Bloch, 1791, p. 22, pi. 259.

Sparisoma abildgaardi.—Schultz, 1958, p. 121, pis. 4c, 24A,

B.—Winn and Bardach, 1960, p. 33-35 [females].—

Randall and Randall, 1963, pp. 54.

See Schultz (1958, pp. 114, 121) for other synonyms.

No ridge on upper dental plate and canines, if

present, behind middle of length of dental plate;

dermal flap of anterior nostril, with multifid cirri in

adults, more ribbon-like in young; interorbital space

flattish or nearly so; membranes just behind tips of

dorsal spines usually without cirrus, or rarely 1 or 2, in

addition to tip of dorsal spine, which bears a terminal

cirrus.

Coloration of males: opercular flap with round

white (yellow) spot, posterior edge of opercle white

(red); caudal fin deeply forked, with a lunate white

(red) bar submarginally and distal edge green; on

base of caudal fin and peduncle 1 to 3 light (orange or

yellow) spots; light streak (red) bounded by green

from corner of mouth across cheek; no dark spot on

base of pectoral.

Coloration of females (abilgaardi): margins of

scales dark brown, centers pale, several isolated ones

white, arranged in 6 vertical rows; posterior margin of

gill cover black (reddish brown); lower part of body

below level of pectoral base white (blood red), caudal

fin red, and in young a broad white bar occurs on basal

one-third, distal two-thirds barred.

Winn and Bardach (1960, pp. 31-33) determined

that abilgaardi represents the immature and females of

viride.

RANGE. Central and western Atlantic Ocean.
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Scarus aurofrenatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 191.

Sparisoma aurofrenatum.—Schultz, 1958, p. 115, figs. 29,

30.—Winn and Bardach, 1960, p. 33.—Randall and

Randall, 1963, p. 54.—Cervigon, 1966, p. 619, figs. 264-

265.

See Schultz (1958, p. 115) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having a flattish interorbital space

(slightly convex in young); anterior nasal tentacle

ribbon-like without cirri in specimens shorter than 40

mm, but cirri developing on larger ones; membranes

behind tips of dorsal spines without cirri; canines occurring on adults, absent on immature.

Coloration of adult males: White streak from corner

of mouth past lower edge of orbit ending on naked

area behind eye; white spot or dash may occur just

behind eye; a few small brown spots occurring on 3rd

or 4th scales in row below lateral line, then below or

behind them a white spot; tips of outer caudal fin rays

brownish; edges of dorsal and anal fins dusky; dorsal

base of pectoral dusky.

Females and immature specimens have a white saddle-like spot on the dorsal edge of the caudal peduncle

just behind the dorsal fin base; a silvery spot may occur

on the middle of the opercle; the young have a row

of white scales along the base of the dorsal fin; some

immature females are plain dark brown without a

white peduncular spot, but with brown crossbars on

the under side of the head as in other species of

Sparisoma.

Both sexes plain dark brown on shoulder area under

opercular apparatus; white gland dorsally sharply contrasting with blackish around it.

RANGE.—Central and western Atlantic Ocean.

Genus Calotomus Gilbert

Calotomus Gilbert, 1890, p. 70.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales;

flexible dorsal spines, gill membranes joined to isthmus

without free fold; anterior nasal opening with broad

dermal cirrus; internal edge of coalesced teeth serrated; and externally on dental plate 2 to 4 rows (more

on adults) of obliquely arranged imbricated pointed

incisor-like teeth; midside of upper dental place may

have 1 to 4 canines, hooked out and backward; gill

rakers 2 to 4+1 + 7 to 13.

RANGE.—Eastern, central and western Pacific

Ocean, Hawaiian Islands, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.

Calotomus spinidens (Quoy and Gaimard)

PLATE 8D

Scarus spinidens Quoy and Gaimard, 1824, p. 289.—Bauchot

and Guibe, 1960, p. 299 [holotype no. 571 in Paris

Museum].

Calotomus spinidens.—Schultz, 1958, p. 124, pis. 5B, 24C;

1960, p. 250, pi. 108c, 109c—Briggs, 1964, p. 707.—

Munro, 1967, p. 430, fig. 821 [New Guinea].

Cryptotomus spinidens.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 21, pi. 6: fig.

4 [Okinawa].—Marshall, 1965, p. 320.

Callyodon carolinus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 291.—

Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 290 [holotype no. 560].

Callyodon sandwicensis Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p.

295.—Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 290 [holotype no. 568].

Calotomus sandwicensis.—Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 236

[Hawaiian Islands].

Callyodon genistriatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p.

293.—Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 291 [holotype no. 576].

Characterized by having the caudal fin truncate in

young, then concave, finally in adults deeply concave;

length of middle rays of caudal fin three-fourths to

equal to longest pectoral fin ray.

Coloration a mottled gray and reddish brown background, bright red mottlings in fins, and lower jaw

with red blotches; radiating from eye 2 prominent

bands (red when alive) extending t6 rear of mouth;

snout barred; dark blotch between dorsal spines I

and II and half-grown specimens; base of last 3 soft

dorsal rays may have black spot; caudal fin with white

distal margin sometimes bordered submarginally with

dark line; anus black under scaly sheath; base of

pectoral brown in small specimens.

The following collections were made during the

IIOE, Cruise 9 of the Anton Bruun: USNM 201565

Sta. FT-2, Market, Mombasa, Kenya, 16 November

1964, 1 spec. 235 mm; USNM 201567, Sta. HA-17,

channel reef at SE end West Island [He Picard], Aldabra Islands, 4December 1964,1 spec, 205 mm; USNM

201566, Sta. RS-37, Farquhar Islands, 6 December

1964, 1 spec, 145 mm; USNM 201568, Sta. RS-41,

KA39, Amirantes Island, 10 spec.

The following are from Diego Garcia Atoll: Sta.

HA67-3, 12 June 1967, 1 spec, 125 mm; Sta. HA67-

16, 22 June 1967, 2 spec, 56 and 99 mm.

RANGE. Revillagigedos Islands, Hawaiian Islands,

central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and

Red Sea.

Calotomus japonicus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Callyodon japonicus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 294,

pi. 406.—Bauchot and Guibe, 1961, p. 259, [lectotype no.

8229 in Paris Museum].
NUMBER 17 39

Calotomus japonicus.—Schultz, 1958, p. 125, pis. 5A, 24D.—

Munro, 1967, p. 431, fig. 822 [New Guinea].

Characterized by a rounded caudal fin at all sizes, with

the distal edge dusky, not white; length of middle

caudal fin rays equal in young to or longer than longest pectoral fin ray.

General background coloration reddish brown, with

numerous tiny light spots on scales; also several larger

white spots on upper sides; and 2 rows of white spots

on lower side; fins mottled; head with numerous white

specks; caudal fin barred.

The following specimens were collected during the

HOE by the Anton Bruun: From Nossi-Be, Madagascar: USNM 201510, Field No. JR-53, 30 January

1964, 8 spec, 50-137 mm; USNM 201503, Field No.

JR-75,17 February 1964,12 spec,56-126 mm; USNM

201509, Tulear Harbor, Madagascar, 11 August 1964,

5 spec, 46-66 mm. From Andromache Reef, south

of entrance to Port Kilindini, Mombasa Harbor:

USNM 201513, Sta. HA-1,15 November 1964; 1 spec,

60 mm; USNM 201507, Sta. HA-2, 16 November

1964, 7 spec, 33 to 85 mm. From the Comoro Islands: USNM 201508, Sta. HA-8, 24 November 1964,

11 spec, 40-67 mm; USNM 201504, Sta. HA-9,

24 November 1964, 0-9 ft., 2 spec, 35-40 mm. From

the Farquhar Islands USNM 201506, Sta. RS-37, 6

December 1964,17 spec, 50-131 mm; USNM 201512,

Sta. HA-18, 6 December 1964,1 spec, 59 mm; USNM

201503, Cruise 9, Sta. RS-41; KA-39, Amirantes

Island, 10 spec, 75-154 mm.

In addition, the following were collected at Diego

Garcia Atoll, Chagas Archipelogo: Sta. HA67-2,

11 June 1967, 2 spec, 26 and 47 mm; Sta. HA67-16,

22 June 1967, 6 spec.,45-93 mm; Sta. HA67-49,

20 July 1967, 3 spec, 68-113 mm.

The following collection is from the Te Vega Expedition, Cruise 6: USNM 201511, Sta. 243, lagoon

east side of Puk Puk Island, Bougainville, Solomon Islands, 9 March 1965, 1 spec, 93 mm.

RANGE.—Hawaiian Islands, western Pacific Ocean,

and Indian Ocean.

Genus Leptoscarus Swainson

Leptoscarus Swainson, 1839, pp. 172, 226.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales;

flexible dorsal spines, gill membranes broadly joined

to isthmus without free fold; no free, imbricate, incisorlike teeth present externally on dental plates; coalesced

teeth of dental plate with external canines on upper

jaw of adult males absent in young and on females.

Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard)

Scarus vaigiensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824, p. 288.—Bauchot

and Guibe, 1960, p. 298 [holotype no. 567 in Paris

museum].

Leptoscarus vaigiensis.—Schultz, 1958, p. 126, pis. 4A, 25A, B;

1960, p. 251, pis. 108F, 109D, E.—Kamohara, 1963, p. 121,

pi. 6: fig. 3 [Japan].—Marshall, 1965, p. 319, pi. 46.—

Munro, 1967, p. 430, fig. 820 [New Guinea].

Scarus bottae Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 262.—

Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 292 [syntypes 2456, 2457,

2458].

Leptoscarus caeruleopunctatus.—Marshall, 1965, p. 319.

Scarichthys coeruleopunctatus.—Ben-Tuvia, 1966, p. 271

[Mediterranean Sea].

See Schultz (1958, p. 126) for other synonyms.

Background coloration reddish brown, lighter

brown ventrally; head, body, and fins may be richly

speckled with dark brown dots (blue when alive), pectoral base blackish; ventrally 3 lengthwise rows of

scales having brown centers, giving appearance of 3

light and dark alternating streaks behind and below

pectoral fin base; males with canine teeth on upper

dental plates, absent on females.

The following specimens were collected during the

IIOE by the Anton Bruun: From Nossi-Be, Madagascar: USNM 201535, Sta. JR-53, 20 January 1964,

7 spec, 64-220 mm; USNM 201528, Sta. JR-76, 18

February 1964, 1 spec, 30 mm; USNM 201532, Tulear Harbor, Madagascar, 11 August 1964, 27 spec,

39-98 mm; USNM 201526, Sta. 420, Field No. LK64-100, dip net in Sargassum weed, 3U

7'S, 40°39'E, 5

November 1964, 1 spec, 36 mm. From Mombosa

Harbor: USNM 201539, Sta. HA-2,2 spec, not measured; USNM 201537, Sta. HA-2, 16 November 1964,

22 spec, 22-190 mm; USNM 201538, Sta. FT-2,

16 November 1964, 1 spec, 225 mm. From the

Comoro Islands: USNM 201530, Sta. HA-8, 24 November 1964, 1 spec, 47 mm; USNM 201527, Sta.

HA-9, 24 November 1964, 1 spec, 34 mm; USNM

201533, Sta. FT-11, market and Msasani Bay, Dar-esSalaam, 30 November 1964, 4 spec, 47-104 mm.

From the Farquhar Islands: USNM 201531, Sta.

HA-18, 6 December 1964, 26 spec, 17-125 mm;

USNM 201534, Sta. RS-37, 6 December 1964, 2 spec,

76-95 mm; USNM 201536, Sta. HA-19, Amirante Islands, St. Joseph Island, Resource Island, 10 spec, 22-
40

185 mm. From Diego Garcia Atoll: Sta. HA-67-16,

22 June 1967,1 spec, 78 mm.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Mediterranean Sea through

Suez Canal.

Genus Cryptotomus Cope

Crypototomus Cope, 1871, p. 462.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales;

dorsal spines flexible; gill membranes broadly joined

to isthmus with a narrow free fold across isthmus;

elongate form, pointed snout, angle between dorsal and

ventral profile of head 40° to 50°; no dermal cirrus

on anterior nostril with raised rim; external incisorlike teeth at front of mouth, teeth slanting forward;

canine teeth present on side of upper jaw of half-grown

specimens and adults.

RANGE.—Western Atlantic Ocean.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Nicholsina ustus ustus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Callyodon ustus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 286, pi.

405.

Nicholsina ustus.—Schultz, 1958, 128, pi. 25D.—Cervigon,

1961, p. 40 [Venezuela]; 1966, p. 636.

Nicholsina ustus ustus Schultz, 1968, pp. 1-5.

This paragraph applies to both subspecies of N. ustus:

Characterized by having pectoral base same color as

body; spiny dorsal rays not ending distally in a filament; distal edge of caudal fin not white; least

preorbital width broad, 0.6 to 0.7 into interorbital

space; distance from tip of snout to rictus 1.6 to 1.7

times in snout; eye twice in preorbital width.

The following applies only to N. u. ustus: Total

number of gill rakers on first arch 9 to 12 (rarely 12)

average 10.53; number of denticles in outer posterior

row of dentary 9 to 20; increasing in number with increase in length.

RANGE.—Central and western Atlantic Ocean.

Cryptotomus roseus Cope

Cryptotomus roseus Cope, 1871, p. 462, figs. 1, la.—Schultz,

1958, p. 127, pis. 50,25c.

Coloration bluish gray dorsally; head green, bluish

white ventrally; red stripe from upper edge of opercular opening almost to caudal fin base, bordered above

and below by white lines; 2 narrow red or blue lines

from corner of mouth to eye; several red spots below

and behind eye; orange to red dashes on pectoral base,

blue spot at base of upper rays; black spot at upper

part of pectoral base may be absent on small young.

RANGE.—Western Atlantic Ocean.

Genus Nicholsina Fowler

Nicholsina Fowler, 1915, p. 3.

Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales;

flexible dorsal spines, gill membranes attached to isthmus, with narrow free fold across isthmus; anterior

nostril with short free simple dermal flap not quite

reaching posterior nasal opening; external incisor-like

teeth at front of both jaws, curving and almost opposing each other; canine teeth may occur at sides of

upper dental plate in young and adults; angle between

dorsal and ventral profiles of head about 70° to 80°.

RANGE.—Eastern, central and western Atlantic

Ocean, and eastern Pacific Ocean.

Nicholsina ustus collettei Schultz

Nicholsina ustus collettei Schultz, 1968, pp. 1-5, pi. 1.

Characterized by having 11 to 13, average 11.93, gill

rakers on 1st gill arch; number of denticles in outer

posterior row of dentary 9 to 14, rarely 14, and not increasing in number with increase in length.

Specimens: USNM 201582," 201443, 201444,

201445, 201446, 201447, 201448, 201449 and 201450,

off Guinea, West Africa between 8°52'-9°53'N and

13°48'-15°56'W, November-December 1963, 30 spec.

RANGE.—Eastern Atlantic off Guinea, West Africa.

Nicholsina denticulatus (Evermann and Radcliffe)

Xenoscarus denticulatus Evermann and Radcliffe, 1917,

p. 129, pi. 12: fig. 1.

Nicholsina denticulatus.—Schultz, 1958, p. 129, pis. 5D,

26B, C; 1968, pp. 1-5.

Characterized by having dermal cirrus well developed

on anterior nostril but not quite reaching posterior nostril; head rounded, becoming slightly pointed in

adults; distal edge of caudal fin with broad white margin; least width of preorbital 1.2 to 1.3 times in interorbital space.

Recently collected specimens: USNM 202270, Lobos de Afuera, Northwest Island, 6 June 1966, 32 spec.
NUMBER 17 41

From the Galapagos Islands: USNM 202348, 24 May

1966, 8 spec; USNM 202350, 21 May 1966, 9 spec.;

USNM 202354, Ecuador, Bahia de Santa Elena, 2° 13'-

11"S, 80°52'22"W, 4 May 1966,2 spec.

RANGE.—Eastern tropical Pacific.

Genus Euscarus Jordan and Evermann

Euscarus Jordan and Evermann, 1896, p. 416.

Characterized by having 5 median predorsal scales; gill

membranes broadly joined to isthmus without free

fold; dorsal spines pungent; no free imbricated teeth

on dental plates; edge of upper jaw included in that

of lower jaw when mouth closed.

RANGE.—Eastern Atlantic Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea.

Euscarus cretensis (Linnaeus)

Labrus cretensis Linnaeus, 1758, p. 282 [type-locality: Crete].

Euscarus cretensis.—Schultz, 1958, p. 130, pis. 4c, 26D.—

Bauchot and Blanc, 1961, p. 60 [Santa Cruz].—Cadenat

and Roux, 1964, p. 97 [Sao Tiago Island, Cape Verde

Islands].

Labrus scarus Linnaeus, 1758, p. 282 [type-locality: Greece].

Scarus canariensis Valenciennes, 1836, p. 68.—Bauchot and

Guibe, 1960, p. 292 [syntypes 8221, 8222, 8223 in Paris

Museum].

Scarus rubiginosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 171.—

Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 297 [syntypes nos. 1774 and

8223 in Paris Museum].

Background brownish (reddish when alive) with distinct blackish blotch just behind head above pectoral

and below lateral line; tip of opercular flap blackish;

caudal fin with distal border pale.

RANGE.—Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.

Euscarus strigatus (Giinther)

Scarus strigatus Giinther, 1862, p. 212.

Euscarus strigatus.—Schultz, 1958, p. 130, pi. 25A.—Bauchot

and Blanc, 1961, p. 31 [St. Helena Island].

Characterized by having series of blackish or dark

brown scales along lateral line, sometimes interrupted

fore or aft; white triangular spot behind mouth;

underside of head and snout dark brown; no black

shoulder spot.

RANGE.—Eastern Atlantic Ocean at St. Helena

Island.

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Verhandlungen der K.K. Zoologisch-Botanischen

Gesellschaft in Wien, 13:1111-1114.

1878. Ichthyologische Beitrage. Sitzungsberichte der

Kais. Akademie Wissenschaften in Wien, 77:379-

392, plates 1-2.

1879. Ueber einige neue und seltene Fisch-Arten aus

den K.K. Zoologischen Museum zu Wien, Stuttgart

and Warschau. Denkschriften der Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 41:1-52, plates

1-9.

1881. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Afrikas und

Beschreibung einer neuen Sargus-art von den

Galapagos-Inseln. Denkschriften der Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 44:19-58, plates

1-10.

1887. Ichthyologische Beitrage. Sitzungsberichte der

Kais. Akademie Wissenschaften in Wien, 96:56-

68, plates 1-4.

1907. Fische aus Sudarabien und Sokotra. Denkschriften der Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien,

71:123-168, plates 1-2.

Streets, T. H.

1877. Ichthyology: Fishes of Upper and Lower California. United States National Museum Bulletin,

7:43-102.

Swainson, W.

1839. Natural History and Classification of Mono car dian

Animals 2:1-452, figures 1-135.

Temminck, G. J., and H. Schlegel.

1846. Fauna Japonica: Poissons. Part 5:175-269, plates.

Valenciennes, M. A.

1836. Ichthyologie des Isles Canaries. 2:1-109, plates

1-26.

Walbaum, J. J.

1792. Petri Artedi sued Genera Piscium. In Bibliotheca

Ichthyologica . . . , edition 2, part 3:1-723, plates

1-3.

Weber and de Beaufort—see Beaufort

Winn, H. E., and J. E. Bardach

1957. Behavior, Sexual Dichromatism, and Species of

Parrotfishes. Science, 125(3253): 885-886.

1959. Differential Food Selection by Moray Eels and a

Possible Role of the Mucous Envelope of Parrotfishes in Reduction of Predation. Ecology,

40(2):296-298.

1960. Some Aspects of the Comparative Biology of Parrotfishes at Bermuda. Zoologica, 45(part 1): 29—

34, plate 1.

Winn, H. E., M. Salmon, and N. Roberts

1962. Evidence for Sun Navigation by Parrotfishes.

American Zoology, 2(3): 180.

Woodland, D. J., and R. J. Slack-Smith

1963. Fishes of Heron Island, Capricorn Group, Great

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Department of Zoology, 2(2): 15-69.

Whitley, G. P.

1966. Notes on Some Queensland Fishes. Australian

Zoology, 13(3):235-243, plates 13-14.
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 13.—Counts recorded for species

Genera and species

Scarops

rubroviolaceus

Bolbometopon

muricatus

bicolor

Ypsiscarus

ovifrons

oedema

Scarus

Scarus

harid harid

harid vexillus

harid longiceps

gibbus

javanicus

flavipectoralis

dubius

lunula

formosus

lauia

perspicillatus

venosus

taeniurus

forsteri

enneacanthus

rhoduropturus

sordidus

troscheli

bowersi

jonesi

capistrotoides

Xenoscarops

perrico

fehlmanni

Callyodon

dimidiatus

globoceps

chlorodon

rubrofasciatus

caudofasciatus

lepidus

fasciatus

frenatus

janthochir

ghobban

marshalli

compressus*

scaber

oviceps

niger

Median predorsal scales

3 4

6

1

11

17

11

32

94

35

1

42

7

12

2

21

26

82

100

2

23

254

19

9

156

9

5

3

3

22

1

4

2

1

2

3

1

6

18

9

3

6

14

11

63

3

6

29

7

9

9

22

8

17

14

24

1

7

3

14

3

2

1

2

18

5

2

6

5

9

8

1

Scale rows on cheek

1 2

11

11

3 18

26

82

100

3

23

254

19

9

156

9

34

6

3 4

24

9

28

1

35 1

22

64

94

35

2

32

7

12

2

15

15

68

5

6

31

9

27

9

35

14

17

23

36

11

4 5

2

8

2

4

6 25

7

1

1 17

4

10

2

15

8

4

41

3

5

30

6

2

2

4

2

1 7

5

1

2

1

1

2

dorsal row

6

24

2

15

5

2

15

51

7

1

25

6

9

2

11

23

11

16

3

17

73

19

8

1

6

4

6

6

12

59

8

7

18

2

16

10

32

19

15

9

8

2

7

1

12

1

3

12

2

14

12

1

1

1

1

2

4

10

8

2

15

2

12

1

9

2

6

29

9

8 9

2

5

7 10

1 2

1

2

2

1

Number of scales

second row

0 1 2 3 4 5

1

1 7

5

4

2

2

2

1

2

16

4

3 10 6 4

9

6

7

12

2

5 24 3

1

1

3

1

3

1

1

1 2

6

2

6

17

1

14

3

4

2

15

32

13

24

4

8

1

14

22

14

3

8

64

5

6

1

4

8

5

7

18

8

5

8

5

6

3

26

13

15

3

4

1

7

8

10

1

4

9

6

9

34

1

4

3

1

1

2

3

14

48

17

5

5

1

9

7

34

5

13

16

6

6

1

9

19

6

• Counts from literature.
NUMBER 17

of parrotfishes in the subfamily SCARINAE

47

in each row on cheek

8

1

1

1

4

7

5

17

2

2

5

2

3

1

14

1

9

4

2

1

2

15

3

9 10

1

3 1

1

3

1

1

1

2

0

11

34

12

2

0

1

1

2

1

14

2

33

3

2

11

6

1

5

11

3

1

1

2

25

7

4

1

2

5

12

2

5

4

37

2

11

10

7

2

3

18

7

13

3

2

3

4

3

3

2

2

10

9

17

1

12

2

18

4

3

7

3

14

28

2

third row

4

4

6

2

16

12

1

1

1

7

1

1

3

18

8

5

7

7

3

13

23

2

1

5

6 7

14 1

2

2 5

1

17 31

2

8 9

1

3

1

Jourth row

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1

3 5 1 4 2 1 2

ii.ll

8

2

2

1

Pectoral rays

U.12

4

46

1

1

22

2

61

21

16

3

54

126

134

1

25

1

3

1

37

28

24

9

69

15

49

5

16

29

75

28

ii.13

35

2

3

1

21

33

21

61

1

1

1

24

2

4

3

43

243

57

18

115

16

2

12

135

9

12

3

3

6

49

18

1

1

ii.14 ii,15

2

10

2

1

2

68 6

8

5

2

1

2
48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 13.—Counts recorded for species

Genera and species

Scarus

Callyodon

cyanognathus

madagascariensis

mus

blochi

aeruginosus

croicensis

taeniopterus*

guacamaia

vetula

coclestinus

cocruleus

hoefleri

Median predorsal scales

3 4 5 6 7 8

1

2 1

1 1

12

36 18

5 52 1

1

22

14

1 5

21 1

3

Scale rows on cheek

1 2 3 4

2

3

2

15

78

84

1

38

24

9

31

3

Number of scales

dorsal row

4 5 6 7 8 9

2

4

4 11

3 20 4

5 59 20 1

2 49 5

18 12

1 21 2

3 7 3

3 32

4 1

second row

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1

2

2 12 1

2 14 9

6 40 30

1 1

1 13 15 1

3 9

1 9 3

3 22 10

1 4

•Counts from literature.
NUMBER 17

of parrotfishes in the subfamily SCARINAE—Continued

49

in each row on cheek

8 9 10

1

2

2

9

9 3

0

1

^

l

l

3

2

25

9

3

2

1

9

7

52

6

3

32

4

3

3

1

1

15

23

1

third row

4

1

2

11

2

5 6 7 8 9

1

1

2

1 5 12 5 1

fourth row

2 3 4 5 6

1 10 13

7 8

Pectoral rays

ii.ll ii,12 ii,13 ii,14 ii,15

2

5

2

21

2 90 10

3 129 5

2

86

26 2

6 6

1 32

5

PLATES

T.F.H. Publications, Inc.

D

PLATE 1. A, Scarops rubroviolaceus, USNM 112219, immature; B, adult male. C, Bolbometopon bicolor,

USNM 159982, immature; D, adult male. E, Tpsiscarus ovifrons. (A, C-E, Philippine Albatross drawings;

B, after Jordan and Seale.)
1)
PLATE 2. A, Ypsiscarus oedema, USNM 111224, adult, probably a male. B, Scams harid longiceps, USNM

112218, adult, probably a male. C, Scams gibbus, USNM 112228, adult. D, Scams javanicus, USNM

147224, adult. E, Scams flavipectoralis, USNM 112217, adult. (All are Philippine Albatross drawings.)

PLATE 3. A, Scants dubius, USNM 112230, adult. B, Scarus lunula, USNM 112215, adult. C, Scarus

formosus, USNM 112216, adult. D, Scarus lauia, USNM 50648. E, Scarus perspicillatus, adult male.

(A-C, Philippine Albatross drawings; D, E, after Jordan and Evermann.)

PLATE 4. A, Scarus venosus, USNM 160252, adult, probably a male. B, Scarus rhoduropterus, USNM

146944, adult. C, Scarus sordidus, USNM 160341, adult, probably a male. D, Scarus bower si, USNM

112214, adult, probably a male. E, Scarus capistratoides, USNM 157323. (All are Philippine Albatross

drawings.)

PLATE 5. A, Scarus dimidiatus, USNM 112210, adult. B, Scarus chlorodon, USNM 112227, immature.

C, Scarus caudofasciatus, USNM 147217 and 157321, adult. D,' Scarus lepidus, USNM 160212; E, USNM

160360. (All are Philippine Albatross drawings.)

PLATE 6. A, Scarus fasciatus, USNM 112211, adult, probably a male. B, Scarus frenatus, USNM 89978

(holotype of S. vermiculatus), adult, male. C, Scarus janthochir, USNM 112225, adult, probably a male.

D, Scarus ghobban, USNM 160120, adult. E, Scarus niger. (A-D, Philippine Albatross drawings; E, after

Jordan and Seale.)

PLATE 7. A, Scarus cyanognathus, USNM 157103, adult. B, Scarus mus, USNM 112229, adult. C, Scarus

blochi, adult. D, Scarus aeruginosus, USNM 112231. E, Scarus vetula. (A-D, Philippine Albatross drawings;

E, after Evermann and Marsh.)
I)

PLATE 8. A, Scarus coeruleus. B, Sparisoma chrysopterum. C, Sparisoma viride. D, Calotomus spinidens, USN M

160437. (A, C, after Evermann and Marsh; B, from a Bermuda specimen 8 inches long, drawn June

1847; D, a Philippine Albatross drawing.)
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